THE EFFECT OF COPPER WIRE LENGTH TO THE OUTPUT

ELECTRIC CURRRENT AND VOLTAGE BY ELECTOMAGNETIC

INDUCTION

Made By

Jason Wirawan IX-E / 18

Emelly Rosalin IX-E / 12

Oscar Maximilian IX-E / 28

Tiara Andrea IX-E / 29

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SANTA LAURENSIA

SOUTH TANGERANG

2017
 THE EFFECT OF COPPER WIRE LENGTH TO THE OUTPUT
ELECTRIC CURRRENT AND VOLTAGE BY ELECTOMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

Made By

Jason Wirawan IX-E / 18

Emelly Rosalin IX-E / 12

Oscar Maximilian IX-E / 28

Tiara Andrea IX-E / 29

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SANTA LAURENSIA

SOUTH TANGERANG

2017
 ABSTRACT

The Effect of Copper Wire Length to The Output Electric Current and Voltage by
Electromagnetic Induction

Power in a form of electricity is used in our daily lives to power our homes, buildings,
hospitals, and electrical appliances. It is a very important element in our lives. We know that
electricity is generated in power plants that converts kinetic energy (movement) into
electrical energy (electricity), but as the human population grows, so does the demand for
power, therefore there must be ways to increase the production of electricity. It is a fact that a
copper wire can conduct electricity and a magnetic field line cutting the wire can induce an
electric current to flow through the wire. This is the discovery of Michael Faraday in the
1800s. Knowing so, we decided to conduct an experiment to find out the effect of copper
wire length (in a shape of a solenoid) to the induced electric current and voltage. To do this
experiment we created a very simple electric generator model with 3 variables, 5 meter wire
length, 10 meter wire length, and 15 meter wire length with each of them recorded 3 times.
The average electric current for 5 m, 10 m, and 15 m wire length is 0.316 µA, 1.734 µA, and
2.9 µA respectively. From this data alone we can conclude that the longer the wire, the larger
the magnitude of the electric current. The average voltage for 5 m, 10 m, and 15 m wire
length is 0.467 mV, 1.634 mV and 3.4 mV respectively. So it‟s safe to conclude that the
copper wire length is directly proportional to the electric current and voltage considering the
resistance is the same.

1
 APPROVAL FORM

1. Research Title : The Effect of Copper Wire Length to The Output Electric Current
and Voltage by Electromagnetic Induction

2. Group Leader : Jason Wirawan IXE / 18

3. Group Member :

- Emelly Rosalin IXE / 12

- Oscar Maximillian IXE / 28

- Tiara Andrea IXE / 29

4. Duration : 1 Week

Tangerang, September 27th 2017

Group Leader,

Jason Wirawan

Approved, Approved,
Research Tutor 1
Research Tutor 1

Quindarta Yudi. A
Nicolaus Adityoso Putro

Acknowledged,

Principal of Santa Laurensia Junior High School

2
 Mr. Stevanus Liverdy

FOREWORD

At first we want to thank the Almighty God because this research report can be completed
and no bad complications occur. Really without the help of Almighty God, this Scientific
Research Report will not be fully done well. This scientific report with the title “The Effect
of Copper Wire Length to the Output Electric Current and Voltage by Electromagnetic
Induction” is made to determine if copper wire length has an effect towards the output
electricity. This scientific report can be finished due to the help of many instances. Because
of that, we would like to give our thanks to:

1. Mr. Stevanus Liverdy, as the principal of Sant Laurensia Junior High School who has
endorsed the research.
2. Mr. Nicolaus Adityoso Putro as our mentor, who supported and mentored through our
proposal
3. Our parents who supported us and helped in the making of this report
4. Our friends who have helped us in giving more information about the topic.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL FORM ............................................................................................................... ii
FOREWORD.......................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Research Problem ............................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Purpose of Research............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Significance of Research .................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Boundaries of Research ...................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2............................................................................................................................. 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Electromagnetic Induction................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Magnetic Field...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Magnetic Field of current- carrying conductors................................................... 4
2.1.4 Electric Generator...............................................................................4
2.1.5 Voltage and Electric Current…………………………………………………….5
2.1.6 Ohm‟s Law………………………………………………………………………6
2.2 Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 7
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 Type Of Research.............................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Method................................................................................................................................ 7
3.3 Time and Place of Research ............................................................................................... 7
3.4 Materials and Aparatus……………………………...……………………………………..8
3.5 Research Procedure………………………………………………………………………..9
3.5.1 Logic Of Thinking……………………………....……………...………………..9

4
 3.5.2 Procedure…………………………………………………………………….....10
3.6 Variable………………………………………………………......………………………11
3.6.1 Independent Variable ........................................................................................ 11
3.6.2 Dependent Variable .......................................................................................... 11
3.6.3 Controlled Variable............................................................................................ 11
3.6.4 Control Variable……………………………………………………………….12
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 13
RESULT AND ANALYSIS................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Result................................................................................................................................. 13
4.2 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.3 Error Analysis .................................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................... 17
CLOSING .............................................................................................................................. 17
5.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 17
5.2 Suggestion ........................................................................................................................ 18
REFERENCE ......................................................................................................................... 19

5
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 The result of Experiment………………………………………………………13

6
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Electricity is a very valuable resource in the modern world. Now, it seems that
everything uses and revolves around electricity. Most machines need electricity. Have you
ever wondered where the electricity in your house, your office, or your school come‟s from?
It comes from electric generators in power plants to produce electricity. These electric
generator functions because of a discovery almost 200 years ago. A brilliant scientist
discovered electromagnetic induction.

As we know the world population currently reaches 7 billion people. In the 1900s, it
was estimated to be around 1.6 billion, in the 1950s 2.5 billion, the 2000s 6 billion and now
currently 7 billion. As we can see, from the 1950s to the 2000s there is a very significant
increase in population. It is projected by the United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs that by the 2050s the total world population will be at 9.8 billion people.

With this, we can say that our energy needs will keep increasing each year as the
human population grow. The International Energy Agency states that the world energy
production is mainly Coal/Peat at 40.8 % next to natural gas which is at 21.6 %. As we can
see the majority of the world energy production is from the coal and natural gas sector which
are both carbon emitters and limited in supply. With this problem we want to find out how to
maximize the production of energy.

Electromagnetic induction is a process where a conductor is placed in a changing

magnetic field or the other way around that produces electric current across the conductor. It
is a discovery made by the famed Michael Faraday that made the very first electric generator.
His discovery changed the world. Electromagnetic induction only works if the magnetic field
is changing or moving across a conductor. It has been proven the bigger the rate of changing
magnetic field would result in a stronger current, but it wonders, if there is more conductor in
which the magnetic field is acting upon, would it generate more electricity?

7
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The amount of conductor used in electrical generators rarely gets the spot light, but
the rate of changing magnetic field seems to always be the problem. You need faster rate of
changing magnetic field to produce more electrical current. But, how can we maximize the
production of electricity other than the rate of changing magnetic field?

1.3 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

The purpose of this experiment is to find out whether more conductor (length) would result
stronger or weaker electrical current and voltage

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

The significance of this research it to know if more copper wire length can result in a
higher or stronger current and voltage, since electric current and voltage is directly
proportional considering the resistance is the same.

1.5 BOUNDRIES OF RESEARCH

We did this experiment, so we can know if longer copper wire length can produce
more electricity, or not. We only explore the length of wire for this experiment which is 5 m,
10 m, and 15 m copper wire length. We don‟t variate with the thickness of wire or magnet
strength. For this experiment we also measure the electric current and voltage only.

8
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

2.1.1 Electromagnetic Induction
[1]In 1831, the English chemist, and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) discovered
the principle of electromagnetic induction. He found that a magnet moving through a coil of
wire caused an electric current to flow through the wire. This principle is now the basis of the
electric motor, and generator.

¬Figure 2.1, Electromagnetic Induction

The American Joseph Henry discovered induction shortly before Faraday, but failed to
publish his findings. Figure 1.1 shows a coil of insulated cooper wire connected to a
galvanometer. When the north pole of a bar magnet is moved into the coil of wire, the needle
of the galvanometer is seen to be deflected to the right. When the bar magnet is stationary,
however, the needle returns to its zero position. When the bar magnet is removed from the
coil the needle is deflected to the left. Thus whenever the magnet moves, a current is
produced in the coil. In other words an EMF (such as a battery or dynamo) is induced in the
coil. A similar result can be obtained by moving a coil of wire over a stationary magnet.
When Faraday conducted this experiment, he found that the strength of the induced current
and hence the EMF was increased by:
a). Moving the coil or magnet faster
b). Increasing the strength of the magnet
c). Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil
A current can also be induced in a wire when it moves in a magnetic field.

9
2.1.2 Magnetic Field
[2]The region around a magnet where magnetic effects can be experienced is called the
magnetic field of the magnet. The direction in which a north magnetic pole would move
under the influence of the field, at a point, is taken to be the direction in which a north
magnetic pole would move under the influence of the field if it were placed at that point. The
path which such a pole would follow is called a magnetic field line (or line of force). Field
lines are directed away from the north poles of magnets because „like‟ poles repel each other

2.1.3 Magnetic Field of current- carrying conductors

[3] In 1820 Oersted discovered that a wire carrying an electric current has an associated
magnetic field. For a straight wire the field lines are a series of concentric on the wire. The
direction of the field can be found by using the right-hand grip rule:
Grip the wire using the right hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current-the
fingers then point in the direction of the field. The field of a wire can be intensified by coiling
it to form a spiral coil. The field of the solenoid together with those of a plane circular coil,
and a bar magnet. [4] A solenoid is spiral of a coil. The directions of the field associated with
both the solenoid, and the coil can be found by applying the right-hand grip rule to small
sections of them.

2.1.4 Electric Generator

[5]Probably the most important practical result of Faraday‟s great discovery was the
development of the electric generator. A generator generates electricity from mechanical
work. This is just the opposite of what a motor does. A generator is basically, the inverse of a
motor. Ina motor as we saw an input of electric current causes the axle to turn, in a generator
the axle is turned by some mechanical means, and an EMF is induced in a rotating coil, and
an electric current is thus the output of a generator.
It is important to understand that a generator does not actually „create‟ electrical energy.
Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges
present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit. This flow of electric
charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the generator. This mechanism can
be understood by considering the generator to be analogous to a water pump, which causes
the flow of water but does not actually „create‟ the water flowing through it.

10
2.1.5 Voltage and Electric Current
We define voltage as the amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit. One
point has more ne charge than another. This difference in charge between the two points is
called voltage. It is measured in volts, which, technically, is the potential energy difference
between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes
through it

An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried
by moving electrons in a wire. Electric currents cause Joule heating, which creates light in
incandescent light bulbs. They also create magnetic fields, which are used in motors,
inductors and generators.
Water Analogy

Figure 2.2 – water analogy

Water = Charge

Pressure = Voltage

Flow = Current

We measure the same amount of pressure at the end of either hose, but when the water begins
to flow, the flow rate of the water in the tank with the narrower hose will be less than the
flow rate of the water in the tank with the wider hose. In electrical terms, the current through
the narrower hose is less than the current through the wider hose. If we want the flow to be
the same through both hoses, we have to increase the amount of water (charge) in the tank
with the narrower hose.

11
2.1.5 Ohms’ Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality,
the resistance

V = I.R
V= Voltage

I= Electric Current

R= Resistance

Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the voltage measured
across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of
ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent
of the current.

2.1 Hypothesis

Problem Hypothesis
What is the relation between wire length / Current is directly proportional to the wire
amount of coil to the current produced length / amount of coil given the resistance
stays the same

What is the relation between wire length / Voltage is directly proportional to the wire
amount of coil to the voltage produced length / amount of coil given the resistance
stays the same

12
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 TYPE OF RESEARCH

There is 2 type of research, the first one is qualitative, and the second one is quantitative.
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps
to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Quantitative methods
emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of
data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing
statistical data using computational techniques. In this experiment, we want to measure the
voltage, and the ampere of the electricity produce, so we use quantitative.

3.2 METHOD

The method that we use in this research is experimental. In this research, we also will make a
model generator. We use 3 to be exact, with each having a different conductor length. Off
course all the other controlled variables will remain the same such as the speed in which the
magnetic field move, spinning in this case. We experiment with model generators that we
create to get a result trying to answer the question.

3.3 TIME AND PLACE OF RESEARCH

To do our experiment the right way, each of our members have done research regarding the
experiment since mid-October 2017 until mid-November 2017. We each get our own parts in
the research at home than we all discuss and compile the result of all our research and delete
the parts that we don‟t need in the experiment. And finally we would conduct the actual
experiment by November 2017 at one of our member‟s household.

13
3.4 MATERIAL, APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE

Materials

- 3 PVC pipe ( 3 cm diameter, 7.5 cm

long)
- Wooden board (25 cm x 20 cm)
- Copper wire (15 cm, 2 mm thick)
- 2 x copper wire (6 cm, 2 mm thick)
- Wooden stick (ice cream stick
shape)
- Gear (6 cm across)
- 10 x Magnet ( 7 mm thick, 18 mm
diameter)
- 5 meter, 0.4 mm thick copper coil
- 10 meter, 0.4 mm thick copper coil
- 15 meter, 0.4 mm thick copper coil

Apparatus
- Pliers
- Wire cutter
- 2 x multi meter
- DC Motor
- 2 x 9 volt Battery
- Hot glue
- At least 6 pairs of electrical wire
(preferably with tong ends)

14
3.5 Research Procedure

3.5.1 Logic of Thinking

Electricity is a very valuable resource in the modern world. Now,

it seems that everything uses and revolves around electricity.

The ever growing human population means growing demand for

power

Independent Variable: Length Dependent Variable: Output

of Wire / amount of coil electric current and voltage

Hypothesis: Current and voltage is directly

proportional to the wire length / amount of coil given
the resistance stays the same

5 Meter Copper 15 Meter Copper

Wire Length Wire Length

10 Meter Copper
Wire Length

15
3.5.2 Working Process

1) Take the 6 cm, 2 mm thick copper wire and bend the end of the wire so it forms a
hole.

2) Take the 15 cm, 2 mm thick wire and bend the middle part 4 times so it makes a “U”
shape, use a hammer and pliers to ease the shaping process.

3) Take the gear and hot glue it and secure it with the 15 cm wire

4) Insert the 15 cm wire with the gear attached into the 2 x 6 cm, 2mm thick wire holes.
Secure both “columns” into the wooden board by hammering it or hot glue it.

5) Take an ice cream stick and cut In half, make 2 holes at each end with at least 2 mm
in diameter

6) Insert the one end into the 15 mm wire.

7) Create a guard for the wire by cutting an empty soda can or cardboard and shape into
a square with 2 triangles at 2 opposite ends and puncturing a hole at each end.

8) Bend each end (triangle shaped) so that it forms a square base

9) Insert a pin into the hole so it secures the guard with the ice cream stick

10) Wrap the 10 magnets with paper, the magnets must be in a cylindrical shape.

11) Hot glue the guard with the magnet.

12) Take a PVC Pipe and start coiling the copper coil around the PVC Pipe so it forms a
solenoid.

13) Don‟t forget to sand paper each end of the copper coil to remove the coating
insulation coating.

14) Do the same thing to the 2 other PVC Pipes with different wire length

15) Connect both ends to a digital multimeter in a series connection to measure the
electric current

16) Connect both ends to a digital multimeter in a parallel connection to measure the
voltage or potential difference

16
 17) Insert the magnet into the PVC pipe

18) Using a motor with a gear head, spin the gear connected to the 2 mm wire to spin the
gear as a result it creates a back and forward motion to the magnet, as a result the
magnetic field moves and an electric current is produced in an alternating current
form.

19) Take note of the peak of electric current and voltage in 10 seconds, repeat 3 times for
all PVC pipes.

3.6 VARIABLE

3.6.1 Independent Variable

- 5 meter copper wire length

- 10 meter copper wire length

- 15 meter copper wire length

3.6.2 Dependent Variable

- The output Voltage

- The output Electric Current

3.6.3 Controlled Variable

- Using the same magnet

- Using the same multimeter

- Testing them 3 times on each independent variable

- Using the same motor to move the magnet

- The conductor which is coiled around pvc pipe which has the same diameter

- Same RPM on the motor

- Have the same wire thickness (0.4 mm)

17
3.6.4 Controlled Group

- Using no conductor ( no electricity produced )

3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

We will conduct an experiment regarding the topic to collect the necessary data to be
interpreted. Then the analyzed data will able us to draw a conclusion. The experiment is the
method in which we use to gather all the necessary data.

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Our data analysis method would be finding patterns in the data collected during the
experiment. Once the data is collected after the experiment is conducted, a conclusion would
be drawn based on the experiment data,

18
 CHAPTER IV

DATA AND ANALISYS

4.1 DATA

The following table shows the date from our experiment. Table 4.1

Repetition 1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3 Average

5m 0.35 0.5 mV 0.2 µA 0.3 mV 0.4 µA 0.6 mV 0.316 0.467

µA µA mV

10 m 2 µA 2.1 mV 1.4 µA 1.2 mV 1.8 µA 1.6 mV 1.734 1.634

µA mV

15 m 2.7 µA 3.1 mV 2.9 µA 3.4 mV 3.1 µA 3.7 mV 2.9 µA 3.4 mV

Control 0 µA 0 mV 0 µA 0 mV 0 µA 0 mV 0 µA 0 mV
group ( 0 )

* current and voltage are in alternating current form

This is the data of Potential Difference, and Electric Current. Figure 4.1

Potential Difference ( mV )
4.

3.

2.

1.

0.
5 meter 10 meter 15 meter

Repetition 1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3

19
 Electric Current ( µA )
3.8

3.

2.3

1.5

0.8

0.
5 meter 10 meter 15 meter

This is the data of Potential Difference Figure 4.2

4.2 ANALYSIS

Graph of Electric Current

20
 Electric Current ( µA )
3.8

3.

2.3

1.5

0.8

0.
5 meter 10 meter 15 meter

Repetition 1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3

21
From the graph it is obvious that the 5 meter copper wire produced a weaker current that the
10 meter wire and the 10 meter wire is produces a weaker current than the 15 meter wire.
Even though the current produced is very small, even in micro amps, but we still can see the
difference in in the current produced by the three wires via electromagnetic induction. So it is
obvious that the longer the wire, the higher electric current produced.

It might seem that the data from the graph above is not constant, it could be caused by
multimeter error. Also, the current produced in our experiment is alternating current which is
caused by the back and forward movement of magnetic field that is caused by the moving
magnet.

Graph of the Potential Difference

Potential Difference ( mV )
4.

3.

2.

1.

0.
5 meter 10 meter 15 meter

Repetition 1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3

From the graph above we can clearly see that the longer the wire, means more coils, results in
a higher magnitude in potential difference. The 5 meter wire won‟t produce as much
electricity as the 10 meter wire, and the 10 meter wire won‟t produce as much electricity as
the 15 meter wire. This may be caused by the longer wire has more area for the magnetic
field to take effect. Meaning that the longer wire would build up more current as a result of
the buildup of potential difference. So the longer wire has more area for the electricity to be
produced. Not forgetting that the current produced is alternating current.

22
 4.3 ERROR ANALYSIS

For sure, in this experiment there are some error analysis which affect the output electric
current and voltage. Error analysis are show below:

1. the resistance of the wire might not be exactly the same throughout the entire 30 m
wire

2. Multimeter error can affect the data especially in the range of µA

3. The rotation of the gear and motor might not be constant throughout the experiment

23
 CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion

Based from our experiment, out data and graphics shows that the more coil we use it will
produce more electricity. So, our experiment is to test the amount of electricity from a
different length of coils we used, but the same amount of the magnet. The coils really effect
the produce of electricity. We can conclude that we must use more coils to produce more
electricity.

5.2 Suggestion

For people who want to do similar experiment with this research, we recommend:

1. Use longer wire, and higher difference in length (ex: 20 m, 40 m, 60 m length)

2. Use a stronger magnet, so result can be better seen

3. Make sure to use a more sensitive digital multimeter that can measure more accurate.

24
REFERENCE

[1]:John Wilkinson, 1993, Essentials Of Physics, by MACMILLAN, South Melbourne, 451-

451 (Page)
[2]:Roger Muncaster, 1981, A-LEVEL PHYSICS, by Stanley Thornes, England, 611 (Page)
[3]:Roger Muncaster, 1981, A-LEVEL PHYSICS, by Stanley Thornes, England, 612 (page)
[4]:All About Physics, O-LEVEL PHYSICS, by Loo Wan Yong – Loo Kwok Wai,
[5]:Dougl as C. Giancoli, 1980, Physics principles with applications, by PRENTICE-HALL,
INC, New Jersey, 469 (page)

United Nations DESA “World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision”. Web 15 Jan 2017
https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-the-2017-revision.html

25
 ATTACHMENT

Repetition 1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3 Average

5m 0.35 0.5 mV 0.2 µA 0.3 mV 0.4 µA 0.6 mV 0.316 0.467

µA µA mV

10 m 2 µA 2.1 mV 1.4 µA 1.2 mV 1.8 µA 1.6 mV 1.734 1.634

µA mV

15 m 2.7 µA 3.1 mV 2.9 µA 3.4 mV 3.1 µA 3.7 mV 2.9 µA 3.4 mV

Control 0 µA 0 mV 0 µA 0 mV 0 µA 0 mV 0 µA 0 mV
group ( 0 )

Foto of the simple model being assembled

26
Type of multimeter used

27