CONTENT CHAPTER 1

The Company

Quality Policy

Corrosion and Cathodic Protection

Objects

Services
THE COMPANY

your partner in the field of

cathodic corrosion protection

Established in 1945 to provide services in the field of electrical engineering, SSS recognized
the importance of corrosion and its prevention quite early and diversified its business
operations in 1965 to works in the field of corrosion protection. Whereas the parent electrical
division with its branches in several important cities is quite well-known in Germany, the
corrosion protection division leads the European market with its wide range of services and
international operations.

Cathodic protection requires specialist manpower, equipments and resources. Education is

required for understanding but knowledge and experience are essential for producing desired
results in the field of cathodic protection. The construction of cathodic protection system
requires inputs from many specialist fields. SSS continues to consolidate and expand
manpower, resources and facilities to meet demands of evergrowing business and technology.
Of course, esteemed clients and business associates for and with whom SSS has worked
with distinction and continues to do so, are ´best references´ of SSS. Their valuable contribution
to its growth and strength, SSS proudly acknowledges and appreciates with gratitude.

Based on long experience and good understanding of users’ overall interests, this document
catalogues details of services and products which SSS can provide to meet diverse
requirements in world-wide cathodic protection field. This information also includes special
services, products and techniques which SSS has developed through long and intimate
relationships with projects, problems and people in the field of corrosion and cathodic
protection.
QUALITY POLICY

Already, since over 50 years, the quality of our products Quality is everyone´s concern
and services is the basis for the success of the
company.
We have guaranteed our name with quality with the The safeguarding and constant improvement is the
target to convinc our clients. As experts in the field of task of all staff members in the company. It demands
cathodic protection, we want to set the standards in concious engagement and partnership cooperation.
quality. All executives are obliged to care for the observance
With qualitatively high-grade and reliable products and of the quality management measures in their area.
services as well as technical advices through seminars Each staff member has the right and duty to implement
and consultations we lead a race of competition. quality, eliminating any fault in products and keeping
To keep the head high in future, SSS accomplished its high quality standards.
present quality management systematically, with
success, according to the requirements of the interna-
tional Norm DIN ISO 9001 under the critics of the inde-
pendent certifying organisation " TÜV CERT ".
To this end, SSS has received, from " TÜV CERT ", the
certificate for its quality management system according
to DIN ISO 9001 in March 1996.
Of course DIN ISO 9001 remains a constant challenge
to SSS after the certification.

Quality targets

- Customers satisfaction

- Trust in time

- Precision in production

- Quality costs minimising

- Safety and environmental compatibility of service

and products with motivated and content staff
members

We reach our quality targets through

Education and dynamic continued training of our staff

members.
Team work of all staff members combined with the most
modern technology, know-how and long-time experience
form a climate for emerging high-grade products and
services.

Quality with system

With the quality management system we supervise the

observance of all measures related to quality
determined for the manufacturing of high-grade products.
The quality management system is described in the
quality management manual and valid for all staff
members.
 CORROSION AND CATHODIC PROTECTION

Corrosion

By corrosion is understood the reaction of a metal-

lic material with its environment. In all electrolytes,

cathode
as for example, in the ground, in river or sea water
metal atoms go into solution as electrically charged
ions during the corrosion reaction. This process 1
O2
H
/2
produces a more or less rapid loss of metal surfaces. e O H
The movement of charged ions causes a flow of e

anode
++
Fe
electric current. This flow of electrons results in a
++
current flowing from the metal to the electrolyte. Fe
-
e
O H
e
1
/2 +
The annual loss due to corrosion increases every H

cathode
O2
year with the growing industrialization of our society.
The efforts to counteract the destruction of technical
or industrial installations valuable to our economy, metal
aerobic
soil
for instance by the application of protective coatings,
are increasing at the same rate. However complete anodic reaction : Fe > Fe+ + + 2e-
corrosion protection can not be achieved practically
by coating, as it is impossible to fully avoid minor
defects such as pores or cracks in the coating.

Cathodic Protection
e e e e
- + Cathodic protection is a method which protects the
e
metal reliably even at undetected coating holidays.
The protective current supplies electrons to the
protective current structure which is protected. These electrons cover
the electron requirements for the reduction of oxygen
which comes into contact with the metal surface.
O2 Without cathodic protection, these electrons would
1
/2 H H
O have been provided by the decomposition of the
cathode

metal. Thus, the potential of the metal surface is

anode

-
Fe H O
H
+ sufficiently reduced to prevent the disassociation of
Fe
H O
- positive ions from the metal. Where formerly an
+
H anodic reaction took place, the oxygen is reduced
1
/2
O2
by cathodic reaction. The entire surface of the
structure protected is thus transformed into a safe
cathode, i.e. the metal is " cathodically " protected.
soil
metal

cathodic reaction : ½O2 + H2O + 2e > 2 OH

How it works ( a true case )

The pictures show the condition of a water well riser

pipe after two years operation without and with
Cathodic Protection, applied by sacrificial anodes.
OBJECTS
Objects whose bare/coated, underground / under water / concrete-enclosed metallic surfaces are being
successfully apllied cathodic protection for prevention against corrosion for many years, are many but only
some main objects are being shown in pictures to illustrate the range of application of cathodic protection.

PIPELINES

onshore and offshore

PLANT AREAS

industrial, power, petrochemical etc.

underground metal works,
pipelines, tank bottoms etc.

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

structures / platforms / oil rigs

harbours / jetties / ports / water
intakes / sluices / vessels etc.

PRODUCTION WELL CASINGS

oil wells
gas wells
water wells
OBJECTS

INTERNAL PROTECTION

water tanks / oil tanks

coolers / condensers
turbines / pipelines

STEEL REBARS IN CONCRETE

marine structures
road bridges etc.

ANODIC PROTECTION

tanks
heat exchangers
coolers
with sulphuric acid or
caustic solutions
SERVICES

Based on long experience with regards to requirements and in-house resources of domestic and international
clients, SSS has developed technical expertise, resources and reliable business relationships to provide
complete range of services to carry out all types of cathodic protection activities, works and projects,
irrespective of their nature, size, complexity and location.

PROJECT SERVICES

SITE SURVEY

SURVEY REPORT

DETAIL DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

PROJECT CONSULTANCY

MATERIAL / EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE AND SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION / SUPERVISION

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

JOB TRAINING

SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

PERIODIC MONITORING AND ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

REPAIR / REPLACEMENT SERVICE

REMOTE MONITORING SERVICE

INTENSIVE SURVEY

STRAY CURRENT INVESTIGATION

PEARSON SURVEY

FAULT LOCATION

SURVEY OF SUBSEA PIPELINES

COMPUTERIZED CLOSE INTERVAL POTENTIAL LOGGING SURVEY

COMPUTER BASED CALCULATION OF AC INDUCED HIGH VOLTAGE

COMPUTERIZED DEEP SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT

CP - APPLICATION SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE

TRAINING COURSES AND DEVELOPMENT SEMINARS

PROJECT SERVICES

SITE SURVEY

Data Collection
Soil Resistivity Measurements
Current Drain Test
Investigation of Groundbeds
Location of CP Stations
Location of AC Power Sources
DC Interference
AC Interference
Stray Current

SURVEY REPORT

Survey Data Documentation

Data Interpretation
Basic Details of CP System
Technical / Commercial Analysis

DETAIL DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

Scope / Standards
Protected Objects
Design Philosophy / Design Criteria
Scheme and Calculations
DC / AC Interference Mitigations
Close Potential Survey
Material and Equipment Specifications
Construction and Commissioning Procedures
Operating and Maintenance Instructions

PROJECT CONSULTANCY

Regular Project Meetings

PROJECT SERVICES

MATERIAL

Design, Manufacture and Supply

Procurement Services
Follow-up Delivery Schedule
Factory Inspection / Testing

CONSTRUCTION / SUPERVISION

Construction Work
Project Management
Follow-up Construction Schedule
Reporting System

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

Equipment Test
Pre-Commissioning
Final Commissioning

JOB-TRAINING

Classroom Training
Field Training
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

PERIODIC MONITORING AND ROUTINE

MAINTENANCE

SSS is providing this service to a large number

of clients in Germany for many years.
SSS always has greatest concern for health and
well-being of systems / installations under its
periodic surveillance and maintenance and
considers them as reservoirs of knowledge and
experience.
Long relationships between SSS and clients are
cemented by mutual trust and understanding.
SSS is also providing this service to a number
of its international clients on "as and when
required basis" and has resources to station its
surveillance team(s) on annual contract basis,
anywhere in the world.
Scope of work for periodic monitoring and
routine maintenance service is finalized in
accordance with SSS experience-based practice,
health of the system and client´s requirements.

REMOTE MONITORING SERVICE

Existing and new CP Systems can be equipped

with SSS newly developed computer/ micro-
processor controlled devices for automatic data
logging, remote data transmission etc. to save
efforts and time required for periodic monitoring
of CP System performance by conventional
methods, especially in the case of remote and
inaccessible sites far away from base stations.

SSS uses laptop computers for field data log-

ging and office computers for data processing
and preparation of reports for most of its on-
going projects for periodic monitoring of CP
Systems.

INTENSIVE SURVEY

The basic objective of these surveys and

investigations, is to determine whether or not
does exist some limitation which is not visible
to the "naked eye" of routine system monitoring
surveys but may reveal itself under the "micro-
scope" of an intensive survey and investigation.
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

DC - STRAY CURRENT INVESTIGATION

Effects of stray currents from direct current (DC)

sytems (railways / tramways, mines HVDC
transmission, cathodic protection etc.) are so
well-known that investigation and implemen-
tation of remidial measures against them, has
become a normal activity of CP Projects. Never-
theless, some problems are unique and require
special investigations.

Effects of stray currents are investigated and

remedial measures are introduced generally after
some damage has already been caused. SSS also
provide services for the survey and investigation
of proposed systems so that necessary remedial
measures may be planned in advance to avoid
delays in their implementation, which are usually
experienced if the interfering and interferred
systems belong to different owners.

PEARSON SURVEY

Based on method first introduced by Mr. J. M.

Pearson, SSS has versatile equipment and
manpower to carry out this survey to determine

- location and depth of underground buried

metallic pipeline, structure, cable etc.

- relative condition of insulating coating

- location of electric contact between the test

signal injected and nearby pipeline, cable
etc.

This survey has been very extensively used for

determining the location and depth of pipelines,
location and relative size of defects in corrosion
protective coating on underground pipelines, and
locations of electric contacts between the
surveyed pipeline and similar nearby objects.
SSS provide services to carry out these surveys
but recommends the CPL (Computerized Close-
Interval Potential Logging) survey for deter-
mining the location and real size of defects in
corrosion protective coating including their
(coating defects) on effectiveness of cathodic
protection system for underground pipelines.
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

FAULT LOCATION

Cathodic protection systems may have faults

which could be observed after the start-up of
the system. These faults reduce or prevent the
adequacy of cathodic protection. Usually, they
are caused by faulty insulating joints, contact
with other metallic structures such as foreign
pipelines, cables, sheet piling, reinforced
concrete structures, casing etc., or due to the
presence of insulating valves and expansion
joints. To determine the location of such faults
is not yet an easy and conventional operation.
SSS offers experience-based different measuring
methods and services of its experienced
personnel for determining the location of trouble
spots and removal of trouble in minimum time.

SURVEY OF SUBSEA PIPELINES

SSS provides its services for the external survey

of subsea pipelines in collaboration with
experienced and well-equipped marine survey
companies. For these surveys SSS is responsible
for all matters concerning cathodic protection
and the marine survey company determines the
exact location and route of pipeline. The survey
involves the use of radio positioning system,
marine survey equipment such as echo sounder
and side scan sonar to provide data about
seabed, subbottom profiler or equivalent
equipment to determine the location and depth
of pipeline, towed / remote controlled vehicle for
proper positioning of reference electrode, etc.,
and computers for on-line recording and pro-
cessing of data.
SSS / marine survey company undertakes overall
responsibility for the execution of this type of
survey projects, depending upon scope of work
and client´s requirements.
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

COMPUTERIZED CLOSE INTERVAL

POTENTIAL LOGGING SURVEY

Popularly known as "CPL" survey, this survey is

one of the most powerful weapon in the arsenal
of cp engineers in general and SSS in particular,
to assess the performance of CP System for
underground pipelines and similar structures.

SSS has been using ON/OFF pipe-to-soil

potential and ON/OFF voltage drop (potential
difference between ground surface over the line
and a point at some distance, in perpendicular
direction from the line) data at close intervals
(5 m) to evaluate the performance of CP Systems
for underground pipelines since 1965. This survey
was previously carried out in very special cases
over critical length of pipelines due to large effort
and time required in manual collection and
compilation of data. After overcoming this
limitation, SSS has sufficiently large manday -
km line length experience of fully understanding Specially developed for SSS in accordance with
and utilizing real potentials of this survey when experience-based requirements of field-survey
its computerized versions were extensively teams and data analysis, the present version of
introduced in the eighties. SSS CPL survey provides :

- ON/OFF values of pipeline - to - soil potentials

at specified intervals over the line

- ON/OFF values of "voltage drop" at the

locations of over the line potential measure-
ment point

- all measurements are carried out without wire

connection to pipeline

It´s very important to understand that

- both ON and Off potential values are required

because measured values of ON potentials
may include appreciable IR drop error in some
cases

- ON/OFF values of pipeline-to-soil potentials

provide information/data about effectiveness
of cathodic protection only

- ON/OFF values of "voltage drops" in

conjunction with corresponding values of
pipeline-to-soil potentials provide information
and data about location and size of defects in
corrosion protective coating and locations of
foreign interferences etc.

Therefore, SSS developed a computerized

close interval potential logging survey
equipment which provides more useful data
than methods used by some other companies.
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

COMPUTER BASED CALCULATION OF

AC INDUCED HIGH VOLTAGE

Effect of alternating current is a matter of serious

concern for safety of pipeline, connected
equipment and operating personnel. This
problem has become more serious now than what
it was in the past due to rapid increase in the
number and voltage levels of AC trans-mission
lines in the right of way of underground pipelines
and improvement in the quality of pipeline
coating.

Maximum permissible safe voltage up to which

personnel and equipment may be exposed under
various conditions are defined in safety codes
and standards. It is obligatory for the owners to
maintain voltage levels within safe limits. With
increasing awareness of the public with regards
to human and environmental safety, it is
necessary to give due weightage to problems of
AC interfered pipelines.

The scope of SSS services includes :

- collection of design and field data

- calculation AC induced voltage profile for

total length of pipeline with and without
remedial measures

- supply, installation, testing and

commissioning of recommended remedial
devices

- field measurement of induced AC voltages

and

- preparation of reports

The magnitude of AC induced voltages can be

measured in existing pipelines. But it is generally
impossible to determine correct remedial
measures to control the magnitude of per-
manently induced voltages. It is also impossible
to determine the magnitude of voltages which
would be induced when a pipeline is laid in the
right of way of AC transmission lines. Because
of these practical considerations, SSS has
developed a computer software and procedure
to investigate and provide correct remedial
measures for the safety of pipeline, connected
equipment and operating personnel.
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

COMPUTERISED DEEP SOIL

RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT

The determination of electrical resistivity of soil

to assess the corrosivity of soil and designed
performance groundbeds, especially deep
groundbeds protection systems, has been a part
of various projects of SSS since last 25 years.

SSS carries out soil resistivity measurement

surveys for its cathodic protection and power
distribution line projects and provides trained-
personnel with equipment and accessories to
carry out this survey in accordance with require-
ments of various clients.
The resistivity is measured in accordance with
Wenner / Schlumberger´s 4-Electrode method.

For accurate measurements of soil resistivity,

specially at more than 30 m depth SSS developed
computerised deep soil resistivity meter is used
because it is experience that most of commer-
cially available earth resistance meters fail to
provide correct / measurable values when the
spacing between the inner electrodes is in-
creased for the measurement of soil resistivity
at large depth.
SPECIAL PROJECT SERVICES

CP APPLICATION SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT SERVICE

SSS uses computers for all its design and

engineering works. SSS has research and
development cell, well equipped workshop and
laboratory which have jointly contributed for the
development of certain techniques and products,
being extensively and exclusively used by it for
cp projects.

SSS provides its services and resources on

selective basis for :

- design and application software

- product evaluation and development

- review and development of techniques,

methods and procedures

to those who agree to work with SSS in

joint-cp ventures.

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT SEMINARS

Depending upon client`s specific requirements,

SSS provides services for the training and
development of manpower.

SSS range of this service includes :

- management / executive appraisal programme

- cp design and engineering course for pipeline

and plant engineers

- specialist training programme for :

- corrosion and cathodic protection basics

- system monitoring and maintenance

- CPL and Pearson surveys

- office and field application of computers

The programme can be arranged in SSS,

client`s office or at site depending upon its
nature and number of participants.
The programme-menu is finalized in con-
sultation with the client and includes tests,
appraisals, assignments and field works for
performance evalution.