Sie sind auf Seite 1von 12

Project

In
Research

Gabriel J. Sanano
10- easterlily
Forest Conservation
chapter 1

related local studies

forest conservation
Abstract:
In the case of a land constraint economy such as the Philippines, the efficient
allocation of land to its various uses is essential. This constraint is further
intensified by the growing population and increased demand for commercial
land. The process of land classification is only the first step in managing land
resources. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model based on ORANI,
a multi-sectoral model belonging to the Johansen class of CGE models was
employed to ascertain the economy-wide effects of the reduction in forestry
production due to conservation efforts. The paper also attempts to show the
relative contribution of population growth and trade policies on deforestation in
the case of the Philippines. The study evaluated some of the forestry policies
recommended by the Philippine Master Plan for Forestry Development (1991-
2015). In theory, the policies formulated would be viable and effective. The
problem lies in the implementation especially of reforestation activities, which
is the core of the Master Plan. The Philippine forests require intensive
regeneration programs to revive the domestic logging industry and
conservation programs to protect sensitive areas as well as the establishment
of tree plantations. The study evaluated four policies from the Master Plan,
namely the implementation of selective logging, imposition of stumpage tax on
the forestry sector, lowering of forestry discount rates and the establishment
of set-aside areas. The study found that moving into a selective logging
regime and the establishment of set-aside areas would achieve forest
conservation with little reduction in economic growth. Moreover, the results
show that (domestic) population per se would not significantly increase
deforestation. Whilst, export taxes are ineffective tools in reducing
deforestation, trade liberalisation policies are beneficial to the economy as a
whole

Mahinda Siriwardana University of New England (Australia) |


UNE · UNE Business School
Introduction:

It is well known and recorded that the forests of Southeast Asia,


including those of the Philippines, are the most biodiverse
terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. These forests, however, face
serious threats from social and economic development. The
factors that contribute to forest loss and degradation include
shifting cultivation, cash cropping, firewood collection, livestock
grazing, unsustainable logging and anthropogenic fires intensified
by exceptional droughts. The underlying causes of forest
problems are poverty, over-population, inequitable land tenure
regimes, misguided policies, weak governments and debt
burdens.

The Philippine government is aware of the uniqueness and


exceptional diversity of the country's forests. Appreciation is also
growing of the role of forest genetic resources in sustaining the
productive and protective values of forests, and the need to
conserve these resources. Strong economic reasons lie behind
this appreciation. A large number of tree species in the
Philippines are harvested for their timber and, to a lesser extent,
non-wood products such as bark, resin, tannin and medicinal
compounds. Forest product exports make an important
contribution to the Philippine economy. In future, ecotourism and
genetic resources are likely to play a much greater economic role.
The number of tree species being exploited is not known, but
given their value and the threats they face, conservation efforts
must be strengthened considerably.

R. B. Aguda [6]

Forest Management Bureau, Quezon City, Philippines


Status of forests and forest genetic
resources:
In terms of its social and economic impacts, forest management
in the Philippines has passed through two stages and is entering
a third. In stage one, large areas of forest were converted to
farmland to support a growing population. In stage two, the
country sought to augment agricultural development by
developing an industrial economy based largely on natural
resources. Forest exploitation accelerated during this stage,
resulting in a logging boom. Faced with diminishing forest
resources, local forest-based industries were forced to diversify or
go out of business. In the third, and current, stage, concerted
efforts are being made to reverse the decline in forest area and
quality, and protect the country's remaining natural forests.
The contribution of forestry to the Philippine economy has been
eroded by massive deforestation during the past two decades.
Pressure from a growing population, demands for agricultural
land, urbanization and logging are among the reasons behind
forest loss. Poor planning and execution of forest management
programmes, weak enforcement of forest laws, political
pressures, inadequate policies for forest protection and
development, and the low priority historically given to forest
conservation and environmental protection have exacerbated
deforestation and frustrated attempts to solve forest problems.

R. B. Aguda [6]

Forest Management Bureau, Quezon City, Philippines


National programmes for conservation
and management of forest genetic
resources:

Tree improvement and genetic resource conservation


activities in the Philippines take place under national
reforestation programmes, but are not clearly defined.
Breeding of forest trees has historically been
underemphasized, owing to a preference for natural
regeneration methods such as seed trees for pines and
selective logging for dipterocarps. Changes in
environmental and socio-economic conditions, however,
have promoted more intensive plantation approaches that
require specific tree improvement and genetic resource
conservation efforts.

R. B. Aguda [6]

Forest Management Bureau, Quezon City,


Philippines

What are the major causes of


deforestation in the philippines?
side from logging (whether legal or illegal), other causes of
deforestation in the Philippines are forest fires, “kaingin” farming
(slash-and-burn agriculture), and mining operations. Volcanic
eruptions have also devastated some of the country's tropical
rainforests.
How much deforestation has occurred in
the Philippines?
The Philippines is one of the most severely deforested countries
in the tropics and most deforestation has happened in the last 40
years. Estimates place forest cover in the Philippines in the year
1900 at 21 million hectares, covering 70 % of the total land area.

what are the effects of deforestation in


the philippines ?
there are so many effects of deforestation in our country. Not
only the giant trees will be lost but also the species living in the
forests will be disappear. Some of it are the tarsiers and the
philippines eagle. A nd we should not wonder why our country
experiences consistent flashfloods and landlands.

5 way to stop deforestation


- plant tree.
- Go paperless.
- recycle and buy recycled products
- look forest stewardship council certification on wood
and wood products.
- eat vegetarian meals as often as possible
chapter 2
related foreign studies
forest conservation

Abstract:

Conservation of forest is a continual process that requires a


well- designed strategies and approaches that fulfill the desired
goal, with a scope to include new ideas within a given framework.
The modifications in global greenery are a matter of great concern
in front of forest managers that can be tackled with an efficient
outcome in protecting forest ecosystem. The models designed for
the protection of wilderness of a given region is efficient but the
challenges are large enough that require retrieving and
reorganizing these structures to enhance the green shades in the
globe. The new scientific tools and techniques have potentiality in
reclamations of the wilderness but require an extensive testing in
all distinguished forest biomes and geographical regions.

International Journal of Research (IJR)


INTRODUCTION:

Forest ecosystems are fundamental sources of services and


global biodiversity, their capacity to maintain these benefits in the
future is potentially threatened by anthropogenic impacts such as
climate change, land use, and unsustainable management
practices . Tropical deforestation is a multi-faceted threat to the
international climate change crisis anddespite increasing
awareness of the link between deforestation and climate change;
tropical deforestation rates are accelerating dramatically thus
requires creative and flexible regulatory solutions.The natural
resource such as forests and forest products were found as a
basic source of survival for living organisms during the initial
period. Later, the natural resources started degrading slowly and
steadily due to increased
human activities. In the beginning, natural resources were the
primary assets for the growth of agriculture, industry, urbanization
etc. Subsequently, increased anthropogenic activities started
degrading the forest cover on a large scale through extending the
agricultural land scape and other developmental activities in the
country. The importance of traditional knowledge regarding
resource conservation, protection of sacred grooves, endangered
species etc.
Around 80% of the earth's land area is not formally protected and
consists of 'multi-layered' forested landscapes that support
people, biodiversity

International Journal of Research (IJR)


Modern scientific techniques in forest
conservation

Scientist and forest managers are working globally in utilization


and implementation of modern scientific tools and technique in
forest conservation program although these technique yet
requires through test in all type of ecosystem.Bicknellet al
(2015)promoted Reduced-impact logging (RIL) as best practice
forestry that increases sustainability and lowers CO2 emissions
from logging, by reducing collateral damage associated with
timber extraction and it will also expected to minimize the impacts
of selective logging on biodiversity

International Journal of Research (IJR)

the country that the highest rate of


deforestation
Singapore, nigeria, indonisia and north korea have the
worlds highest rates of deforestation
the country that the lowest rate of
deforestation
china and the united states, the top two greenhouse gas
polluters have the lowest

the five main causes of deforestation


-Agricultural Expansion. The conversion of forests into agricultural
-plantations is a major cause of deforestation. ...
-Livestock Ranching. ...
-Logging. ...
-Infrastructure Expansion. ...
-Overpopulation.
https://www.onegreenplanet.org

Solutin of Deforestation
-curb the felling of trees, by employing a series of rules and laws
to govern it
-Clear cutting of forests must be banned
-Land skinned of its tree cover for urban settlements should be
urged to plant trees in the vicinity and replace the cut trees. Also
the cutting must be replaced by planting young trees to
replace the older ones that were cut.

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com
Importance of Forests

-The most important function of forests is that it produces


mass amounts of oxygen as a by-product
of photosynthesis. Oxygen is the main respiratory gas for all
animals, it ensures our survival.

-And while photosynthesis, trees also absorb carbon


dioxide from the air. This is one of the main pollutants of air
pollution. Hence forests also reduce air pollution.

-Forests also prevent soil erosion and keep soil pollution in


check. Deforestation, in fact, leads to soil erosion on a large
scale since the topsoil comes loose.

-Forests also play an important part in the water cycle and


control moisture levels of our ecosystem.

-And finally, forests are the natural home and habitat for
millions of species of animals, birds, and insects.

toppr.com

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen