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Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences

Course code: CIV3703 Course Name: Transport Engineering
Campus: Springfield, Toowoomba Mode: On-Campus, Online

Examination Duration: 2 hours 0 minutes

Examination Period: Semester 2, 2018 Perusal: 10 minutes
Total examination marks: 600

Examiner: Soma Somasundaraswaran Moderator: Vasanthadevi Aravinthan

Examination:  End of Semester  Deferred  Supplementary
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CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 1 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

QUESTION 1 (120 marks)

A. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) report for a transport infrastructure

development is an important document prepared for development approvals.
List eight (8) types of environmental effects that should be considered in an EIA
report.
(20 marks)

B. Data on ‘Land use’ and/or ‘Socio – Economic Characteristics’ are used as input
parameters to develop trip end models in transportation planning.

(i) List input parameters that are used for developing trip production models.
Give at least seven (7) parameters to receive full marks.
(ii) List input parameters that are used for developing trip attraction models.
Give at least five (5) parameters to receive full marks.
(20 marks)

C. Briefly outline four (4) key considerations that are significant in defining Zone
boundaries within a study area for collecting data.
(20 marks)

D. A calibrated utility function for travel in a city by three modes (car, bus, and
transit) is as follows:
Um = Am – 0.002 Cm - 0.05 Tm

Where:
A - constant for a specific mode
C - cost of travel (in cents)
T - travel time (in minutes)
m - travel mode (Car, Bus, Transit)

Use the logit model to calculate the modal split (in percentage) using the data
given in the table below:

Mode (i) A C (cents) T (minutes)

Car -0.30 130 20
Bus -0.35 70 30
Transit -0.40 90 40
(60 marks)
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 2 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

QUESTION 2 (120 marks)

A. The two grades of a vertical sag curve are – 5% and +3%. The curve commencing
at chainage 200 at reduced level (RL) 27.455. The ‘K’ value for the sag curve is
50, where ‘K’ is the length of vertical curve for 1% change in grade. An NBN cable
is to be situated at right angles to the road with its centre line at chainage 450.
The cable requires a minimum cover of 0.650 m above the top of the cable.
Calculate the following:

i) Chainage and RL at the point B.

ii) The acceptable RL of the top of the cable that can satisfy these design
requirements.

(60 marks)

B. Explain how the characteristics of older drivers are likely to differ from those of
younger drivers, and how allowance can be made for such differences in traffic
engineering.
(30 marks)

C. The following values of PTSF, FFS, and ATS have been determined for a two-lane
highway segment (Segment A).

PTSF(%) ATS(km/h) PFFS(%)

Segment A 54 75 82

Determine Level of Service (LOS) if the Segments A is:

i) Class I
ii) Class II
iii) Class III
(30 marks)
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 3 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

QUESTION 2 (continued)

Hint: for Question 2-Section C

Table 4.2: Level of service criteria for two-lane highways

LOS Class I Class II Class III
PTSF (%) ATS (km/h) PTSF (%) PFFS (%)
A ≤ 35 > 88 ≤ 40 > 91.7
B > 35 - 50 > 80 - 88 > 40 – 55 > 83.3 – 91.7
C > 50 - 65 > 72 – 80 > 55 – 70 > 75.0 – 83.3
D > 65 - 80 > 64 – 72 > 70 – 85 > 66.7 – 75.0
E > 80 ≤ 64 > 85 ≤ 66.7
Note: LOS applies whenever the flow rate exceeds the segment capacity

QUESTION 3 (120 marks)

A. Traffic volume is a necessary input parameter in road design and traffic flow
management. Give seven (7) practical uses of the results from a traffic volume
study.
(30 marks)

B. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of parallel kerbside parking as

compared to angle kerbside parking. Give at least five (5) advantages and three
(3) disadvantages to receive full marks.
(30 marks)

C. Name four (4) categories of road signs, and outline each of their purposes and
design features.
(30 marks)

D. A local area is an area bounded by arterial roads in which through traffic is of

limited importance, and can therefore be justifiably restrained. List eight (8)
treatment methods which may be used to restrain traffic to maintain amenity
within the local area.
(30 marks)
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 4 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

QUESTION 4 (120 marks)

A. A granular pavement was designed for an arid region as a flexible pavement with
a thin bituminous surfacing. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer tests were carried out in
situ and resulted in an average penetration of 6 mm/blow and 45 mm/blow for the
subbase and subgrade layer, respectively.

i) Find the CBR values of subbase and subgrade layer.

ii) Given a minimum base thickness of 170 mm, find the traffic loading (ESAs)
using the equation provided in the chart.

iii) Given a traffic loading of 10,000,000 ESAs, find the required total pavement
thicknesses using the chart provided.

iv) For ESA of 20,000,000, it was proposed to stabilise the subgrade with lime
to a depth of 200mm so the design subgrade CBR can be increased to 6%.
Using the chart provided, calculate the required total pavement thickness
above the stabilised subgrade.

v) As in (iv), determine the thicknesses of the base course layer and the subbase
layer. What is the minimum CBR value required for the base course material?

vi) Explain the usual reason(s) for obtaining subgrade CBR values in soaked
conditions. Why in the above case a DCP is used instead, to obtain in situ
CBR values?
(6 x 10 = 60 marks)

B. Some intersections would be designed as a flexible pavement with cement treated

subbase. The dense graded asphalt layer has a modulus of 3000 MPa. The
cemented subbase has a modulus of 5000 MPa and the subgrade modulus is 50
MPa. Assuming a design traffic of 10,000,000 ESAs, and a cemented subbase of
250 mm, using the supplied charts determine the thickness of the asphalt layer
for (i) without protection against reflective cracking and (ii) with protection against
reflective cracking. Explain how you get the answers by showing how you use the
chart. (20 marks)

C. As an alternative to (B), a full-depth asphalt pavement with a base thickness of

300 mm was also considered. Assuming a design traffic of 10,000,000 ESAs,
determine thickness of the asphalt layer. If the asphalt layer is replaced with
sprayed seal, what would be the maximum traffic (ESA) the pavement can endure?
(20 marks)

D. For the sprayed seal in (C), it was planned to apply a primerseal on top of the
granular base course. An aggregate size of 10 mm was chosen. The expected
surface conditions of the base course: fine, pavement temperature 40C.
Assuming there were 2200 veh/lane/day, determine (i) the type of primerbinder,
(ii) basic primerbinder application, (iii) surface absorption allowance, (iv) name of
cutback bitumen and its equivalent percent cutter, and (v) aggregate spread rate.
(20 marks)
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 5 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

QUESTION 5 (120 marks)

A. Pavement evaluation

i) Name the equipment and discuss the principles and purpose of operation.

(10 marks)

ii) In using this equipment in the field, what would be the safety risk involved?

(10 marks)

iii) Describe two (2) other machines that can be used to obtain similar data.

(20 marks)

B. Effect of moisture

i) Explain how tree roots can affect subgrade strength.

(10 marks)

ii) Explain two soil characteristics that are used to differentiate the performance
of subgrade materials under different moisture conditions.
(10 marks)

iii) Discuss three (3) possible ways to maintain subgrade performance under
varying moisture fluctuations.
(20 marks)

Question 5 continued over next page

CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 6 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

QUESTION 5 (continued)

C. Concrete pavements

i) Explain what sort of material is used as a subbase for concrete pavements.

While unbound materials have been used in the past, explain why the use of
this type of material is now mandatory.

At least four (4) reasons are needed for full marks.

(10 marks)

ii) List four (4) items which are required to determine the thickness of concrete
base.
(10 marks)

iii) An overlay can be placed on top of a cracked concrete pavement. Explain the
use of two (2) materials that can be used for this purpose and the associated
risk involved.
(10 marks)

iv) List four (4) types of concrete pavement. Briefly mention their differences.

(10 marks)

END OF EXAMINATION
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 7 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

FORMULAE SHEET

v2 R V V2 V2
SD  RT v   T                                            e  f     
2 g (d  0.01a) 3.6 254(d  0.01a) 127 R

Tangent length = R tan (I/2)                                  Arc length = RI 

L L g1  g 2  ex 2 4ex 2 Ax 2
K                                        e                                y     
 L 2
2
A 800 L2 200 L

xhighest = g1 L /A = distance to highest or lowest point from TP1 

Level at any point x =  Level at TP1 ±  g1x1/100 ± x12A/200L 
k

Pi A j
t
j 1
ij

Average Factor Method            Fratar        t ij'  t ij  

 A a j t ij
k
pi a j
j
j 1

Pi A j Fij K ij 1 Aj
Gravity          t ij  n
                      Fij                     A jk  A j ( k 1)  
z ija
A F K
C j ( k 1)
j ij ij
j 1

e UK
Logit model:  Pk  n
 
e
i 1
Ui

PHF = Hourly Count/(4 x Highest 15‐min Count) or = Hourly Count/(6 x Highest 10‐min Count) 

900
Application Rate (10 mm and larger aggregate)     
ALD

Application Rate   ALD Void Factor                               VF = Vf + Va + Vt 

a
NS  P 
               
N  PS 

Opening ESA/day = (AADT × DF) × (%HV/100) × LDF × (ESA per HV)

NDT = (Opening ESA per day) × 365 × CGF

 
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 8 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

Thickness, t = [219 – 211 (logCBR) + 58 (logCBR)2] log(DESA/120)

Figure 1

 
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 9 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

Figure 2

Figure 3

 
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 10 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

Figure 4

Table 1

Table 2

 
CIV3703 – Transport Engineering Page 11 of 11
Examination Period - Semester 2, 2018

Table 3

Table 4

END OF FORMULAE SHEET