SH1680

Introduction to SQL
I. What is SQL?
 stands for Structured Query Language
 a database sublanguage used in querying, updating, and managing relational
databases
 derived from an IBM research group that created Structured English Query Language
(SEQUEL) in the 1970s
 can either be used in formulating interactive queries or be embedded in an application
as instructions for handling data
 designed for both technical and non-technical users
A. Major Components of SQL
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a module of the SQL language which
allows you to retrieve, update, add, or delete data in a database.
 Data Definition Language (DDL) enables you to create and modify the database
itself.
 Data Control Language (DCL) maintains the proper security for the database.
II. Data Definitions
A. Database Manipulation
1. The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database.
2. The DROP DATABASE statement is used to delete a database.
B. Database Table Manipulation
1. The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table within a database.
2. The ALTER TABLE statement allows for the modification of specific attributes of
a table, such as addition and deletion of columns.
3. The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete a specified table in a database.
III. Basic Data Retrieval
A. Basic SQL Expression Clauses
 The SELECT clause is used to list the attributes desired in the result of a query,
allowing retrieval of data in SQL.
 The FROM clause lists the relations to be scanned in evaluation of an expression.
 The WHERE clause consists of a predicate involving attributes of relations that
appear in the FROM clause.
References
 Coronel, C., Crockett, K., and Rob, P. (2012). Database systems: Design, implementation &
management. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA
 Singh, S. K. (2009). Database systems: Concepts, design and applications. India: Pearson Education.
 Adamski, J. and Pratt, P. (2012). Database management systems (7th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning
 Elmarsi, R. and Navathe, S. (2010). Fundamentals of database systems (6th ed.). Pearson Eduaction
South Asia Pte. Ltd.
 Rockoff, L. (2011). The language of SQL. Cengage Learning.
 Korth, H., Silberschatz, A., and Sudarshan, S. (2011). Database system concepts (6th ed.). New York.
McGraw-Hill.

02 Handout 1 *Property of STI

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