Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Thomson
The
Parallel
Universe
theory
has
been
expanded
on
by
lots
of
scientists
over
many
years.
There
are
many
different
theories
related
to
it.
The
ones
that
I
am
going
to
cover
in
this
essay
are
the
multiverse,
the
many
interacting
worlds
theory
and
the
bubble
universe.
The
bubble
universe
and
the
many
interacting
worlds
theory
are
both
slight
deviations
from
the
multiverse
theory
with
their
own
twist.
The
multiverse
theory
is
the
idea
that
there
is
more
than
just
our
universe
in
the
cosmos;
there
are
lots
of
separate
universes
all
that
do
their
own
things
but
on
the
grand
scale
of
things
our
universe
isn’t
really
significant
(Ellis,
2011).
The
multiverse
theory
is
levels
one
to
four,
all
are
slightly
different.
Level
one
of
the
multiverse
theory
states
that
everything
that
is
possible
e.g.
“configurations
of
particles”
will
have
happened
in
one
universe
or
another
because
the
multiverse
is
“virtually
infinite”.
By
using
this
theory
that
means
that
somewhere
out
their
planets
like
earth
must
exist
but
because
they
are
so
far
away
we
may
never
be
able
to
find
them.
The
reason
that
we
are
unable
to
see
these
other
universes
is
due
to
the
extent
of
our
cosmic
vision
and
because
this
has
a
limit
called
the
speed
of
light
we
are
unable
to
see
it.
(Zimmerman-‐Jones
&
Robbins,
n.d.)
Level
two
is
very
similar
to
level
one
except
that
it
uses
the
eternal
inflation
theory
or
the
expansion
theory.
The
expansion
theory
has
evidence
that
supports
it,
known
as
red
shift.
Red
shift
supports
the
expansion
theory
because
as
planets
move
away
we
see
longer
wavelengths
from
them,
meaning
that
the
light
we
receive
from
them
is
shifted
into
the
red
end
of
the
spectrum.
The
majority
of
the
galaxies
we
can
see
are
red
shifted
and
the
size
of
their
red
shift
is
directly
proportional
to
their
distance
away
from
us,
again
supporting
the
theory.
The
reason
that
the
expansion
theory
works,
and
the
universe
doesn’t
go
from
the
big
bang
to
the
big
crunch
–
this
is
where
the
universe
will
collapse
in
on
itself,
is
because
the
universe
is
expanding
fast
enough,
at
the
“critical
rate”,
it
can
actually
overcome
the
force
of
gravity
and
will
continue
to
expand
forever
(Hawking,
A
Brief
History
of
Time,
2011).
Level
two
of
the
theory
states
we
will
never
be
able
to
see,
or
contact,
these
universes
because
the
universe
is
still
expanding
so
they
are
moving
further
away
from
us.
We
will
never
be
able
to
see
them
because
they
are
moving
away
faster
than
the
speed
of
light
(Zimmerman-‐Jones
&
Robbins,
n.d.).
Level
three
is
also
known
as
the
many
interacting
worlds
theory
so
will
be
covered
later
on.
Level
four
of
the
multiverse
theory
is
that
each
different
universe
has
different
mathematical
laws.
This
idea
is
based
on
the
Mathematical
Democracy
Principle
which
is;
“Any
universe
that
is
mathematically
possible
has
an
equal
possibility
of
actually
existing”
Jasmine
Thomson
(Zimmerman-‐Jones
&
Robbins,
n.d.).
This
means
that
every
single
universe
will
be
immensely
different,
with
very
different
life
forms
and
environments,
some
may
not
even
be
able
to
host
life.
Level
one,
two
and
four
are
closely
related
to
String
Theory.
String
Theory
is
the
first
theory
in
physics
to
ever
try
and
explain
everything,
with
no
exceptions.
If
they
were
to
prove
string
theory
it
would
be
one
step
closer
to
proving
parallel
universe
theory
because
string
theory
involves
other
universes
and
even
higher
dimensions
than
we
already
have
(Bernatowicz,
2011).
The
reason
a
string
is
used
is
because
everything
is
being
explained
as
a
moment
in
time
and
space
(Hawking,
A
Brief
History
of
Time,
2011).
Due
to
the
fact
that
the
Standard
Model
doesn’t
actually
explain
gravity,
string
theory
is
trying
to
explain
a
“consistent
description
of
the
fundamental
structure
of
our
universe”.
It
describes
all
particles
as
being
a
loop
in
a
string.
Each
loop
has
a
different
oscillation
and
for
each
different
oscillation
it
is
a
different
particle.
However,
there
is
no
experimental
evidence
for
string
theory
(Güijosa,
2004).
Level
three,
also
known
as
the
many
interacting
worlds
theory,
is
the
least
to
do
with
string
theory.
The
many
interacting
worlds
theory
is
the
idea
that
there
is
an
infinite
number
of
worlds
that
are
very
similar
to
ours.
The
worlds
constantly
interact
with
each
other,
which
is
where
this
theory
differs
from
level
one,
two
and
three.
The
reason
the
worlds
interact
is
because
they
share
the
same
space
and
time
as
one
another.
Due
to
the
fact
there
is
an
infinite
number
of
worlds
like
ours,
it
also
means
that
there
is
an
infinite
number
of
you
in
each
world,
this
is
because
that
every
decision
you
make
results
in
you
splitting
off
into
many
different
versions
of
yourself
in
the
different
worlds
depending
on
which
decision
they
made.
Although
it
is
a
relatively
new
theory
it
is
being
used
to
help
reproduce
lots
of
well-‐
known
quantum
phenomena
(Reyes,
2014).
The
other
thing
about
the
many
interacting
worlds
theory
is
that
for
the
theory
to
work,
the
wave
function
is
a
metaphorical
thing
rather
than
a
literal
thing.
This
is
because
they
think
the
reason
that
the
world
splits
off
into
multiple
different
ones
is
because
the
wave
function
collapses.
Every
single
time
it
collapses
it
splits
off
again,
but
once
they
split
off
into
their
separate
worlds,
interaction
between
them
is
extremely
rare.
However,
this
theory
helps
to
explain
things
that
we,
at
the
moment,
are
unable
to
explain.
An
example
of
this
is
the
question
what
stops
electrons
in
molecules
not
collapsing
into
the
nucleus
of
the
molecule?
A
hypothesis
for
this
question
is
that
because
the
other
worlds
share
the
same
space
and
time
as
us,
the
pressure
of
the
other
worlds
pushing
in
on
our
world
prevents
the
electrons
from
collapsing
into
the
nucleus
of
the
molecule.
It
is,
a
very
controversial
theory
because
it
contradicts
Schrödinger’s
theory
because
Schrödinger’s
theory
only
works
if
there
is
an
infinite
number
of
universes,
whereas
in
this
theory
there
is
a
finite
number
of
worlds,
which
makes
all
the
equations
from
that
theory
approximate
not
dead
on.
The
reason
that
they
believe
there
is
a
finite
number
of
worlds
is
because
they
can
produce
quantum
effects
when
there
is
a
finite
number
of
worlds.
For
example,
if
there
was
forty
one
worlds,
the
effects
of
the
double
slit
can
be
reproduced
by
using
the
idea
that
the
“phantom
photons”
cause
repelling
Jasmine
Thomson
forces
against
one
another,
pushing
them
all
in
very
slightly
different
directions.
The
idea
of
“phantom
photons”
is
that
they
are
particles
from
each
of
the
different
worlds,
they
are
exactly
the
same
with
the
exception
of
one
or
two
minor
things.
When
these
particles
collide
they
cause
quantum
effects
(Slezak,
2014).
The
last
theory
I
am
going
to
talk
about
is
the
bubble
universe
theory.
This
idea
uses
inflation
theory,
stating
that
in
some
places
in
the
universe
it
is
still
expanding
and
creating
world’s
like
our
own.
When
the
worlds
are
created
it
all
happens
very
quickly
and
they
are
pushed
apart
so
that
there
is
room
for
more
world’s
to
be
created.
This
is
happening
all
the
time.
Figure
1
illustrates
this
point.
This
is
one
of
the
multiverse
theories
that
believes
in
the
infinite
universe
theory,
and
string
theory
supports
it
fairly
strongly.
The
main
difference
between
the
bubble
universe
theory
and
the
multiverse
theory
is
that
in
the
bubble
universe
theory,
not
every
universe
has
to
support
life.
The
constants
for
things
like
gravity
are
different
in
each
universe
and
some
are
just
not
suitable
for
life.
Each
of
the
separate
bubbles
are
different
universes
so
although
we
unable
to
do
experimental
tests,
it
is
possible
to
do
some
observational
tests.
There
are
a
couple
of
things
we
can
do
to
test
this
theory.
One
is
to
do
with
statistical
tests
and
one
is
to
do
with
measuring
cosmic
background
radiation
(Vilenkin
&
Tegmark,
2011).
Statistical
models
can
be
used
to
help
prove
this
by
trying
to
predict
different
constants
in
various
bubbles.
We
can
then
work
from
these
and
try
and
predict
constants
in
our
own
bubble
and
see
if
they
come
out
similar;
if
they
do
then
it
is
more
than
likely
that
the
other
bubbles
exist.
They
have
already
tried
this
technique
for
dark
energy,
about
how
fast
it
expands
when
the
dark
energy
is
denser
and
the
prediction
that
has
been
made
about
dark
energy
in
our
universe
is
near
enough
the
same
as
the
actual
values
we
have;
this
shows
promise
in
this
prediction
(Vilenkin
&
Tegmark,
2011).
In
conclusion,
the
parallel
universe
theory
is
relatively
new
and
is
still
being
worked
upon
but
I
feel
that
it
is
plausible.
This
is
because
it
intrigues
me
because
there
are
worlds
out
there
where
things
are
happening
but
we
can’t
see
them
or
make
contact.
If
we
were
able
to
prove
that
these
Jasmine
Thomson
alternate
universes
exist,
the
next
step
would
then
to
see
if
we
could
find
a
way
to
make
contact,
as
impossible
as
it
may
seem
at
the
moment,
it
would
be
a
huge
step
for
us
as
a
species.
The
idea
that
there
is
something
out
there
beyond
the
stars
is
incredible,
even
the
thought
that
there
is
life
even
further
out
than
we
can
see.
It
makes
me
wonder
if
the
reason
that
we
are
struggling
to
find
life
in
the
planets
close
to
us
is
because
in
each
universe
there
are
only
a
few
planets
which
are
capable
of
hosting
life
and
they
don’t
have
to
be
in
our
galaxy,
and
it
might
have
been
that
they
could
have
had
life
on
them
long
before
the
earth
had
life
because
even
the
earth
is
only
going
to
be
able
to
be
the
host
to
life
for
another
one
billion
seven
hundred
and
fifty
million
years
(Rushby,
Claire,
Osborne,
&
Watson,
2013),
as
a
rough
estimate,
so
in
total
it
will
have
been
habitable
for
five
billion,
five
hundred
and
fifty
million
years
(BBC
,
2014).