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To cite this article: D. J. Schutte, M. M. Rahman & A. Faghri (1992): TRANSIENT CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-
WALLED PIPE WITH DEVELOPING LAMINAR FLOW, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal of
Computation and Methodology, 21:2, 163-186
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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, vol. 21, pp. 163-186, 1992
The tmnsient behavior of the flow ond temperature fields in a thick-walled pipe was
analyzed by simultaneously solving for conduction in the pipe wail and for convection in
the fluid stream. l b o different tmnsient situations were considered: the rmnsienl heat
transfer in steady, developing pipe flow, and the simultaneous tmnsient development of
flow and heating in a pipe. In each case, a pammetric study war done to understand the
effects of ratio of wall thickness to inner diameter, Pkclet number, mtio of wall to fluid
thennal conductivities, and mtio of wall to fluid thennal diffusivities. All these pammeten
were found to signijkantIy influence the duration of the tmnsient as well as the distribu-
tions of Nusselt number, interfacial temperature, bulk tempemhire, and interfacial heat
flux during the tmnsient pmcesses.
INTRODUCTION
A knowledge of unsteady conjugate heat transfer during startup or shutdown, or
during a change in the operating conditions, is important for proper thermal control of
heat exchange devices. In this study, the transient conjugate heat transfer characteristics
of a thick-walled pipe were examined. The results of this study, which show the effects
of different parameters on transient conjugate heat transfer, are expected to be extremely
useful in designing heat exchangers, where transient flow and heating situations are
frequently encountered.
Luikov et al. [I] used a Fourier transformation to analyze the effects of the ther-
mophysical properties of the wall material on heat transfer inside a pipe with fully
developed flow and a constant temperature prescribed at the outer surface of the pipe.
Patankar [2] numerically investigated the same case using the harmonic mean of the
thermal conductivity of the wall and fluid at the interface. It was shown that the har-
monic mean is more accurate and correctly accounts for the temperature and heat flux
continuity when solving for the heat transfer in regions with nonuniform thermal con-
ductivities.
Steady conjugate heat transfer has been analytically and numerically investigated
by several other investigators [3-61, who assumed either a fully developed pipe flow or
slug flow to simplify the equations. Conjugate heat transfer in a developing pipe flow
was numerically investigated by Faghri et al. [7], where blowing and suction at the inner
Funding for this work was provided by a joint effon of the NASA Lewis Research Center and the
Thermal Energy Group of the Aero Propulsion Laboratory of the United States Air Force under contract
F33615-89-C-2820.
I A
NOMENCLATURE
wall-to-fluid thermal diffusivity ratio (-a,/ dimensionless velocity in the z direction
I
A,
'4
cross-sectional area of the pipe, m2
-
( wlwi")
axial coordinate, m
C, specific heat at constant pressure, ]/kg K
Fo Fourier number (-aft/<) -
dimensionless axial coordinate (-z/2ri Pe)
thermal diffusivity, m2/s ( klpCp)
k thermal conductivity, W/m K
K wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio ( - k,l
ki)
-
ratio of wall thickness to inner diameter
[ (ro - ri)/2ri]
-
dimensionless bulk temperature [ (Tb -
L pipe length, m Tio)/(qori/ki)l
L* dimensionless heated length ( - L/2ri Pe) dimensionless interfacial temperature
- - -
1 (T - Ti,,)/(qori/ki)1
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pipe wall were considered to simulate evaporation and condensation in heat pipes. A
constant heat flux was applied at the outer wall with a developing velocity and tempera-
ture profile.
Transient conjugate heat transfer to slug flow between parallel plates with either a
temporally varying step or sinusoidal inlet temperature was studied by Sucec [a].
Krishan [9] investigated unsteady conjugate heat transfer in a pipe with fully developed
flow when a temporal step change in either heat flux or temperature was applied at the
outer wall surface. Sucec and Sawant [ l o ] studied unsteady conjugate heat transfer in the
flow between parallel plates with a sinusoidally varying inlet temperature. Sucec [ l l ]
investigated the effect of transient conjugate heat transfer in a duct where natural con-
vection occurred at the outside walls.
Lin and Kuo [12] investigated transient conjugate heat transfer in a pipe with fully
developed flow at the heated section. A step change in uniform heat flux was applied
over a finite length of the infinitely long pipe, in which the upstream and downstream
regions of the outer pipe wall were thermally insulated. The results presented were given
for a wide range of parameters with emphasis on liquid-metal flows in metal pipes. They
found that the wall thickness, PBclet number, and heat capacity of the wall have a great
influence on the heat transfer characteristics. Yan et al. [13] solved for the transient
conjugate heat transfer in fully developed pipe flows when the pipe and fluid were
initially at a constant temperature, and then the outer pipe wall temperature was sud-
denly raised to a new constant temperature. The pipe was infinitely long, and the outer
surface was thermally insulated except at the heated length.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE 165
Here, the transient conjugate heat transfer has been investigated in a pipe of finite
length with a constant heat flux applied over the entire outer surface of the pipe. Unlike
the previous studies mentioned, this study has determined the effects of steady and
transient developing velocity profiles on the heat transfer characteristics. At the inlet of
the pipe, uniform temperature and velocity profiles were specified. Two cases were
investigated: a steady developing velocity profile with transient heating conditions, and
velocity and temperature profiles developing simultaneously with time. For both cases,
the following parameters were studied to determine their effects on transient heat trans-
fer characteristics: thermal conductivity ratio, thermal diffusivity ratio, ratio of wall
thickness to inner diameter, PCclet number, and dimensionless length.
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MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Transient heat transfer with steady axisymmetric developing fluid flow in a circu-
lar pipe was termed case 1, and simultaneous transient development of heat transfer and
fluid flow in a circular pipe was termed case 2. A schematic of the cylindrical coordinate
system used for this study is shown in Fig. 1. A constant heat flux was prescribed at the
outer pipe wall along the entire length L. The fluid enters the pipe at a uniform tempera-
ture T , and a uniform velocity win. It is assumed that the fluid is Newtonian and the flow
is laminar and incompressible. The flow rate and heat flux are such that properties
remain approximately constant and buoyancy effects are negligible compared with those
of forced convection. The equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and
energy in the fluid region are
77
Tin
Win
Boundary Conditions
At the pipe inlet, z - 0
Initial Conditions
Case 2. The flow and temperature fields developed simultaneously with time.
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where k, is the harmonic mean of the thermal conductivity at the interface [14] and T,,,
and T,,, are temperatures at nodes next to the interface in the wall and fluid, respectively.
Similarly, r,,, and ri,,are the radial distances to these nodes.
8, - Tb - Ti"
qorilkf
Only three of these dependent variables are needed to specify the results of a
particl~larflow situation [7]. It may also be noted that dimensionless axial length is
actually the inverse of the Graetz number.
NUMERICAL PROCEDURE
The governing transport equations for the solid and fluid regions were solved
simultaneously as a single-domain problem. The equations were discretized using a
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE 169
finite control volume approach, and the hybrid scheme [14] was used to preserve the
convection and/or diffusion terms, depending on the cell PCclet number. The flow field
was solved using the SIMPLESTalgorithm [IS]. The computation started with guessing
the pressure field and solving the momentum equations to obtain the velocity field. The
continuity equation was then used to obtain the corrected pressure field, which was used
as the new guess. The process was repeated until the governing equations were satisfied
within a convergence criterion discussed later. The transient solution to the present
problem used a fully implicit scheme. The method employed to solve the continuity and
momentum equations was a slab-by-slab procedure, which used a slabwise linear solver.
The solution marched in the z direction and solved for each slab at a particular z loca-
tion. The procedure was similar to Stone's strongly implicit method, but was free from
parameters requiring case-to-case adjustments. Due to the elliptic nature of the flow
-
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field, the marching was repeated for a number of sweeps from z 0 to z -- L until the
solution converged. The energy equation was solved in a whole-field manner, which
treated the problem as a single domain.
In order for a converged steady state solution to be reached, the results at each
time step must also be converged. At each time step a converged solution was checked
by examining the residuals of the dependent variables as well as examining for invar-
iance of spot-checked values. The solution was taken to be converged when local field
values did not change by more than 0.1 % in two consecutive sweeps and the residual for
each equation was below
decreased to A -
A uniform grid was used for all cases except when the wall thickness ratio was
0.01. For this case, a nonuniform grid had to be employed in the radial
direction due to the small thickness of the pipe wall. When a uniform grid was used, a total
of 60 x 40 cells were used in the radial and axial directions, with 50 cells in the fluid
region and 10 cells in the solid region. For the nonuniform grid cases a total of 50 x 40
cells were used in the radial and axial directions, with 40 cells in the fluid region and 10
cells in the solid region. A uniform grid was always employed in the axial direction. A
time step of 1 s, which resulted in a Fourier number increment of 0.001786, was used for
most computations. The solutions were verified to be independent of the spatial and tem-
poral step sizes to ensure accurate solutions. A series of test runs were performed to arrive
at this grid and time step distribution. Increasing the number of cells in both directions by
50% changed the transient values of Nusselt number by a maximum of 0.5%. Similarly,
decreasing the time step size by half yielded identical distributions of Nusselt number and
bulk temperature. The use of a time step of more than 1 s did not appear to be practical,
since an accurate transient distribution of heat transfer coefficient was desired. In fact, a
step of 0.5 s was required to accurately capture velocity variations during the transient
simultaneous development of the flow and heat transfer.
Table 1 shows the different cases that were analyzed. The range of parameters was
chosen such that they could be applied in real engineering situations. Case 1 corresponds
to a transient temperature field and a steady developing velocity profile. Case 2 corre-
sponds to the simultaneous transient development of both the temperature and velocity
fields. The letters a-f specify a combination of parameters. Case 3 is the comparison
with the results found by Lin and Kuo [12] for fully developed flow in the heated section
of a pipe with a transient temperature field.
170 D. J. SCHUlTE ET AL.
reached at Fo -
heat flux, and dimensionless bulk temperature for case 2a. The steady state solution was
0.536. At this condition, the Nusselt number distribution shows good
agreement with the analytical results given by Hornbeck [16], and the numerical steady
state solution by Faghri et al. [7], with a maximum difference of 2%. Both the bulk
temperature and the interfacial heat flux increased with time during the transient pro-
cess. The bulk temperature reached a steady value much earlier in time at smaller values
of z* than for larger z*, due to the thermal boundary layer, which developed more
quickly at the entrance of the pipe than downstream. Also, the steady state bulk tempera-
ture distribution was almost linear, which is characteristic of the fully developed temper-
ature profile with a constant heat flux boundary condition applied at the outer wall [17].
Figure 4 shows the results for case 2b, where the thermal conductivity ratio was
Lln and Kuo [121. Fo=0.02 A LLn and KUO 1121. _Pb_?O&
n Prsmsnt. Fo=0.02 x rp-a_sn&fiEO,f?_
E n and puo &l.Po=OLl
0 Present, Fo=O.Il
v+ C!p+ndE!oU?JAPoP:?-
Prosant, Fo=4.Z
20
3
Z
10
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0
0 10 20 30 40 50
z/ri
la)
Promont. h-0.47
Lln and Kuo [lol, &x¶,O
--
Pr.m.nt, h-2.0 .-
--- -
- - - - - - - ------
Fig. 2 Axial distribution of Nusselt number and interface heat flux for case 3, A
20, K - I, A - 4: (a) Nusselt number, and ( b ) interface heat flux.
- 0.25, Pe -
D. J. SCHUlTE ET AL.
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A - 0.1, Pe -
Fig. 3 Axial distribution of Nusselt number, interfacial heat flux, and bulk temperature for case 2a:
100, K - 1, A - 10.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE
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Fig. 4 Axial distribution of Nusselt number, interfacial heat flux, and bulk temperature for case 2b:
A - 0.1, Pe - 100, K - 100, A - 10.
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CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER lh' A THICK-WALLED PIPE
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A - 0.1,Pe -
Fig. 5 Axial distribution of Nusselt number, interfacial heat flux, and bulk temperature for case Zc:
100,K - 500,A - 10.
D. J. SCHUTTE ET AL.
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A - 0.1. Pe - 100, K - -
Fig. 6 Axial distribution of Nusselt number, interfacial heat flux, and bulk temperature for case 2d:
I, A 0.3.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE
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entire transient period. In Fig. 7, the interfacial temperature is presented to show its
distribution during the transient process, as opposed to the interfacial heat flux presented
in other figures. Once the Nusselt number and bulk temperature are specified, the inter-
facial temperature and interfacial heat flux are not independent, and only one needs to be
specified.
Figure 8 presents the axial variation of the Nusselt number, dimensionless interfa-
cial heat flux, and dimensionless bulk temperature for case 2f, where a thin-walled tube
(A - 0.01) was investigated. Approximately the same behavior as case 2a is found,
which corresponds to a thermal conductivity ratio of unity. In a thin-walled tube, the
thermal conductivity ratio has a smaller effect on the transient heat transfer characteris-
- 0.04 for Pe
0.0893. In Fig. 9 the
100, which can be
seen from a comparison with the analytical fully developed solution [17]. Figure 9d also
shows the transient velocity profile at z* - 0.01 for case 2e (Pe - 20), where the fully
developed velocity profile was attained. At the lower PBclet number, a much lower
uniform velocity was specified at the entrance of the pipe, so the fully developed profile
was present farther upstream than for cases 2a-2d and 2f, where Pe - 100. During the
transient process, the velocity changed from an initially uniform distribution to the
steady developing flow at the end of the transient.
The other transient situation studied (case 1) was the transient development of the
temperature field when the flow inside the pipe was steady in nature. From the above
(Fig. 9). Thus, any differences in the results between cases 1 and 2 occurred for Fo <
0.0893
0.0893. As presented elaborately by Schutte [19], the comparison between cases 1 and 2
for Fo < 0.0893 showed, in general, that the dimensionless interfacial temperature and
dimensionless interfacial heat flux distribution were identical whether the velocity field
was transient or steady, while the bulk temperature and Nusselt number were slightly
-
different. This is because the bulk temperature is a function of both the velocity and
temperature, T, (A,w,,,)-' w T dA, and it was used to calculate the Nusselt number.
The distributions of Nusselt number and dimensionless bulk temperature for Fo <
0.0893 for a few specific combinations of flow parameters are presented in Figs. 10-12,
where cases 1 and 2 are compared.
Figures IOa and lob show the distributions of Nusselt number and dimensionless
bulk temperature for cases Ib and 2b. The differences are more significant at smaller
Fourier number and diminish with time. In case 1, the velocity field did not change and
the temperature field developed gradually with time, whereas the bulk temperature
changed more slowly and the Nusselt number developed faster toward a steady state
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE
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Po=O.l7B -
A An~lytioorl,fully der. L17J
2 - - -
r*
Fig. 9 Transient velocity profile at different locations along the pipe.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE
24
Case 1. Fo=1.788E-02 A Case 2, Fo=1.78-8l3-s
Case I, Fo=3.572E-02 X Ca!e_2,-Fc:_32S_7_22iZ=O_?
Q s %Il, Eo=L351E-g V C a s e 2-,- F?-55.35?'E:O?
0 Case 1, Fo3.143E-02 + Case 2, Fo3.143E-02
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0.010
Case 1, Fo=1.786E-02 A Case 2, Fo=11786E-02
Case 1, Fo=3.572E-02 X Ca_s_e-?,-Fo=:._5_7p-=O_Z
0.008 - Ca~e'.PO=5.357E-0? V Ca?e21Fo-~5.357E??2
0 Case 1, Fo3.143E-02 + Case 2, F03.143E-02
0-006- -- 6
ma
/
_-----_ - - - -8
- - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-------
______________ 4
(b)
Fig. 10 Axial distribution of Nusselt number and bulk temperaare for cases lb and 2b, A
Pe - 100, K - 100, A - 10: (a) Nusselt number, and (b) bulk temperature.
- 0.1,
D. J. SCHUITE ET AL.
20
16-
g 12-
\---L
---.. ..........................
--------.--------------------- 4
- k3
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20.0
Case 1. Fo=1.786E-02 A Case2LFo=l.786E-02
Case 1, Fo=3.572E-02 X C_a_s_e-~,-~~:3.3_7?_Er-0_2
~ a s ~ l , ~ o = ~ . 3 ~ 7 E 1 0V2 ase2,-F9-=5,35TE7-02
15.0 - 0 Case 1, Fo3.143E-02 +
Case 2, FoS'.l43E-02
-
,,
=€
J!
10.0-
/
- - - - _ _ _
/ -------------______----------------------------
-ii
5.0-4
..............................
4
--
0.0 I I I I
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
z*
(61
Pe - 100, K -500, A -
Fig. 11 Axial distribution of Nusselt number and bulk temperature for cases l c and Zc, A
10:(a) Nusselt number, and (b) bulk temperature.
- 0.1,
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE
0.010
W Case 1. Fo=1.786E-02 A Case 2, Fo=l.786E-02
Case 1, Fo=3.572E-02 X Ca_se-g,-~~~._5_7_ZE---O_Z
008 - CaselPFO=5.357E-02- V Case-?LFo3.?~?E.oZ
0 Case 1, Foil.143E-02 + Case 2, F03.143E-02
0.006- - 4
P
m
0 * 004 - 6 -...........................................................
~-- - - - - - - - - - - - -@
0.002 -%---..-
A .....................................
---------- 4
- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -
0.000 I I I I
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
z*
lb)
- - -
Fig. 12 Axial distribution of Nusselt number and bulk temperature for cases le and 2e. A
Pe 20,K 100, A 10: (a) Nusselt number, and (b)bulk temperature.
- 0.1,
184 D. J. SCHUTTE ET AL.
condition. Also, the differences between case 1 and case 2 were greater at larger dis-
tances, since the momentum boundary layer propagated downstream from the entrance
section of the pipe with time. In case 1 the momentum boundary layer was already
established, and only the thermal boundary layer developed with time.
Figures I l a and 1l b compare the distributions of Nusselt number and dimension-
less bulk temperature for cases Ic and 2c. Even though the values are different, the
percentage differences in Nu and 8, between the two transients are nearly the same as in
Fig. 10, which corresponded to a smaller thermal conductivity ratio. Even though the
transient time increased with the thermal conductivity ratio, the propagation of the ve-
locity field was not significantly affected. This result was expected, since in the absence
of any significant property variation or natural convection, the momentum equations are
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CONCLUSIONS
Transient conjugate heat transfer in a thick-walled pipe with developing laminar
flow has been investigated. The effects of the thermal conductivity ratio, thermal diffu-
sivity ratio, wall thickness ratio, and Ptclet number on the transient heat transfer charac-
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A THICK-WALLED PIPE 185
teristics have been determined. Increasing the thermal conductivity ratio and decreasing
the thermal diffusivity ratio both greatly increased the amount of time needed to reach
steady state. When the Pkclet number of the fluid was decreased, the time needed to
reach steady state was increased. When the wall thickness ratio was decreased, the
transient was speeded up, and steady state was attained more quickly due to the smaller
thermal capacity and thermal resistance of the wall. It was found that the time required
for development of the velocity profile was much smaller than the time required to
establish the temperature field. Therefore, the heat transfer results for the case of simul-
taneous transient development of flow and heating were identical to those of transient
heating in a developed flow at large values of Fourier number.
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REFERENCES
16. R. W. Hornbeck, An All-Numerical Method for Heat Transfer in the Inlet of a Tube, Mech.
Eng., vol. 88, p. 76, 1966.
17. W. M. Kays and M. E. Crawford, Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1980.
18. M. Faghri and E. M. Sparrow, Simultaneous Wall and Fluid Axial Conduction in Laminar
Pipe-Flow Heat Transfer, ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 102, pp. 58-63, 1980.
19. D. J. Schutte, Transient Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Thick-Walled Pipe with Developing
Laminar Flow, M.S. thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 1991.