CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter of research, reviews related readings, literature and studies that are
relevant through the concepts and ideas that helped shape the current study.

Based on Foreign Studies

Manso (2017), believes that health and safety are the primary considerations for water
purification. When choosing the right water purification system for your home, keep in mind that
any water purifier is better than none at all. It's just that some water purifiers are better than others.
Price, in this case, is not always indicative of quality. Here we have some information that should
help you choose the right product for your family.
When choosing a water purification system, health and safety should be essential elements to
be taken into consideration. Depending on the steps used by the public treatment facilities to
disinfect the water, you may end up using more than one water purifier depending on the source of
your water.
If you do not have a water treatment facility in your area, then you should seriously consider
the source of your water before you decide on a water purifier. There are usually a number of
pollutants in water that need to be dealt with and consequently there are various steps that need to
be taken to accomplish that purpose. Public treatment facilities use various steps to disinfect the
water and you may end up using more than one water purifier depending on the source of your
water.

According to "The National Academies Press (2007), Many effective technologies are
available for home or community-scale water purification and it improves the community water
system which they can provide safe portable water for society and eliminates at least 99.99
percent of bacteria and viruses.

Water filters provide better tasting and better smelling drinking water by removing chlorine
and bacterial contaminants. Point-of-use water filters remove lead from drinking water
immediately prior to consumption, thus preventing this harmful substance from entering the body.
 The purchase of a countertop filter results in a source of clean, healthy water that costs much less
than bottled water. Water filters greatly reduce the risk of rectal cancer, colon cancer, and bladder
cancer by removing chlorine and chlorine byproducts from drinking water. A solid block carbon
water filter can selectively remove dangerous contaminants from drinking water while retaining
healthy mineral deposits that balance the pH of drinking water. Drinking clean, filtered water
protects the body from disease and leads to overall greater health.
A water filter provides clean, healthy water for cooking, as well as drinking, at the
convenience of tap water. Water filters reduce the risk of gastrointestinal disease by more than 33
percent by removing cryptosporidium and giardia from drinking water. Drinking pure water is
especially important for children. Water filters provide the healthiest water for children’s
developing immune systems. Water filters offer the last line of defense between the body and the
over 2100 known toxins that may be present in drinking water, All About Water (2004).

According to FreshlySqueezedWater (2017), Many prominent scientists are alarmed by the

content of some drinking water and actively seek to change the processes involved. The practice of
making water safe to drink actually involves adding large amounts of extremely poisonous
chemicals to it. Key scientists are now providing evidence that long-term ingestion of small amounts
of chemicals like these could be the cause of some major health problems. Here is a list of just a few
of the chemicals routinely added to our water supply: Liquified chlorine, Fluor silicic acid,
Aluminum sulphate, Calcium hydroxide and Sodium silicofluoride.

According to Sobsey, Mark et.al., (2008), with the used of ceramic and biosand household
water filters, it was identified as effective and sustainable for water filtration.

According to LiveStrong (2017), Protection Against Harmful Organisms the Environmental

Protection Agency reports that 90 percent of the world's water supply is unfit for drinking without
some sort of treatment. Water may contain microorganisms that can cause diarrhea, vomiting and
even death. Water purification systems kill these microorganisms to make the water safe to drink.
There are a number of ways water is purified to make it safe, such as boiling, chemical treatment
with chlorine or iodine, and filtration systems.
 Removal of Toxic Metals in addition to microorganisms, untreated water is also a source of
minerals, including copper and magnesium. While some minerals don't necessarily pose a health
threat, they react with other minerals in the water and cause deposits, which may make the water
unsuitable for drinking. Other minerals sometimes found in water, such as lead and copper, are
dangerous to your health. Disinfectant agents, chemicals and filtration systems are used to remove
as much of the minerals as possible to help reduce risk and illness.

May Not Remove Pesticides used on farms and on lawns can seep into water supplies.
Municipal water can be treated for pesticide contamination, but if you have a well, you may not be
aware that pesticides are in your water unless you have it tested. Home water filters may help
remove chlorine and other heavy metals such as mercury, but they may not be able to remove
pesticides. Long-term exposure to pesticides in your water may increase your risk of cancer,
according to the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network.

As indicated by Ahmedna, Mohamad, (2014), nutshell carbons in drinking water may

replace other water filters because of its properties in removing chlorine and being efficient and
projected cost.

Need for Regular Maintenance purification systems that meet the National Sanitation
Foundation and American National Standards Institute recommendations for water purifiers are
effective at helping keep your water safe by filtering out all the harmful organisms and metals.
However, if you're not replacing or cleaning the filter as recommended, you may be doing more
harm than good. Drinking water filtered through a dirty filter is more harmful than drinking water
straight from the tap, according to dietitian Monica Reinagel.

Wetlands naturally filter water by slowing its flow. Suspended particles, metals and other
impurities drop into the sediment layer of wetlands. Over time, they become sequestered from the
environment as additional layers of sediment cover them. Bacteria in plants and within wetland
soils decompose organic matter, which can cause gastrointestinal illness, explains the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, LiveStrong (2017).
 Hrudey, S. Hrudey, E. and Pollard, S., (2006) in their study entitled, “Risk Management
for Assuring Safe Drinking Water”, explain that safety does not mean the absence of any risk
since to demand an absolute standard would mean that no water would ever meet this standard
and thus no water could ever be considered safe.

According to Joshi (2015), the population quickly dwindled from 1,000 residents to a
mere 150. Those remaining were forced to use a nearby creek that contained water
contaminated by livestock, which they sifted through fabric to remove dirt and debris

Based on Local studies

According to Moe, C.L., (1991), there is a small difference between a child drinking
good quality of water and a child drinking contaminated water in cebu philippines, which may
cause to diarrhoeal disease. Nevertheless, contaminated water has a major part of bacterias
which may lead to disease of a human.

As stated by Magtibay, B.B., (2004) , because of high cholera outbreaks in the

Philippines, water stations are increasing. The quality of water is purify than the traditional way
of collecting water, to prevent the increase in waterborne disease or any type of disease.

As stated by Philippine Lifestyle (2016), When it comes to water, you should know if it
is drinkable or not. In Metro Manila it not advisable to drink tap water. Although it may be safe,
as can be used for cleaning or brushing your teeth.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about a million Filipinos get sick
with water-borne diseases yearly. And these are diarrhea cases alone.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSONAL WATER PURIFICATION SOLUTION IN

NAGCARLAN, There is a need for potable water, free of harmful contaminants and diseases, in
this disadvantaged region PHILIPPINES Tests have shown that the water supply in the area is
 contaminated with heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and high levels of
Coliform bacteria.
Department of Chemical Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

DOH states and reveals an informal survey, at the time of the sanitary inspection, 441 of
630 licensed water refilling stations in the said areas did not fully meet the stringent guidelines of
DOH Administrative Order 2007-2012 or the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water.

More than 80 percent of the water refilling stations did not comply with DOH requirements
that their personnel wear proper attire such as mask, hair net, gloves, and scrub suit to prevent
water contamination while 35 percent of water refilling stations were not using the proper
procedure for thoroughly cleaning and sanitizing the water containers. Thus this show an
homemade water treatment is more likely to be more trusted producing clean water.

J.R.Uy (2016), For some 1.5 million Filipino households without access to safe drinking
water. The filter can purify tap water and those from deep well and springs but the test also
shoed that water purified by the ceramic filter conformed with the Philippines National Standard
for drinking water.

Balansanay et al (2015), the Philippines have been through different calamities these past
few years. Calamities such as typhoons, earthquakes, fires and volcanic eruptions affected the
lives of many Filipinos. During these times, the primary concern aside from their safety is how
they are going to survive the aftermath. Having a water filtration is meant to design to provide a
drinkable water in any calamity might happen. The commercial drinking water is portable
because it is ready in the bottle which is important in any calamity might happen and on the other
hands homemade filter can’t be done in calamities for example flood which you can’t prepare a
homemade water because all the water system at home are contaminated by the flood and it can
transmit diseases and viruses to the water.

According to DOST, If households with poor water sources will be equipped with this
filtering device, the country’s accessibility rate to potable water would rise from 82.9 percent in
2007 to 86.6 percent this year. It is also cost-effective and sustainable since red clay is an
abundant resource in many parts of the country, such as Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Aurora, Tarlac,
Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Aklan, Leyte and South Cotabato provinces, and Cagayan de Oro
City.

According to Ebarvia (1994) , in a study of water demand and supply in Metro Manila, he
stated that most of surface water resources in Metro Manila were already contaminated and does
not fit for drinking and tertiary water treatment was required.

Arellano (1994) ,emphasized the severe strain on water resources that the growing
population of Metro Manila has brought and explored options for privatization of the

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) which served the water needs of the
area.

Synthesis
Purification of Water using a commercial water filter is one of the advantages to convert tap
water into drinkable water and it can be useful in our daily life but it may cost a lot of money but
there’s an alternative way and that is Homemade water filter and this is the way if you don’t have
any budget to buy the other one. In this case they’re different in terms of purification. If the
homemade water will have more chance of safeness this the one will be implement in the future
because this cheap, using a large plastic bottle and other homemade materials you can easily make a
filter and you can use it in daily life.

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