Problem Set For Mathematics

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Problem Solving with Patterns

Problem-Solving Strategies
Problem Solving
September 16, 2019
Mathematical Excursions 1 / 40
Outline
1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
2 Problem Solving with Patterns
3 Problem-Solving Strategies
Move 3 coins to form a triangle pointing downward.
For each item, form a square.
65 is to 11 and 736 is to 16. Therefore, 885 is to ?
Which number is the odd one out? 9678, 4572, 5261, 5133, 3527,
6895, or 7768
Identify the odd one out.
Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a general

conclusion by examining specific examples.
◦ Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the

number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and
subtract 3.
◦ Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the

number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and
subtract 3.
◦ Complete the procedure for several different numbers. Use
inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship
between the size of the resulting number and the size of the
original number.
Scientists often used inductive reasoning. For instance, Galileo

Galilei (1564-1642) used inductive reasoning to discover that the
time required for pendulum to complete one 1 swing, called the
period of the pendulum, depends on the length of the pendulum.
He measured the periods of pendulum in ”heartbeats.” Refer to
the table.
Galileo’s Pendulum Experiments. (Pendulum, 2019)

Conclusions based on inductive reasoning may be incorrect as

shown in the next example.
Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

finding a counter-example.

For all real numbers x :

a. |x| > 0

a. |x| > 0
b. x 2 > x

a. |x| > 0
x2 > x
b. √
c. x 2 = x

a. |x| > 0
x2 > x
b. √
c. x 2 = x
d. xx = 1

a. |x| > 0
x2 > x
b. √
c. x 2 = x
d. xx = 1
e. x+3
3 =x +1
Deductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion by

applying general assumptions, procedures, or principles.
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure

produces a number that is four times the original number.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6
to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example

of inductive or deductive reasoning.
(a) During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every
other year. Last year the tree did not produce plums, so as this
year the tree will produce plums.
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example

of inductive or deductive reasoning.
(a) During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every
other year. Last year the tree did not produce plums, so as this
year the tree will produce plums.
(b) All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The
contractor estimated that my home improvement will cost PhP
450,000. Thus my home improvement will cost more than PhP
450,000.
Logic puzzles, similar to the following example, can be solved by

using deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to display
the given information in a visual manner.
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a

different occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist). From the
following clues, determine the occupation of each neighbor.

(1) Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the
dentist.

dentist.
(2) Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor.

dentist.
(3) The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.

dentist.
(3) The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
(4) The banker lives next door to Brian.
Switch A turns lights 1 and 2 on-off or off-on

Switch B turns lights 2 and 4 on-off or off-on

Switch C turns lights 1 and 3 on-off or off-on

Switches C, A, and B are thrown in turn with the result that

Figure 1 turns into Figure 2. Which switch does not work at all?

Switches C, A, and B are thrown in turn with the result that

Figure 1 turns into Figure 2. Which switch does not work at all?
There are 4 books standing next to each other on a shelf. The

books are in order from left to right. The colors of the books are
red, yellow, blue, and orange, but the placement of these books
has not been determined. The following is known about the
placement of the books:
◦ The red book is between the yellow and blue books.
◦ The blue book is between the orange and red books.
◦ The orange book is not fourth.
If the orange book could be fourth, then which one of the following
can be deduced?
(a) The red book is fourth.
(b) The blue book is not third.
(c) The red book is next to the orange book.
(d) The blue book is next to the yellow book.
(e) The yellow book is not second.
Which of the following pairs are next to each other onthe shelf?
(a) yellow and blue
(b) blue and orange
(c) yellow and orange
(d) red and orange
(e) No books are next to each other on a shelf.
• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

sequence.

sequence.
• The numbers in a sequence that are separated by commas are
the terms of the sequence.

sequence.
• It is customary to use the subscript notation an to denote the
nth term of a sequence.

sequence.
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,... where a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 11, a4 = 15, ...

sequence.
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,... where a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 11, a4 = 15, ...
(2) 100,50,25,25/2,...

sequence.
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,... where a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 11, a4 = 15, ...
(2) 100,50,25,25/2,...
∞
(3) The expression 3n2 + 1 n=1 is also a shorthand notation for

the sequence 4,13,28,49,...
Example:
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,...
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,...
Find the nth term an of the sequence.
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,...
(2) 2,6,12,20,...
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,...
(2) 2,6,12,20,...
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,...
(2) 2,6,12,20,...
(3) 100,50,25,25/2,...
Example:
(1) 3,7,11,15,...
(2) 2,6,12,20,...
(3) 100,50,25,25/2,...
Example:
Example:
Assume the pattern shown by the square tiles in the following
figures continues.
Example:
figures continues.
(a) What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the nth
figure of the sequence?
Example:
figures continues.
(b) How many tiles are in the eighth figure of the sequence?
Example:
figures continues.
(c) Which figure will consist of exactly 320 tiles?
Example:
figures continues.
(c) Which figure will consist of exactly 320 tiles?
Example:
Example:
Let n ∈ N.
(a) Find the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 100.
Example:
Let n ∈ N.
(a) Find the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 100.
(b) Find the formula for the 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n.
• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

geometric shapes associated with numbers.

• For instance, they noticed that triangles can be constructed
using 1,3,6,10, or 15 dots as shown below. They called the
numbers 1,3,6,10,15,... triangular numbers.

• They called the numbers 1,4,9,16,25,... square numbers.

• The numbers 1,5,12,22,35,... pentagonal numbers.






Recall:
Definition 2.1
The Fibonacci sequence, F1 , F2 , ..., is defined by the initial
conditions F1 = 1, F2 = 1, and the recurrence relation
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 ,
for n ≥ 3.
The first six Fibonacci numbers are 1,1,2,3,5,8.
Definition 2.2
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 ,
for n ≥ 3.
Determine whether each of the following statements about

Fibonacci numbers is true or false.
Definition 2.2
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 ,
for n ≥ 3.

(a) If n is even, then Fn is an odd number.
Definition 2.2
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 ,
for n ≥ 3.

(a) If n is even, then Fn is an odd number.
(b) 2Fn − Fn−2 = Fn+1 for n ≥ 3.
Example 1:
Example 1:
Find the nth-term formula for triangular numbers, square numbers,
and pentagonal numbers.
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 1:
Example 2:
Give the nth-term formula below, compute the first five terms of
the the sequence:
n
an = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
n+1
Example 3:
Example 3:
1 2 3 4 5
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . What number must replace the question mark and
find the nth term formula?
Example 3:
1 2 3 4 5
Example 4:
Example 3:
1 2 3 4 5
Example 4:
What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the nth
Example 3:
1 2 3 4 5
Example 4:
What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the nth
Example 5:
Example 5:
Pieces vs Cuts. Determine the maximum number of pieces that
will be produced if one applies a straight cut on a pizza? two
straight cuts? three straight cuts? and so on. Construct a table
showing the number of cuts and the corresponding number of
pieces produced.
Example 5:
Pieces vs Cuts. Determine the maximum number of pieces that
will be produced if one applies a straight cut on a pizza? two
straight cuts? three straight cuts? and so on. Construct a table
showing the number of cuts and the corresponding number of
pieces produced.
Cuts vs Pieces. (Pizza Cut and Slice, 2019)
George Polya (1887â1985) was one of the foremost recent

mathematicians to make a study of problem solving. The basic
problem-solving strategy that Polya advocated consisted of the
following four steps:
1 Understand the problem.

2 Devise a plan.
3 Carry out the plan.
4 Review the solution.
This part is often overlooked. YOU MUST HAVE A CLEAR

UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEM. To help you focus
on understanding the problem, consider the following questions.
Can you restate the problem in your own words?
Can you determine what is known about these types of
problems?
Is there missing information that, if known, would allow you
to solve the problem?
Is there extraneous information that is not needed to solve the
problem?
What is the goal?
Here are some frequently used procedures.

Make a list of the known information.
Make a list of information that is needed.
Draw a diagram.
Make an organized list that shows all the possibilities.
Make a table or a chart.
Work backwards.
Try to solve a similar but simpler problem.
Look for a pattern.
Write an equation. If necessary, define what each variable
represents.
Perform an experiment.
Guess at a solution and then check your result.
Once you have devised a plan, you must carry it out.

Work carefully.
Keep an accurate and neat record of all your attempts.
Realize that some of your initial plans will not work and that
you may have to devise another plan or modify your existing
plan.
Once you have found a solution, check the solution.

Ensure that the solution is consistent with the facts of the
problem.
Interpret the solution in the context of the problem.
Ask yourself whether there are generalizations of the solution
that could apply to other problems.
Example:
Example:
References:
Aufmann, R. et al. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern
World. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Pendulum. (2019). [image] Available at:
http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student work/experiment95/diff pendulum
[Accessed 10 Sep. 2019].
Pizza Cut and Slice. (2019). [image] Available at:
https://www.joe.ie/life−style/pic−this−new−method−of−slicing−a
[Accessed 10 Sep. 2019].

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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Problem Solving with Patterns

September 16, 2019

1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

2 Problem Solving with Patterns

Move 3 coins to form a triangle pointing downward.

For each item, form a square.

65 is to 11 and 736 is to 16. Therefore, 885 is to ?

Identify the odd one out.

Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a general

◦ Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the

◦ Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the

Scientists often used inductive reasoning. For instance, Galileo

Galileo’s Pendulum Experiments. (Pendulum, 2019)

Conclusions based on inductive reasoning may be incorrect as

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by

Deductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion by

Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure

Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example

Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example

Logic puzzles, similar to the following example, can be solved by

Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a

Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a

Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a

Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a

Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a

Switch A turns lights 1 and 2 on-off or off-on

Switch A turns lights 1 and 2 on-off or off-on

Switch A turns lights 1 and 2 on-off or off-on

Switch A turns lights 1 and 2 on-off or off-on

Switches C, A, and B are thrown in turn with the result that

Switch A turns lights 1 and 2 on-off or off-on

Switches C, A, and B are thrown in turn with the result that

There are 4 books standing next to each other on a shelf. The

• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

• An ordered list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called a

the sequence 4,13,28,49,...

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

• The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the

The first six Fibonacci numbers are 1,1,2,3,5,8.

Determine whether each of the following statements about

Determine whether each of the following statements about

Determine whether each of the following statements about

Cuts vs Pieces. (Pizza Cut and Slice, 2019)

George Polya (1887â1985) was one of the foremost recent