BUILDING UTILITIES  Back flow- a flowing back reversal of the

normal direction of the main distribution

PLUMBING TERMS
system.
 ACID WASTE- any waste water containing
 Backflow prevention device- any
corrosives or acidic liquids that must be
mechanical device designed to automatically
neutralized before entering the municipal
prevent backflow.
sewer system.
 BALLCOCK
 ACRYLIC- a very strong and hard
-also known as a float valve
thermoplastic and in plumbing it is used as a
-controls the flow of water into gravity-
surface material for bathtubs, shower bases
operated toilet tank.
tub or shower surrounds.
 Ball Cock- the valve by which the water
 ADAPTOR – a fitting used to join dissimilar
enters a tank type toilet, fills the tank and
piping methods.
shut the flow of water off
 AERATION- a method to introduce air with
 Basket strainer- a device shaped like a cup
water to help in releasing dissolved gasses
or a basket with holes or slots that fits inside
that contribute to foul odors.
a drain that allows water to drain out.
 AIR CHAMBER- a vertical air filled pipe or
 Basin- generally circular, vessel with
manufactured spring coil installed above the
slopping or curving sides for holding water for
water line in a potable water system that
washing.
absorbs pressure fluctuations when valves
 Beam clamps- a clamping device used
are turn off.
when beams are the only thing used for
 Air Gap- the unobstructed physical distance
support.
between the outlet end of a plumbing
 Used in conjunction with pipe hangers to
apparatus or piping delivering potable water
ensure proper super and pitch.
to a plumbing fixture to the flood rim level of
 Bends- a generic term given to all elbows
the receptacle
made from all types if piping material.
 Angle Stop or Angle Valve- angle stops are
 BIBB- “Bibcock or hose bibb”
named because they are manufactured at a
-typically a faucet with nozzle bent
90 degree angle
downward.
-they usually have an oval handle or can
-outside/outdoor faucet/spigot or garden
have a removal handle.
faucet.
 Anti-Siphon valve (vacuum Breaker)- the
 Bidet- plumbing fixture similar to a toilet
simple definition is an anti-siphon valve is a
bowl.
device installed on a water supply line that
-used for washing genitals and posterior area
prevents water from backing up into the
of body.
potable water system.
 Black Water – waste water from toilet,
 Apron (or skirt)- the decorative portion of a
urinals, bidets, or food prep receptacles or
bathtub that covers the rough in area of the
waste water.
tub.
 Body sprays- for all practical purpose these
 Adaptor- a fitting that joins two different
are shower heads.
types of pipes together.
 Branch vent- a vent connecting one or more
 Aerator- a part at the end of a faucet spout
individual vents
which mixes air into the dropping water,
thereby aerating the water.  Branch water Piping- the local domestic
water piping that extends from the vertical
 Air Gap- air-filled space allowing
risers
contaminated water to discharge freely,
preventing the contaminated water.  Cast iron- formerly used for
drainage,sewer,waste, and vent pipe and
 Angle Stop- an “emergency” stop (valve)
fittings.
that is installed before the water supply
line(below) to toilet and faucet.  Check valves- a type of backflow preventer
installed on a pipe so that water is allowed to
 Ball Check Valve- a type of backflow
only flow in one direrction.
preventer that uses a ball to seal against a
seat in a valve.  Check valves- a check valve is onr way
valve in that is has one inlet and one outlet
 Ballcock- the fill valve that controls the flow
of water from the supply line into a gravity-  Circuit vent- a branch vent that serves two
operated toilet tank. or more fixtures with integral.
 Branch- any part of a drain system other  Circuit Vent- where one common vent
than the main; also known as a lateral line. serves up to a maximum of eight fixtures
connected to a horizontal branch drain.
 Cleanout- a plug in a drain pipe, vent or trap
that provides access for the purpose of
clearing an obstruction.
 Cleanout cover- an esthetically pleasing
cover(usually chrome plated) that hides a
cleanout.
 Cleanout plug- a plug in a tap or drain pipe
that provides access to the drain line
 Closet “water closet”- aka toilet; auger
which is used to clear toilet stoppages.
 Coupling- a fitting that joins two pieces of
pipe
 CPVC “CHLORINATED POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE”; is a plastic product designed
for drinking water at temp. up to 180 degrees.
 CW- COLD WATER
 DOWNSPOUT PIPING – also known as
storm water piping.
-handles the discharge of rain and melted
snow water
 DRAIN – drainage inside the building
 DUAL FLUSH – high efficiency toilet that
give users the choice of flushing with the
maximum amount of water.
 ELBOW (ELL) – a fitting with two openings
that changes the direction of the line
 FITTING – controls and guides the flow of
water
 FIXTURE – receives water and/or waste
matter that directs these substances into a
sanitary drainage system.
 FIXTURE FLAPPER VALVE – part on the
bottom of the toilet tank that opens and
allows water to flow from the tank into the
bowl.
 FLOAT BALL – floating ball connected to the
ballcock
 FLOOR CLEANOUTS – a readily accessible
opening installed in the floor off of a
horizontal waste line
 FLOOR DRAINS – an opening in the floor
used to drain potential liquid waste from the
floors into the drainage system
 GPM – gallons per minute
 GPF – gallons per flush
 GRAVITY OPERATED TOILET – toilet that
relies on the natural downward pressure of
water in a toilet tank to flush the toilet
effectively
 GRAY WATER – waste water from sinks,
showers, and bathtubs but not toilets
 GPH – gallons per hour
 HAIR SEPARATOR/ HAIR TRAP – catch
link or hair from entering the waste piping
 HOSE BIB – outdoor faucet or spigot
typically used for watering plants
 HOUSE DRAIN – lowest part of the drainage
system piping that receives all the soil and
waste
 HOUSE SEWER – part of horizontal piping
of a plumbing that extends from the house
drain to it’s connection with the main sewer
or other place of sewage disposal.
 HW – hot water
 I.D. – inside diameter
 LIQUID WASTE – does not contain human
or animal waste matter
 LOOP VENT – island vent
 LAVATORY – fixed bowl or basin with
running water and drainage for washing
 MAIN LINE – primary line that supplies water
from the water company’s meter at the street
up to the point where it enters the home
 MAIN PIPE – central pipe line to which all
other branches are connected
 MALE THREADS – fit into/inside female
fittings
 NIPPLE – short length of pipe installed
between couplings or other fittings
 NOMINAL – size used for identification
 OD – outside diameter
 POTABLE WATER – satisfactory for
drinking, culinary and domestic purposes
 PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve) – special
valve installed on the main water line coming
in to the home
 PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride
 RISER – a vertical metal or plastic supply line
that connects a faucet or shower fixture to
the water supply stop valve
 REDUCER – a fitting that connects pipes of
different sizes together
 ROOF DRAIN – plumbing appurtenance
installed on a building roof
 SEPTIC TANK – holding tank for a small
scaled sewage treatment system
 SUPPLY LINE – metal or plastic line that
carries water from the main line to an
individual fixture
 SEWAGE – a combination of water carried
wastes together with ground surface and
storm water
 SOIL TYPE – piping which transports the
discharges of one of more water closets or
bedpan washers with or without the
discharge from other fixtures to the house
drain.
 SCHEDULE – how thick the wall is for any
size of pipe.
 SEWER – drainage outside the building
 SOIL TACK – largest vertical drain line to
which all branch waste lines connect
 STATIC PRESSURE – no water is flowing
  STREET ELBOW – 90 degree ben elbow - City ordinance 2411 – The Plumbing Code
fitting that has a male end and female end for the City of Manila enacted
 TANK – holds flush water - 1954 – third reading House Bill No. 962 – RA
 TANK BALL – moving part of the flush valve 1378
that seals water - Dec. 21, 1999 – Revised Plumbing Code of
 TEE – T-shaped plumbing fitting 1999 (Joseph Ejercito Estrada)
 TEFLON TAPE – thread sealing tape with
stain resistant PLUMBING CYCLE
 THREAD SEALANT (LIQUID) – provides a  Source – lakes, rivers, reservoirs
water seal in threaded connections  Supply – water mains, storage tanks
 THREAD SEALANT (TAPE) – dry ribbons of  Distribution – pressure, piping networks
sealant sold on spools  Use – plumbing fixtures
 TOILETS – receive human excrement  Collection – gravity, piping networks
 TRAP – curved section of drain line designed  Disposal – sanitary and storm sewers
to hold water  Treatment – sewage plants, natural
 TRAP SEAL – height of water in a toilet bowl purification
“at rest”. Prevents sewer gases from entering
the home WATER
 TRAPWAY – channel in a toilet that  Base of all drinks and beverages
connects the bowl to the waste outlet  Important part in the plumbing system
 UNION – fitting that joins two section of pipe,  Universal solvent
that allows them to be disconnected without WATER CYCLE
cutting the pipe  Evaporation
 URINALS – fixture that receives human  Condensation
urine  Precipitation
 VANITY – bathroom storage cabinet SOURCES OF WATER
beneath the counter  Rain water
 VENT – allow air into the drainage system  Ground water – aquifers (water bearing soil
 VENT STACK – upper portion of the soil formation)
stack above the topmost fixture through  Natural Surface Water – rivers, lakes,
which gases and odors escape ponds
 VTR - vent through the roof  Frozen water
 WATER CLOSET – toilet USES OF WATER
 WATER HAMMER – shock waves in  Nourishment
plumbing generally due to high velocity water  Cleaning and hygiene
being shut off quickly  Ceremonial uses
 WET VENT – when the drain discharge on  Transportational uses
one fixture is put into the vent stack od  Cooling medium
another fixture  Ornamental element
 WYE – y-shaped fitting with three openings  Protective uses
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
PLUMBING  Surface tension- stick itself together
- Latin ”plumbum” for lead  Heat absorption/capacity- absorb heat
- System of pipes and fixtures installed in a without becoming warmer
building for the distribution of potable water  Capillarity – climb up a surface against pull
and the removal of waterborne wastes. of gravity
 Dissolving ability
PLUMBING IN THE PH WATER QUALITY PROBLEM
- 7th century 1. Acidity – carbon dioxide (sodium silicate)
- Spaniards established walled city known as 2. Hardness – magnesium and calcium salt
Intramuros as a model community (boiling)
- 1902 – plumbing trade 3. Turbidity – silt or mud (filtration)
- John F. Hass – 1st chief of Division of 4. Color – iron and manganese (chlorination,
Plumbing Construction and Construction in ozonation, file filtration)
Manila 5. Pollution – contamination (chlorination)
- 1935 – National Master Plumbers
Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) WATER TREATMENT AND PRURIFICATION
  Aeration – water is sprayed into the air to Submersible Pump
release any trapped gases and absorb - Centrifugal pump complete with
oxygen. electric motors
 Coagulation – Flocculation  Jet (Ejector) Pump
Coagulation – coagulant reacts with the - Centrifugal pumps typically used for
sediment (chemical process) drawing water up from a well
Flocculation – sediment particles collides  Piston Pump
with each other. (physical process) - Positive displacement reciprocating
 Sedimentation – suspended solid are pump in which a plunger is driven
removed by gravity settling and deposition. backwards and forwards, or up and
 Filtration – water is passed through layers down by a mechanical working head.
of sand and gravel in concrete basins.  Sump Pump
 Disinfection/Chlorination – introducing - Used un applications where excess
chlorine to the water. water must be pumped away from a
particular area
WELLS WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE
- Holes in the earth from which a fluid ,ay be  Overhead Tank/Gravity Supply tank –
withdrawn using manual or mechanical does not have any pressure concerns
means.  Cistern – build of reinforced concrete
General Types underground and connected with a pump
 Shallow well  Pneumatic Water Tank – used in the air
 Deep well pressure system
Types of Well (construction)  Hot Water Tank
 Dug Wells - Range Boiler – 30- 60 cm diameter;
- Constructed with hand tools or power 180 cm max length.
tools - Storage Boiler – 60 – 130 cm
- 15 meters depth diameter; 5m max length
 Driven Wells
- Steel drive-well point is fitted on one VALVES AND CONTROLS
end of the pipe section and driven - Start or shut down a system
into the earth. - Regulate pressure
- 15 meters depth - Check backflow
 Bored Wells - Control the direction of water
- Dug with earth augers Types of Valves
- 30 meters depth  Gate Valve
- 2-30 inches diameter  Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc Valve
 Drilled Wells  Double Disc Valve
- used for drilling oil  Globe Valves – controls the floe of water
- 1000 meters depth with a movable spindle.
 Jetted Wells  Plug Type Disc Valve
- use extreme water pressure  Conventional Disc Valve
- use of a suction pump above, while  Composition Disc Valve
casing acts as the pump riser  Check Valve – prevent reversal of flow
 Swing check valve
PUMPS  Lift check valve
- used to move fluids (liquid or slurries)  Vertical check valve
- displaces a volume by physical or  Horizontal check valve
mechanical action  Angle Valve- Used to make a 90 degree turn
Classification of Pumps in a line
 Reciprocating Pump  Foot Valve- located at the lower end of the
- Has a plunger that move back and pump.
forth within a cylinder equipped with  Safety Valve- used on water systems,
check valves heating, compressed air lines.
 Centrifugal Pumps Types of Faucets
- Contains a impeller mounted on a  Compression Cock- operates by the
rotating shaft compression of a soft packing upon am
 Turbine Pump  Key Cock- operates with a round tapering
- Has a vertical turbine located below plug ground.
groundwater
  Ball Faucet- constructed with a ball - Very little maintenance
connected to the handle. - Decent appearance
 House Bibb- a water faucet made for the  GI TANKS (GALVANIZED IRON)
threaded attachment of a hose. - Square or rectangular
- Life of tank is short
WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEM - Corrosion of metal occurs
- the water service pipes, water distribution - Hight maintenance cost
pipes and the necessary connecting pipes,  HDPE TANKS (HIGH DENSITY
fittings, control valves. POLYETHYLENE)
- Popular for storing less quantity of
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM water and useful for residential
 Service pipe- pipe from the water main or purpose
other source of potable water supply. - Light weight
 Water Meter- device used to measure in - Cheap
liters or gallons the amount of water supply. - Low maintenance cost
 Distribution pipe/ Supply pipe- a pipe - Easy to clean
within the structure or on the premises which
conveys water from the water services pipe TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
 Riser- a water supply pipe that extends one  Surface Reservoirs
full story or more to convey water to - Ground reservoir
branches. - Circular and rectangular
 Fixture Branch- the water supply pipe  Elevated Reservoirs
between the fixture supply pipe and the  Overhead tanks
water distributing pipe.
 Fixture Supply- a water supply pipe TYPES OF JOINTS
connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.  End Cap Joint – connected to the end of an
air filter with an adhesive
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM  Tee Joint – changing the pipe run direction
Types of water distribution  Strainer joints –
 DIRECT(UPFEED)- water is provided by the  Reducer Joint – prevent fluid leakage
city water companies using normal pressure  Cast Iron Bent Joint – provide easy
from water main passage to tools and shafts for effectual
 DOWNFEED or GRAVITY SYSTEM- water cleaning
is pumped into a large tank on top of the  Collar Joints – used in wiper motors and link
building and distributed to the fixtures by motion assembly parts.
means of gravity.
 HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/ AIR TYPES OF PIPES
PRESSURE SYSTEM  PVC Pipes – used for irrigation piping, home,
- when pressure supplied by city water and building supply piping
supply is not strong enough  CPVC Pipes – stand temperature up to
- compressed air is used to raise and push about 180 degrees.
water  Pex Pipes – Cross-linked polyethylene. For
hot and cold water.
LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK  Copper Pipes – for hot and cold and
 Dead End System – suitable for old towns regularly used in HVAC systems
and cities having no definite pattern of roads
 Radial System – water is pumped into the SEWAGE TREATMENT
distribution reservoir kept in the middle of Types of Treatment
each zone  Physical Treatment
 Grid Iron System – suitable for cities with  Chemical Treatment
rectangular layout  Biological Treatment
 Ring System – supply main is laid all along Sewage Treatment Plant
the peripheral roads and sub main branch  Preliminary treatment
from the mains  Primary treatment
 Membrane treatment
TYPES OF TANKS
 End products
 RCC TANKS (REINFORCED CONCRETE
PHYSICAL TREATMENT
CEMENT)
 Screen
- Long life
  Clarifiers  Storm Line – connects to each catch basin
 Grit chambers
CHEMICAL TREATMENT – takes place in units SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
which are called reactors Subsystems of Sanitary Systems
 Chemical coagulation  Waste Collection System
 Chemical precipitation  Ventilation System
 Oxidation and reduction WASTE PIPE – conveys only wastewater or liquid
 Neutralization waste free of fecal matter
 Ion exchange VENT PIPE – ensures the circulation of air in a
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT – utilizes the plumbing system and relieves the negative pressure
microorganisms for treatment of the wastewater exerted on trap seals
 Aerobic Treatment TRAP – provides liquid seal that prevents the
- Activated sludge plant backflow of foul air
- Trickling filter STACK – vertical main of a system of soil
- Rotating biological contactors BRANCH – any part of the piping system other than
- Oxidation ponds the main, riser or stack
 Anaerobic Treatment HOUSE/BUILDING DRAIN – part of lowest
o Sludge digesters horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and
UNIT OPERATIONS IN WASTE WATER other drainage pipes inside the building
TREATMENT HOUSE/NUILDING SEWER – extends from the
house drain at a point 0.60m from the outside face
 Preliminary Treatment – screening and grit
of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
removal
with the street sewer
 Primary Treatment – primary sedimentation
tank
CHANGES IN DISRECTION OF SANITARY
 Secondary Treatment – trickling filter and
DRAINAGE LINES
secondary sedimentation tank and
 Horizontal to horizontal change in direction
disinfection unit
 Vertical to horizontal change in direction
3 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING STORM  Horizontal to vertical change in direction
WATER Minimum Slope of Sanitary Drainage Lines
Horizontal Drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m
 Independent System
TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS
- Also known as Separate system
- Brings collected water directly to the water  Common P-Trap – use for lavatories,
reservoirs kitchen sinks, laundry tubs and urinals
 Combined System  Deep Seal P-Trap
- Combines storm water with sanitary wastes – twice the size of the common P-trap
– used for extreme conditions because
 Natural System
resealing quality is greater
- Without using any roof gutters or
 Stand Trap – used for slop sinks that
downspouts
serves as a water seal and structural
- Collected in cisterns
support for the fixture
STORM DRAIN LOCATIONS  Running Trap – used within the line od
the house drain
 Inside
 Drum Trap – has around 0.16m diameter
 Outside
and used for fixture that discharge large
 Overhead
amount of water (bathtub, shower)
ROOFING ELEMENTS TO COLLECT RAIN
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAPS
WATER
 P-Trap
 Gutter – located along the entire perimeter
 Q-Trap
of the roof
 S-Trap
 Downspout – located at every 8 to 10
meters and at every corner of the roof  Nahni Trap
 Strainer or Roof Drain – prevents clogging  Gully Trap
 Shoe – direct rainwater towards the nearest  Intercepting Trap
catch basin Loss of Trap Seals
1. Evaporation
 Catch Basin – delivers water to the sewers
2. Capillary action
in the street via gravity
3. Momentum
 4. Leakage
5. Wavering out
6. Compression or back pressure
7. Induced siphonage
8. Self siphonage
TYPES OF VENTS
 Main Soil and Waste Vent
- Backbone of the entire sanitary system
- Connected to the main soil and waste
stack
 Main Vent
- principal artery of the venting system
to which vent branches are
connected
- collecting vent line
- support to the main soil and waste
water
 individual Vent or Back Vent
- a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap
 Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
- an arrangement of venting is installed
that one vent pipe serves two traps
 Relief Vent
- Vertical vent line that provides
additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems
 Yoke or By-pass Vent
- A pipe connecting upward from a soil
or waste stack below the floor
 Circuit Vent
- Loop Vent
- Battery of fixture
 Looped Vent
- Used in spaces without partitions
 Wet Vent
- Portion of a vent pipe through which
wastewater also flows through
 Local Vent
- A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from
a plumbing fixture or a room to the
outer air
 Dry Vent
- A vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes
 Stack Vent
- The extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack
 Vent Stack
- The vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil
SANITARY SYSTEMS PROBLEMS
 Trap Seal Loss
o Direct effect of the minus and plus
pressure inside the system due to
inadequate ventilation of traps
o Attributed to the following conditions:
- Siphonage – direct and momentum
- Back pressure
- Evaporation – caused by extreme
temperature
- Wind effects – strong winds blow the
trap seal
 Retardation of flow
- Due to the effect of atmospheric
pressure and/or gravity
 Deterioration of the Materials
- Due to the formation of acids
-
Indirect Waste Pipe – a pipe that does not connect
directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid
wastes by discharging in to plumbing fixture,
interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the
drainage system
Disposal Phase - final stage of the plumbing
process where used water and water-carried wastes
are brought to various disposal outlets
SEPTIC TANK – watertight covered receptacle
- Receive the discharge of sewage
from a building sewer
- Separate solids from the liquid
- Digest organic matter
- Store digested solids through a
period of detention
SLUDGE – solid organic matter that are denser than
water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM – lighter organic material that rise to the
surface of the water
EFFLUENT – liquid content of sewage
Bacteria in Septic Tank to Encourage
Decomposition
 Aerobic Bacteria – relies on oxygen to
survive
 Anaerobic Bacteria – can survive in places
without oxygen
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
PUMPS – used whenever the water supply at its
natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a
building, tank or reservoir.
APPARATUS
 Lift Pump – consist of a piston traveling up
and down within a cylinder which is
connected with a pipe extending down into
the source
 Force Pump – used to deliver water at a
point higher than the position of the pump
itself.
 Reciprocation Pump
1. Power Pumps
a. Horizontal Reciprocating Pumps –
known as double or single acting
piston pump
 b. Vertical Reciprocating Pump – for  Cross tee
suction lifts of less than 22ft are  Reducing cross tee
composed of 3 vertical cylinders  Reducing socket
placed side by side  45 elbow
2. Direct Acting Steam Pumps  90 elbow
o Deep Well Plunger Pumps –  Reducing elbow
used when the water level of the  90 street elbow
source is more than 22ft below
 45 street elbow
the ground.
 Return end
 Centrifugal Pumps – posses moving parts
 Floor flanges
without valves, revolving around an axis and
 Extension piece
centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the
 Hose adapter
water under pressure.
Union – used when a pipe has already been
 Hydraulic Rams – automatic and require no
installed but dismantling is difficult
motor
Tanks – for collection of water without the
PLASTIC PIPES AND FITTINGS
consideration of pressure or for storing water under
1. Polybutylene (IPB)
air pressure
2. Polyethylene (PE)
 Cylindrical G.I. Tank
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
 Spherical PVC Tank
 Rectangular Reinforced Concrete PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM – process of
 Rectangular Steel Tank Riveted circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by
 Pneumatic Tank means of a mechanical device
 Stainless Steel Tank Bushing – used as reducer if ¾” t0 ½” faucet pipe
suction Tank – used so that the pneumatic tank or HOT WATER TANK – essential requirement for a
other pumps sucks the water from this suction tanks domestic hot water system
and not from the public main Types
 Range Boiler – small hot water tank
3 WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION  Storage Tank – large hot water tank
1. Upfeed System – from normal water
pressure from public water main for low rise MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING
buildings INSTALLATIONS
2. Pneumatic Tank – from air pressure from  Galvanized Iron or Steel Pipes
suction tank for tall buildings which cannot be
 Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
reached by normal water pressure
Types:
3. Downfeed System – by gravity overhead
o Rigid Type
tanks and are supported either by structural
 Polyvinyl Chloride
frames or on the roof decks
(PVC)
 Chlorinated Polyvinyl
WATER MAIN – public water system laid
Chloride (CPVC)
underground along the streets where house service
 Unplasticized
is connected
Polyvinyl Chloride
Gooseneck – one end is 0.30 and the other end is
(UPVC)
0.90 long
 Polypropylene (PP)
Corporation Cock – a stop valve placed in a service
 Acrylonitrile
pipe close to its connection with a water main
Butadiene Styrone
(ABS)
PIPE FITTINGS – joining of various lengths of pipes
 Styrene Rubber
Types
Palstic (SR)
 Threaded or Screw Connection o Flexible Type
 Flanged  Polyethylene (PE)
 Soldered or welded  Polybutylene (PB)
 Compression  Cast Iron Pipe – durable and is conveniently
 Glued or Cement installed in most of the plumbing needs
KINDS OF MALLEABLE FITTINGS - Standard
 Socket - Double Hub
 Reducing socket - Single Hub
 Straight tee - Hubless pipe
 Reducing tee Types:
 o SV – for building installations  COPPER PIPE CUTTERS – use metal
o XV – for underground rollers and a cutting wheel to rotate around
installations the pipe
 Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe – made of an  COPPER FLARING TOOL
alloy of cast iron and silicon  COPPER TUBING BENDER – used to
 Asbestos Pipe – made of asbestos fibers create bends in copper tube
and Portland cement  TORCH RECTANGULAR ASSEMBLY
 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe – cheapest  FLEXIBLE PIPE CRIMPING TOOL
and light in weight  PLUMB BOB – provides an accurate
 Vitrified Clay Pipe – made from clay and method of establishing a vertical point of
with a length of 0.75 meter treated with reference to a lower work area from an upper
glazed compound work area
 Lead Pipe – one of the oldest plumbing  CHALK BOX – mark straight line for layout
materials  TORQUE WRENCH – tighten clamps used
 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes – better In installing cast iron pipe and for rubber
than steel pipe transition connectors for dissimilar piping
 Brass Pipe – most expensive PERSONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT
 Copper Pipe – durable material which is  Eye protection
extremely corrosive resistant  Face protection
o Type K  Han protection
o Type L  Knee protection
o Type M  Inhalation protection
 First aid kit
FLANGES – consist of fittings provided with  Head protection
projecting rims or flanges which are screwed over SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
the two pipe ends to be joined
 Thickening – gravity, flotation
 Slip Flange
 Digestion – aerobic, anaerobic
 Screw Flange
 Mechanical Dewatering – vacuum filtration,
centrifugation, pressure filter
 Disposal – land appreciation, burial,
PLUMBER’S TOOLBOX
incineration
Categories:
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM SEWAGE
- Hand tools
SLUDGE
- Power tools
 Feed
 LEVELS – has tube partially filled with
 Energy
colored liquid leaving a trapped air bubble
 Minerals
 TAPE MEASURE
 SQUARES – for laying out angles
 SCREWDRIVERS – phillips and slotted
 PLIERS – angled and grooved jaws
 ADJUSTABLE WRENCHES
 PIPE WRENCHES – 18’ and 24”
 HAMMERS – type of claw
 PLASTIC PIPE SAW – cut ABS and PVC
 PLASTIC PIPE CUTTER
 METAL-CUTTING SAW – cut through metal
 WALLBOARD SAW – compass saw (cut
circular hole), wallboard saw (shorter)
 AVIATION SNIPS – straight, left and right
 KNIVES – cutting wallboard, boxes or tape
 CHISELS – for notching and splitting pieces
of wood boards
 BASIN WRENCH – to install and remove
securing nuts of a faucet and water supply
connections in confined spaces
 BASKET STRAINER TOOLS – used for
strainers and tub drains
5- SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM 6- PLUMBING MATERIALS

Sewage is human waste. With a growth in

population, it is important that sewage is
processed carefully to avoid pollution and
disease.

Why treat wastewater?

• Causes a demand for dissolved

oxygen (lower DO levels of streams)

• Adds nutrients (nitrate and

phosphate) to cause excessive growth

• Increases suspended solids or

sediments in streams (turbidity increase)

Levels of Treatment

Primary
– removal by physical separation of grit
and large objects (material like paper, twigs
to landfill for disposal) by using filters and the
grit and organic solids are allowed to settle in
large tanks

Secondary
– aerobic microbiological process
(sludge)
- lowers suspended solids content
(into sludge)

Tertiary (advanced)
_ Settle out to form more sludge
_ anaerobic microbiological process with a
different microbe where bacteria
anareobically break organic matter to
methane. It is used as fuel to operate
machines in sewage plant.
– NO3- N2 (escapes to atmosphere)

– PO4-3 if not removed in sludge in

secondary process
PO4-3 + Al+3
AlPO4 (s) (into sludge dumped in sea bed
or on land as soil conditioner)

- aeration to strip N2 and re-oxygenate

(add dissolved oxygen)
- Water leaving the plant will be treated
with Cl or O3 to kill microbes and is safe to
use.
• When the treatment is done…
• Effluent back to stream after
– a final carbon filtration and
– chlorination/dechlorination

• Sludge – very nutrient rich

– applied directly to land as fertilizer
– incinerated (good fuel after drying)
– composted (Compro® from WSSC)