1.

Heat Loss Calculation

Colour Key
Manual Input
Color other than yello Results

Main Data Input

Physical Properties

Liquid Air Vapor

Liquid in the tank Black Oil (IFO-MFO Mix)

Density,ρ 919.4313822067 1.20 1.01
Specific Heat,Cp 2.1 0.9915184697 1.0014252262
2076.2220661177 991.5184696565 1001.42522615
Viscosity,µ 22.5265777639 0.0185928072 0.02113
0.0225265778 1.859280721E-05 2.1134863E-05
Thermal conductivity,k 0.131 0.0243748021 0.0280259677
Co-efficient of volumetric expansion, ß 0.0030945381 0.0030945381 0.0030945381
Molecular Mass of liquid,M 919.4313822067 - -
Boiling Point, oC 602.1260412262 - -
875.2760412262

Assumed fouling coefficient, hF Units

Dry wall 7000 W/m2 K Source:

Wet wall 5000 W/m2 K Source:
Roof 7000 W/m2 K Source:
Bottom 4000 W/m2 K Source:

Thermal Conductivities Units

Metal walls (Carbon Steel, max 0.5% Carbon),k M 54 W/m K Source:

 Insulation (Glass wool), kI 0.04 W/m K Source:
Ground (Earth), kG 1.5 W/m K Source:

Surface Emissivity Units

Wall and roof, ε 0.9 Assumed - less than 1

Temperature Units

Vapour in tank, TV 75 oC Assumed - just below the liqui

Liquid in tank. TL 80 C o
Minimum temp requirement by
Outside air, TA 25 C o
Assumed - as tanks are inside
Ground, TG 30 C o
Assumed - just above ambient

Vapour in tank, TV 348.15 K vap

Liquid in tank. TL 353.15 K liq
Outside air, TA 298.15 K
Ground, TG 303.15 K

Gravitional constant, g 9.81 m/s2

Calculation
Calculation for Grashof Number (NGr)
Grashof Number, NGr = L3 x ρ2 x g x ß x ΔT /µ2

NGr for the liquid phase

( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) 5.06E+07
( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) L3 x ΔT 5.06E+07 x L3 x ΔT

NGr for the vapour phase

( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) 6.98E+07
( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) L3 x ΔT 6.98E+07 x L3 x ΔT

Calculation for Prandtl Number (NPr)

Prandtl Number,NPr = Cp x µ /k

NPr for the liquid phase 355.80

NPr for the vapour phase 0.76

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw

Note: as an initial approximation, assume that the wall temperature is the average of the vapour and outside air temp
Tw = (TV + TA )/ 2
Tw 323.2 K

total height of the tank, L 20.59 m

% of liquid full (in terms of height) 95%

Proportional height in contact with liquid, Lw 19.56 m

ΔT = Tv - Tw 25.00 K
Proportional height in contact with vapour, L - Lw 1.03 m

NGr 1.90E+09

For vertical plates and cylinders, Nusselt Number, NNu

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) -------------Equation 15

NNu 121.67

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw = NNu x k /( L - Lw) Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)
 Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 3.31 W/m2 K

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw

Note: Here, neither NPr nor (NGr NPr) falls within the range of application of equations 15 & 16. Therefore, again apply equation Equation 15 usin

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) ------------- Equation 15

Where, 0.1<NPr<40 and NGr > 10 9

NNu = 0.495 x (NGr NPr)0.25 ----------------- Equation 16

Where, NPr >100 and 10 < (NGr NPr) < 10
4 9

hLW =NNu x k/Lw ------------- Eq (a)

Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)

Tw = (TL + TA) / 2
Tw 325.65 oC
ΔT = TL - Tw 27.5 K

NGr 1.04E+13

NNu 15047.10 ------------- USING Equation 15

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw 101.12 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (a)

Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr

for the surfaces facing down, NNu = 0.27 x (NGr NPr)0.25 -------------Equation 20
 for the surfaces facing down, h Vr = (0.27 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.25 ------------- Eq (b)

Note: We will apply equation (b) assuming roof of diameter and Tw = 323.2 K

NGr = 6.98E+07 x L3 x ΔT
Where,
ΔT = Tv - Tw K
ΔT 25.0 K
L = Dm See: http://www.engineeringt
L 36.83 m

NGr = 8.72E+13

hVr 0.59 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (b)

Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 -------------- Equation 19
for the surfaces facing up, hLb = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 ------------- Eq ( c)

Tw = (TL + TG) /2
Tw 328.15 K

Note: We will apply equation (c) assuming tank bottom diameter and Tw = 328.2 K

NGr = 5.06E+07 x L3 x ΔT
Where,
ΔT = TL - Tw K
ΔT 25 K
 L = Dm
L 36.83 m

NGr 6.31E+13

hLb 124.38 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (c)

Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 -------------- Equation 19
for the surfaces facing up, h'Ar = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr) 0.33
------------- Eq (d)

Note: Assume Tws = Tw since the roof is uninsulated and get the coefficient for still air from equation (d)

Tws 323.2 K

NGr 6.98E+07 x L3 x ΔT
Where,
ΔT = Tws - TA K
ΔT 25.0 K

NGr 8.72E+13

h'Ar 3.37 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (d)

Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw

Note: Assume that the temperature drop across the film is one-fourth of the drop from the inside fluid to the outside air (averaged for the wet and

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) ------------- Equation 15

 h = 0.138 x (NGr) x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) x k/L
0.36
------------- Eq (e)

ΔT = ((TL + TV ) / 2 ) - TA) / 4
ΔT 13.125 K

NGr 6.98E+07 x L3 x ΔT
where,
L 20.59 m
NGr 8.00E+12

NNu 2452.12 ------------- USING Equation 15

h'Aw 2.90 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (e)

Conduction coefficients for ground, metal wall and insulation ( hG, hM, hI)

hM = kM /tM ------------- Equation 21

hI = kI /tI ------------- Equation 22
hG = 8 kG/π*D ------------- Equation 23

Where,
tM 18 mm thickness of metal (assumptio
0.0180 m
tI 0 mm thickness of insulation
0m

hM 3000.00 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 21

hG 0.10 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 23
Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr)

hR = 0.1713 ε [((Tws + 460)/100)4 - ((TA + 460)/100)4]/( Tws - TA)

For the INSULATED side walls, assume

Tws = TA + 0.25 (Tbulk - TA)

Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is insulated
For the UNINSULATED side walls, assume
Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tbulk - TA)

Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is uninsulated

For the uninsulated roof, [assumed, roof is always uninsulated]

Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA)

Vapour in tank, TV 348.15 K

Liquid in tank. TL 353.15 K
Outside air, TA 298.15 K

Therefore, Tws for insulated DRYSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (Tv - TA)

Tws 286.5 K

Therefore, Tws for insulated WETSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (TL - TA)

Tws 289.6 K

Therefore, Tws for uninsulated roof = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA)

Tws 323.2 K
calculate hR for all above using Equation 24

hRd 2.626 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 24

hRw 2.642 W/m K 2
------------- USING Equation 24
hRr 2.823 W/m K 2
------------- USING Equation 24

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

Overall dry - sidewall coefficient, Ud at wind velocity of 12.5 m/hr

1/Ud = 1/hvw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRd ) + 1/ hFd

1/Ud 0.376 m2 K/W
Ud 2.662 W/m2 K

Overall wet - sidewall coefficient, Uw at wind velocity of 12.5 m/hr

1/Uw = 1/hLw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRw ) + 1/ hFw

1/Uw 0.095 m2 K/W
Uw 10.539 W/m2 K

Overall roof coefficient, Ur at wind velocity of 12.5 m/hr

1/Ur = 1/hVr + tM/kM + 1/(hAr + hRr ) + 1/ hFr

1/Ur 0.985 m2 K/W
Ur 1.016 W/m2 K

Overall bottom coefficient, Ub

 1/Ub = 1/hLb + tM/kM + 1/hG + 1/ hFb
1/Ub 2.733 m2 K/W
Ub 0.366 W/m2 K

Summary
Coefficient ( W/m K) 2
Dry wall Wet wall Roof

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 3.31 - -

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw - 47.13 -
Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr - - 1.09
Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb - - -
Conduction coefficients for ground hG - - -
Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar [for still air] - - 3.37
Coefficient of outside air at roof considering wind
enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity,
h*Ar - - 12.79
Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw [for still air] 2.90 2.90 -
Coefficient of outside air at wall considering wind
enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity,
h*Aw 11.03 11.03 -
Conduction coefficients for metal wall hM 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00
Fouling coefficient, hF 7000 5000 7000
Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and
roof (hRd, hRw, hRr) 2.626 2.642 2.823
Overall coefficient,Ud, Uw,Ur,Ub 2.662 10.539 1.016
Surface area, A

Dimensions of one tank

Total height, L 20.59 m

Diameter, D 36.8 m
Thickness, tM 0.0180 m

Assumption: % of tank full with liquid 95%

Wet height, Lw 19.5605 m

Dry height, Ld 1.0295 m
cone height, h 1m

TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad π r2 Ld

Ad 119.02 m2
TOTAL wet side wall area, Aw π r2 Lw
Aw 2261.40 m2
Roof area, Ar π r √ (r2+h2)
Ar 1065.19 m2
Bottom area, Ab π r2
Ab 1063.62 m2

Overall Temperature Difference, ΔT

Vapour in tank, TV 348.15 K

Liquid in tank. TL 353.15 K
Outside air, TA 298.15 K
Ground, TG 303.15 K
 ΔT for dry side = TV - TA 50 K
ΔT for wet side = TL - TA 55 K
ΔT for roof = TV - TA 50 K
ΔT for bottom = TL - TG 50 K

SUMMARY
Surface U (W/m2 K ) Area (m2) ΔT (K)

Dry wall 2.662 119.02 50

Wet wall 10.539 2,261.40 55
Roof 1.016 1,065.19 50
Bottom 0.366 1,063.62 50

Total 14.58 4,509.23

Heat loss from one tank, Q 1400176.37 W

Q 1400176.37 J/sec

Number of tanks 1 ASSUME NUMBER OF TANK

(Revision note: Note that heat
TOTAL heat loss from all the tanks, Q 1,400,176 J/sec TOTAL HEAT LOSS WITH NO
1.40 MW
2. Heating Calculation

Properties of IFO/MFO mix at maintain temperature

Density 919.4 (Kg/m3)

Pumping rate 150.0 (m3/hr)
mass flow 137,914.71 (kg/hr)
Cp 2.08 (KJ/Kg C @ 80oC)
T mix of IFO 58.2 (C)
Δ Temp 21.76 (C)

Heat required to raise T (KJ/hr) 6,230,792.32 (KJ/hr)

1,730,775.64 (J/s)
1.73 MW
Properties of Steam

Steam Pressure (Kg/cm2g) 2.100 3.133 (Kg/cm2g) atau Kg/cm2a)

Steam saturation temperature ( F) atau ( C)
o o
135.000 408.150 (oC)
Entalphy of superheated steam 2725.990 (Kj/Kg)
Entalphy of saturated steam 2726.870 (Kj/Kg)
Entalphy of saturated condensate 567.938 (Kj/Kg)
Specific vol of superheated steam (m3/Kg) 0.582 (m3/Kg)
specific heat of superheated steam 2.2612 (kj/kg K)
Tcrit 647.150 (K)
Tr (T/Tcrit) 0.631
Trt 0.422
R 8.315 (Kj/kmol/K)
n 0.053
Mr H2O 18.000 (Kg/kmol)

Heat per Kg steam (BTU/lb) atau (Kj/Kg) 2158.052 (Kj/Kg)

Steam T drop 115.0200813025 388.1700813025 ( C) atau (K)
o

Steam required for maintaining tank T (Kg/s) 0.649 (Kg/s)

Steam required for heating tank T (Kg/s) 0.802 (Kg/s)
1.451
5,222.96 Kg/jam
Units Air density at room temperature and pressure
INSIDE OUTSIDE
Room Pressure P 199.4 101.3
Mol. Wt of air M 28.84 28.84
Gas const R 8.31 8.31
kg/m3 Room Temp t 75 25
kJ/kg K T 348.15 298.15
J/kg K Air Density, PM/RT ρair = 1.99 1.18
cP or m.Pa.s
kg/m.s Thermal Conductivity of Black Oil (IFO-MFO Mix)
W/m.K k = 3.56 x 10 -5 x Cp ( ρ4/M)1/3
1/K Thermal Conductivity k= 0.068 W/m.K
kg/kmol
o
C
K

Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640

Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640

Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

 Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

med - less than 1

med - just below the liquid temp

mum temp requirement by process
med - as tanks are inside the building
med - just above ambient temperature

Tw 50 oC 323.15 K
Tw 55 oC 328.15 K
-------Equation 15

elt Equation (Perry 5-13)

equation Equation 15 using average temp Tw

------- Equation 15

----------- Equation 16
NPr 355.80

NGr NPr 3.70E+15

------- Eq (a) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft
elt Equation (Perry 5-13)

------- USING Equation 15

------- USING Eq (a)

-------Equation 20 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010

------- Eq (b) NGr NPr = 6.59E+13 ≠ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10

Note:Tried Equation 20

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html
Equivalent Diameter for Roof/Bottom
h 1m
D 36.8 m
Area 1065.18725 m2

------- USING Eq (b) Equivalent Diameter 36.83 m

-------- Equation 19 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010

------- Eq ( c) NGr NPr = 2.25E+16 ≠ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10

Note: Tried Equation 19

------- USING Eq (c)

-------- Equation 19
------- Eq (d)

------- USING Eq (d)

averaged for the wet and dry walls) and use Equation 15 and (e) to find the co-efficient

------- Equation 15
------- Eq (e) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft

------- USING Equation 15

------- USING Eq (e)

------- Equation 21
------- Equation 22
------- Equation 23

kness of metal (assumption)

kness of insulation NOT INSULATED

------- USING Equation 21

------- USING Equation 23
 ------------- Equation 24

ace is insulated

ace is uninsulated
------- USING Equation 24
------- USING Equation 24
------- USING Equation 24
Bottom

-
-
-
67.82
0.37
-
which is obtained from
Obtained by multiplying above value by wind
3.8 the Graph/ Figure 2 for
enhancement factor
- the wind velocity of

-
which is obtained from
Obtained by multiplying above value by wind
3.8 the Graph /Figure 2 for
enhancement factor
- the wind velocity of

3000.00
4000

-
0.366
 Individual Heat
Loss, q (W)

15,843.29
1,310,786.71
54,088.23
19,458.15

1,400,176.37

UME NUMBER OF TANKS

ision note: Note that heat loss is independant of number of tanks) 1,400,176
AL HEAT LOSS WITH NO INSULATION
 1.73

cm2g) atau Kg/cm2a)

https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-temperature.html#
https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-temperature.html#
https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-temperature.html#
https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-temperature.html#
https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-temperature.html#
 Surface area, A
Dimensions of one tank
Total height, L
Diameter, D
Assumption: % of tank full with liquid
Wet height, Lw
Dry height, Ld
Equivalent Diameter for Roof
Dome height, h
TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad
Ad
TOTAL wet side wall area, Aw
Aw
Roof area, Ar
Ar
Bottom area, Ab
Ab
mass (Kg)
3184143.18 Pumping Rate
6368286.37 Tank normal storage capacity
9552429.55 time
12736572.73
15920715.92
19104859.10 Produk IFO, Density
Cp
Day
0.3333333333
0.6666666667
1
2
3
4
5
6
 21.07 m Day level (m) mass (Kg)
36.8 m 0.3333333333 1.07 1061381.06
95% 0.6666666667 2.14 2122762.12
20.0165 m 1 3.21 3184143.18
1.0535 m 2 6.42 6368286.37
30.89 m 3 9.63 9552429.55
6.483 m 4 12.84 12736572.73
π r2 Ld 5 16.05 15920715.92
121.80 m2 6 19.25 19104859.10
π r2 Lw
2314.12 m2
2πrh t (jam) LEVEL (M) VOLUME
749.50 m 2 0.001 0.000 0.15
πr 2 0.002 0.000 0.3
1063.62 m2 0.003 0.000 0.45
0.004 0.001 0.6
150 m3/hr 0.5 0.071 75
20479 m3 0.6 0.085 90
136.53 hr 0.7 0.099 105
5.69 Day 6 Day 0.8 0.113 120
0.95 @Day 0.9 0.127 135
932.9 (Kg/m3) 1 0.141 150
1.94 (KJ/Kg C @ 80oC) 1.1 0.155 165
Capacity (m3) Level (L) 1.2 0.169 180
1137.72 1.07 1.3 0.183 195
2275.44 2.14 14 1.974 2100
3413.17 3.21 15 2.115 2250
6826.33 6.42 16 2.256 2400
10239.50 9.63 17 2.397 2550
13652.67 12.84 18 2.539 2700
17065.83 16.05 19 2.680 2850
20479.00 19.25 20 2.821 3000
21 2.962 3150
22 3.103 3300
23 3.244 3450
24 3.385 3600
25 3.526 3750
26 3.667 3900
27 3.808 4050
28 3.949 4200
29 4.090 4350
30 4.231 4500
31 4.372 4650
32 4.513 4800
33 4.654 4950
34 4.795 5100
35 4.936 5250
36 5.077 5400
37 5.218 5550
38 5.359 5700
39 5.500 5850
40 5.641 6000
41 5.782 6150
42 5.923 6300
43 6.064 6450
44 6.205 6600
45 6.346 6750
46 6.487 6900
47 6.628 7050
48 6.769 7200
49 6.910 7350
50 7.051 7500
51 7.192 7650
52 7.333 7800
53 7.474 7950
54 7.616 8100
55 7.757 8250
56 7.898 8400
57 8.039 8550
58 8.180 8700
59 8.321 8850
60 8.462 9000
61 8.603 9150
62 8.744 9300
63 8.885 9450
64 9.026 9600
65 9.167 9750
66 9.308 9900
67 9.449 10050
68 9.590 10200
69 9.731 10350
70 9.872 10500
71 10.013 10650
72 10.154 10800
73 10.295 10950
74 10.436 11100
75 10.577 11250
 76 10.718 11400
77 10.859 11550
78 11.000 11700
79 11.141 11850
80 11.282 12000
81 11.423 12150
82 11.564 12300
83 11.705 12450
84 11.846 12600
85 11.987 12750
86 12.128 12900
87 12.269 13050
88 12.410 13200
89 12.552 13350
90 12.693 13500
91 12.834 13650
92 12.975 13800
93 13.116 13950
94 13.257 14100
95 13.398 14250
96 13.539 14400
97 13.680 14550
98 13.821 14700
99 13.962 14850
100 14.103 15000
101 14.244 15150
102 14.385 15300
103 14.526 15450
104 14.667 15600
105 14.808 15750
106 14.949 15900
107 15.090 16050
108 15.231 16200
109 15.372 16350
110 15.513 16500
111 15.654 16650
112 15.795 16800
113 15.936 16950
114 16.077 17100
115 16.218 17250
116 16.359 17400
117 16.500 17550
118 16.641 17700
119 16.782 17850
120 16.923 18000
121 17.064 18150
122 17.205 18300
123 17.346 18450
124 17.487 18600
125 17.629 18750
126 17.770 18900
127 17.911 19050
128 18.052 19200
129 18.193 19350
130 18.334 19500
131 18.475 19650
132 18.616 19800
133 18.757 19950
134 18.898 20100
135 19.039 20250
136 19.180 20400
137 19.321 20550
138 19.462 20700
139 19.603 20850
140 19.744 21000
 Δmass (Kg) v t
1061381.06 1137.72 7.58
1061381.06 2275.44 15.17
1061381.06 3413.17 22.75
3184143.18 6826.33 45.51
3184143.18 10239.50 68.26
3184143.18 13652.67 91.02
3184143.18 17065.83 113.77
3184143.18 20479.00 136.53

MASS(KG) DELTA MASS TIN TMIX

139.935 58 58.00
279.87 58 69.00
419.805 58 72.67
559.74 58 74.50
69967.5 58 58.18
83961 58 76.33
97954.5 58 76.86
111948 58 77.25
125941.5 58 77.56
139935 58 77.80
153928.5 58 78.00
167922 58 78.17
181915.5 58 78.31
1959090 58 60.04
2099025 58 78.53
2238960 58 78.63
2378895 58 78.71
2518830 58 78.78
2658765 58 78.84
2798700 58 78.90
2938635 58 78.95
3078570 58 79.00
3218505 58 79.04
3358440 58 79.08
3498375 58 79.12
3638310 58 79.15
3778245 58 79.19
3918180 58 79.21
4058115 58 79.24
4198050 58 79.27
 4337985 58 79.29
4477920 58 79.31
4617855 58 79.33
4757790 58 79.35
4897725 58 79.37
5037660 58 79.39
5177595 58 79.41
5317530 58 79.42
5457465 58 79.44
5597400 58 79.45
5737335 58 79.46
5877270 58 79.48
6017205 58 79.49
6157140 58 79.50
6297075 58 79.51
6437010 58 79.52
6576945 58 79.53
6716880 58 79.54
6856815 58 79.55
6996750 58 79.56
7136685 58 79.57
7276620 58 79.58
7416555 58 79.58
7556490 58 79.59
7696425 58 79.60
7836360 58 79.61
7976295 58 79.61
8116230 58 79.62
8256165 58 79.63
8396100 58 79.63
8536035 58 79.64
8675970 58 79.65
8815905 58 79.65
8955840 58 79.66
9095775 58 79.66
9235710 58 79.67
9375645 58 79.67
9515580 58 79.68
9655515 58 79.68
9795450 58 79.69
9935385 58 79.69
10075320 58 79.69
10215255 58 79.70
10355190 58 79.70
10495125 58 79.71
10635060 58 79.71
10774995 58 79.71
10914930 58 79.72
11054865 58 79.72
11194800 58 79.73
11334735 58 79.73
11474670 58 79.73
11614605 58 79.73
11754540 58 79.74
11894475 58 79.74
12034410 58 79.74
12174345 58 79.75
12314280 58 79.75
12454215 58 79.75
12594150 58 79.76
12734085 58 79.76
12874020 58 79.76
13013955 58 79.76
13153890 58 79.77
13293825 58 79.77
13433760 58 79.77
13573695 58 79.77
13713630 58 79.78
13853565 58 79.78
13993500 58 79.78
14133435 58 79.78
14273370 58 79.78
14413305 58 79.79
14553240 58 79.79
14693175 58 79.79
14833110 58 79.79
14973045 58 79.79
15112980 58 79.80
15252915 58 79.80
15392850 58 79.80
15532785 58 79.80
15672720 58 79.80
15812655 58 79.81
15952590 58 79.81
16092525 58 79.81
16232460 58 79.81
16372395 58 79.81
16512330 58 79.81
16652265 58 79.82
16792200 58 79.82
16932135 58 79.82
17072070 58 79.82
17212005 58 79.82
17351940 58 79.82
17491875 58 79.82
17631810 58 79.83
17771745 58 79.83
17911680 58 79.83
18051615 58 79.83
18191550 58 79.83
18331485 58 79.83
18471420 58 79.83
18611355 58 79.83
18751290 58 79.84
18891225 58 79.84
19031160 58 79.84
19171095 58 79.84
19311030 58 79.84
19450965 58 79.84
19590900 58 79.84
Tin (C) ΔT (C) Q heat up (KJ) Q heat up (MW) Q heat loss (Watt)
58.00 22 45,299,743.69 1,111,628.21
58.00 22 45,299,743.69 1,168,047.44
58.00 22 45,299,743.69 1,228,601.93
58.00 22 135,899,231.06 1,425,207.83
58.00 22 135,899,231.06 1,637,034.34
58.00 22 135,899,231.06 1,860,494.93
58.00 22 135,899,231.06 2,094,635.82
58.00 22 135,899,231.06 2,340,095.79

DT Q HEAT UP
22.00 5,972
11.00 5,972
7.33 5,972
5.50 5,972
21.82 2,962,323
3.67 597,243
3.14 597,243
2.75 597,243
2.44 597,243
2.20 597,243
2.00 597,243
1.83 597,243
1.69 597,243
19.96 75,849,808
1.47 5,972,426
1.38 5,972,426
1.29 5,972,426
1.22 5,972,426
1.16 5,972,426
1.10 5,972,426
1.05 5,972,426
1.00 5,972,426
0.96 5,972,426
0.92 5,972,426
0.88 5,972,426
0.85 5,972,426
0.81 5,972,426
0.79 5,972,426
0.76 5,972,426
0.73 5,972,426
0.71 5,972,426
0.69 5,972,426
0.67 5,972,426
0.65 5,972,426
0.63 5,972,426
0.61 5,972,426
0.59 5,972,426
0.58 5,972,426
0.56 5,972,426
0.55 5,972,426
0.54 5,972,426
0.52 5,972,426
0.51 5,972,426
0.50 5,972,426
0.49 5,972,426
0.48 5,972,426
0.47 5,972,426
0.46 5,972,426
0.45 5,972,426
0.44 5,972,426
0.43 5,972,426
0.42 5,972,426
0.42 5,972,426
0.41 5,972,426
0.40 5,972,426
0.39 5,972,426
0.39 5,972,426
0.38 5,972,426
0.37 5,972,426
0.37 5,972,426
0.36 5,972,426
0.35 5,972,426
0.35 5,972,426
0.34 5,972,426
0.34 5,972,426
0.33 5,972,426
0.33 5,972,426
0.32 5,972,426
0.32 5,972,426
0.31 5,972,426
0.31 5,972,426
0.31 5,972,426
0.30 5,972,426
0.30 5,972,426
0.29 5,972,426
0.29 5,972,426
0.29 5,972,426
0.28 5,972,426
0.28 5,972,426
0.28 5,972,426
0.27 5,972,426
0.27 5,972,426
0.27 5,972,426
0.26 5,972,426
0.26 5,972,426
0.26 5,972,426
0.25 5,972,426
0.25 5,972,426
0.25 5,972,426
0.24 5,972,426
0.24 5,972,426
0.24 5,972,426
0.24 5,972,426
0.23 5,972,426
0.23 5,972,426
0.23 5,972,426
0.23 5,972,426
0.22 5,972,426
0.22 5,972,426
0.22 5,972,426
0.22 5,972,426
0.22 5,972,426
0.21 5,972,426
0.21 5,972,426
0.21 5,972,426
0.21 5,972,426
0.21 5,972,426
0.20 5,972,426
0.20 5,972,426
0.20 5,972,426
0.20 5,972,426
0.20 5,972,426
0.19 5,972,426
0.19 5,972,426
0.19 5,972,426
0.19 5,972,426
0.19 5,972,426
0.19 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.18 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.17 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
0.16 5,972,426
 Q tot time (hr)
1,111,628.21 8.00
1,168,047.44 16.00
1,228,601.93 24.00
1,425,207.83 48.00
1,637,034.34 72.00
1,860,494.93 96.00
2,094,635.82 120.00
2,340,095.79 144.00
Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes

In general steam heating is used to

change a product or fluid temperature

maintain a product or fluid temperature

A benefit with steam is the large amount of heat energy that can be transferred. The energy released whe
steam condenses to water is in the range 2000 - 2250 kJ/kg (depending on the pressure) - compared to w
with 80 - 120 kJ/kg (with temperature difference 20 - 30 oC).

Changing Product Temperature - Heating up the Product with Steam

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance can be expressed as:

Q = m cp dT (1)

where

Q = quantity of energy or heat (kJ)

m = mass of substance (kg)

cp = specific heat of substance (kJ/kg oC ) - Material properties and heat capacities common materials

dT = temperature rise of substance (oC)

Imperial Units? - Check the Units Converter!

This equation can be used to determine a total amount of heat energy for the whole process, but it does
take into account the rate of heat transfer which is:

amount of heat energy transferred per unit time

In non-flow type applications a fixed mass or a single batch of product is heated. In flow type applications
product or fluid is heated when it constantly flows over a heat transfer surface.

Non-flow or Batch Heating

In non-flow type applications the process fluid is kept as a single batch within a tank or vessel. A steam co
steam jacket heats the fluid from a low to a high temperature.

The mean rate of heat transfer for such applications can be expressed as:
q = m cp dT / t (2)

where

q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s))

m = mass of the product (kg)

cp = specific heat of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material properties and heat capacities common materials

dT = Change in temperature of the fluid (oC)

t = total time over which the heating process occurs (seconds)

Example - Time required to Heat up Water with direct Injection of Steam

The time required to heat 75 kg of water (cp = 4.2 kJ/kgoC) from temperature 20oC to 75oC with steam
produced from a boiler with capacity 200 kW (kJ/s) can be calculated by transforming eq. 2 to

tloss = m cp dT / q

tloss =
m=
cp =
q=
dT =
Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes

In general steam heating is used to

change a product or fluid temperature

maintain a product or fluid temperature

A benefit with steam is the large amount of heat energy that can be transferred. The energy released when
steam condenses to water is in the range 2000 - 2250 kJ/kg (depending on the pressure) - compared to water
with 80 - 120 kJ/kg (with temperature difference 20 - 30 oC).

Changing Product Temperature - Heating up the Product with Steam

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance can be expressed as:

Q = m cp dT (1)

Q = quantity of energy or heat (kJ)

m = mass of substance (kg)

cp = specific heat of substance (kJ/kg oC ) - Material properties and heat capacities common materials

dT = temperature rise of substance (oC)

Imperial Units? - Check the Units Converter!

This equation can be used to determine a total amount of heat energy for the whole process, but it does not
take into account the rate of heat transfer which is:

amount of heat energy transferred per unit time

In non-flow type applications a fixed mass or a single batch of product is heated. In flow type applications the
product or fluid is heated when it constantly flows over a heat transfer surface.

Non-flow or Batch Heating

In non-flow type applications the process fluid is kept as a single batch within a tank or vessel. A steam coil or a
steam jacket heats the fluid from a low to a high temperature.

The mean rate of heat transfer for such applications can be expressed as:
q = m cp dT / t (2)

q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s))

m = mass of the product (kg)

cp = specific heat of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material properties and heat capacities common materials

dT = Change in temperature of the fluid (oC)

t = total time over which the heating process occurs (seconds)

Example - Time required to Heat up Water with direct Injection of Steam

The time required to heat 75 kg of water (cp = 4.2 kJ/kgoC) from temperature 20oC to 75oC with steam
produced from a boiler with capacity 200 kW (kJ/s) can be calculated by transforming eq. 2 to

tloss = m cp dT / q
Stream Name IFO/MFO 180 PRODUCT Liquid Phase
Vapour / Phase Fraction - 1.0000
Temperature [C] 80.0000 80.0000
Pressure [kPa] 0.0000 0.0000
Molar Flow [kgmole/h] 222.5019 222.5019
Mass Flow [kg/h] 144,469.2546 144,469.2546
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow [m3/h] 150.1000 150.1000
Molar Enthalpy [kJ/kgmole] (311,403.3837) (311,403.3837)
Molar Entropy [kJ/kgmole-C] 1,534.4548 1,534.4548
Heat Flow [MW] (80.5278) (80.5278)
Liq Vol Flow @Std Cond [m3/h] 150.1296 150.1296
Fluid Package Basis-1

Stream Name IFO/MFO 180 PRODUCT Liquid Phase

Molecular Weight 649.2945 649.2945
Molar Density [kgmole/m3] 1.4160 1.4160
Mass Density [kg/m3] 919.4314 919.4314
Act. Volume Flow [m3/h] 157.1289 157.1289
Mass Enthalpy [kcal/kg] (479.6027) (479.6027)
Mass Entropy [kJ/kg-C] 2.3633 2.3633
Heat Capacity [kJ/kgmole-C] 1,348.0796 1,348.0796
Mass Heat Capacity [kJ/kg-C] 2.0762 2.0762
LHV Molar Basis (Std) [kcal/kgmole] <empty> <empty>
LHV Mass Basis (Std) [kcal/kg] <empty> <empty>
Phase Fraction [Vol. Basis] <empty> 1.0000
Phase Fraction [Mass Basis] - 1.0000
Partial Pressure of CO2 [kg/cm2_g] (1.0332) <empty>
Cost Based on Flow [Cost/s] - -
Act. Gas Flow [ACT_m3/h] <empty> <empty>
Avg. Liq. Density [kgmole/m3] 1.4824 1.4824
Specific Heat [kJ/kgmole-C] 1,348.0796 1,348.0796
Std. Gas Flow [STD_m3/h] 5,260.9319 5,260.9319
Std. Ideal Liq. Mass Density [kg/m3] 962.4867 962.4867
Act. Liq. Flow [m3/s] 0.0436 0.0436
Z Factor <empty> 0.0244
Watson K 12.0652 12.0652
User Property <empty> <empty>
Partial Pressure of H2S [kg/cm2_g] (1.0332) <empty>
Cp/(Cp - R) 1.0062 1.0062
Cp/Cv 1.6226 1.6226
Heat of Vap. [kcal/kgmole] 135,175.1877 <empty>
Kinematic Viscosity [cSt] 24.5006 24.5006
Liq. Mass Density (Std. Cond) [kg/m3] 962.2967 962.2967
Liq. Vol. Flow (Std. Cond) [m3/h] 150.1296 150.1296
Liquid Fraction 1.0000 1.0000
Molar Volume [m3/kgmole] 0.7062 0.7062
Mass Heat of Vap. [kcal/kg] 208.1878 <empty>
Phase Fraction [Molar Basis] - 1.0000
Surface Tension [dyne/cm] 27.1570 27.1570
Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K] 0.1315 0.1315
Viscosity [cP] 22.5266 22.5266
Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kgmole-C] 1,339.7652 1,339.7652
Mass Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kg-C] 2.0634 2.0634
Cv [kJ/kgmole-C] 830.8367 830.8367
Mass Cv [kJ/kg-C] 1.2796 1.2796
Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kgmole-C] 1,132.6007 1,132.6007
Mass Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kg-C] 1.7444 1.7444
Cp/Cv (Ent. Method) 1.1903 1.1903
Reid VP at 37.8 C [kg/cm2_g] <empty> <empty>
True VP at 37.8 C [kg/cm2_g] (1.0332) (1.0332)
Liq. Vol. Flow - Sum(Std. Cond) [m3/h] 150.1296 150.1296
HHV Molar Basis (Std) [kcal/kgmole] <empty> <empty>
HHV Mass Basis (Std) [kcal/kg] <empty> <empty>
CO2 Loading <empty> <empty>
CO2 Apparent Mole Conc. [kgmole/m3] <empty> <empty>
CO2 Apparent Wt. Conc. [kgmol/kg] <empty> <empty>
Phase Fraction [Act. Vol. Basis] - 1.0000
Mass Exergy [kcal/kg] 2.1617 <empty>
Viscosity Index 28.0201 <empty>
Mean Average Boiling Point[Petrol] [C] 602.1260 <empty>
Vapour Phase Stream Name AIR OUTSIDE Vapour Phase
- Vapour / Phase Fraction 1.0000 1.0000
80.0000 Temperature [C] 20.0000 20.0000
0.0000 Pressure [kPa] 101.3250 101.3250
- Molar Flow [kgmole/h] 3.4542 3.4542
- Mass Flow [kg/h] 100.0000 100.0000
- Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow [m3/h] 0.1137 0.1137
(432,895.2536) Molar Enthalpy [kJ/kgmole] (151.9480) (151.9480)
2,998.0243 Molar Entropy [kJ/kgmole-C] 117.6895 117.6895
- Heat Flow [MW] (0.0001) (0.0001)
- Liq Vol Flow @Std Cond [m3/h] <empty> <empty>
Fluid Package Basis-1 Basis-1

Vapour Phase Stream Name AIR OUTSIDE Vapour Phase

1,039.2606 Molecular Weight 28.9500 28.9500
0.0117 Molar Density [kgmole/m3] 0.0416 0.0416
12.1240 Mass Density [kg/m3] 1.2044 1.2044
- Act. Volume Flow [m3/h] 83.0301 83.0301
(416.5416) Mass Enthalpy [kJ/kg] (5.2486) (5.2486)
2.8848 Mass Entropy [kJ/kg-C] 4.0653 4.0653
1,851.8589 Heat Capacity [kJ/kgmole-C] 28.7045 28.7045
1.7819 Mass Heat Capacity [kJ/kg-C] 0.9915 0.9915
<empty> Lower Heating Value [kJ/kgmole] - -
<empty> Mass Lower Heating Value [kJ/kg] <empty> <empty>
<empty> Phase Fraction [Vol. Basis] <empty> 1.0000
- Phase Fraction [Mass Basis] - 1.0000
<empty> Partial Pressure of CO2 [kPa] - <empty>
- Cost Based on Flow [Cost/s] - -
<empty> Act. Gas Flow [ACT_m3/h] 83.0301 83.0301
0.9965 Avg. Liq. Density [kgmole/m3] 30.3825 30.3825
1,851.8589 Specific Heat [kJ/kgmole-C] 28.7045 28.7045
- Std. Gas Flow [STD_m3/h] 81.6734 81.6734
1,035.5900 Std. Ideal Liq. Mass Density [kg/m3] 879.5740 879.5740
<empty> Act. Liq. Flow [m3/s] <empty> <empty>
2.9581 Z Factor 0.9993 0.9993
12.1444 Watson K 5.9140 5.9140
<empty> User Property <empty> <empty>
<empty> Partial Pressure of H2S [kPa] - <empty>
1.0045 Cp/(Cp - R) 1.4078 1.4078
1.0041 Cp/Cv 1.4110 1.4110
<empty> Heat of Vap. [kJ/kgmole] 5,573.4533 <empty>
### Kinematic Viscosity [cSt] 15.4376 15.4376
1,036.4838 Liq. Mass Density (Std. Cond) [kg/m3] <empty> <empty>
- Liq. Vol. Flow (Std. Cond) [m3/h] <empty> <empty>
 - Liquid Fraction - -
85.7191 Molar Volume [m3/kgmole] 24.0372 24.0372
<empty> Mass Heat of Vap. [kJ/kg] 192.5200 <empty>
- Phase Fraction [Molar Basis] 1.0000 1.0000
<empty> Surface Tension [dyne/cm] <empty> <empty>
0.0036 Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K] 0.0244 0.0244
3,172,412.3740 Viscosity [cP] 0.0186 0.0186
1,843.5446 Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kgmole-C] 20.3901 20.3901
1.7739 Mass Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kg-C] 0.7043 0.7043
1,844.3434 Cv [kJ/kgmole-C] 20.3432 20.3432
1.7747 Mass Cv [kJ/kg-C] 0.7027 0.7027
<empty> Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kgmole-C] 20.3024 20.3024
<empty> Mass Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kg-C] 0.7013 0.7013
<empty> Cp/Cv (Ent. Method) 1.4138 1.4138
<empty> Reid VP at 37.8 C [kPa] <empty> <empty>
(1.0332) True VP at 37.8 C [kPa] <empty> <empty>
- Liq. Vol. Flow - Sum(Std. Cond) [m3/h] - -
<empty>
<empty>
<empty>
<empty>
<empty>
-
<empty>
<empty>
<empty>
Stream Name AIR INSIDE Vapour Phase
Vapour / Phase Fraction 1.0000 1.0000
Temperature [C] 75.0000 75.0000
Pressure [kPa] 101.3250 101.3250
Molar Flow [kgmole/h] 3.4542 3.4542
Mass Flow [kg/h] 100.0000 100.0000
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow [m3/h] 0.1137 0.1137
Molar Enthalpy [kJ/kgmole] 1,434.5923 1,434.5923
Molar Entropy [kJ/kgmole-C] 122.6489 122.6489
Heat Flow [MW] 0.0014 0.0014
Liq Vol Flow @Std Cond [m3/h] <empty> <empty>
Fluid Package Basis-1 Basis-1

Stream Name AIR INSIDE Vapour Phase

Molecular Weight 28.9500 28.9500
Molar Density [kgmole/m3] 0.0350 0.0350
Mass Density [kg/m3] 1.0136 1.0136
Act. Volume Flow [m3/h] 98.6552 98.6552
Mass Enthalpy [kJ/kg] 49.5541 49.5541
Mass Entropy [kJ/kg-C] 4.2366 4.2366
Heat Capacity [kJ/kgmole-C] 28.9913 28.9913
Mass Heat Capacity [kJ/kg-C] 1.0014 1.0014
Lower Heating Value [kJ/kgmole] - -
Mass Lower Heating Value [kJ/kg] <empty> <empty>
Phase Fraction [Vol. Basis] <empty> 1.0000
Phase Fraction [Mass Basis] - 1.0000
Partial Pressure of CO2 [kPa] - <empty>
Cost Based on Flow [Cost/s] - -
Act. Gas Flow [ACT_m3/h] 98.6552 98.6552
Avg. Liq. Density [kgmole/m3] 30.3825 30.3825
Specific Heat [kJ/kgmole-C] 28.9913 28.9913
Std. Gas Flow [STD_m3/h] 81.6734 81.6734
Std. Ideal Liq. Mass Density [kg/m3] 879.5740 879.5740
Act. Liq. Flow [m3/s] <empty> <empty>
Z Factor 0.9998 0.9998
Watson K 5.9140 5.9140
User Property <empty> <empty>
Partial Pressure of H2S [kPa] - <empty>
Cp/(Cp - R) 1.4021 1.4021
Cp/Cv 1.4042 1.4042
Heat of Vap. [kJ/kgmole] 5,573.4533 <empty>
Kinematic Viscosity [cSt] 20.8506 20.8506
Liq. Mass Density (Std. Cond) [kg/m<empty> <empty>
Liq. Vol. Flow (Std. Cond) [m3/h] <empty> <empty>
Liquid Fraction - -
Molar Volume [m3/kgmole] 28.5607 28.5607
Mass Heat of Vap. [kJ/kg] 192.5200 <empty>
Phase Fraction [Molar Basis] 1.0000 1.0000
Surface Tension [dyne/cm] <empty> <empty>
Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K] 0.0280 0.0280
Viscosity [cP] 0.0211 0.0211
Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kgmole-C] 20.6769 20.6769
Mass Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kg-C] 0.7142 0.7142
Cv [kJ/kgmole-C] 20.6457 20.6457
Mass Cv [kJ/kg-C] 0.7132 0.7132
Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kgmole-C] 20.6049 20.6049
Mass Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kg-C] 0.7117 0.7117
Cp/Cv (Ent. Method) 1.4070 1.4070
Reid VP at 37.8 C [kPa] <empty> <empty>
True VP at 37.8 C [kPa] <empty> <empty>
Liq. Vol. Flow - Sum(Std. Cond) [m3 - -
Stream Name Steam in Vapour Phase Aqueous Phase
Vapour / Phase Fraction 1.0000 1.0000 -
Temperature [C] 135.0000 135.0000 135.0000
Pressure [kPa] 313.4754 313.4754 313.4754
Molar Flow [kgmole/h] 249.7904 249.7904 -
Mass Flow [kg/h] 4,500.0000 4,500.0000 -
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow [m3/h] 4.5091 4.5091 -
Molar Enthalpy [kJ/kgmole] (238,272.9532) (238,272.9532) (277,549.2082)
Molar Entropy [kJ/kgmole-C] 174.6491 174.6491 78.4192
Heat Flow [MW] (16.5329) (16.5329) -
Liq Vol Flow @Std Cond [m3/h] 4.4343 4.4343 -
Fluid Package Basis-1 Basis-1 Basis-1

Stream Name Steam in Vapour Phase Aqueous Phase

Molecular Weight 18.0151 18.0151 18.0151
Molar Density [kgmole/m3] 0.0944 0.0944 50.9274
Mass Density [kg/m3] 1.7002 1.7002 917.4614
Act. Volume Flow [m3/h] 2,646.6819 2,646.6819 -
Mass Enthalpy [kJ/kg] (13,226.2905) (13,226.2905) (15,406.4757)
Mass Entropy [kJ/kg-C] 9.6946 9.6946 4.3530
Heat Capacity [kJ/kgmole-C] 35.0976 35.0976 81.1880
Mass Heat Capacity [kJ/kg-C] 1.9482 1.9482 4.5067
Lower Heating Value [kJ/kgmole] - - -
Mass Lower Heating Value [kJ/kg] <empty> <empty> <empty>
Phase Fraction [Vol. Basis] <empty> 1.0000 <empty>
Phase Fraction [Mass Basis] - 1.0000 -
Partial Pressure of CO2 [kPa] - <empty> <empty>
Cost Based on Flow [Cost/s] - - -
Act. Gas Flow [ACT_m3/h] 2,646.6819 2,646.6819 <empty>
Avg. Liq. Density [kgmole/m3] 55.3972 55.3972 55.3972
Specific Heat [kJ/kgmole-C] 35.0976 35.0976 81.1880
Std. Gas Flow [STD_m3/h] 5,906.1542 5,906.1542 -
Std. Ideal Liq. Mass Density [kg/m3] 997.9860 997.9860 997.9860
Act. Liq. Flow [m3/s] - <empty> -
Z Factor <empty> 0.9788 0.0018
Watson K <empty> <empty> <empty>
User Property <empty> <empty> <empty>
Partial Pressure of H2S [kPa] - <empty> <empty>
Cp/(Cp - R) 1.3104 1.3104 1.1141
Cp/Cv 1.3416 1.3416 1.1843
Heat of Vap. [kJ/kgmole] 39,276.2928 <empty> <empty>
Kinematic Viscosity [cSt] 7.8529 7.8529 0.2209
Liq. Mass Density (Std. Cond) [kg/m3] 1,014.8071 1,014.8071 1,014.8071
Liq. Vol. Flow (Std. Cond) [m3/h] 4.4343 4.4343 -
Liquid Fraction - - 1.0000
Molar Volume [m3/kgmole] 10.5956 10.5956 0.0196
Mass Heat of Vap. [kJ/kg] 2,180.1873 <empty> <empty>
Phase Fraction [Molar Basis] 1.0000 1.0000 -
Surface Tension [dyne/cm] <empty> <empty> 51.7551
Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K] 0.0273 0.0273 0.6879
Viscosity [cP] 0.0134 0.0134 0.2027
Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kgmole-C] 26.7832 26.7832 72.8737
Mass Cv (Semi-Ideal) [kJ/kg-C] 1.4867 1.4867 4.0451
Cv [kJ/kgmole-C] 26.1611 26.1611 68.5552
Mass Cv [kJ/kg-C] 1.4522 1.4522 3.8054
Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kgmole-C] <empty> <empty> <empty>
Mass Cv (Ent. Method) [kJ/kg-C] 1.1321 1.1321 <empty>
Cp/Cv (Ent. Method) 1.7209 1.7209 <empty>
Reid VP at 37.8 C [kPa] <empty> <empty> <empty>
True VP at 37.8 C [kPa] 6.4672 6.4672 6.4672
Liq. Vol. Flow - Sum(Std. Cond) [m3/h] 4.4343 4.4343 -
 4,500.00 Mass Flow [kg/h]
13,226.29 Mass Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
2.94 kJ/hr
0.000816 kJ/s
2,700.00 kJ/s
Cut Point [%] TBP [C] ASTM D86 [C] D86 Crack Reduced [C] ASTM D1160 (Vac) [C]
- 379.331 370.633 350.542 231.895
1.000 424.274 403.943 372.812 273.092
2.000 452.824 424.756 385.106 298.023
3.500 469.201 436.697 391.620 312.090
5.000 474.441 440.527 393.631 316.544
7.500 501.468 460.571 403.561 339.299
10.000 508.756 466.038 406.109 345.407
12.500 517.579 472.767 409.149 352.798
15.000 532.190 484.040 414.017 365.049
17.500 538.487 489.010 416.082 370.353
20.000 551.785 499.579 420.324 381.580
25.000 559.996 506.240 422.882 388.562
30.000 565.926 511.191 424.736 393.645
35.000 598.338 539.576 434.604 421.922
40.000 598.681 539.887 434.705 422.228
45.000 607.212 547.634 437.189 429.948
50.000 639.851 577.830 446.157 460.222
55.000 665.638 601.870 452.609 484.718
60.000 683.946 618.955 456.896 502.183
65.000 700.412 634.444 460.595 518.131
70.000 724.391 657.055 465.671 541.383
75.000 735.406 667.579 467.875 552.129
80.000 769.856 700.687 473.709 586.116
85.000 802.174 731.837 477.273 618.402
90.000 831.943 754.671 479.432 648.583
92.500 855.406 769.082 480.841 672.551
95.000 860.259 771.898 481.126 677.518
96.500 904.846 803.787 484.946 723.818
98.000 933.639 820.316 488.254 754.207
99.000 954.327 828.213 490.662 776.251
100.000 968.987 832.937 492.462 791.944
ASTM D1160 (Atm) [C] ASTM D2887 [C]
386.230 320.069
433.802 352.570
462.190 374.747
478.077 387.218
483.087 399.465
508.541 414.277
515.333 431.247
523.527 445.498
537.055 457.602
542.891 469.138
555.200 479.904
562.826 492.517
568.365 498.860
598.965 511.907
599.294 530.934
607.586 552.372
639.850 575.187
665.667 598.403
683.917 621.324
700.471 642.663
724.417 663.387
735.409 684.989
769.863 709.630
802.166 744.080
831.993 779.442
855.430 792.517
860.259 799.755
904.832 841.273
933.657 885.371
954.357 899.853
968.987 912.190
Client: XXX Problem Description: Six Storage tanks [rectangle in shape
Project No: XXX All the tanks are placed adjacent to each other with minor ga
Project Title: XXX How long will it take to drop down temperature from 45 to 30
Document: Storage Tank Heat Loss Calculation
Sheet Ref: Tank Heat Loss Calcs - Liquid 1
Revision: 1
Last Updated: 12/31/2010
Revision detail: 1) Correction cell reference C94 for Grashof number vap. Phase
2) Note added regarding calculation of equivalent diameter cell C142
3) Recalculation introduced to iterate to more accurate coefficients (see cells C316 and below)
4) ˚C replaced by K for correct calculation in SI units
5) Cooling time formula modified to compensate for non-linearity

Reference Method Us
Predict Storage Tank Heat Transfer Precisely - By J.Kumana and S.Kothari

Important Notes:
1) Uniform temperature inside the tank
2) Provision is made to select back wall area - However, to calculate the maximum heat loss back wall area
3) Provision is made to select insulation thickness --- (See the cell number C221)
Main Data Input
Physical Properties

Liquid

Liquid in the tank Black Oil (IFO-MFO Mix)

Density,ρ 928.5
Specific Heat,Cp 1.8
1835
Viscosity,µ 42.75
0.04275
Thermal conductivity,k 0.087
Co-efficient of volumetric expansion, ß 0.0030381285
Molecular Mass of liquid,M 311.5
Boiling Point, oC 689.9
963.05

Assumed fouling coefficient, hF

Dry wall 7000

Wet wall 5000
Roof 7000
Bottom 4000
 Thermal Conductivities

Metal walls (Carbon Steel, max 0.5%

Carbon),kM 54
Insulation (Glass wool), kI 0.04
Ground (Earth), kG 1.5

Surface Emissivity

Wall and roof, ε 0.9

Temperature

Vapour in tank, TV 75
Liquid in tank. TL 80
Outside air, TA 37
Ground, TG 42

Vapour in tank, TV 348.15

Liquid in tank. TL 353.15
Outside air, TA 310.15
Ground, TG 315.15

Gravitional constant, g 9.81

Calculation
Calculation for Grashof Number (NGr)
Grashof Number, NGr = L3 x ρ2 x g x ß x ΔT /µ2

NGr for the liquid phase

( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) 1.41E+07
( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) L3 x ΔT 1.41E+07

NGr for the vapour phase

( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) 3.00E+08
( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) L3 x ΔT 3.00E+08

Calculation for Prandtl Number (NPr)

Prandtl Number,NPr = Cp x µ /k

NPr for the liquid phase 898.66

NPr for the vapour phase 0.69

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw

Note: as an initial approximation, assume that the wall temperature is the average of the vapour and outside
Tw = (TV + TA )/ 2
Tw 329.2

total height of the tank, L 20.59

% of liquid full (in terms of height) 95%

Proportional height in contact with liquid, Lw 19.56

ΔT = Tv - Tw 19.00
Proportional height in contact with vapour, L -
Lw 1.03

NGr 6.23E+09

For vertical plates and cylinders, Nusselt Number, NNu

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55)

NNu 179.60

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw = NNu x k /( L - Lw)

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 5.03

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw

Note: Here, neither NPr nor (NGr NPr) falls within the range of application of the below equations. Therefore

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55)

Where, 0.1<NPr<40 and NGr > 109

hLW =NNu x k/Lw

Tw = (TL + TA) / 2
Tw 331.65
 ΔT = TL - Tw 21.5

NGr 2.26E+12

NNu 10589.75

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw 47.26

Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr

for the surfaces facing down, NNu = 0.27 x (NGr NPr)0.25

for the surfaces facing down, hVr = (0.27 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.25

Note: We will apply equation (b) assuming roof of diameter and Tw =

NGr = 3.00E+08
Where,
ΔT = Tv - Tw
ΔT 19
L =D
L 10.38

NGr = 6.38E+12

hVr 1.09

Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom,

hLb

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33

for the surfaces facing up, hLb = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33

Tw = (TL + TG) /2
Tw 334.15

Note: We will apply equation (c) assuming tank bottom diameter and Tw =

NGr = 1.41E+07
Where,
ΔT = TL - Tw
 ΔT 19

L =D
L 10.38

NGr 2.99E+11

hLb 67.99

Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33

for the surfaces facing up, h'Ar = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33

Note: Assume Tws = Tw since the roof is uninsulated and get the coefficient for still air from equation (d)
329.2
Tws 286.6

NGr 3.00E+08
Where,
ΔT = Tws - TA
ΔT 19

NGr 6.38E+12

h'Ar 5.79

Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw

Note: Assume that the temperature drop across the film is one-fourth of the drop from the inside fluid to the
find the co-efficient

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55)

h = 0.138 x (NGr) x ((NPr) - 0.55) x k/L
0.36 0.175

ΔT = ((TL + TV ) / 2 ) - TA) / 4
ΔT 10.125

NGr 3.00E+08
where,
 L 20.59
NGr 2.65E+13

NNu 3639.33

h'Aw 5.09

Conduction coefficients for ground, metal wall and insulation ( hG, hM, hI)

hM = kM /tM
hI = kI /tI
hG = 8 kG/π*D

Where,
tM 6
0.0060
tI 0
0

hM 9000.00
hI #DIV/0!
hG 0.37

Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr)

hR = 0.1713 ε [((Tws + 460)/100)4 - ((TA + 460)/100)4]/( Tws -

For the INSULATED side walls, assume

Tws = TA + 0.25 (Tbulk - TA)

Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the s

For the UNINSULATED side walls, assume

Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tbulk - TA)

Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the s

For the uninsulated roof, [assumed, roof is

always uninsulated]
Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA)
 Vapour in tank, TV 348.15
Liquid in tank. TL 353.15
Outside air, TA 310.15

Therefore, Tws for insulated DRYSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (Tv - TA)

Tws 286.5

Therefore, Tws for insulated WETSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (TL - TA)

Tws 289.6

Therefore, Tws for uninsulated roof = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA)

Tws 286.6

Let us find hR for all above using Equation 24

hRd 2.690
hRw 2.706
hRr 2.690

Summary
Coefficient ( W/m K) 2
Dry wall

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 5.03

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw -
Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr -
Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb -
Conduction coefficients for ground hG -
Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar [for still
air] -
Coefficient of outside air at roof considering
wind enhancement factor for the assumed
wind velocity, h*Ar -
Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw [for still
air] 5.09
Coefficient of outside air at wall considering
wind enhancement factor for the assumed
wind velocity, h*Aw 19.36
 Conduction coefficients for metal wall hM 9000.00
Conduction coefficients for insulation hI #DIV/0!
Fouling coefficient, hF 7000
Radiation coefficients for dry and wet
sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr) 2.690
Overall coefficient,Ud, Uw,Ur,Ub 4.089

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

Overall dry - sidewall coefficient, Ud at wind

velocity of 18

1/Ud = 1/hvw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRd ) + 1/ hFd

1/Ud 0.245
Ud 4.089

Overall wet - sidewall coefficient, Uw at wind

velocity of 18

1/Uw = 1/hLw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRw ) + 1/ hFw

1/Uw 0.067
Uw 14.958

Overall roof coefficient, Ur at wind velocity of 18

1/Ur = 1/hVr + tM/kM + 1/(hAr + hRr ) + 1/ hFr

1/Ur 0.961
Ur 1.041

Overall bottom coefficient, Ub

1/Ub = 1/hLb + tM/kM + 1/hG + 1/ hFb
1/Ub 2.733
Ub 0.366

Recalculation of Tws and Tw for next iteration

Dry wall Tws,V = (Ud/(hRd + hAw))(Tv-TA)+TA) 286.4

Tw,V=Tv-(Ud/hVw)(Tv-TA) 298.2
Wet wall Tws,W = (UW/(hRW + hAW))(TL-TA)+TA) 288.4
Tw,L=TL-(Uw/hLw)(TL-TA) 307.6
Roof Tws,R = (UR/(hVR + hAW))(TV-TA)+TA) 287.0
Tw,R=TV-(UR/hVR)(TV-TA) 287.0
Bottom Tw,B=TL-(UB/hLB)(TL-TG) 307.7

Surface area, A

Dimensions of one tank

Total height, L 20.59

Length, l 2.3
Width, w 36.8
Thickness, tM 0.0060

Assumption: % of tank full with liquid 95%

Wet height, Lw 19.5605

Dry height, Ld 1.0295
cone height, h 1

TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad π r2 Ld

DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES
Ad 1.38

TOTAL wet side wall area, Aw π r2 Lw

DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES
Aw 26.16

Roof area, Ar π r √ (r2+h2)

Ar 7.13

Bottom area, Ab π r2
Ab 7.13

Overall Temperature Difference, ΔT

Vapour in tank, TV 348.15

Liquid in tank. TL 353.15
Outside air, TA 310.15
Ground, TG 315.15

ΔT for dry side = TV - TA

 ΔT for wet side = TL - TA
ΔT for roof = TV - TA
ΔT for bottom = TL - TG

SUMMARY
Surface U (W/m2 K )

Dry wall 4.089

Wet wall 14.958
Roof 1.041
Bottom 0.366

Total 20.45

Heat loss from one tank, Q 1529914.92

Q 1529914.92

Number of tanks 1

TOTAL heat loss from all the tanks, Q 1,529,915

HEAT LOSS AFFORDABLE BY LIQUID

Temperature inside the tanks 58.24

Temperature inside the tanks 331.39
Temperature required to be maintained in the t 353.15

Specific heat capacity of liquid inside the tank 1835

Mass of liquid in one tank 19,317.34

Total mass of the liquid in all tanks 19,317.34
19,317,342

ΔT 22

Overall Heat Loss affordable by tank liquid 771,333,757

771,333,756,771
Time taken to drop the temperature up to 35 d ln((TA-Tstart)/((TA-Tend))= Utot x Atot/(m x Cp) x t
Coulson & Richardson Vol.1 Page 430
-271,082.66
-75.30
-3.14

Properties of IFO/MFO mix at maintain temperature

Thermal conductivity (Btu/hr-ft-F) atau (W/m-K 0.068

Density (lb/ft3) atau (Kg/m3) 57.052
g (ft/s2) atau (m/s2) 32.154
Specific heat (BTU/lb-mole-F) atau (Kj/Kg mol C 139.961
Tmix (F) atau (oC) 136.832
Viscosity (lb/ft h) atau (CmPa.s, Kg/m.s atau Cp)
Vol coeff thermal expansion (oF-1) atau (oC-1) 0.0044345898

Pumping rate (m3/hr)

Steam Pressure (Kg/cm2g)

Steam Pressure (Kg/cm2A)

Steam saturation temperature (oF) atau (oC) 275.000

Entalphy of superheated steam (BTU/lb) atau
(Kj/Kg) 1169.44971
Entalphy of saturated steam (BTU/lb) atau
(Kj/Kg) 1169.82723
Entalphy of saturated condensate (BTU/lb)
atau (Kj/Kg) 243.6452537473
Tcrit (K)
Tr (T/Tcrit)
Trt
R (Kj/kmol/K)
n
Mr H2O (Kg/mol)
Heat per Kg steam (BTU/lb) atau (Kj/Kg) 925.8044562527

Specific vol of superheated steam (m3/Kg)

Steam required for maintaining tank T (Kg/s)

Steam required for heating tank T (Kg/s)
LMTD 65.2766410128
Storage tanks [rectangle in shape] are filled up with Isopropanaol (liquid 1) at the initial temperature of 45 oC and it is required to maintain th
acent to each other with minor gap in between. Tanks are stored in a closed building maintained at room temperature let's say 10 oC and a w
down temperature from 45 to 30 oC with/without insulation OR after what time tanks are required to heat up with/without insulation ? Data is
Colour Key
Manual Input
Results
Do not use
Assumptions and important notes
Sources and titles
316 and below)

Important values
and calculations

aximum heat loss back wall area should be considered-- (see the cell number C330 and C335)

Units Air density at room temperature and pressure

Air Vapor Room Pressure P 199.4

14.42 Mol. Wt of air M 28.84
Gas const R 8.31
1.99 1.99 kg/m3 Room Temp t 75
1.0075 1.0075 kJ/kg K T 348.15
1007.5 1007.5 J/kg K Air Density, PM ρair = 1.99
- - cP or m.Pa.s
0.0000198 0.0000198 kg/m.s Thermal Conduc ISOPROPANOL
0.02881 0.02881 W/m.K k = 3.56 x 10 x Cp ( ρ4/M)1/3 ------------> from Coulso
-5

0.0030381285 0.0030381285 1/K Thermal Conduct k= 0.087

- - kg/kmol
- - o
C
K

Units

W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Units

W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

Units

Assumed - less than 1

Units

C
o
Assumed - just below the liquid temp
C
o
Minimum temp requirement by process
C
o
Assumed - as tanks are inside the building
C
o
Assumed - just above ambient temperature

K vap Tw 56 329.15
K liq Tw 61 334.15
K
K

m/s2

x L3 x ΔT

x L3 x ΔT
average of the vapour and outside air temp
First Guess
K After iteration see below

L =2.55m
K Lw

m
1
3.
-------------Equation 15
2.3 m

Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)

W/m K2

of the below equations. Therefore, again apply equation Equation 15 using average temp Tw

------------- Equation 15

NPr 898.66

NGr NPr 2.03E+15

------------- Eq (a) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft
Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)

First Guess NNu = 0.495 x (NGr N-----------------

Pr
)0.25 Equation 16
o
C After iteration see below Where, NPr >100 and 104 < (NGr NPr) < 109
 Note: In article, Equation 16 is used but as NPr and (N
K do not fall in the range, we can't apply Equation 16 directly.
Therefore, used Equation 15

------------- USING Equation 15

W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (a)

-------------Equation 20 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010

------------- Eq (b) NGr NPr = 4.42E+12 ~ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10

295.9 K First guess

286.6 K After iteration see bel Note: Applied Equation 20 as (NGr NPr) is very close to the above

x L3 x ΔT

K
K
m Comment Extra Large: Not sure if the Characteristic Length/hydraulic diameter shoud be taken instead. See
m Calculated equivalent diameter from the roof/bottom arEquivalent Diameter for Roof/Bottom
l 2.3 m
w 36.8 m
Area 84.64 m2
Equivalent
W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (b) Diameter 10.38 m

-------------- Equation 19 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010

------------- Eq ( c) NGr NPr = 2.69E+14 ≠ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10

Note: Applied Equation 19, though (NGr NPr) is out of range???

K First Guess

307.6 K After iteration see below

x L3 x ΔT

K
 K

m
m

W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (c)

-------------- Equation 19
------------- Eq (d)

nt for still air from equation (d)

K First guess
K After iteration see below

x L3 x ΔT

K
K

W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (d)

e drop from the inside fluid to the outside air (averaged for the wet and dry walls) and use Equation 15 and (e) to

------------- Equation 15
- 0.55) x k/L ------------- Eq (e) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft

x L3 x ΔT
 m

------------- USING Equation 15

W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (e)

------------- Equation 21
------------- Equation 22
------------- Equation 23

mm thickness of metal
m
mm thickness of insulation <------------- ENTER INSULATION THICKNESS
m
INSULATED
W/m K2
------------- USING Equation 21
W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 22
W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 23

0)4 - ((TA + 460)/100)4]/( Tws - TA) ------------- Equation 24

or vapour inside the tank if the surface is insulated

or vapour inside the tank if the surface is uninsulated

 K
K
K

First Guess
K After iteration see below

First Guess
K After iteration see below

First Guess
K After iteration see below

W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 24

W/m K
2
------------- USING Equation 24
W/m K
2
------------- USING Equation 24

ary
Wet wall Roof Bottom

- - -
47.13 - -
- 1.09 -
- - 67.82
- - 0.37

- 5.79 - Do NOT use this value

Obtained by multiplying
above value by wind
- 22.00 - enhancement factor 3.8

5.09 - - Do NOT use this value

Obtained by multiplying
above value by wind
19.36 - - enhancement factor 3.8
 9000.00 9000.00 9000.00
#DIV/0! - -
5000 7000 4000

2.706 2.690 -
14.958 1.041 0.366

m/hr

+ hRd ) + 1/ hFd
m2 K/W
W/m2 K

m/hr

+ hRw ) + 1/ hFw
m2 K/W
W/m2 K

m/hr

m2 K/W
W/m2 K

m2 K/W
W/m2 K

K Put this value manually in cell C253 untill difference approaches zero
K Put this value manually in cell C84 untill difference approaches zero
K Put this value manually in cell C256 untill difference approaches zero
K Put this value manually in cell C119 untill difference approaches zero
K Put this value manually in cell C179 untill difference approaches zero
K Put this value manually in cell D135 untill difference approaches zero
K Put this value manually in cell D157 untill difference approaches zero

=2.5

5m
m Lw

L
m
m

m
1
m

3.
m
m
2.3 m

<------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE

m 2

119.02

<------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE

m 2

2261.40

m2
1065.19

m2
1063.62

K
K
K
K

38 K
 43 K
38 K
38 K

ARY
Individual Heat
Area (m2) ΔT (K) Loss, q (W)

119.02 38 18492.66
2,261.40 43 1454510.00
1,065.19 38 42122.86
1,063.62 38 14789.39

4,509.23 1529914.92

W
J/sec

ASSUME NUMBER OF TANKS

(Revision note: Note that heat loss is independant of number of tanks)
J/sec TOTAL HEAT LOSS WITH INSULATION

C
o

K
K 21.69
0.90

J/kgK

T Mass content of liquid in the tank

T
kg
Total volume of the ta = L x l x w
K L= 20.59
l= 2.3

kJ w= 36.8
J Volume = 21,899.89 m3
Total mass of liquid
when tank is 100%
full 20,334,045 kg
20,334.04 T
Atot/(m x Cp) x t 100% liquid height equivalen 20,334.04 T
95% liquid height equivalen 19,317.34 T
sec
hrs
days

TOTAL TIME TAKEN TO DROP DOWN TANK TEMPERATURE AT DESIRED LEVEL WITH INSULATION

0.117
914.300
9.800
586.100
58.240 331.390
0.017 16.800
0.0093023256

150.000

Mean heating load

Based on pump flowrates
Service fluid IFO-MFO Mix
mass (lb/hr) atau (kg/hr) 137145.00
Cp (BTU/lb-F) atau (KJ/Kg C), 80 C
o
1.91
Temp rising, dT (F) atau (C) 21.76
Heat required to raise T (BTU/hr) atau 5699965.63
Heat required to raise T (J/s) 1583323.79
1583.32 (Kw)

2.100
3.133

135.000 408.150

2725.990

2726.870

567.938
 647.150
0.631
0.422
8.315
0.053
18.000
2158.052

0.582

0.709
0.734
65.2766410128
 it is required to maintain the liquid temperature at 30oC
ure let's say 10 oC and a wind speed of around 2miles/hr.
without insulation ? Data is given as below.

erature and pressure

kPa
kg/kmol
kJ/kmol K
o
C
K
kg/m3

)1/3 ------------> from Coulson & Richardson. Vol 6, Page 321

W/m.K

me 6, Page 640
me 6, Page 640
me 6, Page 640
me 6, Page 640
--- Equation 16
 as NPr and (NGr NPr)
Equation 16 directly.

(NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010

very close to the above range

oud be taken instead. See: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html

Roof/Bottom

(NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010

NPr) is out of range???

which is obtained
from the Graph/
Figure 2 for the wind
velocity of 18 m/hr and ΔT of 43 oC

which is obtained
from the Graph
/Figure 2 for the wind
velocity of 18 m/hr and ΔT of 43 oC
EVEL WITH INSULATION