Pg.

Checklist for Integration

1) Does the simple power rule apply?

More Specifically:
a. Can the integrand be rewritten, either by expanding the power
of a polynomial…
Ex)  t (t 2  6) 2 dt   t (t 4  2t 2  36)dt   (t 9 / 2  2t 5 / 2  36t 1/ 2 )dt

b. …. or by dividing a denominator that has ONLY ONE TERM into

a numerator?
4v
Ex)   3 v 
  dv 
 4
 
v 
  v1 / 3 v1 / 3  
 dv  4v 1 / 3
 v ( 3 / 31 / 3)
dv   4v 1 / 3
 v 2/3
dv    
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2) Does u-substitution work…

a. …either outright:

1
t t  6dt   u du    
5 6
Ex) 6
1
u  t  6, du  6t dt , t dt  du
6 5 5
Because: 6

b. …or does substitution work if you solve for the variable in terms of
u?
For instance, the following integral is problematic, because there are two terms in the radical, and u=substitution
doesn’t work outright (and the x isn’t squared, etc.). So we make a substitution and ALSO solve for x in terms of u:

x
 dx u  x  9, du  dx, x  u  9
x9

u9  u 9 
du   u 1 / 2  9u 1 / 2 du  u 3 / 2  9  u 1 / 2  C  ( x  9) 3 / 2  18( x  9)1 / 2  C
2 2 2
 u
du   
 u

u 3 1 3
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3) Trigonometric Integrals:

a. Do you need to write a tan, sec, csc or cot in terms of sine and/or
cosine and then simplify?

sec x 1 sin x

Ex) csc x
dx  
1
dx  
cos x
dx u  cos x, du   sin xdx
cos x 
sin x
1
  du   ln u  C   ln cos x  C   
u

[This was just the integral of tanx!]

You might just need to use a combination of identities and

substitution on trigonometric integrals, as in the following
examples…
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Trigonometric Integrals [Cont’d]

a.Do you need to use identities?

sec 2 x sec 2 x
Ex)  sec 2 x  1 dx   tan 2 x dx

Use substitution with u = tan x, so du  sec 2

xdx and therefore
sec 2 x 1
 tan 2 x  u 2 du
dx 
and then integrate using

simple power rule.

1
 C or
The answer is tan x
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b. Do you need to multiply by a conjugate first, and then use

identities?

1 1 1  cos x  dx  1 1  cos x  dx  1  cos x dx

Ex)  1  cos x dx   1  cos x 1  cos x   1  cos x 1  cos x   1  cos 2 x

1  cos x 1 cos x du 1
 sin 2 x   sin 2 x  sin 2 x
     u2     C   cot x  csc x  C
2
dx dx dx csc xdx cot x
sin x

c. Do you need a reduction formula?

Ex)
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4) TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION: Does it have the square or other

even power of the variable, involved in either subtraction or addition
(often, but not always, involving a radical)?

Similarly, does it remind you of the inverse trigonometric functions?

If so, try one of these SUBSTITUTIONs:
Expression Substitution Identity Involved
Let

Let

Let

Similarly, for
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5) PARTIAL FRACTIONS: Is the integrand a ratio of polynomials where

the denominator is either factorable over linear or quadratic factors,
but not necessarily integrable using u-substitution?
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If the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of

the denominator, perform polynomial division first:
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6) Special Cases Involving inverse Trigonometric Functions:

You might need the following formulas (which, by the way, can be
proven, using tricks with u-substitution or Trigonometric Substitution):

1 1 | |
= sec +
√ − a

a) b)
 Pg. 10

Taking the first integral:

a)

Separate this into two integrals,

We will need u-substitution in on the first integral:

and but we have only x in the numerator, so factor out the 2:

So we need in the numerator, and then we will have

 Pg. 11

So adding in a 2 and keeping the integral balanced:

becomes

Substituting:

The first integral now just involves the natural log, and for the second
integral, we can have something in the form of arctangent by completing
the square on the remaining integral:
 Pg. 12

b) Evaluate
Let
Then
And solving for x:
And by imp. Diff:
Factoring out 3/2 and Substituting it all we have:

The “u”s cancel, and we have:

So
−1
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7) Integration by Parts (The Product Rule, BACKWARD)

For Integrals of PRODUCTS that can’t be integrated using other
techniques):

The formula:

Shortening to make more memorable:

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Example 1: Evaluate
Pick something for “u” that gets simpler as you differentiate, and
pick something for “dv” that is integrable:

Let u = 3x Let dv = cosxdx

Then du = 3dx and v = sinx (we can ignore C until the end)

Integrating again:
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Example 2: Evaluate
Pick something for “u” that gets simpler as you differentiate, and
pick something for “dv” that is integrable:
Let u = 7x Let dv = sec2xdx
Then du = 7dx and v = tanx (we can ignore C until the end)

So

Integrating again (and using substitution for sinx/cosx):

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Example 3: Evaluate
Pick something for “u” that gets simpler as you differentiate, and
pick something for “dv” that is integrable:
Let u = lnx Let dv = dx [Use just “dx”]
Then du = and v = x (we can ignore C until the end)

So

Integrating again:
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Ex 4)
Let u = lnx Let dv = lnxdx
Then du = and v =
 Pg. 18

Sometimes we need to apply integration by parts (IBP) more than

once (e.g., when a power function doesn’t go away at first).
If we have to repeat it a lot of times, we can use TABULAR
INTEGRATION BY PARTS:

Alternate u and its derivatives dv and its

signs integrals
+
-
+
-
+
- STOP when you get 0 for u
 Pg. 19

Example 4: Evaluate

Your turn! Answer:

NOTE: When we have TWO transcendental functions whose derivatives and integrals don’t reduce
down, but that follow a cyclical pattern, we try performing IBP EXACTLY TWICE and, using an
algebraic trick, solve for the original integral:

1 2
Answers:
5