DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ONLINE STUDENT

REGISTRATION PORTAL (CASE STUDY OF AKWA IBOM STATE

UNIVERSITY)

BY

JOHNNY, INEMESIT EMMANUEL

FCAI/CST/ND/2017/2018/0292

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY,

FEDERAL COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ISHIAGU, EBONYI STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF NATIONALDIPLOMA CERTIFICATE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ISHIAGU.

SEPTEMBER, 2019.
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project Design and Implementation of Online Student
Registration Portal (Case study of Akwa Ibom University) was carried out by me.
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project work is written under the direction and supervision of the candidate’s
project supervisor and approved. This is to satisfy that the student has presented it
orally to the Department of Computer Science Technology Federal College of
Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State in partial fulfilment of the award of National
Diploma (N.D) in Computer Science Technology.

...................................... .......................................

MRS. MBA CHIOMA DARLINGTON DATE

(SUPERVISOR)

...................................... .......................................

MR. OKONKWO CHARLES DATE

(H.O.D, CST DEPT.)

...................................... .......................................

(EXTERNAL EXAMINER) DATE

 DEDICATION

I humbly dedicate this work to the almighty God who is the giver of knowledge,
wisdom and understanding and how he led me from the beginning of this work to the
end… May his name be highly exalted.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, my acknowledgement goes to God almighty, the giver of inspiration and

wisdom, the great helper. The one who stood by me through all the time of this work.

I also acknowledge the support of my project supervisor Mrs. Chioma Darlington

who offered his time to go through my work. I also acknowledge my HOD Mr.
Okonkwo Charles for his leadership role in the department of computer science
technology.

My profound gratitude goes to my parents Mr/Mrs. Emmanuel Johnny Akpan, my

friend Mr. Ndubueze, my spiritual guardians Pastor Mr./Mrs. Kingsley and well-
wishers for the spiritual and financial support they rendered towards the success of
this project work and academics. May the good Lord bless them all in a higher way.
Amen.
Tables of Content

Certification i

Approval ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of content v

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 2

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 3

1.4 Significance of the Study 4

1.5 Scope of the Study 4

1.6 Definition of Terms 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Literature 9

2.2 Review on Online course registration system at Tsinghua University 15

2.3 Benefits of Use 20

2.4 Theoretical Framework 22

2.5 Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Methods of Research 25

3.3 Population 26

3.4 Data Analysis 26

3.5 Solution Proffered by the Proposed System 30

3.6 Variables Used and its Relationship 31

CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION TESTING AND

INTEGRATION

4.1 Introduction 32

4.2 Programming Environment 32

4.3 Choice of Programming Language 33

4.3.1 Program Form Database 33

4.4 Data Dictionary 34

4.5 Implementing the Proposed Project 37

4.6 Implementation 39

4.6.1 Using the Graphical User Interface Forms 39

4.7 System Flowchart 41

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONAND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary 42

5.2 Conclusion 43

5.3 Recommendations 44

5.4 Possible Limitation of the Software 45

REFERENCE 47
 ABSTRACT

The Online Registration Portal is a research work designed and implemented

toprovidethe easiest way to replace the existing manual system used for students to
register their courses to be offered for each semester as well as entering their personal
data. The program has to provide and elucidate a means by which the record of each
and every students entity be arranged according to Database system. The system was
developed using HTML and PHP in designing the front end, MySQL to create the
databases as the back end and phpmyadmin serve as the interface between the front
end and the back end to provide the opportunity for storing, editing, adding and
deleting data as the case may be. Akwa Ibom State University is the case study where
all the necessary data were collected in the process of designing the system.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The term portal is known as links page which presents information from diverse
sources in a unified way. It may contain services that provide standard search engine
feature, e-mail, news, information, databases and entertainment. Portals provide a
way for enterprises to provide a consistent look and feel with access control and
procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have
been different entities altogether.

Electronic registration or e-registration, web based registration or even online

registration is a secure website that students enter to indicate that they will attend
classes in the upcoming (fall or sprint) rain or harmtan semester (Strauss, 2000).
Students can access the e-registration site from anywhere with an internet
connection. Mostly these sites are portals. Pena-Lopez (2007) describes a web portal
as a site that functions as a point of access to information on the World Wide Web
and portals present information from diverse sources. The Google directory describes
the term portal as where users control the content. There are several terms in library
and information science and indeed IT that have their origins borrowed from other
disciplines and a portal is one of such (Brakel, 2003). It must be borne in mind that
the Web, a resource of the Internet, and a tool to browse the Internet is the first ever
innovation that allows anyone to publish to a vast number of users via the Internet.
The portal in this context, is more than a gateway, it is a hub from which users can
locate all the Web content commonly needed (Nielsen, 1999). The portal is a
platform for organizations – universities, colleges, companies to leverage and for
efficient communication and other in-house operations. Put more simply a portal
collates ― a variety of useful information into a single, one-stop` web-page, helping
the user to avoid being overwhelmed by infoglut` or feeling lost on the web‖ (Looney
and Lyman 2000 33). However, the Internet (Internet gateways or libraries) are not
focused on internal enterprise functions. Reasons why organizations have a portal
according to (source) include: Information customization: Information
personalization: Efficiency in accessing information (work flow): Link integrity
software issues that link work: Enhancements and features such as calendars, to do
lists, schedules, hours of operation, discussion groups and chat, announcements and
alerts, job openings, career opportunities, reports and documents, search, emails,
course schedules, grades, CPGAs (Cumulative Point Grade Average), transcripts,
campus and world news, links to reference materials, bookmarks, etc. (Brakel, 2003).
The roles that a portal supports includes those of students, faculty, staff, managers,
workers, provosts, academic departments, IT facilities, scholars, researchers,
prospective students, alumni, visitors, friends and vendors. (Katz, 2002).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to develop a web based Online Registration Portal that
as a solution to the problems of the students registration currently in the institution.
The purpose of this study is aimed to solve the following problems:

1. The registration problem due to some manual means of operations which

easily lead to misplacement or loss of student information.

2. The manual pre-assessment of student registration system is very slow and

consumes a lot of time which causes the delay in completing the entire enrolment
process.
3. Consume time and human effort due to long queue in the process of paying
money in the bank and registration processes.

4. Due to manual means of generating report, such report can easily be misplaced
or loss. The outcomes from this study will assist the university to know
whether or not the problems of manual handling of students` registration and
mismanagement records have been overcome. The level of acceptance and use
of e-registration by the students of the university that will be unraveled in this
study will provide a framework for the improvement of e-registration at the
university from which other universities in the country can copy to improve
their own e-registration exercise.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to prefer solution to the above stated problems being
faced and to develop a web based online registration portal for Akwa Ibom State
University using Adobe Dream weaver PHP to develop each web page and MYSQL
as the database for storage of information on the website. The objectives are as
below:

1. To have an effective way of providing courses information and exam information

or notification anywhere and anytime to the students about rapid changes
of schedule.
2. To improve the privacy, user-friendliness and to enable convenient access to the
different kinds of information and services mounted on the web by users, it
would be desirable to set up a portal for channeling the vast information
resources to the different users in an efficient and effective manner.
3. To create an online Course Portal which provides a pre-assessment module
that allow courses verification to the students when login on the website. In
 addition, the course portal can also automatically evaluate and showcase the
report of courses of the students.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

To the Students,

Through this system, the students will be able to use the Online Registration Portal
effective for their online registration process especially for registering their personal
information, courses registration and exam registration. Example: It will also
promote students easy access to information resources, materials etc.

To the Faculty Members,

Through this system, the faculty members can provide all the necessary information
and resource material to their students and also be able to get the student information
from the website.

To the Future Researchers,

The future researchers could gain knowledge from the study on the benefits,
advantages and disadvantages, impact of developing web portals which they may
apply to their research in the future. By improving on the portal in such a way that is
being connected with inter-switch whereby students will be able to make any
necessary payment through the website, payment like school fee, acceptance fee, and
departmental fee and so on.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In this study, online registration portal for Akwa Ibom State University and plan to
implement the system. The study intends to provide an online registration portal
home page in which it should contain the description and brief overview about the
students, courses and exam registration processes for Computer department. The
scopes of the study are:

 Online Registration portal for student information registration

 Courses Registration

 Exam Registration

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Administration – can access and controls the whole system

Payment: is an amount of money that is paid to someone.

Bank: is an institution where people or businesses can keep their money.

Accounts: are detailed records of all the money that a person or business receives
and spends.

E: means electronic

Internet: is the computer network which allows computer users to connect with
computers all over the world, and which carries e-mail.

Design: it is a detail plan or arrangement to achieve a particular purpose.

Implementation: is the carrying out execution or practice of a plan.

Transaction: is a piece of business, for example an act of buying or selling

something.

Student: is a person who is studying at a university or college.

Lecturer: is a teacher at a university or college

Institution: is a large important organization such as a university, church or bank.

Database - a collection of data neatly organized which stores the operational records

Portal – presents information from diverse sources in a unified way. Apart from the
standard search engine feature, web portals offer other services such as e-mail,
announcements, discussion board, registration, inquiry, information, databases and
entertainment.

Registration – students or faculty members submits personal information to be a

member to have an access inside the campus course portal.

Courses – is a series of lessons or lectures on a particular subject.

Exam – is a formal test that you take to show your knowledge or ability in a particular
subject or obtain a qualification.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Katz (2002) divides portals into two groups: horizontal and vertical (VEPs) portals.
VEPs (Vertical Enterprise Portals). Gartner (year) says include shopping mall portals
and those on sports, etc. Horizontal Enterprise Portals or Mega Portals include:
Excite, yahoo, AltaVista, etc (Gartner, 2007). Now, Intranets are also called
Enterprise portals. Lakos (2004) gives the key principles that should govern a portal
rollout as (1) Simplicity – users want a simple and clear web environment. (2)
Dependability – the site and its contents should be available always and should be
predictable (3) Quantifiable value – users should feel self-sufficient and realize
added value from using the portal (4) Personalization – users should be able to
change the site to their personal preferences (5) Systematic management – long term
success requires a systematic approach and long term commitment.

A study by JISC RSC (Regional Support Centre) London on behalf of the Excellence
Gateway published in 2008 on Richmond Adult Community College: Using
Technology to make a step in business efficiency and responsiveness, was to see how
the college could use new technology on the business side first -the priority was to
use new technologies to reduce transaction costs between the college and the public.
What the study projects is to get prospectus online, web based enrolment, web
registration, timetabling module, online helpdesk and e payment. The outcomes of
this project includes: Reliable electronic registration linking the student database to
finance systems and modules for payroll and staff development - ensures accurate
payments and strong financial control; Learners enjoy the convenience of online
enrolment (course permitting) with 35% of enrolments now made on the Web; The
simple web-based Quality Assurance System was an early action that greatly
improved timeliness and efficiency of getting learner feedback from the previous
paper-based process and; Co-development of many of these modules enabled them
to obtain bespoke systems more cost-effectively as the software company were able
to gain commercial advantage through the developments (JISC, 2008).

Matovu (2009) in a study titled, availability, accessibility and use of ICT in

management of students’ academic affairs in Makerere University finds that this
emerged because of the problem that there was mismanagement of students’
academic records despite the technological advancement that had advanced in the
University. Such problems include loss of marks, miscalculation of marks to mention
but a few. The study intends to establish how ICT affected management of students’
academic affairs. It applied both correlation and cross sectional survey design. Data
were collected using semi-structured survey questionnaires and interviews.

Correlations were used to determine the extent to which ICT was related to
management of students` academic affairs and a cross sectional survey design was
used because data were to be collected at one time from the sample of lecturers and
administrators of Makerere University. Findings indicate that internet facilities,
computers, management information systems, electronic databases all were available
and accessible to administrators, lecturers and students though with restricted access
for viewing results, record keeping, setting and marking exams. ICT for registration
was used for tracking students’ registration progress by administrators and academic
progressing.

Cao and Brodnick (2002) in a research titled, what social factors affect students’ use
of online registration: an exploratory study, investigated factors that affect college
students; use of online registration service that was then recently offered in a private
university in Northern California. Findings show that during the first year 31% of
students who pre-registered their courses and results show that academic and
demographic factors affected students’ use of online registration service. It also
shows pharmacy and international studies students and high income families had
higher perception of use. However, results did not show a sign of impact of gender
on the use of online registration.

Brakel (2003) in his paper on Information portals: a strategy for importing external
content discusses the current lack of clarity on how to address the external
information issue in conjunction with the current popularity of portals and their
multiplicity, emphasizing in particular the confusion in regards to what constitutes
each portal type. The issue of definition intensifies when the term information portals
becomes added to the current list of portal categories. To conclude, it proposes a
strategy to ensure that external information sources are perceived by an enterprise as
of strategic importance.

2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

According to Robert Moskowitz of Matrix: The Magazine for Leaders in Education,

when you hear the word "portal" you might immediately think of one of the many
commercial Web sites, such as Yahoo or Excite, that populate the Internet today. As
the term implies, these services are the gateway to the Internet for many people,
offering news, search functions, sports scores, shopping and movie reviews.

A registration portal, on the other hand, is the entry point for a college or university.
It provides a centralized source of information and services for students, prospective
students, faculty, suppliers, administrators, alumni and friends.
The term registration portal can mean anything from a relatively simple set of Web-
based application and payment services, to a comprehensive online interface offering
highly personalized and customizable access to nearly all the features and benefits
of campus life and work.

Registration portals can provide entry points to anything from e-shopping for books
and campus regalia, to Web access, student activity information, class resources,
syllabi and assignment listings, and homework submission, as well as online class
registration and tuition payment.

A Relatively New Concept

Registration portals were pioneered by UCLA in 1999, to be followed by similar

systems at the University of Washington and the University of Buffalo.
Advancements in software simplify the work involved in building comprehensive
portals from scratch. As a result, most schools can launch a pilot portal within 12
months. Expansion and roll out takes longer, however, and a continually evolving
portal is an unending process.

Only about 5 percent of universities currently have campus portals, but many other
are on the way. Some 80 percent of U.S. colleges with enrollments of more than
1,000 will have registration portals by 2005, predicts the Connecticut-based Gartner
Group.

"They will become as essential to the campus experience as the quad," predicts
Matthew Pittinsky, chairman of Blackboard Inc., the Washington, D.C.-based vendor
of enterprise software for about 1,400 universities and schools.
"Portals are on everyone's mind right now, both within the university and
externally," agrees Dirk Herr-Hoyman, project manager at the University of
Wisconsin's Department of Information Technology, in Madison, Wisc. "In not too
many years, every university will have a personalized portal system."

Targeted Services

"A portal gives the ability to serve our constituents better, giving them what they
need without the things they don't need," says Dan Kelo, manager, special project
development, information resources at Pepperdine. "As Web sites grow, they become
difficult to navigate. Our campus portal allows us to target services to our
constituents."

Herr-Hoyman agrees: "The benefits will be in keeping and attracting world-class

students and faculty," he says. "That's important to us as a university. We're not
cutting staff or expenses; we're trying to do more with the budgets we already have
by providing better services."

While portals involve complex technologies, their cost is relatively low. Advertising-
supported systems can pay for themselves. One early portal business model was to
give the software free to institutions, then lace the portal's pages with advertising.

Vendors like Blackboard and PeopleSoft tend to bundle their portal systems with
their existing offerings, because the portals are part of the campus-wide system the
universities have already purchased from these vendors. Companies that specialize
in portal design can charge as much as $250,000. But, the acquisition cost is only a
fraction of the total implementation expense.
For example, the University of Wisconsin will spend millions for implementation
and development during the life of its portal system. Much of that cost will go to
making other applications accessible through the portal. New software is usually
written with the Web in mind, but integrating a school's standalone systems (often
legacies from 20 years ago) and its data can be time-consuming and expensive.

"A portal supports staff, alumni, students, faculty and others," says Blackboard's
Pittinsky." It's the common interface for all the services each of these constituencies
cares about on campus."

Portals lower the cost of delivering student services by leveraging the time and effort
of students and faculty, who can use the portal to complete forms online for
automated processing, reducing the need for administrative staff time. Another
benefit is the students' ability to pay fees online. This can generate higher collections,
often through debit cards that have lower transaction fees than credit cards.

What are Portals?

At the most basic level, portals gather a variety of useful information resources into
a single, “one-stop” Web page, helping the user to avoid being overwhelmed by “info
glut” or feeling lost on the Web. But since no two people have the same interests,
portals allow users to customize their information sources by selecting and viewing
only the information they find personally useful. Some portals also let you
personalize your portal by including private information (such as your stock portfolio
or checking-account balance).

Put simply, an institution’s portal is designed to make an individual’s Web

experience more efficient and thereby make the institution as a whole more
productive and responsive. But portals have an economic and social impact that
extends far beyond any basic functional definition. Eighty nine percent of the
estimated fifty eight million people using the Web in the United States use some type
of portal.

It is estimated that over 20 percent of the Internet’s retail e-commerce is portal-based.

And though portals have historically been developed from search-engine-based sites
(e.g., Yahoo, Excite, Lycos, Alta Vista) or ISP-based sites (e.g., AOL, Earthlink,
Prodigy), their value goes far beyond a Web page containing a directory of URLs.
One author described a portal as a place to start your day and get a little news. It is
an epicenter of the Web experience, a “home base,” a place to return to when you get
lost, a place to keep your information, a place from which to communicate with
others, and a trusty guide to all things ‘Web.’

Local Literature

FEU-EAC Online Student registration Portal

For the past few years, FEU-EAC has been continuously trying to find ways on how
to improve its services for the students in terms of providing information, registration
and other school transactions. It is eyeing the step-by-step growth and enhancement
from manual, partial automation and full-automation of its systems. Considering the
ideal goal of providing fast and convenient services and also the advantage of
reaching out to its students from distant areas, online enrolment is definitely the most
recommended innovation. Bearing in mind this ultimate goal, the College took its
first step by having some of it services online.

From thereon, My FEU - East Asia College Student Portal was conceptualized.
My FEU - East Asia College Student Portal was made to assist FEU-EAC students
in providing basic information related to their academic records, registration and
assessments. Likewise, this will also give privilege to the students to submit their
requests and transactions via Internet.

Enrolled students will be given accounts, usernames and passwords, to access and
login to My FEU - East Asia College Student Portal. Students can then access this
portal via Internet wherein they can now conveniently inquire information or do basic
student transactions anywhere and anytime they want.

This system basically includes the following:

 My Profile – this is where students could view their personal and contact
information. A special feature was provided for the students for possible requests
to update their personal information or records.

 Student Academic Information – this is where students could view their

academic records such as grades, class schedules and current assessments.

 On-line Self–Enrolment – this allows the regular students with no previous

balances and accountabilities to do self-enrolment via Internet.

 Other Services – this is where students could access the Student Coordinating
Council Voting System, upload files through My Portfolio or mark the important
events or activities on their calendars through My Planner.

Certainly, FEU - East Asia College Student Portal will be enhanced and additional
services will be incorporated in the future. Nevertheless, the Student Portal definitely
raised the bar of the College in rendering quality services for its students.
2.2 REVIEW ON ONLINE COURSE REGISTRATION SYSTEM AT
TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY

Tsinghua University offers more than 3,000 curriculums per semester, and online
course registration seven times. More than 500,000 students will register courses via
those registration activities, which have become an important part of academic
administration. All students have to register courses via the online registration system
opened in 1998. To be an exception, some compulsory courses are offered to the
freshman in the entrance according to their classification. The registration will be
carried out by two kinds of drawing lots, real time (undergraduate students) and
system automatic (graduate students).

Early 2006, we started a special project in the 2nd phase of "985" named by "the
modernization of technical platform supporting education”. To emphasize the
student-oriented concept, improve the efficiency and quality of course registration,
and fully meet registration requirements, we used a totally new registration
mechanism in the implementation of this new online course registration system,
which supports classification education training for undergraduate students, common
course registration of both undergraduate and graduate students, and teaching
activities across semesters. We reconstructed the online course registration system
by introducing new registration mechanism, system architecture and design method
to ensure the system more flexible and adaptable to support all kinds of students and
online courses.

The system was put into use in April 2009. After two years’ usage, with the high
attention of high level management teams, all academies and departments, proactive
cooperation of all teachers and students, the system now has reached domestic
advanced level through continuous improvement. It solved perfectly the problems
like fake registration numbers, course chose by system is not the real one wanted,
and unfair registration etc. It will introduce system design and implementation from
3 aspects:

Registration mechanism, System architecture and Design method.

i. REGISTRATION MECHANISM

The online course registration system is the central part of the educational
administration system. We did research on registration mechanism before system
design. Based on the analysis on some existing registration mechanism, we proposed
three operative registration methods: point assignment, willingness and drawing lots.
After collecting feedback and comments from all teachers and students, we decided
to use the method of willingness.

Concerning the real situation and previous problems in the method of drawing lots,
we optimized and adjusted the existing drawing lots method by using multi-level,
multi-classification and multi-willingness. The students’ willingness is considered
when deciding the registration priority. It means the registration willingness will
influence the rate of drawing lots to solve the problem mentioned above like fake
registration numbers to meet students’ requirement maximally.

After finalized registration mechanism, we separated the registration process into 3

phases which are same to previous ones: registration, adjustment and dropping.
Detailed description could be found below:

A. In the registration phase we used the willingness method. Three willing levels
are designed for compulsory courses for undergraduate students, restriction
courses, optional courses and physical courses, with exceptional high priority
for optional courses. For graduate students, three willing levels are also
 designed for degree courses, non-degree courses and physical courses with
exceptional high priority for degree courses and non degree courses. For the
overloaded courses, the system itself will draw lots randomly in the
background according to the students’ current training plan and willing level.

B. In the adjustment phase the students can register via first-come-first-serve if

the capacity of the courses allows.

C. In the dropping phase the students could do nothing but drop courses.

TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE

The online registration system is a periodic heavy load system especial in the
registration phase: too many online users and concurrent operations, which are
relatively minor in other phases. So it’s very important to choose appropriate system
architecture.

A. User model

First of all, we analyzed the current system users. Registration activities

involve all undergraduate students, graduate students, most of teachers,
graduate schools, academic affairs office, and all related education
administrators. Considering the large number of system users and wide
coverage, the users are separated into three categories:

• Student: It refers to the undergraduate and graduate students who will

inquire online courses and complete registration steps to generate
personal registration table.

• Teacher: It refers to the users who will deliver courses, and check the
status of online course registration.
 • Administrator: It refers to the users who will control registration
process, adjust detailed information of online courses according to the
real-time registration status, and complete administration tasks in the
background including drawing lots, willingness release, etc.

ii. TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE

There are tens of thousands people involved in registration activities as the major
part. System administrators are relatively stable while administration operations are
complicated. Based on the analysis of user category and activities, the system design
is using the integration of C/S architecture based on Citrix and B/S architecture based
on J2EE, which is also integrated together with authorization system and official
portal of Tsinghua University.

• C/S: C/S architecture is used to implement administration

functionalities. Developing environment is PowerBuild 10.2. The B/S
access method is implemented in C/S system by applying Citrix
technology. In this way, the system implements seamless integration
and roaming access between C/S and B/S, which solves the problem
that it’s not convenient for application access and update.

• B/S: B/S architecture is used to implement all kinds of functionalities

for the students and teachers by using JAVA. The framework is based
on Spring and Hibernate. It uses MVC structure which separates view,
business and model.

• Authorization: It’s integrated into authorization system directly which

ensures all kinds of users can access the online course registration
system via portal, and doesn’t require the 2nd account and password.
 • View: Through the two channels of teaching and teaching management,
the system integrates all functionalities related to course registration via
direct integration with portal. The students and teachers can take
required actions via registration item listed in the channel of teaching.
The administrators can run operation according to their role assignment
after entering the channel of teaching management.

iii. SYSTEM DESIGN

A. External relationship: As the intermediate link in the teaching chain, course

registration has relation to teaching planning, course arrangement,
examination arrangement and scores management, which means course
registration system has to cooperate with enrollment system, course system,
teaching planning system, training system, examination arrangement system
and scores management system. It can be seen that enrollment system, course
system, teaching planning system, training system, are superstratum systems
which provide basic data for course registration system. Examination
arrangement system and scores management system are then substratum
systems which will digest data provided by course registration system. The
system interfaces are finalized:

• For superstratum systems, course registration system read all data

initiatively. It will try to get a mass of basic data only once, and then
save those data as the base for course registration. Later on, it will
update accordingly if there’s any new information. For other kinds of
data, it will read them on demand and won’t save them at all.
 • For substratum systems, they can’t access registration data directly but
only wait the data pushed out by course registration system to ensure
registration date revised unconsciously.

B. Function structure

The course registration flow consists of data preparation, registration, adjustment,

retaking and retesting, dropping in the middle phase which actually will be carried
out by students, teachers and administrators. The system functionalities are designed
based on the major flow and involved system users. The implementation of
willingness method is the key part including: priority determination and drawing lots
calculation which can refer to my another paper: ‘Research and implementation of
volunteer course selection algorithm’.

2.3 BENEFITS OF USE

The fact that use of e-registration provides information in a real-time, electronic

format that allows confirmation of students` enrollment status; Students are also able
to find and schedule more of the courses they need; it is used as confirmation of a
student's intent to remain enrolled for the semester. E-registration is a system that
could easily manage its student body while also providing added bonuses, with a
main goal being to ease the transfer of information. It simplifies the registration
process through a Web-enabled, user-friendly wizard and digitizes all supporting
documents using intuitive processes and tools. The education system requires a
tremendous amount of data and documentation, and this e-registration solution
allows institutions to focus less on processing paperwork and more on what matters
most — meeting the educational needs of their students by having a cost-efficient,
secure registration process that allows for easy access to student files. Intranets and
portals are supposed to provide an infrastructure through which end-users can gain
effective access to information sources needed to assist in daily tasks such as
effective decision making, planning and research (Brakel, 2003).

Just like with the Internet, businesses have been at the forefront of tapping from the
portal technology to rethink how traditional websites can be recognized to serve and
transform their corporate goals. It is important to note that a website gives
information about the organization and its significant difference to a portal is that
one does not search for information as one does on the website but necessary
information is provided at your fingertips on the portal already personalized
information. It has become popular for academic institutions and universities in
Nigeria to have their corporate presence on the Web within the last five years. The
National Universities Commission, NUC and other international bodies in tertiary
education have come up with the webometrics of universities across the world to
highlight the growing importance of the Web to the running and administration of
universities (www.nuc.edu.ng). Administrators of the universities have had to either
to go about the website creation with the use of in-house developers or contract
vendors. The latter are firms offering colleges and universities sophisticated websites
through which students can obtain campus and other information and engage various
collegial and institutional services. Indeed, at most universities abroad and at some
Nigerian institutions the portal is used for specialized learning and virtual learning.
E-registration was pioneered in Nigeria by the Joint Admission and Matriculation
Board (JAMB) that discarded with the old method of manual registration for its
examinations and adopted the on-line registration, which is the system currently in
vogue worldwide. Consequently, it began with registration of thousands of
candidates, registering for the 2006/2007 Monotechnics, Polytechnics and Colleges
of Education (MPCE) examination. This was adopted and each candidate is required
to either scan a printed passport photograph or download a digital copy which is to
be fixed to the form. In addition, to this, a slip, containing the particulars and
photograph of the candidate, will be printed out, and which will be the passport to
the examination hall, adding that the examination supervisor will also have a copy
of the slip for confirming the candidates identity (Vanguard Newspapers, 2006).

Many institutions in Nigeria have been somewhat quick to recognize the powerful
transformational potential of portals and have developed and implemented their own.

One of such is the portal of National Open University of Nigeria. Broadly one could
argue that an institution with increasing student numbers, operating in a society with
an increasing desire for instant access to information, needs to carefully consider new
ways in which it can interact more effectively with its students (Brown 2000 77;
Twigg and Oblinge 1997). However, many institutions have just gone on board
without any regard for infrastructural support, availability of internet access to
students, user education, etc.

2.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework that will be used in the study is the Input-Process- Output
Model. In the IPO model, a process is viewed as a series of boxes (processing
elements) connected by inputs and outputs. Information or material objects flow
through a series of task or activities based on a set of rules or description points. Flow
charts and process diagrams are often used to represent the process. What goes in is
the input; what causes the change is the process; what comes out is the output. The
IPO model will provide the general structure and guide for the direction of study.

The Input-Process-Output Model also known as the IPO+S Model is a functional

model and conceptual schema of a general system. An IPO chart identifies a
program’s inputs, its outputs, and the processing steps required to transform the
inputs into the outputs.

The IPO model has many interdisciplinary applications, and is used to convey
systems fundamentals in IT overview education and as a brainstorming, preliminary
investigation tool in systems development processes. It consists of at least three, and
sometimes four, distinct components. In contemporary Information Technology, it is
almost always discussed as a three component model in which the fourth is a named
optional.

The components of the IPO model are defined as:

 Input - The information, ideas, and resources used

 Processing - Actions taken upon/using input or stored material
 Output - Results of the processing that then exit the system
2.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Faculty will The student will then Student will then

inform the login into the print out the
students to start registration portal registration
the registration with his/her matric processes report
processes number & password
and commence the
processes

Figure 1.1 Paradigm of faculty on

registration portal

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Students will The faculty will The student will
login in the portal display registration fill each of the
page processes forms & submit it
to database

Figure 1.3 Paradigm of student’s

login page
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Understanding of what system analysis mean will be great importance before giving
into detail discussion about analysis of existing system.

In order to just computerize without solving the problem, information collected

should be organized and analyzed because it is when the problems and potentials are
clearly identified that the new system could be use to solve the problem.

3.2 METHODS OF RESEARCH

The main instrument for this study is the questionnaire and the analysis essential
measure. However, in some instances, the interview method was used to gather data.
The target population of the study was students – undergraduates of Akwa Ibom state
university, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. This approach of research is most appropriate
to gather accounts of students` experiences on use of the e-registration portal and
identify user requirements to further improve acceptability and use. The study
adopted a case study research design using both questionnaire and interview. The
interview was face to face and employed open ended questions in line with De Vos
(2002) that provided a set of predetermined questions and guides them thinking about
the content of the interview to be covered. The choice of a case study approach is
because it provides a basis for closer integration of theory and practice. This is also
supportive of the colorful nature of the study. The in-depth interviews administered
by the researcher in a semi-structured way were conducted on 11 respondents in
separate sessions. The respondents were adequately educated on the purpose of the
interview and on issues of confidentiality.
The questionnaire was used to collect preliminary data and thereafter the face to face
interview conducted on the 10 respondents that included key student union leaders
and staff (e-registration team members in the institute). The questionnaire items were
designed to strictly measure students` acceptance and use of web-based registration
as well as outcome of use thereby ensuring content validity, predictive validity,
concurrent validity, construct validity, face validity, reliability and test stability.
Precisely, the reliability was determined via a test-retest reliability method of two
weeks interval. The reliability co-efficient via Cronbach alpha returned an r=0.87
indicating that the instrument is highly reliable to achieving stated objectives.

3.3 POPULATION

The target population of the study comprises the students of the Akwa Ibom state
university, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The Institution has six Faculties. The targeted
populations used are students from institution and most of them are from Computer
Department of about 100 students in total.

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Data collected on the study were analyzed using percentages and frequency count.
Because the frequency count will shows the occurrence number and percentage will
show percentage of each of the respondents.

1. System architecture

Based upon the experiences of the previous registration process, it was

anticipated that 100 workstations would be necessary for the purposes of the
registration exercise. These workstations, which would be a mixture of PC-
compatible machines and Apple Macintosh systems, would be distributed
throughout the University departments and campus. For each of these two
 types of system, a user-friendly interface program (front-end) was written,
which would display the equivalent of the original paper registration form. The
student data would be retrieved from an information store, written using
System. In the following sections we shall examine this architecture in more
detail.

2. The student information storage and retrieval

It is important that the student information is stored and manipulated in a

manner which protects it from failures such as machine crashes. Furthermore,
this information must be accessible from anywhere in the campus, and
consistent despite concurrent accesses. Therefore, a distributed information
store (the registration database) was built using the facilities provided by
System. The database represents each student record as a separate persistent
object, the Student Record, which is responsible for its own concurrency
control, state management, and replication. This enables update operations on
different student records (Student Record objects) to occur concurrently,
improving the throughput of the system. Each Student Record object was
manipulated within the scope of an atomic action, which was begun whenever
a front-end system requested access to the student data; this registration action
may modify the student record, or simply terminate without modifying the
data, depending upon the front-end user's requirements.

To improve the availability of the database, it was decided to replicate each

Student Record object, as described in Section 2. Because it is possible to
replicate an object's methods (the server processes) and state independently
we decided to replicate the object states on three machines dedicated to this
 purpose (HP710s), the object stores. The system could therefore tolerate the
failure of two object store machines.

Each student is identified within the University, and to the database system,
by a unique student number. With a suitable hashing function, the student
number was found to provide a uniform distribution of primary servers across
the server machines. When a primary machine failure was detected, each client
machine recomputed the location of the new primary server for each student
object based upon the new number of available machines.

It was possible to use five machines for both client and server processes. Thus
eight machines are employed in all, with up to 100 front-end systems.

Included with the front-ends were 2-5 swipe-stations, which were introduced
in the second year of operation. Registration forms were modified to include
a bar-code containing the student's registration number. This was used by the
swipe-stations to quickly determine the status of a student. These stations were
only used to read the student's data, and therefore no modification of the data
occurred.

3. Registration operation

Having described the overall system architecture we shall now examine the
operation of the registration system, showing how existing students were
registered, new students were added to the system, and the data was examined.

4. Initial set-up

Prior to the start of the registration period, the database was pre-loaded with
data pertaining to existing students, and data from the national university
 admissions scheme, UCAS, who supply data concerning new students who are
expected to arrive at the University. However, under some circumstances it
was expected that a small number of new student records would have to be
created during the registration process itself:

A registration transaction consists of the following operations:

(i) either opening (asking to retrieve) the record, or creating a new record.

(ii) displaying the record on the screen of the front-end system.

(iii) either closing it unmodified, or storing the record in the database.

The entire transaction occurs with an atomic action. The actual operations will be
described in more detail later but we present an overview here:

Open: retrieves an existing record from the database. This operation is used when
the record may be modified by the front-end system, and therefore a write-lock is
obtained on the database object.

New: for students not already registered in the database this operation allows a new
record to be created and modified before being stored.

Close: terminates the atomic action without modifying the record in the database.

Store: stores the record in the database, and terminates the atomic action.

Read: retrieves an existing record from the database, in read-only mode. This
operation is typically used by the swipe-stations, and does not allow modification of
the record. Therefore, the System client immediately invokes a Close request upon
receiving the student data.
In order to start the processing of a record, the user is required to enter the student
number, which is the user's method of keying into the student record database. A
registration transaction is started upon receipt by System client of an Open or New
request from a front-end; the client starts an atomic action and the object
corresponding to that record is activated. This involves the creation of a server
process, which is then requested to retrieve the object from the object store. The
architecture described above clearly implies that there is one instance of a client for
each active front end. Thus, there should be at most one such active object extant for
each client. Although the workstation programs were intended to avoid the
possibility of multiple Open calls being made, it was decided to insure against
erroneous behaviour on the part of the front-end by implementing the client program
as a simple finite state machine.

3.5 SOLUTION PROFERRED BY THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The solution proffered is to develop an online registration portal that can perform the
below:

1. Registration of students in the faculty of science

2. Online Course Registration processes

3. Online Exam registration processes

4. Provision of payment details

3.6 VARIABLES USED AND ITS RELATIONSHIP

i. VARIABLE USED FOR REGISTRATION

The variables needed for the processing of registration are: name, matric no,
password, department, programme and school.

ii. VARIABLE USED FOR LOGIN PAGE

The variables are matric no and password.

iii. VARIABLE USED FOR COURSE REGISTRATION PAGE

The variables are matric no, password, level, course of study, course title, course
code, unit and amount.

iv. VARIABLE USED FOR EXAM REGISTRATION PAGE

The variables are matric no, password, level, course of study, exam duration, exam
code, venue course registered for.
 CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this chapter is to show and identify a fully documented
operational system that is implemental on a computer system.

By so doing, the following activities would be carried out;

1. Development of computer-based software.

2. To test-run the computer program with capture data to ensure proper execution.

3. Preparing the documentation.

4.2 PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

The Online Registration Portal website can be implemented on any micro-computer

configuration with the following capacities:

i. An hard disk of at least 40GB

ii. 256 RAM memory

iii. Pentium IV 1.0 MHz

iv. Window 7 operating system

v. Macromedia Dreamweaver CS5

vi. Wamp server

vii. Microsoft Office suite

Any microcomputer of the above capacity is required to be used, the only important
thing is that PHP is used to design the package resides on the hard disk. The computer
used in designing and implementing the grade point average (GPA) package is HP
Intel centrino Duo. Processor 1.8 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.4 GB of RAM, 160 hard disk
capacity.

4.3 CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

PHP was used in designing the Online Registration Portal whereby sequential query
language (SQL) database is used in designing the database for the registration
processes, which consists of all the names of student, course code, and overall exam
registration information.

4.3.1 PROGRAM FORM DATABASE

This is a normalization that interprets the database form.

For the LOG IN entity

LOG IN

USERNAME OTHERNAME PASSWORD

For Student data entity

4.4 DATA DICTIONARY

LOG IN TABLE CONTENTS:

Field Type Null Default

Lg id int (10) No 0

Username varchar (20) No 0

Othername varchar (20) No 0

Password varchar (20) No 0

STUDENT DATA TABLE COMMENTS:

Field Type Null Default

Surname varchar (20) No 0

Othername varchar (20) No 0

Matric No varchar (20) No 0

Combination varchar (20) No 0

Level varchar (20) No 0

Session varchar (20) No 0

Semester varchar (20) No 0

COURSE REGISTRATION

Field Type Null Default

Matric No varchar (20) No 0

Course Code varchar (20) No 0

Course Title varchar (20) No 0

Course Unit varchar (20) No 0

Total unit varchar No 0

(20)

Semester varchar No 0
(50)

Level varchar No 0
(20)
4.5 IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSED PROJECT

For a computing service to support the mission aims and strategic direction of its
institution, its support devices must be responsive to and flexible in meeting the
needs of those who are their customers and it must undertake research into what is
required of them.

In order to achieve reasonable success in implementing this project, the following

aspects must be considered.

 To design by making affordable hardware for the implementation scheme.

 Configuration of the hardware which will be discussed in the next phase.

 Handling of online registration information.

 Continuous updating and upgrading of the developed systems and

Infrastructures.

 The types of network implemented.

NETWORK SCALE

The type of network to be used in this project as discussed earlier is the local area
network (LAN). We will consider the network scale which will determine the
number of client computer to use, the review of the software and some special
requirement that will leads to the configuration of the network client/server. The
entire organization will be preferred to run on a single server network. This allows
the centralization of a number of file services, the maintaining of a strong control
over the network environment, workflow and group ware achieving simple
administration and easy installation configuring the network server.
The server here performs the following tasks: client-server application, Database and
communication. They are the waiters of the network world, existing simply to satisfy
the requirements of the clients. Many computers rely on the services of a server.
Good network operating systems are therefore implemented with features such as
protected pre-emptive multitasking which prevents poorly server components
software from crashing the server and strong security which allows the management
of whoever has access to the different resources stored or provided by the server. The
only difference between a server and a client is the software each one is running.

Network operating system, which runs on the client and provides access to the
resources shared by the server. The purpose of the client network software is to make
the services that are available on the network appear to the client’s computer. After
the network server software installation is the network adapter card configuration.
Servers communicate on the network through their network adapter card.

NETWORK CLIENTS AND NETWORK SERVICES

The final link to connecting the client computers to the network is the network clients
and the network services software.

They are packages that bring a log into the Network but with the application of
Sequential query language (SQL) database, it makes the work very easier because
SQL package is already a network-based server, and the most important thing needed
is the installation of Database on the server and the interface in the client system.

4.6 IMPLEMENTATION
As discussed earlier in the previous chapter about the module we have in the
program, I shall review them by starting the program one by one, to really see how
each module is implemented.

4.6.1 USING THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FORMS

A very good example of a graphical user interface (GUI) form is the student data
form. This serves as a link/platform between the user and the database.

It is where new records are brought into the system; there is a need to keep the records
of each one of them. Clicking the OK button on the password form, enters the student
data and immediately changes until student data is made and it is updated by clicking
OK button on student data form which updates the data entered and also data could
be edited by clicking on the edit button.

The same process of opening the Graphical User Interface (GUI) form is applicable
to the SET WP, PASSWORD, REG, this information have(their individual forms for
entering data pertaining to the information based on them.

This project has 6 forms working dependently, they are as follows:

Set-up page

Password form

Student reg. forms

Course reg. forms

Exam reg. forms

Report Page
SET UP FORM

The set up form is accessible by the staff only that it requires the user name which is
the surname and the password which must not be more than 6 (six) digits. When a
new staff is being employed into the office, his/her name and password must first be
registered by clicking on set up, here the database of staff will be displayed and the
new staff is now registered and his/her information is saved. It also contains course
registration form.

PASSWORD FORM

Immediately, the set up button on the set up form is clicked, the password form is
displayed. The new staff or worker now saved his/her data enters the name,
username, new password which must not be more than 6 digits. Immediately, the OK
button is clicked, then the password is saved.

STUDENT DATA FORM

This is the form that takes in the student’s information including. Since there is
database backing up this form if a name is type, followed by the Matric number and
so on, the OK button is clicked, it will now bring the course page.
4.7 SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Start

User Name &

Password

PHP Code

Valid No

Yes

Registration forms

Stop
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The study examined acceptance and use of e-registration at Akwa Ibom state
university, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The results obtained show that the use of e-
registration by students have made more time available for them to do things other
than spend so much time on manual registration. There is a high perception of use of
e-registration by users but this can be complemented by provision of institutional
access to the internet for the students and a whole lot more of features such as access
on the portal to results, chat facility, etc. Portal management can also be made better
to avoid issues such as course codes not matching course titles, pin rejection, etc to
ease frustration of users with e-registration. The aim of this study is to investigate
the acceptance and use of a university's e-registration student users which may be
used for analysis in more in-depth studies. The research first measures the users'
levels of perception. The findings and results support user satisfaction, portal
reliability, in line with the findings of Tarn, Razi, Wiley and Hsu (2007) and that of
Crawford (2004) in studies on the use of electronic information services by students
at Glasgow Caledonian University. In addition to benefit the studied university in
maintaining a more reliable, stable, and expansive portal technology and
environment, it is hoped that this study will contribute to other educational
institutions when assessing portal technology and related initiatives. The present
registration portal at Akwa Ibom state university, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, like
other portals started by offering some services but should with time deliver
increasing number of services such as the results of this study show, with student
requirement including access to grades, transcripts, contact advisor, chat rooms, etc.
This is in tandem with a similar study by (Looney and Lyman 2000) that found that-
most current in-house portal projects have just begun to realize that a portal cannot
be turned off once it is begun: thus campuses need to understand that recurring
budgetary commitments are needed. Lastly, while it cannot be certain that the
number of students arriving at the university with their own internet ready devices
will grow significantly over the next few years one cannot rely on this as a complete
solution and the institution will still need to cater for those that do not have this kind
of access as the results show most users of the Akwa Ibom state university
registration portal access it from outside the institution presently at public internet
cafes that have to be paid for.

The result in this project is the registration portal of students in Open and Distance
Learning Institution. PHP is used for the automation of registration processes. The
final output gives us the report of each student, instead of the formal format given to
us initially that is electronic calculation replacing the manual calculation.

The advance in php raises a more pressing question than the object-orientation,
however, because the language and environment are now so vast, does one approach
it all, to be sincere, it would now take several thousand pages to cover everything
that can now be done in PHP, particularly, if widely distributed, custom control are
thrown into the mix.

Each student’s record is collected and added to the student’s database and updated.

5.2 CONCLUSION

There is an enormous amount of potential for the university to exploit the

implementation of an online registration portal. This technology can stipulate
university growth and development. The scope magnitude of change that are
occurring in department today are both exciting and daunting, very particularly we
are contemplating how we will manage the many streams of technological
innovations pouring into our department and networked information world.

The study analyzed acceptance and use of electronic registration by students at

National Open University of Nigeria, Damaturu Study Centre, Damaturu, Yobe
State, Nigeria, and the study finds that users of the registration portal require; access
to grades, contact with advisor, communication and other features on the portal; users
want more National Open University of Nigeria, Damaturu Study Centre, Damaturu,
Yobe State, Nigeria based access to the portal. Therefore, it is concluded that studies
on user requirements of e-registration should be continuous and at intervals to receive
feedback from users by managers of the portal with a view to meeting user
requirements for better ease of use. It may not be enough to just initiate online
registration and associated services without taking into consideration user
perceptions, requirements, needs and challenges, all of which will contribute to the
overall goal of the institution to enhance learning and at the same time manage
student records appropriately. It becomes even more important to conduct similar
studies in our 21st century electronic driven environment.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the finding of the study, it is hereby recommended that the e-registration
portal be made to accommodate additional features required by the users. Despite the
high perception of use of e-registration, it is important for more access points to be
made available on-campus (National Open University of Nigeria, Damaturu Study
Centre, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria- based) for ease of use. The general
functionality of the portal should also be improved upon such areas as ‗images
upload‘, ‗back‘, ‗save page‘, ‗save and return to complete later` and similar features.
User education in ICT generally and e-registration in particular is needed. In the case
of pre-degree students` accessing the portal for enrolment, etc, better management of
access to scratch cards/pin codes for the users is crucial.
Since the single server network is being used, there are some requirements that must
exist before it can be used perfectly. The purchase of network operating systems such
as windows Netware (Window 7). This program runs on the server and gives it, its
server personality. It distinguishes a server from a client on a network or preferable
host it on a website.
Server hardware: The server is the heart or the focal point of the network.
For this reason, the server must be fast in order to quickly respond to client requests
and it must have enough capacity (hardware space and memory) to store files and
perform task for many servers.
Special Requirements: Ethernet in a heavily network, there is no guarantee that a
computer will be able to wait for silence before transmitting the Ethernet takes the
responsibility of having a smooth flow of network.

5.4 POSSIBLE LIMITATION OF THE SOFTWARE

Very particularly, there are aspects that we can more or less call our limitation; they
are discussed in this area. It is important to get people’s feedback to really have an
understanding of how we can improve rapidly, and it is important to let them know
what is been done has been, the sort of the risks that are deemed unacceptable, and
what we do to minimize the organization’s exposure to them.
For now, the program software will not be able to function as a web-based
application. Hence, external users or user that is not within Open and Distance
Learning will not be able to access information.
This limitation can be corrected by incorporating the software on a website to enable
it function as an on-line application. But this require the user of *scripting language*
to code, load the application into the website and also to set the necessary protocols
and access methods, the software will respond to.

Although, in any computer based process, computer applications, as we all know are
susceptible to virus. The only measure for this is to install an antivirus, which protects
the project from being destroyed by them. Also on the user’s part, some flaws are
bound to happen since users are not 100% perfect, errors such as wrong typing of
information and accessing information from a wrong module are bound to happen.

Another consideration may be the limitation to accommodate new kinds of

information. As different kinds of information are required by the department, it is
possible that the software will become obsolete overtime.

Hence, in order to be able to store such information, there will be a need for
modification, addition modules and adjustments of the already existing modules.
This can be costly in most cases depending on the amount of work to be done. The
school would have to decide on either buying new software or modifying the old one
at almost the same cost.
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