The Problem and Its Background

Chapter 1
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Family is one of the most vital parts of a human development.
Sense of belongingness, physical and emotional needs, and primary
necessities were first provided by the family, particularly, the parents.
This basic unit of society enables an individual to grow and prosper in a
guided way, and a sudden loss of a family’s head has a big effect on
its younger members.
Orphan is defined as a child under 18 years old who have lost
one or both parents (UNICEF, 2015), and is desperate to survive
because they have to live without the support of their parents. They
face problems such as lack of basic needs, schooling, personal care
and attention (Herr, 2015).
Republic Act 10821 of Philippine Constitution states that
Separated Children refer to children separated from both parents, or
from their previous legal or usual primary caregiver, but not necessarily
from other relatives. As a result, this may include children
accompanied by other family members.
1
A population household survey was analyzed by UNICEF across
36 countries. The said study aims to compare current conditions of
orphans and non-orphans and suggested that we should expand our
scope, focusing on the factors that render children vulnerability and
less on the concept of orphan hood (UNICEF, 2015).
This appears that we must consider factors concerning the
vulnerability of the orphans, which includes the ability to overcome
challenges and emotional stability.
Bautista et.,al (2016) conclude that adversity quotient is how an
individual reciprocate in his/her life and it also a measure on how
someone’s handle struggles or any thought stuff in life, in science
theory it can also refer to how resilient one person is it or adversity can
also measure how resilient they are .The more resilient an individual is it
,the more he can handle and constructively response to life's
difficulties.
According to Thomas (2015) personality of orphans are very rare
when it comes to dealing their own problems and it can lead them to
depression because they don’t know how to open up and trust other
people regardless their self. And that’s the primary reason why they
don’t know how to easily adopt their environment or to the situation
that they are facing.
2
Perhaps, orphans are more vulnerable that the ones supported
and guided by their family when it comes in dealing problems and
adversities in life. Orphanhood may lead to different level of resiliency
that may affect the way they react to different situations..
Moreover, Richard Lazarus stated about cognitive appraisal that
it is how a person respond to the certain stressor that they
encountered. He concluded two major factors that affect to the
responsiveness of an individual the threatening tendency to the stressor
and the harmful effect that it may affect to the stressor.
However, coping strategies were developed during this stage of
an orphan’s life to survive the hardships they have faced and facing.
Their coping strategies are significant, whether they are aware of it or
not, for it plays a big part in striving for life.
Coping is the process by which a person makes cognitive and
behavioral efforts to manage psychological stress. Folkman also
emphasized the contextual nature of coping, such that it is shaped by
the individual by estimating the given situation and the various
available options for coping with it. These assessments may prepare
them to confront the source of stress, seek for support to others, or
remove themselves from the path of harm (Bippus & Young, 2015).
3
This research aims to determine the level of the four components
affects the Coping Strategies of an orphan; their orphanhood
experience, Personality Traits, Adversity Quotient, Cognitive Appraisal.
The researchers hope that through this study, the society and
governments organizations will act and plan projects to help orphans
in need
Statement of the Problem
General Problem:
Does being an orphan affect an individual’s Personality traits, Adversity
Quotient, Cognitive Appraisal, and Coping Mechanism?
Specific Problems:
1. What are the significant experiences of the respondents during
orphanhood in terms of :
a. Fears
b. Struggle
c. Perceived coping mechanism
4
2. What is the personality trait/s of the respondents?
2.1. Openness to Experiences
2.2. Conscientiousness
2.3. Extroversion
2.4. Agreeableness
2.5. Neuroticism
3. What is the average response profile score of the respondents in
Adversity Quotient Profile? In terms of:
3.1 Control
3.2 Ownership
3.3 Reach
3.4 Endurance
4. What is the level of the cognitive appraisal of the respondents in
terms of:
5.1. Threat
5.2. Challenge
5.3. Centrality
5.4. Controllable-by-self
5.5. Controllable-by-others
5
5.6. Uncontrollable
7. What coping mechanism does the respondents used in accordance
to their experience?
6.1. Positive reinterpretation and growth
6.2. Mental disengagement
6.3. Focus on and venting of emotions
6.4. Use of instrumental social support
6.5. Active coping
6.6. Denial
6.7. Religious coping
6.8. Humor
6.9. Behavioral disengagement
6.10. Restraints
6.11. Use of emotional social support
6.12. Substance use
6.13. Acceptance
6.14. Suppression of competing activities
6.15. Planning
Conceptual Framework
6
Adversity Quotient
Personality Coping
Orphans Mechanism
Traits
Cognitive Appraisal
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the relationship between the variables, from
general to specific. The similar traits of the respondents mostly rely on
their orphanhood experience where Personality Traits could be
affected. Adversity Quotient and Cognitive Appraisal then could be
affected that will result to their different Coping Mechanism.
Theoretical Framework
7
Identifying and differentiating the results from the participants’
response in different instruments formed through the theory of Big Five
Personality of Warren Norman, Adversity Quotient of Dr. Paul Stoltz, and
Cognitive Appraisal of Richard Lazarus.
Five Factor Model (year)
Researches over the decades have given birth to a five broad
personality dimensions known as The Big-Five Model (B5M) or Five-
Factor Model (FFM). It covers five terms namely Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect or
Imagination. These traits arose from which people usually describe
others as aggressive, introverted, and sociable. Instruments made to
measure personality of an individual have been the cause why Five-
Factor Model exist, but is closely similar to the Big Five Model. The origin
of these two models both rely on the research of Raymond Cattell,
which people nowadays often use these terms interchangeably.
However, they possess some difference in their concepts, particularly
on the Intellectual factor which is named as Openness to Experience in
the Five Factor Model. Most scholars rearranged these factors to
create an acronym which reads as OCEAN: Openness to Experience,
8
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism or
Emotional Stability.
Gordon W. Allport (1936) of Harvard and Henry S. Odbert (1936)
of Dartmouth, both psychologists, recognized 17,953 English words that
merely describe a personality or behavior of an individual based on
their natural language and included in Webster’s New International
Dictionary, and break it down into several categories.
Five Personality Traits
Out of 35 clusters identified by the previous researches, Warren
Norman (1963) chose four clusters that he thought best represents the
five factors. The factors were named and labeled as how it mostly
scaled by the given instruments. The factors are: Extraversion or
Surgency (Talkative—Silent; Frank, Open—Secretive; Adventurous—
Cautious; Sociable—Reclusive); II. Agreeableness (Goodnatured—
Irritable; Not Jealous—Jealous; Mild, Gentle—Headstrong;
Cooperative—Negativistic);III. Conscientiousness (Fussy, Tidy—Careless;
Responsible—Undependable; Scrupulous—Unscrupulous; Persevering—
Quitting, Fickle);IV. Emotional Stability (Poised—Nervous, Tense; Calm—
Anxious; Composed—Excitable); and V. Culture (Artistically Sensitive—
Artistically Insensitive; Intellectual—Unreflective, Narrow; Polished,
Refined—Crude, Boorish); Imaginative—Simple, Direct).
9
Using Norman’s clusters, Goldberg invented a scale which can
be used to measure one’s own personality and after additional
researches, it showed that offers strikingly high consistency.
After thorough studies, these traits became known as “Big Five
Personality” which doesn’t necessarily represents or restricts the
description of an individual’s personal trait but literally implies that it
covers a wide range of traits and characteristics, and summarizes a
larger perception about one’s personality, though it’s been specified
into certain categories.
Resilience Model (1997)
Adversity Quotient describes three types of personalities;
Climbers, Campers and lastly the Quitters. Climbers are people who
seek for improvement or growth, while the Campers are the people
who are satisfied with his or her current state and letting some
opportunities pass them by, and Quitters are known to be a less risk
taker and avoid challenges in his/her life.
Dr. Paul Stoltz (1997) developed a theory which states that
weather a person is a Quitter, Campers and Climber, it all depends on
10
their Adversity Quotient consist of four dimensions; Control, Ownership,
Reach and Endurance.
Control Dimension seeks to answer how person think he/she is
able to find positive influence in a situation.
Ownership Dimension, elaborate the significant role of
accountability, and his/her ability to show the sense of responsibility in
order to improve the situation.
Reach Dimension is how person will let problems and adversity
will eat his/her life. Logically, the more problems we faced and
perceived the greater its potential damage.
And last, the Endurance Dimension is how long problems will last
and also the cause of adversity was.
Related to the Reach and Endurance Dimension it is a revised version
of Seligman’s Learned Helplessness because both them provides
footstep to remove or reduce negative impacts.
Cognitive Appraisal Theory (1984)
11
The theory of cognitive appraisal began on the concept of
Richard Lazarus (1984) of stress which “involves the production of
stressors by the environment, and the response of an individual
subjected to these stressors”. He stated that when the response of a
person towards his/her stressors were mainly affected by two major
factors—the threatening tendency of the stress to the individual and
the assessment of resources require to minimize, tolerate or eradicate
the stressor and the stress it produces—cognitive appraisal applies.
Lazarus and Folkman divided this into two stages: the primary
appraisal, wherein an individual assesses a certain situation that may
cause him/her stress weather it will bring harm, threat, or challenge.
One tends to question as to how it will generally affect the situation or
the future events and consequently answers those based on his/her
own assessment; and the secondary appraisal which happens
together with the primary appraisal. Secondary appraisal involves
statements and claims that reflect an individual’s feeling and emotion
towards its stressor, which can be a negative or positive secondary
appraisal. During secondary appraisal, a person seeks a way or a
process on how to cope with the stress encountered.
Coping Mechanism Theory
12
Coping mechanisms can also be described as ‘survival skills’. They are
approaches that people use in order to contract with stresses, pain,
and natural changes that we experience in life. Coping mechanisms
are learned behavioral patterns used to cope. We learn from others
ways to manage our pressures. There are negative coping
mechanisms and positive coping mechanisms. Many people use their
coping mechanisms to benefit them in a positive way. However, we
are not always able to cope with the difficulties that we face. We
experience a range of emotions throughout our lives, some good,
some not so good. Our behaviors are usually a result of how we handle
our emotions. If we are able handle our emotions positively, our
behavior will likely be positive. If we do not handle our emotions in a
positive way, our behavior will likely be negative.
Coping Style and Mechanism can be broadly categorized as active or
avoidant. Active coping mechanisms usually involve an awareness of
the stressor and conscious attempts to reduce stress. Avoidant coping
mechanisms, on the other hand, are characterized by ignoring or
otherwise avoiding the problem. Some coping methods, though they
work for a time, are not effective for a long-term period. These
ineffective coping mechanisms, which can often be
counterproductive or have unintended negative consequences, are
known as “maladaptive coping.” Adaptive coping mechanisms are
13
those generally considered to be healthy and effective ways of
managing stressful situations Good Therapy (2018).
Classification Of Coping Mechanism
Lazarus Model represents a specific type of coping strategies
and theory. This theory may classified in 2 parameters (a) trait-oriented
versus state oriented, and (b) microanalytic versus macroanalytic
approaches (cf. Krohne 1996). The trait-oriented (or dispositional)
strategy aims at early identification of individuals whose coping
resources and tendencies are inadequate for the demands of a
specific stressful encounter. An early identification of these persons will
offer the opportunity for establishing a selection (or placement)
procedure or a successful primary prevention program while the
Microanalytic approaches focus on a large number of specific coping
strategies, whereas macroanalytic analysis operates at a higher level
of abstraction, thus concentrating on more fundamental constructs. S.
Freud's (1926) `classic' defense mechanisms conception is an example
of a state-oriented, macroanalytic approach.
These appraisals reflect how an individual assess and use his/her
coping options to deteriorate the possible harm it may bring.
14
Scope and Delimitations
Determining the Personality, Cognitive Appraisal, Adversity
Quotient and the Coping Mechanism of selected orphans in Navotas
City is the main goal of this study, whereas the five (5) selected
individuals ages 18 and above years old, male or female, and have
lost both of their parents in any means of death during their adolescent
age are the respondents. The researchers may only evaluate
respondents who have the said qualities. Test results and data from
individuals who are not part of the orphan sector and from other city
and age range must not be included in this study.
However, due to inevitable and unexpected circumstances, the
researchers were able to include only three (3) respondents of the said
qualities.
Significance of the Study
This study will endeavor to find out if being an orphan affects
their Personality, Adversity Quotient, Cognitive Appraisal and Coping
Mechanism.
Orphans. The main beneficiary of this study are orphans whereas it
enables them to analyze their own selves, have a strategies and make
15
themselves stronger especially that they lived without parents and
learned from their past experience cause it builds their personality.
Quitters. This study may help those people who easily give up to the
situations that they face on. Inspirations and motivations attached in
this study.
Community. This study can be a way to have an action for the people
who are willing to help orphans especially NGO’s and Orphanage. It
may serve as a guide to track the necessary developments and
actions to care and support orphans.
Government. This will help the government to determine the situations
of orphans and implement laws or programs that the core beneficial is
orphans.
Organizations advocating orphan welfare. As this research tackles the
mental personal stability of orphans, it will serve as another study that
will support their projects. It will also help them to further plan projects
and campaign that will organizations advocating orphan welfare
Future Researchers. This study will be a useful reference for the
researchers who would plan to make any related study precisely to the
orphans.
16
Researchers. This study inspires the researchers to look beyond the
personality and resiliency of orphans and also it improves their research
skills gradually.
Definition of terms
Adversity Quotient. is a score that measures the ability of a person to
deal with adversities in his or her life.
Cognitive Appraisal. the subjective interpretation made by an
individual to stimuli in the environment.
Coping Mechanism. are the strategies people often use in the face of
stress and/or trauma to help manage painful of difficult emotions.
Orpanhood. the state of being an orphan.
Personality Traits. reflect peoples characteristics patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors.
Vulnerability. the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of
being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.
17
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the related literature and studies that
supports this study, locally and internationally.
Foreign Literature
Orphan is defined as a child under 18 years old who have
lost one or both parents and is desperate to survive because they have
to live without the support of their parents. They face problems such as
lack of basic needs, schooling, personal care and attention (UNICEF,
2016; Herr, 2015). In the Muslim community, they define orphan as a
child who has lost both of his/her parents who's the breadwinner of the
family and it is one of the most concern in their Quran and also in the
Hebrew bible, but for them losing of a family's member, especially the
mother, is not that pernicious for the family. The term orphan can be
recognized to those street children and with known relatives and also a
child who is rejected by her/his own family (Benthall, 2019).
According to the study of UNICEF (2016) there are 140 orphans
globally, including the 61 million in Asia, 52 million in Africa, 10 million in
Latin America and Caribbean, and 7.3 million in Eastern Europe also in
central Asia year 2015. The huge total number not only represents lost
18
both parents but also lost his/her mother but he/she have to support of
his/her father and vice versa. As a result, Dave Thomas Foundation
(2018) found that more than 23, 000 individuals on legal age are
forced to leave the foster care facilities which cared them for years,
leaving them alone without family.
Armed conflicts and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) are the most causes of orphanhood in the world, in accordance
to the study of United Nations (n.d.) wherein millions of children are
being left unaccompanied or separated from their families which
pushes the children in the risk of grave violence.
Berens and Nelson (2015) tackled about children who have a
development delay, which can be affected by being, separated from
his/her family, because of his environment, because they are placed in
orphanage, and may also because they grow in other care institution
because they are orphans or abandoned because of poverty. Care
institution gives a different support and life compared to those family
based support. Based on experts of UN Convention of the Rights of the
Children, it could have a developmental damage across diverse
domain especially in their cognitive function and physical growth,
however, Rucks (n.d.) says that the human personality is different and
19
also unchanging when it comes to their emotion and their behavior as
an individual.
Foreign Studies
The teenagers who became an orphan in early age, those both
of their parents passed away and no one will take care of them; have
to stay on the orphanage, wherein some of them experience
psychological distress. This can make a great impact to the behavior or
personality of an orphan, just like sleeping disorders, stress and
depression. Some of the orphans use different kind of coping method
to solve their problems to survive the stress they are experiencing, this
study wants to determine the effects of the problems, which focused
on coping through extraversion personality and also the resilience of
adolescent living in orphanages. They used quantitative method in the
study and their main respondents are those orphans age range from
12-18 years old, used instrument of resilience. The results showed that
there’s a positive effect of the extraversion personality on their
resiliency.
India has the highest rate of orphan children where in 31 million
in South Asia. These children are prone to psychosocial distress which
leads them to conduct a study in two orphanages in New Delhi. In
order for them to get the result, they used survey interview and content
20
analysis. The result of their study was the majority of children wish for
their both parents and desire of love and affection from their family.
Also they conclude that these children are prone to depression and
anxiety. They are trying to forget their parents and just finding their
family among their inmates in the orphanage.
Orphans and separated children were identified from five
countries to oppose some conformist ideas, disturbing events reported
in institutionalized care than those family-based was no worse. Abuse
both physical and sexual was more prevailing in family-based care. This
large study explored specific contents and elements that may possess
harm and benefit to both care system, in the best interest of the child.
A study about the “Big Five” or the Five-Factor Model (FFM)
states that the personality trait model constituted by the five factors in
the said model; Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness,
Emotional Stability and Intellect or Openness to Experience. The model
was formed behind the concept of Psycholexical approach to
Personality (De Raad, 2000). The approach was common known as
“Lexical Hypothesis”, in the said model, it is stated that we hold the
common stock of words; our lexicon embodies the distinctions
between men who found worth drawing. Further observations to
individual sets differences that people have found on interest, utilities,
21
or importance encoded with accompany of concept of Language.
The hypothesis was interpreted differently by personality psychologists:
Cattell (1943) & Goldberg (1981) independently explicated by Austin
(1970), the poet and novelist Themerson (1974), and the psycholinguist
Miller (1991). The early success of the Big Five Model was modified and
revised by others; specifically by Norman (1963), and the seminal
psycholexical project led by Goldberg (e.g., 1981). Further revisions
were made by Costa and McCrae (1992a) and the addition of two
factors: Agreeableness and Conscientiousness to the Big-Five Model
until then consisting of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness to
Experience (NEO); thus, the NEO-PI came into existence to measure
the FFM dimensions. A host of new lexical studies in various languages,
often supportive of the Big Five model, and the productive work of
Costa and McCrae provided the grounds for McCrae and Costa
(2008) to build their Five-Factor Theory, and for claiming that the Big
Five factors have causal status.
It is the constant pattern of behaving, thinking, and feeling over
a period of time is called personality trait. Psychologists use models to
determine personality structure has a set of five dimensions, The Big
Five; Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The body of the research examined
the personality stability and change, in terms of the Big Five.
22
These personalities have affected different aspect in an individual’s
life, an explanation about adversity quotient as capability of individual
to handle and respond to the situation such as difficulties and stress,
have been made. Moreover, Stoltz created a theory about AQ on how
individual strive hard to resolve challenges in his/her life. It indicates
that by understanding the idea of it we can better realize how an
individual reacts to that given situation. Indeed the way individual
respond to adversity is a strong indicator of the ability to succeed in
many challenges. They indicate the four CORE dimensions that make
up AQ: Control, Origin and Ownership, Reach, and Endurance. This
four dimensions only implies about what an individual need to work on
in order for them to increase their overall AQ (Nurani, Astriana, &
Latipun 2019; Saraswat, 2017; Gray, Pence, Ostermann, R.Whetten,
O'Donnell & K. Whetten, 2015; Raad & Mlacic, 2015; Sotto, 2018;
Tigchelaar & Bekhet, 2015).
23
Local Literature
As the basis of Republic Act 10821, orphans or orphaned
Children is refer to children who do not have family and relatives who
can assume responsibility for their care.
According to Child and Youth Welfare Code of the Philippines – Article
3: Rights of the child, Section number 2 children has rights to a
wholesome family life that provides him with the care, love,
understanding, guidance counseling, moral and material security. A
child has the right to feel the experience of support from their parents.
In section 3, every child has the right to develop himself/herself so that
he/she can end up enthusiastically, useful and be a purposive member
of a certain society; the emotionally disturbed or mistreated child shall
be treated with sympathy and comprehension, and shall be respected
and treated with deep and competent care.
It is also stated in Republic Act 10821, Section 6, Orphaned,
Unaccompanied, or Separated Children, that the DSWD, upon
consultation with relevant agencies, shall develop a minimum set of
standards and guidelines for the Family Tracing Reunification System of
orphaned, unaccompanied and separated children.
24
Moreover, as stated by the Republic Act 8552, Article 1, Sec 2
the Declaration of Policies. It is hereby declared the policy of the State
to ensure that every child remains under the care and custody of
his/her parent(s) and be provided with love, care, understanding and
security towards the full and harmonious development of his/her
personality. Only when such efforts prove insufficient and no
appropriate placement or adoption within the child's extended family
is available shall adoption by an unrelated person be considered.
In the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017 – 2023, the
vulnerable sectors are highlighted in Chapter 11 – Reducing
Vulnerability of Individuals and Families. The PDP chapter covers
women and children, as well as other sectors such as the persons with
disabilities (PWDs), indigenous peoples (IPs) and older persons. It
discusses strategies to reduce vulnerabilities by decreasing people’s
exposure to risks and increasing their adaptive capacities.
UNICEF (2016) explained Philippines as an explorer country into
the global partnership on ending violence against the children. It was
done after doing survey research about violence against children
conducted in the year of 2015. And according to their survey the
Philippines are well established and well globalized in contribution to
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In order for
25
them to get the result of their study their respondents are focuses only
girl and boy that at the different stages of life, from young to older
adolescents. The purpose of their study is to transform research into
evidence and turn into meaningful and effective interventions.
However, almost a million or 1.8 million of children in the
Philippines are part of what we so called "orphans". You can consider
one person as orphan if he lost his parents, both mother and father,
because of this situation, some orphans get involve in child labor which
is not good because they are not capable of doing such things, and
doesn’t suit to their age, they also don’t have the ability to support
their own needs that’s why some of them need to stop in their schools
and forget about it (Reaching Beyond Words, 2019).
Local Studies
Some of psychologists in our country study about the influence
our life satisfaction and mood, whereas some of them are losing loved
ones or one of the member of the family, causes anxiety after trauma.
People who experience tremendous change and a boundless
problem because of losing his parents can cause a lifelong effect in
their lives, example of this, are the orphans who are impend on those
26
negative effects throughout their lives and it affect it to them by
threaten them from achieving lives to pursuit of happiness, and self-
satisfaction. This study attempts to find one's psychological wellbeing
and happiness of those people who will be part of the study ,they use
qualitative method to utilize investigations about the experiences of
orphans the purpose of the study is to understand orphans live and
identifying factors that affect their psychological wellbeing . The
researchers found that the emergent themes observed in the nature of
orphans, while psychological wellbeing included sense of self-
importance, skills, abilities and friends, peer and close friend,
aspirations and the view of life, the result or the findings described
alongside supportive literatures and related studies.
There so many studies around the world are conducted and the
main topic is about orphans specially in the Philippines, based on the
study one of the problem that our country should need to address is
the status of the orphaned and neglected child and also our country
has an abandoned children problem , the study also tackles about the
situation of the orphan child in the orphanage ,the researcher
measures the underwent social, emotional, mental, spiritual and
physical difficulties as an orphans ,the researchers also suggest that in
the next study who's also about orphan, try to address or study the
nutritional status and psychological wellbeing of an orphans.
27
The researchers conduct a study in Compostella Valley which is
the orphaned student are the respondents, it’s all about their
experience, hopes and dreams as an orphan, how they are face all
the struggles in their life at the young age ,and base on their findings
some of their respondents experience desolate life and rare happy
moments but insist of that they have dreams just like other children, it
shows that even though they are not that complete, they have a
dreams they want to pursue ,they want to consider their self just like
other who have a complete family, they want to feel a normal kind of
living.
It is stated in a study that Adversity Quotient was determined at
the LPU College students as their participants; the researchers aimed at
the demographic profiles of the college students: coping strategies &
relationship of the variables included & propose an action.
Researchers formulated a Quantitative and Qualitative approach to
gain the necessary details they needed in their study; also the
respondents express their influence their adversities to not much of an
extent also indicating that they have moderate adversity quotient. The
participants’ strategies for coping skills depend on the situation,
rebuilding confidence and compromising strong mutuality to every
other adversity.
28
There is a study that determines the relationship between the
levels of Adversity Quotient and Social Skills of the students in De La
Salle Lipa; 105 college leaders were chosen (aging 15 to 21 years old)
were the participants, of which 38 were males and 67 were females;
the participants were from Bachelor of Science in Psychology, Business
Administration, Education, Math, Nursing, Biology, Accountancy,
Tourism, HRM, Engineering and AB Communication courses. Most of the
students were from the BS Business Administration courses; also it is
stated that most of the students had low level of Adversity Quotient in
terms of Emotional Expressivity (EE), Emotional Sensitivity (ES), Emotional
Control (EC), Social Expressivity (SE), Social Sensitivity (SS) and Social
Control (SC). The gatherings concluded that the relationship of overall
Adversity Quotient and Social Skills of the respondents with
demographic profiles are not significant to prove the relationship of
the two (2) variables, this led to the interpretation that the levels of
Adversity Quotient increases, same with the Social Skills and vice versa.
An individual has the ability to adapt and comprehend social
interactions in order to overcome difficulties in life (Pilapil, 2015;
Vergara, Pagkalinawan, Angeles & Villafrance, 2018; Baldo-Sangian,
2015; Vinas & Aquino-Malabanan, 2015; Amparo, 2016).
29
Synthesis
The above collection of local and foreign literature and studies
define orphan as a vulnerable child due to the parents’ loss, from the
technical into a subjective view. It presents literatures and studies that
prove the relevance of the issue about the orphans, and so as the
relationship of the variables which affects the state of the wellbeing of
the said variable children. There are also laws indicated above which
pertains to the care of the child, however, scarcity of the projects and
plans for these children are still missing. In the city of Navotas, the
researchers have not found any statistics about the orphans, as well as
government actions towards their needs. Filipino culture seemed to be
one of the considered factors why such projects and studies are not
conducted in our city. Nevertheless, orphans are still susceptible for
violence, slow personal development, and delinquency.
Chapter 3
Methodology
30
This chapter shows the methods and techniques used in the
study. It discusses the population and sample, sampling techniques of
the study, research design, description of the participants, and locale
of the study. It also indicates the standardized research instrument to
help for completion and maintain the reliability and validity of this
study.
Research Design
The researchers conducted a qualitative research, specifically a
case study, which comprises of describing, narrating, and interpreting
the data provided by the respondents. It aims to describe the life
experiences and variables affecting the orphans including their
adversity quotient, personality traits and cognitive appraisal, and
coping mechanism.
Research population and sample
The structure of this study is case study; therefore, the population
will be limited to 3 respondents consisting of a specified characteristic

31
of an orphan, who lives in Navotas City.
Sampling technique
To assure the validity and reliability of this study, the researchers
used purposive sampling technique to focus only on the particular
characteristic of the respondents and also to meet the main objective
of the study which is about the Personality Traits, Adversity Quotient,
Cognitive Appraisal, and Coping Mechanism.
Description of participants
A case study design was used in which each respondent and
was treated as an individual case. The respondents of this study are
those who became a full orphan while they are between 12-18 years
old, but is now an independent adult, regardless of the social status.
Research instruments
The research instrument used for this research was an interview
and survey questionnaire, standardized by different institutes and
32
professionals. To determine the personality of the respondents, the
researchers used the Big Five Inventory that was made to assess an
individual’s personality according to the Big Five Personality Factors,
while Adversity Quotient Profile from Dr. Paul Stoltz of PEAK Learning,
Inc. was used to measure the adversity quotient, Stress Appraisal
Measurement, designed by Edward J. Peacock and Paul T.P. Wong,
and to determine the coping mechanism, COPE Inventory by Carver,
C. S. was used.
Moreover, to describe the life experiences of the participants,
the researchers used an interview to fully understand and explore the
aspects of life of the respondents.
33
Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
This chapter contains numerical findings, descriptive
interpretations, and interview summary of the respondents’ answer in
accordance to each area. The results are arranged by succeeding
areas with corresponding results and interpretations.
Respondents’ Perception about Life after their Loss
The respondents all lived with their parents when they are twelve
(12) years ol`d and below that shows that they made an attachment
with them. This emotional attachment contributes to different
psychological factors of an individual especially when this attachment
suddenly broke, or the other person passed. To the respondents, this
attachment brings fears and made them close doors for anyone.
“Nung nawala yung magulang ko parang ano, hindi ako naging
close sa mga tita at sa lola ko kasi ano e nagpariwara ako dati kaya
nagawa kong magbisyo, uminom tas ano tas makisama sa ibang
tao…” – Respondent 1
The feeling of being left alone brings the perception of
emptiness and loneliness to the respondents. They treated their parents
34
as the first persons who appreciated and accepted them. They felt
that they can open up to them anytime, talk about their dreams, and
they felt that there is always someone who got their back anytime they
need one. And the unexpected death of these persons made a
significant negative effect to them.
“As a student, mas lalo akong nagiging empty kasi wala sila para
magsabit ng mga medals pag may award ako.”- Respondent 2
“Minsan naiinggit ako sa ibang tao kasi may nagsusundo sa kanilang
magulang o kaya kuhaan ng card kasi ano e kapag kuhain ng card
madami ron kasama magulang minsan hindi talaga ako umaattend
madalas ng ganon ng kuhaan ng card kasi wala naman pupunta
para sakin”- Respondent 1
They also felt less secured about their future. Parents are the
ones who usually provide primary necessities for their children;
financially and emotionally. The younger members of the family rely on
them and the responsibility of taking care and surviving the family are
on their shoulders. The respondents showed coherent views to their
fears and worries after their loss.
“I think my biggest fear when they passed is that how will I survive every
day when I obviously became dependent to my parents…” –
Respondent 3
35
“Inisip ko ‘nun, wala nang ibang tao ang iintindi sa problema ko.” –
Respondent 2
In terms of financial support, the respondents also brought up
that one of their struggles as orphans is their financial stability. The
worries about supporting their living and education emerged from their
loss.
“Sa totoo sa pinansyal, kasi ano e sa school nakakapasok naman ako
minsan hindi kasi ano e kailangan ko ng pinansyal kasi hindi ako
nakakabayad sa mga bayarin sa school kasi nga ano e naso- short
ako sa pinansyal even yung Lola ko rin hindi siya nakakapagbigay
sakin ng pera iniintindi ko nalang kahit wala akong baon pumapasok
ako para lang ma-update sa mga gawain minsan wala akong
pambayad kaya hindi nalang ako pumapasok minsan” – Respondent
The feeling of fears for another loss of loved ones also
contributed to the emotional problem of the respondents. They feel
that another loss will bring greater pain to them. The vision of it makes
another thought of traumatic experience which they never want to
encounter again.
36
“Ang kinakatakot ko po nun ay yung mawala yung Lola ko at Lolo ko
kasi ano e sila nalang nag-bibigay ng lakas sakin at sa mga kapatid
ko.” – Respondent 1
“Actually, natatakot na kong maranasan yung naranasan ko dati.
Kasi, feeling ko ‘nun di ako makakasurvive eh, ano pa kaya kapag
may pangalawa pa?”- Respondent 3
However, Filipino Culture gave assurance to the respondents
about the foster care they will receive even if their parents passed.
Their relatives became the immediate support system for them
especially they became orphans at early age. This support system
somehow eased their grieves and worries but the attachment they
made with their relatives; trust, love, and concern, were developed
gradually.
“Did you found immediate support system after they passed away?”
“Yes because my grandparents supported me financially” –
Respondent 2
“Yes , through my half brother and half sister as well as to the siblings of
my parents and most especially through my true and sincere friends” –
Respondent 3
37
“Lahat ng pagmamahal binuhos ng Lola ko pero nung katagalan
parang nag-iba ugali nya pero inintindi ko nalang kasi matanda na” –
Respondent 1
Among those past experiences they had the struggles and the
pains needs to be felt, it’s indeed normal. It's normal because it's how
life teaches us our lessons. It’s how life works in sharpening you to be a
better person and everything is temporary. Everything will change later
on. When you're currently in sorrow, don't lose hope. One day that
sorrow will turn into happiness and that tears will turn into laughter.
“Sa pag invite sakin ng kapatid ko sa church na sinisimbahan nya dati
kasi doon ako nagbago simula ng isama nya ako magsimba tapos
ang bisyo ko nagbago na ang dating nagbibisyo ngayon hindi na
tapos lahat kinaya ko dahil sa kanila” – Respondent 1
“Pagdumaraan ako sa ganoong sitwasyon hindi po ako basta
bastang nagpapadala kasi iniisip ko struggles lang sa buhay ko ‘yon
kaya kahit anong dumating sakin nilalabanan ko parin” – Respondent
The respondents shared different difficulties and worries
they experienced right after their parents died. The attachment they
made with their parents made it harder for them to cope and adapt
with the new chapter of their life without the head of their family. The
38
respondents all agreed that after they lost their parents, they saw
themselves struggling financially however; it didn’t last because they
found immediate financial support from their relatives. They also stated
that they struggled emotionally because of their sudden loss; feeling of
emptiness, loneliness, and fears of being left alone. One respondent
stated that she feared that she will not be able to survive or even
continue her life. Another respondent also claimed that he vent out his
emotional pain through smoking, drinking alcohol, and ruining his life.
But since they became orphans at early age, an immediate care
system came from their relatives. This support system helps lessen their
worries and struggles as they continue to embark their lives. However,
their life without the hands of their parents became full of difficulties,
worries, and insecurities.
39
Personality Traits of the Respondents
The researchers used The Big Five Inventory that follows the five
dimensions of an individual’s personality according to Goldberg. The
respondents’ answers in the given scale were interpreted using
numbers that corresponds to specific traits.
Respondent 1.
Table 1
Big Five Inventory
Scores Reversed Total
score
Openness 34 4 38
Conscientiousness 20 13 33
Extraversion 19 14 33
Agreeableness 21 11 32
Neuroticism 13 9 22
40
Table 1 shows the over-all scores of the Big Five Inventory
provided by Respondent 1. Openness, Conscientiousness and
Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism scored from highest to
lowest respectively.
Respondent 2.
Table 2
Big Five Inventory
score
Openness 25 6 31
Neuroticism 20 10 30
provided by Respondent 2. Openness, Neuroticism, Extraversion,
Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness scored from highest to lowest
respectively.
41
Respondent 3.
Table 3
Big Five Inventory
score
Openness 34 5 39
Neuroticism 16 7 24
provided by Respondent 3. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, and Neuroticism scored from highest to lowest
respectively.
42
Adversity Quotient of the Respondents
A traumatic loss often results to different perceptions about
Table 4
Adversity Quotient Profile
Score
Control 14
dealing with the problems. The researchers used Adversity Response
Profile which aims to determine how resilient an individual is. The
average Adversity Response Profile is 147.5.
43
Ownership 12
Reach 14
Endurance 10
(14+12+14+10)*2= 100
Respondent 1.
Table 4 presents the Adversity Quotient Profile of Respondent 1. It
shows that Control and Reach domains scored the highest, and the
average Adversity Response Profile of the respondent is 100 which is
equivalent to below average.
Respondent 2.
44
Table 5
Score
Control 17
Ownership 19
Reach 15
Endurance 22
(17+19+15+22)*2= 146
shows that Endurance domain scored the highest, and the average
Adversity Response Profile of the respondent is 146 which is equivalent
to below average.
Respondent 3.
45
Table 6
Score
Control 17
Ownership 24
Reach 14
Endurance 13
(17+24+14+13)*2= 136
shows that Ownership domains scored the highest, and the average
Adversity Response Profile of the respondent is 136 which is equivalent
to below average.
Cognitive Appraisal of the Respondents

46
Cognitive Appraisal is the reaction of an individual towards a
certain stressor. Stress Appraisal Measure was used to evaluate the
cognitive appraisal of the respondents which is divided by 2 appraisals;
primary and secondary appraisal. Average score per subscale is 3.
Respondent 1.
Table 7
Stress Appraisal Measure
Scores
Threat 15 3.75
Challenge 15 3.75
Centrality 14 3.5
Controllable-by-self 17 4.25
Controllable-by- 19 4.75
others
Uncontrollable 19 4.75
Stressfulness 13 3.25
Table 7 contains the score of Stress Appraisal Measure from
Respondent 1. In the Primary Appraisal, the respondent consider the
stressor (being orphan) as Threat and Challenge, and is Controllable by
others or Uncontrollable.
Respondent 2.
47
Table 8.
Table 8
Scores
Threat 14 3.5
Challenge 12 3
Centrality 16 4
others
Stressfulness 14 3.5
Respondent 2. In the Primary Appraisal, the respondent considers the
stressor (being orphan) as an important event where knowledge and
experience could be gained, and is Uncontrollable.
Respondent 3.
48
Table 9
Scores
Threat 6 1.5
Challenge 14 3.5
Centrality 12 4
others
Stressfulness 8 2
Respondent 3. In the Primary Appraisal, the respondent considers the
stressor (being orphan) as Challenge, and is Controllable by self.
Coping Mechanism of the Respondents
49
As a result of a problem or difficulty, coping mechanisms are
developed among any individuals. The Coping Mechanism varies
through the individual’s experience, environment, and mental
capacity. The COPE Inventory was used to assess the Coping
Mechanism of the respondents.
Respondent 1.
Table 10
COPE Inventory
Scores
Positive reinterpretation 13 Behavioral 10
and growth disengagement
Mental 12 Restraint 9
disengagement:
Focus on and venting 11 Use of emotional social 12
of emotions support
Use of instrumental 16 Substance use 6
social support
Active coping 11 Acceptance 11
Denial 11 Suppression of 11
competing activities
Religious coping 15 Planning 13
50
Humor 10
Table 10 shows different coping mechanism from COPE Inventory that
was taken by Respondent 1. It states here that Usage of instrumental
social support is the coping mechanism used by the respondent;
ranked second is the Religious coping.
Respondent 2.
Table 11
COPE Inventory
Scores
Positive reinterpretation 7 Behavioral 11
and growth disengagement
Mental 11 Restraint 8
disengagement:
Focus on and venting 8 Use of emotional social 9
of emotions support
Use of instrumental 8 Substance use 4
social support
Active coping 7 Acceptance 11
Denial 7 Suppression of 11
51
competing activities
Religious coping 6 Planning 6
Humor 16
was taken by Respondent 2. It states here that Humor is the coping
mechanism used by the respondent; ranked second are the Mental
disengagement, Behavioral Disengagement, Acceptance, and
Suppression of Competing Activities.
Respondent 3.
52
Table 12
COPE Inventory
Scores
Positive Positive
Behavioral
reinterpretation 16 reinterpretation
disengagement
and growth and growth
Mental Mental
11 Restraint
disengagement: disengagement:
Focus on and Focus on and

Use of emotional
venting of 11 venting of
social support
emotions emotions
Use of Use of
instrumental 13 Substance use instrumental
social support social support
Active coping 14 Acceptance Active coping
Suppression of
Denial 10 competing Denial
activities
Religious coping 15 Planning Religious coping
Humor 8 Humor
53
was taken by Respondent 3. It states here that Positive reinterpretation
and growth is the coping mechanism used by the respondent; ranked
second is the Religious coping.
After the interpreting the data, the respondents provided by
answering the scale measurements, the researchers showed the results
to the respondents and asked them if they think the results are
affected by their experience during their orphan hood regardless of
theories and researches proofs.
Respondent 2: Respondents Thoughts about the Results
Results Respondent 2’s Thoughts
Personality- Openness to “Oo, kasi through that, parang
Experience ano, nalalabas ko yung emotion
ko dun sa pagiging ano ko, ano--
ano ba tamang term? Yung-- Di
ko makuha yung term! Parang
nakaapekto siya para mailabas
ko yung tunay na emotion ko.”
Adversity Quotient- Below “Hindi. Kasi ano eh, hindi ako
54
Average gaanong nag-oopen up sa mga
magulang ko kaya parang
sinasarili ko na lang. Parang
ganun. Kaya hindi rin
naapektuhan”
Stress Appraisal Measure- “Naapektuhan. Kasi parang ano,
Primary: Centrality yung ano, hahaha nakalimutan ko
Secondary: Uncontrollable na na naman! Parang naka-- ano,
naka dagdag! Yun, naka dagdag
yun sa pag-usbong ko bilang, ano
bilang tao.”
Coping Mechanism- Emotion- “Hindi siya naapektuhan. Kasi
focused coping kahit dati pa, nung elementary pa
ko, ganun na ko eh. Parang ano,
ganun pa rin ako.”
Table 17 shows the perception of Respondent 1 towards the results
when asked if he think that his orphan hood experience contributes to
the development of these aspects. He claimed that his personality and
Stress Appraisal are related to his experience which brought growth to
him, however, he connected his childhood traits and outlook in life to
his Adversity Quotient and Coping mechanism.

55
Personality- Openness to “Oo, kasi di’ba, ano, nung nawala
Experience yung mga magulang ko, ano,
napariwara ako, pero ano,
parang naisip ko, ‘Dapat pala
sulitin ko na’. Ganun.”
Adversity Quotient- Below “Oo, alam ko din mababa yan eh,
Average hahahaha, kasi dati nga di ko
nakayanan, syempre di naman
nababago yan, kaya, ano,
ganun. Hahahahaha”
Stress Appraisal Measure- “Nakakaapekto yun, kasi di’ba,
Primary: Threat/Challenge nagdaan na ko dun eh, tas di’ba
Secondary: Controllable by self/ napariwara ako onti, kaya ano,
Uncontrollable hindi na, tsaka kasi ngayon, kilala
ko na si Lord.”
Coping Mechanism- Emotion- “Oo, naapektuhan. Kasi nung
focused coping una, di’ba nga, hahahaha pauli-
ulit, napariwara nga ako, tas
tumanda na ko tas may Lord na
56
ko ngayon, nag-iba na syempre.”
the development of these aspects. He claimed that all the dimensions
mentioned and his coping mechanism were developed from his
experience and stuggles encountered.
Personality- Openness to “Hindi ko sure eh, kasi pwede
Experience namang yung maturity and the
experiences yung naging key
di’ba? So… oo nga, hahaha,
nakakaapekto nga siya.”
Adversity Quotient- Below “Actually, dati pa, iyakin talaga
Average ako, additional pa na babae ako.
But supposedly dapat mag-
iimprove, pero parang hindi niya
naapektuhan.”
57
Stress Appraisal Measure- “Ah, eto nakakaapekto talaga,
Primary: Challenge kasi I already know how to handle
Secondary: Controllable by self such situations, additional pa yung
teachings nila Papa sakin.”
Coping Mechanism- Emotion- “No, I think, kasi parang yun din
focused coping yung coping strategy na ginamit
ko when dealing dun sa
pagkawala nila Papa, so dati pa
yun na. ”
the development of these aspects. She claimed that his personality
and Stress Appraisal are related to his experience which brought
growth and inspiration to her; however, she also stated that her
Adversity Quotient and Coping Mechanism were not affected by this
stressful event in her life.
58
Chapter V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and
Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the over-all findings, the
relationship between variables, the interpretation, conclusion, and the
recommendations.
Summary of Findings
Respondent 1.
59
Respondent 1 lost his both parents when he’s still 12 years old. His
grandmother took take of him and his other 7 siblings. Now, he’s on
legal age and several years have passed after his parents died;
1. He is open for experience and is ready to gain knowledge from
it.
2. His Adversity Quotient is below the average, meaning he is not
resilient enough in facing problems.
3. He is influencing his problems through his control over it.
4. He sees being an orphan a Threat and Challenge to him.
5. He also sees it as Controllable by others or fully Uncontrollable.
6. He is coping with his problems through the use of social
instrument and religion.
Respondent 2.
Respondent lost his mother when he is 12 years old then follow it
up his father at the age of 15. His grandparents took care of him and
also his siblings. Now, he’s on legal age and several years have passed
after his parents died;
1. He is open to experience and willing to learn something more.
2. He is low when it comes to his conscientiousness and
agreeableness.
60
3. His Adversity Quotient is below average which means that he is
not resilient enough to face challenges and problems in his life.
4. He sees that being an orphan is a challenge to him.
5. He uses Humor to cope up with his problems.
Respondent 3.
Respondent lost his both parents when she was 10 years old. Her
older sister, brother and also the siblings of her parents took care of her.
Time flies she started to be a nanny of two children and lives
independently. Respondent 3 possesses;
1. She is open to new experiences and she grabbed it wildly.
2. Her Adversity Quotient was below average meaning that she’s
not too resilient to face some circumstances.
3. Being orphan is one of an instrument to live independently.
61
4. She sees that having a positive mind and reinterpretation helps
her to grow and adapt to the situation.
Conclusion
Respondent no. 1
The result of the questionnaires based on his Personality Traits was
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness and
Neuroticism and it was scored from highest to lowest respectively.
Openness to experience is the highest dimension which means that he
is open or the ideas and appreciates the love and beauty while the
62
lowest is the Neuroticism or the counter part of openness to
experience. Secondly, the instrument used of researchers is the
Adversity Quotient Profile; it aims to determine how resilient a person is.
In the result Respondent 1 got a 100 score it means that it is equivalent
to below average. Control and Reach Dimension was the highest
score and it defines that he is able to control or find positive influence
in a situation while the Reach Dimension it covers how he look beyond
the situation. The third one is the Stress Appraisal Measure and it use to
evaluate the cognitive appraisal of respondents. Respondent 1 in the
Primary Appraisal the respondent considered the stressor (being
orphan) as threat and challenge. Last one is the COPE Inventory and it
varies through Individual Experience, Environment and Mental
Capacity. Respondent 1 use Usage of Instrumental Social Support and
religious coping as a coping mechanism in a certain situation and also
he mostly used his Emotion to cope up the problems.
Respondent no. 2
This study found out that the personality traits of respondents no.
2 from highest which is openness to the experience that is capable to
the new challenges or experience that he facing after being orphan,
while the lowest dimension is conscientiousness which means that
respondents no. 2 are less motivated to complete the task and
63
agreeableness which all about the acceptance of others. In terms of
adversity quotient of respondents no. 2 has the total amount of 146 it is
below average according to the given average 147.5 it means that
respondents no. 2 are not that capable enough to handle those kind
of adversity right after being orphan. While the Cognitive appraisal
using SAM results that respondent no. 2 considers the stressor as
centrality and is uncontrollable by others. And lastly to the coping
mechanism using COPE inventory Respondent 2 are mostly using
emotion focused when it comes to solving the problems.
Respondent no. 3
The researcher found out that from the personality traits of the
Respondent 3, openness is the highest ,which means she is capable or
open to new experience that will come to her life and highly open
individuals enjoy thinking and learning while neuroticism is lowest
which means, she has a less chance to experience negative emotions
like anxiety and. From his adversity quotient the respondent got high
score in ownership and she got an average of 136 which means she's
64
not that resilient when facing some struggles or problems while her
stress appraisal result ,she see's adversities and struggles in her life as
challenge while from her coping mechanism states that Positive
reinterpretation and growth is the coping mechanism used by the
respondent; ranked second is the Religious coping the result of her test
questionnaires is match to the result and answer in interview.
The findings of this study provide additional support to the
researches about the effect of a traumatic loss such as being an
orphan to the Personality, Adversity Quotient, and Stress Appraisal of
an individual that mainly contributes to the development of their
coping mechanism. All the respondents are found to be open to
experience. According to McCrae and Greenberg (2014) openness to
experience means that an individual has a characteristic of yearning
for new experiences, knowledge, and is open for change. They are
imaginative and appreciate of art and beauty, and have rich and
65
deep emotional response. The study also found that all of them have
low average Adversity Response Profile, which means that after the
hardships they encountered during the loss of their parents, they are
still not resilient in facing adversities. Although they showed dominance
in different aspects of the Adversity Profile, their average ARP are still
low. They also see being an orphan as challenge to them, which
means that they are anticipating gain or growth from the experience.
However, they see the above mentioned stressor as controllable by
themselves, and one respondent sees it as an uncontrollable event.
Lastly, their coping mechanism coincide with their personality and
stress appraisal, two (2) of the respondent cope by emotion-focused
coping, and the other cope with problem-focused coping.
These results show a great relevance to the previous researches
and give an important insight about the stress and adversities
encountered by the orphans in Navotas City.
66
67
Recommendations:
1. Future Researchers. The researchers are commend that if ever this
study were conduct, focus on the life experience of the orphans, and
also
2. Local Government. Since the local government here in Navotas City
has no record yet for the orphans, the researchers are going to
recommend to be more aware on this kind of situation , give more
attention and implement more programs that the main focus are the
orphans.
3. Guardians of the Orphans. Aside from the financial setback of
orphans, Guardians must take care orphans as their child with full of
responsibilities and fill the love that they wanted to.
4. Quitters. Don’t be so selfish about your feelings, always consider
others that they have also face those kinds of struggles twice as you
encountered but they are strong enough to handle those kinds of
challenges.
68
Bibliography / References
Sincero, S. (May 24, 2012). Stress and Cognitive Appraisal. Retrieved
July 9, 2019 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/stress-and-
cognitive-appraisal
PEAK Learning® (n.d.). AQ Profile. Retrieved July 9, 2019 from
https://www.peaklearning.com/assessments-products/#AQProfile
Amparo, M. (2015) The Level Of Adversity Quotient® And Social Skills Of
Student Leaders At De La Salle Lipa. Retrieved July 27, 2015 from
https://www.peaklearning.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/05/PEAK_GRI_Amparo.pdf
Vinas, D. & Aquino-Malabanan, M. (2015) Adversity Quotient and
Coping Strategies of College Students inLyceum of the Philippines
University. Retrieved July 27, 2019 from
https://www.academia.edu/31116676/Adversity_Quotient_and_Copin
g_Strategies_of_College_Students_in_Lyceum_of_the_Philippines_Unive
rsity
Presidential Decree (1974) Child and Youth Welfare Code. Retrieved
July 27, 2019 from
http://www.chanrobles.com/childandyouthwelfarecodeofthephilippin
es.htm#Presidential%20Decree%20No.%20603
69
International Journal Of Business And Administration Research Review
(2019) Adversity Quotient. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
http://www.ijbarr.com/downloads/PDF
ADVERSITY QUOTIENT – International Journal of Business and
Administration Research Review
Boundless Psychology (n.d.) Psychodynamic Perspectives on
Personality. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
psychology/chapter/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-
personality/?fbclid=IwAR1ZlcU2X3hiPaCbszn6H8QimFyVMiTKo4R-
H8mzN6EoBNYA-gDtaMzGpMY
Raad, B. & Mlacic, B. (2015) Big Five Factor, Theory and Structure.
Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277016573_Big_Five_Factor
_Model_Theory_and_Structure?fbclid=IwAR2KnzurlKCAb6_A7UdhcXU2z
BbZHFKXMZiC1YKkiu8FlCDlKFlkoVDvGBA
Raza, S. & Shah, N. (2017) Influence of the Big Five personality traits on
academic motivation among higher education students: Evidence
from developing nation. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://mpra.ub.uni-
70
muenchen.de/87136/1/MPRA_paper_87136.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3nYpnJ_e
EVZwtbXTzkB0h2GFJnQ6ICEdlenC2iZqTRr0C5J-q5LN2iwV8
Soto, R. (2018) Big Five Personality Traits. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324115204_Big_Five_person
ality_traits?fbclid=IwAR1s1Q-BMgmmgG2bHhqTLUytbx-
2PfRtWVUUBkMRznIwHngAS7EdkvHDNG0
Kempke Eppler, M. ( 2012) The Relationship Of Goldberg’s Big Five
Personality Trait Measures Of Mid-Level Leaders At Midwest State-
Supported Colleges And Universities To The Cameron And Quinn
Competing Values Model. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a264/b60d74bca375a439778d625308
0cfda48c39.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2QaW3u_tGGnbQDHBCg3wEWGPFA-
uVd72xZPlY8wN4s04TUiIpTGqpPlEY
John, O. & Strivastava, S. (1999) The Big Five Taxonomy: History,
Perspective, Theoretical Perspectives. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://pages.uoregon.edu/sanjay/pubs/bigfive.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3Kpd
WAoTSQCkvHTB6EybCjU3OYuoMwcAAPWVu9-FRDwX5wkiBRbSIwLIo
Franic, S., Dolan, C., Borsboom, D., & Boomsma, D. (2013) The Big Five
Personality Traits: Psychological Entities or Statistical Constructs?.
Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258102996_The_Big_Five_Pe
71
rsonality_Traits_Psychological_Entities_or_Statistical_Constructs?fbclid=I
wAR1796rfuZnn77m0TOvXC1gFYjBQ_aV1eQPnOqHGVeN3WHNMz1noH
LrZ9S0
Goldberg, L. (1990) An Alternative "Description of Personality": The Big-
Five Factor Structure. Retrieved July 29, 2019 from
https://projects.ori.org/lrg/PDFs_papers/Goldberg.Big-Five-
FactorsStructure.JPSP.1990.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1Kfe0zDRZCgmUCybeiOUUr
W6zBpqDcc96rgLTXE56K6teJR5f18OvEsUQ
Vergara JM., Angeles LA., Pangkalinawan AA., & Villafranca M.
(2018)Uncertain Living: Challenges of Orphans in the
Philippines.Retrieved July 31,2019 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328931996_Uncertain_Living
_Challenges_of_Orphans_in_the_Philippines
Baldo-Sangian(2015).Striving and Surviving: The Phenomenology of
Orphaned Students in Public Elementary Schools.Retrieved July 31,2019
from https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Striving-and-Surviving-The-
Phenomenology-of-Orphaned-Students.pdf
Reaching Beyond Words(2019).Establishing Orphanages.Retrieved July
31,2019 from https://reachingbeyondwords.org/what-we-
do/establishing-orphanages/
72
Philippine Statistics Authority(October 14,2019).Children in the
Philippines.Retrieved July 31,2019 from
https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/children
Nurani, Astriana & Latipun(2019).Problem Focused Coping as a
Moderated between Extraversion Personality and Resilience on
Adolescents Living in Orphanages.Retrieved July 31,2019 from
https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/acpch-18/55914406
Huynh, Hy V., "Factors Affecting the Psychosocial Well-Being of Orphan
and Separated Children in Five Low- and Middle-Income
Countries: Which is More Important, Quality or Form of Care?" (2017).
All Dissertations. 1908.
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1908
Johnson, M. B. (2005). Optimism, adversity, and performance:
Comparing explanatory style and AQ (Order No. 1429432). Available
from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (305370463). Retrieved
from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/305370463?accountid=173015
73
Maria Cristina J. Santos. (2012). Assessing the Effectiveness Of The Adapted
Adversity Quotient Program In A Special Education School. Counseling and
Educational Psychology Department De La Salle University – Manila.
74

The Problem and Its Background

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

The Problem and Its Background

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Family is one of the most vital parts of a human development.

Sense of belongingness, physical and emotional needs, and primary

necessities were first provided by the family, particularly, the parents.

This basic unit of society enables an individual to grow and prosper in a

its younger members.

Orphan is defined as a child under 18 years old who have lost

one or both parents (UNICEF, 2015), and is desperate to survive

face problems such as lack of basic needs, schooling, personal care

and attention (Herr, 2015).

Republic Act 10821 of Philippine Constitution states that

Separated Children refer to children separated from both parents, or

from other relatives. As a result, this may include children

accompanied by other family members.

36 countries. The said study aims to compare current conditions of

orphans and non-orphans and suggested that we should expand our

scope, focusing on the factors that render children vulnerability and

less on the concept of orphan hood (UNICEF, 2015).

This appears that we must consider factors concerning the

vulnerability of the orphans, which includes the ability to overcome

challenges and emotional stability.

Bautista et.,al (2016) conclude that adversity quotient is how an

individual reciprocate in his/her life and it also a measure on how

someone’s handle struggles or any thought stuff in life, in science

,the more he can handle and constructively response to life's

According to Thomas (2015) personality of orphans are very rare

don’t know how to easily adopt their environment or to the situation

that they are facing.

and guided by their family when it comes in dealing problems and

adversities in life. Orphanhood may lead to different level of resiliency

that may affect the way they react to different situations..

Moreover, Richard Lazarus stated about cognitive appraisal that

it is how a person respond to the certain stressor that they

encountered. He concluded two major factors that affect to the

responsiveness of an individual the threatening tendency to the stressor

and the harmful effect that it may affect to the stressor.

However, coping strategies were developed during this stage of

Their coping strategies are significant, whether they are aware of it or

not, for it plays a big part in striving for life.

Coping is the process by which a person makes cognitive and

behavioral efforts to manage psychological stress. Folkman also

emphasized the contextual nature of coping, such that it is shaped by

the individual by estimating the given situation and the various

them to confront the source of stress, seek for support to others, or

affects the Coping Strategies of an orphan; their orphanhood

experience, Personality Traits, Adversity Quotient, Cognitive Appraisal.

governments organizations will act and plan projects to help orphans

Statement of the Problem

Does being an orphan affect an individual’s Personality traits, Adversity

Quotient, Cognitive Appraisal, and Coping Mechanism?

1. What are the significant experiences of the respondents during

c. Perceived coping mechanism

2.1. Openness to Experiences

3. What is the average response profile score of the respondents in

Adversity Quotient Profile? In terms of:

4. What is the level of the cognitive appraisal of the respondents in

7. What coping mechanism does the respondents used in accordance

6.1. Positive reinterpretation and growth

6.2. Mental disengagement

6.3. Focus on and venting of emotions

6.4. Use of instrumental social support

6.5. Active coping