Contents

1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Requirements
4. Procedure
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Dyes are colored substances which can adhere to the surface

of materials and are used to give color to paper, food-stuffs,
and various textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres,
silk etc. For example, alizarin, indigo, congo red, etc.
Chemically, a dye contains:

i. Some group (such as azo, indigoid, triphenylmethyl,

anthraquinone, etc.) which is responsible for the color
of the dye.
ii. Some groups (such as –NH2, -SO3H, -COOH, etc) which
makes the dye stick to the fabric by formation of some
salt.

Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products

like fibres, yarn and fabrics. The temperature and time
controlling are two key factors in dyeing.

The primary source of dye, historically has been nature,

with the dyes being extracted from plants and animals.
Since the 18th century, humans produced artificial dyes to
achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes
more stable to resist washing and general use.

The dyed fabrics appear to be colored because a particular

dye absorbs radiations of some specific wavelengths from
the visible region of electromagnetic radiations which fall
on the surface. The remaining radiations (complementary
colors) of light are reflected. The color which we observe is
due to the reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs the
light in the wavelength region corresponding to red, then it
would appear green, which is the complementary color of
red. Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue color, it would appear
orange.

Methods to apply dye

Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye

solutions and by printing from dye pastes. Methods include:

1. Direct application
2. Yarn dyeing

Characteristics of a dye

1. It must have a suitable color.

2. It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
3. When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,
water, dry-cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids.

Types of dye
The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for marketing
into the following types:

1. Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are characterized

by the presence of acidic groups. The presence of
soluble and serves as the reactive points for fixing the
dye to the fibre. They are chiefly used for dyeing wool,
silk and nylon. For example, Orange I and Orange II.
2. Basic dyes: These dyes contain NH2 or NR2. In acidic
solutions, these form water soluble cations and use the
anionic sites on the fabric to get used for dyeing wool,
silk and nylon. For example, aniline yellow, butter
yellow.
3. Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and are used to
dye fabrics directly by placing in aqueous solution of
the dye. These dyes attach to the fabrics by means of
hydrogen bonding.
4. Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied in the form of
dispersion of minute particles of the dye in a soap
solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid.
These dyes are used to dye rayons, Dacron, nylon,
polyesters etc. For example, celliton fast pink B and
celliton fast blue B.
5. Fibre ractive dyes: These dyes are linked to the fibre
by –OH or –NH2 group present on the fibre. These dyes
induce fast color on fabrics which is retained for a
longer time. These dyes are used for dyeing cotton,
wool and silk.
6. Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly synthesized on
the fibre. The fabric to be colored is soaked in an
alkaline solution of phenol and then treated with a
 solution of diazotized amine to produce azo dye. The
color induced by such dyes is not so fast. These dyes
are used for dyeing of cotton, silk, polyester nylon, etc.
For example, nitroaniline red.
7. Vat dyes: These dyes are water-insoluble and before
dyeing these are reduced to colorless compounds in
wooden vats by alkaline reducing agents. The fibre is
then soaked in the solution of the dye. Fibre is then
exposed to air or an oxidizing agent. By doing so the
colorless compound gets reoxidized to colored dye on
the fabric. For example, indigo.
8. Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after treating
the fabric with precipitates of certain substances
(mordant material) which then combines with the dye
to form a colored complex called lake. Some of the
mordants are salts of aluminium, iron and tannic
acids. Depending on the mordant used, the same
mordant dye can give different colors and shades. For
example, alizarin gives red color with aluminium and
black violet with iron mordant. Mordant dyes are
used for dyeing of wool, silk and cotton.

OBJECTIVE

To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.

REQUIREMENTS

500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod, spatula,

wool cloth and cotton cloth.

Chemicals required: Sodium carbonate, tannic acid,

tartaremetic acid, and malachite green dye.
 PROCEDURE

1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution: Take about

0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve it in 250 ml
of water.
2. Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take about 0.2 g
of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100 ml of water by
stirring with the help of glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take 100 ml of
water in a beaker and add about 1.0 g of tannic acid to
it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of
tannic acid is obtained.
4. Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1 g of
malachite green dye and add to it 4oo ml of water. On
warming a clear solution of the dye results.
5. Dyeing of wool: Take about 200 ml of dye solution and
dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the solution
for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth and
wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it
for drying.
6. Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb malachite
green readily, therefore it requires the use of a
mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium
carbonate solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse
with water. Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid
solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth
from tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremetic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and
squeeze it with spatula to remove most of the solution.
Now place the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for
 about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
7. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece of cotton
cloth and pit it directly into boiling solution of the dye.
Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth,
wash with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
Compare the color of this cloth with that dyed by using
mordant.
OBSERVATIONS
1. The color of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in
hot solution of malachite green dye is fast.
2. The color of cotton dyed cloth directly (without
using mordant) by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is not so fast to washing and is of
low intensity.
3. The color of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and is of high
intensity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Comprehensive practical chemistry (class 12)

2. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing
3. www.scribd.com