Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Carmona Campus
Market Road, Carmona, Cavite
 (046) 430-3509/cvsu.carmonacampus@gmail.com
www.cvsu.edu.ph

I. Orientation

1. University Vision and Mission

1.1. Vision
CvSU Vision The premier university in historic Cavite recognized for excellence in the
development of morally upright and globally competitive individuals.

1.2. Mission
Cavite State University shall provide excellent, equitable and relevant educational
opportunities in the arts, science and technology through quality instruction and relevant research
and development activities. It shall produce professional, skilled and morally upright individuals for
global competitiveness.

2. University Quality Policy

We commit to the highest standard of education, value our stakeholder, strive for continued
improvement of our product and services and uphold the university’s tenets of truth, excellence, and
service to produce globally competitive and morally upright individuals.

3. Student’s Code of Conduct

4. Solid Waste Management

5. Gender and Development

6. Calamity Emergency Plans

7. What is Fabrication?
The word “fabrication” means to make something from raw material. In the case of metal fabrication,
that raw material is, unsurprisingly, metal. The material used in metal fabrication will however have already
been processed from its true raw state into a usable raw material format such as metal sheet, rod, or bar.
Fabrication differs from assembling. Rather than using a processed raw material, the assembly
process uses parts or components specifically made for the purpose. Assembly is however an operation that
is included in the art of fabrication.

II. Introduction

1. Fabrication

1.1. History and Development

The earliest metal fabricating was performed by our ancestors around about 4200BC.
Copper was used to fashion jewelry, and to make crude tools. It was a significant point in history and
one which changed and enhanced our civilization forever.
Throughout history, metal fabrication has played a role in decorating the world and holding
it together in the forms of art, hobby, and industry. Today, metal fabrication involves large machinery,
high tech machinery, laser cutting, advanced welding and much more. However, it hasn’t always
been this way. Metal fabrication has been around far before any of these technologies were available
– even to the point where the materials weren’t even heated. For instance, Isaac Asimov, the famous
biochemist and science fiction author surmised that even the earliest civilizations simply hammered
gold to form early jewelry and decoration.
 It’s much different today, however. After the connection between heat, metal, and fabrication
was made – all bets were off. Today, metal fabrication involves much more than hammering metals
until they fit into place. Today, metal fabricators use complex and state of the art machinery and
technology to both design, plan, and fabricate the large structures and pieces of equipment that help
us in innumerable ways.
Primary among some of the greatest innovations in large fabrication was computer numerical
control, or CNC. CNC has been used for many years for the automation of machine tools by
programmed commands, controlled by a computer. CNC represented a departure from manually
controlled machine that required a drastically larger number of operators than the industry requires
today. The idea for CNC came about in the 19th century when the cams used to play a musical box
were used to automate machinery. Thomas Blanchard, for example, built gun-stock lathes using this
technology, which was eventually evolved into the turret lathe, and the screw machine – making this
type of automated fabrication a big game changer by the time World War I came about.
With the computers available today, not only has CNC machining reached new heights, but
so has the design of fabrications both large and small. This is now done through computer aided
design (CAD). CAD is the culmination of early attempts by aircraft designers, automotive
manufactures, and the science community. In every case, science and industry needed a computer
design program that would allow them to interact with a computer graphically and draft projects faster
and more effectively.
Once CNC and CAD were fully developed and combined with modern machining and
fabricating techniques like welding, cutting, boring, and grinding – manufacturers around the world
were capable of creating products, tools, and equipment of all shapes and sizes, faster than ever.
From aircraft and cars to aircraft carriers and the machines used to manufacture cars, metal
fabrication has been used to create it all. So next time you see a picture of a oil rig or a massive wind
energy turbine, think about how far we’ve come and what science and industry have managed to
accomplish over the years. When you consider what the human race is capable of now, from tiny
machine parts to space shuttles, chances are you’ll be amazed at how far we’ve come – in terms of
technology and ingenuity.

2. Working Rules

2.1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in good working condition. The
evidence is when you are able to use them smoothly and conveniently with ease and comfort.
2.2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in a tool box or cabinet.
2.3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage caused by air, water, or rust.
2.4. Weight - Use the lightest weight tool possible to avoid injury. Excessively heavy tools must be
equipped with mechanical support and attached hoses should be supported.
2.5. Support - Equip tools with some means of mechanical support so you don't need to hold a heavy
tool continuously while working. If mechanical support cannot be provided, the workstation should be
designed so you can put the tool down or rest it in a holster when it is not in use.

2.6. Balance - Additional force is required to use an unbalanced tool. The tool's center of gravity should
be close to the body, close to the handles, and in line with the center of the hand holding the tool.
2.7. Torque Control - High torque requires a lot of force to keep the tool from rotating out of your hand.
Torque settings should be set to the minimum required by job specifications, especially for in-line
and pistol shaped tools.

2.8. Grip - Tool handles should allow stable and efficient grip. The handle should be cylindrical or oval in
shape, with a diameter of between 1.25 and 1.75 inches. Tool handles should contact as much of
the hand and fingers as possible. Grips should be made of non-slip compressible and nonconductive
material. Avoid form-fitting handles (handles with finger grooves), since they may not fit the hand size
of every user. Handles should be kept clean and free from slippery grease, oil, or sweat.

2.9. Span - On two-handled manual tools, like pliers, the open span should be about 4 inches and the
closed span should only be about 1.5 inches.

2.10. Spring-loaded handles - A spring-loaded mechanism saves muscular effort and reduces
mechanical stress on the backs and sides of fingers for such tools as scissors, pliers, and other
manual cutting and gripping tools which have to be opened and closed repeatedly during use.
2.11. Choose the right tool shape - Pistol-shaped tools should be used on a vertical surface or on a
horizontal surface below waist height. Bend the tool, not the wrist.
2.12. Avoid bending over your work.
2.13. Avoid overhead work if possible. Use a ladder to reduce the need for outstretched arms.

2.14. Keep the elbows close to the body.

2.15. Tilt the work surface instead of the wrist.

2.16. Stand with weight evenly distributed on both feet. When standing for long periods of time, rest one
foot on a sturdy object above floor height and switch legs periodically.

2.17. Sit up straight so the chair offers good back support. Adjust the chair back so it comfortably supports
the natural curve of the lower back. Adjust the seat height to allow thighs to be parallel to the floor.
 3. Safety

3.1. Follow all cautions, warnings, and instructions marked on the equipment.
3.2. Ensure that the voltage and frequency rating of the power outlet matches the electrical rating labels
on the system.
3.3. Use properly grounded power outlets.
3.4. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be fit and shirts tucked in as much as
possible. Remove ties, watches, rings, and other jewelry from your body.
3.5. Report immediately injuries or accidents of any type to your teacher.
3.6. Never put fasteners or any small metal articles in or near the mouth when working.
3.7. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting tools are away from the
edge of the table or work bench.
3.8. Keep working areas clean and free from disposable materials.
3.9. Secure the help of your classmates when carrying heavy tools to avoid accidents.
3.10. Never use dull or damaged tools.
3.11. Do not use tools with loose handles and ragged. Report cases like these to the teacher and do
necessary repair and adjustments, if possible.
3.12. Know and observe safety measures specific for each tool or operation.

III. Electronics Fabrication

1. Electronics Tools

1.1. Screwdrivers

 Screwdrivers are hand tools specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove
screws.

 Slotted Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted screws.

 Phillips Screwdriver – used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws. It is a screwdriver that
could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings.

 Jeweler's Screwdriver Set – is a set of small screw drivers composed of slotted and Phillips
screwdrivers.
1.2. Soldering Tools

 Soldering Iron – is a device for applying heat to melt solder in attaching two metal parts. A
soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. For electrical work,
wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or small terminals. A low-power
iron (2 -30 Watts) is suitable for this work.

 Soldering Tool Stand – is a place where the soldering iron is placed during usage. This will
keep the soldering iron away from flammable materials. The stand often comes with a sponge
used in cleaning the tip of the soldering iron.

 De-soldering tool is used in removing soldered wires and components on printed circuit boards
for troubleshooting and repair purposes.

1.3. Splicing Tools

 Long Nose is used for holding, bending, and stretching the lead of electronic component or
connecting wires.
  Side Cutter is a wire-cutting pliers, though they are not used to grab or turn anything, but are
used to cut wires.

 Wire Stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The addition of a
center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire.

1.4. Boring Tools

 12V Mini-Drill – is used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit board (PCB) with sizes from
1/32” – 1/16”.

 Portable Electric Drill is used for boring hole(s) in plastic or metal chassis with the used of drill
bits having sizes from 1/6” to approximately 1/4”.
  Metal Files - these are hand tools having a series of sharp, parallel ridges or teeth. Most files
have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.

 Flat File is parallel in width and tapered in thickness; they are used for flat surfaces and
edges.

 Half Round File is tapered in width and thickness, coming to a point, and is narrower
than a standard half round and used for filing inside of rings.

 Round File - is also called rat-tail file which is gradually tapered and used for many tasks
that require a round tool, such as enlarging round holes or cutting a scalloped edge.

1.5. Cutting Tools

 Utility Knife is a common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes.

 Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips which keep the hacksaw firm and
easy to grip. The small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle that fits around
a narrow, rigid blade.

1.6. Auxiliary Tools

 Magnifying Glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object.
The lens is usually mounted on a frame with a handle. Roger Bacon is the original inventor of
the magnifying glass. A magnifying glass works by creating a magnified virtual image of an object
behind the lens. Some magnifying glasses are foldable with built-in light.

 Paint Brush – made of bristles set in handle, use for cleaning dirty parts of a circuit or an object.
2. Electronics Equipment

2.1. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is an equipment that combines three functions: as a voltmeter that

measures both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and milliammeter that
measures small amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the maintenance of this instrument,
the following should be observed:

2.2. Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope)
is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-
dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function
of time or of some other voltage (horizontal axis).

2.3. Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple wave forms.

3. Electronics Fabrication Processes

3.1. Electronics Splices

 Rat Tail or Pig Tail - A rat-tail splice, also known as a twist splice or a pig-tail splice, is a very
basic electrical splice that can be done with both solid stranded wire. It is made by taking two or
more bare wires of the same diameter and wrapping them together symmetrically around each
a common axis. The bare splice can be insulated with electrical tape or other means.
This common and simple splice is not very strong mechanically. It can be made stronger by
coating it with solder, or it can be twisted and then held in place by the internal metal spring or
threads of a twist on wire connection, also called a wire nut. Because it is not very strong, the
 splice is not meant to connect wires that will be pulled or stressed. Rather, it is intended for wires
that are protected inside an enclosure or junction box.

 Y-Splice - This method of wrapping is generally used on small cables because the strands are
flexible and all can be wrapped in one operation.

 Western Union Long-tie Splice- The Western Union splice works best to splice together small,
solid conductors. It is the most common type of wire splice. To make the Western Union splice,
first remove about five inches of insulation from both wires and cross the exposed wires. Wrap
one wire around the other five or six times, and then do the same with the other. Cut the excess
wires off and pinch the ends down with pliers. Solder the joint together and wrap tape around it.

 Western Union Short-tie Splice - This is the most widely used splice or joint in interior wiring
installation to extend the length of wire from one point to another.

 Fixture Splice - Fixture splices, or fixture joints, are used to connect wires of different sizes. This
joint requires five inches of insulation stripped off the wire. Hold the wires together and then twist
them a few times with a pair of pliers. Both wires must twist for the joint to be tight. Cut both ends
of wire so that they are the same length, and then take the twisted joint and bend it so that it lines
up with the wires. Take the cut ends and extend them perpendicular to the wire and the twisted
portion. Wrap these two ends in the same direction as the twist. Solder the joint together and
wrap tape around it.
3.1. Electronics Joints

 A Knotted tap is used to connect a conductor to a running wire. To make a tap splice, strip about
1½ inches off the running wire. Take the connecting wire and wrap it once around the running
wire. Now wrap the end of the wire through the loop you just made. Then wrap the connecting
wire around the running wire about six times. Make sure the wire points away from the original
turn. Solder the joint and wrap tape around it.

 Plain tap joint - This is used where the tap wire is under considerable tensile stress circuit.

 Duplex cross joint - This is a two-tap wire turned simultaneously and is used where the two tap
wire is under heavy tensile stress.

 Cross Joint - The same application is done as in plain tap and the only difference is that this tap
is a combination of two plain taps place side by side with each other.