ESPOL

2019 – 2020 IT

Termodinámica Aplicada
Deber 6

1. Determine the specific exergy, in Btu, of one pound mass of

(a) saturated liquid Refrigerant 134a at 25°F.
(b) saturated vapor Refrigerant 134a at 140°F.
(c) Refrigerant 134a at 60°F, 20 lbf/in2.
(d) Refrigerant 134a at 60°F, 10 lbf/in2.
In each case, consider a fixed mass at rest and zero elevation relative to an exergy
reference environment for which T0 = 60°F, P0 = 15 lbf/in2.

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2. A concrete slab measuring 0.3 m x 4 m x 6 m, initially at 298 K, is exposed to the sun

for several hours, after which its temperature is 301 K. The density of the concrete is
2300 kg/m3 and its specific heat is c 5 0.88 kJ/kg ? K. (a) Determine the increase in
exergy of the slab, in kJ. (b) To what elevation, in m, would a 1000-kg mass have to be
raised from zero elevation relative to the reference environment for its exergy to equal
the exergy increase of the slab? Let T0 = 298 K, P0 = 1 atm, g = 9.81 m/s2.

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3. Twenty pounds of air initially at 1560 R, 3 atm fills a rigid tank. The air is cooled to 1040
R, 2 atm. For the air modeled as an ideal gas (a) indicate the initial state, final state,
and dead state on a T–v diagram, (b) determine the heat transfer, in Btu, (c) determine
the change in exergy, in Btu, and interpret the sign using the T–v diagram of part (a).
Let T0 = 520 R, P0 = 1 atm and ignore the effects of motion and gravity.

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4. A gearbox operating at steady state receives 4 hp along the input shaft and delivers 3
hp along the output shaft. The outer surface of the gearbox is at 130°F. For the
gearbox, (a) determine, in Btu/s, the rate of heat transfer and (b) perform a full exergy
accounting, in Btu/s, of the input power. Let T0 = 70°F.

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5. An electric water heater having a 200-L capacity heats water from 23 to 55°C. Heat
transfer from the outside of the water heater is negligible, and the states of the electrical
heating element and the tank holding the water do not change significantly. Perform a
full exergy accounting, in kJ, of the electricity supplied to the water heater. Model the
water as incompressible with a specific heat c = 4.18 kJ/kg.K. Let T0 = 23°C.

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6. Water at 24°C, 1 bar is drawn from a reservoir 1.25 km above a valley and allowed to
flow through a hydraulic turbine-generator into a lake on the valley floor. For operation
at steady state, determine the maximum theoretical rate at which electricity is
generated, in MW, for a mass flow rate of 110 kg/s. Let T0 = 24°C, P0 = 1 bar and
ignore the effects of motion.

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7. Water vapor enters a valve with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s at a temperature of 320°C
and a pressure of 60 bar and undergoes a throttling process to 40 bar.
(a) Determine the flow exergy rates at the valve inlet and exit and the rate of exergy
destruction, each in kW.
(b) Evaluating exergy at 8.5 cents per kWh, determine the annual cost, in $/year,
associated with the exergy destruction, assuming 8400 hours of operation annually.
Let T0 = 25°C, P0 = 1 bar.

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8. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at T1 = 320 K, P1 = 2 bar with a

velocity of 80 m/s. At the exit, T2 = 550 K, P2 = 6 bar and the velocity is 180 m/s. The
air can be modeled as an ideal gas with cp = 1.01 kJ/kg.K. Stray heat transfer can be
ignored. Determine, in kJ per kg of air flowing, (a) the power required by the compressor
and (b) the rate of exergy destruction within the compressor. Let T0 = 300 K, P0 = 1 bar.
Ignore the effects of motion and gravity.

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9. A stream of hot water at 300°F, 500 lbf/in2, and a velocity of 20 ft/s is obtained from a
geothermal supply. Determine the specific flow exergy, in Btu/lb. The velocity is relative
to the exergy reference environment for which T0 = 77°F, P0 = 1 atm. Neglect the effect
of gravity.

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10. Liquid water enters a heat exchanger operating at steady state at T1 = 60°F, P1 = 1 atm
and exits at T2 = 160°F with a negligible change in pressure. In a separate stream,
steam enters at P3 = 20 lbf/in.2, x3 = 92% and exits at T4 = 140°F, P4 = 18 lbf/in2. Stray
heat transfer and the effects of motion and gravity are negligible. Let T0 = 60°F, P0 =
1 atm. Determine (a) the ratio of the mass flow rates of the two streams and (b) the
rate of exergy destruction, in Btu per lb of steam entering the heat exchanger.

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11. A gas turbine operating at steady state is shown in the following figure. Air enters the
compressor with a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s at 0.95 bar and 22°C and exits at 5.7 bar.
The air then passes through a heat exchanger before entering the turbine at 1100 K,
5.7 bar. Air exits the turbine at 0.95 bar. The compressor and turbine operate
adiabatically and the effects of motion and gravity can be ignored. The compressor and
turbine isentropic efficiencies are 82 and 85%, respectively. Using the ideal gas model
for air, determine, each in kW, (a) the net power developed, (b) the rates of exergy
destruction for the compressor and turbine, (c) the net rate exergy is carried out of the
plant at the turbine exit. Let T0 = 22°C, P0 = 0.95 bar.

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12. A steam turbine operating at steady state develops 9750 hp. The turbine receives
100,000 pounds of steam per hour at 400 lbf/in2 and 600°F. At a point in the turbine
where the pressure is 60 lbf/in2 and the temperature is 300°F, steam is bled off at the
rate of 25,000 lb/h. The remaining steam continues to expand through the turbine,
exiting at 2 lbf/in2 and 90% quality.
(a) Determine the rate of heat transfer between the turbine and its surroundings, in
Btu/h.
(b) Devise and evaluate an exergetic efficiency for the turbine.
Kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. Let T0 = 77°F, P0 = 1 atm.

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