Assignment 1

(a) Discuss about the duties of Smart Grid.

Ans. A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the

actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do

both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure

electricity supplies.

 System (Generation, Transmission, Distribution) with an advanced twoway

communications system

 Enables real-time monitoring and control

 Provide greater visibility and transparency

 Consequently, enables cost reduction and efficiency improvement

(b) What is Reselient and Self-Healing Grid ?

Ans Reselient Grid

The capablity of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation caused specially
by compressive stress. Reselience is the property of a material to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered. In other words, it is
the maximum energy per volume that can be elastically stored.

Self-Healing Grid

A Self-Healing Grid is a Smart grid automatically that detects and responds to routine problems
and quickly recover if they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss.

The Self-Healing Grid is a system comprised of sensors, automated controls,

and advanced software that utilizes real-time distribution data to detect and

isolate faults and to reconfigure the distribution network to minimize the

customers impacted.

One of the main goals of a Self-Healing Grid is to improve system reliability.

This can be accomplished by reconfiguring the switches and reclosers installed

on the distribution feeder to quickly isolate the faulted section of the feeder and

re-establish service to as many customers as possible from alternate

sources/feeders

(c) Discuss Service Provider in power sysstem.

Ans A service provider is a vendor that provides IT solutions and/or services to end users and
organizations. This broad term incorporates all IT businesses that provide products and solutions
through services that are on-demand, pay per use or a hybrid delivery model.

(d) Is it possible to integrate Renewable Energy Source with Smart Grid ?

Ans In today's electricity generation system, different resources make different contributions to
the electricity grid. The fact sheet illustrates the roles of distributed and centralized renewable
energy technologies , particularly solar power, and how they will contribute to the future
electricity system.The advantage of diversified mix of power system generations are highlighted.
The electric grid maintains an instantaneous balance between supply and demand while moving
electricity from generation source to customer because large amount of electricity are difficult
to store, the amount generated and fed into the system must be carefully matched to the load to
keep the system operating.

(e) Discuss in detail about various parts of smart grid.

Ans. Smart Grid utilises intelligent electricity transmission and distribution networks that use a
two-way communication to increase the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery.
Various technologies are used to enable the smart grid operation. These key technologies can be
grouped into five key technology areas:

1. Integrated communications

A reliable, high-speed integrated communication platform is considered to be a basic component

in the implementation of a smarter transmission system. It connects components to an open
architecture for real-time information, control and data exchange to optimise reliability of
system, utilisation of assets and security.

2. Sensing and measurement

Advanced sensing and measurement technologies will collect data and alter them to better
manage power systems. These technologies are used for the evaluation and monitoring of
equipment health, the prevention of energy theft and for control strategies support. They are
also used to eliminate billing estimations, assess grid stability and obstruction and support
frequent meter readings. They will also help consumers to enhance their electrical usage by
providing them with information concerning their daily demands.
3. Advanced components

It is comprised of systems that measure, gather and evaluate the amount of energy used and
communicate with metering devices. These systems consist of hardware, software,
communications, Meter Data Management software, consumer energy displays and controls and
many others.Advanced metering infrastructure is a way to integrate consumers’ base on open
standards. It provides consumers make efficient use of their electricity and provides utilities the
ability to detect problems on their system to be able to operate properly and efficiently.

4. Advanced control methods

In order to have a safe, reliable and environmentally friendly modern grid system, development
in advanced control method is a must. These technologies are devices and algorithms that
enable rapid diagnosis and analysis of the modern grid system. Whenever necessary, it takes
appropriate corrective measures to diminish power outages or even prevent outages from
happening. There will be better control at the transmission, distribution and consumer levels
when using these methods.

5. Improved interfaces and decision support

Improved interfaces and decision support are important technologies that consist of devices
and trainings that will amplify human-decision making and transforming grid operators and
mangers into knowledgeable workers to operate the modern grid.These technologies will reduce
complexity by converting data from power systems into information that can be easily
understood by humans. After the convention, data can be in terms of animation, virtual reality
and other data-display techniques that will help operator to quickly identify, analyse and act on
emerging problems. Therefore, time to take decision regarding certain issues is considerably
reduced.

(f) Difference between the traditional grid and smart grid.

Ans
(g) Discuss about disadvantages of the existing grid

Ans 1. Traditional energy infrastructure is electromechanical. This means that it is of, relating to,
or denoting a mechanical device that is electrically operated. The technology of this manner is
typically considered to be “dumb” as it has no means of communication between devices and
little internal regulation.

2. Power can only be distributed from the main plant using traditional energy infrastructure.

3. With traditional energy infrastructure, all power must be generated from a central location.
This eliminates the possibility of easily incorporating alternative energy sources into the grid.

4. The infrastructure is not equipped to handle many sensors on the lines. This makes it difficult
to pinpoint the location of a problem and can result in longer downtimes.

5. Due to limitations in traditional infrastructure, energy distribution must be monitored

manually.

6. In order to make repairs on traditional energy infrastructure, technicians have to physically go

to the location of the failure to make repairs. The need for this can extend the amount of time
that outages occur.

7.As a result of aging and limitations, traditional energy infrastructure is prone to failures. Failure
of infrastructure can lead to blackouts, a condition where the end customer is receiving no
power to their unit causing downtime.

8.Using traditional power infrastructure, energy is very difficult to control. After leaving the
power plant or substation, companies have no control over the energy distribution.

(h) Define Energy storage devices.

Ans Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time. A
device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or battery.Energy storage involves
converting energy from forms that are difficult to store to more conveniently or economically
storable forms.Common examples of energy storage are the rechargeable battery, which stores
chemical energy readily convertible to electricity to operate a mobile phone, the hydroelectric
dam, which stores energy in a reservoir as gravitational potential energy, and ice storage tanks,
which store ice frozen by cheaper energy at night to meet peak daytime demand for cooling.

(i) Write down the barriers for Smart Grid.

Ans All countries need to adapt their current electricity networks and convert them into smart
grids so that the electricity generated at low voltage can be used by consumers. It is about
moving from a system where there is a main producer and many consumers to another system,
similar to the internet, where there are many producers and many consumers. The consumers
can even be the producers too, generating electricity from solar panels and selling it back to the
grid.

Governments should be defending the citizen by preparing a future based mainly on renewable
energies, but a lot of the time they prefer to do nothing to avoid the obstacles that electricity
companies impose on progress.

Unfortunately this is not an easy task as the renewal of electricity grids is not a technical
problem, it is a political and regulatory problem. These issues are blocking, in the United States,
the renewing of the transport and distribution networks. The same could be said in Europe
where power companies are an even more powerful lobby than in the United States.As a result,
the main issue is how to move forward in a way that removes the obstacles that hamper the
development of smart grids. In the case of the United States, it is also a question of optimising
the enormous wind resources of the Dakotas and solar energy in the Mojave Desert, to produce
electricity and transport it to large urban centres for consumption

(j) Give suggestions for the solution of the Global Warming in terms of Power System.

Ans In order to effectively address global warming, we must significantly reduce the amount of
heat-trapping emissions we are putting into the atmosphere.The good news is that we have the
technology and practical solutions at hand to accomplish it.As individuals, we can help by taking
action to reduce our personal carbon emissions. But to fully address the threat of global
warming, we must demand action from our elected leaders to support and implement a
comprehensive set of climate solutions:

 Expand the use of renewable energy and transform our energy system to one that is
cleaner and less dependent on coal and other fossil fuels.

 Increase vehicle fuel efficiency and support other solutions that reduce U.S. oil use.

 Place limits on the amount of carbon that polluters are allowed to emit.
  Build a clean energy economy by investing in efficient energy technologies, industries,
and approaches.

 Reduce tropical deforestation and its associated global warming emissions.

(k) Define Smart Grid.

Ans A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that is used to supply
electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication. This system allows for monitoring,
analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help improve efficiency, reduce
energy consumption and cost, and maximize the transparency and reliability of the energy
supply chain. The smart grid was introduced with the aim of overcoming the weaknesses of
conventional electrical grids by using smart net meters.

(l) Write down the components of Smart Grid and explain.

Ans Smart Grid utilises intelligent electricity transmission and distribution networks that use a
two-way communication to increase the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery.
Various technologies are used to enable the smart grid operation. These key technologies can be
grouped into five key technology areas:

1. Integrated communications

A reliable, high-speed integrated communication platform is considered to be a basic component

in the implementation of a smarter transmission system. It connects components to an open
architecture for real-time information, control and data exchange to optimise reliability of
system, utilisation of assets and security.

2. Sensing and measurement

Advanced sensing and measurement technologies will collect data and alter them to better
manage power systems. These technologies are used for the evaluation and monitoring of
equipment health, the prevention of energy theft and for control strategies support. They are
also used to eliminate billing estimations, assess grid stability and obstruction and support
frequent meter readings. They will also help consumers to enhance their electrical usage by
providing them with information concerning their daily demands.

3. Advanced components

It is comprised of systems that measure, gather and evaluate the amount of energy used and
communicate with metering devices. These systems consist of hardware, software,
communications, Meter Data Management software, consumer energy displays and controls and
many others.Advanced metering infrastructure is a way to integrate consumers’ base on open
standards. It provides consumers make efficient use of their electricity and provides utilities the
ability to detect problems on their system to be able to operate properly and efficiently.
4. Advanced control methods

In order to have a safe, reliable and environmentally friendly modern grid system, development
in advanced control method is a must. These technologies are devices and algorithms that
enable rapid diagnosis and analysis of the modern grid system. Whenever necessary, it takes
appropriate corrective measures to diminish power outages or even prevent outages from
happening. There will be better control at the transmission, distribution and consumer levels
when using these methods.

5. Improved interfaces and decision support

Improved interfaces and decision support are important technologies that consist of devices
and trainings that will amplify human-decision making and transforming grid operators and
mangers into knowledgeable workers to operate the modern grid.These technologies will reduce
complexity by converting data from power systems into information that can be easily
understood by humans. After the convention, data can be in terms of animation, virtual reality
and other data-display techniques that will help operator to quickly identify, analyse and act on
emerging problems. Therefore, time to take decision regarding certain issues is considerably
reduced.

(m) Write short notes on :

 Reselient Grid

The capablity of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation caused specially
by compressive stress. Reselience is the property of a material to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered. In other words, it is
the maximum energy per volume that can be elastically stored.

 Self-Healing Grid

A Self-Healing Grid is a Smart grid automatically that detects and responds to routine problems
and quickly recover if they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss.

The Self-Healing Grid is a system comprised of sensors, automated controls,

and advanced software that utilizes real-time distribution data to detect and

isolate faults and to reconfigure the distribution network to minimize the

customers impacted.

One of the main goals of a Self-Healing Grid is to improve system reliability.

This can be accomplished by reconfiguring the switches and reclosers installed

on the distribution feeder to quickly isolate the faulted section of the feeder and
re-establish service to as many customers as possible from alternate

sources/feeders

 CDM Opportunities

The clean development mechanism was designed to meet a dual objective:

 to help developed countries fulfill their commitments to reduce emissions, and

 to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development.

CDM projects earn tradable, saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits that can be used
by industrialised countries to meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto
Protocol.

Benefits of CDM projects include investment in climate change mitigation projects in developing
countries, transfer or diffusion of technology in the host countries, as well as improvement in
the livelihood of communities through the creation of employment or increased economic
activity. This page serves to highlight where, how and what has been the impact of the CDM
across the globe.

 International Policies

U.S. trade in electric energy with Canada and Mexico is rising, bringing economic and reliability
benefits to the United States and its trading partners. Within the Office of Electricity,
Transmission Permitting and Technical Assistance is responsible for authorizing exports of
electric energy and issuing Presidential permits for the construction, operation, maintenance
and connection of electric transmission facilities at the international border. The objectives are
to:

 Issue Presidential permits for international electric transmission lines to enhance the
resilience of the North American electric grid

 Ensure reliability of the domestic electric power supply

 Collect, analyze, and disseminate information on international electricity trade

 Present Development of Smart Grid in India

India is steadily venturing into renewable energy resources like wind and solar.

With such unpredictable energy sources feeding the grid, it is necessary to have a

grid that is highly adaptive (in terms of supply and demand). A good electric supply

is one of the key infrastructure requirements to support overall development, hence,

the opportunities for building smart grids in India are immense.

According to the Ministry of Power, India’s transmission

and distribution losses are amongst the highest in the world,

averaging 26 per cent of total electricity production, and

as high as 62 per cent in some states. These losses do not

include non-technical losses like theft etc.; if such losses are

included, the average losses are as high as 50 per cent.

India losses money for every unit of electricity sold, since

India has one of the weakest electric grids in the world. Some

of the technical flaws in the Indian power grid are - it is a

poorly planned distribution network, there is overloading

of the system components, there is lack of reactive power

support and regulation services, there is low metering efficiency and bill collection, etc.