Air pollution

Control measures
Water Pollution
WATER

• 71% from earth surface.

• 97% salt water (sea)
• 3% fresh water
• 87% ice and glaciers, underground, air.
• 13% surface water (0.4% total water).
• Function
• Domestic.
• Industry.
• Agriculture.
• Recreation.
• Safety and security.
 Types of Water Pollution

• Water pollution
• Any physical or chemical change in water that adversely
affects the health of humans and other organisms
• Varies in magnitude by location
• Major water pollution issue globally
• Lack of disease-free water
Sewage- Eutrophication
• Eutrophic-
• Slow-flowing stream, lake or estuary enriched by
inorganic plant and algal nutrients such as
phosphorus
• Often due to fertilizer or sewage runoff
 Disease-causing Agents
• Infectious organisms that cause
diseases
• Originate in the wastes of infected
individuals
• Common bacterial or viral diseases:
• Typhoid, cholera, bacterial dysentery,
polio, and infectious hepatitis
 Inorganic Plant and Algal
Nutrients

• Chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate the

growth of plants and algae
• Harmful in large concentrations
• Sources:
• Human and animal wastes, plant residues, atmospheric deposition, and
fertilizer runoff
• Causes:
• Enrichment, bad odors, and a high BOD
Inorganic Chemicals

• Contaminants that contain elements other than

carbon
• Examples: acids, salts, and heavy metals
• Do not degrade easily
• Lead
• Found in old paint, industrial pollutants, leaded gasoline
• Mercury
• Mercury bioaccumulates in the muscles of top predators
of the open ocean
• Two Types of Water Pollution
• -Point Source Pollution
• water pollution that can be traced to a specific origin
• Discharge via pipes, sewage, and ditches
• -Non-point Source Pollution
• Pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather
than being concentrated at a single point of entry
• Diffuse, but its cumulative effect is very large
• Ex: runoff from agricultural fields or parking lots
 Water Pollution from Agriculture

• Agriculture is leading source of water pollution

• Animal wastes and plants residues have high BOD
• Chemical pesticides can leach into groundwater
• Almost all streams and rivers are polluted with
agricultural pesticides
 Industrial Wastes in Water

• Different industries generate different pollutants

• Food processing plants- high BOD
• Paper mills- High BOD and toxic compounds
• Many industries recover toxins before they go into the
waste stream
Municipal Sewage Treatment
• Primary treatment
• Removing suspended and floating particles by mechanical
processes
• Secondary treatment
• Treating wastewater biologically to decompose suspended organic
material; reduces BOD
Municipal Sewage Treatment

• Tertiary treatment
• Advanced wastewater treatment methods that are
sometimes employed after primary and secondary
treatments
• Reduce phosphorus and nitrogen
Process of treatment

• Upon arrival via the sewer system, the wastewater is sent through a
bar screen, which removes large solid objects such as sticks and rags.
• Leaving the bar screen, the wastewater flow is slowed down entering
the grit tank, to allow sand, gravel and other heavy material that was
small enough not to be caught by the bar screen to settle to the
bottom.
• All the collected debris from the grit tank and bar screen is disposed
of at a sanitary landfill
• Primary treatment is the second step in wastewater treatment. It
allows for the physical separation of solids and greases from the
wastewater.
• The screened wastewater flows into a primary settling tank where it
is held for several hours allowing solid particles to settle to the
bottom of the tank and oils and greases to float to the top
• Secondary treatment -biological treatment process that removes
dissolved organic material from wastewater. The partially treated
wastewater from the settling tank flows by gravity into an aeration
tank.

(use of
air bubble
for mixing
and
oxygen
supply)
• -liquid mixture (i.e., solids with micro-organisms and water) is sent to
the final clarifier.
• -In clarifier, solids settle out to the bottom where some of the
material is sent to the solids handling process and some is recycled
back to replenish the population of micro-organisms in the aeration
tank to treat incoming wastewater.
Final treatment

• Treated water is disinfected and then it is send out for wastewater

reuse activities or for discharging in river/streams. mostly
chlorination and/or ultra violet irradiation is used for disinfection
purposes.
Solids processing

• The primary solids from the primary settling tank and the secondary
solids from the clarifier are sent to a digester. Micro-organisms use
the organic material present in the solids as a food source and
convert it to by-products such as methane gas and water.
Screening

• Screening is the first unit operation

used at wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs).
• Screening removes objects such as
rags, paper, plastics, and metals to
prevent damage and clogging of
downstream equipment, piping, and
appurtenances.
• Grit includes sand, gravel, cinder,
or other heavy solid materials that
are “heavier” (higher specific
gravity) than the organic
biodegradable solids in the
wastewater. Grit also includes
eggshells, bone chips, seeds,
coffee grounds, and large organic
particles, such as food waste.
grit chambers

• Many types of grit removal systems exist, including aerated grit

chambers, vortex-type (paddle or jetinduced vortex) grit removal
systems, detritus tanks (short-term sedimentation basins), horizontal
flow grit chambers (velocity-controlled channel), and hydrocyclones
(cyclonic inertial separation).
• In aerated grit chambers, grit is
removed by causing the
wastewater to flow in a spiral
pattern
Sedimentation

• Sedimentation, also known as settling, may be defined as the

removal of solid particles from a suspension by settling under gravity.
Activated Sludge

• Process in which a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms is

agitated and aerated
• Leads to oxidation of dissolved organics
• After oxidation, separate sludge (mostly microbial cells, water, and
other contaminants) from wastewater
• Induce microbial growth – Need food, oxygen – Want Mixed Liquor
Suspended Solids (MLSS) of 3,000 to 6,000 mg/L
trickling filter
• A trickling filter, is a fixed-bed, biological reactor that operates under
(mostly) aerobic conditions. Pre-settled wastewater is continuously
‘trickled’ or sprayed over the filter. As the water migrates through the
pores of the filter, organics are aerobically degraded by the biofilm
covering the filter material.
Advantages
• Can be operated at a range of organic and hydraulic loading rates
• Efficient nitrification (ammonium oxidation)
• Small land area required compared to constructed wetlands
Septic tank
• The septic tank treats the wastewater naturally by holding it in the
tank long enough for solids and liquids to separate. The wastewater
forms three layers inside the tank. Solids lighter than water (such as
greases and oils) float to the top forming a layer of scum. Solids
heavier than water settle at the bottom of the tank forming a layer of
sludge. This leaves a middle layer of partially clarified wastewater.
• The layers of sludge and scum remain in the septic tank where
bacteria found naturally in the wastewater work to break the solids
down. The sludge and scum that cannot be broken down are retained
in the tank until the tank is pumped.
Oxidation ponds

• There are four major types of oxidation ponds: aerobic (high-rate),

anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds.
Oxidation ponds

• Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large,

shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater through the interaction
of sunlight, bacteria, and algae. Algae grow using energy from the sun
and carbon dioxide and inorganic compounds released by bacteria in
water.
Constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment
• The planted vegetation plays an important role in contaminant
removal. The filter bed, consisting usually of sand and gravel, has an
equally important role to play.Some constructed wetlands may also
serve as a habitat for native and migratory wildlife, although that is
not their main purpose.
Membrane Filtration MF,UF,NF and RO
• Membrane Filtration using MF (Micro Filtration - 0.1 to 1 µm) and UF
(Ultra Filtration - 0.01 to 0.1µm) excels other conventional filtration
methods on both quality of effluent, requirement of energy and
space, ease of operation and maintenance.
• The NF (Nano Filtration 0.001 to 0.01µm) and RO (Reverse Osmosis -
0.0001 to 0.001µm) similarly used for separation of dissolved salts
and ions efficiently and economically than other process like
evaporation.
• In RO, dissolved inorganic salts and silica are left behind the
membrane, while clear water passes through. Sea water desalination
and processing brackish water for drinking through RO proves its
credential use.