IMPACT OF 3-D PRINTING ON THE JOB

MARKET:-

ABSTRACT:- 3-D printing also known as Additive

manufacturing technology has been dubbed the next big thing and
be as equally wide spread as cellular telephone industry. 3D printers
print objects from a digital template to a physical 3-dimensional
physical object. The printing is done layer by layer (Additive
manufacturing) using plastic, metal, nylon, and over a hundred other
materials. 3D printing has been found to be useful in sectors such as
manufacturing, industrial design, jewellery, footwear, architecture,
engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and
medical industries, education, geographic information systems, civil
engineering, and many others. It has been found to be a fast and
cost-effective solution in whichever field of use. The applications of
3D printing are ever increasing and it’s proving to be a very exciting
technology to look out for. Exploring how it works and the current
and future applications of 3D printing are looked on here. There is a
growing consensus that 3D printing technologies will be the next
major technological revolution. While a lot of work has already been
carried out as to what these technologies will bring in terms of
product and process innovation, little has been done on their impact
on business model innovation. Yet, history has shown that
technological evolution without adequate business model innovation
is a pitfall for many businesses. Three major aspects are considered
which are elaborated as follows. First, it combines the existing
literature on business model innovation in an integrated ‘inside-
outside’ framework of business model innovation. Secondly, the
changes brought about by 3D printing technologies to the business
model components are investigated. Finally, this article shows that in
addition to enabling business model innovation, 3D printing
technologies have the potential to change the way business model
innovation is done, by enabling adaptive business models and by
bringing the ‘rapid prototyping’ paradigm to business model
innovation itself.

KEYWORDS:- 3-D printing, 3D modelling program, Selective Laser

Sintering, CAGR.

INTRODUCTION:- 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a

process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any
shape from a digital model. Successive layers of material are laid
down in different shapes. Traditional machining techniques rely on
the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling
whereas 3D printing layers are added successively. Thus it uses a
layering technique where an object is constructed layer by layer until
the complete object is manufactured. In this way 3D printing moves
us away from the mass production line to a one-off customizable
production. 3D printing starts by making a virtual design of the
object you want to create. The virtual design is used as a template of
the physical object to be created. This virtual design can be made
using a 3D modelling program such as CAD (Computer Aided Design)
to create a design from scratch. Alternatively a 3D scanner can be
used for an existing object. This scanner makes a 3D digital copy of
an object and puts it into a 3D modelling program. The model is then
sliced into hundreds or thousands of horizontal layers in preparation
for printing. This prepared file is thus uploaded in the 3D printer,
which will see the printer creating the object layer by layer. Here,
every slice (2D image) is read by the printer and proceeds to create
the object layer by layer and the resulting object has no sign of
layering visible, but a 3 dimensional structure.3-D technology is
delivering three dimensional views of the captured images or data.
There is an increasing demand for 3D technology based products in
various application sectors such as entertainment, healthcare,
aerospace, government and defence, entertainment and automobile
and industrial segments. 3D technology creates highly accurate and
precise images of an object. Use of 3D technology in various
application segments would help in saving production time and cost.
Designers get a readymade tool to have an intuitive understanding of
the feasibility of any product right at the initial stages.

LITERATURE REVIEW:- 3D printing was known as “rapid

prototyping”. Charles Hull, of 3D Systems Corporation, created the
first working 3D printer in 1984. Later in the 80’s, Selective Laser
Sintering (SLS) technology was developed by Dr Deckard at the
University of Texas at Austin during a project sponsored by Defence
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In the 1990s, the
technology was further improved with the development of a method
that used ultraviolet light to solidify photopolymer, a viscous liquid
material. In the late 20th century, 3D printers were extremely
expensive and could only be used to print a limited number of
products. The majority of the printers were owned by scientists and
electronics enthusiasts for research and display. Although it was still
in limited development, the printing technology was a combination
of modelling both science and construction technology, using some
of the newest technological advancements of the time.
Consequently, 3D printing began to lead a worldwide manufacturing
revolution. In the past, surface design was mainly dependent on the
production process. However developments in the field of 3D
printing have allowed for the design of products to no longer be
limited by complex shapes or colours. 3-D printing technology was
valued at $46.0 billion and is expected to reach $175.0 billion by
2020, with CAGR support of 21%. Within the 3-D technology market,
entertainment industry generated the maximum revenue in 2013
and the same trend is observed through 2020. The Massachusetts
Institute of Technology was issued a patent in 1994 for “three-
dimensional printing techniques”, a process confined to the method
of producing a three-dimensional object by successively depositing a
layer of a binder agent onto a layer of fine power, such as fine corn
starch; several competing technologies are utilized across the range
of 3D printers available commercially, including Fused Deposition
Modelling (FDM, also known as “thermoplastic extrusion”), Selective
Laser Sintering, and Jetted Photopolymer.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:- The aim of this paper is to evaluate

the effects of 3-D printing on the potential job market by figuring out
the process and principles behind its development. Another
objective is to minimise the complexity of the process, which is often
considered daunting since it involves too much fiddling with formats,
parameters and mechanical adjustments.