Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & Mass Transfer

Theory & Application

Dr. S. Kamran Afaq

Professor
HITEC University
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Golden Words
What is difference between a successful person and
others?

It is not a lack of “knowledge”, or lack of “strength”………

It is only “a lack of will”.

Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Course Outline

• Introduction
• Heat Conduction
• Fundamental of Convection
• Application : Heat Exchangers
• Mass Diffusion
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Course Outline
Heat Conduction
 What is Conduction?
 Mathematical Model (Fourier’s Law)
 Thermal Conductivity
Solid, Liquid and Gas
 Heat Capacity
 Thermal Resistance Concept
 Multi-Wall Conduction
 Conduction in Circular Pipes
 Multi-layer Circular Pipes
Over All Heat Transfer Coefficient
Critical Thickness of Insulator
 1-D Heat Conduction Equation
Solution of Steady 1-D Heat Conduction Problems
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

How this take place?
Heat Conduction
 Conduction :
Heat Transfer through solids or stationary fluids

In solids
Atoms are bound to each other by series of bonds analogous to
spring.

• When there is a temperature difference in the solid.

• The hot side of the solid experiences more vibration.
• The vibrations are transmitted through the springs to the cooler side.
• Eventually, they reach an equilibrium
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :
The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on:

 Thickness
 Geometry (Surface Area)
 Material Properties
 Temperature Difference

Consider a steady sate heat conduction through a plane wall

Q  T ,
Q  A ,
 1
Q
x
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :

Q  T ,
 AT
Q  A , Q
x
 1 AT
Q , 
Q -k
x x

dT
Q  - kA (x  0)
dx

Fourier’s law of conduction

Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :
dT
Q  - kA
dx

k = Thermal Conductivity

-ive sign shows that heat is conducted in the

direction of decreasing temperature.
T
ΔT becomes negative, so heat transfer is + ive.

A is ┴ er to the heat transfer

x
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :

AT
Q  - k
x UNIT ?

x
 Q k
AT

Rate of heat transfer through a unit

thickness of material per unit area
and per unit temperature difference.
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :

Why Gases have

lower thermal
conductivity than
Solids?

Why metals have

higher thermal
conductivity than
Solids?
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :
(Temperature Effect)

For Gases
k T
1
k
M
Helium (M=4) having higher
‘k’ than Argon (M=29)
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :
(Temperature Effect)

For Liquids 1
k
T
1
k
M
Liquid metals such as
Mercury and Sodium having
higher thermal conductivity.

For high heat transfer they

are used in Nuclear Power
plant.
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :
(Temperature Effect)

For Solids
Normally it is constant
but for certain solids in
certain range of temperature
it is increased dramatically.
e.g.
Copper – 401 at 300 K
Copper – 20,000 near
absolute zero ( 20 K )

Super Conductors
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :

Bronze =
Cu (90%) + Al (10%)

‘k’ 401 + 237

k (bronze) = 52 w/m/K

What about the ‘k’

of Metal Alloys like
Bronze
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer
Heat Capacity C  p
Storage capability of material per unit volume

Thermal Diffusivity  
How fast heat diffuses through a materials

Heat Conducted

Heat Stored
UNIT ?
k

C p
Higher or lower,
which one is better ?
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Example-1
Conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Thank You