1755 Lisbon earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great
Lisbon earthquake, occurred in the Kingdom of Por-
tugal on Saturday, 1 November, the holiday of All
Saints’ Day, at around 09:40 local time.[1] In combi-
nation with subsequent fires and a tsunami (maremoto
in Portuguese), the earthquake almost totally destroyed
Lisbon and adjoining areas. Seismologists today esti-
mate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude in the range
8.5–9.0[2][3] on the moment magnitude scale, with its
epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi)
west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. Estimates place the
death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000
people,[4] making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in
history.
The earthquake accentuated political tensions in the
Kingdom of Portugal and profoundly disrupted the coun-
try’s colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed
and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers,
and inspired major developments in theodicy. As the
first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over
a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and
earthquake engineering.
1 Earthquake and tsunami
1755 copper engraving showing Lisbon in flames and a tsunami
overwhelming the ships in the harbor.
In 1755, the earthquake struck on the morning of 1
November, the holiday of All Saints’ Day. Contempo-
rary reports state that the earthquake lasted between three
and a half and six minutes, causing fissures 5 metres (15
feet) wide to open in the city centre. Survivors rushed
to the open space of the docks for safety and watched
as the water receded, revealing a sea floor littered with
1
A depiction of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as seen from across
the Tagus River.
lost cargo and shipwrecks. Approximately 40 minutes
after the earthquake, a tsunami engulfed the harbour and
downtown area, rushing up the Tagus river,[5] “so fast that
several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gal-
lop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of
being carried away.” It was followed by two more waves.
In the areas unaffected by the tsunami, fire quickly broke
out, and flames raged for five days.
Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the
catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in
particular the Algarve, destruction was rampant. The
tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve
and, in the lower levels, it razed several houses. Almost
all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were
heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by
the sandy banks of Ria Formosa. In Lagos, the waves
reached the top of the city walls. Other towns of differ-
ent Portuguese regions, like Peniche, Cascais, and even
Covilhã which is located near the Serra da Estrela moun-
tain range in central inland Portugal, were affected. The
shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Cov-
ilhã's castle walls and its large towers. On the island of
Madeira, Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered
significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the Azores
archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the
tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 m inland.
Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout
Europe[6][7] as far as Finland and North Africa, and ac-
cording to some sources even in Greenland[8] and in
the Caribbean.[9] Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft)
2 2 CASUALTIES AND DAMAGE
Calculated travel times for the tsunami waves of 1 November
1755.
swept the coast of North Africa, and struck Martinique
and Barbados across the Atlantic. A three-metre (ten-
foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern English coast.
Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, re-
sulting in partial destruction of the "Spanish Arch" sec-
tion of the city wall. At Kinsale, several vessels were
whirled round in the harbor, and water poured into the
marketplace.[9]
Although seismologists and geologists have always agreed
that the epicentre was in the Atlantic to the West of the
Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject
of considerable debate. Early theories had proposed the
Gorringe Ridge until simulations showed that a source
closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply
with the observed effects of the tsunami. A seismic
reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores–
Gibraltar Transform Fault has revealed a 50 km-long
thrust structure southwest of Cape St. Vincent, with a
dip-slip throw of more than 1 km. This structure may
have created the primary tectonic event.[10]
2 Casualties and damage
Economic historian Álvaro Pereira estimated that of Lis-
bon’s population of approximately 200,000 people, some
30,000–40,000 were killed; another 10,000 may have lost
their lives in Morocco. However, a 2009 study of contem-
The ruins of the Carmo Convent, which was destroyed in the
Lisbon earthquake.
porary reports relating to the 1 November event found
them vague, and difficult to separate from reports of an-
other local series of earthquakes on 18–19 November.[11]
Pereira estimated the total death toll in Portugal, Spain
and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires
and tsunami at 40,000 to 50,000 people.[12][13]
Eighty-five percent of Lisbon’s buildings were destroyed,
including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most ex-
amples of Portugal’s distinctive 16th-century Manueline
architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little
earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent
fire. The new Opera House, opened just six months be-
fore (named the Phoenix Opera), burned to the ground.
The Royal Ribeira Palace, which stood just beside the
Tagus river in the modern square of Terreiro do Paço,
was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside,
the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of
works of art, including paintings by Titian, Rubens, and
Correggio, were lost. The royal archives disappeared to-
gether with detailed historical records of explorations by
Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The palace
of the Marques de Lourical, which also housed an in-
valuable library of 18,000 books, was also destroyed.[14]
The earthquake also damaged major churches in Lis-
bon, namely the Lisbon Cathedral, the Basilicas of São
Paulo, Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora, and the
Misericórdia Church. The Royal Hospital of All Saints
(the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio
square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients
burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno Ál-
 3

vares Pereira was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still chief engineer to the realm, presented his plans for the
walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent, which were pre- re-building of Lisbon. Maia presented five options from
served to remind Lisboners of the destruction. abandoning Lisbon to building a completely new city.
The first plan was to rebuild the old city using re-cycled
materials; this was the cheapest option. The second and
3 Relief and reconstruction efforts third plans proposed widening certain streets. The fourth
option boldly proposed razing the entire Baixa quarter
and “laying out new streets without restraint”. This last
Further information: Pombaline style option was chosen by the king and his minister.[17]
The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastro-

Detail from above: Executions in the aftermath of the Lisbon

earthquake. At least 34 looters were hanged in the chaotic after-
math of the disaster. As a warning against looting, King Joseph Model of the seismically protective wooden structure called
I of Portugal ordered gallows to be constructed in several parts "gaiola pombalina” (pombaline cage), developed for the recon-
of the city. struction of Pombaline Lower Town

phe: King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left the In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to
city, after attending mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king commis-
of one of the king’s daughters to spend the holiday away sioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large
from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed avenues and widened streets – the new mottos of Lisbon.
a fear of living within walls, and the court was accom- The Pombaline buildings are among the earliest
modated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the seismically protected constructions in Europe. Small
hills of Ajuda, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king’s wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes
claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph’s were simulated by marching troops around them. Lis-
death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began build- bon’s “new” Lower Town, known today as the Pombaline
ing the royal Ajuda Palace, which still stands on the site Lower Town (Baixa Pombalina), is one of the city’s
of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities,
Sebastião de Melo (the Marquis of Pombal) survived the like the Vila Real de Santo António in Algarve, were
earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.
reportedly replied “Bury the dead and heal the living,”[15]
and set about organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. The Casa Pia, a Portuguese institution founded by Maria
Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and I (known as A Pia, “Maria the Pious”), and organized by
teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded fol-
remove the thousands of corpses before disease could lowing the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of
the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and
buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To pre- 4 Effect on society and philosophy
vent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army
was deployed and gallows were constructed at high pointsThe earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives
around the city to deter looters; more than thirty peo- of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had
ple were publicly executed.[16] The Army prevented many struck on an important church holiday and had destroyed
able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into re-almost every important church in the city, causing anxi-
lief and reconstruction work. ety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and
The king and the prime minister immediately launched devout Roman Catholic city and country, which had been
efforts to rebuild the city. On 4 December 1755, little a major patron of the Church. Theologians focused and
more than a month after the earthquake, Manuel da Maia, speculated on the religious cause and message, seeing
4 5 DEVELOPMENT OF SEISMOLOGY

the earthquake as a manifestation of divine judgment.[18] the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which
Most philosophers rejected that on the grounds that the touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensi-
Alfama, Lisbon’s red-light district, suffered only minor tive epochs, the metaphor of ground and tremor com-
damage. pletely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer
merely figures of speech” (263). Hamacher claims that
the foundational certainty of Descartes' philosophy be-
gan to shake following the Lisbon earthquake.
The earthquake had a major impact on Portuguese poli-
tics. The prime minister was the favorite of the king, but
the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a coun-
try squire (although Prime Minister Sebastião de Melo
is known today as Marquis of Pombal, the title was only
granted in 1770, fifteen years after the earthquake). The
prime minister in turn disliked the old nobles, whom he
considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Be-
fore 1 November 1755 there was a constant struggle for
Allegory of the 1755 Earthquake, by João Glama Strobërle. The
power and royal favor, but the competent response of the
painting depicts, on the upper-left corner, an angel holding a fiery Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the
sword (a personification of divine judgement). old aristocratic factions. However, silent opposition and
resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would
The earthquake and its fallout strongly influenced the in- culminate with the attempted assassination of the king,
telligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment. The and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of
noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Aveiro and the Távora family.
Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne
(“Poem on the Lisbon disaster”). Voltaire’s Candide at-
tacks the notion that all is for the best in this, "the best 5 Development of seismology
of all possible worlds", a world closely supervised by a
benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a coun- The prime minister’s response was not limited to the prac-
terexample. As Theodor Adorno wrote, "[t]he earth- ticalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all
quake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its
of Leibniz" (Negative Dialectics 361). In the later twenti- effects. Questions included:
eth century, following Adorno, the 1755 earthquake has
sometimes been compared to the Holocaust as a catastro- • At what time did the earthquake begin and how long
phe that transformed European culture and philosophy. did the earthquake last?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also influenced by the dev-
astation following the earthquake, whose severity he be- • Did you perceive the shock to be greater from one
lieved was due to too many people living within the close direction than another? Example, from north to
quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an south? Did buildings seem to fall more to one side
argument against cities as part of his desire for a more than the other?
[19]
naturalistic way of life.
• How many people died and were any of them dis-
Kant published three separate texts on the Lisbon earth- tinguished?
quake. As a younger man, fascinated with the earthquake,
he collected all the information available to him in news • Did the sea rise or fall first, and how many hands did
pamphlets, and used it to formulate a theory of the causes it rise above the normal?
of earthquakes. Kant’s theory, which involved the shift- • If fire broke out, how long did it last and what dam-
ing of huge subterranean caverns filled with hot gases, age did it cause?[20]
was (though ultimately shown to be incorrect) one of the
first systematic modern attempts to explain earthquakes The answers to these and other questions are still archived
by positing natural, rather than supernatural, causes. Ac- in the Torre do Tombo, the national historical archive.
cording to Walter Benjamin, Kant’s slim early book on Studying and cross-referencing the priests’ accounts,
the earthquake “probably represents the beginnings of modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from
scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the be- a scientific perspective. Without the query designed by
ginnings of seismology.” the Marquis of Pombal, this would have been impossible.
Werner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake’s con- Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objec-
sequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, tive scientific description of the broad causes and conse-
making the common metaphor of firm “grounding” for quences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner
philosophers’ arguments shaky and uncertain: “Under of modern seismological scientists.

The geological causes of this earthquake and the seismic [11] Blanc P.-L. Earthquakes and tsunami in November 1755
activity in the region continue to be discussed and debated
by contemporary scientists.
6 See also
• 1755 Cape Ann Earthquake
• Earthquake Baroque
• List of earthquakes
• Southwest Iberian Margin
7 Notes
[1] Between History and Periodicity: Printed and Hand-
Written News in 18th-Century Portugal
[2] Gutscher, M.-A.; Baptista M.A. & Miranda J.M.; Mi-
randa, J.M. (2006). “The Gibraltar Arc seismogenic
zone (part 2): Constraints on a shallow east dipping fault
plane source for the 1755 Lisbon earthquake provided
by tsunami modeling and seismic intensity”. Tectono-
physics 426: 153–166. Bibcode:2006Tectp.426..153G.
doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.025. Retrieved 20 March
2011.
[3] "Historic Earthquakes – Lisbon, Portugal.” U.S. Geolog-
ical Survey, October 26, 2009. {Estimate: 8.7}
[4] Pereira (2006), page 5.
[5] Viana-Baptista MA, Soares PM. Tsunami propagation
along Tagus estuary (Lisbon, Portugal) preliminary re-
sults. Science of Tsunami Hazards 2006; 24(5):329
Online PDF. Accessed 2009-05-23. Archived 2009-05-
27.
[6] An Extraordinary and Surprising Agitation of the Waters,
..., Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 49, (1755 - 1756) ,
pp. 351-398,
[7] Memoirs of Jacques Casanova, Book 2, Ch. XXVI;
Casanova himself noted feeling the shocks when he was
imprisoned in "The Leads" in Venice and specifically
states they were the same that destroyed Lisbon
[8] Brockhaus’ Konversations-Lexikon. 14th ed., Leipzig,
Berlin and Vienna 1894; Vol. 6, p. 248
[9] Lyell, Charles. Principles of Geology. 1830. Vol. 1, chap-
ter 25, p. 439 Online electronic edition. Accessed 2009-
05-19. Archived 2009-05-21.
[10] Zitellini N. et al., The tectonic source of the 1755 Lisbon
earthquake and tsunami. Anali di Geofisica 1999; 42(1):
49. Online PDF. Accessed 2009-05-23. Archived 2009-
05-27.
5
in Morocco: a different reading of contemporaneous doc-
umentary sources. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2009; 9:
725–738. Online PDF. Accessed 2009-05-23. Archived
2009-05-27.
[12] Pereira (2006), pages 8–9.
[13] pages 33–9921.
[14] “A Comprehensive Report of the Great Lisbon Earth-
quake”. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
[15] T. D. Kendrick. The Lisbon Earthquake. p. 75. Kendrick
writes that the remark is apocryphal and is attributed to
other sources in anti-Pombal literature.
[16] Gunn (2008), page 77.
[17] Shrady, The Last Day pp. 152–155.
[18] “The Lisbon Earthquake”. Archive.org. Retrieved 2014-
05-07.
[19] “Japan tsunami is small compared to five of world’s biggest
tsunamis”. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
[20] Shrady, The Last Day, pp.145–146
8 References
• Benjamin, Walter. “The Lisbon Earthquake.” In Se-
lected Writings vol. 2. Belknap, 1999. ISBN 0-674-
94586-7. The often abstruse critic Benjamin gave a
series of radio broadcasts for children in the early
1930s; this one, from 1931, discusses the Lisbon
earthquake and summarizes some of its impact on
European thought.
• Braun, Theodore E. D., and John B. Radner, eds.
The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755: Representations
and Reactions (SVEC 2005:02). Oxford: Voltaire
Foundation, 2005. ISBN 0-7294-0857-4. Recent
scholarly essays on the earthquake and its represen-
tations in art, with a focus on Voltaire. (In English
and French.)
• Brooks, Charles B. Disaster at Lisbon: The Great
Earthquake of 1755. Long Beach: Shangton Lon-
gley Press, 1994. (No apparent ISBN.) A narrative
history.
• Chase, J. “The Great Earthquake At Lisbon (1755)".
Colliers Magazine, 1920.
• Dynes, Russell Rowe. “The dialogue between
Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon earthquake:
The emergence of a social science view.” University
of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 1999.
• Fonseca, J. D. 1755, O Terramoto de Lisboa, The
Lisbon Earthquake. Argumentum, Lisbon, 2004.
6 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Gunn, A.M. “Encyclopedia of Disasters”. Westport, • The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, available seismologi-
Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. cal studies from the European Archive of Historical
ISBN 0-313-34002-1. EArthquake Data

• Hamacher, Werner. “The Quaking of Presenta- • The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake

tion.” In Premises: Essays on Philosophy and Liter-
ature from Kant to Celan, pp. 261–293. Stanford • Images and historical depictions of the 1755 Lisbon
University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3620-0. earthquake
• More images of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and
• Kendrick, T.D. The Lisbon Earthquake. Philadel-
tsunami
phia and New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1957.
• Contemporary eyewitness account of Rev. Charles
• Neiman, Susan. Evil in Modern Thought: An Al-
Davy
ternative History of Modern Philosophy. Princeton
University Press, 2002. This book centers on philo-
sophical reaction to the earthquake, arguing that the
earthquake was responsible for modern conceptions
of evil.

• Paice, Edward. Wrath of God: The Great Lis-

bon Earthquake of 1755. London: Quercus, 2008.
ISBN 978-1-84724-623-3

• Pereira, A.S. "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The

Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake".
Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Eco-
nomics and Related Research at York, York Univer-
sity, 2006.

• Quenet, Grégory Les tremblements de terre en

France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. La naissance
d'un risque. Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2005.

• Ray, Gene. "Reading the Lisbon Earthquake:

Adorno, Lyotard, and the Contemporary Sublime.”
Yale Journal of Criticism 17.1 (2004): pp. 1–18.

• Seco e Pinto, P.S. (Editor). Earthquake Geotech-

nical Engineering: Proceedings of the Second Inter-
national Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 21–25 June,
1999. ISBN 90-5809-116-3

• Shrady, Nicholas, The Last Day: Wrath, Ruin &

Reason in The Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755,
Penguin, 2008, ISBN 978-0-14-311460-4

• Weinrich, Harald. “Literaturgeschichte eines Wel-

tereignisses: Das Erdbeben von Lissabon.” In Liter-
atur für Leser, pp. 64–76. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer,
1971. ISBN 3-17-087225-7. In German. Cited by
Hamacher as a broad survey of philosophical and
literary reactions to the Lisbon earthquake.

9 External links
• Media related to Lisbon earthquake of 1755 at
Wikimedia Commons

• The Lisbon earthquake of 1755: the catastrophe and

its European repercussions. Archived
 7

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Nacional de Arte Antiga Original artist: João Glama Ströberle
• File:Convento_do_Carmo_ruins_in_Lisbon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Convento_do_
Carmo_ruins_in_Lisbon.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: picture taken by Chris Adams Original artist: Chris Adams
• File:Gaiola_pombalina.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gaiola_pombalina.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Galinhola
• File:Lisbon1755hangingdetail.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Lisbon1755hangingdetail.JPG Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Sandover at en.wikipedia
• File:Lisbon_1755_tsunami_travel_times.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Lisbon_1755_tsunami_
travel_times.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
hazard/icons/1755_1101.jpg Original artist: NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)
• File:Lissabon-2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Lissabon-2.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: arquivos de Arte e História, Berlin Original artist: Jurema Oliveira
• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
• File:Sound-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg License: LGPL Contributors:
Derivative work from Silsor's versio Original artist: Crystal SVG icon set
8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0