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One common adverse effect is an upset stomach.[5] More significant side effects
include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma.[5] Bleeding risk is
greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on
other blood thinners.[5] Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.
[5] It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk
of Reye syndrome.[5] High doses may result in ringing in the ears.[5]
A precursor to aspirin found in leaves from the willow tree has been used for its
health effects for at least 2,400 years.[7][8] In 1853, chemist Charles Fr�d�ric
Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce
acetylsalicylic acid for the first time.[9] For the next fifty years, other
chemists established the chemical structure and came up with more efficient
production methods.[9]:69�75 In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began
studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for
common salicylate medicines.[9]:69�75[10] By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and
sold it around the world.[11] Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the
twentieth century leading to competition between many brands and formulations.[12]
The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark
were lost or sold in many countries.[12]
Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated
40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year.[7][13] It
is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and
most effective medicines needed in a health system.[14] As of 2014, the wholesale
cost in the developing world is US$0.002 to US$0.025 per dose.[15] As of 2015, the
cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than US$25.00.
[16] It is available as a generic medication.[5] In 2016, it was the 38th most
prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 19 million
prescriptions.[17]
Contents
1 Medical use
1.1 Pain
1.2 Fever
1.3 Inflammation
1.4 Heart attacks and strokes
1.5 Cancer prevention
1.6 Other uses
1.7 Resistance
1.8 Dosages
2 Adverse effects
2.1 Contraindications
2.2 Gastrointestinal
2.3 Central effects
2.4 Reye's syndrome
2.5 Skin
2.6 Other adverse effects
2.7 Overdose
2.8 Interactions
3 Chemical properties
3.1 Synthesis
4 Physical properties
4.1 Polymorphism
5 Mechanism of action
5.1 Discovery of the mechanism
5.2 Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
5.3 COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition
5.4 Additional mechanisms
6 Pharmacokinetics
7 History
7.1 Trademark
7.2 Compendial status
8 Veterinary medicine
8.1 Cats and dogs
8.2 Horses
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Medical use
Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain,
rheumatic fever, and inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis,
pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease.[18] Lower doses of aspirin have also been shown
to reduce the risk of death from a heart attack, or the risk of stroke in people
who are at high risk or who have cardiovascular disease, but not in elderly people
who are otherwise healthy.[19][20][21][22][23] There is some evidence that aspirin
is effective at preventing colorectal cancer, though the mechanisms of this effect
are unclear.[24] In the United States, low-dose aspirin is deemed reasonable in
those between 50 and 70 years old who have a risk of cardiovascular disease over
10%, are not at an increased risk of bleeding, and are otherwise healthy.[25]
Pain
Uncoated aspirin tablets, consisting of about 90% acetylsalicylic acid, along with
a minor amount of inert fillers and binders
Aspirin is an effective analgesic for acute pain, although it is generally
considered inferior to ibuprofen because aspirin is more likely to cause
gastrointestinal bleeding.[26] Aspirin is generally ineffective for those pains
caused by muscle cramps, bloating, gastric distension, or acute skin irritation.
[27] As with other NSAIDs, combinations of aspirin and caffeine provide slightly
greater pain relief than aspirin alone.[28] Effervescent formulations of aspirin
relieve pain faster than aspirin in tablets,[29] which makes them useful for the
treatment of migraines.[30] Topical aspirin may be effective for treating some
types of neuropathic pain.[31]