CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. WHAT IS GREEN BUILDING

 Green Building also known as green construction or sustainable
building.
 A green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy
efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and
provides healthier space for occupants as compared to
conventional building.

1.2. GENERAL
 The project is a three storied mall cum office building comprising
of a terrace on each floor to enhance the aesthetic view of the
structure.
 The main idea behind this project is to learn the GREEN
CONCEPT of design and architecture which is the most
upcoming field in developing countries like India.
 The planning of a complex is done very carefully by keeping the
eco-friendly in mind.
 It is planned in such a way that maximum benefit from
environment is gained.

1
  For example, the position of door and window is planned in such a
direction were the wind velocity is more so that good ventilation is
used and we can save the electricity.

According to the green concept, there should be “Maximum use of natural light
during day time” by providing sufficient windows and ventilators.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This appendix contains more detailed information about the studies that the
committee relied on most heavily in formulating its findings and
recommendations related to American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards 90.1 and 189.1 and of the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Green Globes
green building certification systems. It also contains information on a literature
review (Hunt, 2008) that was not otherwise cited. In all, 26 studies are
described. The information provided typically includes the study goals and
objectives, the methodology used, characteristics of the sample (e.g., size,
location, building types), and the findings that are most relevant to the
committee’s statement of task. In most cases, the studies are quoted directly, as
indicated by the inclusion of page numbers in parentheses.

The studies are organized into three categories: studies on energy, water, and
related factors (subcategories include studies on federal buildings and regional
studies); studies on indoor environmental quality and productivity; and studies
on the incremental costs to design and construct high-performance or green
buildings. Those categories are not, however, exclusive, and findings from some
studies could be grouped within more than one category.

3
 CHAPTER 3

PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING AND BUILDING BYELAWS

3.1 Design Criteria:

Design criteria are of paramount importance and they should be carefully

considered and checked before finalization of the plan. The following principles
are given due consideration.

3.1.1 Grouping:

(a)Service area: Areas of Shop, Super market, Office at 1st and 2nd floor, bath
room and toilet comes under the service area.

(b) Circulation area: Areas for passage, lobby, corridor etc., has minimum but
well ventilated & lighted.

Circulation area provided in every floor, such as ground floor ,1 st floor and 2nd
floor.

3.1.2 Roominess: -

Roominess is the accomplishment of economy of space. Enough space is

provided in every department such that there is a feeling of comfort for
everyone using the particular structure.

3.1.3 Circulation :-

A certain amount of space is required for movement and access to

different rooms, kitchen, etc, known as circulation area. According to our plan
circulation is provide horizontally as well as vertically and is so designed that it
will preserve the privacy of every shop as well as office. Horizontal circulation

4
is provided in forms of passages and lobbies and vertical circulation is provided
in form of lifts and staircase.

3.1.4 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION :-

Every habitable structure (especially door) which should have for the admission
of air and light, one or more apertures such as windows and fanlights, opening
directly to external air or into an open verandah & of an aggregate are inclusive
of frames of not less than.

3.1.5 FIRE PROTECTION :-

Fire safety is a subject connected not only with human and property safety but is
related with design of buildings and their service. Therefore fire protection
measures, both in residential building and in commercial/ industrial complexes,
have assumed a great role in recent years in our country.

3.1.6 Privacy :-

External privacy has been provided in terms of providing compound wall

trees, lawn and landscaping.

Internal privacy has been provided by properly aligning the various

compartments according to its use.

5
 CHAPTER 4

GREENCONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE

BULDING

(4.1) Fig:-Types of green concept works in a building.

Green building, also known as green construction or sustainable building,
is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building life-
cycle.
To begin with the green concept the first and foremost thing to know is that the
design and the architecture should be such that maximum of the gift of nature is
utilized and minimum energy consumption and maintenance is required which
is the basic requirement of a particular structure to be economical.

“For every one million sq.ft of constructed green building footprint, the CO 2
reductions around 12,000 tonnes per annum”

4.1. NECESSITY FOR THE GREEN CONCEPT :-

Many of us think that what is the use of having green technology, as it is very
costly and require highly skilled management, why can’t we stick to the old
conventional building practices? Stop for a second and look around, we all can

6
see that we are absolutely changing the nature, we are cutting the green trees
and forests and constructing the modern cities. We are using all the renewable
sources on the earth which are in limited quantities. Green building is essential
because we are running out of resources to continue living as we have in the
past. we want there to be enough resources for everyone now and in the future.
Green building may seem like a tricky investment at first, but the rewards are
great over time.

Buildings account for :

 72% of electricity consumption,
 39% of energy use,
 38% of all carbon dioxide emissions,
 40% of raw materials use,
 30% of waste output (136 million tons annually), and
 14% of potable water consumption.

4.2. Benefits of Green Building :-

 Energy Efficiency & Water Conservation.

 Improved Indoor Air quality.
 Reduced Carbon Footprint.
 Increase Property Values.
 Increase Employee Productivity.
 Promote Your Company’s Values.
 Government & Utility Incentives.
 Reduce Operating Cost.

4.3. GOALS OF A GREEN BUILDING:-

4.3.1. Siting and structure design efficiency:-

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design
stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life
cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing

7
environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing
the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the
building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an
industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating
itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products,
composed of a various materials and components each constituting various
designs variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design
variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle
stages.

4.3.2. Energy efficiency

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the
efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and
unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in
walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is
often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls
and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the
summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective
window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the
need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces
energy loads.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power,

hydropower, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of
the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to
a building.

4.3.3. Water efficiency

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key

objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is
that in many areas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed
its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should
increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused
on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a
building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles
water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water
conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.
Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and
increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment

8
and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing
the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for
on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

4.3.4. Materials efficiency

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly

renewable plant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and
straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, ecology blocks,
dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are
non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trus, Linoleum, sheep
wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked
earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork,
expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, concrete
(high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete) The EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial
goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris
in construction projects Polyurethane heavily reduces carbon emissions as well.
Polyurethane blocks are being used instead of CMTs by companies like
American Insulock. Polyurethane blocks provide more speed, less cost, and they
are environmentally friendly. Building materials should be extracted and
manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in
their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured
off-site and delivered to site, to maximize benefits of off-site manufacture
including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in
one location), high quality elements, less noise and dust.

4.3.5. Indoor environmental quality enhancement:-

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or

VOC's, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely
on a properly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and air
filtration as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other
occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction
materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improve
IAQ. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic
gases, such as VOC's and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental

9
impact on occupants' health and productivity as well. Avoiding these products
will increase a building's IEQ.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a
properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's
thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the
careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the
lighting quality of a structure.

4.3.6. Operations and maintenance optimization:

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and
construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained
properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part of the
project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria
designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated
into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies
also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be
applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's
life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air
quality enhancement take place.

4.3.7. Waste reduction:

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and

materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of
the state's waste comes from commercial buildings during the construction
phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills.
Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the
occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce
matter going to landfills.

To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist.
"Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing
machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable
purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for
similar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy.
An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer,
which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste

10
at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other
biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was
demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices
like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that
remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas
emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this
process.

4.3.8. Cost:

The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings

is the price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend to cost
more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times
as much over the entire life of the building. The stigma is between the
knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from
more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. Also,
higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost
deductions. Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings
have yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment. It is projected that
different sectors could save $130 Billion on energy bills.

4.4. REQUIREMENTS OF A STRUCTURE USING THE GREEN

CONCEPT

1. BIOMETHANATION PLAN

2. RAINWATER HARVESTING

3. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

4. SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

11
 CHAPTER 5
RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

(5.1)Fig:-Method Of Rain Water Harvesting System

INTRODUCTION
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into
natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface
aquifers.
5.1. BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING
 Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground water table and
enables the dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained
manner.
 If ground water is brackish, harvesting will reduce the salinity
of water.
 Due to presence of iron salts, water becomes yellow and rain
water harvesting leach out these salts; leaching to clean the
water availability in the long run.
 Flooding of low lying areas and roads can be avoided to a large
extent, since rain water that is not harvested both within house
as well as outside is responsible for flooding.

12
  Rain water can be used for conservation and harvesting for
irrigation purpose.
 It promotes conjunctive use of river, rain ground, and sea and
sewage water.
 It prevents unsustainable exploitation of the aquifer.
 It ensures efficiency, economy and equity in the water use
through co-operative management of water sheds and command
area.
 It regulates the expansion of water market.

5.2. UTILITY OF RAIN WATER:

The advantages of utilizing rain water to supply house-hold needs and
quality can easily be maintained ; house-hold consists of-
 Drinking and cooking
 Bathing and laundry
 Flushing toilets
 Watering lawns, gardens and houseplants
 Composting
 Water for wildlife pets or livestock
 Outdoor ponds and water features
 Rinsing vegetables
 Washing vehicles and equipment
 Fire protection

The system is simple to construct; there is no negative environmental

impacts; it helps reduce problems such as soil erosion and flood hazards; and
reduce reliance on ground water allows replenishment of ground water tables.

5.3. DIFFERENT METHODS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:

1. Roof Top Water Harvesting.

2. Surface Water Harvesting.

Our project aims at the first type:

“Roof Top Water Harvesting”

13
ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING

Roof top water harvesting can be constructed where ever there are permanent
settlements experiencing difficult water supply conditions usually they require
roof areas of more than 30 sq. m. , but even in smaller areas can provide partial
supply to relieve some of the burden of fetching water. Roof top harvesting is
comprised of the roof top as the catchment areas, connected by gutters and pipes
to a storage container. The most suitable roof top surfaces are corrugated iron
sheet.

SURFACE WATER HAEVESTING

Rainwater that is not captured directly, used by agriculture, or absorbed into the
ground becomes surface water. Surface water harvesting includes all systems
that collect and conserve surface runoff after a rainstorm or in intermittent
streams, rivers, or wetlands for storage in open ponds and reservoirs. This can
provide water for direct household use (treatment is generally required),
irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture. Storage can also be the goal of collecting
surface water, whether through open reservoirs or direct infiltration to aquifers
below ground. Storing water in an aquifer conserves water better as it prevents
evaporation, unlike open reservoir systems.

5.4. DESIGN OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

The Potential

The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is
called the rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be
effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential. Refer Fig. 4 (a)

5.5. INFLUENCING FACTORS

Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting

potential of a site, eco-climatic conditions and the catchment characteristics are
considered to be the most important.

14
5.6. RAINFALL

5.6.1. Quantity

Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and hence, to

determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchment, reliable rainfall
data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years. Also, it would be
far better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with comparable
conditions.

5.6.2. Pattern

The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and design for
rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the dry period,
the more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if the dry
period is too long, big storage tanks would be needed to store rainwater. Hence
in such regions, it is more feasible to use rainwater to recharge groundwater
aquifers rather than for storage.

5.6.3. Catchment area characteristics:

Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchment over which it
falls as well as surface features.

All calculations relating to the performance of rainwater catchment systems

involve the use of runoff coefficient to account for losses due to spillage,
leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all
contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. (Runoff coefficient for any
catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to the
volume of rainfall that falls on the surface).

15
5.7. Runoff coefficients for various catchment surfaces

Type of catchment Coefficient of runoff

Roof catchments - tiles 0.8 – 0.9
Roof catchments - Corrugated metal 0.7 – 0.9
sheets
Concrete paved ground catchment 0.6 – 0.8
Brick paved ground catchment 0.5 - 0.6
Unpaved ground catchments
a) Soil on slopes less than 10 per 0.1 – 0.3
cent

b) Rocky natural catchments 0.2 – 0.5

Based on the above factors the water harvesting potential of a site could
be estimated using the formula given below.
Water harvesting potential

= Rainfall (mm) x Area of catchment x Runoff coefficient

16
5.8. Design of storage tanks
The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors:

 Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons,

the greater the storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of
fewer people under the same roof area.
 Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household
based on habits and also from season to season. Consumption rate has an
impact on the storage systems design as well as the duration to which
stored rainwater can last.
 Average annual rainfall
 Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of
rainfall -whether evenly distributed through the year or concentrated in
certain periods will determine the storage requirement. The more
distributed the pattern, the lesser the size.
 Type and size of the catchment: Type of roofing material determines the

17
 selection of the runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by
measuring the area covered by the catchment i.e., the length and
horizontal width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the required
cistern (tank).

5.9. Dry season demand versus supply approach

In this approach there are three options for determining the volume of storage:

1. Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof

2. Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its
users
3. Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and
construction methods.
In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to
limit the tanks to smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof
areas or likely needs of consumers. For this reason elaborate calculations aimed
at matching tank capacity to roof area is usually unnecessary. However a
simplified calculation based on the following factors can give a rough idea of
the potential for rainwater collection.

18
 CHAPTER 6

SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

6.1. Types of Solar Panels

There are two main types of solar panel
1. Solar electric panels
2. Solar water heating panels

6.2. How PV Panels Work

PV panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity PV
systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. “Photo” refers to light and
“voltaic” to electricity. A PV cell is made of a semiconductor material, usually
crystalline silicon, which absorbs sunlight. You’ve seen PV cells at work in
simple mechanisms like watches and calculators. You’ve probably even seen
them for signs on the road. More complex PV systems produce solar electricity
for houses and the utility grid. The utility grid is the power source available to
your local electricity provider.

6.3. Details on How PV Panels Work

Most PV panels contain a top protective layer, two specially treated
layers of silicon with collecting circuitry attached to the top layer, and a
polymer backing layer.

19
The top layer of silicon is treated to make it electrically negative; the back layer
is treated it make it electrically positive. When sunlight knocks electrons loose
from the silicon, electrons move up from the bottom layer of silicon and crowd
the electrons in the top layer. The electrons freed from the top layer are
collected by electrical contacts on the surface of the top layer and routed
through an external circuit, thus providing power to the electrical system
attached to the panels.
New technology, which we’ll get to in a later section, uses different, less
expensive materials than silicon in PV panels to capture sunlight more
affordably.

(6.1) Fig:-PV Panels

6.4. Where is PV Panels Installed?

Most PV panels go on solar south-facing roofs parallel to the roof’s slope
in the northern hemisphere, and on solar north-facing roofs in the southern
hemisphere. Some arrays can be mounted on poles or on the ground, but such
placement could be prohibited by local regulations or homeowners’ association
rules. An important consideration is how many peak sun hours your system will
get. Will your solar panels get year-round unshaded sun exposure from 9 a.m. -
3 p.m. (the ideal)? Is your climate stormy, foggy, and dusty? The power of your
system will vary depending on your geographical location. People in the
northeastern US, for example, will need more solar panels on their roofs to
provide the same amount of solar electricity as someone in Arizona.

20
6.5. What Happens at Night and on Cloudy Days?
Because solar electric systems only produce power when the sun is
shining, many consumers also connect their solar system to a utility power grid
that provides additional electricity when the solar panels are not producing
enough. That type of solar system is called a grid-tied system.
6.5.1. Off-Grid vs. Grid-Tied Systems
Costs also vary depending on whether your solar energy system is grid-
tied or off-grid. The cost of installing a typical off-grid PV system in a home
ranges from $15,000-$20,000 per kilowatt hour. The cost lowers when the solar
system is installed as part of the initial house construction, because it is easier
and more cost-efficient to incorporate energy-saving design, PV panels and
other equipment during construction than to add them after the house is already
built.
Off-grid systems require batteries to store electricity and a charge regulator to
make sure the batteries are not under- or overcharged. However, with the cost of
extending power lines from the utility grid averaging from $20,00-$80,000 per
mile, a PV system can be a wise investment for electricity in remote areas.
There are several varieties of off-grid systems:
Small stand-alone solar electricity systems are often used for RV power,
lighting, cabins, back-up and portable power systems.
A complete stand-alone solar system provides independence from both fossil
fuels and electric utility companies.
A typical complete stand-alone system uses two inverters to make sure power is
available for large loads such as air conditioners, and one inverter can supply
power when the other may not be working or needs servicing.
Such systems require sizable battery storage capacity so electricity is available
when adverse weather diminishes solar power.
Batteries are an expensive component of stand-alone solar systems, initially
costing between $80-$200 per kWh for residential use.
Hybrid systems combine PV panels with additional power sources such as
fossil-fuel generators.
A hybrid system uses fewer solar panels than a typical stand-alone system,
because a gasoline, propane or diesel generator produces power when solar
panels are not producing enough.

21
Such systems can be used for cabins, remote homes and to power small medical
facilities in third-world countries.
Off Grid advantages:
1. Freedom from electric bills
2. Independence of the public utility grid
3. Cost-effective for remote areas without power lines

Off Grid disadvantages:

1. Higher initial investment than grid-tied systems
2. Expense and maintenance of more system components such as batteries
and charge regulators
3. Possibility of power outage in extended periods of adverse sun conditions

Grid Tied advantages:

1. Backup power if the solar system isn’t producing enough
2. Net metering if the solar system is producing too much power
3. Lower initial investment than for most off-grid systems

Grid Tied disadvantages:

1. Some dependence on the utility grid
2. May not be able to use solar system in the event of a grid power failure
3. Some incentives require that contractors demonstrate proper licensing and
capability in areas specific to grid-tied installation

6.6. What Happens if a Solar System Produces More Energy Than the
Home Needs?
In a grid-tied system, homeowners can get credit when their system
produces more solar electricity than the house itself needs. Many utility
companies use “net metering” or “net billing” for customers with solar energy
systems. The utility credits a homeowner’s account for excess solar electricity,
which goes back to the utility grid, then applies the credit to other months when
the system produces less electricity.

22
(6.2)Fig:-Solar System.

23
 CHAPTER 7

THE GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

In the rating system the particular structure is given points depending upon how
strictly the clauses laid down by the a)LEED B)IGBC C)USGBC etc … are
followed and how eco-friendly the structure is or will be.
7.1. NEED FOR THE RATING SYSTEM
 To demonstrate that building is truly ‘green’
 To give building owners the tools to have a measurable impact on their
buildings’ performance.
7.2. THE LEED RATING SYSTEM

The LEED System is a point based system. The building projects earn points
based on their satisfying Green building criteria. They must satisfy certain
requirements and earn credit points based on six different categories. The six
categories

 Sustainable sites
 Water efficiency
 Energy and atmosphere
 Materials and resources
 Indoor environmental quality
 Innovation and design process

24
Depending on the number of points the building project earns, it is awarded a
certification level. There are four LEED certification levels – Certified, Silver,
Gold and Platinum.

The LEED system is used by designers, architects, engineers, construction

managers, government officials among others to make sustainable buildings.
Many U.S state and federal agencies are adopting LEED certification. The
LEED certification has gained worldwide acceptance as a benchmark for
sustainable buildings with LEED certified projects in 41 different countries
including Canada, Mexico, Brazil and India.

7.3. IGBC (INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL)

The guidelines detailed under each credit enable the design and construction of
green homes of all sizes and types. IGBC Green Homes addresses green
features under the following categories:
 Site Selection and Planning
 Water Efficiency
 Energy Efficiency
 Materials
 Indoor Environmental Quality
 Innovation & Design Process

Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total
credits earned. However, every Green Home should meet certain mandatory
requirements, which are non-negotiable.

The various levels of rating awarded are:

 ‘Certified’ to recognize best practices
 ‘Silver’ to recognize outstanding performance
 ‘Gold’ to recognize national excellence
 ‘Platinum’ to recognize global leadership

25
 CHAPTER 8

METHODOLOGY

The main of our project “Green building”is to highlight. The features which re
involving the easy and batter energy efficient technological uses making full use
of natural resources for running various tyres of daily life technologies which
includes light, fan, tv etc. through by using solar power.

Solar methodology takes into consideration the unique nature of solar PV

generation in which systems produce electricity on peak, produce power at the
location of use, do not require continuous fuel purchases, and environmental
advantages of fossil fuels. These characteristics generally increase the value of
solar electricity as they allow utilities to avoid the cost of fuel, generation,
reserve capacity, transmission and distribution in their centralized assets.

“Greenbuilding” methods go beyond reducing harm to the environment, these

method of construction merge environmentally stable materials, labour
methods, and long term planning for buildings to protect and improve the
quality of the planet and the landscape surrounding each project. Using recycled
and biodegradable materials during construction thus the earth a huge benefit in
the future

8.1 Function:-

Solar panels on the roof and the south facing wall power the building,
computers, electric vehicles and smart phones. Lighting is provided by super-
efficient LED panels wired with sensors that monitor movement, light,
temperature and humidity.
Electricity produced by solar panels are used to run light, fan, electronic
gadgets, mainly storing of filtrated water to the upper water reservoir and also
used in other electrical technologies.

Domestic waste water from building is filtered through water treatment process
which is done in the following ways:

 Coagulation:- During coagulation, liquid aluminum sulphate [alum]

and/or polymer is added to untreated [raw] water. When mixed with the
water this causes the tiny particles of dirt in the water to stick together or
coagulate.
 Sedimentation:- As the water and the floc particles progress through the
treatment process, they move into sedimentation basins where the water
moves slowly, causing the heavy floc particles to settle to the bottom.
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 Filtration:- Water flows through a filter designed to remove particles in
the water. The filters are made of layers of sand and gravels and in some
cases crushed anthracite.
 Disinfection:- Water is disinfected by using chlorine because it is very
effective disinfectant and residual concentration can be maintained to
guard against possible biological contamination in the water distribution.
 Fluoridation:- Water fluoridation is the treatment of community water
supply for the purpose adjusting the concentration of the free fluoride ion
to the optimum level sufficient to reduce dental caries.
 pH correction :-Lime is added to the filtered water to adjust the pH and
stabilize the naturally soft water in order to minimizes corrosion in the
distribution system, and within order to minimize corrosion in the
distribution system, and within customers’ plumbing

Rain is also stored for various domestic purposes, watering plants, washing
vehicles and agricultural uses.
Hence energy stored by solar panel can be used for various useful purposes
and there is much less use of non-renewable resources but making use of
natural resources such as sunlight, waste water, plants for fresh air. Thus,
making batter life style

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 CONCLUSION

We owe the great pleasure in completing the project work of DIPLOMA CIVIL
ENGINEERING “PLANNING OF A COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING
GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT”.

As this project is based on environment awareness program we kindly hope that

more and more impetus should be given to growth of green building concept.

We highly appreciate the help given by our project guide “Mr. Rajnik Pal and
we all are thankful to him.

As this project teaches us to co-ordinate with the project guide, group mate, this
project will be very helpful in our future.

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