Benguet State University

College of Arts and Sciences

Master of Arts in English as a Second Language

“Compilation of Etymological and Morphological Process of Words”

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Advanced Structure of English (ESL 212)

Submitted by
Rhona Mae P. Dacumos

Submitted to
Prof. Candice Grale Macliing

September 9, 2019
 Compilation of Etymological and Morphological Process of Words

1. in’tl (adj.)
 Etymology:
1780, coined by
Jeremy Bentham
from inter- "between"
+ national (adj.). In the
phrase international
jurisprudence.
He footnotes the word with:
The word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one;
though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated
to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes
commonly under the name of the law of nations: an appellation so
uncharacteristic, that, were it not for the force of custom, it would seem
rather to refer to internal jurisprudence. [Bentham, "Introduction to the
Principles of Morals and Legislation"]
 Morphological Process: Abbreviation for international (int’l)

2. locked out (v)

 Etymology:
From the verbal phrase lock (someone) out, which is
attested from mid-14c. in the sense "turn or keep out
(of a place), bar the doors against" (see lock (v.)
+ out (adv.))

 Morphological Process: Compounding

Open compound =lock(v) and out (adv)

3. aircon (n.)
 Etmology:
from air (n) + conditioner.
Along with air-
conditioning first attested 1909,
originally an industrial process in
textile manufacturing.
The word conditioning was applied to the determination of the moisture
content of textiles, control of which was essential to spin fine cotton yarns. The
original purpose of air-conditioning was to purify air and regulate moisture.
An earlier name for such a device (using ice and fans) was air
cooler (1875).
 Morphological Process: Clipping of the word air conditioner
4. Hilux (n)
 Etymology:
unknown
 Morphological Process: Coinage
for a brand/ model of a car.
5. Phl (n)
 Etymology:
from Spanish Islas Filipinas, literally "the islands of Philip," named for Philip II, king of
Spain.
 Morphological Process: Abbreviation of Philippines

6. exec (n)
 Etymology:
mid-15c., "performed, carried
out”
1640s, "of the branch of
government that carries out
the laws," from Middle French executif, from Latin executivus, from past
participle stem of exequi "follow after; carry out, accomplish"
The noun in this sense is from 1776, as a branch of government charged
with the execution and enforcement of the laws. Meaning "high-ranking
businessman" is 1902 in American English.
 Morphological Process: Clipping from the word executive

7. to fire (v)
 Etymology:
c. 1200, furen, "arouse, inflame, excite" (a figurative use); literal sense of
"set fire to" is attested from late 14c., from fire (n.)
The Old English verb fyrian "to supply with fire" apparently did not survive
into Middle English.
 Morphological Process: Conversion from noun to verb (i.e. fire becomes to fire)

8. mom (n)
 Etymology:
"mother," 1867, American
English, perhaps a shortening
of mommy. Adjectival phrase mom and pop to indicate a small shop or other
business run by a married couple is by 1946.
 Morphological Process: Back formation of mommy to mom

9. MMDA (n)
 Etymology:
Unknown
 Morphological Process: Acronym for
Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority

10. fought (v)

 Etymology:
Old English feohte, gefeoht "a fight, combat,
hostile encounter, Old Frisian fiucht, Old
Saxon fehta, Dutch gevecht, Old High
German gifeht, German Gefecht. Meaning "power
or inclination to fight" is from 1812
 Morphological process: Internal Modification (Mixed
modification of fight to
 fought) and Calquing of the words borrowed from Old English, old Frisian,
Saxon, Dutch, Old High German, and German.
11. ninja cop (n)
 Etymology:
*ninja(1964)
Japanese, from nin- which means persevere, conceal, move stealthy and -ja
which means person
*cop
1704, northern British dialect, of uncertain origin; perhaps ultimately from
Middle French caper "seize, to take," from Latin capere "to take" (from PIE
root *kap- "to grasp"); or from Dutch kapen "to take," from Old Frisian capia "to
buy," which is related to Old English ceapian
 Morphological Process: Nonce word which was used to associate the cop for a
single occasion/ context, and borrowing of ninja from
the Japanese language
12. Chicharrific (n)
 Etymology:
from Chicharron, is a dish
generally consisting of fried pork belly or fried pork rinds, and terrific (1660s)
which means "frightening," from Latin terrificus "causing terror or fear, frightful,"
from terrere "fill with fear"
 Morphological Process: Borrowing of chicharron from the Spanish language, and
Blending of the first two syllables of chicharron and the
last two syllable of the word terrific
13. anti-red tape (adj)
 Etymology
The word-forming element anti- (q.v.) used
by itself, short for various nouns beginning in anti-,
from 1788, originally in reference to the anti-
federalists in U.S. politics (in the 1830s, of the
U.S. Anti-Masonic political party); as an adjective,
from 1857.
Red tape- "excessive bureaucratic
rigmarole," 1736, in reference to the red tape formerly used in Great Britain (and
the American colonies) for binding up legal and other official documents,
mentioned from 1690s.
 Morphological Process: Affixes (prefix anti- to the noun red tape)

Sources: Harper, D. (2019). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=red+tape
The Philippine Star- Volume 32, No. 252