Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4, APRIL 2019
Abstract— A simple decoupling method of using metallic vias to suffers high pass loss and attenuation in mm-wave band, which
improve the isolation of millimeter-wave multiple-input-multiple- decreases the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio consider-
output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) elements is ably. To mitigate the problem, the mm-wave multiple-input-
investigated. The vias are vertically added to the DRA elements,
at appropriate positions. By means of the interaction with the multiple-output (MIMO) technology is expected to be used
electromagnetic fields, the vias can potentially affect the filed in 5G systems [2], [3]. Accordingly, how to integrate multiple
distributions and further reduce the coupled fields effectively. antennas within constrained space becomes a crucial issue.
The isolation between the MIMO DRA elements can, therefore, When two or multiple antennas are placed closely, the sys-
be enhanced substantially. As the vias are placed inside the tem performance will be degraded undesirably owing to the
DRA elements, no extra footprint is needed, making the entire
antenna system very simple and compact. Two typical examples, poor isolation [4]. Therefore, in the past decade, extensive
including an H-plane and an E-plane, coupled 1 × 2 MIMO research efforts have been directed toward the reduction of
DRA arrays, have been designed, fabricated, and measured to mutual coupling between antenna elements. In general, decou-
demonstrate the feasibility and universality of this method. The pling strategies can be classified into two categories. The first
results show that by using the vias appropriately, the isolation of approach is to directly reduce the current or field between
the H-plane coupled MIMO DRA array can be enhanced from
∼15.2 to 34.2 dB, while that of the E-plane array can be improved antenna elements. This is usually implemented by using
from ∼13.1 to 43 dB at 26 GHz. metamaterials [5], [6], electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) struc-
tures [7]–[9], or defected ground planes [10], [11]. The second
Index Terms— Decoupling, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA),
millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna, multiple-input-multiple- approach relies on introducing an extra coupling path by using
output (MIMO) antenna. parasitic scatters [12], distributed [13], or lumped [14], [15]
decoupling networks, as well as neutralization lines [16], [17],
I. I NTRODUCTION to counteract the original coupling. Up until now, most
reported decoupling structures were placed between or ver-
A T PRESENT, the mobile internet, unmanned vehicle,
Internet of Things, and virtual reality are advancing
at unprecedented rates, which involve massive information
tically above the antenna elements, which would inevitably
occupy extra space and increase the system complexity.
Therefore, although the decoupling methods mentioned above
exchange and demand for extremely high data rate and
are effective at microwave frequencies, directly scaling these
large capacity. Consequently, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave)
circuits up to mm-wave band is not a good way or even
spectrum becomes a potential choice for the upcoming
impractical due to the difficulties in machining the small and
fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems [1]–[3].
complicated decoupling structures [5]–[9]. Also, the high loss
In China, the bands of 24.75–27.5 GHz and 37–42.5 GHz have
of decoupling elements is another problem. Therefore, it is of
been identified as interesting bands for future 5G communica-
great significance to investigate simple decoupling structures
tion. However, the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves
with low loss for mm-wave antennas.
Manuscript received June 20, 2018; revised November 28, 2018; accepted Dielectric resonator (DR) antenna (DRA) has advantages of
December 12, 2018. Date of publication January 8, 2019; date of current small size, wide bandwidth, and ease of excitation [18]. More-
version April 5, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61871187 and in part by the over, the DRA is purely made of dielectric, and therefore, its
Guangdong Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars under loss can be made very small even at mm-wave frequency. All
Grant 2016A030306007. (Corresponding author: Yong Mei Pan.) these features make the DRA an excellent antenna candidate
Y. M. Pan and X. Qin are with the School of Electronic and Information
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, for mm-wave systems [19]. Recently, there are a few studies
China (e-mail: eeympan@scut.edu.cn). concerning the reduction of mutual coupling between DRA
Y. X. Sun is with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City elements in mm-wave MIMO system [20]–[23]. The classi-
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and also with the Department of
Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. cal metasurface shield [20], metamaterial polarization-rotator
S. Y. Zheng is with the Department of Electronics and Communication wall [21], frequency selective surface (FSS) wall [22], and
Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. EBG structure [23] were adopted. Although acceptable decou-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. pling effects have been achieved, the periodic decoupling
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2019.2891456 structures were rather complex and they suffered from bulky
0018-926X © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
PAN et al.: SIMPLE DECOUPLING METHOD FOR 5G mm-WAVE MIMO DRAs 2225
Fig. 6. Simulated boresight gains of the reference Antenna HRI , the proposed Fig. 8. Simulated S-parameters of reference Antenna HRI and the proposed
Antenna HP , as well as the single DRA. Antenna HP . The edge-to-edge spacing is reduced to 0.5 mm.
TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF THE R EFERENCE AND THE P ROPOSED
H-P LANE C OUPLED MIMO A NTENNAS
Fig. 12. Simulated and measured boresight gains of the H-plane decoupled
prototype.
A. Antenna Configuration
Fig. 13 shows the configuration of the proposed via-loaded
E-plane decoupled MIMO antenna. Again, two identical rec-
tangular DRAs are placed along the x-axis, separated by
a distance s. Different from the above-mentioned case, the
coupling slots are now assigned with the y-axis, and the 50 Fig. 15. Simulated S-parameters of the reference Antenna ERI , the proposed
microstrip lines are curved into L-shape to feed the slots. Antenna EP , as well as the single DRA.
Therefore, the TE111(y) mode is excited and the xz plane
becomes the E-plane. To reduce the E-plane coupling between
any decoupling structure and the proposed Antenna EP which
the two neighboring DRAs, four vias that are symmetrical
has extra metallic vias, as shown in Fig. 14. Both sets of
about both the x- and y-axes are inserted into each DRA
MIMO antennas are operating in the TE111(y) mode and are
element.
designed at 26 GHz. Fig. 15 shows the simulated S-parameters
of the two MIMO antennas. It can be seen that Antenna
B. Antenna Mechanism ERI has a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 7.3% and an
A comparison is also conducted between a reference isolation of about 13 dB, similar to the above-mentioned
antenna (Antenna ERI ) which is the dual-coupled DRA without H-plane coupled antenna. When adding the metallic vias,
2230 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 4, APRIL 2019
Fig. 16. Simulated E-field distributions inside the DRAs of (a) reference Antenna ERI without via, (b) proposed Antenna EP with 4 vias, and (c) reference
Antenna ERII with 2 vias.
Fig. 17. Simulated 2-D radiation patterns of the E-plane coupled MIMO
antennas with (proposed Antenna EP ) and without (reference Antenna ERI )
metallic vias, as well as the single DRA at 26 GHz. (a) xz plane. (b) yz plane.
Fig. 18. Simulated boresight gains of the reference Antenna ERI , the pro-
posed Antenna EP , as well as the single DRA.
the impedance bandwidth slightly increases to 9.2%, ranging from the neighboring DRA, while the metallic vias of the
from 24.8 to 27.2 GHz. Simultaneously, the mutual coupling proposed antenna are very helpful in remaining the radiation
decreases greatly to less than −30 dB. The effectiveness of performance. Moreover, owing to the metallic vias, the cross-
the decoupling vias is thus validated again. polarized field is desirably suppressed by about 10 dB over the
The field distributions of the MIMO antennas with and entire yz plane. Fig. 18 shows the simulated boresight gains
without metallic vias are investigated and shown in Fig. 16. of the three antennas. As we can see, in comparison with
It can be seen in Fig. 16(a) that when there is no decoupling the single DRA and Antenna ERI , the gain of the proposed
structure, a large amount of fields can be coupled from antenna is more stable in the corresponding impedance band.
DRA-1 to DRA-2, and considerable x-polarized field can Meanwhile, the gain of the proposed antenna is the highest
be observed in DRA-2, indicating that the isolation is poor. at most of the frequency points, which is to be expected
When adding decoupling vias in the two DRAs, it can be owing to its lowest mutual coupling. The average gain within
observed in Fig. 16(b) that the fields within DRA-1 remain passband is about 7.1 dBi. It is notable that the gain reduction
almost unchanged, but the fields coupled to DRA-2 become of Antenna ERI is not as obvious as that of Antenna HRI
rather weak. The field and current concentrate around the shown in Fig. 6. This is due to the fact that although the
vias, while the current on the microstrip feedline-2 is very radiation pattern of Antenna ERI is also seriously deformed
weak. As a result, the isolation is improved significantly, by the mutual coupling, its maximum radiation is retained
as demonstrated in Fig. 15. The two-vias scheme used in in the boresight direction, and moreover, the beamwidth is
the above-mentioned H-plane case has also been investigated. considerably decreased, as shown in Fig. 17. Consequently,
As shown in Fig. 16(c), when only two vias are used, the fields the boresight gain is only slightly reduced.
on the left half of DRA-2 are similar to that of the proposed Also, the effect of the edge-to-edge spacing is investigated.
antenna, but the fields on the right half are now mainly along Fig. 19 shows the simulated S-parameters of the proposed
the x-direction. Consequently, the isolation of Antenna ERII E-plane MIMO DRA whose edge-to-edge spacing is only
can only be enhanced limitedly by about 8 dB, not as well as 0.08 mm (0.007λ at 26 GHz). In this case, the two antenna ele-
the proposed scheme. ments are almost touching. Surprisingly, the proposed decou-
Fig. 17 plots the simulated radiation patterns of the sin- pling scheme is still found to be effective and can realize high
gle DRA, the reference Antenna ERI , and the proposed isolation. Compared with the DRA without decoupling vias,
Antenna EP . Again, it can be clearly seen that the xz plane a ∼23 dB (average) mutual-coupling reduction is obtained
pattern of Antenna ERI is seriously deformed by the coupling over the band.
PAN et al.: SIMPLE DECOUPLING METHOD FOR 5G mm-WAVE MIMO DRAs 2231
Fig. 19. Simulated S-parameters of the reference Antenna ERI and the
proposed Antenna EP . The edge-to-edge spacing is reduced to 0.08 mm.
Fig. 20. Prototype of the proposed via-loaded E-plane decoupled MIMO IV. C OMPARISON AND D ISCUSSION
antenna. (a) Top view. (b) Bottom view.
The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of the proposed
MIMO antennas has been calculated by:
The antenna performance of all the above-mentioned − → −
→ 2
E-plane coupled MIMO antennas is summarized in Table II 4π E 1 (θ, φ) · E 2 (θ, φ) d
ρe = 2 − 2 . (1)
for reference. −→ →
4π E 1 (θ, φ) d 4π E 2 (θ, φ) d
C. Experimental Verification It is found that the ECC values of both the proposed via-loaded
A prototype of the proposed via-loaded E-plane decoupled MIMO antennas HP and EP are below 0.002 over the fre-
MIMO antenna was also fabricated and measured to verify the quency band of interest, which are much lower than that of
effectiveness of the decoupling method, as shown in Fig. 20. the reference antennas without metallic vias. Hence, a good
Similar to the H-plane prototype presented in Section II, spatial multiplexing performance can be expected by using the
the ground plane has been enlarged to 31.77 × 39 mm2 for decoupling method.
installing the End-Launch-Connectors and reducing the impact A comprehensive comparison between the proposed
of the connectors. Fig. 21 shows the simulated and measured via-loaded decoupled MIMO DRAs and the previously
S-parameters of the prototype. It can be seen that the measured reported designs is summarized in Table III. As shown
reflection coefficients of both ports are better than −10 dB in Table III, the decoupling effects of all the previous ele-
within the band of 25–27 GHz. The measured isolation is ments including the metasurface shield [20], metamaterial
2232 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 4, APRIL 2019
TABLE III
C OMPARISON OF THE P ROPOSED V IA -L OADED D ECOUPLED MIMO A NTENNA AND P REVIOUSLY R EPORTED D ESIGNS
Fig. 23. Simulated and measured boresight gains of the E-plane decoupled
prototype.
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2234 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 4, APRIL 2019
Yong Mei Pan (M’11–SM’17) was born in Huang- Yu Xiang Sun was born in Yingcheng, Hubei,
shan, Anhui, China. She received the B.Sc. and China, in 1987. He received the B.Eng. degree in
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the electronic information science and technology and
University of Science and Technology of China, the M.Sc. degree in radio physics from Wuhan
Hefei, China, in 2004 and 2009, respectively. University, Wuhan, China, in 2010 and 2012, respec-
From 2009 to 2012, she was a Research Fellow tively, and the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering
with the Department of Electronic Engineering, City from the City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. In 2013, in 2016.
she joined the School of Electronic and Information From 2012 to 2013, he was a Research Assistant
Engineering, South China University of Technology, with the Department of Electronic Engineering, City
Guangzhou, China, as an Associate Professor, where University of Hong Kong, where he has been a
she is currently a Professor. Her current research interests include dielectric Post-Doctoral Fellow since 2016. His current research interests include
resonator antennas, leaky-wave antennas, metasurface antennas, and filtering dielectric resonator antennas, GPS antennas, and millimeter-wave antennas.
antennas. Dr. Sun serves as a Technical Reviewer for the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON
Dr. Pan is currently an Associate Editor of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON A NTENNAS AND P ROPAGATION, IEEE A NTENNAS AND W IRELESS P ROPA -
A NTENNAS AND P ROPAGATION. GATION L ETTERS , Sensors, and IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation.