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Class XII Chapter 6 – Application of Derivatives Maths
Book Name: NCERT Solutions

EXERCISE- 6.1
Question 1:
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r when
(a) r = 3 cm (b) r = 4 cm
Solution 1:
We know that A =  r 2

dA d
=
dr dr
( r 2 ) = 2 r
(a) When r = 3 cm ,
dA
= 2 ( 3) = 6
dr
The area is changing at 6 cm2 / s when radius is 3 cm.
(b) When r = 4 cm ,
dA
= 2 ( 4 ) = 8 x
dr
The area is changing at 8 cm2 / s when radius is 4cm .
Question 2:
The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm3 / s How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of its edge is 12 cm ?
Solution 2:
Let the side length, volume and surface area respectively be equal to x , V and S .
V = x3
S = 6 x2
dV
= 8 cm 3 / s
dt
= (x ) = ( x )
dV d 3 d 3 dx dx dx 8
8 = = 3x 2  = 2
dt dt dx dt dt dt 3x
 8  32
= ( 6 x2 ) = ( 6 x2 )
dS d d dx dx
= 12 x = 12 x  2  =
dt dt dx dt dt  3x  x
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dS 32 2 8
So, when x = 12 cm , = cm / s = cm 2 / s.
dt 12 3
Question 3:
The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 3 cm / s . Find the rate at which the
area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 10 cm / s
Solution 3:

dA d
=
dt dr
(  r 2 ) = 2 r
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
= 3cm / s
dt
dA
 = 2 r ( 3) = 6 r
dt
So, when r = 10cm,
dA
= 6 (10 ) = 60 cm 2 / s
dt
Question 4:
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3cm / s. How fast is the volume of the cube
increasing when the edge is 10cm long?
Solution 4:
Let the length and the volume of the cube respectively be x and V .
V = x3
= (x ) = ( x )
dV d 3 d 3 dx dx
 = 3x 2
dt dt dx dt dt
dx
= 3 cm / s
dt
dV
 = 3 x 2 ( 3) = 9 x 2
dt
So, when x = 10 cm,
dV
= 9 (10 ) = 900cm3 / s
2
dt
Question 5:
Top tutor.
A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at the speed of 5 cm / s . At the
instant when the radius of the circular wave is 8 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
Solution 5:
= ( r 2 ) = (  r 2 ) = 2 r
dA d d dr dr
dt dt dr dt dt
dr
= 5 cm / s
dt
So, when r = 8cm,
dA
= 2 ( 8 )( 5 ) = 80 cm 2 / s.
dt
Question 6:
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm / s. What is the rate of increase of its
circumference?
Solution 6:
We know that C = 2 r .
dC dC dr d dr dr
 = = ( 2 r ) = 2
dt dr dt dr dt dt
dr
= 0.7 cm / s
dt
dC
 = 2 ( 0.7 ) = 1.4 cm / s
dt
Question 7:
The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm / minute and the width y is increasing
at the rate of 4 cm / minute. When x = 8 cm and y = 6cm, find the rates of change of ( a ) the
perimeter, and ( b ) the area of the rectangle.
Solution 7:
dx dx
It is given that = −5cm / min , = 4cm / min , x = 8 cm and y = 6cm,
dt dt
(a) The perimeter of a rectangle is given by P = 2 ( x + y )
Top tutor.
dP  dx dy 
 = 2  +  = 2 ( −5 + 4 ) = −2cm / min
dt  dt dt 
(b) The area of a rectangle is given by A = xy

dA dx dy
 = y+x = −5 y + 4 x
dt dt dt
dA
When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, = ( −5  6 + 4  8 ) cm 2 /min = 2 cm 2 /min
dt
Question 8:
A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900
cubic centimeters of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases
when the radius is 15 cm.
Solution 8:
4
We know that V =  r 3
3
dV dV dr d  4 2  dr dr
 = =   r  = 4 r 2
dt dr dt dr  3  dt dt
dV
= 900 cm 2 / s
dt
dr
 900 = 4 r 2
dt
dr 900 225
 = = 2
dt 4 r 2
r
So, when radius = 15 cm,

dr 225 1
= = cm / s
dt  (15 ) 2

Question 9:
A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its
volume is increasing with the radius when the latter is 10cm .
Solution 9:
4
3
Top tutor.
dV d  4 3  4
 =   r  =  ( 3r 2 ) = 4 r 2
dr dr  3  3
dV
= 4 (10 ) = 400
2
So, when radius = 10 cm,
dr
Thus, the volume of the balloon is increasing at the rate of 400 cm3 / s.
Question 10:
A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the
foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
Solution 10:
Let the heigt of the wall at which the ladder is touching it be y m and the distance of its foot
from the wall on the ground be x m.
 x2 + y 2 = 52 = 25  y = 25 − x2

dy d
=
dt dt
( )
25 − x 2 =
d
dx
(
25 − x 2
dx
dt
)=
−x dx
25 − x 2 dt
dx
= 2 cm / s
dt
dy −2 x
 =
dt 25 − x 2
So, when x = 4 m ,
dy −2  4 8
= =−
dt 25 - 16 3
Question 11:
A particle is moving along the curve 6 y = x3 + 2 . Find the points on the curve at which the Y
coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the X coordinate.
Solution 11:
The equation of the curve is 6 y = x3 + 2 .
Differentiating with respect to time, we have,
dy dx dy dx
6 = 3x 2 2 = x2
dt dt dt dt
 dy dx 
According to the question,  =8 
 dt dt 
Top tutor.
 dx  2 dx
 ( x 2 − 16 )
dx dx dx
 28 =x  16 = x2 = 0  x 2 = 16  x = 4
 dt  dt dt dt dt
43 + 2 66
When x = 4, y = = = 11
6 6
When x = −4, y =
( −43 ) + 2 62
=− =−
31
6 6 3
 −31 
Thus, the points on the curve are ( 4,11) and  −4, 
 3 
Question 12:
1
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm/s. At what rate is the volume of the
2
bubble increasing when the radius is 1 cm?
Solution 12:
Assuming that the air bubble is a sphere,
4
V =  r2
3
dV d  4 3  d  4 3  dr dr
 =  r =  r  = 4 r 2
dt dt  3  dr  3  dt dt
dr 1
= cm / s
dt 2
dV 21
So, when r = 1 cm, = 4 (1)   = 2 cm3 / s
dt 2
Question 13:
3
A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter ( 2 x + 1) . Find the rate of
2
change of its volume with respect to x .
Solution 13:
4
3
3 3
d = ( 2 x + 1)  r = ( 2 x + 1)
2 4
3
4 3 9
 V =    ( 2 x + 1) =  ( 2 x + 1)
3 3
3 4 16
dV 9 d 27
 =  ( 2 x + 1) =  ( 2 x + 1) .
3 3
dx 16 dx 8
Top tutor.
Question 14:
Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3 / s . The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast
is the height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm ?
Solution 14:
1
We know that V =  r 2 h
3
1
h = r  r = 6h
6
1
 V =  ( 6h ) h = 12 h3
2
3
= 12 ( h3 ) = 12 ( 3h 2 )
dV d dh dh dh
 = 36 h 2
dt dt dt dt dt
dV
= 12 cm 2 / s
dt
So, when h = 4cm,
2 dh
12 = 36 ( 4 )
dt
dh 12 1
 = = cm / s
dt 36 (16 ) 48
Question 15:
The total cost C ( x ) in Rupees associated with the production of x units of an item is given by
C ( x ) = 0.007 x3 − 0.003x2 + 15x + 4000 . Find the marginal cost when 17 units are produced.
Solution 15:
Marginal cost is the rate of change of the total cost with respect to the output.
= 0.007 ( 3 x 2 ) − 0.003 ( 2 x ) + 15 = 0.021x 2 − 0.006 x + 15
dC
 Marginal cost MC =
dx
When x = 17, MC = 0.021(172 ) − 0.006 (17 ) + 15
= 0.021( 289 ) − 0.006 (17 ) + 15
= 6.069 − 0.102 + 15
= 20.967
So, when 17 units are produced, the marginal cost is Rs. 20.967.
Top tutor.
Question 16:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
R ( x ) = 13x2 + 26x + 15 . Find the marginal revenue when x = 7 .
Solution 16:
Marginal revenue is the rate of change of the total revenue with respect to the number of units
sold.
dR
Marginal Revenue MR = = 13 ( 2 x ) + 26 = 26 x + 26
dx
When x = 7, MR = 26 ( 7) + 26 = 182 + 26 = 208
Thus, the marginal revenue is Rs 208.
Question 17:
The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r = 6 cm is
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 11
Solution 17:
= ( r 2 ) = 2 r
dA d

dr dr
dA
So, when r = 6 cm , = 2  6=12 cm 2 / s
dr
Thus, the rate of change of the area of the circle is 12 cm2 / s .
The correct answer is option B.
Question 18:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
R ( x ) = 3x2 + 36x + 5 . The marginal revenue, when x = 15 is
(A) 116 (B) 96 (C) 90 (D) 126
Solution 18:
Marginal revenue is the rate of change of the total revenue with respect to the number of units
sold.
dR
Marginal Revenue MR = = 3 ( 2 x ) + 36 = 6 x + 36
dx
So, when x = 15, MR = 6 (15) + 36 = 90 + 36 = 126
Hence, the marginal revenue is Rs 126.
The correct answer is option D.
Top tutor.
Exercise 6.2
Question 1:
Show, that the function given by f ( x ) = 3x + 17 is strictly increasing on R .
Solution 1:
Let x1 and x2 , be any two numbers in .
x1  x2  3x1 + 17  3x2 + 17 = f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Thus, f is strictly increasing on .
Alternate Method:
f  ( x ) = 3  0 on .
Question 2:
Show, that the function given by f ( x ) = e2x is strictly increasing on .
Solution 2:
Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in .
x1  x2  2x1  2x2  e2 x1  e2 x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Top tutor.
Question 3:
Show that the function given by f ( x ) = sin x is
 
(A) Strictly increasing in  0, 
 2
 
(B) Strictly decreasing  ,  
2 
(C) Neither increasing nor decreasing in ( 0,  )
Solution 3:
f ( x ) = sin x  f  ( x ) = cos x
 
(A) x   0,   cos x  0  f  ( x )  0
 2
 
Thus, f is strictly increasing in  0,  .
 2
 
(B) x   ,    cos x  0  f  ( x )  0
2 
 
Thus, f is strictly decreasing in  ,   .
2 
(C) The results obtained in (A) and (B) are sufficient to state that f is neither increasing nor
decreasing in ( 0,  ) .
Question 4:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f ( x ) = 2x2 − 3x is
(A) Strictly increasing (B) Strictly decreasing
Solution 4:
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3x  f  ( x ) = 4 x − 3
3 .
 f ( x) = 0  x =
4
Top tutor.
 3
In  −,  , f  ( x ) = 4x − 3  0
 4
 3
Hence, f is strictly decreasing in  −, 
 4
3 
In  ,   , f  ( x ) = 4x − 3  0
4 
3 
Hence, f is strictly increasing in  ,  
4 
Question 5:
Find the intervals in which the function f given f ( x ) = 2x2 − 3x2 − 36x + 7 is
(A) Strictly increasing (B) Strictly decreasing
Solution 5:
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 36 x + 7
f  ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 6 x − 36 = 6 ( x 2 − x − 6 ) = 6 ( x + 2 )( x − 3 )
 f  ( x ) = 0  x = −2,3
In ( −, −2) and ( 3,  ) , f  ( x )  0

In ( −2,3) , f  ( x )  0
Hence, f is strictly increasing in ( −, −2) and ( 3, ) and strictly decreasing in ( −2,3) .
Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing.
(a) x2 + 2 x − 5
(b) 10 − 6x − 2 x2
(c) −2x3 − 9x2 −12x + 1
(d) 6 − 9x − x2
(e) ( x + 1) ( x − 3)
3 3
Top tutor.
Solution 6:
f ( x ) = x2 + 2x − 5  f  ( x ) = 2x + 2  f  ( x ) = 0  x = −1
x = −1 divides the number line into intervals ( −, −1) and ( −1,  ) .
In ( −, −1) , f  ( x ) = 2x + 2  0
 f is strictly decreasing in ( −, −1)
In ( −1, ) , f  ( x ) = 2x + 2  0 ,  f  ( x ) = 2x + 2  0
 f is strictly decreasing in ( −1,  )
(b)
3
f ( x ) = 10 − 6 x − 2 x 2  f  ( x ) = −6 − 4 x  f  ( x ) = 0  x = −
2
3  3  3 
x=− divides the number line into two intervals  −, −  and  − ,  
2  2  2 
 3
In  −, −  , f  ( x ) = −6 − 4x  0
 2
3
 f is strictly increasing for x  −
2
 3 
In  − ,   , f  ( x ) = −6 − 4x  0 .
 2 
3
 f is strictly increasing for x  −
2
(c)
f ( x ) = −2 x 3 − 9 x 2 − 12 x + 1
 f  ( x ) = −6 x 2 − 18 x − 12 = −6 ( x 2 + 3 x + 2 ) = −6 ( x + 1)( x + 2 )
f  ( x ) = 0  x = −1, 2
x = −1 and x = −2 divide the number line into intervals ( −, −2) , ( −2, −1) and ( −1,  )
In ( −, −2) and ( −1,  ) , f  ( x ) = −6 ( x + 1)( x + 2)  0

 f is strictly decreasing for x  −2 and x  −1.
In ( -2, -1), f  ( x ) = −6 ( x + 1)( x + 2)  0

 f is strictly increasing for −2  x  −1
(d)
f ( x ) = 6 − 9x − x2  f  ( x ) = −9 − 2x
Top tutor.
−9
f ( x) = 0  x =
2
 9
In  −, −  , f  ( x )  0
 2
9
 f is strictly increasing for x  −
2
 9 
In  − ,   , f  ( x )  0
 2 
9
 f is strictly decreasing for x  −
2
(e)
f ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x − 3)
3 3
f  ( x ) = 3 ( x + 1) ( x − 3) + 3 ( x − 3) ( x + 1)
2 3 2 3
= 3 ( x + 1) ( x − 3)  x − 3 + x + 1
2 2
= 3 ( x + 1) ( x − 3) ( 2 x − 2 )
2 2
= 6 ( x + 1) ( x − 3) ( x − 1)
2 2
f  ( x ) = 0  x = −1, 3, 1
x = −1, 3, 1 divides the number line into four intervals ( −, −1) , ( −1,1) , (1,3) and ( 3,  )
In ( −, −1) and ( −1,1) , f ' ( x ) = 6 ( x + 1) ( x − 3) ( x − 1)  0
2 2
 f is strictly decreasing in ( −, −1) and ( −1,1)

In (1,3) and ( 3,  ) , f ' ( x ) = 6 ( x + 1) ( x − 3) ( x − 1)  0
2 2
 f is strictly increasing in (1,3) and ( 3,  )
Question 7:
2x
Show that y = log (1 + x ) − , x  −1 , is an increasing function throughout its domain.
2+ x
Solution 7:
2x
y = log (1 + x ) −
2+ x

dy
=
1
−
( 2 + x )( 2 ) − 2 x (1) =
1
−
4
=
x2
dx 1 + x (2 + x) 1 + x ( 2 + x )2 (1 + x )( 2 + x )2
2
dy
=0
dx
Top tutor.
x2
 =0
(2 + x)
2
 x2 = 0
x=0
Because x  −1 , x = 0 divides domain ( −1,  ) in two intervals −1  x  0 and x  0.
When −1  x  0 ,
x  0  x2  0
x  −1  ( 2 + x )  0  ( 2 + x )  0
2
x2
 y' = 0
(2 + x)
2
When x  0 ,
x  0  x 2  0, ( 2 + x )  0
2
x2
 y' = 0
(2 + x)
2
Hence, f is increasing throughout the domain.
Question 8:
Find the values of x for which y =  x ( x − 2 )  is an increasing function.
2
Solution 8:
y =  x ( x − 2 )  =  x 2 − 2 x 
2 2
 = y ' = 2 ( x 2 − 2 x ) ( 2 x − 2 ) = 4 x ( x − 2 )( x − 1)
dy
dx
dy
 = 0  x = 0, x = 2, x = 1
dx
x = 0 , x = 1 and x = 2 divide the number line into intervals ( −, 0) , ( 0,1) , (1, 2 ) and ( 2, )
dy
In ( −, 0) and (1, 2 ) , 0
dx
 y is strictly decreasing in intervals ( −, 0 ) and (1, 2 )
dy
In intervals ( 0,1) and ( 2, ) , 0
dx
 y is strictly increasing in intervals ( 0,1) and ( 2, )
Top tutor.
Question 9:
4sin   
Prove that y = −  is an increasing function of  in 0, 2  .
( 2 + cos  )
Solution 9:
4sin 
y= −
( 2 + cos  )
dy ( 2 + cos  )( 4 cos  ) − 4sin  ( − sin  )
 = −1
d ( 2 + cos  )
2
8cos  + 4cos 2  + 4sin 2 

= −1
( 2 + cos  )
2
8cos  + 4
= −1
( +  )
2
2 cos
dy
=0
d
8cos  + 4
 =1
( +  )
2
2 cos
 8cos  + 4 = 4 + cos 2  + 4 cos 
 cos 2  − 4 cos  = 0
 cos  ( cos  − 4 ) = 0
 cos  = 0 or cos  = 4
Because cos  4,cos = 0.

cos  = 0   =
2
dy 8cos  + 4 − ( 4 + cos  + 4 cos  ) 4 cos  − cos 2  cos  ( 4 − cos  )
2
= = =
d ( 2 + cos  ) ( 2 + cos  ) ( 2 + cos  )
2 2 2
 
In 0,  , cos   0 ,
 2
4  cos   4 − cos   0 .
cos ( 4 − cos )  0
( 2 + cos  )  0
2
cos  ( 4 − cos  )
 0
( 2 + cos  )
2
dy
 0
d
Top tutor.
 
So, y is strictly increasing in  0, 
 2

The function is continuous at x = 0 and x = .
2
 
So, y is increasing in 0,  .
 2
Question 10:
Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on ( 0, ) .
Solution 10:
f ( x ) = log x
1
 f ' ( x) =
x
1
For x  0 , f ' ( x ) = 0
x
Thus, the logarithmic function is strictly increasing in interval ( 0, ) .
Question 11:
Prove that the function f given by f ( x ) = x2 − x + 1 is neither strictly increasing nor strictly
decreasing on ( −1,1) .
Solution 11:
f ( x ) = x2 − x + 1
 f ' ( x ) = 2x −1
1
f ' ( x) = 0  x = .
2
1  1 1 
x= divides ( −1,1) into  −1,  and  ,1 .
2  2 2 
 1
In  −1,  , f ' ( x ) = 2x −1  0.
 2
 1
So, f is strictly decreasing in  −1, 
 2
1 
In  ,1 , f ' ( x ) = 2x −1  0.
2 
Top tutor.
1 
So, f is strictly increasing in interval  ,1 .
2 
Thus, f is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing in interval ( −1,1) .
Question 12:
 
Which of the following functions are strictly decreasing on  0,  ?
 2
(A) cos x (B) cos 2x (C) cos 3x (D) tan x
Solution 12:
(A) f1 ( x ) = cos x.
 f1 ( x ) = − sin x
'
 
In  0,  , f1 ( x ) = − sin x  0.
'
 2
 
 f1 ( x ) = cos x is strictly decreasing in  0,  .
 2
(B) f2 ( x ) = cos 2x
 f2 ( x ) = −2sin 2 x
'

0 x  0  2 x    sin 2 x  0  −2sin 2 x  0
2
 
 f 2' ( x ) = −2sin 2 x  0 in  0, 
 2
 
 f2 ( x ) = cos 2 x is strictly decreasing in  0,  .
 2
(C) f3 ( x ) = cos3x
 f3 ( x ) = −3sin 3x
'
f '3 ( x ) = 0.
 
 sin 3x = 0  3x =  , as x   0, 
 2

x=
3
Top tutor.
       
x= divides  0,  into  0,  and  ,  .
3  2  3 3 2
    
In  0,  , f3 ( x ) = −3sin 3x  0  0  x   0  3x   
 3  3 
 
 f3 is strictly decreasing in  0,  .
 3
     3 
In  ,  , f3 ( x ) = −3sin 3x  0   x     3x 
3 2 3 2 2 
  
 f3 is strictly increasing in  ,  .
3 2
 
So, f3 is neither increasing nor decreasing in interval  0,  .
 2
(D) f4 ( x ) = tan x
 f 4 ( x ) = sec2 x
'
 
In  0,  , f4 ( x ) = sec2 x  0.
'
 2
 
 f 4 is strictly increasing in  0,  .
 2
So, the correct answers are A and B.
Question 13:
On which of the following intervals is the function f is given by f ( x ) = x100 + sin x −1strictly
decreasing?
A. ( 0,1)
 
B.  ,  
2 
 
C.  0, 
 2
D. None of these
Solution 13:
f ( x ) = x100 + sin x −1
 f ' ( x ) = 100x99 + cos x
Top tutor.
In ( 0,1) , cos x  0 and 100x99  0

 f ' ( x)  0
So, f is strictly increasing in ( 0,1) .
 
In  ,   , cos x  0 and 100 x99  0
2 
100x99  cos x
 
 f ' ( x )  0 in  ,  
2 
 
So, f is strictly increasing in interval  ,   .
2 
 
In interval  0,  , cos x  0 and 100 x99  0 .
 2
100x99 + cos x  0
 
 f ' ( x )  0 on  0, 
 2
 
 f is strictly increasing in interval  0,  .
 2
Hence, f is strictly decreasing in none of the intervals.
The correct answer is D.
Question 14:
Find the least value of a such that the function f given f ( x ) = x2 + ax + 1is strictly increasing
on (1, 2) .
Solution 14:
f ( x ) = x2 + ax + 1
 f ' ( x ) = 2x + a
f ' ( x )  0 in (1, 2) .
 2x + a  0
 2 x  −a
−a
x
2
So, we need to find the smallest value of a such that
Top tutor.
−a
x , when x  (1, 2) .
2
−a
x (when 1  x  2 )
2
−a
= 1  a = −2
2
Hence, the required value of a is -2.
Question 15:
1
Let I be any interval disjoint from ( −1,1) , prove that the function f given by f ( x ) = x + is
x
strictly increasing on I .
Solution 15:
1
f ( x) = x +
x
1
 f ' ( x) = 1−
x2
1
f ' ( x ) = 0  2  x = 1
x
x = 1 and x = −1 divide the real line in intervals ( −,1) , ( −1,1) and (1,) .
In ( −1,1) ,
−1  x  1
 x2  1
1
1 2 ,x  0
x
1
 1 − 2  0, x  0
x
1
 f ' ( x ) = 1 − 2  0 on ( −1,1) ~ 0 .
x
 f is strictly decreasing on ( −1,1) ~ 0 .
In ( −, −1) and (1,) ,
Top tutor.
x  −1 or 1  x
 x2  1
1
1 2
x
1
 1− 2  0
x
1
 f ' ( x) = 1−  0 on ( −, −1) and (1,) .
x2
 f is strictly increasing on ( −,1) and (1,) .
Hence, f is strictly increasing in I - ( −1,1) .
Question 16:
 
Prove that the function f given by f ( x ) = logsin x is strictly increasing on  0,  and strictly
 2
 
decreasing on  ,  
2 
Solution 16:
f ( x ) = logsin x
1
 f ' ( x) = cos x = cot x
sin x
 
In  0,  , f ' ( x ) = cot x  0
 2
 
 f is strictly increasing in  0,  .
 2
 
In  ,   , f ' ( x ) = cot x  0
2 
 
 f is strictly decreasing in  ,   .
2 
Question 17:
Top tutor.
 
Prove that the function f given by f ( x ) = log cos x is strictly decreasing on  0,  and strictly
 2
 
increasing on  ,  
2 
Solution 17:
f ( x ) = log cos x
1
 f ' ( x) = ( − sin x ) = − tan x
cos x
 
In  0,  , tan x  0  − tan x  0.
 2
 
 f ' ( x ) = 0 on  0, 
 2
 
 f is strictly decreasing on  0,  .
 2
 
In  ,   , tan x  0  − tan x  0.
2 
 
 f ' ( x )  0 on  ,  
2 
 
 f is strictly increasing on  ,   .
2 
Question 18:
Prove that the function given by f ( x ) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x = 100 is increasing in R .
Solution 18:
f ( x ) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x = 100
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3
= 3 ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
= 3 ( x − 1)
2
For x  R ( x − 1)  0.
2
So f ' ( x ) is always positive in R .

So, the f is increasing in R .
Question 19:
The interval in which y = x 2e− x is increasing is
Top tutor.
A. ( −, )
B. ( −2,0)
C. ( 2, )
D. ( 0, 2)
Solution 19:
y = x 2e− x
dy
 = 2 xe − x − x 2 e − x = xe − x ( 2 − x )
dx
dy
= 0.
dx
 x = 0 and x = 2
In ( −, 0) and ( 2, ) , f ' ( x )  0 as e− x is always positive.
 f is decreasing on ( −,0) and ( 2, ) .
In ( 0, 2) , f ' ( x )  0 .
 f is strictly increasing on ( 0, 2) .
So, f is strictly increasing in ( 0, 2) .
Exercise 6.3
Question 1:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x 4 − 4 x at x = 4.
Solution 1:
dy 
= ( 3x 4 − 4 x ) = 12 x3 − 4  = 12 ( 4 ) − 4 = 12 ( 64 ) − 4 = 764
d 3

dx  x = 4 dx x = 4
Question 2:
x −1
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = , x  2 at x = 10 .
x−2
Solution 2:
dy d  x − 1  ( x − 2 )(1) − ( x − 1)(1) x − 2 − x + 1 −1
=  = = =
dx dx  x − 2  ( x − 2) ( x − 2) ( x − 2)
2 2 2
Top tutor.
dy  −1  −1 −1
  = 2
= =
dx  x =10 ( x − 2 )  (10 − 2 ) 64
2
x =10
Question 3:
Find the slope of the tangent to curve y = x3 − x + 1 at the point whose X-coordinate is 2.
Solution 3:
= ( x − x + 1) = 3 x 2 − 1
dy d 3

dx dx
dy 
 = 3x 2 − 1 = 3 ( 2 ) − 1 = 12 − 1 = 11
2

dx  x = 2 x = 2
Question 4:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x3 − 3x + 2 at the point whose X-coordinate is 3.
Solution 4:
= ( x − 3x + 2 ) = 3x 2 − 3
dy d 3
dx dx
dy 
 = 3x 2 − 3 = 3 ( 3) − 3 = 27 − 3 = 24
2

dx  x =3 x = 3
Question 5:

Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = a cos3  , y = a sin 3  at  = .
4
Solution 5:
dx
=
d d
d
( a cos3  ) = −3a cos 2  sin 
dy
=
d d
d
( a sin 3  ) = 3a sin 2  ( cos  )
 dy 
dy  d  3a sin 2  cos  sin 
 = == =− = − tan 
dx  dx  −3a cos  sin 
2
cos 
 
 d 
dy  
  = − tan   =  = − tan = −1
dx  =  4 4
4
Top tutor.
 −1
Slope of normal at  = = =1
4 −1
Question 6:

Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 − a sin  and y = b cos 2  at  = .
2
Solution 6:
dx d
= (1 − a sin  ) = −a cos 
d d
dy
=
d d
d
( b cos2  ) = −2b sin  cos 
 dy 
dy  d  −2b sin  cos  2b
 = = = sin 
dx  dx  −a cos  a
 
 d 
dy  2b  2b  2b
 = sin   = sin =
dx  =  a   a 2 a
2 =
2
 −1 a
Slope of normal at  = = =−
2  2b  2b
 
 a 
Question 7:
Find the points at which tangent to the curve y = x3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 7 is parallel to the X - axis.
Solution 7:

dy d 3
=
dx dx
( x − 3x 2 − 9 x + 7 ) = 3x 2 − 6 x − 9
Since tangent is parallel to the X – axis, slope = 0.

 3x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0
 x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
 ( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
 x = 3 or x = −1
x = 3 , y = ( 3) − 9 ( 3) + 7 = 27 − 27 − 27 + 7 = −20 .
3
x = 1 , y = ( −1) − 3 ( −1) − 9 ( −1) + 7 = −1 − 3 + 9 + 7 = 12.

3 2
Top tutor.
Hence, the required points are ( 3, −20) and ( −1,12 ) .
Question 8:
Find a point on the curve y = ( x − 2 ) at which the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the
2
points ( 2,0) and ( 4, 4 ) .

Solution 8:
4−0 4
Slope of chord = = =2
4−2 2
dy
Slope of tangent = = 2 ( x − 2)
dx
 2 ( x − 2) = 2  x − 2 = 1  x = 3
When x = 3, y = ( 3 − 2 ) = 1.
2
Hence, the point is ( 3,1) .
Question 9:
Find the point on the curve y = x3 − 11x + 5 at which the tangent is y = x −11.
Solution 9:
Equation of tangent is y = x − 11
Slope of the tangent =1
dy d 3
=
dx dx
( x − 11x + 5) = 3x 2 − 11
 3x 2 − 11 = 1  3x 2 = 12  x 2 = 4  x = 2
x = 2, y = ( 2 ) − 11( 2 ) + 5 = 8 − 22 + 5 = −9.
3
x = −2, y = ( −2 ) − 11( −2 ) + 5 = −8 + 22 + 5 = 19.

3
So, the points are ( 2, −9) and ( −2,19) .
Question 10:
1
Find the equation of all lines having slope -1 that are tangents to the curve y = ,x 1
x −1
Solution 10:
Top tutor.
dy −1
=
dx ( x − 1)2
−1
= −1  ( x − 1) = 1  x − 1 = 1  x = 2, 0
2
( x − 1)
2
x = 0 , y = −1 and x = 2 , y = 1.
y − ( −1) = −1( x − 0 )
 y +1 = −x
 y + x +1 = 0
y − 1 = −1( x − 2 )
 y −1 = x + 2
 y + x−3 = 0
So, the equations of the required lines are y + x + 1 = 0 and y + x − 3 = 0.
Question 11:
1
Find the equation of all lines having slope 2 which are tangents to the curve y = , x  3.
x−3
Solution 11:
dy −1
=
dx ( x − 3)2
−1 −1
= 2  2 ( x − 3) = −1  ( x − 3) =
2 2
( x − 3)
2
2
Which is not possible.
So, there is no tangent to the curve of slope 2.
Question 12:
1
Find the equations of all lines having slope 0 which are tangent to the curve y = .
x − 2x + 3
2
Solution 12:
dy − ( 2x − 2) −2 ( x − 1)
= =
dx ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) 2
( x 2 − 2 x + 3)
2
Top tutor.
−2 ( x − 1)
= 0  −2 ( x − 1) = 0  x = 1
( x 2 − 2 x + 3)
2
1 1
When x = 1, y = =
1− 2 + 3 2
1
y− = 0 ( x − 1)
2
1
 y− =0
2
1
y=
2
1
So, the equation of the line is y = .
2
Question 13:
x2 y 2
Find points on the curve + = 1 at which the tangents are
9 16
i. Parallel to x -axis ii. Parallel to y - axis
Solution 13:
2 x 2 y dy dy −16 x
+ =0 =
9 16 dx dx 9y
(i)
dy −16 x
= =0 x =0
dx 9y
x2 y 2
+ = 1 for x = 0  y 2 = 16  y = 4
9 16
So, the points are ( 0, 4) and ( 0, −4) .
(ii)
dx −1 9y
=0 = = 0 y = 0
dy  −16 x  16 x
 9y 
 
x2 y 2
+ = 1 for y = 0.  x = 3
9 16
So, the points are ( 3,0) and ( −3,0) .
Top tutor.
Question 14:
Find the equations of the tangents and normal to the given curves at the indicated points:
I. y = x4 − 6x3 + 13x2 −10x + 5 at ( 0,5)
II. y = x4 − 6x3 + 13x2 −10x + 5 at (1,3)
III. y = x3 at (1,1)
IV. y = x2 at ( 0,0)

V. x = cos t , y = sin t at t =
4
Solution 14:
I.
dy
= 4 x 3 − 18 x 2 + 26 x − 10
dx
dy 
= −10
dx ( 0,5)
Slope of tangent at ( 0,5) is -10.
y − 5 = −10 ( x − 0)
 y − 5 = −10 x
 10 x + y = 5
−1 1
Slope of normal at ( 0,5) is =
−10 10
1
y −5 = ( x − 0)
10
 10 y − 50 = x
 x − 10 y + 50 = 0
II.
dy
= 4 x 3 − 18 x 2 + 26 x − 10
dx
dy 
= 4 − 18 + 26 − 10 = 2
dx (1,3)
Slope of tangent at (1,3) is 2.

y − 3 = 2 ( x − 1)
 y − 3 = 2x − 2
 y = 2x +1
Top tutor.
1
Slope of normal at (1,3) is −
2
1
y −3 = ( x − 1)
2
 2 y − 6 = x +1
 x + 2y − 7 = 0
III.
dy
= 3x 2
dx
dy 
= 3 (1) = 3
2

dx  (1,1)
Slope of tangent at (1,1) is 3 .

y − 1 = 3 ( x − 1)
 y = 3x − 2
1
Slope of normal at (1,1) is − .
3
−1
y − 1 = ( x − 1)
3
 3y − 3 = −x +1
 x + 3y − 4 = 0
IV.
dy
= 2x
dx
dy 
=0
dx  ( 0,0)
Slope of tangent at ( 0,0) is 0.

y − 0 = 0 ( x − 0)
 y=0
1
Slope of normal at ( 0,0) is − , which is undefined.
0
 x=0
Top tutor.
V.
x = cos t y = sin t
dx dy
 = − sin t = cos t
dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt  cos t
= = = − cot t
dx  dx  − sin t
 
 dt 
dy 
= − cot t = −1
dx  t = 
4

Slope of tangent at t = is -1.
4
 1 1
t= , x= , y= .
4 2 2
1  1 
y− = −1 x − .
2  2
1 1
 x+ y− − =0
2 2
 x+ y− 2 =0
 −1
Slope of normal at t = is =1
4 −1
1  1 
y− = 1 x − .
2  2
x= y
Question 15:
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 2 − 2 x + 7 which is
a. parallel to the line 2 x − y + 9 = 0
b. Perpendicular to the line 5 y −15x = 13.
Solution 15:
dy
= 2 x − 2.
dx
Top tutor.
(a)
2x − y + 9 = 0  y = 2x + 9
Slope of line = 2
 2 = 2x − 2  2x = 4  x = 2
x = 2 y = 4−4+7 =7
Equation of tangent through ( 2,7 ) is

y − 7 = 2 ( x − 2)  y − 2 x − 3 = 0
(b)
13
5 y − 15 x = 13  y = 3 x +
5
Slope of line = 3
−1
2x − 2 =
3
−1
 2x = +2
3
5
 2x =
3
5
x=
6
25 10 25 − 60 + 252 217
y= + +7 = =
36 6 36 36
 5 217 
Equation of tangent through  ,  is
 6 36 
217 1  5
y− = x− 
36 3  6
36 y − 217 −1
 = ( 6 x − 5)
36 18
 36 y − 217 = −2 ( 6 x − 5 )
 36 y − 217 = −12 x + 10
 36 y + 12 x − 227 = 0
Top tutor.
Question 16:
Show that the tangents to the curve y = 7 x3 + 11 at the points where x = 2 and x = −2 are parallel.
Solution 16:
dy
 = 21x 2
dx
dy 
= 21( 2 ) = 84
2

dx  x = 2
dy 
= 21( −2 ) = 84
2

dx  x =−2
Clearly, the tangents are parallel.
Question 17:
Find the points on the curve y = x 3 at which the slope of the tangent is equal to the y -coordinate
of the point.
Solution 17:
dy
 = 3x 2
dx
dy
According to the question, y = = 3x 2
dx
Also, y = x 3
 3x 2 = x3
x 2 ( x − 3) = 0
x = 0, x = 3
x = 0 , y = 0 and x = 3 , y = 3 ( 3) = 27.
2
So, the points are ( 0,0) and ( 3, 27 ) .
Question 18:
For the curve y = 4 x3 − 2 x5 , find all the points at which the tangents passes through the origin.
Solution 18:
dy
= 12 x 2 − 10 x 4
dx
Equation of tangent through (X, Y) is
Top tutor.
Y − y = (12 x 2 − 10 x 4 ) ( X − x )
For passing through origin, X = 0, Y = 0
− y = (12 x 2 − 10 x 4 ) ( − x )
y = 12 x 3 − 10 x 5
Also, y = 4 x3 − 2 x5
 12 x 3 − 10 x 5 = 4 x 3 − 2 x 5
 8 x5 − 8 x3 = 0
 x5 − x3 = 0
 x 3 ( x 2 − 1) = 0
 x = 0, 1
x = 0, y = 4 ( 0 ) − 2 ( 0 ) = 0.
3 5
x = 1, y = 4 (1) − 2 (1) = 2.
3 5
x = −1, y = 4 ( −1) − 2 ( −1) = −2 .

3 5
So, the points are ( 0,0) , (1, 2 ) and ( −1, −2) .
Question 19:
Find the points on the curve x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 at which the tangents are parallel to the x -axis.
Solution 19:
dy
2x + 2 y −2 =0
dx
dy
y = 1− x
dx
dy 1 − x
 =
dx y
For parallel to X axis,

1− x
 = 0  1− x = 0  x = 1
y
x2 + y 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
Top tutor.
 y 2 = 4 , y = 2
So, the points are (1, 2 ) and (1, −2 ) .
Question 20:
Find the equation of the normal at the point ( am2 , am3 ) for the curve ay 2 = x3 .
Solution 20:
dy
2ay = 3x 2
dx
dy 3 x 2
 =
dx 2ay
Slope of tangent at ( am2 , am3 ) is
3 ( am 2 )
2
dy  3a 2 m 4 3m
= = =
dx  ( am2 , am3 ) 2a ( am3 ) 2a 2 m3 2
−2
Slope of normal =
3m
−2
y − am3 =
3m
( x − am 2 )
 3my − 3am 4 = −2 x + 2am 2

 2 x + 3my − am 2 ( 2 + 3m 2 ) = 0
Question 21:
Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x3 + 2 x + 6 which are parallel to the line
x + 14 y + 4 = 0.
Solution 21:
dy
= 3x 2 + 2
dx
−1
Slope of the normal =
3x 2 + 2
1 4
x + 14 y + 4 = 0  y = − x−
14 14
Top tutor.
−1 −1
 =
3x + 2 14
2
 3x 2 + 2 = 14
 3x 2 = 12
 x2 = 4
 x = 2
x = 2, y = 8 + 4 + 6 = 18.
x = −2, y = −8 − 4 + 6 = −6.
Equation of normal through ( 2,18) is

−1
y − 18 = ( x − 2)
14
 14 y − 252 = x + 2
 x + 14 y − 254 = 0
Equation of normal through ( −2, −6) is

−1
y − ( −6 ) =  x − ( −2 ) 
14 
−1
 y + 6 = ( x + 2)
14
 14 y + 84 = − x − 2
 x + 14 y + 86 = 0
Question 22:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola y 2 = 4ax at the point ( at 2 , 2at ) .
Solution 22:
dy
2y = 4a
dx
dy 2a
 =
dx y
dy  2a 1
= =
dx  ( at 2 ,2 at ) 2at t
Top tutor.
1
Slope of tangent =
t
Equation of tangent is
y − 2at = ( x − at 2 )
1
t
 ty − 2at 2 = x − at 2
 ty = x + at 2
1
Slope of normal = − = −t
1
 
t 
Equation of normal is
y − 2at = −t ( x − at 2 )
 y − 2at = −tx + at 3
 y = −tx + 2at + at 3
Question 23:
Prove that the curves x = y 2 and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k 2 = 1. [ Hint : Two curves
intersect at right angle if the tangents to the curves at the point of intersection are perpendicular
to each other.]
Solution 23:
The curves are x = y 2 and xy = k
Putting x = y 2 in xy = k ,
1
y =k y=k
3 3
2
x = k 3
 23 13 
So, the point of intersection is  k , k 
 
Differentiating x = y 2 ,
Top tutor.
dy dy 1
1 = 2y  =
dx dx 2 y
 23 13 
So, slope of tangent to x = y at  k , k  is
2
 
dy  1
  2 1
= 1
dx   k 3 ,k 3 




2k 3
Differentiating xy = k ,
dy dy − y
x + y =0 =
dx dx x
 23 13 
Slope of tangent to xy = k at  k , k  is
 
1
dy  −y  3
k −1
  2 1
=   2 1
=− 2 = 1
dx  k 3 , k 3  x  k 3 ,k 3 








k3 k3
 1   −1 
    = −1 for perpendicularity condition.
 13   13 
 2k  k 
2
 2k 3 = 1
3
 2
  2k 3  = (1)
3
 
 8k = 1
2
So, the curves intersect at right angles if 8k 2 = 1 .
Question 24:
x2 y 2
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola − = 1 at the point ( x0 y0 )
a 2 b2
Solution 24:
Top tutor.
2 x 2 y dy
− =0
a 2 b 2 dx
2 y dy 2 x
 2 =
b dx a 2
dy b 2 x
 =
dx a 2 y
dy  b2 x0
Slope of tangent at ( x0 , y0 ) is =
dx ( x0 , y0 ) a 2 y0
Equation of tangent at ( x0 , y0 ) is
b 2 x0
y − y0 = ( x − x0 )
a 2 y0
 a 2 yy0 − a 2 y0 = b 2 xx0 − b 2 x0
2 2
 b 2 xx0 − a 2 yy0 − b 2 x0 + a 2 y0 = 0
2 2
xx0 yy0  x0 y0 
2 2
 2 − 2 − 2 − 2  = 0
a b a b 
xx0 yy0
 − 2 −1 = 0
a2 b
xx yy
 20 − 20 = 1
a b
− a 2 y0
Slope of normal at ( x0 , y0 ) =
b 2 x0
Equation of normal at ( x0 , y0 ) is
− a 2 y0
y − y0 = ( x − x0 )
b 2 x0
y − y0 − ( x − x0 )
 =
a 2 y0 b 2 x0
y − y0 x − x0
 − 2 =0
a 2 y0 b x0
Question 25:
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3 x − 2 which is parallel to the line
4x − 2 y + 5 = 0 .
Top tutor.
Solution 25:
Slope of tangent at ( x, y ) is
dy 3
=
dx 2 3x − 2
The given line is 4 x − 2 y + 5 = 0 .

5
4x − 2 y + 5 = 0  y = 2x +
2
Slope of line =2
3
=2
2 3x − 2
3
 3x − 2 =
4
9
 3x − 2 =
16
9 41
 3x = +2=
16 16
41
x=
48
41  41  41 41 − 32 9 3
x= , y = 3  − 2 = −2= = =
48  48  16 16 16 4
 41 3 
Equation of tangent through  ,  is
 48 4 
3  41 
y − = 2 x − 
4  48 
4y −3  48 x − 41 
 = 2 
4  48 
 48 x − 41 
 4y −3 =  
 6 
 24 y − 18 = 48 x − 41
 48x − 24 y = 23
Question 26:
Top tutor.
The slope of the normal to the curve y = 2 x 2 + 3sin x at x = 0 is

1 1
(A) 3 , (B) , (C) − 3 , (D) −
3 3
Solution 26:
dy 
= 4 x + 3cos x x =0 = 0 + 3cos 0 = 3
dx  x =0
−1
Slope of normal =
3
Question 27:
The line y = x + 1is a tangent to the curve y 2 = 4 x at the point
(A) (1, 2 ) , (B) ( 2,1) , (C) (1, −2) , (D) ( −1, 2)
Solution 27:
dy dy 2
2y =4 =
dx dx y
Given line is y = x + 1.
Slope of line =1.
2
=1
y
 y=2
y = x + 1  x = y −1  x = 2 −1 = 1
So, line y = x + 1is tangent to curve at point (1, 2) .
The correct answer is A.
Exercise 6.4
Top tutor.
Question 1:
Using differentials, find the approximate value of each of the following up to 3 places of decimal.
1 1 1 1
(i) 25.3 , (ii) 49.5 ,(iii) 0.6 , (iv) ( 0.009 ) 3 , (v) ( 0.999)10 , (vi) (15) 4 , (vii) ( 26) 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
(viii) ( 255) 4 (ix) (82 ) 4 (x) ( 401) 2 (xi) ( 0.0037 ) 2 ,(xii) ( 26.57 ) 3 , (xiii) ( 81.5) 4 , (xiv) ( 3.968) 2
1
(xv) ( 32.15) 5
Solution 1:
(i) 25.3
y= x . Let x = 25 and x = 0.3.
y = x + x − x = 25.3 − 25 = 25.3 − 5
 25.3 = y + 5
 dy  1
dy =   x = ( 0.3)
 dx  2 x
1
= ( 0.3) = 0.03
2 25
25.3  0.03 + 5 = 5.03
(ii) 49.5
y= x . Let x = 49 and x = 0.5.
y = x + x − x = 49.5 − 49 = 49.5 − 7
 49.5 = 7 + y
 dy  1
dy =   x = ( 0.5)
 dx  2 x
1 1
= ( 0.5) = ( 0.5) = 0.035
2 49 14
49.5  7 + 0.035 = 7.035
(iii) 0.6
y= x .Let x = 1 and x = −0.4.
y = x + x − x = 0.6 − 1
Top tutor.
 0.6 = 1 + y
 dy  1
dy =   x = ( x )
 dx  2 x
1
= ( −0.4 ) = −0.2
2
0.6  1 + ( −0.2) = 1 − 0.2 = 0.8
1
(iv) ( 0.009) 3
1
y = x . Let x = 0.008 and x = 0.001.
3
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) 3 − ( x ) 3 = ( 0.009 ) 3 − ( 0.008) 3 = ( 0.009 ) 3 − 0.2
1
 ( 0.009 ) 3 = 0.2 + y
 dy  1
2 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  3( x )3
1 0.001
= ( 0.001) = = 0.008
3 x 0.04 0.12
1
( 0.009) 3 is 0.2 + 0.008 = 0.208.
1
(v) ( 0.999)10
1
y = ( x )10 .Let x = 1 and x = −0.001.
1 1 1
y = ( x + x )10 − ( x )10 = ( 0.999 )10 − 1
1
 ( 0.999)10 = 1 + y
 dy  1
9 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  10 ( x )10
1
= ( −0.001) = −0.0001
10
1
( 0.999)10 is 1 + ( −0.0001) = 0.9999.
1
(vi) (15) 4
Top tutor.
1
y = x . Let x = 16 and x = −1.
4
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) − x = (15) 4 − (16 ) 4 = (15) 4 − 2
4 4
 (15 ) 4 = 2 + y
1
 dy  1
3 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  4 ( x)4
1 −1 −1
= 3 ( −1) = = = −0.03125
4 (16 ) 4
4x8 32
1
(15) 4 is 2 + ( −0.03125) = 1.96875.
1
(vii) ( 26)3
1
y = ( x ) 3 .Let x = 27 and x = −1.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x )3 − ( x ) 3 = ( 26)3 − ( 27 )3 = ( 26)3 − 3
1
 ( 26)3 = 3 + y
 dy  1
2 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  3( x )3
1 −1
= 2 ( −1) = = −0.0370
3 ( 27 ) 3
27
1
( 26)3 is 3 + ( −0.0370) = 2.9629.
1
(viii) ( 255) 4
1
y = ( x ) 4 . Let x = 256 and x = −1.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) 4 − ( x ) 4 = ( 255) 4 − ( 256) 4 = ( 255) 4 − 4
1
 ( 255) 4 = 4 + y
 dy  1
3 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  4( x) 4
Top tutor.
1 −1
= 3 ( −1) = = −0.0039
4 ( 256 ) 4
4x43
1
( 255) 4 is 4 + ( −0.0039) = 3.9961.
1
(iX) (82) 4
1
y = x 4 .Let x = 81 and x = 1.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) 4 − ( x ) 4 = (82) 4 − (81) 4 = (82) 4 − 3
1
 (82) 4 = y + 3
 dy  1
3 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  4 ( x)4
1 1 1
= (1) = = = 0.009
4 ( 3)
3 3
4 ( 81) 4
108
1
(82) 4 is 3 + 0.009 = 3.009.
1
(x) ( 401) 2
1
y = x 2 .Let x = 400 and x = 1.
y = x + x − x = 401 − 400 = 401 − 20
 401 = 20 + y
 dy  1
dy =   x = ( x )
 dx  2 x
1 1
= (1) = = 0.025
2x20 40
401 is 20 + 0.025 = 20.025 .
1
(xi) ( 0.0037 ) 2
1
y = x 2 . Let x = 0.0036 and x = 0.0001.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) 2 − ( x ) 2 = ( 0.0037 ) 2 − ( 0.0036 ) 2 = ( 0.0037 ) 2 − 0.06
Top tutor.
1
 ( 0.0037 ) 2 = 0.06 + y
 dy  1
dy =   x = ( x )
 dx  2 x
1
= ( 0.0001)
2x0.06
0.0001
= = 0.00083
0.12
1
( 0.0037 ) 2 is 0.06 + 0.00083 = 0.6083.
1
(xii) ( 26.57 ) 3
1
y = x 3 . Let x = 27 and x = −0.43.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) − x = ( 26.57 ) 3 − ( 27 ) 3 = ( 26.57 ) 3 − 3
3 3
1
 ( 26.57 )3 = 3 + y
 dy  1
2 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  3( x )3
1
= ( −0.43)
3(9)
−0.43
= = −0.015
27
1
( 26.57 )3 is 3 + ( −0.015) = 2.984.
1
(xiii) ( 81.5) 4
1
y = x 4 .Let x = 81 and x = 0.5.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) 4 − ( x ) 4 = (81.5) 4 − (81) 4 = (81.5) 4 − 3
1
 (81.5) 4 = 3 + y
 dy  1
3 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  4 ( x)4
Top tutor.
1 0.5
= ( 0.5) = = 0.0046
4 ( 3)
3
108
1
(81.5) 4 is 3 + 0.0046 = 3.0046.
3
(xiv) ( 3.968) 2
3
y = x .Let x = 4 and x = −0.032.
2
3 3 3 3 3
y = ( x + x ) − x = ( 3.968) 2 − ( 4 ) 2 = ( 3.968) 2 − 8
2 2
3
 ( 3.968) 2 = 8 + y
 dy  3 1
dy =   x = ( x ) 2 ( x )
 dx  2
3
= ( 2 )( −0.032 )
2
= −0.096
3
( 3.968) 2 is 8 + ( −0.096) = 7.904.
1
(XV) ( 32.15)15
1
y = x 5 .Let x = 32 and x = −0.15.
1 1 1 1 1
y = ( x + x ) 5 − x 5 = ( 32.15) 5 − ( 32 ) 5 = ( 32.15) 5 − 2
1
 ( 32.15)15 = 2 + y
 dy  1
4 (
dy =   x = . x )
 dx  5( x) 5
1
= ( 0.15 )
5x ( 2 )
4
0.15
= = 0.00187
80
1
(32.15)15 is 2 + 0.00187 = 2.00187.
Top tutor.
Question 2:
Find the approximate value of ( 2.01) , where f ( x ) = 4x2 + 5x + 2 .
Solution 2:
x = 2 and x = 0.01
f ( 2.01) = f ( x + x ) = 4 ( x + x ) + 5 ( x + x ) + 2
2
y = f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
f ( x + x ) = f ( x ) + y
 f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) .x
 f ( 2.01)  ( 4 x 2 + 5x + 2 ) + (8x + 5) x
= 4 ( 2) + 5 ( 2) + 2 + 8 ( 2) + 5 ( 0.01)

2
 
= (16 + 10 + 2 ) + (16 + 5 )( 0.01)
= 28 + ( 21)( 0.01)
= 28 + 0.21
= 28.21
f ( 2.01) is 28.21.
Question 3:
Find the approximate value of f ( 5.001) , where f ( x ) = x3 − 7 x2 + 15.
Solution 3:
x = 5 and x = 0.001
f ( 5.001) = f ( x + x ) = ( x + x ) − 7 ( x + x ) + 15
3 2
y = f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
 f ( x + x ) = f ( x ) + y
 f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) .x
 f ( 5.001)  ( x3 − 7 x 2 + 15) + ( 3x 2 − 14 x ) x
= ( 5) − 7 ( 5) + 15 + 3 ( 5) −14 (5) ( 0.001)

3 2 2
   
= (125 − 175 + 15) + ( 75 − 70 )( 0.001)
= −35 + ( 5 )( 0.001)
= −35 + 0.005
= −34.995
Top tutor.
f ( 5.001) is −34.995.
Question 4:
Find the approximate change in the volume V of a cube side x meters caused by increasing side
by 1%.
Solution 4:
V = x3 .
 dV 
 dV =   x
 dx 
= ( 3x2 ) x
= ( 3x 2 ) ( 0.01x )
= 0.03x3
So, the approx change in the volume of the cube is 0.03x3m3 .
Question 5:
Find the approximate change in the surface area of a cube of side x meters caused by decreasing
the side by 1%.
Solution 5:
S = 6 x2 .
dS  dS 
 =   x
dx  dx 
= (12x ) x
= (12 x )( 0.01x )
= 0.12x2
So, the approx change in volume of cube is 0.12 x2 m2 .
Question 6:
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7m with an error of 0.02m, then find the approximate
error in calculating its volume.
Solution 6:
r = 7 m and r = 0.02m
Top tutor.
4
V =  r3
3
dV
 = 4 r 2
dr
 dV 
 dV =   r
 dr 
= ( 4 r 2 ) r
= 4 ( 7 ) ( 0.02 ) m3 = 3.92 m3
2
So, the approx error in calculating the volume is 3.92  m3 .
Question 7:
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9m with an error of 0.03m, then find the approximate
error in calculating in surface area.
Solution 7:
r = 9m and r = 0.03m
= ( 4 r 2 ) = 8 r
dS d

dr dr
 dS 
 dS =   r
 dr 
= ( 8 r ) r
= 8 ( 9 )( 0.03) m 2
= 2.16 m 2
So, the approx error in calculating the surface area is 2.16 m2 .
Question 8:
If f ( x ) = 3x2 + 15x + 5 , then the approximate value of ( 3.02) is
A. 47.66 , B. 57.66 , C. 67.66 , D. 77.66
Solution 8:
f ( 3.02 ) = f ( x + x ) = 3 ( x + x ) + 15 ( x + x ) + 5
2
y = f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
 f ( x + x ) = f ( x ) + y
Top tutor.
 f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) x
 f ( 3.02)  ( 3x 2 + 15x + 5) + ( 6 x + 15) x
= 3 ( 32 ) + 15 ( 3) + 5 + 6 ( 3) + 15 ( 0.02 )
= ( 27 + 45 + 5 ) + (18 + 15 )( 0.02 )
= 77 + ( 33)( 0.02 )
= 77 + 0.66
= 77.66
So, approx value of ( 3.02) is 77.66.
Question 9:
The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing the side
by 3% is
A. 0.06x3m3 B. 0.6x3m3 C. 0.09x3m3 D. 0.9x3m3
Solution 9:
V = x3 .
 dV 
 dV =   x
 dx 
= ( 3 x 2 ) x
= ( 3 x 2 ) ( 0.03 x )
= 0.09x3m3
So, the approx change in the volume of the cube is 0.09 x3m3 .
The correct answer is C.
Exercise 6.5
Question 1:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following given by
f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1) + 3 f ( x ) = 9x2 + 12x + 2 f ( x ) = − ( x − 1) + 10
2 2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
g ( x ) = x3 + 1
Solution 1:
(i) f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1) + 3
2
Top tutor.
( 2 x − 1)  0 for every x R.
2
f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1) + 3  3 for x R.
2
The minimum value of f occurs when when 2 x − 1 = 0.

1
2x −1 = 0 , x =
2
2
1  1 
Min value of f   =  2. − 1 + 3 = 3.
 2  2 
The function f does not have a maximum value.
(ii) f ( x ) = 9 x 2 + 12 x + 2 = ( 3x 2 + 2 ) − 2.
2
( 3x + 2 )  0 for xR.
2 2
f ( x ) = ( 3x 2 + 2 ) − 2  −2 for x R.
2
minimum value of f is when 3 x + 2 = 0.

−2
3x + 2 = 0 = 0 , x =
3
2
 2    −2  
Minimum value of f  −  =  3   + 2  − 2 = −2
 3   3  
f does not have a maximum value.
(iii)
f ( x ) = − ( x − 1) + 10 .
2
( x − 1)  0 for x R.
2
f ( x ) = − ( x − 1) + 10  10 for x R.
2
maximum value of f is when ( x − 1) = 0.

( x −1) = 0 , x=0
Maximum value of f = f (1) = − (1 − 1) + 10 = 10
2
f does not have a minimum value.
Top tutor.
(iv)
g ( x ) = x3 + 1.
g neither has a maximum value nor a minimum value.
Question 2:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following functions given by
(i) f ( x ) = x + 2 −1 (ii) g ( x ) = − x + 1 + 3 (iii) h ( x ) = sin ( 2x ) + 5 (iv) f ( x ) = sin 4x + 3
(v) h ( x ) = x + 4, x  ( −1,1)
Solution 2:
(i) f ( x ) = x + 2 −1
x + 2  0 for xR.
f ( x ) = x + 2 −1  −1for xR.
minimum value of f is when x + 2 = 0 .
x+2 =0
 x = −2
Minimum value of f = f ( −2) = = −2 + 2 −1 = −1
f does not have a maximum value.
(ii) g ( x ) = − x + 1 + 3
− x + 1  0 for xR.
g ( x ) = − x + 1 + 3  3 for xR.
maximum value of g is when x + 1 = 0 .
x +1 = 0
 x = −1
Maximum value of g = g ( −1) = − −1 + 1 + 3 = 3
g does not have a minimum value.
(iii) h ( x ) = sin 2x + 5
−1  sin 2 x  1.
−1 + 5  sin 2 x + 5  1 + 5
4  sin 2 x + 5  6
maximum and minimum values of h are 6 and 4 respectively.
(iv) f ( x ) = sin 4x + 3
Top tutor.
−1  sin 4 x  1.
2  sin 4 x + 3  4
2  sin 4 x + 3  4
maximum and minimum values of f are 4 and 2 respectively.
(v) h ( x ) = x + 4, x  ( −1,1)
x0
Here, if a point x0 is closest to − 1 , then we find + 1  x 0 + 1 for all x 0  ( −1,1) .
2
x +1
Also if x1 is closet to − 1 , then we find x1 + 1  1 + 1 for all x 0  ( −1,1) .
2
function has neither maximum nor minimum value in ( −1,1) .
Question 3:
Find the local maxima and local minima, if any, of the following functions. Find also the local
maximum and the local minimum values, as the case may be:

(i) f ( x ) = x2 (ii) g ( x ) = x3 − 3x (iii) h ( x ) = sin x + cos.0  x 
2
(iv) f ( x ) = sin x − cos x,0  x  2 (v) f ( x ) = x − 6x + 9x + 15
3 2
(vii) f ( x ) = x 1 − x , x  0
x 2 1
(vi) g ( x ) = + , x  0 (vii) g ( x ) = 2
2 x x +2
Solution 3:
(i) f ( x ) = x2
 f ' ( x ) = 2x
f ' ( x) = 0  x = 0
We have f ' ( 0) = 2, .
by second derivative test, x = 0 is a point of local minima and local minimum value of f
at x = 0 is f ( 0) = 0.
(ii) g ( x ) = x3 − 3x
 g ' ( x ) = 3x2 − 3
Top tutor.
g ' ( x ) = 0  3x 2 = 3  x = 1
g ' ( x ) = 6x
g ' (1) = 6  0
g ' ( −1) = −6  0
By second derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value of g
At x = 1 is g (1) = 13 − 3 = 1 − 3 = −2.
x = −1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of g at

x = −1 is g (1) = ( −1) − 3 ( −1) = −1 + 3 = −2.
3

(iii) h ( x ) = sin x + cos.0  x 
2
 h' ( x ) = cos x + sin x
  
h' ( x ) = 0  sin x = cos x  tan x = 1  x =   0, 
4  2
h' ( x ) = sin x − cos x = − ( sin x + cos x )
   1 1  2
h'   = −  +  =− =− 20
4  2 2 2

Therefore, by second derivative test, x = is a point of local maxima and the local
4
     1 1
Maximum value of h at x = is h   = sin + cos = + = 2.
4 4 4 4 2 2
(iv) f ( x ) = sin x − cos x,0  x  2
 f ' ( x ) = cos x + sin x
3 7
f ' ( x ) = 0  cos x = − sin x  tan x = −1  x = ,  ( 0, 2 )
4 4
f '' ( x ) = − sin x + cos x
 3  3 3 1 1
f ''   = − sin + cos =− − =− 2 0
 4  4 4 2 2
 7  7 7 1 1
f ''   = − sin + cos = + = 2 0
 4  4 4 2 2
Top tutor.
3
, by second derivative test, x = is a point of local maxima and the local maximum value of
4
3
f at x = is
4
 3  3 3 1 1
f   = sin cos = + = 2.
 4  4 4 2 2
7 7
x= is a point of local minima and the local minimum value of f at x = is
4 4
 7  7 7 1 1
f  = sin − cos =− − = − 2.
 4  4 4 2 2
(v) f ( x ) = x3 − 6x + 9x + 15
 f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 12 x + 9
f ( x ) = 0  3 ( x 2 − 4 x + 3) = 0
 3 ( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0
 x = 1,3
f " ( x ) = 6 x − 12 = 6 ( x − 2 )
f " (1) = 6 (1 − 2 ) = −6  0
f " ( 3) = 6 ( 3 − 2 ) = 6  0
by second derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local maxima and the local maximum value of f at
x = 1 is f (1) = 1 − 6 + 9 + 15 = 19.
x = 3 is a point of local minima and the local minimum value of f at x = 3 is
f ( 3) = 27 − 54 + 27 + 15 = 15.
x 2
(vi) g ( x ) = + ,x 0
2 x
1 2
 g' ( x) = − 2
2 x
2 1
g ' ( x ) = 0  2 =  x3 = 4  x = 
x 2
x  0 , x = 2.
Top tutor.
4
g '' ( x ) =
x3
4 1
g '' ( 2 ) = 3 =  0
2 2
by second derivative test, x = 2 is a point of local minima and the local minimum value of g at
2 2
x = 2 is g ( 2 ) = + = 1 + 1 = 2.
2 2
1
(vii) g ( x ) = 2
x +2
−(2 x)
 g' ( x) =
( )
2
x3 + 2
−2 x
g' ( x) = 0  =0 x=0
(x + 2)
3 2
for values close to x = 0 and left of 0 , g1 ( x )  0.

for values close to x = 0 and to right of 0 g1 ( x )  0.
by first derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and the local maximum value of g ( 0) is
1 1
= .
0+2 2
(viii) f ( x ) = x 1 − x , x  0
Top tutor.
1 x
 f ' ( x ) = x 1 − x + x. ( −1) = 1− x −
2 1− x 2 1− x
2 (1 − x ) − x 2 − 3x
= −
2 1− x 2 1− x
2 − 3x 2
f ' ( x) = 0  = 0  2 − 3x = 0  x =
2 1− x 3
  −1  
 1 − x ( −3) − ( 2 − 3 x )  
1
f '' ( x ) =   2 1− x  
2 1− x 
 
 
 1 
1 − x ( −3) + 2 ( 2 − 3 x )  
=  2 1− x 
2 (1 − x )
−6 (1 − x ) + 2 ( 2 − 3 x )
= 3
4 (1 − x ) 2
3x − 4
= 3
4 (1 − x ) 2
2
3  − 4
2 2−4 −1
f" =   3 =
3
= 0
3
3 3
 2 2 1 2 1 2
4 1 −  4  2 
 3  3  3
2
by second derivative test, x = is a point of local maxima and the local maximum value of f
3
2
at x = is
3
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3
f  = 1− = = = .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9
Question 4:
Prove that the following functions do not have maxima or minima:
(i) f ( x ) = e x (ii) g ( x ) = log x (iii) h ( x ) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
Solution 4:
Top tutor.
(i) f ( x ) = e x
 f ' ( x ) = ex
if f ' ( x ) = 0, e x = 0 . But exponential function can never be 0 for any value of x.
There is no cR such that f ' ( c ) = 0.
f does not have maxima or minima.
(ii) We have,
g ( x ) = log x
1
 g' ( x) =
x
log x is defined for positive x , g ' ( x )  0 for any x.
there does not exist cR such that g ' ( c ) = 0 .
function g does not have maxima or minima.
(iii) We have,
h ( x ) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
 h' ( x ) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
there does not exist cR such that h' ( c ) = 0.
function h does not have maxima or minima.
Question 5:
Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of the following functions
in the given intervals:
1  9
(i) f ( x ) = x3 , x −2, 2 (ii) f ( x ) = sin x + cos x, x 0,   (iii) f ( x ) = 4 x − x 2 , x   −2, 
2  2
(iv) f ( x ) = ( x − 1) + 3, x   −3,1
2
Solution 5:
(i) f ( x ) = x3 .
 f ' ( x ) = 3x2
f ' ( x) = 0  x = 0
Top tutor.
f ( 0) = 0
f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = −8
3
f ( 2) = ( 2) = 8
3
Hence, the absolute maximum of f on  −2, 2. is 8 at x = −2.

the absolute minimum of f on  −2, 2 is − 8 at x = −2.
(ii)
f ( x ) = sin x + cos x .
 f ' ( x ) = cos x − sin x

f ' ( x ) = 0  sin x = cos x  tan x = 1  x =
4
    1 1 2
f   = sin + cos = + = = 2
4 4 4 2 2 2
f ( 0 ) = sin 0 + cos 0 = 0 + 1 = 1
f ( ) = sin  + cos  = 0 − 1 = 1

the absolute maximum of f on 0,   is 2 at x =
4
the absolute minimum of f on 0,   is − 1 at x =  .
(iii)
1 2
f ( x) = 4x − x
2
1
 f ' ( x) = 4x − ( 2x ) = 4 − x
2
f ' ( x) = 0  x = 4
1
f ( 4 ) = 16 − (16 ) = 16 − 8 = 8
2
1
f ( −2 ) = −8 − ( 4 ) = −8 − 2 = −10
2
2
9 9 19 81
f   = 4   −   = 18 − = 18 − 10.125 = 7.875
2 2 22 8
Top tutor.
 9
the absolute maximum of f on  −2,  is 8 at x = 4
 2
 9
the absolute minimum of f on  −2,  is −10 at x = −2.
 2
(iv)
f ( x ) = ( x − 1) + 3 .
2
 f ' ( x ) = 2 ( x −1)
f ' ( x ) = 0  2 ( x −1) = 0, x = 1
f (1) = (1 − 1) + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3
2
f ( −3) = ( −3 − 1) + 3 = 16 + 3 = 19
2
absolute maximum value of f on  −3,1 is 19 at x = −3

minimum value of f on  −3,1 is at x = 1 .
Question 6:
Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit function is given by
p ( x ) = 41 − 24x −18x2
Solution 6:
p ( x ) = 41 − 24x −18x2 .
 p ' ( x ) = −24 − 36 x
p '' ( x ) = −36
−24 2
p' ( x ) = 0  x = =−
36 3
 −2 
p ''   = −36  0
 3 
2
By second derivative test, x = − is the point of local maximum of p .
3
 2
Maximum profit = p =  − 
 3
2
 2  2
= 41 − 24  −  − 18  − 
 3  3
= 41 + 16 − 8
Top tutor.
= 49
Question 7:
1
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f ( x ) = x 3 + , x  0 is
x3
(i) Increasing (ii) Decreasing
Solution 7:
1
f ( x ) = x3 +
x3
3 3x 6 − 3
 f ( x ) = 3x − 4 =
' 2
x x4
f ' ( x ) = 0  3x6 − 3 = 0  x6 = 1  x = 1
In ( −, −1) and (1,) , f ' ( x )  0.

when x  −1 and x  1, f is increasing.
In ( −1,1) , f ' ( x )  0.
when −1  x  1, f is decreasing.
Question 8:
At what points in the interval 0, 2  , does the function sin 2x attain, its maximum value?
Solution 8:
f ( x ) = sin 2x.
 f ' ( x ) = 2cos 2x
f ' ( x ) = 0  cos 2 x = 0
 3 5 7
 2x =
, , ,
2 2 2 2
 3 5 7
x= , , ,
4 4 4 4
.
Top tutor.
    3  3
f   = sin = 1, f   = sin = −1
4 2  4  2
 5  5  7  7
f  = sin = 1, f   = sin = −1
 4  2  4  2
f ( 0 ) = sin 0 = 0, f ( 2 ) = sin 2 = 0
 5
absolute maximum value of f 0, 2  is at x = and x = .
4 4
Question 9:
What is the maximum value of the function sin x + cos x ?
Solution 9:
f ( x ) = sin x + cos x
 f ' ( x ) = cos x − sin x
 5
f ' ( x ) = 0  sin x = cos x  tan x = 1  x = , ...,
4 4
f ' ( x ) = − sin x − cos x = − ( sin x + cos x )
f '' ( x ) will be negative when (sin x + cos x ) is positive

we know that sin x and cos x are positive in the first quadrant
 
f '' ( x ) will be negative when x   0,  .
 2

consider x = .
4
      2 
f "   = −  sin + cos  = −  =− 20
4  4 4  2

By second derivative test, f will be the maximum at x = and the maximum value of f is
4
    1 1 2
f   = sin + cos = x = = 2.
4 4 4 2 2 2
Question 10:
Find the maximum value of 2 x3 − 24 x + 107 in the interval 1,3 . Find the maximum value of
the same function in  −3, −1 .
Top tutor.
Solution 10:
f ( x ) = 2x3 − 24x + 107
 f ' ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 24 = 6 ( x 2 − 4 )
f ' ( x ) = 0  6 ( x 2 − 4 ) = 0  x 2 = 4  x = 2
consider 1,3.
f ( 2 ) = 2 (8) − 24 ( 2 ) + 107 = 16 − 48 + 107 = 75
f (1) = 2 (1) − 24 (1) + 107 = 2 − 24 + 107 = 85
f ( 3) = 2 ( 27 ) − 24 ( 3) + 107 = 54 − 72 + 107 = 89
absolute maximum of f ( x ) in the 1,3 is 89 at x = 3.
consider  −3, −1 .

f ( −3) = 2 ( −27 ) − 24 ( −3) + 107 = 54 + 72 + 107 = 125
f ( −1) = 2 ( −1) − 24 ( −1) + 107 = 2 + 24 + 107 = 129
f ( −2 ) = 2 ( −8 ) − 24 ( −2 ) + 107 = −16 + 48 + 107 = 139
absolute maximum of f ( x ) in  −3, −1 is 139 at x = −2.
Question 11:
It is given that at x = 1 , the function x4 − 62 x2 + ax + 9 attains its maximum value, on the interval
0, 2 . Find the value of a .
Solution 11:
f ( x ) = x4 − 62x2 + ax + 9 .
 f ' ( x ) = 4x2 −124x + a
 f ' (1) = 0
 4 − 124 + a = 0
 a = 120
the value of a is 120.
Top tutor.
Question 12:
Find the maximum and minimum values of x + sin 2 x on 0, 2  .
Solution 12:
f ( x ) = x + sin 2x .
 f ' ( x ) = 1 + 2cos 2 x
1    2
f ' ( x ) = 0  cos 2 x = − = − cos = cos   −  = cos
2 3  3 3
2
2 x = 2  n Z
3'

 x =  , n Z
3
 2 4 5
x= , , ,   0, 2 
3 3 3 3
   2  3
f   = + sin = +
3 3 3 3 2
 2  2 4 2 3
f = + sin = −
 3  3 3 3 2
 4  4 8 4 3
f = + sin = +
 3  3 3 3 2
 5  5 10 5 3
f = + sin = −
 3  3 3 3 2
f ( 0 ) = 0 + sin 0 = 0
f ( 2 ) = 2 + sin 4 = 2 + 0 = 2
absolute maximum value of f ( x ) in 0, 2  is 2 at x = 2

absolute minimum value of f ( x ) in 0, 2  is 0 at x = 0 .
Question 13:
Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible.
Solution 13:
Let number be x .
The other number is ( 24 − x ) .
p ( x ) denote the product of the two numbers.
Top tutor.
P ( x ) = x ( 24 − x ) = 24 x − x 2
 P ' ( x ) = 24 − 2 x
P" ( x ) = −2
P' ( x ) = 0  x = 12
P" (12) = −2  0
x = 12 is point of local maxima of P .
product of the numbers is the maximum when numbers are 12 and 24 − 12 = 12.
Question 14:
Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and xy 3 is maximum.
Solution 14:
numbers are x and y such that x + y = 60 .
y = 60 − x
f ( x ) = xy3
 f ( x ) = x ( 60 − x )
3
 f ' ( x ) = ( 60 + x ) − 3x ( 60 − x )
3 2
= ( 60 + x ) 60 − x − 3x 
3
= ( 60 + x ) ( 60 − 4 x )
3
f " ( x ) = −2 ( 60 − x )( 60 − 4 x ) − 4 ( 60 − x )
2
= −2 ( 60 − x ) 60 − 4 x + 2 ( 60 − x ) 
= −2 ( 60 − x )(180 − 6 x )
= −12 ( 60 − x )( 30 − x )
f ' ( x ) = 0  x = 60 or x = 15
x = 60 , f " ( x ) = 0.
x = 15 , f " ( x ) = −12 ( 60 −15)(30 −15) = 12x45x15<0.
x = 15 is a point of local maxima of f .

function xy 3 is maximum when x = 15 and y = 60 − 15 = 45.
required numbers are 15 and 45 .
Top tutor.
Question 15:
Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the product x 2 y 5 is a maximum
Solution 15:
one number be x .
other number is y = ( 35 − x ) .
p ( x ) = x2 y5 .
P ( x ) = x 2 ( 35 − x )
5
 P ' ( x ) = 2 x ( 35 − x ) − 5 x 2 ( 35 − x )
5 4
= x ( 35 − x )  2 ( 35 − x ) − 5 x 
4
= x ( 35 − x ) ( 70 − 7 x )
4
= 7 x ( 35 − x ) (10 − x )
4
And, P" ( x ) = 7 ( 35 − x ) (10 − x ) + 7 x − ( 35 − 5) − 4 (35 − x ) (10 − x )

4 4 3
 
= 7 ( 35 − x ) (10 − x ) − 7 x ( 35 − x ) − 28 x ( 35 − x ) (10 − x )
4 4 3
= 7 ( 35 − x ) ( 35 − x )(10 − x ) − x ( 35 − x ) − 4 x (10 − x ) 

3
= 7 ( 35 − x ) 350 − 45 x + x 2 − 35 x + x 2 − 40 x + 4 x 2 
3
= 7 ( 35 − x ) ( 6 x 2 − 120 x + 350 )
3
P' ( x ) = 0  x = 0, x = 35, x = 10
x = 35, f ' ( x ) = f ( x ) = 0 and y = 35 − 35 = 0 .
x = 0, y = 35 − 0 = 35 and product x 2 y 2 will be 0 .

x = 0 and x = 35 cannot be the possible values of x .
x = 10,
P" ( x ) = 7 ( 35 − 10 ) ( 6x100-120x10+350)
3
= 7 ( 25) ( −250 )  0
3
P ( x ) will be the maximum when x = 10 and y = 35 −10 = 25 .

, the numbers are 10 and 25.
Question 16:
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes is minimum.
Top tutor.
Solution 16:
one number be x.
the other number is (16 − x ) .
sum of cubes of these numbers be denoted by S ( x ) .
S ( x ) = x3 + (16 − x )
3
 S ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 3 (16 − x ) , S " ( x ) = 6 x + 6 (16 − x )

2
S ' ( x ) = 0  3x 2 − 3 (16 − x ) = 0
2
 x 2 − (16 − x ) = 0
2
 x 2 − 256 − x 2 + 32 x = 0
256
x= =8
32
S " (8) = 6 (8) + 6 (16 − 8) = 48 + 48 = 96  0
By second derivative test, x = 8 is point of local minima of S .
sum of the cubes of the numbers is minimum when the numbers are 8 and 16 − 8 = 8 .
Question 17:
A square piece of tin od side 18 cm is to made into a box without top, by cutting a square from
each corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. What should be the side of the square to
be cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible?
Solution 17:
side of the square to be cut off be x cm.
length and breath of the box will be (18 − 2x ) cm each and the height of the box is x cm.
V ( x ) = x (18 − 2 x )
2
V ' ( x ) = (18 − 2 x ) − 4 x (18 − 2 x )

2
= (18 − 2 x ) 18 − 2 x − 4 x 
= (18 − 2 x )(18 − 6 x )
= 6 x 2 ( 9-x )( 3 − x )
= 12 ( 9 − x )( 3 − x )
V " ( x ) = 12 − ( 9 − x ) − ( 3 − x )
Top tutor.
= −12 ( 9 − x + 3 − x )
= −12 (12 − 2 x )
= −24 ( 6 − x )
v ' ( x ) = 0  x = 9 or x = 3
x = 9, then the length and the breadth will become 0.

 x  9.
 x = 3.
V " (3) = −24 ( 6 − 3) = −72  0
By second derivative test, x = 3 is the point of maxima of V .
Question 18:
A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting off
square from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be
cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible?
Solution 18:
side of the square to be cut be x cm .
height of the box is x , the length is 45 − 2 x,
breadth is 24 − 2 x.
V ( x ) = x ( 45 − 2x )( 24 − 2 x )
= x (1080 − 90 x − 48 x + 4 x 2 )
= 4 x3 − 138 x 2 + 1080 x
V ' ( x ) = 12x2 − 276 + 1080
= 12 ( x 2 − 23 x + 90 )
= 12 ( x − 18 )( x − 5 )
V " ( x ) = 24x − 276 = 12 ( 2x − 23)
V ' ( x ) = 0  x = 18 and x = 5
not possible to cut a square of side 18cm from each corner of rectangular sheet, x cannot be
equal to 18.
x=5
V " (5) = 12 (10 − 23) = 12 ( −13) = −156  0
x = 5 is the point of maxima.
Top tutor.
Question 19:
Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum
area.
Solution 19:
a rectangle of length l and breadth b be inscribed in the given circle of radius a .
the diagonal passes through the center and is of length 2a cm.
( 2a ) = l 2 + b2
2
 b 2 = 4a 2 − l 2
 b = 4a 2 − l 2
A = l 4a2 − l 2
dA 1 1
 = 4a 2 − l 2 + l ( −2l ) = 4a 2 − l 2 −
dl 2 4a − l
2 2
4a 2 − l 2
4a 2 − l 2
=
4a 2 − l 2
4a 2 − l 2 ( −4l ) − ( 4a 2 − 2l 2 )
( −2l )
2 4a 2 − l 2
2
d A
=
dl 2 ( 4a 2
− l2 )
=
( 4a 2
− l 2 ) ( −4l ) + 1( 4a 2 − 2l 2 )
3
( 4a 2 − l 2 ) 2
−12a 2l + 2l 3 −2l ( 6a 2 − l 2 )
= 3
= 3
( 4a 2
−l )
2 2
( 4a 2
− l 2 )2
Top tutor.
dA
= 0 gives 4a 2 = 2l 2  l = 2a
dl
 b = 4a2 − 2a2 = 2a2 = 2a
when l = 2a ,
d 2 A −2
=
( )
2a ( 6a 2 − 2a 2 )
=
−8 2 a 3
= −4  0
dl 2 2 2a 3 2 2a 3
when l = 2a, then area of rectangle is maximum.
Since l = b = 2a, rectangle is a square.
Question 20:
Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that is
heights is equal to the diameter of the base.
Solution 20:
S = 2 r 2 + 2 rh
S − 2 r 2
h=
2 r
S 1
=  −r
2  r 
 S  1   Sr
V =  r 2h =  r 2    − r = = − r 3
 2   
r 2
2
dV S 2 d V
= − 3 r , 2 = −6 r
dr 2 dr
dV S S
= 0  = 3 r 2  r 2 =
dr 2 6
S d 2V  S 
r2 = , = −6    0.
6 dr 2  6 
S
volume is maximum when r 2 = .
6
S 6 r 2  1 
when r 2 = , then h =   − r = 3r − r = 2r.
6 2  r 
Top tutor.
Question 21:
Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given volume of 100 cubic centimeters,
find the dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area?
Solution 21:
V =  r 2h = 100
100
h =
 r2
200
S = 2 2 + 2 rh = 2 r 2 +
r
dS 200 d 2 S 400
 = 4 r − 2 , 2 = 4 + 3
dr r dr r
dS 200
= 0  4 r = 2
dr r
200 50
 r3 = =
4 
1
 50  3
r = 
 
1
 50  3 d S
2
when r =   , 2  0.
   dr
1
 50  3
the surface area is the minimum when the radius of the cylinder is   cm .
 
1 1
 50  3  50  3
r =   , h = 2   cm .
   
Question 22:
A Wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square
and the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that the combined area
of the circle is minimum?
Solution 22:
piece of length l be cut from wire to make square.
other piece of wire to be made into circle is ( 28 − l ) m.
l
side of square= .
4
Top tutor.
1
2 r = 28 − l  r = ( 28 − l ) .
2
2
l2  1 
A = +  2 ( 28 − l ) 
16  
l2 1
= + ( 28 − l )
2
16 4
dA 2l 2 l 1
 = + ( 28 − l )( −1) = − ( 28 − l )
dl 16 4 8 2
2
d A 1 1
= + 0
dl 2 8 2
dA l l
=0 − ( 28 − l ) = 0
dl 8 2
 l − 4 ( 28 − l )
 =0
8
( + 4 ) l − 112 = 0
112
l =
 +4
112 d 2 A
when l = ,  0.
 + 4 dl 2
112
the area is minimum when l = .
 +4
Question 23:
8
Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of
27
the volume of the sphere.
Solution 23:
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed in a sphere of radius R .
Top tutor.
1
V =  r 2h
3
h = R + AB = R + R 2 − r 2
1
(
V =  r 2 R + R 2 − r 2
3
)
1 1
=  r 2 R +  r 2 R2 + r 2
3 3
dV 2 2 1 ( −2r )
 =  rR +  r R2 − r 2 +  r 2 .
dr 3 3 3 2 R2 − r 2
2 2 1 r3
=  rR +  r R 2 − r 2 − 
3 3 3 R2 − r 2
2 2 r ( R 2 − r 2 ) −  r 3
=  rR +
3 3 R2 − r 2
2 2 rR 2 − 3 r 3
=  rR + .
3 3 R2 − r 2
( −2r )
3 R 2 − r 2 ( 2 R 2 − 9 r 2 ) − ( 2 rR 2 − 3 r 3 ) .
d V 2 R
2
6 R2 − r 2
= +
dr 2 3 9 ( R2 − r 2 )
2 9 ( R 2 − r 2 )( 2 R 2 − 9 r 2 ) + 2 r 2 R 2 + 3 r 4
=  rR + 3
27 ( R 2 − r 2 ) 2
3
dV 2 3 r 3 − 2 R 2
= 0   rR =
dr 3 3 R2 − r 2
3 r 3 − 2 R 2
 2R = = 2 R R 2 − r 2 = 3r 2 − 2 R 2
R −r
2 2
 4 R 2 ( R 2 − r 2 ) = ( 3r 2 − 2 R 2 )
2
 4 R 4 − 4 R 2 r 2 = 9r 4 + 4 R 4 − 12r 2 R 2
 9r 4 = 8 R 2 r 2
8 2
 r2 = R
9
8 d 2V
r 2 = R 2 , 2  0.
9 dr
8 2
volume of the cone is the maximum when r 2 = R .
9
Top tutor.
8 2 8 1 2 R 4
r2 = R , h = R + R2 − R2 = R + R = R + = R.
9 9 9 3 3
1  8  4 
=   R 2  R 
3  9  3 
8 4 
=   R3 
27  3 
8
= x ( volume of the sphere )
27
Question 24:
Show that he right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal
to 2 time the radius of the base.
Solution 24:
1 3V
V=  r 2h  h = 2
3 r
S =  rl
=  r r 2 + h2
9V 2 r 92 r 6 + V 2
=  r r2 + 
 2r 4 =  r2
1
=  2 r 6 + 9V 2
r
6 2 r 5
r. −  2 r 6 + 9V 2
= 2  r + 9V 2
2 6 2
dS

dr r
3 r −  r − 9V 2
2 6 2 6
=
r 2  2 r 6 + 9V 2
2 2 r 6 − 9V 2
=
r 2  2 r 6 + 9V 2
2 2 r 6 − 9V 2
=
r 2  2 r 6 + 9V 2
dS 9V 2
= 0  2 2 r 6 = 9V 2  r 6 = 2
dr 2
2 2
9V d S
r 6 = 2 , 2  0.
2 dr
Top tutor.
9V 2
surface area of the cone is least when r 6 =
2 2
1
9V 2 3V 3V  2 2r 6  2 3 2 r 3
r6 = 2 , h = 2 = 2   = . = 2 r.
2  r  r  9   r2 3
Question 25:
Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant height
is tan −1 2 .
Solution 25:
Let  be semi-vertical angle of cone.
 
  0,  .
 2
r = l sin  and h = l cos 

1
V =  r 2h
3
=  ( l 2 sin 2  ) ( l cos  )
1
3
1
=  l 3 sin 2  cos 
3
dV l 3
 = sin 2  ( − sin  ) + cos  ( 2sin  cos  ) 
d 3
l 3
=  − sin 3 + 2sin  cos 2  
3
d 2V l 3
=  −3sin 2  cos  + 2cos3  − 4sin 2  cos  
d 2
3
l 3
=  2cos 2  − 7sin 2  cos  
3
dV
=0
d
Top tutor.
 sin 3  = 2sin  cos 2 

 tan 2  = 2
 tan  = 2
  = tan −1 2
when  = tan −1 2 , then tan 2  = 2 or sin 2  = 2cos2  .
d 2V l 3  
=  2 cos3  − 14 cos3   = −4 l 3 cos3   0 for   0, 
d 2
3  2
volume is the maximum when  = tan −1 2.
Question 26:
The point on the curve x 2 = 2 y which is nearest to the point ( 0,5) is
( ) (
(A) 2 2, 4 (B) 2 2, 0 (C) ( 0,0) (D) ( 2, 2))
Solution 26:
 x2 
position of point is  x,  .
 2
 x2 
distance d ( x ) between points  x,  and ( 0,5) is
 2
2
 x2  x4 x4
d ( x ) = ( x − 0 ) +  − 5  = x 2 + + 25 − 5 x 2 = − 4 x 2 + 25
2
 2  4 4
d ( x) =
' (x 3
− 8x )
=
(x 3
− 8x )
x4 x 4 − 16 x 2 + 100
2 − 4 x 2 + 25
4
d ' ( x ) = 0  x3 − 8 x = 0
 x ( x 2 − 8) = 0
 x = 0, 2 2
4 x3 − 32 x
x 2 − 16 x 2 + 100 ( 3x 2 − 8 ) − ( x3 − 8 x ) .
d '' ( x ) = 2 x 4 − 16 x 2 + 100
(x 2
− 16 x 2 + 100 )
=
(x 
− 16 x 2 + 100 )( 3x 2 − 8) − 2 ( x3 − 8 x )( x3 − 8 x )
3
( x4 −16 x2 + 100) 2
Top tutor.
(x − 16 x 2 + 100 )( 3x 2 − 8 ) − 2 ( x3 − 8 x )
4 2
= 3
(x 4
− 16 x 2 + 100 ) 2
36 ( −8)
x = 0, then d " ( x ) =  0.
63
x = 2 2, d " ( x )  0.
d ( x ) is the minimum at x = 2 2.
(2 2 )
2
x = 2 2, y =
= 4.
2
Question 27:
1 − x + x2
For all real values of x , the minimum value of is
1 + x + x2
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D)
3
Solution 27:
1 − x + x2
f ( x) =
1 + x + x2
(1 − x + x ) ( −1 + 2 x ) − (1 − x + x ) (1 + 2 x )
2 2
f '
( x) =
(1 + x + x ) 2 2
−1 + 2 x − x + 2 x 2 − x 2 + 2 x 2 − 1 − 2 x + x + 2 x 2 − x 2 − 2 x3
=
(1 + x + x ) 2 2
2x − 2 22 ( x − 1) 2
= =
(1 + x + x ) (1 + x + x )
2 2 2 2
 f ' ( x ) = 0  x 2 = 1  x = 1
2 (1 + x + x 2 ) ( 2 x ) − ( x 2 − 1) (2) (1 + x + x 2 ) (1 + 2 x ) 
f "
( x) =
(1 + x + x ) 2 4
Top tutor.
4 (1 + x + x 2 ) (1 + x + x 2 ) x − ( x 2 − 1) (1 + 2 x ) 
=
(1 + x + x )
2 4
 x + x 2 + x3 − x 2 − 2 x3 + 1 + 2 x 
=4
(1 + x + x2 )
3
4 (1 + 3 x − x3 )
=
(1 + x + x ) 2 3
4 (1 + 3 − 1) 4 ( 3) 4
f " (1) = = = 0
(1 + 1 + 1) ( 3)
3 3
9
4 (1 − 3 + 1)
f " ( −1) = = 4 ( −1) = 4  0
(1 + 1 + 1)
3
f is the minimum at x = 1 and the minimum value is given by

1−1 +1 1
f (1) = = .
1+1+1 3
Question 28:
1
The maximum value of  x ( x + 1) + 1 3 ,0  x  1 is
1
 1 3 1
(A)   (B) (C) 1 (D) 0
3 2
Solution 28:
1
f ( x ) =  x ( x + 1) + 1 3 .
2x −1
 f ' ( x) = 2
3  x ( x + 1) + 1 3
1
f ' ( x) = 0  x =
2
1
f ( 0 ) = 0 ( 0 − 1) + 1 3 = 1
1
f (1) = 1(1 − 1) + 1 = 1 3
1 1
 1   1  −1   3  3  3
f   =    + 1 =  
 2  2  2    4 
Top tutor.
maximum value of f in 0,1 is 1.

The correct answer is C.
Miscellaneous Solutions:
Question 1:
Using differentials, find the approximate value of each of the following.
1
 17  4 1
(a)   (b) ( 33) 5
 81 
Solution 1:
(a)
1
y = x4.
16
x=
81
1
x = .
81
1 1
y = ( x + x ) 4 − x 4
1 1
 17  4  16  4
=  - 
 81   81 
1
 17  4 2
=  −
 81  3
1
 17  4 2
=   = + y
 81  3
 dy  1
3 (
dy =   x = x )
 dx  4( x) 4
1  1  27 1 1 1
=  = x = = = 0.010
 
3
81 4x8 81 32x3 96
 16  4
4 
 81 
1
 17  4 2
approximate value of   is + 0.010 = 0.667 + 0.010
 81  3
Top tutor.
= 0.677.
(b)
1
y = x5 .
x = 32
x = 1.
1 1 1 1 1
− 1
y = ( x + x ) − x = ( 33) − ( 32 ) = (33) −
5 5 5 5 5
2
1
1
 ( 33) 5 = + y
2
 dy  −1
dy =   = ( x ) = 6 (
x )
 dx  5( x)5
1 1
= (1) = = −0.003
5 ( 2)
6
320
1
approximate value of ( 33) 5 is
1
+ ( −0.003) = 0.5 − 0.003 = 0.497.
2
Question 2:
log x
Show that the function given by f ( x ) = has maximum at x = e.
x
Solution 2:
log x
f ( x) =
x
1
x   − log x
1 − log x
f ' ( x) =   2
x
=
x x2
f ' ( x) = 0
 1 − log x = 0
 log x = 1
 log x = log e
x=e
 1
x 2  −  − (1 − log x )( 2 x )
f " ( x) = 
x
x4
Top tutor.
− x − 2 x (1 − log x )
=
x4
−3 + 2 log x
=
x3
−3 + 2 log e −3 + 2 −1
f " ( e ) == = = 3 0
e3 e3 e
f is the maximum at x = e.
Question 3:
The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of 3cm
per second. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base?
Solution 3:
Let ABC be isosceles where BC is the base of fixed length b .
Let the length of the two equal sides of ABC be a.
Draw AD ⊥ BC.
b2
AD = a 2 −
4
1 b2
Area of triangle = b a2 −
2 4
da
= −3cm / s
dt
da −3ab
 =
dt 4a 2 − b 2
when a = b ,
Top tutor.
dA −3b 2 −3b 2
= = = − 3b
dt 4b 2 − b 2 3b 2
Question 4:
Find the equation of the normal to curve y 2 = 4 x at the point (1, 2) .
Solution 4:
dy
2y =4
dx
dy 4 2
 = =
dx 2 y y
dy  2
  = =1
dx  (1,2) 2
−1 −1
slope of the normal at (1, 2 ) is = = −1.
dy  1
dx  (1,2)
Equation of normal at (1, 2 ) is y − 2 = −1( x −1) .
y − 2 = −x +1
x + y −3 = 0
Question 5:
Show that the normal at any point  to the curve
x = a cos + a sin  , y = a sin  − a cos is at a constant distance from the origin.
Solution 5:
x = a cos  + a sin  .
dx
 = −a sin  + a sin  + a  cos  = a  cos 
d
y = a sin  − a  cos 
dy
 = a cos  − a cos  + a  sin  = a  sin 
d
dy dy d a  sin 
 = . = = tan 
dx d dx a  cos 
1
Slope of normal at any point  is .
tan 
equation of normal at a given point ( x, y ) is given by,
Top tutor.
perpendicular distance of normal from origin is

−a −a
= = − a , which is independent of  .
cos  + sin 
2 2
1
perpendicular distance of normal from origin is constant.
Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by
4 sin x − 2 x − x cos x
f ( x) =
2 + cos x
Is (i) increasing (ii) decreasing
Solution 6:
f ' ( x) = 0
 cos x = 0 cos x = 4
cos x  4
cos x = 0
 3
x= ,
2 2
   3  '
 and  , 2  , f ( x )  0.
In  0,
 2  2 
Top tutor.
f ( x ) is increasing for 0  x  x and 3  x  2 .

2 2
  3  '
In  ,  , f ( x )  0.
2 2 
f ( x ) is decreasing for   x  3 .
2 2
Question 7:
1
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f ( x ) = x 3 + , x  0 is
x3
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing
Solution 7:
1
f ( x ) = x3 +
x3
3 3x 6 − 3
 f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − =
x4 x4
f ' ( x ) = 0  3x6 − 3 = 0  x6 = x = 1
In ( −,1) and (1,) i.e.., when x  −1 and x  1 , f ( x )  0.
'
, when x  −1 and x  1 , f is increasing.

In ( −1,1) i.e., when −1  x  1, f ( x )  0.
'
Thus, when −1  x  1 , f is decreasing.
Question 8:
x2 y 2
Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 with its vertex
a b
at one end of the major axis.
Solution 8:
Top tutor.
x2 y 2
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
Let ABC , be the triangle inscribed in the ellipse where vertex C is at ( a,0 ) .
Since the ellipse is symmetrical with x − axis and y − axis
b
y1 =  a 2 − x1 .
2
a
 b 2   b 2 2 
Coordinates of A are  − x1, a − x 21  and coordinates of B are  x1 , − a − x1 . 
 a   a 
As the point ( − x1 , y1 ) lies on the ellipse, the area of triangle ABC is
1  2b   b   b 
A= a a 2 − x 21  + ( − x1 )  − a 2 − x 21  + ( − x1 )  − a 2 − x 21 
2  a   a   a 
b
 A = ba a 2 − x 21 + x1 a 2 − x1
2
dA
=0
dx1
Top tutor.
a
 x1 = − a,
2
x1 cannot be equal to a.
a b 2 a 2 ba 3b
 x1 =  y1 = a − = 3=
2 a 4 2a 2
 2 ( −2 x1 ) 
 (
a − x1 ( −4 x1 − a ) − −2 x1 − x1a + a 2
2 2
)
2 a 2 − x1
2 
d2A b  
Now, 2 =  
a 2 − x1
2
dx 1 a  
 
 
 2 
b
= 
 (a − x1
2
( )
− 4 x1 − a ) + x1 − (
2 x1
2
− x1a + )
a 2


( )
2
a 
a − x1
2 2 3
 
 
b  2 x3 − 3a 2 x − a3 
=  
( )
3
a 
a − x1
2 2 2
 
a
when x1 = ,
2
Top tutor.
a
area is the maximum when x1 = .
2
Maximum area of the triangle is
a2  a  b 2 a2
A=b a −
2
+  a −
4 2a 4
3 ab a 3
= ab +  x
2 2a 2
ab 3 ab 3 3 3
= + = ab
2 4 4
Question 9:
A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to constructed so that its
3
depth is 2m and volume is 8 m . If building of tank costs Rs 70 per sq meters for the base and
Rs 45 per sq meters for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank?
Solution 9:
Let l , b and h represent the length , breadth, and height of the tank respectively.
height ( h ) = 2 m
Volume of the tank = 8 m .

3
Volume of the tank = l x b x h

8=l x b x 2
4
 lb = 4  b =
l
area of the base = lb = 4
Area of 4 walls ( A) = 2h ( l + b )
Top tutor.
 4
 A = 4l + 
 l
dA  4
 = 4 1 − 2 
dl  l 
dA
Now, =0
dl
4
l− 2 =0
l
l =4
2
 l = 2
Therefore, we have l = 4 .
4 4
b = = =2
l 2
d 2 A 32
=
dl 2 l 3
d 2 A 32
l = 2, 2 = = 4  0.
dl 8
area is the minimum when l = 2.
We have l = b = h = 2.
Cost of building base = Rs 70 x (lb) = Rs 70 ( 4) = Rs 280
Cost of building walls = Rs 2h (l + h) x 45 = Rs 90 ( 2)( 2 + 2) = Rs 8 (90) = Rs 720
Required total cost = Rs ( 280 + 720) = Rs 1000
Question 10:
The sum of the perimeter of a circle and square is k , where k is some constant. Prove that the
sum of their area is least when the side of square is double the radius of the circle.
Solution 10:
2 r + 4a = k ( where k is constant )
k − 2 r
a=
4
sum of the areas of the circle and the square ( A) is given by,
Top tutor.
k
area is least when r =
2(4 +  )
Question 11:
A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total perimeter
of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light through the
whole opening.
Solution 11:
x and y be length and breadth of rectangular window.
x
Radius of semicircular opening =
2
Top tutor.
d2A    
= − 1 −  + = −1 −
 2 4
2
dx 4
dA
=0
dx
  
 5 − x 1 +  + x = 0
 2 4

 5− x− x=0
4
 
 x 1 +  = 5
 4
5 20
x= =
    +4
1 + 
 4
Top tutor.
2
20 d A
x= ,  0.
 + 4 dx 2
20
area is maximum when length x = m.
 +4
Now,
20  2 +   5(2 +  ) 10
y = 5−   = 5− = m
 +4 4   +4  +4
, the required dimensions
20 10
length= m and breadth = m.
 +4  +4
Question 12:
A point of the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance a and b from the sides of the triangle.
3
 2 
2 2
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is  a 3 + b 3 
 
Solution 12:
ABC right-angled at B .
AB = x and BC = y.
P be a point on hypotenuse such that P is at a distance of a and b from the sides AB and BC
respectively.
c = 
AC = x2 + y 2
PC = b cos ec 
AP = a sec
AC = AP + PC
AC = b cos ec  + a sec  ..... (1)
Top tutor.
d ( AC )
 = − b cos ec cot  + a sec  tan 
d
d ( AC )
 =0
d
 a sec  tan  = b cos ec cot 
a sin  b cos 
 . =
cos  cos  sin  sin 
 a sin 3  = b cos3 
1 1
 ( a ) 3 sin  = ( b ) 3 cos 
1
 b 3
 tan  =  
a
1 1
 sin  =
(b)3 and cos  =
( a )3 ..... ( 2 )
2 2 2 2
a +b3 3
a +b
3 3
1
d 2 ( AC )  b 3
clearly  0 when tan  =  .
d 2 a
1
 b 3
the length of the hypotenuse is the maximum when tan  =   .
a
1
 b 3
Now, when tan  =  
a
1
 b 3
tan  =  
a
2 2 2 2
b a +b
3 3
a a +b
3 3
AC = 1
+ 1
3 3
b a
2 2
 2 2

= a a3 + b3 b3 + a3 
 
3
 2
 2 2
= a +b 
3 3
 
3
 2 
2 2
maximum length of the hypotenuse is =  a 3 + b 3  .
 
Top tutor.
Question 13:
Find the points at which the function f given by f ( x ) = ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) has
4 3
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima (iii) point of inflexion

Solution 13:
f ( x ) = ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)
4 3
 f ' ( x ) = 4 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1) ( x − 2 )
3 3 2 4
= ( x − 2) ( x + 1)  4 ( x + 1) + 3 ( x − 2 )
3 2
= ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) ( 7 x − 2 )
3 2
2
f ' ( x ) = 0  x = −1 and x = or x = 2
7
2 2
for x close to and to left of , f ' ( x )  0.
7 7
and to right of , f ( x )  0.
2 2 '
for x close to
7 7
2
x= is point of local minima.
7
as the value of x varies f ' ( x ) does not changes its sign.
x = −1 is point of inflexion.
Question 14:
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by
f ( x ) = cos2 x + sin x, x 0,  
Solution 14:
f ( x ) = cos 2 x + sin x
f ' ( x ) = 2 cos x ( − sin x ) + cos x
= −2sin x cos x + cos x
f ' ( x) = 0
Top tutor.
 2sin x cos x = cos x  cos x ( 2sin x − 1) = 0

1
 sin x = or cos x = 0
2
 
x= , or as x   0,  
6 2
2
     3 1 5
f   = cos 2 + sin =   + =
6 6 6  2  2 4
f ( 0 ) = cos 2 0 + sin 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
f ( ) = cos 2  + sin  = ( −1) + 0 = 1
2
   
f   = cos 2 + sin = 0 + 1 = 1
2 2 2
5 
absolute maximum value of f is at x =
4 6

absolute minimum value of f is 1 at x = 0, x = , and  .
2
Question 15:
Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
4r
sphere of radius r is .
3
Solution 15:
1
V =  R2h
3
BC = r 2 − R 2
h = r + r 2 − R2
Top tutor.
dV
=0
dR 2
3 r 2 − R 2 ( 2 r 2 − 9 R 2 ) − ( 2 R3 − 3 R3 ) ( −6 R )
1
2
d 2V 2 r 2 r2 − R
= +
dR 2 3 9 ( r 2 − R2 )
3 r 2 − R 2 ( 2 r 2 − 9 R 2 ) − ( 2 R 3 − 3 R 3 ) ( 3R )
1
2
2 r 2 r2 − R
= +
3 9 ( r 2 − R2 )
8r 2 d 2V
when R =  0.
2
,
9 dR 2
8r 2
volume is the maximum when R =
2
.
9
8r 2 8R 2 r2 r 4r
R =
2
, height of the cone = r + r 2 − =r+ =r+ =
9 9 9 3 3
Top tutor.
Question 17:
Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
2R
radius R is ,also find the maximum volume.
3
Solution 17:
h = 2 R2 − r 2 .
V =  r 2 h = 2 r 2 R 2 − r 2
dV 2 r 2 ( −2r )
 = 4 r R 2 − r 2 +
dr 2 R2 − r 2
2 r 3
= 4 r R − r −
2 2
R2 − r 2
4 r ( R 2 − r 2 ) − 2 r 3
=
R2 − r 2
4 rR 2 − 6 r 3
=
R2 − r 2
dV
Now, = 0  4 rR 2 − 6 r 3 = 0
dr
2R2
 r2 =
3
R 2 − r 2 ( 4 R 2 − 18 r 2 ) − ( 4 rR 2 − 6 r 3 )
( −2r )
2
dV
= 2 R2 − r 2
dr 2 (R 2
− r2 )
Top tutor.
=
(R 2
− r 2 )( 4 R 2 − 18 r 2 ) + r ( 4 rR 2 − 6 r 3 )
3
(R 2
− r2 )2
4 R 4 − 22 r 2 R 2 + 12 r 4 + 4 r 2 R 2
= 3
( R2 − r 2 ) 2
2 R 2 d 2V
r =
2
,  0.
3 dr 2
2R2
volume is maximum when r =
2
.
3
2R2
r =
2
.
3
2R2 R2 2R
height of the cylinder is 2 R 2 − =2 = .
3 3 3
2R
volume of the cylinder is maximum when height of cylinder is .
3
Question 18:
Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular
cone of height h and semi veritical angle a is one-third that of the cone and the greatest volume
4
of cylinder is  h 2 tan 2 a .
27
Solution 18:
r = h tan a
, since AOG is similar to CEG,
Top tutor.
AO CE
=
OG EG
h H
 =
r r−R
h h 1
 H = (r − R) = ( h tan a − R ) = ( h tan a − R )
r h tan a tan a
volume of the cylinder is

 R2  R3
V =R H =
2
( h tan a − R ) =  R h −
2
tan a tan a
dV 3 R 2
 = 2 Rh
dR tan a
dV
=0
dR
3 R 2
 2 Rh =
tan a
 2h tan a = 3R
2h
R= tan a
3
d 2V 6 R
2
= 2 Rh −
dR tan a
2h
And, for R = tan a, we have:
3
2h
volume of the cylinder is greatest when R = tan a.
3
2h 1  2h  1  h tan a  h
R= tan a, H =  h tan a − tan a  =  = .
3 tan a  3  tan a  3  3
the maximum volume of cylinder can be obtained as
Top tutor.
Question 19:
A cylindrical tank of radius 10 m is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 cubic mere per
hour. Then the depth of the wheat is increasing at the rate of
(A) 1 m / h (B) 0.1 m / h (C) 1.1 m / h (D) 0.5 m / h
Solution 19:
V =  ( radius ) x height
2
= (10 ) h ( radius = 10m )

2
= 100 h
dV dh
= 100
dt dt
tank is being filled with wheat at rate of 314 cubic meters per hour.
dV
= 314 m3 / h
dt
dh
314 = 100
dt
dh 314 314
 = = =1
dt 100 ( 3.14 ) 314
the depth of wheat is increasing at 1 m / h.
Question 20:
The slope of the tangent to the curve x = t + 3t − 8, y = 2t − 2t − 5 at the point ( 2, −1) is
2 2
22 6 7 −6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 6 7
Solution 20:
given point is ( 2, −1) .

At x = 2
Top tutor.
common value of t is 2.
slope of tangent to given curve at point ( 2, −1) is
The correct answer is B.
Question 21:
The line y = mx + 1 is tangent to the given curve y = 4 x if the value on
2
m is
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)
2
Solution 21:
equation of the tangent to curve is y = mx + 1.
substituting y = mx + 1 in y = 4 x,
2
 ( mx + 1) = 4 x
2
 m2 x 2 + 1 + 2mx − 4 x = 0
 m 2 x 2 + x ( 2m − 4 ) + 1 = 0 ..... ( i )
Top tutor.
( 2m − 4 ) − 4 ( m2 ) (1) = 0
2
 4m2 + 16 − 16m − 4m2 = 0

 16 − 16m = 0
 m =1
the required value of m is 1.
Question 22:
The normal at the point (1,1) on the curve 2 y + x = 3 is
2
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x − y = 0 (C) x + y + 1 = 0 (D) x − y = 1

Solution 22:
2dy
+ 2x = 0
dx
dy
 = −x
dx
dy 
  = −1
dx  (1,1)
slope of normal to curve at point (1,1) is

−1
= 1.
dy 
dx  (1,1)
equation of normal to given curve at (1,1) is

 y − 1 = 1( x − 1)
 y −1 = x −1
 x− y =0
The correct answer is B.
Question 23:
The normal to the curve x = 4 y passing (1, 2 ) is
2
Top tutor.
A) x + y = 3 (B) x − y = 3 (C) x + y = 1 (D) x − y = 1

Solution 23:
Slope of normal to curve at point ( h, k ) is

−1 2
=−
dy  h

dx  ( h ,k )
Equation of normal at point ( h, k ) is

−2
y−k = ( x − h)
h
normal passes through the point (1,2) .

−2 2
2−k = (1 − h ) or k = 2 + (1 − h ) ....(i )
h h
( h, k ) lies on the curves x = 4 y , we have h

2 2
= 4k.
h2
k =
4
h2 2
= 2 + (1 − h )
4 h
3
h
 = 2h + 2 − 2h = 2
4
 h3 = 8
h=2
h2
k =  k =1
4
equation of normal is
−2
 y −1 = ( x − 2)
2
 y −1 = ( x − 2)
 x+ y =3
Top tutor.
Question 24:
The points on the curve 9 y = x , where the normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with
2 3
the axes are

 8  −8   3  8
(A)  4,   (B)  4,  (C)  4,   (D)  4, 
 3  3   8  3
Solution 24:
dy
9(2y) = 3x 2
dx
dy x 2
 =
dx 6 y
slope of normal to given curve at point ( x1 , y1 ) is
−1 6y
= − 21
dy  x1
dx  ( x1 , y1 )
equation of normal to curve at ( x1 , y1 ) is
−6 y1
y − y1 = 2 ( x − x1 ) .
x1
 x1 y + x1 y1 = 6 xy1 + 6 x1 y1
2 2
 6 x1 y1 + x1 y = 6 x1 y1 + x1 y1
2 2
6 xy1 x2 y
 + =1
6 x1 y1 + x 21 y1 6 x1 y1 + x 2 y1
x y
 + =1
x1 ( 6 + x1 ) y1 ( 6 + x1 )
6 x1
normal makes equal intercepts with axes
x1 ( 6 + x1 ) y1 ( 6 + x1 )
 =
6 x1
x1 y1
 =
6 x1
 x12 = 6 y1
( x1, y1 ) lies on the curve, so

9 y12 = x13
Top tutor.
2
x2  x
4
9  1  = x1  1 = x1  x1 = 4
3 3
 6  4
9 y1 = ( 4 ) = 64
2 3
64
 y1 =
2
9
8
 y1 = 
3
 8
required points are  4,   .
 3
Top tutor.
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Math 12 Imp

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Book Name: NCERT Solutions

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(a) The perimeter of a rectangle is given by P = 2 ( x + y )

(b) The area of a rectangle is given by A = xy

So, when radius = 15 cm,

Thus, f is strictly increasing on .

In ( −, −2) and ( 3,  ) , f  ( x )  0

In ( −, −2) and ( −1,  ) , f  ( x ) = −6 ( x + 1)( x + 2)  0

In ( -2, -1), f  ( x ) = −6 ( x + 1)( x + 2)  0

 f is strictly decreasing in ( −, −1) and ( −1,1)

 f is strictly increasing in (1,3) and ( 3,  )

Hence, f is increasing throughout the domain.

8cos  + 4cos 2  + 4sin 2 

So, the correct answers are A and B.

In ( 0,1) , cos x  0 and 100x99  0

So f ' ( x ) is always positive in R .

Since tangent is parallel to the X – axis, slope = 0.

x = 1 , y = ( −1) − 3 ( −1) − 9 ( −1) + 7 = −1 − 3 + 9 + 7 = 12.

Hence, the required points are ( 3, −20) and ( −1,12 ) .

points ( 2,0) and ( 4, 4 ) .

Hence, the point is ( 3,1) .

x = −2, y = ( −2 ) − 11( −2 ) + 5 = −8 + 22 + 5 = 19.

So, the points are ( 2, −9) and ( −2,19) .

So, the equations of the required lines are y + x + 1 = 0 and y + x − 3 = 0.

Slope of tangent at ( 0,5) is -10.

Slope of tangent at (1,3) is 2.

Slope of tangent at (1,1) is 3 .

Slope of tangent at ( 0,0) is 0.

Equation of tangent through ( 2,7 ) is

So, the points are ( 0,0) and ( 3, 27 ) .

Equation of tangent through (X, Y) is

For passing through origin, X = 0, Y = 0

x = −1, y = 4 ( −1) − 2 ( −1) = −2 .

So, the points are ( 0,0) , (1, 2 ) and ( −1, −2) .

For parallel to X axis,

 3my − 3am 4 = −2 x + 2am 2

Equation of normal through ( 2,18) is

Equation of normal through ( −2, −6) is

So, the curves intersect at right angles if 8k 2 = 1 .

The given line is 4 x − 2 y + 5 = 0 .

The slope of the normal to the curve y = 2 x 2 + 3sin x at x = 0 is

25.3  0.03 + 5 = 5.03

= 4 ( 2) + 5 ( 2) + 2 + 8 ( 2) + 5 ( 0.01)

= ( 5) − 7 ( 5) + 15 + 3 ( 5) −14 (5) ( 0.001)

So, the approx error in calculating the volume is 3.92  m3 .

= 3 ( 32 ) + 15 ( 3) + 5 + 6 ( 3) + 15 ( 0.02 )

The minimum value of f occurs when when 2 x − 1 = 0.

The function f does not have a maximum value.

minimum value of f is when 3 x + 2 = 0.

f does not have a maximum value.

maximum value of f is when ( x − 1) = 0.

f does not have a minimum value.

x = −1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of g at