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Scientific Method is an epistemological foundation. It is the procedure to find out knowledge that has
systematic steps. It determines whether knowledge becomes science or not, so it has a very important
function in building science.
Scientific Method:
The problem formulation is clear and specific
The problems are things that can be observed and measured empirically
The answer to the problem is based on data
The process of data collection and analysis, and decision making based on correct logic
Conclusions can be tested by others
Example:
The use of scientific method
What is Hypothesis?
Hypothesis is a guess about the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
The independent, or manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the
experimenter.
(It would be the amount of sugar added. )
In this case, John is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment.
The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes made in
the independent variable.
(It would be the size of the loaf of bread.)
4. Design Experiment
Describe, design, and conduct an experiment that will give you information or data that supports (or
not) your hypothesis.
a. John’s teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials. She discusses with
John how to determine the control group.
• The control group is the group that serves as the standard of comparison.
• It may be a “no treatment" or an “experimenter selected” group.
• It is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable
being tested.
b. Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount
in his control group.
c. ohn’s teacher reminds him to keep all other factors the same (constant) so that any observed
changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.
The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep
the same.
The constant factors might include:
Other ingredients to the bread recipe, oven used, rise time, brand of ingredients, cooking time,
type of pan used, air temperature and humidity where the bread was rising, oven temperature,
age of the yeast
d. John writes out his procedure for his experiment along with a materials list in his journal. He has
both of these checked by his teacher where she checks for any safety concerns.
5. Analyze the Data
Determine whether your data/results from the experiment supports (or not) your hypothesis; if not, it
may be necessary to review your information/research and revise your hypothesis.
John comes up with a table he can use to record his data. John gets all his materials together and carries
out his experiment.
6. Draw Conclusion
Formulate a conclusion that answers the original question from step one and share the results with the
scientific community (or the community at large).
John rejects his hypothesis, but He decides to re-test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.
Once again, John gathers his materials and carries out his experiment. Here are the results.
Conclusion
John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf.
His hypothesis is accepted.
REFERENCES
Kivunja, Charles (2017). Understanding and Applying Research Paradigms in Educational Contexts.
International Journal of Higher Education Vol. 6, No. 5; 2017
Murti, Bisma (2002). lnferensi induktif, deduktif, dan epistemologi Popper dalam riset epidemiologi. Maj
kedokt Indon, Volum : 52, Nomor : 6, Juni 2002.
Wahyono, Abdulhak, I., & Rusman (2017). Implementation of Scientific Approach Based Learning toThink
High Levels in State Senior High School in Ketapang. International Journal of Education and Research
Vol. 5 No.8 August 2017.