KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
man and woman entered into in accordance with law for
KINSHIP
 Is a social institution that refers to relations form
between members of society.
 It explains the nature and reason for the formation of
different types of bonds that exist within society.
TYPES OF KINSHIP
Societies develop kin relationship in different ways. It
can be based on birth or blood relations, marriage, or through the
acceptance of rituals.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Consanguineal Kinship (base on Blood)
 Is considered as the most basic and general forms of
relations.
 The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity.
 (relationship existing between parents and their
children, siblings, and between nieces/ nephews and
aunts/uncles.
Descent
 refers to a biological relationship.
 refers to an individual’s child or offspring or his or her
parents or ancestry.
Lineage
 refers to the line where one’s descent is traced.
 an individual’s descent can be traced by studying either
the person’s paternal or maternal line or both the
father’s and the mother’s line.
Principles of Descent
Unilineal Descent
 Descent is usually traced by most societies through a
single line of ancestors from either the male and the
female line.
 both females and males are members of a unilineal
family but their descent lines are recognized only
through the relatives of either male or female member.
TWO BASIC FORMS OF UNILINEAL DESCENT
Patrilineal Descent
 both males and females belong to the kin group of their
father but they do not belong to their mothers’ kin group.
Matrilineal Descent
 focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through
the female line.
 persons are related if they can trace their descent
through females to the same woman ancestor.
Bilateral Descent
 societies trace their descent through the study of both
parents’ ancestors.
 this is called as the nonunilineal or cognatic descent
principle.
 kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the
mother and father.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
• Refers to the type of relations developed when a
marriage occurs. (AFFINAL KINSHIP OR KINSHIP
BASED)
• When marriages take place, new forms of social
relations are developed.
MARRIAGE
 is an important social institution wherein two persons,
a man and woman, enter into family life.
 it is a special contract of permanent union between a
the establishment of conjugal and family life. (Article 1
of the Family Code of the Philippines)
MARRIAGE ACROSS CULTURES
 Different societies have different sets of cultural
practices, norms, and rules pertaining to marriage.
 Cultures across societies have developed traditions,
customs, rules, and norms that determine how marriage
will be done.
ENDOGAMY MARRIAGE
 Some societies practice endogamy, or compulsory
marriage, in their own village, community, ethnic, social,
or religious group.
 Members of societies who do not follow or who disobey
the endogamous rules of marriage are sometimes
penalized mildly, through others may receive more
severe sanctions like death or ostracism.
 (ethnic groups, religious groups, and the aristocratic
classes)
 It is also practice in India until the middle of 20th century.
EXOGAMY MARRIAGE
 Refers to a marriage custom where an individual is
required by society’s norms and rules to marry outside
of their own group, community, or social classes.
 Exogamous marriage prevents incest or marriage within
one’s own family and clan.
Monogamy
 Came from the Greek words monos and gamos which
literally mean “one union”.
 It refers to the marriage or sexual partnering custom or
practice where an individual has only one male or
female partner or mate.
Polygamy
 refers to the practice of having more than one partner or
sexual mate.
Polygyny
 If a man has multiple female partners or mates.
Polyandry
 If a woman has multiple male partners and mates.
POST MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES
 The residence customs of most partners who just got
married are based on well-established social traditions.
 They would most often settle independently and build a
home that is dependent from place of residence of both
of the newly wed’s parents. This kind of set ups is often
referred to as a neo local residence.
THREE FORMS NEOLOCAL RULE OF RESIDENCE
1.Patrilocal- occurs when married couples stay in the house of the
husband’s relatives or near the husband’s kin.
2.Matrilocal- happens when the couples live with the wife’s
relatives or near the wife’s kin.
3.Bilocal- happens when the newlywed couple stay with the
husbands’ relatives and the wife’s kin alternately.
REFERRED MARRIAGE
 Finding a partner can be done differently.
 Some find their partners through other people like
friends and relatives who act as matchmakers.
 These matchmakers help their single friends or relatives
to find their possible husband or wife by referring them
 to another man or woman who is also interested in
finding a life partner.
ARRANGED MARRIAGE
 In this kind of marriage, the man or woman’s parents,
community leaders, religious officials or leaders
determine the marital partner of the individual.
 This was done to ensure that the young man and
woman will marry to the most appropriate person
according to the dictates and rules set by the family,
community, or religious group.
Types of Arranged Marriages
1. Child Marriage- It happens when parents arrange for the
marriage of their child long before the marriage takes
place.
2. Exchange Marriage- There is a reciprocal exchange of
spouses between two countries, tribes or groups.
3. Diplomatic Marriage- occurs when an arranged
marriage has been established between two royal or
political families in order to forge political or diplomatic
alliances.
4. Modern Arranged Marriage- The child’s parents, with
the consent of the child, choose from several possible
mates. The parents organize a meeting with the
potential partner of their child.
KINSHIP BY RITUALS
Compadrazgo- (“godparent hood”)- is a ritualized form of forging
co-parenthood or family.
o This can be done through the performance of Catholic
rituals like baptism, confirmation, and marriage.
o Through this set up, a relationship between the child’s
biological parents, their children, and the persons close
to the parents but not related by blood become a family.
o These people who were chosen by the parents to act as
witnesses during baptism, confirmation, or marriage,
become the spiritual parents of the child or co-parents.
o It is called as compadre or kumpare for the male
godparent and kumare for female godparent.
o The godson or goddaughter is called inaanak by the
godparent.
o This type of Kinship by rituals system is usually present
in Latin American countries and Catholic countries like
the Philippines.
HEALTH SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Within the context of culture, health and illness are not
necessarily biological and medical in nature.
 The first one is sort by diagnostic in nature (Do you feel
anything?)
 The second one is about something bad happening in
the body, either inside or outside
 The third one pertains to actual body pain
THE FILIPINS HAVE THEIR OWN CULTURE – SPECIFIC
SYNDROMES AND ATTRIBUTIONS ON ILLNESS
1.Usog- is a Filipino belief regarding the discomfort brought about
by a stranger or visitor who is thought to have an
evil eye or who brings an evil mind.
2. Bughat ( ilonggo term ) or binat ( tagalog version)- is the term
used to refer to the ailments (headache, chills, body
pains, dizziness, muscle weakness.)
DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION, HEALING, AND HEALTH
PREVENTION
Filipino beliefs are oriented toward protection of the
body in three ways;
1. Flushing- Filipinos thought of the body to be a vessel or
container which can collect impurities. The body can be
polluted. It must be cleansed of debris by stimulating
physiological events such as sweating or vomiting.
2. Heating- balance is believed to be stored.
3. Protecting- is a general procedure that act as a gate keeping
system to guard the body or covering it.
HEALTH BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOR
The balance is noticeably anchored on the range of hot and
cold beliefs concerning humoral balances in the body and food and
dietary balances includes the following:
1. Rapid shifts from hot to cold lead to illness.
2. Warm environment is essential to maintain optimal health.
3. Cold drinks or food should be avoided in the morning.
4. An overheated body (as in childbirth fever ) is vulnerable: and
heated body or muscles can get “ shocked” when cooled suddenly.
5. A layer of fat (being stout) is preferred to maintain warmth and
protect vital energy
6. Heat and cooling relate to quality and balance of air (hangin) in the
body.
7. Sudden changes in weather patterns, cool breezes, exposure in
evening hours to low temperature, intense heat immediately after a
lenghtly rain, and vapors rising from the soil all may upset the body
balance.
FILIPINO THEORIES OF ILLNESS
Physical and health and illness are viewed holistically
as an equilibrium model. Explanatory models may include mystical,
personalistic, naturalistic, and viral/ bacterial causes;
1. Mystical- causes are often associated with experiences or
behaviors such as retribution from ancestors for
unfulfilled obligations. Some believe in soul loss and
that sleep related to the wandering of the soul out of
body known as bangungot, or nightmares after a heavy
meal may result in death.
2. Personalistic- causes may be attributed to social punishment or
retribution by supernatural beings such an evil spirit,
witch, or sorcerer. For protection, using holy oils or
 wearing religious objects or an anting anting may be
recommended.
3. Bacterial / Viral Causes – The concept of virus and bacteria,
infection, allergies and poisoning. A lot of illnesses are
now attributed to as effects of these entities invading the
body weak and defenceless.
Cultural heath actors are specified in each of the health
practices mentioned. Cultural healers help to protect the body and
treat it supernaturally with herbal / medicinal treatments, and
offerings.
The hierarchy of healers and specialists in Philippine
folk medicine
can be categorized as some sort of specialist in their own right.
Albularyo – He or she is knowledgeable about folkloric modalities
and is usually especially versed in the use of medicinal
herbs.
Hilot- specializes in techniques and treatments applicable to
sprains, fractures, and musculoskeletal conditions.
Magpapaanak- giving prenatal visits and delivering babies.
Mangluluop- usually referring the patients after diagnosis to the
albularyo, medico or manghihilot for definite treatments.
Medico- He or she merges age-old folkloric modalities with
ingredients of western medicine- prescription,
medications and acupuncture.
HEALTH AS HUMAN RIGHT
All individuals have the right to health. The human right
to health means that everyone has the right to the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health, which includes
access to all medical services, sanitation, adequate food, decent
housing, healthy working conditions, and a clean environment.
Hospitals, clinics, medicines, doctors, services, must be
accessible, available, acceptable, equitable, and of quality for
everyone. The design of a health care system must be guided by
the following key human rights standards:
1. Universal Access
2. Availability
3. Acceptability
4. Quality
5. Non Discrimination
6. Transparency
7. Participation
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
• Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest
political systems.
• They are often perceived to be “acephalous “or without
a well –defined system of leadership.
BANDS
• Is typically formed by several families living together
based on marriage ties, common descendants,
friendship affiliations, and members usually have a
common interest, or enemy.
• The main source of integration is kinship either by blood
of affinity.
• The power structure is less hierarchical as member
families are seen to be equal and there is no class
differentiation based on wealth.
• Status is a function of age or of gender
• There is evidence that women have higher influence
that are considered pedestrian- foragers (gatherers)
while men tend to end up having more leadership roles,
whose livelihood depends on hunting, or in pastoralist –
agricultural bands where food is produced by cultivating
the land.
INFORMAL LEADERSHIP
• Is accorded to members who possess certain skills and
knowledge such as the gift of memory, hunting or
healing skills, or those other abilities.
INFORMAL LEADER
• Does not possess absolute political power, and could
not compel others and can only give advice.
• Decision making is often done by consensus
BAND FISSIONING
• as bands increases in size, the tendency for conflict
increases, which lead to the band splitting along family
lines.
SOCIAL VELOCITY
• Lead to some leaving the band to form their own.
• Evidence suggest that while food scarcity can be trigger
conflict, what usually leads to fissioning and eventual
break up is the presence of social discord that the
informal leadership system could no longer contain.
TRIBE
• Is considered an acephalous political system even if it
is more complex than a band.
• This complexity results from the fact that the source of
integration is no longer simply by informal forms of
leadership presiding to govern kinship ties or friendship,
but by a more elaborate way of organizing to settle
conflicts to prevent the society from breaking apart.
SODALITIES
• The manner by tribes are organized is through the
presence of Pantribal Associations
• These come in the form of councils or tribal leaders.
• Tribes are often headed by village headman, even
though such a role does not have absolute political
power.
• A village headman his authority from having a senior
position, coupled with an ability to force othersderives
to obey him .
• Tribes are also seen as economically self –sufficient
and are larger and more integrated than bands.
CHIEFDOMS
• Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on
the members of a select family.
• It is composed of a number of communities that is ruled
by a permanent paramount chief coming from elite
family.
• Power is inherited
• The social structure is hierarchical.
• Social classes exist and are differentiated according to
the level of their power in relation to the permanent ruler.
CHIEFDOMS CAN EITHER BE SIMPLE OR COMPLEX
Simple Chiefdoms
• is characterized by a central village or community ruled
by a single family.
• A number of smaller communities surround this smaller
community, with each being headed by a subsidiary
leader subservient to central ruler
Complex chiefdom
• Is composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by in a
single paramount chief residing in a single paramount
center.
• This is highly structured and hierarchical political
system characterized by a class system where the elites
demand tributes in the form of agricultural crops and
produce from the commoners to a system that is called
“tributary system”.
• Lesser chiefs are then obliged to give tribute to a
paramount chief.
• In return, the paramount chief carries out rituals and
performs functions over which he has sole authority,
such as symbolic redistribution of material goods, and
the awarding of titles and other symbolic awards.
NATION
• Consists of a distinct population of people bound
together by a common culture, history, and tradition who
are typically concentrated within a specific geographic
region.
STATE
• Is a political unit that has sovereignty
• The legitimate and ultimate authority of the state over
an area of territory and the people within it.
• A political unit that encompasses several communities,
has a bureaucracy, and has leaders that possess
legitimate power.
• Have more responsibilities such as maintenance of law
and order, securing territory, engaging in international
relations, and preserving social control.
Bureaucracy
• Is characterized by rationality, rule-governed behavior /
rule by official, and impersonal behavior.
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
 There are two ways to look at the value and purpose
of economic institutions in society.
1.Functionalist Perspective
2.Conflict Perspective
Functionalist Perspective
 views economic institutions as vital components of
society because they are involved in the production,
distribution, and purchasing of goods and services
that are essential for survival.
 They could refer to systems, agencies, and
organizations, both in the public and private sector.
 They are involved in the production of food, clothing, and
other material items that people need and want.
Conflict Perspective
 argues that the economic institutions emerged in order to
benefit the ruling classes or groups
 A major proponent of these perspective is Karl Marx
 This perspective asserts that economic institutions are
established by the ruling class in order to benefit their
group at the expense of ordinary laborers
NON MARKET INSTITUTIONS
 Reciprocity- exists when there is an exchange of goods
or labor between individuals in a community.
 This would include direct barter or simultaneous
exchange of goods, or gift exchange where the return for
goods given or labored rendered is delayed.
 Example: when neighbors exchange food for labored
rendered, or when farmers rotate among their farms to
help in cultivating the land
TRANSFER
 Entails a redistribution of income that is not matched by
actual exchange of goods and services.
 Example: donation or financial assistance from a richer
relative, or farm subsidies given to farmers by the
government.
REDISTRIBUTION
 Can be considered as combination of the features of
transfer and reciprocity
Where the economic exchange involves the collections of goods
from members, the pooling of these goods and the redistribution of
these good among the same members.
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
MARKET SYSTEMS
 Is a type of economic system that allows the free flow of
goods between and among private individuals and firms
with very limited participation from the government.
 This type of economic system is characterized by the
following key features:
 Private property
 Freedom of enterprise and choice
 Self Interest
 Competition
 Markets and prices
 Reliance on technology and capital goods
 Specialization
 Use of money
 An active but limited government
 Private Individuals and Firms own most of the factors of
production like land and capital
  Private Ownership encourages investments,
innovation, and efficient use of the factors of production.
FREEDOM OF ENTERPRISE AND CHOICE
 allows all economic actors; an entrepreneur, worker, or
a consumer to;
 The freedom to access and utilize the different
economic resources to produce their choice of goods
and services and sell them to their target market
 For workers, this means the freedom to pursue economic
opportunities for which they are qualified
 For consumers, the freedom to buy goods and services
that gives the highest level of satisfaction
SELF INTEREST AND COMPETITION
 For the producers, this means the production a variety of
goods and services desired by the consumers and using
methods of production that are cost effective
 For the consumers, this means buying goods and services
that provides the highest level of satisfaction at the lowest
price available
MARKET AND PRICES
Market
 is a mechanism and not necessarily a place which
brings buyers and sellers together for a desired
transaction
Prices
 serve as signaling device to indicate the of value of a
good or service to both the buyers and the sellers to
guide their actions on whether they should buy or not
or supply more or less
USE OF CAPITAL GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY
 the market system rewards technological innovation by
bringing more profits to whomever the idea of a new
product or production technique came from.
 Innovators, as opposed to imitators, win in a market
system by being able to produce goods and services
that are desired more and produce it in greater volume
than ever before.
SPECIALIZATION
 (division of Labor) it contributes to efficiency by taking
advantage of the differences in each and every
person’s abilities.
USE OF MONEY
 facilitates an easier exchange between transacting
parties.
 It becomes a very convenient means of standardizing
values pegged on goods and services.
ACTIVE BUT LIMITED GOVERNMENT
 The government is still needed, like when there is a
market failure and a monopoly emerges
 It also needed to carry out interventions to promote
welfare of all segments of the economy which includes
those who may not have access to the factors of
production, like land, capital and labor.
MARKET TRANSACTION
 involves parties who sell their goods and services in
exchange for cash from customers.
MARKET ECONOMY
 is one where the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services operate through
these forms of exchange
FREE MARKET ECONOMY
 is one where the price of a good or service is
determined by the forces of supply and demand
STATE-MARKET RELATIONSHIPS
 The state through government, comes in to regulate
prices to protect the interest of the consuming public.
 Basic commodities such as food are subject to price
ceilings or maximum prices.
 The government comes in to regulate the prices of the
service.
 Government intervention in economic institutions is
warranted to protect the interest of consumers and
workers.
COMMAND ECONOMY
 The government takes over the functions of the market
in producing and distributing essential goods and
services. In this system, instead of the market forces of
supply and demand deciding on what to produce, how
to produce, and for whom to produce, a command
economy relies on a central government.
 The term command economy is interchange with a
socialist economy is interchanged with a socialist
economy because under both systems, the means of
producing and distributing goods and services are done
collectively or centrally so that there is equitable
distribution among the members of society.
 The government plays an important role in correcting
the imbalance in the access of goods and services
through the process of income redistribution.
 Taxes are compulsory contributions to government
spending.
TRANSFER PAYMENTS
 Are government spending on the private sector that
does not require the absorption or utilization of
economic resources.
 Examples; social security benefits, unemployment
compensation, subsidies, and veterans’ benefits.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 Benefits nations because it enables economies to
employ its resources in ways that increase its total
output.
 One major issue against international trade is that
harms domestic industries and particular groups of
resource suppliers who cannot compete with bigger
international firms.
 The most commonly used protectionist measures are
tariffs and quotas
TARIFFS
 Are taxes on imported goods, while quotas are the
limits set on the quantity of imported goods that can
enter a domestic economy.
 These measures protect domestic producers but they
harm domestic consumers who end up paying higher
than world prices for the protected goods.
 Is the granting of mutual concessions among different
countries with respect to commercial trade restrictions
among different countries with respect to commercial
trade restrictions like tariffs and quotas.
 GENERAL AGREEMENTS ON TARIFFS AND
TRADE (GATT) and WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION (WTO)- this trade agreement allows
the US president to negotiate tariff- reduction
 agreements with other countries even if without the
approval of congress.
 The Reciprocal Trade Agreements act only permitted
bilateral negotiations.