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A DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS.
A DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS,

I REPUBLICAN AND IMPERIAL:

COMMENCBD BY THE LATE

SETH WILLIAM =S'_I‘EVENSON, F.S.A.,

MEMBER OF THE NUMJSMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON;

REVISED, IN PART, BY

0. ROAOH §MITH, F.S.A.,

MEMBER O)‘ THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON;

AND COMPLETED BY

FREDERIC W. MADDEN, M.R.A.S.

I I
IHIBEB 01" THE NUIIBIATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON; ASEOCIE ETILANOEB DB LA IOCIETE
BOYALE DI LA NUMISMATIQUE BBLOE; FOREIGN CORRESPONDING IEIBEE OP
THE NUMXBIIATIC AND ANTIQUABIAN SOCIETY 01" PHILADELPHIA;
FELLOW O1" THE NUMISIATIC AND 1\1(C!!.1-ZOLOGICAI.
SOCIETY OF MONTREAL. ,,

¢..¢..‘.
‘.-‘J-I
-==~ .....
ILLUSTRATED BY UPWABDS OF SEVEN HUNDRED ENGRAVINGB O3‘,
WOOD, CHIEFLY EXECUTED BY THE LATE

F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A.

nonnon=
GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
wan. ' - _
S . .
 NORWICH 2

.\'OR1-‘OLK CHRONICLE COMPANY, LHIITED,

HARKET PLACE.
 PREFACE.

This voluminous work, corresponding in size with

Smith’s “Dictionaries,” was left incomplete, as to the
last letters [U'V—Z] at the time of Mr. SETH S'rsvENsorr’s
death, and its publication has been mainly delayed by the
difliculty of finding anyone sufliciently versed in the subject
and willing, as well as able, to devote the necessary time
to the task. His son, the late Mr. Henry Stevenson, took
a deep interest in the completion of the work, and with
his assistance the proprietors obtained the valuable co
operation of Mr. F. W. MADDEN, M.R.A.S., formerly (1861
1868) one of the Editors of the “Numismatic Chronicle,”
and author of “The Handbook of Roman Numismatics”
(1861), “Coins of the Jews” (8vo., 1864; 4to., 1881), 810., by
whom the work has been brought to a satisfactory conclusion.
The woodcuts necessary for this portion of the Dictionary
have been eifectively executed by Mr. Miller Smith, of
Norwich.
Mr. F. W. Madden desires to record his best thanks to
Mr. H. A. Grueber, F.S.A., Assistant in the Department of
Coins and Medals, British Museum, and to Mr. Bernard
Jackson, B.A., for much valuable assistance.
Amongst the Numismatic friends of the author who took
a. warm interest in this laborious undertaking during his life
time, may be mentioned the late Dr. Lee, F‘.R.S., F.S.A.,
President of the Numismatic Society, and the late Mr. J. Y.
Akerman, F.S.A., Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries,

88866
vi rm-:F,\c1-1.

Lond.; and of those still surviving, Mr. John Evans, D.C.L.,

LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., now President of the Numismatic
Society; and Mr. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., &c., Temple Place,
Strood. The latter, whose practical ztcquaintalice with the
Dictionary extended to a revision of the remaining MS., from
letter L to letter T, and furthering, so far, the completion
and printing of the volume, remarks, in it short memoir of
Mr. Stevenson in his recently- published “Retrospections,”
The descriptions are lucid and comprehensive; and the style is ea-By
and attractive. Altogether the Dictionary is just the work wanted, not
merely for the young student but also for the more experienced numis
matist. To both it is as indispensable as the dictionary of a. language
is to the most educated, as well as to the schoolboy.

The scope and object of the work itself will be best

understood by a perusal of the Original Prospectus written
by the Author, and issued at the time when the earlier
portions were passing through the Press.

THE PUBLISHERS.
 ORIGINAL PROSPECTUS.
_ __._ O_______

It is admitted by all, who are really conversant with the subject, that no
hranch of Archaeology offers greater intellectual advantages than that which
leads to a correct knowledge of Ancient Coins in general, and of the Moneta
Romana in particular. The last-named department of numismatic research
opens, indeed, a. field replete with instruction, no less valuable than varied,
no less useful than interesting—a field which enables those who enter it, in the
proper spirit of inquiry after truth, to share the benefits of that reciprocation,
by which History so often throws its explanatory light on the hidden meaning
and mysterious import of certain monetal devices and inscriptions—whilst
those metallic monuments of antiquity serve, in their turn, to stamp on facts
narrated in numerous passages of the old historians, otherwise left in doubt
and uncertainty, the strongest and most striking impress of corroboration and
support.-—To facilitate and encourage the study of Roman coins, as well of
the Republic as of the Empire, there already exist some excellent Manuals
which may be regarded as the Grammars, and also some very complete
Catalogues which equally well constitute the Nomenclatures and descriptive
classifications of the science. With the exception, however, of the Spaniard
Gusseme‘s work, and of that wonderful monument of human patience and
laborious perseverance, the voluminous Lexicon of the German Rasche,
both which professedly take a range through the res universe of antique
medals, there is no Dictionary that treats of Roman Numsuulcs-certainly
there is not as yet any publication exclusively devoted to them, in that form
and in the English language.

A Dictionary, therefore, written in our vernacular tongue, and entirely

limited in its aim at affording information, to those products of the Roman
Mint, which bear Latin legends, seems still to be a desideratum. And
the continued non-appearance of any such literary undertaking, by a more
competent hahd than his own, has at length induced the Author of this
prospectus to do his best towards supplying the deficiency, by venturing, as
he does with unaffected diflidence, to submit the result of what has been his
leisure hours’ occupation for the last ten years, to the indulgent consideration
and patronage of the educated public.—Ir. making this attempt, it has
been the object of the compiler, if not to “popularise” the study of Roman
Coins and Medallions, at least to assist in rendering it sufliciently attractive
to the taste, and familiar to the acquaintance, even of the classical scholar.
But the chief hope which influenced him to begin, and has incited him to
viii l ORIGINAL PROSPECTUS.

pursue his task, is that by thus offering the gist of authentic observations,
scattered over, and as to all general good intents and purposes, buried, in
no small heap of Latin, French, Italian, and English tomes, his humble
endeavours may prove acceptable to that numerous class of his countrymen,
and countrywomen too, who do not come within the category of “ learned "
persons, but who, nevertheless, possessing intelligent and well-cultivated
minds, may yet desire to initiate themselves in the above-named branch of
the Medallic Science.
The volume, whose subject matter is briefly set forth in its title, will,
when published, be found to contain, in alphabetical order of arrangement—

1. An explanation of the principal types, symbols. and devices,

which appear on Coins with Latin legends and inscriptions, minted
under the government of Ancient Rome, both consular and imperial,
including those struck in the Colonies.
2. Biographical, Chronological, and Monctal References to the
Emperors, Empresses, and Caesars, from Julius (5.0. 44) to Mauricius
(4.1). 602).
3. Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Notices, in elucida
tion of curious and rare obvcrscs and reverses.

The whole has been compiled, with careful attention to the descriptions,
and commentaries of the most eminent writers, from the times of Ursinus,
Tristan, Vaillant, Patin, Seguin, Morell, Spanheim, Havcrcamp, of the elder
and middle school; Banduri, Liebe, Pcllerin, Beauvais, Froelich, Khell, of
a subsequent period; down to ECKHEL (Facile princeps artis numariaa),
Mionnet, Akerman, Hennin, and others, whose works have successively
appeared during the last half century—works not of greater elaborateness,
nor of profounder erudition, nor evincing more of zealous ardour in the
cause of Numismatology than are displayed in the productions of their
predecessors; but whose respective authors, from superior advantages
accruing to themselves, through greater experience and in a wider scope of
investigation, have been enabled to secure more of that first essential,
accuracy ; to exhibit clearer views, together with more judicious discrimina
tion and less fanciful discursiveness, and consequently to impart to their
labours a more decided character for practical utility, and for trustworthy
reference.

The work will form one volume of about 1,000 pages, printed uniformly
with the Dictionaries of “Greek and Roman Antiquities,” and of “Greek
and Roman Biography and Mythology.” The illustrative wood-cuts,
exceeding seven hundred in number, will, in every instance where an original
specimen is accessible, be engraved either from the coins and medallions
themselves, or after casts skilfully made from them in sulphur.
 A DICTIONARY
Ul-'
ROMAN COINS
A. A. A. F. F.
A, the first letter of the Latin Alphabet,
which consists of 21 letters, very often occurs
as 1 single letter on Roman coins. Sometimes
it serves as the initial of a City, an Emperor, a
Consul, &:c. Sometimes it seems to be used as
a mint-mark, and to have many other signifi
cations.
A. is written in various ways on Roman Con
sular eoins.—See Eckhel, Dad. mun. vel., vol.
\'. p. 7 3.
A.—Aulu.r, a prenomen. A. v1'n:1.r.. Aulus
' I'itellz'z1.r.
F
A. zflrarium. AD. A. D. Ad wrarium de
tuliuef: concluding letters of inscription on
denarius of .-\ugustus.—Rasche, Le.z-icon rxi num.
eet.——.~'l. in the exergue denotes the first mint,
as AXT. .4. coined at Antioch, in the first mint.
—Akennan, Nlu/ii-s. Jllauual.
A. A. A. F. F. Juro, Aryento, Aere, Flarulo,
Feriuado. This alludes to the monetal trium
Yirs, appointed for the coining and stamping of
gold, silver, and brass money of the Romans.
It was their oflice to take care that the public
win-age should not be countcrfeited, nor its ma
terial adulteratcd, nor its proper weight dimi
uished.—()n a consular denarius of Cossutius,
one of Julius Ca:sur's moneycrs, we read, C.
cossvrrivs 1un.1n1,\.\'vs, followed by A.A.A.P.P. in
the field. There is also a second brass of Au
gustus, which bears on its obverse, CAESAR
A\'0vs"rvs TBIBUNI. POTES. (Tribunitiit potca
late]; and on the reverse, c. PLOTIVS nvrvs
nrvia. a.s.a.I.l' ln the middle S. C. This
-
Q signify titles of authority and of dignity, and
in
'i€
._,
C. Plotins (or Plautins) was one of those trium
B
ABDERA.
virs of the mint, who, by the invariable inscrip
tion of the above characters, appear to have
made themselves oflicially answerable, as it were,
for the genuinencss of the money, struck by their
authority. There is also a second brass, on the
obverse legend of which is CAESAR AVGVST.
rozv-r. max. (Ponlifez JIa.z-imua) rnisvm. POT.
with head of Augustus, and on the reverse M.
s.u.vivs orno mvin. A.A.A.l".Y. Snlvins Otho
was another of those moueyers of the Republic,
whose name is associated, in like manner, with
the issues of gold, silver, and brass, in the early
coinage of Augustus.—-With regard to the ex
pression jlando, feriundo, the former word
doubtless was intended to designate the process
of preparing the globular lumps of metal form
ing the material for the coin; whilst the latter
word shews that they were submitted to the
stroke of the hammer, for the purpose of re
ceiving the impress of the die. These were the
two principal operations of the ancient miutagc.
For other specimens of this class of the Con
sular coinage in silver and brass, see PAR]-INS
PATBm:.—Sce also Jlloneia.
A. or AN. Annus.-——See A. N. r. r.
ABBREVIA'I‘IONS.——'I‘he legends and in
scriptions of Roman coins, as well imperial as
consular, present manyparticularitics, in the shape
of abbreviations, monograms, and isolated let
tcrs, open to research, and susceptible of various
explanations. The ancients, indeed, both Greeks
and Romans, in order to bring their monetal
inscriptions within the smallest space, adopted
the use of siglw, monogrammatic and conjoined
letters. At first these were confined to proper
names. Subsequently, they were employed to
made to stand for certain words and for certain
phrases. It is this objectionable custom of em
ploying abbreviations in writing, which renders
the explanation of legends, for the most part, so
unsatisfactory, and at the same time, gives rise
to so many false interpretations.
ABl)EltA.—.~\ maritime town of Hispania
Bretica, founded according to Strabo, by the
Carthaginiaus. It is now called Adm, in
 2 ABVNDANTIA. .-\ll\'NDAN'l‘IA.
Andalusia, on the shores of the Mediteranean, these, whether represented by herself, or as per
near the gulph of Almeria. sonifying the liberality of the Emperor or Em
The coins of this place arc Latin imperial, press, she figures as a handsome woman, clothed
middle brass, and lst brass. A second brass of in the stola, holding a cornucopirc, the mouth of
Abdera has the lau which she inclines towards the ground, and lets
reated head of Tibe the contents fall in seemingly careless profusion.
rius, and is inscribed In his illustration “ of Roman medals by the
TI. cassan. mvl. ancient Poets,” Addison says, “ You see Abund
ave. 1-‘. avavs ance or Plenty makes the same figure in medals
rvs; and on its re as in lloracc.
verse a tetrastyletem Tibi Copia
ple, of which two of Mnnabit ad plenum benigno
the columns have the Ruri: honorum opulcnta cornu."
forms of fish, between Spanheim, in his translation of the Caesars of
which we read the Julian, ascribes a silver coin, exhibiting surn
letters A B 1) E n .\.—The characters inscribed DANTIA ave. and a woman pouring money
in the pedimcnt of the temple, form, according out of a horn of plenty, to Alexander Severus.
to competent interpreters, the Phoenician word And he goes on to observe, that “it serves to
for the city in question. An article, by the late mark, amongst several others, the liberality ex
M. Falbc, in a recent number of the Numismatic ercised by that excellent Emperor towards his
Chronicle, leaves scarcely a doubt of such being soldiers and subjects, in his distribution to them
its signification. On this point reference may, of portions of the 1El'll7‘i1h!l publirmn, or public
with advantage, also be made to the authority of trea.sure.—Neither in Eckhel, nor in Mionnet,
Mr. Akermau, who, in his scientific and accurate however, do we find an Abundanlia of Alexander
work on “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,” Severus; but both these authorities, together
has given a fac simile illustration of this remark with Akermau, describe a similar reverse, on a
able coin, from the collection of the British Mu silver coin of Julia Mamrca, the mother of
seum, whence the present wood-cnt is faithfully Alexander, an ambitions woman, to whose avarice
copied. Referring to Atlmunu, lib. vii. c. 17, and intermeddling disposition he owed that un
he observes, that the two singularly formed popularity with the army which proved fatal to
columns are supposed to represent the tunny them both.
fish, which abounded on the shores of the Medi ABVNDANTIA AVG. (Abnndantia Augnsti)
terranean, and were sacred to Neptune, to whom S. C.—In his equally pleasing and instructive
it was the practice of the fishemicn to offer one work on the large brass coins of his own choice
as a propitiation.—A6z1¢~ra Bwtiae seems to have collection, Capt. W. H. Smyth, R.N., F.R.S., &c.
been one of the few colonies established by Tibe thus describes, and comments on, a finely pre
rius, although it docs not, as Vaillnnt remarks, served specimen of the mint of Gordianus Pius,
:1 pear to have been honoured with the rank bearing the above lcgcnd.—The type presents
either of Colonic or of Municipium. Temples
“a female standing, who, habited in the stola
were erected (as Tacitus states, l. i.) after the and wearing a diadem, is emptying the Amalthman
apotheosis of Augustus, by imperial license, on horn, from which a shower of money descends.
the petition of the Spaniards, in honour of the Abumlanlia was a profuse giver of all things,
deceased Emperor. at all times; but Copia seems to have been
ABDICATION Q/' I/1e Em1n're.—This event, applied to provisions, and Armona was restricted
in the case of the Emperors Diocletian and to the management of the supply for the cur
of Maximiniau Hercules, is marked on their rent year.—'l‘his type of Abnndautia illustrates
cnins.—Sce the respective legends of Providmtia Horace
Deorum. Quies Aug_¢.—-Requie-1' Optimor. zlleril. /{urea fru_r/ea
ABN. A6nepos.—A great grandson. Italian! plcno diflhdit co;/ia comm.”
ABVNDANTIA AVGu.sti. S. P. Q. R.—A
billon denarius of Gallienus bears this legend,
and the type of s recumbent river-god.
Baldiui considers these to indicate the abund
ance of provisions obtained for the city of Rome,
after Egypt (alluded to in the personification of
the Nile), was rescued from the oppressions of
the usurper ]Emilianus—unless indeed the Tiber
is meant by which the annona was conveyed.
ABVNDANTIA TEMPOR\'M.—A very rare
brass medallion of Salonina, the wife of Gal
lieuus, has for the type of its reverse, a woman
seated, supporting a cornucopise, which she ex
ABVNDANTIA.—Ahnndance: Plenty.—This tends towards, and pours out before, five children,
allegorical divinity had neither temples nor altars a woman on each side standing, one of them
erected to her honour; but she appears on seve holding the /xasta pura.
ral medals and monuments of the Ro|nuus.—On The epigraph of Abmu/aniia Tcmpormn is
 ABURIA.—AC(,'I.
here new to Roman coins. The Empress is repre
sented under the attributes of Abundance, for
some noble act of characteristic munificcnce as
cribed to her, as is seen on another coin bearing
the legend AN1voNa.— (Eckhel, p. 18.)—The
historians of the time, (from A. D. 253 to 268)
apparently preferring to record stirring events
rather than benevolent actions, offer no tribute
to the retiring virtues of Saloninn. It has been
left for numismatic monuments to rescue from
oblivion the modest merits of her, who has been
called, and without flattery, “the Cornelia of the
Lower Empire." Saloninn not only caused dis
tributions of corn to be made to the people;
but she also took little children and young girls
under her mare and protection. And here, on
this coin, we may probably recognize the attest
ation of a redeeming fact, that the Emprcss’s
goodness restored temporal abundance, and re
lieved social destitntion, in a degenerate age,
under a profiigate prince and a disastrous reign.
The legend of Aa\':vn,\N'riA Avo., and the
type of a woman standing with horn of plenty
re‘-‘er-ed, are found on gold of Trajanus Decins,
on silver of his wife Etrnscilla, and on third
brass of both the elder and younger Tetricus.
On a small brass of the latter, the priferimlum,
or sacrificial vase, is the accompanying type.
ABYRIA : a plebeiau gens.-—Thc family sur
names, on coins, are Cains and Marius. The
coznornen common to both is 0:51., which
Pi-_{hius, and others following him, read Gemi
nu, but, as Eclthcl thinks, on no certain
authority. The pieces in bronze, ascribed to
this family, are parts of the Jr. There are five
varieties. Silver oommon.——The following type
is the rarest ; GEM. a hclmed head; before it X.
—Rer. c. ABVRI. Mars, with trophy in right,
and spear and shield in left hand, stands in a
qnadriga, at full speed. Underneath, KOMA.——
fTlcemur. Morcll. p. 2, fig. iv.)—-No satisfac
tory interpretation of this type of Mars; nor
of the derivation of the name Abzzrizu, has yet
been given.—Soe runs.
AC. Acrqme.-—a. POP. PRVO. AC.
.‘\.C.-——A/1.mIv0. Can/Iemu0.—Tbesc letters
appear on a coin of the Cassia geus.—Scc
TU//1'//Q.
Af‘(‘l, in Hispnnia Tarraeonensis (now Guadzl:
rl l"i»;jui, a colony founded by Julius Czcsnr him of I’hueton’s sisters changed into Iarires, allu
=4-lf, 1,; by his mlnptcd son Augustus, pz|rtl_\‘ for sivc to the name of Accoleius Lari.rcu/as, a
B2
ACCOLEIA. 3
the veterans of LEGIO vr. Ferrata, Rllll P3111)’ 1'01‘
those of uso. vi.
Viclrir, from which
twinship of two le
gions, this colony
(says Vaillant) was
called Gemella. Its
coins are limited to
the reigns of the
three first Emperors,
viz., Augustus, Ti
berius, and Caligula.
—On these, Acci is
entitled c0L. GEM. ACCL Colonia Gemella
Jmlllfld; or in abbreviation c. Iulia G.A.-—
A first
the brass
head of ofAugustus;
this colonv, hears
I and on ontheoneother,
side
ACCI. c. r. o. L. IL, which, with the type of
two legionary eagles between two ensign.-1, shows
that it was a military coIony.—See Akerinarfs
Coins of Hispania, p. 61, from pl. vii. of which
work the above cut is copied.
ACILIA gens.—The Aeilii had for their sur
names Aviala, Balbur, and Glabrio; the two
first of whom would appear certainly to have
been plebeiau. But, says the author of Doctrine,
with respect to the last name, we find Herodisnus,
in allusion to the Glabrio of his time, recording
him as “ omnium patriciorum nobilissimum ;" as
being one who derived his ancestral origin from
:Enc-as, son of Venus and Anchises. And Anso
nius favours the same popular opinion =
Stemmate nobiliuln deducturn nomen avorum,
Glubrio Aquilini, Dardana progenies.
[Ec1. vi. es.)
There are 18 varieties in the coins of this
family, Silver common. The copper pieces are
the As; or parts of the As ; and are more or less
rare. For the remarkable denarius, having on
its obverse s.u.v'rIs, and a female laureated
head—on its reverse NV. ACILIVS, IIIVIB.
v.u.ETv., and a woman standing, with serpent
held in her right hand, her left elbow resting on
a small column.—See S.u.vs and VAIAETVJJO, in
Ursiuus, Fam. Rom. Numis. p. 3.
ACCOLEIA gens.—'l'his is classed among the
plcbeian families, of which no particulars are
mentioned in history. One type only presents
itself on the coins of this house, but for which
(and, as Dr. Cardwell adds, one ancient inc-ription
in Gruter’s collection) it would scarcely have
been known at all.
P. ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS—A female
head. Rev. Three females standing, their heads
terminating in trces.——Silver R.
We have here an adumbration of the fable
4 ACCLAMATIONES. At.-ERRA.
monetal triumvir, who caused this medal to be ' —Theseformula acclamationum are to be found
struck. According to the myth, Phaeton wish inscribed on contorniate medals, and other
ing to drive the chariot of the Sun, fell a victim pseudo-m0nel¢z.——l\'ika is the Greek word cor
to his temcrity. His three sisters, inconsolable responding in signification to Vincau. Archime
for his death, were metamorphosed into poplars tions of the same kind are exhibited on ancient
or larches. Accoleius, in representing this gems, but of the period of the Lower Empire.—
fictitious incident on the medal, refers to the Eckhcl, viii. 30l.——~'l'hc_v were also a species of
name of Lariocolzu, which he derived from one benedictions, which consisted in wishing to the
of his ancestors, renowned no doubt for his zeal reigning Emperor, life, health, and victory:
in cultivating the larch tree.—Eckhel, v., 118. such as that which is seen on a coin of Con
“lt appears to me not improbable (says Dr. stantine—PIura mzlaIitiafelim'ter ; and on that
Cardwcll) that Accoleius was of the Colony of of Constans, Felicia Decewrlalia [see the words].
Aquileia, which, as we leam from Livy, was The respective legends on a large brass of Had
founded on the Adriatic in the year n.c. 181, rian, snd a denarius of Alexander Severus, may
and afterwards became a place of considerable also be placed amongst these acclamations.-—
importance. The name of the family implies of Sec A. N. r. l‘.; also AETEHNITATIBVS.
itself some probable connection with it; but the Referring to a large brass in his own col
supposition is much strengthened by the device lection, having on the obverse “ a laurellcd head
which accompanies and elncidates it. The word of Hanaumvs Auousrcs, and for legend of
Lariscolus shews still further the connection of reverse Consul Tertium Pater Palrim s. c.,"
the family, with that neighbourhood and with Capt. Smyth says (p. 102), “This is an accla
the shores of the Adriatic. Vitruvius says of mation medal. The Emperor stands on a tri
the la:-ix, that it is unknown, except to those bunal, decorated vn'th rostra, before a temple.
citizens (municipibua) who inhabit the banks of He is haranguing the public, and making a
the river Po, and the shores of the Adriatic sea. welcome announcement; the latter are represented
He also states that the wood is not easily ignited; by three togated citizens, who lift their hands in
so that we may doubt whether the word, which the fulness of admiration and applause.” For a
we commonly translate [are/I, does not really in type similar to this very rare reverse, engraved
clude a species of poplar.”—Leeture viii. p. 164. from a coin in the British Museum, see cos. Ill.
ACCUSATIVE CASE, rarely used on Roman P. P. 5. c. of Hadrian, in this Dictionary.
coins, more frequently expressed on Greek money. ACERRA.—'l‘he small box for holding per
We read GALLIENVX avo. P. 11. (popular Ro fumes held in the hand of the female figure re
manna veneratwQ—and nsareu rnorvonm presented on Roman coins, bearing on the re
TOREM, of Gordianus Pius.—Raa'cl!e. verse the legend mans avo. This box is of
ACCLAMATIONES, or customary words a cylindrical form on the coins of the earlier
shouted out by the populace at public games, in Emperors, but, at a lower period of the empire,
the circus at Rome, and in other great cities, to the Acerra appears to have been of a different
express their aspirations for the success of their shape, as seen on coins of Faustina the Elder,
favourites in the contest : such as rzvrmr. of which an example, in the cabinet of Dr.
VINCAS—-OLYMPX. man or N1css—-1=LAc1-:ss. John Ice, is here given :—

On the gold coins of this Empress the same Acerra, This arose doubtless from the circum
object is represented of similar form. The ecle stance of a light or portable altar being used in
brated vase discovered in one of the Bartlow such ceremonies exclusively for the burning of
tumuli is of copper, exquisitely enamclled, of perfumes.—The above explanatory notice of the
precisely the same form, and was doubtless used Acerra, its form and sacrificial use, is derived
to hold perfumes at the interment, when it was from the information contained in a letter, illus
deposited with the remains. Festus (s. v. Acerra) trative of an ancient enamelled vase, and ad
gives us s passage having a two-fold illustration, dressed by John Yonge Akerman, Esq., Resident;
chewing that it was the common practice to burn Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, to Capt.
perfumes at the Roman burials, and that the term Smyth, Director, through whose joint kindness
Acerm was also applied to the altar as well as to the compiler of this dictionary has been allowed
the vesse1—“ Accrra ara qua: ante mortuum poni to use the wood-cut, employed in Arcluzoloyia,
solebant, in qua cdores incendebantur ;” and vol. xxxiii.
Pollux informs us, that the allnr also was called ACHAI.-\.—On this part of Greece, and espe
 A(.'ROS'I‘OLllT.\I.-——.-\C'l‘. IMP. AD. FRV. EMV. 5
eially at Athens, the most munificent public because, on a coin of the Antestia family, a
benefits, of almost every description, were be similar figure in the stola, is accompanied by the
stowed by the Emperor Hsdrian.—-Eckhel, vi. inscription APOLLINI ac'no.—Eckhel (vi. p. 107)
p. 487- See BESTITVTORI ACHAIAE. says, Nata est Cit/uzroedorum, at Apollinis
ACHILLIS, on a contorniate mcdal.—See cit/zaroedi slola, sive palla cum 8.1.‘ monummtia,
rs.\"n:s|1.r-:.\. tum scripforibua (see coins of Nero inscribed
ACHILLEUS, an usurper in Egypt, in the PON1‘. max.) And Tibullus speaking of Apollo
reign of Diocletian, defeated and put to death by citharocdus (the harp-playing Apollo) says,
that Emperor. No certain coins are known of Inna videbalur talia illudere polls,
Achilleus.——Akermau, Dem-. Cat, vol. ii., 182. Ilhrmqsw Iuu: in nilido corpora veslia eral.
ACISCULUS, an instrument like a hammer, Actius Apollo was worshipped by the Romans
used by workmen in stone quarries, the repre after the time of Augustus, in memory of the
sentation of one appears on a denarius of the battle of Actium.—$ee Apollo.
Valeria family, allusive to its cognomen of Acis ACTIUM, a city of Epirus, on the coast of
cnlns.—See Vain-1'a gens. Acarnania (now Prevcnza) in the Ambracian
ACROSTOLIUM (and Acroterium), a sort of gulf. In the earliest period not a large town, it
ornament on the prow of an ancient galley.— was celebrated for a temple of Apollo, also as a
" Vaillaut (in Colaniis, ii. p. 245), publishes a safe harbour, and for an adjacent promontory of
coin of Salonina, struck at Berytus, on the re the same name—aftcrwards rcudcred more splen
verse of which a female figure is described by him did, on account of the decisive naval victory
as standing on the an-oatoliuzn. This writer says, gained near it by Augustus over Antony.
acroslolia era.-at ulrema! partes navis, qua; A_Dl“Ii\'IS (Afiiuis) cousin. By this term of
Lalini vacant rostra ;” or as he more clearly, relationship Constantius I. is called on 2nd and
though briefly, defines it in his index to vol. ii., 3rd brass medals of consecration and dedication,
“Acrostolium, fioc est namlv rostrum.” Another struck under Maxentius, viz. IMP. MAXENTIVS
coin of the same colony, struck under Gallienus, DIVO CONSTANTIO ADl'1NI.—-S08 Ajinity and
according to the engraving in Vaillant (vol. ii., Kindred.
p. 239), exhibits with the lc end of COL. IVL. ADDITION or A uzrrrzu. is observed in
svo. rep. sen. the type of a alf-naked woman the legends of some family coins, as rsnux,
(Astarte), with left foot planted on a ship’s vases, VllB'l‘VS——fo1' Felix, Vain, Virtus.
row, holding in her right hand sbanner, and in
her left (what he denominates) the acrostolium.
See Aphulrum, or Apluslre; see also Berytua
Colonia.
A. C. I. V.—'I'heso letters appear on 3rd
brass coins of the Pacuvia, or Pacquia gens,
with the accompanying type of a boar lying
down. Eckhel, in his numismatic notice of this
family, (vol. v.) observes, that he had formerly AD. FRV. EMV. EX. S.C.—Tw0 men habiled
interpreted the above initials as follows =— in the toga and seated ; on either aide of them,
Antonina Colonia Iulia Vienna. But Sestini, he an ear of eom.—This denarius of the Calpur
adds, interprets them Colonia Veterana Invicta nia gens informs us, that Piso and Servilius
Aprm ,- and ascribes these coins to a city of that Ccepio were sent as Quaastors, ad frumentum
colony, which is placed by Pliny and Ptolemy, emundum EX. s. c. (to purchase corn, in obe
in Thrace, and called Aproa. dience to a decree of the Senate). But in what
AC'I‘.——Actiacus or Actium. year the cvcut happened, and when the money
ACT. IMPerator [X. or XII.] Apollo, was struck, are points apparently unaseertained.
clothed in the stola, holds the lyre in his left hand A similar reverse is exhibited on silver coins
and the plectrum in his right. On gold and silver of Critonius and of Fannius, szdiles of the peo
of Augustus, struck v.c. 742, B. c. 12.--The ple. The bearded head on the obverse, Eek
iigure and abbreviatedword hel (v. p. 159), considers to be in all proba
scr. boar allusion to the bility that of Saturn; not only from the scythe
battle of Actium, which placed near it; but also because, according to
gave Augustus the empire Plutarch, Saturn was regarded by the Romans
1» of the world, and at which, as the deity presiding over Agriculture, and the
according to the poetic productions of the earth; and in this view the
tlatterers of that Prince, obverse and reverse tally admirably. Saturn,
- Apollo tlew to his sup armed with a similar instrument, may be seen
port. The gratitude which Augustus professed on coins of the Memmia and Scutia families;
towards Apollo is testified on many coins, and but the most undoubted type of Saturn occurs
othgf mouumgntg, 35 Wtll E5 by Blltllfllli Wfltfifs. on coins of the Neria gens.
But Suetouius states that, before the great game ADI. Adjutrix: a Legion so surnamed, as
of Artimn was played, Augustus had begun to aiding, or auxiliary to, another.—See L1~:o1o.
manifest his devotion to the worship of Apollo. ADIAB.—Adiabenicns.
There are those who suppose the figure on this ADIABENI, a people of the east, on whom
reverse to be one of the Muses, substituted for the Emperor Septimius Severus made successful
that of Apollo; but this is a wrong conjecture; lwar (A. n. l95).——-Sre ARAB-ADIAB.
6 ADLOCVTIO. ADLOCVTIO.
ADIUTRIX AVG.—Diana standing, at her senatorial vestments, stands on a tribunal, before
feet a bow and quiver. On gold and silver of Vic a curule chair, with right hand elevated, as if
torinus senior, who invoked the aid of that god in the act of hamnguing five military figares.—
dess, in setting out on his expedition against Touching this by no means rare, but extremely
Gallienus. Tanini gives a 3rd brass of Camu beautiful, reverse, in large brass, Schlcgel is of
sius, with the same legend, but for type the opinion, that it refers to the oration delivered
bust of Victory. by Caligula, from a suygestum, raised in the
ADLOCU'l‘IO.—Allocution.--The custom of midst of that bridge which, with foolishly ap
haranguing the soldiers was frequent with the plied skill, the architect Baulis built, in the sea
Emperors, as is evidenced by a variety of their at Puteoli. But Eekhel treats this supposition
coins. This ceremony was performed, either at as erroneous, and considers the legend and type
the moment when an individual obtained the to indicate the allocution which that prince
imperial purple, or when the reigning prince addressed to the Praetorian Cohorts, at the period
adopted some one with a view to the succession ; of his accession to the supreme government; and
or when he admitted another person into imme that the same mode of recording the event was
diate participation of the empire, of which exam repeated on a later occasion, either for the sake
ples are often recorded by historians. Memorials of adding to his coinage, or because he had ad
of these military orations, whichan emperor de dressed other cohorts in a set, and indeed an
livered before some expeditionary force, at the eloquent, discourse; for Tacitus himself does not
time of its going out on a campaign, or of its deny Caligula’s talent for public speaking. While
returning after a victory—in which the soldiers expressing, however, all due deference to the
were to be reminded of their duty; or rewarded authority of Eckhel, Capt. Smyth does not think
for their good conduct and success, with praises, that it was struck in the first year of the tymnt’s
and, “ not least in their dear love,” with dona reign (a.n. 38) and points to the tribunitian date
tives also—are preserved on many of the very and the P. P. in the legend of the obverse, as
finest coins of the Auyuati. rendering such a fact questionable. “ An adio
On these reverses, a raised platform or tribune, cutiou (he adds) was made to the Praetorian
more or less lofty, called by the Romans rug cohorts on Culigula’s accession, but the coins
geatum, is exhibited, on which the Emperor, which commemorate it, bear merely the legend
habited either in the toga, or the paludamentum, c. CAESAR auo. enauzmrcvs PONT Max. 'rn.r.
is seen standing, with his right hand elevated, The one just described, I am inclined to date
as if appmling to the sentiments of the troops, .\.n. 40, though the eonsulship is not marked,
or beckoning for silence. and the occasion may have been, the expedition
Frequently the Praetorian Prefect, in some to Britain.” It is to be observed that the S. C.
cases two Praatorian Prcfcets, appear standing (Senatu: Cornrulto) is omitted in all Roman brass
behind the Emperor. Below, is a group of the coins, bearing the title and portrait of this Em
legiouaries, from three to five or six generally in peror. “ Was it (Eckhel asks) because the senate,
number, with their faces turned towards their not authorising it, they were struck by order
prince; some holding the eagles, vcxilla, and eu of the Prince himself, and distributed by him
signs ; others their bucklers and spears. With re amongst the Prsetorians P" Be this as it may,
gard to the customary attitude and gesture of the the military ceremony of the Allocation was first
speaker in addressing the troops, Cicero atfords represented on the coins of Caligula. And it is
an illustrative passage, in his oration, against to be noted that the one in question, though
Gabiniu.s—“ When (says he) the general (Impe clearly of Roman die, has not the mark of
rular), openly, in the presence of the army, Senatorial authority.—Doct. mun. vet. vi., 221.
stretched out his right hand, not to incite the These military harangues occur many times
soldiers to glory, but to tell them that they afterwards in the mintage of the Imperial go
might make their own market” (Onmia ribi vernment, as will be seen by the following list,
at empla at emenda eue.—Provinc. cons. c. 4.) drawn out in chronological order :—
ADLOCVT. COH. S. C. Brass medallion
and large brass of Nero.—Empcror, Przetorian
Prefect, and three soldiers.—“Ncro, attended
by Burrhus, both togated, on a tribunal, stand
ing near a circular edifice with columns, which
may be emblematic of the prmtorian camp. He
is addressing three soldiers who stand before
him, bearing military eusigns, and is probably
$1,, promising the donative on which they proclaimed
him Emperor; whence we may conclude the
medal to have been struck A.D. 54."——Smyth, 41.
ADLOCVTIO. On the field S. C.—l‘irst
brass of Galba.—-The Emperor stands, with the
@ © H000
\oac>oO¢ chief of the Prmtorian guards, on a raised
platform, and harangues the Cohorts, who
ADLOCVT. COH.—-(Adlacutio Colzorlium are generally represented by their standard
—-speech to the Cohorts). The Emperor bearer. In another Allocation, given by Haver
Cains Caesar (Caligula), hnbitcd in the toga, or camp, (Mus. 0/rm/z~.»9, of the same Em
 ADLOCVTIO.
peror, the cavalry of the guards nrc repre
sented by a horse, the head of which is seen
nmongst the foot soldiers. This coin (struck
A. D. 68) is, by most numismatic antiquaries,
thought to designate the occasion of Galba’s
speech to his legionaries in Spain, when he first
revoltcd from Nero.
ADLOCVT. AVG. fjdlaeulio Au_qu.rli.)—
First brass of Nervn.—Emperor and two other
figures on an estrade; four figures below.
ADLOC\"l‘IO.—First and second brnss of
ll1ulrinn.—Emperor addressing his soldiers :
first brass, and ADLOCVTIO. COH. PRAETOR
((11/|on'ium Pnzlor-iarum—Allocntion of the
Body or Life Guards) with similar type.
ADLOCVTIO.—-Brass medallion of Marcus
Aurelius.—Emperor addressing soldiers, one of
whom holds a horse by the bridle.—(J[ua. dc
Camps.)
ADLOCVT. AVG. COS. III.—First brass
of Marcus Anrelius.—The Emperor, on a mg
yeslum, accompanied by two prsetoriun prcfects,
is addressing three standard-bearers of the army.
“ This coin was struck A. D. 170, on Aurelins’s
waging wnr with the Mareomnnni, n warlike
people, who, leagued with the Quadi, the Sar
matians, the Roxolani, the Jazygcs, and other
barbarian nations, had invaded the Roman fron
ticr. This opened one of the severest contests
that ever Rome snstained.”—Sm_vth, p. 136.
ADLOCVTIO.——-Brass medallion, and first
brass of L. Verus.—Emperor haranguing his
soldiers.
ADLOCVTIO.-—Brass medallion of Mncrinus.
—Emperor and his son (Diadumcninnus), and
four military figures.
ADLOC\"l‘l() AVGYSTI.--—Emperor and
soldiers: on a first brass of Alexander Severus.
ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI.—-Emperor and
soldiers, on xi brass medallion and a first brass
of Gordianns Pius.
ADLOCVTIO AVGG. (Augu.rtarum)—The
two Philips, addressing their troops—on a brass
medallion and first brass of Philippus, sen.
ADLOCVTIO A\-'G\'STORVM.—Three
figures in military habits, standing on a raised
platform, under whom appear three soldiers with
lcgionary standards. In reference to this legend
and type, as found on n large-sized silver me
dallion, having on its obverse the head of
Yalerianus, Spanheim makes the following re
mark :—“ Valerian before his captivity and im
prisonment (by Snpor, King of Persia), asso
ADOPTIO. 7
eisted his son Gallienns, in the empire, as we
see on medals their two heads and the words
Concordia Auguslarum. There is also another
medal on which are three heads, viz., those of
Valerian and his two sons Gallienus and Valeria
nus, jun., though the latter was then only
Cmsar." The three figures standing on the mig
geatum, in the silver medallion above described,
were therefore most probably designed to repre
sent the same three imperial personages.
ADLOCVTIO AVG. and ADLOCVTIO
TACITI AVG.—-Brass medallions of Tacitus.—
The Emperor, attended by the Pnetorian prefect.
ADLOCVTIO AVG.—On n brass medallion
of Probns.—Accompanying this legend, there
is a remarkable type in which that Emperor
and another personage are represented, standing
together on an cstrndc; three soldiers on each
side carry military ensigus; and before the
estrade are four kneeling figures. (JIu.:.1)e
Camps, p. ll7.).—For an illustration of this re
verse see Probus.
ADLOC\"'l‘IO.—Third brass of Muxentius.
Besides these reverses, in which the legend
itself identifies the type with the occasion of an
Emperor's speech to his troops, there are some
splendid examples of Alloeutional representations
on brass medallions, such as the rmns EXER
crrvs of Commodus, and the PIDEI aunrrvn of
Sept. Severus—Sec the former illustrated.
In the foregoing examples the distinctive word
ADLOCVTIO, or nm.oc\"r is, for the most pnrt,
inscribed on the morgue. It can hardly fail to
occasion some degree of surprise, that no Allocu
tion should have been recorded on the coins of
such eminently warlike and victorious princes of
the earlier empire, as Vcspasian, Titus, and
Trajan.—[Thc ADLOCVTIO ascribed to the first
named Emperor, engraved as a brass medallion,
in ll'umi.m1ata Cimelii Vindobonenris (p. l5),
being “ nonni/til mqiec/mn.”]
ADOPTIO: Adoption.—-The act of a person
adopting another as his son, was performed
among the Romans, either in presence of the
Prtetor, or before an assembly of the people, in
the times of the Republic; and under the Em
perors by their sovcrcign authority.-—An adopted
Roman (says Eckhcl, v., p. 59), was so com
pletely translated into the yen-9, or race, of the
party adopting him, that the name of his own
family was put aside, and he received all the
names of his parent by adoption—which names,
however, were lengthened into the letters ANVS.
—Thus, .ZEmilins Pnnllus, being adopted by
Publius Cornelius Scipio, was called P. Cornelius
Scipio Elmiliauua.-—C. Octavius, afterwards
Augustus, adopted by the Dictator Caesar, became
C. Jnlins Cresnr Octuviamu.—So, on coins, we
see A. Llcmivs 1\'r.nv.x SlLlanuJ; and 1‘. QVINC
TIVS C-BISPINVS sv1.r1cianu.r.~This custom,
nevertheless, was frequently departed from. For
example, M. Junius Brutus, (he who killed
Cmsar) after his adoption by Servilius Coepio,
was called Coepio Brutus, the surname
being still retained, for the sake of his own
family; whereas he ought to have been called
Q. Scrvilius Coepio Jmzinnu.r. Thus again
8 AD()P'l‘IU. AD\'EN'l‘lTS.
Scipio, who took part against Julius Cut.-ml‘ in vssrssux. AUG. P. M. Ta. P. P. P. COS. m.
Africa, adopted by Cwcilins Metellus Pius, is which, “ as well as all those struck in A. D. 71,
termed on coins Q. Metellus Pius Sci io, not proves Suetonius to be mistaken in stating that
Cornelianus. Nor docs it appear, t t the Vespasian was not invested with the tribunitian
adopted Romans were very particular in using power, nor dignified with the title of Father of
the names to which they succeeded. M. Junins his country, till the latter part of his reign.”
Brutus, notwithstanding his adoption, is called Smyth, p. 56, No. lxx.
on several of his coins, only Bnvrvs IMP.-—And ADV. or ADVENT.—AVG. or A\-'GG.——.l:l
P. Clodius, adopted by Fonteins, continued to venlua Auyusti, or Au]/zutorum.
the end of his life, to be called P. Clodius. ADVENTUS.—lnscriptions of this kind com
Also, by virtue of adoption, the surname was memorate the imperial sovereign’s arrival at
lengthened, as in the instance of Marcellus of Rome, either at the commencement of his reign,
the Cornelia family, afterwards called Mar or on his return from a distance. They also
cellinus. refer to his advent in some city or province of
ADOPTIO.—Two figures, in the toga, joining the empire. At their accession to the throne, em
hands: round the type PARTUIC. DI\'l. TBAIAN. pcrors were not conveyedin a chariot nor in any
AVG. P.M. 'r1z. r. cos. P.P.—Thi5 coin of Hadrian, other vehicle, but went on horseback, and some
in gold and silver, commemo times cven on foot; and thus they made their
rates the adoption of Hadrian first public entry into the capital of the Roman
by Trajan. The former scat world. The fact of the equestrian procession of
tered abroad many monumen emperors into Rome, even if it were not authen
tal evidences of that fact, as ticated from other sources, is abundantly estab
there had been much doubt lished, by the type of an lmperalar aqua, ac
on the subject: for, says Spar companying the legend of ADVENTV5 sv
tian, “thcre are not wanting ovsrr, stamped on so numerous a series of
those who assert that, uftcr the dcnth of Trajan, coins. The other custom, viz., that of their
Hadrian was, through the intrigues of Plotina, arriving on horseback at the gates of the city,
taken into adoption." For this reason, adds and then entering it on foot, is not, and indeed
Vnillunt (Impp. R0m., ii., p. 136), who con could not, with the same degree of clearness,
curs in the sentiment of this quotation, was be elucidated by means of monetal designs ; but
Hadrian so diligent, at first, in usuming the the fact is described by Dion Cassius, in his-ac
cagnamina of his father by adoption. oount of Scptimius Severus’s pedestrian entry
Adoplion self-a:.rumed.—Therc is exhibited into Rome.-—Thnt emperors occasionally set out
on first and second brass coins of Sept. Se from the city on foot is shewn on a large brass
verus an evidence of that Emperor's adoption of Caracalla, the reverse type of which represents
of himself into the family of M. Aurelius; the him marching, followed by s soldicr.—See Pao
legend of the reverse reading nlvr. M. Pu. r. FECTIO ave. The Emperor's departure.
8012., and the type representing Severus, in the The Aa'vm1lu.r legend appears on coins of
imperial paludamentum, crowned by a helmeted Nero, Trajan, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Commo
figure holding a club in the left hand. This dns, Sept. Severus, Caracalln, the Philips,
preposterous and unprecedented assumption, of Treboninnus Gallus, Volusianus, Valerianus,
which nearly all the old writers take notice, is Gallicnus, Carns, Claudius Gothius, Tacitus,
thus numismntlcnlly confirmed. It was after so Probus, Dioelelianus, Maximianus Hercules,
unwarrantablc o use of the adoptativc process, Carausius, Allectus, Constantine, Jovianns.
that the ubovc named Emperor proceeded to The types (with the exception of those on Ha
trace his descent, in an uninterrupted line from driun’s inscribed Advenlui Allgusfi) consist ge
Nervn, as is attested by many inscriptions on nerally of the Emperor or Emperors on horse
marble, more dilfuse than those on coins—sce back, with their right hands elevated, some
Gruter, quoted by Eckhel vii., p. 173. See also times preccded by a figure of Victory; in other
mvr. M. rn. r. instances, by soldiers bearing standards. These
ADQ,.—ADQ,VI.—Adquisita, added to (the are all on lst or 2nd brass. There is an Ad
Roman empire).—See ARABIA ADQUIS. venlu; Aug. of Elagabalus in silver; and an
ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS PVBLICAE. Advenlus Au_qu.rti of the same Emperor in gold.
S. P. Q. R. in an oaken or civic gnrland.—With ADVENTUS AVGVSTI.——'l'his memorial of
this highly eulogistic title of “ Maintainer of the an Emperor’s progresses, is ofi'ered most fre
Public Liberty,” was Vespasian honoured by the quently, as well as most interestingly, on the coins
Senate and People of Rome, on a large brass of Hadrian, always with the addition of the name
coin.—It is one of the rarest of that Emperor’s of the province, or city, which that great prince
mint. The inscription occurs solely in the in had visited: viz., Africse, Alexandriee, Arabia,
stance of Vespnsian. S. C. is omitted simply Asiae, Bithyniaa, Britsnnise, Ciliciae, Gallire,
because S. P. Q. R. equally constitutes the im Hispaniaa, Italise, Judwese, Macedoniaz, Maure
press of senatorial authority. See Spanheim, ii. tsuise, Moesiae, Phrygiaa, Siciliua, Thracire.-—
528-and Hnvercamp, in Theaaur. Morell. These are all on first brass, but seven of them
vol. iii., Tab. xiii.—see also Eckhel’s comment, (see Akerman’s Decor. Cat. vol. i.) are also to be
vi. p. 322. The obverse of this medal, on which found on second brass, and three on gold and
appears the laureated hend of the Emperor turned silver.——The solicitudc of Hadrian to become
to the left, presents the legend of mr. csss. acquainted, by ocular observation and personal
 ADVENTVI. ADVEI\"l‘VS. 9
inquiry, with the customs, manners, laws, and figure, who is distinguished by the trunk of nu
condition of the various peoples, comprehended elephant covering her head as pcrsonifying the
within the limits of his vast empire, induced Roman province of Africa, and is in the act of
hiin to be continually travelling through its sacrificing at a tripod. “We find (says Addi
diifcrcnt provinces, and colonies; to visit the son) on the several medals, struck in comme
chief cities, and to inspect the principal legion moration of Hadi-ian’s progress through the
ary masses of the Roman army. He made empire, that on his arrival (adventus) they
these excursions (of greater or less extent, and oifered a sacrifice to the Gods, for the reception
occupying more or less time) accompanied by of so great a blessing. Horace mentions this
only a few attendants, generally on foot and custom, (Od. 2, lib. 4.)”
often bare-headed, seeing every thing, investi ADVENTVS AVGVSTI. G. P. (Gnu.-ia Pe
gating every thing, and every where establishing ragrata.)—A second brass of Nero, of colonial
the greatest order.——-The accomplishment of fabric, bearing this legend, and an ornamented
numerous journies and visitations were, by his praetorian galley, is considered to record the
direction and with the sanction of the Senate, return of that prince from Grceec.—Others with
chronologically recorded, in a series of coins, a similar type, and the abbreviation c. con. in
which are remarkable for their tine style of work the field of tho coin, designate his arrival at
manship. It comprises, as already noticed, all the Corinth, for the purpose of celebrating the
Roman provinces, and confirms what History Isthmian games in that city.—(Vail.lant in 1:0
tells us of this empcror’s voyages. The number lonirlr, vol. i.)
of these geographical coins is considerable, ADVENTVS AVG. PONT. MAX. TR. POT.
and they are with good reason sought for. Some COS. II., S. C.—Rome hclmcted, seated on a
are very rare, others sutliciently common. The heap of arms, joins right hands with theEmperor,
first class of them includes the names of the who habited in the toga, stands opposite to
provinces and towns through which lladrian hcr.—On a large brass of Hadrian, struck in
passed. On these the countries, cities, and rivers, the year of Our Lord 118.—Having ar
are represented by a figure and some attribute; ranged all things in Syria, (where he commanded
as Egyptos, Alexandria, Nilns. The second ex when Trajan died), Hadrian proceeded through
presses the satisfaction which the people expe lllyrin to Rome; and that this occurred in the
rienced, or were supposed to have experienced, year above mentioned, the present coin shows
at his arrival arnoug them: an event which is by the inscription cos. II.—Eckhel, vi. 477.
indicated by the legend of the rcvcrsc——AD ADVENTVI AVG. IVDAEAE. S. C.—In
vsxrvr Avo.; whilst the type (as in that of this example amongst the numi yeoyrapbioi of
Africa, -/udma, Macedonia, &c.) exhibits the Hadrian, the Emperor, with his right hand
Emperor, and the Genius of the Province, stand uplifted, stands opposite the province, which is
ing opposite each other, and an altar (with its personified under the figure of a female, robcd
victim) between them, at which they are per and veiled: she holds a patera over an altar, at
forming sacrificc.———'I'hc third class shows, through the foot of which is the victim: she carries a ball,
the medium of ingenious allegorics, the benefits or, as Mr. Akerman suggests, in reality the Acerra
and reliefs which Hadrian bestowed on the op imperfectly represented, in her left hand, and be
pressed provinces. In this branch of the series side her are two naked children, bearing each
the Emperor is called Rr~:s'rrrn"roa, the restorer a palm branch—allusive to Jndsca, of which, as
of the icular country, (as Aehaia, Asia, part of Palestine, the palm tree is an emblem.
Africa, Gallia, Hispania, &c.) and he raises up
a kneeling figure. A fourth and last class refers
to the military exercises, which he caused to be
practiced, and to the discipline which he main
tained amongst his legions, in their respective
cncampments and garrisons. The review of
troops by the Emperor in person is usually
figured by a type of allocation, with the name
of the army, as in his E1-tnncrrvs DACICVS,
onruunvrcvs, sravnr-zrarvrcvs, &c. on which are
an equestrian figure, and four or five foot sol
diers carrying military ensigns.
ADVEN'l‘\’I AVG. AFltICAE.—On gold of
lladrian. This type, struck between A.D. 130 and 135,
is of historical interest. It represents the arrival
of Hadrian in Judrea, not, as in the case of most
of his visits elsewhere, on a mission of benevo
lence and mercy, but to confirm the stern
imperial sentence, after a bloody war, of de
struction to devoted Jerusalem, and of insult
and humiliation to the rebellious Jews.—1~‘or a
further numismatic reference to this fulfilment
The Emperor, clothed in the toga, is seen hold of Our Lord’s prophecy, see Aelia Capito/ina
ing his right hand elevated towards a female C0/onia.
C
 10 ADVENTVS. ADVENTVS.
ADVENTVS AVG. BRITANNlA.E.—In ing against Albinns, Severus returned to Rome,
the exergue s. c.—An altar with the fire kindled, whcrc his entry was magnificent. That was the
placed between the Emperor (who is clothed in same Felicissinzlw Arlum1lu.r—-“ the most auspi
the toga), holding a pntera, and a female figure cious return”—which is alluded to here.
with a victim lying at her feet. On a large brass Capt. Smyth 186) assigns the rel-urn
of Hadrian, engraved in “ Coins of the Romans to Rome Which this device commemorates,
relating to Britain.”—Pl. 2, No. 5. to the year 196 of the Christian zcra; and
Hadrian’s arrival in Britain is commemorated ndds—“The first public entry of Severus was
by this coin, struck in the year of Rome 374 undcr every possible demonstration of joy:
a.n. 121. “In the reign of this prince,” observes yet he committed imhcard of cruclties. After
Mr. Akcrman (sec his ably written, correctly commending the character of Commodus to the
illustrated, and highly interesting work above Senators, who had declared his memory infa
namcd), “ the Britons rcvoltcd; and Jnlius Seve mous, he erecutcd anumbcr of their body, with
rus was recalled to proceed against the Jews, who out trial; and Rome was filled with bloodshed.
had made an cllort to regain their liberty. The At the same time, however, he executed retri
Caledonians also destroyed several forts, which butive justice on the insolent, veual, and trea
had been erected by Agricola. Hadrian, with cherous Przctorians, whom he disarmed, de
thrcc legions, arrived in time to prevent the graded, and ignominiously banished to the dis
Britons from throwing ofl' the Roman yoke; tance of a hundred miles from Rome.”
and, to protect the northern frontiers of the In describing an Allvcnlus coin of the
province, built a wall which extended from elder Philip, whose equestrian figure is repre
the Tyne in Northumberland to the Eden in sented with thc same “ extraordinary dispropor
Cumberland. The war does not appear to have tion between the steed and its rider,” as is ex
been of long continuance, and the Southern hibited on the above reverse of Severus, the
Britons, protected from the incursions of their intelligent writer above quoted, observes (p. 266)
savage neighbours, wcrc probably content to bear —“ the Emperor is probably mounted on the
the yoke.” p. 22. Aaturco, or ambling nag, as a more appro
AD\’l<l.‘I’l‘\-‘S AVG.—M. Aurelius crossing a priate emblcm of returning peace, than the
&:~irlye.—On the reverse of a large brass the Equua bcllutor, or chargcr.”———This is a shrewd
Emperor is seen, followed by five soldiers, two conjecture; but it does not fully account for the
of whom bear standards; and the others have under-sized horses on which we sec emperors
their spears advanced as if to encounter re mounted, in various types of the Roman mint.
sistance. They are passing over a bridge con These, indeed, are for the most part relatively
structed on three boats, “precisely (says Capt. diminutive, whether the imperial rider is habited
Smyth) like the one over the Istcr, represented in the pacific toga, or in the garb of war—
on the Trajan column. The bridge before us was under the legend of anvnrrrvs, or that of EX
no doubt over the same river; since the Mar Eucrrvs.
comuuni, in abandoning Pannonia, sustained a ADVENTVS AVGVSTI. S. C.—-On u large
dreadful overthrow, whilst crossing it.-—-' ‘he brass of Elagabalus, with this legend of reverse,
legend of this rcvcrse is 1rn>. v1. cos. 111., with the type presents “ an equestrian figure of
vnzrvs AVG. on the erergnc Thcrc is another that emperor, with his right hand elevated, n
large brass of Aurelius, with the above reverse, sceptrc in his lelt, and the chlauiys floating
b11t inscribed Adventu: instead of Virtus, and behind his shoulders. Mmsa, well aware of what
recording nus. v11. whence it affords a sure Hacrinus had lost by not proceeding to Rome
testimony of the Emperor's return to Rome, immediately after his election, urged her grand
A- 13- 174.”—For an illustration of this reverse, son, who was wallowing in brutal debauchery nt
see IMP. vr. cos. 111. Nicomcdia, to repair thither. She prevailed;
ADVENTVI AVG1uli FELICISSIMO. S.C. and he entered Rome A. D. 219, where he was
-—This legend appears on the reverse of a large received with great demonstrations, largcsses
brass of Scptimius Severus. The type represents being distributed to the populace, and public
the emperor on horseback, either alone, or pre shews exhibited.”-—Smyth, p. 21-1.
ceded by a soldier on foot.—Ai'ter having re ADVENTVS AVGG. (Advenfusdllg/rlslorum),
—-Two military figures on horseback galloping.-—
.3

established peace in the east by the destruction of

Pescennius Niger, and with the design of march This legend and type appear on a brass medallion,
 ADVENTVS. AED. ll
struck in honour of the Emperors Trebonisnus to face, with that of Gallicnus, his father,
Gallus, and Volusianus, jointly, about A. D. 252, laureated, on the other sidc—the legend being
the computed year of their arrival in Rome, CONCORDIA AVGVSTOBVM.-——Tl1B reverse exhibits
afler the death of Trajanus Deeius, whose son three galeated figures on horseback, their right
Hostilianua had already been associated with hands raised. Victory preceding them, and five
Trebonianus as an Augustus. soldiers accompanying them, three of whom
On the obverse are the laurelled heads of both bear military ensigns. Near the horses’ feet are
father and son, surrounded by the legend HIP. two captives seated on the ground. See con
esL1.vs.svo. me. \'0L\'SI.\.\'\'S.AVG.——Tll0 above coama svavsronvn.
cat is copied from the volume of Bnonarotti (pl. ADVERSA.—The obverse, or principal face
!\'lll.), who praises this medallion as equal, in point of a coin; in contradistinction to the term
both of design and workmanship, to the best averse, or the reverse side.
examples of dic-engraving, to be found in the ADYTUM, the most sacred place of aheathen
mints of the earlier empire. Thus much for art temple in which stood the image of the princi
and taste, as still occasionally found manifested pal deity to whom it was dedicated.—Seo Tem
even in the lower of the imperial coinage. P lum.
AEBUTIA gens.—It is uncertain to which
But the device of two equestrian warriors, one
with couched lance, as if preparing to charge an order, patriciau or lebeian, this family belongs.
enemy, is a more appropriate type for a decuraio, Its name is foun on brass colonial coins of
or a prq/ectio militari-r, than for the peaceful Canrar-Au_//uala (Sarragozza) in Ilispaniu Tarra
approach of two newly-elected Emperors to the conensis, and also of Corinth. There are four
gates of “ the eternal city.” There is, moreover, varieties.
something more than strange in the assumption AED.—Aedea or Jidificia, Ed.ifices.—AED.
of the imperial title by both Gallus and Volu S. .d'1dilm.r Sacria.
sianim —a circumstance which, as the learned and AED. P. or POT.-—/Edilitia Poteslale.
acute author of “ Ouervazione Istoriclle” rc AED. DIVI. FAVSTINAE.—A temple of
marks (p. 3l2)——“_/‘a mollo coapeltare cite Os six columns, in which Faustina stands, or, as in
liliano, non vedendosi nonzinalo, foare mor others, is seated. Silver. To this may be
I0, 0 di pale, 0 di morte violenta, procuratagli joined the legend of mother denarius of the same
do Gallo, per gelasia d’ Imperio.” The suspi emp1'ess——-viz., DEDICATIO AEDXS. The same
cion of foul play, in this case, is of the two, by building but no image within.
far the more probable hypothesis. This represents the aedes, or lemplum, with
A_l)\'ENTVS CARI. AVG.—The Emperor which, after her death, the elder Faustino was
on horseback, with right hand raised, and a honoured by Antouinus Pius. According to
spear in his left.—This reverse appears on an Capitolinus, it was situated in the via aacra,
aureas of Cams (struck A. D. 282-3.)-Some and was at first dedicated to Faustino alone.
writers think it probable from this coin, that But, after the deeease of the husband, religious
Carus actually went to Rome, from Pannonia, rites were paid therein to him also. This
before he proceeded on his Persian expedition. temple, the ruins of which at Rome are still ex
But, at this period, to speak of the advent of tant, bespeaks its original appropriation, for on
the Emperor was not always intended to indicate its frontal the following dedication is still legible,
his arrival at Rome. (Eckhel, p. 588). This viz., mvo ANTONINO ET DIVAE l'AVS'I‘lNAF..
observation is also justified by the mint of the EX s. c. The same edifice is likewise represented
Emperor Tacitus. on other coins of the same empress, inscribed
_AD\'EN'l'\'S S. D. N. AVG.---The Emperor, AETEBNITAS, or ruzras.-—Eckhel, vii. p. 39.—
_Wll.ll the nimbns round his head, on horseback, See rmrvnviu nrvr. ave. REST. engraved in
in the garb of Peace.— [Akerman describes this Caylus, No. 493.
equestrian figure as “wearing the diadem.”] AED. (in others AEDE) DIVI. AVG. REST.
This appears on a gold coin of Mareianus, COS. IIII.—zEdes Divi 'Au_r;u.rti Re.1lifut¢.—
published by Pellerin (Mel. 1. p. 163), who On silver and large brass wins of Antoniuus
reads the legend-—ADvEN‘rvs S8L‘ll7ld|tJ' Domini Pius (struck about A. D. 159) are the foregoing
i\oaIri Avouati, meaning the second arrival of legend, and a temple of eight columns, with
the Emperor. Eckhel, on the other hand, deems two seated figures in the intercolumniation. The
It more likely that the single S constitutes pediment and entablature of the edifice are also
part of the imperial title of Marcianus, and adorned with statuary.
should rather he read Saerati.m'mi.—['l‘he opi
nion of Eckhel is entitled to the greatest rc
*P°¢i, and his interpretation is probably correct,
but on Greek coins the second advent is re
See Mr. Akcrmnn’s remarks on the
Corns of Ephesus, in Nam. C/iron. The S. pre
ceding D. N. appears to sanction Eckhcl’s ren
ller|n',z.]
A_D\'EN'I'VS .»\VGG.—There is s silver me
'h111°ll, edited by Bnonarotti, bearing on its
obverse the head of Salouinus Valeriunns Caesar,
Wlthout laurel crown, on the one side; and face
C2
12 AEDILIS. AEDILES.
This temple of Augustus first appears on coins appellation of Ediler Curulea ,- because they had
of Tiberius struck a.u.c. 787 (A.D. 34) ; also in the curulc chair, the pr¢te.ria, or long white
the mint of Caligula of different years; and robe bordered with purple, the jua imaginis, or
here it is exhibited on coins of Antoninus, of the right of images, like the superior magistrates;
year above-mentioned (Eekhel, vii., 25). These, privileges never attained by the plcbeinn ediles.
supplying what history has neglected to notice, To the curule edilcs were entrusted the care of
teach us that such repairs and restorations, as the sacred edifices (especially the temple of Ju
either the decays of age, or the etfects of casual piter), the tribunals of justice, the city walls,
injury, had rendered necessary, were made by and the theatres; in short, all that was essential
the piety of Antoniuus. The two statues in the to the religion, defence, and embellishment of
temple are of Augustus and Julia, the latter placed the city, came under their coguizance.——Pitiscns,
there by the Emperor Claudius. Gold, silver, L121‘. Ant. Rom.
and brass of Antoninus, with the same type, The symbols of the curule edileship, both in
but inscribed '11-:nPi.vn. mvi. Ave. also refer to legend and in type, are found on denarii of the
this historical i'act.—See Temp/um. Livineia, Plzetoria, Plancia, Plautia, and other
AED. Aedilis.—AED. PL. /Edilie Plebia.— families. In some of these, the cnrule chair pre
AED. CVR. /Elli/is Curuli.s'. sents itself on one side, and the dignity of AED.
.7EDILIS—A Roman magistrate, who exer cva. is stamped on the other, as in the above
cised the Edileship, which was of three kinds: coin of the Furia gens. Others present the figures
Plcbcian, Curule, and Cereal.—See an able article, of the two cdiles, sitting between two measures
under this head, in “the Dictionary of Greek filled with ears of corn, as in a denarius of the
and Roman Antiquities, edited by Dr.W. Smith.” Papiria family. Also a modius, or measure, be
tween two ears of corn, as in silver of L. Liririeius
Rzfqll/11:, one of which on the obverse has the
head of Ceres adorned with a crown of _corn ears,
accompanied with the epigraph of AED. cva.
(See Livineia gens.) Likewise on a dcnarins of
the Flaminia family, a head of Ceres with the
letters, designating the Curule Edilcship, ap
pears on one side, whilst on the other are figures
ZEDILIS PLEBIS.—-The plebcian edileship of two men, clothed in the toga, sitting together,
was the most ancient of the ofliees above named. having each a corn ear beside him, and below
lt embraced many functions, amongst which is inscribed 'r. FLAMIN. 'r.r.x.. PLAC. P.r. EX. s. c.
were the maintenance of the baths, aqueducts, meaning Tilm 1"/aminiu.9, Titi I"iliu.r, and L.
common sewers, streets, and highways: also the ]"Im-czar, Publii I“ili11a, E: Senallar Consullo.
preservation of the public records and archives, (See Havercamp in 1\lorcll——n/uni BOHJIIIQTPJ.)
deposited in the temple (rtdea) of Ceres. The The addition of EX. 5. c. denotes that those Cnrule
plebcian ediles were, moreover, charged with the Ediles purchased wheat for the supply of the
superintendence of commerce, and of what is Roman population, with the public money, by
now called the police; together with the ma authority of the Senate. This purpose is more
nagement of provisions. explicitly referred to, in the epigraph of an.
Havercamp (in Morel], T/mraur. Fawn. Rom.) Fav. EMV. already given (p. 5).
gives two denarii referring to the oflice of Ple Eckhel observes, that the cunilc odilcship
beian Ediles. One of these is of the Fannia, was not unfrcqucntly attended with vast expense
the other of the Critonia gens. Both these both to the state and to the individuals who held
exhibit on their respective obvcrses, the head of the olllcc. That of M. Scaurus (which according
Ceres :piz'{/‘era, with the abbreviated words am». to Pighius, took place in the year of Rome 696
PL. Jidiliurn Plebia; on each of their reverses 11.0. 58) is reprobated by early Roman writers, for
are two togated men, sitting upon common the excessive magnificence of the public shews,
-sedilia. Behind them is P. A. or Publico Ar and the amount of largesses, almost beyond
genla (meaning coined with the public silver); belief, which, with a prodigal ostentation of
below we read M. ran. 1.. carr. Jlarcius Fan luxury and profusion, he lavished on his oflicial
nius and I/uciua Crilonius ; the two edilcs em year.
ployed on the occasion to which the coin re /EDILES CERE¢\LES.—This third class of
fers.-—Eckhel, v. p. 198. Edilcs was of much later appointment and of
more questionable origin, clashing as they did in
functional operations with the other two. Under
the free republic, the number of Edilcs had been
limited to four; viz., two plebeians and two
patricians. But according to Dion, two Curators,
with the like number of Cereal Ediles, were in
stituted by Julius Caesar (when about to pro
eced on his expedition against Parthia), for the
ZEDILES CURULES.—Under the dictator purpose of assisting in the conveyance of corn
ship of Furius Camillus (B.C. 368), the patri from foreign lands to Rome, and of distribut
ci.-ins obtained the nomination to the edileship ing it among the people. (Sec Anuona). This
of two of their own order, under the distinctive fact is continued by the inscriptions on two
 AEGYPTVS.
marbles, cited by Ursinus, bearing the words
arsnru PLEB. or-:au.1..-A denurius of Cri
tonins, who was a Cereal Edile, in the year of
Rome 710 (B. c. 44), has for the type of its ob
verse (like Fannie above), the head of Ceres.
“ And appropriately too” says Eckhel, “ for we inundation of the Nile.
learn from Cicero, that the care of providing In reference to the sacred Ibis, a bird so pecu
mmona, and of preparing the Ccrculinn games, culiar to Egypt, that it was said to die, if taken
belonged not less to the plebeian than to the
curulc ediles. The eminent author of Doclrina
sum. vd. then makes an apposite quotation from
Livy, showing expressly that on one of those
occasions, when L. Valerius and M. Horst-ins
were consuls (B. c. 449), the sacred ceremonies
in the temple of Ceres were, by a senatua con
rulfum, placed under the jurisdiction and ma
nagement of the Plebeian Ediles.”—See cann
ates.
The Edileship was continued under the Em
perors, and it was not until the reign of Con
stantinc the Great that the institution itself was
abolished.-—Pitiseus.
/EGYPTVS: Egypt.—Augustus,having taken
possession of Alexandria, the capital city of the
Delta, in the 72-ith year of Rome (s.c. 30),
formed the whole country into a Roman province,
and entrusted the government to some individual
member of the equestrian order; prohibiting all
senators from going to Egypt, without special
permission. Egypt is distinguished on coins
by the crocodile, the sistrum, the ibis, the lotus,
and cars of corn. The Nile, Jupiter, the Sun,
the Moon, Apis, Osiris, Isis, Serapis, as objects
of worship with the Egyptians, are also amongst
the numismatic recognitions of that country.
Egypt received no colony, utter Julius Ca:sar's
time; but, as a province, was governed by an
imperial prefect (pmfectu-1 auyuatalis) to whom,
however, the privilege of the fasces was not
assigned.
AEGYP'1‘OS.—Egypt personified under the
image of a woman seated on the ground, holding
in her right hand the sistrum, resting her left
arm on the canistrum, or basket filled with
fruits, and having on her right foot the Ibis
standing.
This reverse which appears on coins of Had
rian, in all the three metals, was struck on the
occasion of that Enrperor’s visit to Egypt, after
having been in Judrea and Arabia, probably
about the year u.c. 883, a.r>. 130. (Eckhcl,
vi., 488.) The type is elegant, on gold and
first brass, and is peculiarly appropriate to
asoi'rros. 13
Egypt. The sistrzun was a musical instrument
sacred to Isis, in whose worship it was used,
and national to Egypt. [See the word.] The
caniatrum, or basket of wheat, signifies the fruit
fulness of the country, which is caused by the
to other countries, Cicero has observed, “the
Egyptians, whom we are apt to ridicule so much,
conferred honours upon animals only in propor
tion to the advantage derived from them. Thus
their reason for worshipping the Ibis, was be
cause it destroyed the serpent.”
A large brass of Hadrian, the reverse with
out legend, but with s. c. in the field, “ex
hibits a majestic figure of the Emperor, with
his left foot on a crocodile; he is in armour,
with the paludamentum at his back, his right
hand is supported by a spear, with the point
peacefully downwards, and his left holds a
parazonium. This was probably minted in re
membrance of his visit to Egypt, and its date
may therefore be nearly approximated—for
Hadrian, having passed through Jllllfllfl and
Arabia, arrived at Pelusium A. D. 130, where he
repaired the tomb of Pompey.”—Smyth, Decor.
Cat. p. 103.
AEGYPTO CAPTA.—This historical legend
appears on gold and silver of Augustus. "he
obverse presents the head of that emperor, With
out laurel, behind which is the augural litnus,
and around is read carzsaa. cos. vr.—-On the
reverse are the foregoing words, accompanied
with the figure of acrocodile, to the right.—
The sixth consulate being inscribed on this
denarius, shews it to have been struck in the
year of Rome 726 (B. c. 28), under Augustus,
to renew the memory of the capture of Alex
andria, and thereby the conquest of Egypt, by
his great uncle, and father by adoption, Julius
Caesar. [The original silver coin is neither
rare nor high priced, but the same type restored
by Trajan is valued by Mionnet at 100 francs.]
tEGlS.—This, according to the Grcck ety
mology of the word, was the skin of a goat,
some authors aflirrning it to be that of the goat
Amalthma, others pretending it to have been
the skin of a destructive monster, IE‘-gis, whom
Minerva fought and slcw—aftcr which she is
said to have placed its skin over her breast,
partly to serve as a garment, partly as a pro
tection against dangers, but also as a lasting evi
dence of her bravery: in the sequel she placed on
it the snake-haired head of Medusa. Roman Em
perors often appear, in their statues and on their
coins, with their chests covered with the 1Egis
 I4 AEMILIA.
as with a cnirass; and several coins of Domitian
and of Trajan exhibit those Emperors, with the
head of Medusa ailixed to the bust, as part of
the body arinour.—Sec L0rim—also Dornilianmr.
AE.\‘llLLi gens (originally Aimilia), a patri
eian family of great antiquity, as both writers and
coins serve fully to attest. It was famous for
the exploits and public services of its members,
insomuch that they filled oitice, as chief pontitls,
dictators, governors, senators, consuls, masters
of the horse, military tribnnes with consular
power, and trinmvirs reipublicra condituezulre,
together with all the other magisterial and sa
cerdotal functions. Buca, Lepidns, Paulns, and
Scaurus appear as surnames on the medals of
this gens, and there are 43 uumismatie varie
ties. Gold, of the highest rarity; Silver com
mon, except scarce reverses. There are silver
restored by Trajan. The brass are colonial. For
the L‘0_I])1(IIil€7L of Bum, see AIMILIA [Ba.>-ilicu]
nrtrecit S. C.—For that of Paulus sec Tl-JR
PAVL\'S.—F0l‘ Smurua see REX aar.r.\s.—-The
following relates to
Lwpi/lua. The coins of the Lepidi arc rc family, about the year of the Christian era 208.
markable for their commemoration of warlike A good soldier, and of an enterprising character,
achievements performed by persons belonging to he arrived at the highest dignities, and was
that brunch of the Aemilia gens.—There is a
denarius belonging to this family, which bears on
its obverse, a female head with a diudern. On its
reverse, an equestrian figure with a trophy on
his shoulder; around the type szv. xv. Pn.
H. 0. c. 8.; on the exergue M. LEPIDYS.
The meaning of this abbreviated legend on
a. well known and interesting silver coin is—
M. LEPIDVS ANn-orum XV. I’Ra'Ie.2'talua‘.
Harlem Ocridit Cizwm Servavit.—Thns interru
ing us that M. Lepidus at the age of fifteen, still
Prelerlafus (that is, wearing the robe peculiar
to a patrieian boy) killed an enemy [in battle]
and saved [the life of] a Roman eitizen.—-Vale
rius Maximus (l. c. i. n. i.) relates this fact
in almost the same words:—.4emiliu.9 Lepidur
puer etiam tum progrznua in aciem /lostem
inleremit, cirem servavit. Cujua tum memo
rabilia (he adds) operi-1 irular eat, in Capilalio
stalua bullata at incincta prrrlt-.2-ta S. C. pusifa.
—Accordiug to the above-named Roman histo
rian, a statue of Lcpidus, dressed i.n the costume
appropriated to the male children of noblemen
till l7 years of age, was placed in the Capitol,
by order of the Senate, as an honourable record
of this precocious net of valour and patriotism.
After further citing a passage from Macrobins,
to shew that, in the times of the Kings, a similar
deed, under similar circumstances as to age and
bravery, had been performed, and had met with
a like recompensc—Eckhel calls to mind (vol.
v. 123) that on the obverse of another of these
AEMILIANUS.
denarii, a crown of oak leaves, the honour con
ferred on him who saved a citizen, is added in
the field of the coin behind the woman’s head.
AEMILIA geus.—'l‘here is a denarius of this
family engraved in M 0rell’s T/wrizunu, which
bears on its obverse n0)u.,. and a female head.
On its reverse M. AEMILIO, and an equestrian
statue on a bridge; referring to the building of
the Pour S/zblicim, of stone, at Rome, between
660-688 u. c. (U4-64 B. c.)
AEMILIANUS (Marcus or Cains Julius Emi
lius), was born in Mauretania, of an obscure
honoured with the consulate. Appointed gover
nor of hlwsin and Pannonia, he repulsed with
great slaughter an invasion of the Goths, whom
he also drove out of Illyria and Thrace. In ad
miration of his valour and firmness, as con
trasted with the timid and yielding policy of
Trebonianus Gallus, the Maesian and Pannonisn
legions proclaimed him Emperor, A. D. 253,
he being then forty-six years of age. Ad
vancing, after his election, into Italy, he de
feated Gallus and Volusianns in a pitched battle;
and those two princes having been slain by their
own troops, illinilisnus was acknowledged by the
Senate, who confirmed him in all the imperial
titles A. D. 254. Shortly after, being coin
pelled to march against Valcrianns, who had
been elected Emperor by the legions of Rhetia
and Noricnm, he was killed by his own soldiers,
near Spolctnm, in Umbria, on a bridge after
wards called “the bloody bridge,” in August of
the same year. On his coins (which are of
highest rarity in gold, rare in silver, and very
rare in lst and 2nd brass), he is styled urr. ‘M.
ArI.\I. sanrruxvs 1lvo.—1u1>. cans. 0. IVL.
Annmraxvs rrvs. PEL. svo.
The above engraving is from a large brass
coin, of the legends and types on which the fol
lowing is descriptive :—
Obv. IMP. .u-n\nLIi\Nvs Prvs rm. Avo.—
(lmperator, zllmilianus, Pius, Felix, Augnstns)—
Laurellcd head of Emilian.
Itev. PACK. avo.——(To the Peace of the Em
pcror.)—-Pcace holding the olive branch and the
hasta, and leaning on a cippus, or short column.
AEMILIANYS (Jl1.'.z'a'/11701), an usurper of
the pm-ple, in Egypt, during the reign of Gal
lienus.-—No authentic coins.-—Akerma.n, vol. i.
p. 81.
AELIA and ALLIA. Plcbcian gens.—The
smnames of this family, as they appear on its
coins, are Bale, Lama, Pmtus, Sejauns. Twenty
 AELIA. AELIAN. l5_
four varieties. Silver and first brass common. legion to which they belonged is not marked on
The brass were struck by the monetal triumvirs the standard.”—J[elau_qe, i. 242.
of Augustus, or arc colonial of Bilbilis, in Spain. The total expulsion of the Jews, the desecra
The following denarius is the least common :— tion of their capital by the extinction of its
Obrerrr, head of Pallas, behind it X. Re ancient name, and the profanation of its Zion
verse, r. Pal-:'r1'9, below, nous. The dioscuri to heathen idolatries, are events shadowed forth
(Castor and Pollux) on horseback.-——The word in a rare middle brass, engraved in Vaillaut’s
aosta shows the coin to have been struck valuable work on the Colonies (vol. i. p. 152.——
at Rome. The dioscuri on horseback, with On the obverse is
in their hands, and the pileua on their IMP. car-:s. THAI.
heads, with stars over them, are frequent and IIADRIAN. with the
accustomed types of the ancient denarii. It re laureated hr-ad of that
fers to Publiua AEHUJ Petur, who was consul with emperor. The reverse
Cornelius Lentulns, a.u.c. 558 (a.c. 201). exhibits the name of
AELIA CAPITOLINA.—Under this name of his new colony,
was distinguished the colony established by the COL. sen. car. and
Emperor Aelius Hadrianus, in the very capi a temple of two eo
tal of Judiea, which, under its ancient nud lnmns, within which
Btwred appellation of Jerusalem (Hierarolyma), are three figures, viz.
Wis, a.D. 135, destroyed by Titus. Ha Jupiter seated, between Pallas and the Genius of
drian having suppressed the city, standing.
a great rebellion of the The types adopted by the moneycrs of this
Jews against the Roman imperial colony, besides the lcgionary eagle, the
government, proceeded trophy, and the victory, comprise Romulus and
to expel them from Jeru Remus with the wolf, Bacchus with his thyrsus,
salem; and, after des the Dioseuri, Astarte, “the abomination of the
troying the once Holy Tyrians and Sidonians;” also Isis and Serapis,
City, which he prohi “ the abomination of the Egyptians." A coin
bited the Jews from ap of Elia Cupilolina, struck under Antoninus
proaching on pain of death, he built on its site Pins, has on its reverse u hay walking (“ an
anew city, and called it after his family name abomi/mliou” to the Jews). Whilst Capito
uzus. llc afterwards t a colony there to line Jove figures predominantly, with thc eagle
people it, having commanded a tcmple of at his feet, and in one instance (llostilianus),
Jupiter Capitolinus to be erected on the spot with a human head in his hand. In short, it
where the Tem le dedicated to the worship of would seem to have been the study of the Roman
the True God stood. Hence the colonial government in Judma to insult, and horrify, as
title of the place, con. snn. car. Oolonia Aelia well as to oppress, the once-favoured people of
Capilalina. Jehovah.
The coins of this colony bear none but Lafin IELIAN BRIDGE.—On the reverse of a
legends, and are brass of the three modules.— first brass coin of Hadrian, without legend, is
Extending from Hadrian down to Hostilianus, the type of a structure, which is designatad by
they comprise the intermediate reigns of Anto some as the ./Elian Bridge, at Rome, built by
ninns Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Vcrus, S. Severus, that emperor over the Tiber, a structure which
Diadumcnianns, Elagabalus, Trajanus Decius, still remains, under the name of the Prmle di
and Herennins Etruscus. ‘ San Anyelo, communicating with the castle of
Pellcrin gives a middle brass of this colony, that name; the mausoleum of Hadrian, and
which is of material historic importance, inas one of his many great architectural works.-
much as its legend docs what no other ancient “The medallion with the Fons Elias (observes
monument appears to have done, viz. it cor Mr. Akerman), quoted by early numismatic
roborates the truth of the fact asserted by different writers, is a modern fabrication.”
writers, that Hadrian was the founder of the AELIANA PINCENSIA.—Within a garland
colony built on the ruins of Jerusalem. It is of laurel.—~'l‘his legend on a second and third
described as follows :—— brass of Hadrian, has been supposed by Friiclich
Obv. ixr. cans. raaumo. HADRIAN. Lanand others to indicate certain public games cele
reated head of Hadrian. brated at Pincum, in Moesia, to the honour of
Rev. co1..iu-:l.. csrrr. CORD. Apriest driving Elias Hadrian. But Eckhcl (vi. p.-145) regards
two oxen at plough, to the right; in the field, a it as one of the numi melallorum, or coins of
military ensign.-—(See the engraving above.) the mines, which are found inscribed with the
Here we see the title of founder given to name of Trajan and of Hadrian. By supplying
Hadrian, by the term COXDi{01'. “Probably the omission of the word melallum, he considers
(says Pellerin), it is one of the first of the me the meaning to be clearly elucidated: M1-:'r.u.I.s
dals that were struck at Elia Capilolina, as it annu. PINCENSIA. That is to say, /E/Irma,
exhibits the type of a plough conducted by a (so called, from its institutor, Jilius Hudiinnus)
mini.-ter of religion, who wears the sacerdotal and Pizzcneria from Pim.-1/nz, near which city
dress. It also shews by the representation of [on the Danube, in the neighbourhood of what
s military ensign, that Hadrian began by form is now the town of Grudisca] these mines, or
ing this colony of veteran soldiers; but the melalla were worked.
16 AELIUS. ENE.-\S.
AELIANUS (Quintus Valens); one of the throne. Alluding to the approaching apotheosis
so-called Iyrarmi, or pretenders to imperial and of the sickening Clrsar, the Emperor exclaimed
augnstal rank and authority, during the reign of —‘ E}/0 Dirum adoplavi, noujilium.’ And the
Gallienus. The Museum Thenpoli contains the event verified the prediction." (Desvr. Cat. p.
following description of a 3rd brass coin, which 114.)—The type above described is evidently
Eckhel supposes to belong to this usurper, but taken from PORTUNA sras on an aureus of
its authenticity is doubted by Mionnet.——O6v. lIadrian.——See Caylus, Numis. Aurea Impp.
mr. c. Q. VALENS AELIANVS. P. AVG. And on Il0m., N0. 350.
its reverse rovr. coxsnn. AVGG. with type of ENEAS, a Trojan prince, the fabled son of
Jupiter, standing; the thunderbolt in the right Venus by Anchises.—.-trrivcd at manhood, he
and the hasta in the left hand. On the exergue accompanied Paris, the seducer of Helen, to
s. M. I. 'l‘roy, where he married Creusa, daughter of
AELIUS CZESARP-(Lucius Aurelius Cejo Prism, by whom he had a son named Ascanius.
nius Commodns Verns) was the son of Ccjonius After taking that city, the Greeks proclaimed
Commodus, a man of consular rank, descended that every frcc man might carry away some por
from an illustrious Etrurian family. The date tion of his goods. 1Encas, in consequence, bore
of his birth is unknown. On the death of otf his household gods (Pe'nnlm.) The Greeks
Sabina, he was adopted by Hadrian, A. U. C. were so touched by this action, that they gave
888 or 889 (A.n. 135 or 36), and destined to him the same permission a second time. 1Eneas
the succession of the empire; declared Caesar immediately took his father on his shoulders.
under the name of Lucius jfilius Verns, made They thcn liberated all his family, and left him
Przetor and Tribune of the people; and ap to take whatever belonged to him; at the same
pointed prefcct of Pannonia, which province he time assisting him with means for quitting the
governed with wisdom and courage; created, for country. After a variety of adventures, the
the first time, Consul, A. 1). 137, and elected to incidents of which are immortaliscd by the Muse
his second consulate the following ycar. lie was of Msutua, Encas arrived in Italy, with the
brother of Annius Verus and of Faustina the remnant of his Trojans; gained frequent vic
elder; married Domitia Lucilla. Of a hand tories over the native tribes and states , and at
some figure, dignified in physiognomy, and length, having killed Turnus in single combat,
stately in carriage, he possessed a highly cul obtained of King Latinas his daughter Lavinia
tivated understanding, was learned, eloquent, and in marriage. It was in honour of that lady that,
wrote with elegance in both prose and verse. according to the Roman legend, he built a city
Refined in his tastes, but ctfeminate in his habits, called Laviniurn : and the further result was the
he fell an early victim to the inroads made on a union of the aborigines with the Trojans, under
weak constitution by voluptuousness and dissipa the common appellation of Lafiru. It is added,
tion. illlius returned from Pannonia to Rome that he died in battle with the Ruin/1', on the
A. n. 138, and died on the very day appointed banks of the Numicus. From jlneas Sylvius,
for him to deliver a florid eulogium in honour of his son by Lavinia, are said to have descended
Hadrinn’s kindness to him. His body was de all the kings of Alba Longa; and lastly Romu
posited in the tomb which Hadrian had built lus and Remus, foimders of the city of Rome.-—
at Rome for his own mausoleum, now the castle (Pitiscus, Lexicon Anliq. If0m.—Millin, Dic
of St. Angelo, and that emperor caused several tionuaire de la 1"nblc.)
temples and statues to be raised to his memory.
66°,,¢@fi?<~?,,;° On his coins he is styled
' ‘ L. AELIVS. cassaa. They
are more or less scarce, in
all the three metals. His
brass medallions are of the
highest degree of rn.rity.——
.1Elius is rcprcscntcd on all
his coins with bare head,
curly hair and beard, and a majestic countenance.
llavercamp (in lllureo Olrristimz, p. 69) has
engraved, and Capt. Smyth cites from his own
collection, alarge brass of this prince, which with
no other legend on its reverse than TR. ror cos.
II. and s. c. on the excrgue, typifies “ Fortune /linen Pirlas: The filial piety of 1Encas——
with her rudder and cornucopiee, meeting Hope, This hero is represented, on many imperial coins,
who advances in light vestmcnts and bears the in the not of carrying the aged Anchises on his
blossom before her. This elegant device alludes shoulders, and the Trojan palladium (image of
to the fortunate exaltation of Elias, and the Pallss) in his right hand, Ascanius following
expectation of his becoming Emperor. But the him. Sometimes the palladium is omitted, and
hope was vain; and Hadrian, who had cele the boy has hold of 1l']neas’s hand. This son of
brated the adoption with magnificent games, a [linens was also called lulus, and the members
public lnrgcss, and a donative to the soldiers, of the Julia family pretended to derive their
could not conceal his chagrin on perceiving that origin from him; a claim which is frequently
[Elias was passing to a sepulchre rather than a indicated on the coins of Julius Caesar. A11
 1l:L\'|!l.-\S. AEQUITAS. 17
other allusion to so favourite a theme of national markably fine portrait of that Emperor. The re
flattery, with the Romans, is seen on u very rare verse, which is without epigraph, depictures /Eneas
denarins of the Livineia gens, struck by Livi and Ascanius, disembarking from a vessel an
neius Regulus, monetary triumvir under Augus chored close to shore, on the coast, as may be
tus. Amongst the splendid and interesting series supposed, of Latium. Opposite to this group lies
of bronze medallions, struck at Rome under a sow suckling its young, under a tree: above
Antonina: Pius, is one (of which the above is a which are to be discerned the walls of a. city.
copy afier Miounet's plate), with the legend P. H. Here, in the first place, we are reminded of
ra. P. cos. Ill. and the type of iklncas bearing the 'I‘r0jan’s dream, in which, while “laid on
Anchises from Troy, and leading Ascanius by the 'l‘iber's banks, oppress’d with grief,” he was
hand. 'l'he old man, covered with a robe, holds addressed by “ the Father of the Roman flood,”
a (msket; the youth wears a Phrygian bonnet. in these words :—
The reference on this medallion to the piety of Jamque tibi, ne vana pntes hmc fingere somnnm,
the Trojan chief (says llavercanlp), is to be re Littoreis ingena inventa sub ilieibns sas,
gnrded as connecting itself with the surname of Triginta eapitnm foetus cnixa, jaeebit,
Pins, which Antoninus bore, and as conveying Alba, solo reenbans, albi circuin ubera nati.
an eulog-inm on the filial virtues of that Em llic locus urhis erit, requies ea certa laborum :
pemr.——Capit0linus, speaking of the atfeet-ion Ex quo ter denis urbern redeantibus annis
which Antoniuus evinced towards his parents, Aseanius elari condet eognominis Albam.
llncizl, viii. 42.
states that the name of Pius had been conferred
on him, because, in the presence of the assem And that this nightly vision may not seem
bled Senate, he had given his arm to his father Th‘ effect of fancy, or an idle dream,
in-law, who was broken down by old age, and A sow beneath an oak shall lie along,
All white herself, and white her thirty young.
thus assisted him in walking. When thirty rolling years have run their ruee,
There is a very rare first brass, with a silnilar Thy son, Ascanius, on this empty space
type, minted between the third and fourth eon Shall build a royal town, of lasting fame;
sulatm of Antoninus (A. D. 1-.t0—45), and both Which from this omen shall receive the name.
were probably designed as a compliment to the Dryden’: lralulafion.
good Emperor, whose dutiful attachments as a
son were further shewn by the statues which he Next, we have the fulfilment of the sign given
dedicated to the memory of his father and to xblneas, according: to the promise of Tihcriuus,
mother, as wcll as to others of his defunct rela as described n little further on, in the same im
tions.—Sce Ilavercamp, Jlédailles zle C/zriatine, mortal poem ;-—
pl. xvi. p. 77. Ecee autein aubitum, atqne oculis mirabile monstrum.
Amongst the contorniate medals, which have Candide per silvam cum foetu concolor albo
on their obverses the respective beads of Nero Procubuit, viridique in littore conspicitur sus.
and Trajan, is one with saunas for legend of
Now on the shore the fatal swine is found:
reverse, and for type the group of 2Enea.s, An \Vondrona to tell; she lay along the ground:
chises, and Ascanius: that well-known subject Her well-ted ollspring at her adders hung;
having been copied from earlier coins, Greek as She white herself, and white her thirty young.
well as Latin. The city delineated on the above medallion is
zfinerz Adrerdu-1.—-Arrival of /Eneas in clearly Luvinium.
ltaly,—In his celebrated work “De la rarelé
/la: diédaillea R0maine.r,” Miunnet has given AEQVI. or AEQVIT. AVG.-—lEqo.itas Au
a beautiful engraving (whence the subjoinod is gusti.—(The Equity of the Emperor).
carefully copied) of a brass medallion, which AEQ,Vl'l‘AS.—'l‘he Equity, referred to on
on its reverse, with remarkable miunteness of Roman coins, signifies that virtue so much to be
graphic illustration, typifies the description, desired in sovereign princes, which prompts
given by Virgil, ofthis aboriginal legend of Rome. them to administer the affairs of the public
(especially in re monelarizlj, with impartial de
votedness to the interests of the people. Acqui
tae is almost always represented under the figure
of a woman, clothed in the stola, generally
standing, sometimes but not often seated, with
a pair of scales, or (but very rarely) a patera,
in the right hand, and in the left a eornucopize,
or the haste pura, or a sccptrc.
“ The scales, that natural emblem of Equity,
are used by Persius to express the decision of
right and wrong——the cornucopire si-,:niti0s the
good which results from examining into the real
merits of cases.”-—Sinyth.
The epigraph of AEQVITAS (or AI-IQVITATI)
ave. or AVGVSTI, belongs to the mints of Vital
lius, Titus, Domitian, Antoninus Pius, Pertinax,
On the obverse, we read ANTONINVS ave. PIVS S. Severus, Alex. Severus, Macrinus, l\lnxi1|iinus,
r.r. TB. P. cos. vi. and are presented with n re Gordianus Pius, Volusianus, Macrinuns, Qnietus.
D
1s AEQUITATI. IERA.
ar.Qv1'r.\s PVBLIOA, or AEQVITATI PVBLICAI females standing in full robes, with the attributes
presents itself on medals of S. Severus, Julia of Fortune (i. e. cornucopia: and rudder). “This
Domna, Caracalla, Geta, Elagnbalus, Gallienus. (observes Capt. Smyth) is an uncommon device
AEQVITAS AVG.—Eqnity with scales and for medals in honour of females; and is only
horn of plenty. Silver:-—Sce Vonusumvs. known upon this and one of Julia Paula——so that
AEQVITAS AVGVSTI.—A woman holding it may be taken for an allusion to the high for
in her right hand a pair of scales, in her left a tune to which Elngalialus elevated those ladies.
cornucopize. The inscription of Aeqzaifas, in But in this sense the device has little relation to
appropriately stamped on the medals of Vitellius, the legend.”—Hnvercamp, in 3111:. C/lrislirur,
of Domitian, of Commodus, of Severus, of Cara has given an engraving of this reverse.
calln, of Elagabalus, and such like tyrants, is .tEltA.—Ern, or Epoch, is the point of com
with no more than strict justice engraven on mencement, from which years are reckoned, as
coins, struck under the reigns of a Titus, a taken from the date of some memorable event.
Ncrva, and a Pertinax, by whom that quality Thus in Christendom, especially Christian En
appears to have been strictly and sincerely che rope, we compute the number of years, from the
rished. It is indeed a virtue worthy of an cm era of Our Lord’s incarnation. The dilfercnt
peror, as the bridle and rule of his sovereign cities and peoples of antiquity by whom the Greek
power—a virtue which Ammianus calls the dc language was used, began the year from the
spised mother and the nurse of the Roman world; season of autumn, namely, about the autumnal
Aiquilaic cal:-ata parente nutriceque Orbia Ro equinox, or from the calcnds of September
mam'.—Spanheim. although, after the correction of the calendar,
AEQVITAS II.--A woman standing with ba promulgated under Julius Cmsar, the beginning
lance and horn of plenty. A silver medal of S. of the year was tskcn from the calends of
Severus (struck A. D. 194) with this unprecedented January, in some Greek cities influenced by
feat|n'e in the legend of its reverse, was first pub Rome. The commencement of numbering
lished by Eekhel in his Sylloye, i. p. 103. He is expressed both in the Varronian years
observes that in the mark 11. it presents Equity from the foundation of Rome, and in the vulgar
and Liberality divided into numbers; a cir era from the birth of Christ. The year U. C.
cumstance noticed neither by Mediobarbi, nor (Urbia (7oudil¢), according to Tcrcntius Yarro,
by Vnillant. But the meaning of this Eguitaa began 753 years before the Christian e'ra.—
Dnplirala he cannot make out. There is a coin According to Cato, Rome was founded in B. C.
of Julia Dom.na with the same reverse. Vol. 751; according to Polybins in B.C. 750; accord
vii. 167—l96. ing to Fabins Pictor in 74.7.—Visconti (Irena
AEQVITATI PVBLICAE. S. C.—The three grapliie Romaine, i. p. 14, 8vo. edit.) says—
Blanche standing; each holds a balance in the “ Jc préfere, avec la plnpart dcs chronologistcs,
right and a cornucopia: in the left hand; at the le calcul de Varron, qni fut le plus suivi par
foot of each is a vase. On first brass of Sept. les aueiens, depnis le siéclc d’Auguste."
Severus. From amongst the more illustrious epochs of
cities, and those of more frequent occurrence,
the following are selected, as bearing relation to
Roman History:—
/Era I’ompeizma—the period when Cn. Pom
pcy, snrnamed the Great, having made peace
with Tigranes, King of Armenia, and driven
Mithridatcs, King of Pontns, out of his domi
nions, assumes the government of affairs in
Syria as a Roman province, subdues Phoenicia,
and takes Jerusalc1n—began about the year of
Rome 691 (B. c. 63.)
Era (Imsariana, so called in honour of Julius
Caesar, the conqueror of Pompey, began with
the battle of Pharsalia, A. u. c. 706 (B. c. 48).
The three female pcrsonitications of the Roman The murder of Caesar took place 13.0. 4--1, Mar.
mint, each holding balances and cornucopiae, l5, in his 4th Dictatorship.
with vases, or with conical heaps representing Era Artiaca, derived from the defeat of
the three metals, at their feet, occur continually Mark Antony and Cleopatra, by Octavianus
on coins of the imperial series, from Pertinax (afterwards Crcsar Augustus), at the battle of
and S. Severus downwards, especially on me Actium, dates from a.u. c. 723 (13.0. 31.)—
dallions; but these are for the most part accom [But this acra, in Egypt and in some cities, takes
panied by the legend MONETAE ave. or AVGG. its commencement from the following year, viz.
and scrve to shew, that the princes of the lower u. c. 724 (n.c. 30); in autumn amongst the
empire assumed to themselves the supreme power Greeks.)
of coining money, in every metal, as signified by 1Era Augualalis, in which Octavianus Crcsar
these inzay/{nee malzeturm/1.—Sce ltlonsra. accepted the title of A1/_qu.r!u.r, is taken from
There is a first brass coin of Aquilia Scvera, the year of Reine 727 (n. c. 30), or from the
with the legend of AEQVITAS 1>vu1.1c.\. s. c. on following your.
its reverse, the type of which exhibits three ZERARIUA .——The Exchequer or Public
 ERARIUM. ESCULAPIUS. l9
Treasury ; the place where the annual revenues the most ordinary acquaintance with unmis
of the republic were deposited, and which de matics, inasmuch as it greatly surpasses the
rived its name from the metal of the money of colour so easily obtained from vinegar and am
the Romans, viz. aes (brass). It was in the moniac. The true ¢ru_qo is in general decidedly
temple of Saturn; and thence were drown the green, and at the same time forms a very thin
fimds to defray all needful expenses, as well in covering, insinuating itself over the surface of
peace as in war. This zflrarium was generally the coin in the most delicate manner, without
filled with immense riches; and rarely, indeed, obliterating anything; somewhat in the way of
did it happen, that the state laboured under any an enamel. This, however, as already observed,
want of money. The custody of it was confided solely applies to brass coins: for viror and rust
to oflicers, selected from the people, and who corrode silver coins, and for that reason it is
were called Tribimi 4Erar-ii ; they were required proper to rub it ofi‘ from t/rem, with juice of
to be men in high repute for great riches, pro lemons.—Johert, Science de Med. i. p. 335.
bity, and disinterestedness. Besides this ordin AERUGO NOBILIS; the perfection of pa
ary treasure, there was another, which bore the liua, which is the smooth, coloured varnish of
appellation of Sanclius Erarium, because it was time.—Sm_vth.
in the interior of the temple, or perhaps because AES.—Brass and copper were the metals first
it was not allowed to be resorted to except in used as money by the ltomans. Hence the word
pressing emergencies. Julius Caesar, wanting served afierwards, with them, to designate every
money for his own purposes, during the civil kind of money, whether gold, silver, or brass.
war, took forcible possession of this deposit of And even at that period when the wealth of the
public wealth, and carried away vast sums, Republic was at its highest pitch, every species
as is acknowledged by all the historians, although of current coin continued to be denominated
they do not agree as to the quantity.—In addi Ae.s.—The aea yrave, it is evident from the de
tion to these two treasuries, there was likewise scriptions of their writers, was brass (or copper)
the Era:-ium Jlilitare, formed by Augustus, for in bars, of the weight of a polmd (pandas
the maintenance of the Roman troops, the an libra-Zia) used as money, before the introduction
cient funds proving insuflicicnt to furnish pay of a silver coinage. Eckhel, in support of this
for all the legions-.—See Pitiscus. opinion, cites Fcstus, who says—Grave ace dic
On gold and silver coins struck by L. VIN! tum apomlere, quia deni uses, ringuli panda
civs. 1.. r. one of the moneyers of Augustus, libne, gflir.-iebant denarium, ab lwc ipso mnnero
we read the following inscription, which, as dictum. The collecting of such heavy masses,
containing the initial letter of the word Alm to any great amount of value, became so ex
rium, may, with propriety, be cited in this tremely inconvcnient that, according to Livy,
place: viz. s. P. Q. a. um. can. QVOD. v. n. s. the aes yraue was obliged to be conveyed to the
rx. rs. r. Q. rs. AD. A. nn. Senalus Popular treasury in waggons. Subsequently, in order to
ylte Bomanua, Imperalori Caaari, Quad Via’ obviate this objection, pieces of copper, of less
illamile Sin! Er Ea Pemmia, Quam Is Ad AERA weight, but without any mark, were roughly
awn Detulzluet. A monument this of public cut; and these, on account of their uncouth
gratitude to the Emperor above named, who by form, were called see rude. This improvement
making and repairing great roads, had contri is by some ancient writers ascribed to Nmna.
buted to the public safety; and who did this But it was not until the reign of Servius Tul
sofur at his own cost, that he had caused to lins, that the Romans are, with any due degree
be conveyed to the Treasury qf the State, that of authority, atfiriued to have begun striking
money which was the fruit of his victories, and round coins of brass, with the type of abull,
of the advantages he had gained over the foreign &c. to which they gave the name (according to
enemies of his country.—See Eckhel’s remarks Pliny) of Aer -riy1mlum.—See Bra-rs—also As.
on a coin of the Neria family, corroborative of AES CYPRIUM; the copper on which the
the fact that the Erarium, or public treasury, Roman dupondii or second brass were 1n.inted.—
at Rome, was in the temple of Saturn.-—Sec See Smyth, xv.
also the word Ssruanvs. ESCULAPIUS, in the more general opinion
iERUGO.——Rust of a peculiar kind in of mythographcrs, was regarded by the ancients,
creases the price of brass coins, being an or as the son of Apollo and of Coronis, daughter of
uamcnt imparted by nature alone, which the Phlegius, King of Thessaly. According to the
utmost rivalship of art has not yet been able some fabulous authority, his reputed father con
successfully to imitate. There is, indeed, some fided his education to the ccntaur Chiron, who
particular earth that communicates to the metal instructed him in medicine and other sciences,
in question n coating and n colour, which in its comprehending a thorough knowledge of plants.
hue of blue jasper, or turqnois, sometimes even Conformably to the custom of those early ages,
excels the gem of that name. The crimson or he combined the practice of surgery with the
ruby, which adheres to other coins, is a sign of facility of a physician; and with so high a
genuincness. Others are covered with a natural degree of success was his career attended, that
remix, or varnish, of shining and splendid vio to him was supcrstitiously ascribed the power of
let or purple, leaving far behind, in point of curing, by words alone, all kinds of Wounds,
brilliancy and of exquisite smoothness, that brass contusions, fevers, &c. It was cvcn alleged that
out of which statues are cast—a quality which he had raised many persons from the dead. So
ncvcr fails to he recognised by those possessing great, in short, was the celebrity he acquired,
D2
20 ;ESCl7LAPIl‘S.
that divine honours were paid to him after his
deccase; and he \vas venerated as the tutclary
god of the healing art. zllseulapius had tem
ples in many parts of Greece, Asia Minor, &c.
He was especially the object of worship at Epi
daurus (a city of Agria, in the Pcloponnesus),
the place of his birth.
This pagan divinity is usually portrayed, under
thc figure of a sedate-looking, middle-aged
man, standing or (but rarely) sitting; wholly
or partly covered with a cloak; and holding in
his right hand a stafi‘, round which a serpent is
cnt\vined.—A denarius of the Roman family
Ar-ilia exhibits, on its obverse, the head of Es
culapius laureated, and on its reverse s. serpent
coiled round a statf. (Morell).—()n a lst brass of
Galba, the God of medicine is rcprmented stand
ing, naked, with right hand extended, and the
left resting on his staff, round which the ser
pentine attribute is enf0ldcd.——A brass medal
lion of L. Verus presents him on the same re
verse with Hygeia, the goddess of health; and
on other medals he is seen attended by the
little Tfllmp/lunts, who appears to have his ori
gin in Egyptian mythology, and to be identical
with llarpocrates, the god of silence. In dc
seribing a middle brass of Caracalla, on which
Zlilsculapius stands between Telesphorus and a
small globe, Patin observes, that the Romans as
well as the Greeks, worshipped him, as the
author of the health of Augustus, and after
wards of every reigning emperor, for which rea
son he often appears on their coins; especially
on those of Caracalla, Albinus, and Gallicnus.
AES(,‘VL.~\PI\'S.—'l'he only production of the
Roman mint, on which the name itself of 1Escn
lapius appea.rs, is a fine medallion, in bronze,
struck under Antoninus Pius——specimens of
which very great numismatic rarity are con
tained in the cabinet of the Bibliulhéqzae Na
lirma/e, at Paris, and in that of the Imperial
Museum at Vienna.-—The obverse exhibits a
laureatcd bust of the emperor, wearing the pulu
damcntum, around it is read ANTONINVS ave.
PIVS. P. P. TRP. cos. ii1i.—'I‘he reverse has
for its type a serpent darting from a galley,
under a bridge of two arches. Before it is the 'l‘iber appears 'l.Llltl(‘I‘ the usual figure of per
Tiber personified, sitting in the midst of the sonified rivers. Near him is the isle of the
water. The right hand of this river-god is ex 'l‘iber, called Mesopotamia, because it is in the
middle of that river. It has the form of a
tended towards the serpent; the left holds a
l‘t‘0tl, and rests on an urn, whence flows a co
ll~lSCl‘I..-\l’ll'S.
pious stream. Near it are several buildingzs and
a tree, situate on a rock. The word AESL‘\'
LAPl\'S is on the excrglle.
The inscription and type of this reverse bear
reference to the curious legendary narrative—0ne
third probable fact and two thirds superstitious
fable—eoncerning the arrival of ihlsculapius at
Rome; which Ovid describes in his JlIv!mnor
phases (lib. xv.); and which Valcrius Maxi
mus and other old writers have taken the pains
to give, in substance as follows :—In the 4l'i3rd
year from the foundation of the city (B.C. 291) the
plague made great ravages within its walls. The
pontilfs appointed to consult the Sybilline books,
found that the only means of restoring health in
Rome was to cause iflsculapius to visit it, from
Epidaurus. Accordingly, a deputation of ten
principal citizens was sent there, with ()gul
nius at their head. Whilst these persons, on
entering the temple of the dcmi-god, were ad
miring the beauty of the statue, the serpent,
which the inhabitants of Epidnurus seldom saw,
and which they honoured as xlisculapius himself,
made its appearance in the most frequented parts
of the town, moving slowly about, and mildly
looking around. After having thus shewn him
self, dining three days to the people, he pro
ceeded to the harbour; entered the Roman gal
lc_\', and ensconced himself snugly in Ogulniuss
cabin, where he peaceably remained coiled up.
The ambassadors having made themselves ac
quainted with the manncr in which the serpent
was to be honoured, immediately set sail and
lauded at Antium. There the serpent let‘! the
vessel, and entered the vestibule of the temple
of zldsculapius. After remaining there three
days, it re-entered the ship, in order to be con
veyed to Rome ; and whilst the deputation were
discmbarking on the banks of the 'l‘ibe.r, the scr
pent swam across to the island, where at'terwa.rds
the temple of 1E$cl\lnpinS was built. His arri
val, it is gravely added by the Roman historian,
dispelled the contagious disease, for which his
presence had been sought as the remedy.
“On the medallion of Antonine (observes
Millin in his Dirliounnire My/Illa/0_//iquz-), the
galley, as indeed was the case; and to this day
there still remain some fragments of it, which
have escaped the injuries of time and the inun
dations. Upon the top of the prow of the ship,
which the isle in question is made to resemble,
is represented a serpent, intortuous folds, ad
vancing its bead, in a contrary direction to the
current of the water. The temple of fidseulapius
built on the isle had a high reputation. The
prmtor Lucretius contributed greatly to its em
ellishmcnt. It is now the Church of S. Bar
tlmlomeo nel is-010, which is still one of the
most celebrated churches in ltome.”
On a dcnarius of Paracalla, bearing for its
legend of reverse P. M. Tn. P. xvm. cos. 1m. r.r.
(Sovereign Puntitf, invested with thc tribuuitian
dignity for the 18th time, consul for the 4111
 ESCULAPIYS. AETERNA. 21
time), Efisculapius is designated by his insepar AETERN. AV G. Auyualorum.-—Quadriga of
able attribute, and by his side, lions, with Cyhelc on a car.-—Silver of Julia
\
1 or rather at his feet, we sec Domna, mother of Caraealla and Geta, who is
his dwurfish companion Tc here represented as Cyhelc, as though she had
lesphorns. 'l‘he fratricide brought forth eternal son-!.—Vaillaut, Pr. ii.
-=,'7d\\\~a-1-0.1 "‘ son and successor of the mer 233.
ciless Severus, who caused AETERN. AVG. N. Auyuati Nam-i.—On
this silver coin to be struck, a coin of Mnxentius.
is said by Herodianus to have AETERNA.—Rome is so called, either to
visited Pergamos, about A. D. 215, “ in order to distinguish her from other cities, or on account
place himself under the tutelary cure and heal of the ancient opinion of the Romans that their
ing influence of zEsculapius," t.o whom, amidst city would be eterual.—(Rasche.)-See ROMA.
combined tortures of mind and body, the fero AETERNA FELICITAS AVG.—Wolf with
cious tyrant was profuse in prayers and sacri the twins, on 2nd brass of Maxentius—Banduri,
fices. Under the frenzied illusions of a guilty ii. 157.
conscience, he saw his brother constantly before AETERNA MEBIORIA.-—A circular temple,
him, brandishing a naked sword, and launching with front of six columns, resembling u mauso
the most terrible threats against him. Often leum, one of the doors half open; an eagle
did he invoke the mane; of the dead, and chiefly on the top of its dome; in the exerguc, MOST P.
those of his father, who appeared always accom or MOST Q. or uosr s. The obverse has the
panied by Gcta. He had already implored veiled head of Constuutius Chlorus; with legend
Apollo in vain to restore him; and now he nur. MAXENTIVS Dlvo CONSTANTIO anrmr
sought .EEsculnpins, who, having no respect for (or COGN.)—S6C0l1(l brass, engraved in Bandiui,
murderers, was also deaf to his remorseful sup ii. p. 90.
plications. This immortal memory (remarks Spauhciin,
()u silver and second brass of Albinus (the in reference to the above described coin of
latter with cos. 11. for legend of reverse), Es Constantius l., father of Constantine. the Great),
eulnpius appears, upright, resting his right arm this Jfterua lllemoria was the great object, and
on his serpent lwisled stafl'. He also is found, esteemed the most glorious recompense, of a
with his usual attributes, on silver and third conqueror’s exploits. From this strong senti
brass of Gallicnus, sharing, as consanvaron ment of warlike ambition, and from the no less
avcuafi (the Emperor's preserver), those sacri strong desire to be remembered by posterity,
ficial honours which that rush and reckless have proceeded not only the above inscription,
prince, amidst a world of calamities, physical, but also those of Jlwnoria l’mprtua and Memo
social, and political, was at the same time in ria Felix, which are found on the coins of some
the habit of paying to Apollo, to Hercules, to of the Roman Emperors, struck after their deaths,
Jupiter, to a whole Olympus of other false and which clearly shew what must naturally
gods, whom he vainly invoked to save him and have been the true sense and meaning of their
his distracted empire from impending destruc consecration. For the same reason, such in
tion. scriptions are necompanied with representations
IESCYLAPIUS and his DOG, on a brass me of temples, lighted altars, eagles, or of ears
dallion of Antouinus Pius.-——§ee Dog of 1E:cu destined for public processions, which consti
lapine. tuted the ordinary marks of these aput/ieoses.—
For a representation of .'Esculapius, as a young (See Caesars of Julian, 2l1.)—Froin the legend
man, making his first essay in the healing art, of the obverse we learn that this coin was struck
on the wounded foot of an ox, see DEO AESC. by order of Maxentins, in honour of his deceased
SUB. or so av:-xv, on a coin of Parium. relation Constautius.—See Aa_7/inis.
Types of /Esculapius also appear on Latin AETERNA PIl'I'l‘AS.—A soldier standing, in
colonial coins of Babha, Corinth, Damascus, helmet, military dress, and cloak, a spear in his
Deultum, and Patric. But it is on the Greek right hand, and n globe in his left, surmounted
imperial that we find the etligy and the vari by a cross and monogram of Christ.-Eckhel
ous attributes of this demi-god, most fully dc (viii. 92), authenticates this as s 8rd brass of
veloped. And on the medallions, in parti Constantinus Maguus, in the imperial cabinet;
cular, this objcct is accomplished, with great sud Beger gives a print of it in vol. ii. p. 805,
beauty of design and display of artistic skill: T/ze.vauru.r Brandenburyimw.
the figure of Ekieulnpius being, in these in The obverse of this coin afiixes, in its legend,
stances, generally grouped with that of some to the namc of the Emperor, whose head is
princely petitioner for his tntclary favours, and veiled, the old mark of heathen consecration,
also with the goddess Hygeia viz. mvvs: consequently it must have been struck
AET. AI!/.>ma.—v1c'r. AET. ave. Victory after his death. The mixture, however, of
walking.-—Billon of Gallienus.—Bauduri, i. 180. Christian emblems with Pagan observances, in
Jib-rni!aa.—See AET. ave. of Trajan. the inscriptions, is in perfect keeping with the
.~\l-IT. /Elornila.y.—-See gold of Vespnsiun. character and conduct of this able but most un
Al'l'l'Ell. AVG. /EfP1'niIa.! Augmrfi of Hadrian. scrupidous prince; a merciless conqueror, a cruel
AE'l‘l'lR. /Elerno.—n. N. n|oc|.r:'rumo AE father, and an unjust judge,-a man whose
'n:a. avo.—On second brass of Diocletian. “pi:-!_v/,” even after his openly professed conver
\'-nillant, Pr. i. 252. sion to the religion of that Cross, through the

I’
 22 AE'l‘ERI\'ITAS. AE'I‘ER.\’l'l‘AS.
sign of which (in hoc signo) he boasted of having ing a sceptre, or the lzasla purn, in her left
“overcome” his rivals, and attained the purple hand, and a globe surmounted by the l‘ho:uir
(A. 1). 31]), would seem from coins, and other (see that word) in her right.
monuments, to have been much more of the
Pagan than of the Christian sort, and whose
policy, in its whole tenor, shews that things, not
“ Eternal” but, temporal and secular, were those
which he sought and prized.

Amongst the attributes (says Eckhel, viii.

p. 457) borrowed by the emperors from the
deities of their mythology, that of Eternity
seems to have claimed the foremost place. The
AETERNAE MEMORlAE.—A round-formed Romans called that elcrnal which had no end;
temple, one of the doors of which is half opened. which stood opposed to, because emancipated
On the top of its dome stands an eagle, with from, the conditions and restrictions inseparable
expanded wings; on the cxergue, PosT.—This from mortality——in a word, something divine.
legend and type appear on the reverse of an But the term eternal was also applied to that
unique gold medallion, which Marentius, a.1>. which from its nature might admit of comparison
309, caused to be struck to the everlasting remem thercwith——inasmueh as it was considered capable
brance of his son Romulus Caxsar, whose youth of long duration. For this reason the Phirnix
ful bust, clothed in the toga, and with bare head, (itself a fabulous bird) was a recognised symbol
appears on the other side, with the legend DIVO of eternity, because its life was, according to
nonv1.o NVBIS. CONS.—Tl1€ above cut is accu popular belief, circumscribed not by years but
rately copied from the engraving in '1‘. ii. p. 202, by whole centuries; on which account Claudian
of the llledaillza Rmnaine; of Mionnet, by calls it reterna avis; and the elephant, troni its
whom this fine medallic relic of the lower em reputed longevity, was likewise figured to signify
pire (15 lignes, French measure, in diameter), eternity. There were other things which the
is valued at 1200 fr.—See some remarks on the law deemed eternal, as the fire of Vesta, the er
words nvsls. cons. in their place. tinguishment of which demanded great atone
A legend in the same dedicatory form appears ment, and was viewed as a. fearful omen.
on two second brass coins of Galerius Maximi Some derived this attribute from public opi
anus, one with the circular temple and eagle on nion, as nous AETERNA, a common legend on
its summit, and the other with a square altar coins; others from a vow, although an useless
lighted, and a branch placed in the middle, on one, as AETERNITAS Inmznlr, on a coin of
which stands an eagle, with a crown in its beak. Caracalla-, and as AETERNITATIBYS, on a coin
—Banduri, ii. p. 133. of Alexander Severus. The word eternity was
AETERNITAS.-—Eternity, to whom the Ro appropriated not only to deceased and consecrated
mans paid divine honours, although neither emperors, but also to living ones; and that not
temples nor altars were dedicated by them to solely on coins and marbles, but likewise by the
her worship, is represented on coins of the im pens of ancient writers. Of this latter class Of
perial series, under the personification of a authorities, one instance may snflice to be ad
matronly woman, clothed in the stola; some duced—namely, that of the younger Pliny, wl10i
times veiled, at other times without a veil, some in his letters, frequently addresses Trajan as
times seated, sometimes standing, in various wternitzu tua. But, in the case of living princes,
attitudes and with various emblems and attri the use of such an appellation might be allow
butes. She makes hcr first monetal appear able, because there was scarcely any other that
ance, under the reign of Vespasiau. It is on could be employed with respect to them, except
gold and silver of that emperor that she stands the volunz diutemi imperii; at least it is thus
near an altar, supporting in one outstretched only that one can understand and explain the
hand the radiated head of the Sun, and in the following allusion of Horace to Augustus :-—
other the cresccnted head of the Moon. Next Seru: in coelum rsdms, diuque
she is seen on one of those first brass coins, Lwlus inferriapopula Quirini.
which were struck A. 1). l-il, and following “Oh l late return to heav’n, and may thy reign
year, by order of the Senate, in memory of the “With lengthened blessings fill thy wide domain."
elder Faustino, whose supposed immortality, her AETERNlTAS.—This legend is commented
“not wisely but too well" loving husband, the upon by Eekhcl as appearing on a brass I110
worthy Antoninus, delighted to honour with the dallion, in the Imperial collection at Vienna.
title of DIVA, and with the symbols of screa Struck under Pertinax, about A. D. 193, it is de
nrras. 'l‘he type is here a seated female, hold scribed to lnwc for the type of its reverse t-ht‘
 AETERNITAS. AETERNITAS. 23
statue of that emperor seated in a quadriga of on a car drawn by two lions; signifying (as
elephants. The epigraph of the obverse is Havercamp observes), that the Empress, thus
nrvvs. PERT. rrvs. PATER, with the bare head compared to the Mayne dialer Detlm, and placed
of the emperor. amongst the divinities, is no longer subject to
A passage in the historian Victor explains the the accidents of mortality.—On another large
legend of the obverse, namely, that in which brass coin, struck in memory of the same
he says, that at the consecration of Pertinax by princess, the same legend accompanies the type
Sept. Severus, the people shouted till their voices of two, and even four, elephants (with their
l'ailed—rr-:R'l‘INacE imperanie set-uri ml:-imus ne drivers), drawing a canopied chariot, in which
minnn timuimus; PATRI P10, Pnlri .:eruztu.r,Pa-tri is the seated statue of the consecrated Faust-inn.
omnium banoz-um.——ln reference to the type of AETERNITAS A\"G.—AVG\’S'1‘.-AVGVS
the reverse, Eckhel cites the following short but TI.—-AVGVS'l‘A.-—-AVGVSTAE.-—-AVGG.—
elucidatory passage from Dion: Pnrcepit Severus, .»\VGVS'1‘OR\"M.-(The Eternity of the Em
wt alafua ejus aurea curru elq/iantorum crim peror, of the Empress, or of the Empcrors.—
relur in Circum. It was it appears, therefore, When any of these inscriptions are combined
by Severns's order, that the golden statue of the with the title of the reigning prince, or with
murdered Pcrtinax was carried round the Circus that of the wife, son, or other branch of the
.l!a.z-imua at Rome, in a chariot drawn by four imperial family, the accompanying types repre
elephants. [This coin is not described in either sent, amongst other devices, sometimes n female
Mionnct’s or Akcrmnn’s catalogues] veiled, scatcd on a stag, and holding a torch in
AETERNITAS. P. R.—Victory approaching her left hand, as on a brass medallion of Faus
the Emperor (who is clothed in the paluda tina, junior; sometimes a crescent and seven
mentum, and holds a spear in his left hand), stars, as on gold of Pescennius Niger; some
otters him the Palladium. times an equestrian statue, as on first brass of
A large brass coin of Vespssian, with this Gordianns Pius ; or an elephant, with driver on
legend and type, was first published by Eckhel its back, as on silver and first brass of Philip,
(in his Sylloge i.); and he observes that, although scnior, and on brass of Val. Mnximianus. Three
the expression /Etrmitas Auyuati is common on radiated heads, the centre full-faced, accompany
medals from the time of Vespasian, yet that of the same legend on gold of Postumus.—A
J-lternitas Polmli Romani was till then unknown. temple with image in the adytum ; or a woman
Victory here holds out to the Emperor the palla resting one arm on a column, and holding a
dium, or figure of Minerva armed; a super globe in the other hand, as on first brass of
stition derived from Troy, the safety and eternity Faustino senior. Two hands joined, on billon
of which city was believed to be dependent on of Gallienus.-—A thensa, with the Emprcss’s
its possession of that symbol. The same palla statue on it, drawn by two elephants, as in first
dium, by whatever means brought to Rome, was brass of Faustino, the elder.—A female stands
supposed to bestow the same protection and good holding o globe, surmounted by a phoenix, on sil
fortune on the 'l‘rojan exiles and their descend ver medallion of Trcbonianus Gallus, and lst brass
ants, wherever they went. This coin, Eckhcl of Emilianns, and 2nd brass of Carinus.—'l‘he
adds, was struck in the same year (U. C. 823, sun, with right hand raised, and holding a globe
A. n. 70) that Vespasian (having just before re in the lefi, on small brass of Valerianus.—l{o
ceivcd the empire, whilst at a distance from lnnlus and Remus, suckled by the wolf, allnsive
Rome) first entered the city. Accordingly Vic to the eternity of Rome, on billon of Gallicnus,
tory olfcrs to hirn the above-named precious and on second brass of Maxentius. The Em
pledge of the stability of the Roman common peror crowned by Victory, on second brass of
wealth. Tacitus, &c. &c.
AETERNITAS. S. C.—On a first brass, AETERNITAS, symbolized by fire image: qf
which bears on its obverse the veiled portrait of lire Sun and Jl[u0n.—-Allusion has already been
Fanstina senior (DIVA nvovsn), we sce this made to gold and silver of Vespasian, on which
legend associated, on its reverse, with the image n. female figure, in the stola, holds in her hands
of Lybelc, who, resting the right hand on her the heads of the Sun and Moon. The same
type appears on a middle brass of Domitian, as
given in Morcll. The reason why we see types
of those planets, exhibited
on imperial coins, in asso
ciation with the lcgend of
Eternity, is that Sol and
Luna were believed by the
Romans, in common with
the rest of the heathen
world, to be eternal; and
_ eternity was either feigned
to be an attribute of, or prayed for (vain) as a
blessing on, the Emperors. Thus, in the fnmous
°°G0o0co o°°c
inscription, published by Grutcr, is read $01.1
AETERNO. LVNAE. Pno. AETEBNl'l‘ATE. IMPERII.
customary attribute of the l_1/mpammr, is seated ET. SALVTE. IMP. ca. SEP'1‘1llII. SEVERI. Sac.
24 Al?/l‘EltN l'l‘.-\S. AE'l'E ll N l'l‘.\S.
And in another, 1.vx.u~:. Al-JTER. s.u-n. rao presented, with a sccptre in hcr 1'i;;lit hand,
sacvra. IMP. cans. 1.. Sl-IPTIMI. snv. &c.—()n “ like another Juno" (as Spanhciiu expresses it),
these marbles we see eternity ascribed to the
Sun and to the Moon, together with health
promised, by vow, to the Emperors. These
symbols were doubtless borrowed by the Romans
from the Egyptians. According to the authority
of Horus Apollinus, the two great lights con
stituted, in the glyphie language of Ancient
Egypt, the element, which indicates 818:!!!/IUII,
wvum, ¢/ernitru. This point of the subject is
further illustrated by the author of Doclrimz,
§‘c. (vi. 23), in a coin of Trajan, which has for
the legend of its reverse as follows :
AET. AVG. /lrlernitas Au_r)uah'.—A woman
standing with the head of the Sun in her right seated between two graceful young females, who,
hand. Eckhel thus describes, as from a specimen lightly treading, hold her chair uplifted from the
in the Vienna cabinet, under his own eye, a ground, as if on the point of carrying her hea
silver coin of Trajan, struck in that emperor’s ven-ward. Each of these nymphs holds a scarf
7th consulate. It furnishes, in conjunction with a of gossamer drapery, floating in an arch-like
similar legend and type on gold of Vespasian, one form above her head.—Ec-khcl describes this
of the earlier among numerous proofs, that the Ro beautiful coin, from a. specimen in the imperial
mans assigned eternity to their Emperors, as a cabinet, at Vienna.
certain mark of divinity. The eternity of Trajan is AE'l‘ElL\'I'l‘AS AYGG.—-Apollo, or the Sun
here typified by those two “eternal stars” the in a qnadriga, elevating the right hand towards
Sun and Moon. That prince atfords a particular a globe, which appears in the air, and holding
example of this custom in allowing Hi; Eh-rnity in the left a sccptre or awhip.—['l‘his legend
to be recognised not only on his coins, but in and type are exhibited on a large brass of Tctri
his most confidential correspondence (see Pliny’s cus, jun. a fac-similc engraving of which is
Letters, l. X. epist. 87). Amongst the ancients,
published by the author of Lz';‘m1.r de Z\'umi:
Eternity was symbolized by the Sun and the nmtique Romaine, from that excellent writer’s
Moon; because, says Mamertinus, Quidquid own collection. It is not noticed by, and most
immortals est stare nescit, wlernnquc motu probably was not known, at the time, to Mien
an an:-mt wternitas. (Whatever is immortal net.—Sce Telrivus, jun.
knows no rest ; and eternity maintains itself by AE'l‘l'}ltNl'l‘r\S Il\IPEI‘»i1'.—Figurc of the
eternal motion). “ His throne” (says the Royal Sun walking, his right hand lifted up, and a
Psalmist) “is as the Sun before me, and as the whip in the left; on silver of Philip senior.
Moon etcrnally."——Eckhel also quotes Diodorus For Eckhel's remarks respecting the Sun, as
Siculus, to shew that the most ancient» Egyptians, connected with the inonctal legend of AF.TEllNl
in contemplating with astonishment and admira ras, see the AET. ave. of Trajan, in the lefi
tion the universc above them, were led to think, hand column of this page.
that there were two eternal and principal deities, AETERNl'l‘AS AVG. N.—(,l/1“/,~/1.:1i Nn.v!r1'.)
viz., the Sun and the Moon, of which they called Castor and Pollux standing, the former on the
the former Osiris, and the latter lsi.r.—Tristan right aide, the latter on the left. They hold
(vol. i. 381) describes a coin of Trajan with this spears in their right hands, and their hoists’
legend, and as having for its reverse type, the bridles in their left hands ; between each are the
figure of a woman, who holds the ctligies of the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus. On silver
Sun and Moon—qui m son! (says he) rt ranune i1 and 2nd brass of l\laxentins.— See Angeloui,
ml ruaez coyneu, [es vrais .r_1/mbulr:a.—Sce Docl. p. 298, and Bandnri, ii. 150, 151.
Nam. vet‘. vol. vii. p. 181, for a commentary on Al-}'l‘ERNI'I‘a.: IMPEltii.—Laurcatcd heads
a coin of Sept. Severus, struck about A. D. 202, of Sept. Severus and Caracalla face to face.
on the reverse of which is inscribed CONCOR Silvcr. On another coin, in gold and silver,
DIAE AE'l‘llllN.\F., wherein further light is with the same legend, the heads of Caracalla
thrown on the subject of the Solar and Lunar and Geta face to face: the one laurcated, the
types, appropriated to their coins by the other bare.-——Cnylus, Nam. Aur. Impp. No. 682.
llonmn emperors and emprcsscs, as symbols of T/Ie clwrnily q/' t/ur llmnan E/upirr, to pro
their own dciticd immortulity.—It is to be ob pitiatc the realization of which, according to
served, that no mention is made of the above Suctonius (e. xi.), games had been established
coin in either Mionnct or Akcnnan. by Nero, is here typified by the portraitnrcs of
Al*]'l‘I'lltNl'l‘AS. S. C. -Among other coins, the sons and successors of Severus, whose race
which M. Aurelius caused to be minted .\.D. l»!-0; became extinct in a single generation afterwards.
whilst he was himself engaged in the infatuated AE'l‘l'lR.\'l'I‘AS. S. C-.—The type which no
employment of rendering “ the divine honours" companivs this ll‘_'.Z(‘Tl(l, on the reverse of a lar_:c
of the apotheosis to his, “and every n.an's,” brass coin, struck under Ill. Aurelius to record
Fan.-"tina, viz. the younger of that name; the m/1.m-ratio/z of I-‘A\'STl.\'.-\ PI.\—l‘cprest'lll5
the-re is one in large brass, on which the her, “wafted through the skies,” upborne on
Eniprcss, or rather her “deified spirit," is rc the shoulders of a winged female, who holds a
 ARTE RN lTATI.
large torch in her hands.-The airy figure last
/. described, from its light
pi ' ’-A
and otliee
the flowingit drapery, and
is perform
». '1 _ V Z ing, might be at once
V ',.." pronounced to represent
Q rig a celestial genius, or an
; _r,'e!. But Oceo styles it
Victoria volume; Agos
tini, a winged Eternity;
Oiselius terms it simply
a Victory; and it accords with that described in
the dream of Alexander Severus. Tristan treats
the typification with merited sarcasm :—“ Here
(says he) we behold the wife of Aurelius, carried
aloft on the wings of Victory, or of Minerva,
surnamed the Victorious. And this is done for
her wise and virtuous conduct, and for her hav
ing been victorious over vice and incontinence,
of which that goddess was the declared enemy.”
—Capt. Smyth.
AETERNITAS AVGG (1’Eternitas Augusto
rum).—On silver and first brass of Philip senior,
the reverse presents a caparisoned elephant, with
a naked rider, who holds a gond in his right
hand, and sits on the animal's back. (For an
engraving of the silver type see riiiLii>i>vs AVG).
AETERNITATI AVGG.—A bearded man,
hooded, and in the toga, standing with a hurpa
or sickle in his left hand. (See Ha1pa).—
Banduri gives an engraving of this from silver
of Valcrianus,
3%-'5) vol. i.thep. type,
observes, that 1U3.—Eckhel
which also(vol.
appears
on silver of Gallienus, is a new one, and of re
condite interpretation. After alluding to the
conflicting opinions of Banduri and Tanini_re
specting it, he argues, with his usual ability,
acuteness, and judicious discrimination, chiefly
resting on the appearance of the Iiarpa in the
hand of the figure, that it must be that of
Saturn. Ile then extends his inquiry, as to the
connexion existing between the type of Saturn
and the inscription of AETERNITAS. It has
already been seen that the Sun was the most
usual synnbol of Eternity. Now, Maerobius
aflirms that Saturn was identical with the Sun,
and he also sheivs, that Saturn was the same as
‘lime. Euripides calls Time the Son of Saturn.
“Therefore as Eternity consists of a perpetual
succession of Time, so we see Saturn very pro
perly serving to represent it. And truly the
selection of such n type is the more appropriate
in this instance, inasmuch as he, who is said to
have established the Golden Age in Latium, was
also best enabled to furnish forth a Golden
Eternity."—Sce S11lMrnu.t.
AE'l‘ER.\' ITATI Bl 'S.—A woman stands with
s globe in her right hand, her left nrin resting on
s column. Silver of Alex. Severus.
The cpigrnph of this reverse is to be placcd
among those acclamatious, which it was ciis
tomary to make to the Emperors, and of which
crest plenty are to be found (some applicable to
the pl'\.’Sl.'lll inscription), in the life of Alexander
Severus, by I.nmpridius.—Scc ACCLAMATIONES.
Al'I'l‘l'}ltNl'l.‘A'l‘lS AVGVSTAE CVT'l‘.—
G»/oiiia Virlri.r Tagata Tarraco.-—Sce Alter
E
AFRANIA. 25
man's “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,"
p. 108, No. 3, pl. xi. DEO. AVGVSTO. Hispanic
Tarraconensis.
ADFINIS or Ajinis. Cousin.—By this term
of relationship Coiistantius Chlorus is called, on
second and third brass of Consccration and Re
membrance, struck under l\liucntius—viz. IMP.
MAXENTIVS mvo CONSTANTIO. ADPlNY.—Tll6
tenn coon. or coonar. (Caynnlo), is also used
on other coins dedicated by Maxcntius to the
memory of his kinsmnu.—Sec Aeterna 1l[1.-maria.
AFFINITY and Kindred. The titles of
father and mother; of grandmother, son, daugh
ter, grandson, and great grandson; cousin and
kinsman; are marked on Roman coins. Thus
we find, Cains Caesar, Divi Julii Fi/ius (son of
the Divine Julius.) Cains and Lucius Cicsares,
Au;/uati Filii (sons of Augustus). Drusus Cmsar,
Tioefii Auguali Filiua (son of Tiberius Augus
tus). Germanicus Caesar, Tiberii Auyusti F1/ins,
Divi Auguafi Nepos (son of Tiberius Augustus,
grandson of the Divine Augustus). Cains Cazsar,
D. Auguati Pro-nspoa (great grand child of the
Divine Augustus). Divo Maximiniuno Palri
(to the Divine Maximinian, the fat/mr).—In
another instance, the coin is dedicated Divo
Maximiniano socera (father in law). Divo Ro
mulo Fi/in (to the son of the Emperor Maxen
tius.) Diviis Constantius A//fiml! or C-bgnatizs
(cousin or kinsmnn perhaps) of Jl:z.n>ntiu.r.—
Agrippina dialer Caii Cmrari: Auyuati (mother
of Cains C8358!‘ [Caligida] Augustus). Agrip
pina Aug. Divi Cluudii Casaris Neronir Mater
(wife of the Divine Claudius, mother of Nero
Caesar). Domitella Divi Veqzuiani Filia (daugh
ter of the Divine Vespasian).—See Jobert, par
Bimard, vol. i. p. 256.
AFR. A/ricanus. The African.-—Jfrz'cani.
The two elder Gordians were thus surnnmed.
AFRANIA gens plcbeia.—'1‘here are eight
varieties in its coins. The silver are rare. 'l‘he
brass are As, or some of its parts (see A.i).—
The following is the rarest denarius of this
family :——
06v. Galeated head of Pallas, with X (mark
of the denarins.)
Rev. Victory in a biga, at full speed; below,
s. AYRA. ROMA.
The letter S. of the prenomrn is generally
rcad Spur-1'u.!, but it also may be meant (says
Eckhel, v. p. 132) for Sea-law; as on marbles
Sextus as well as Spurius is found prefixed to
the family name of Afranimr. l'rsiii, who con
fidently adopts the former, admits that of Spu
rins Afranius no mention is made on any ancient
monument.
AFRICA.—The region, which the Roman
geographers comprehended under this uaine, was
limited to the northern part of that vast conti
nent, extending along the shores of the Medi
terranean, from about tlie present paslialic of
Tunis, to the furthest cxtrcniity of the modcrn
kingdom of Fez and Morocco. As a R()Ill1lH
province, it was one of grciit di_;uit_v and im
portaiice. It fell to Mark .»\ntoiiy’s 5lil!l‘L‘, after
the battle of Philippi.——’l‘lie aiincxcd wood cut,
from n large brass of Hadrian, exhibits some of
26 AFRICA.
the nnniismatie symbols of Africa, all of which
are well described by Addison : personified as a
AFRICA.
with great favour, coins of his (bearing the legend
of INDVLGENTIA nv csarn.) plainly testify. On
which account (as Spartianus states), he was
worshipped as a God by the Afrieans,——but
then it was under Roman domination.—.Do:I.
Nam. Vet. vii. p. 171.]

woman, the province u‘15 always quoifed with

the head of an elephant, to shew that this ani
mal is the breed of that country, as for the
same reason she has a dragon [or serpent], lying
at her feet. The lion on another medal, marks
her out for the Leonum arirla 11u!ri.z-. The AFRICA. S. C.—A woman standing, holds
scorpion, on a third reverse, is another of her n cornucopia: in the left hand, and in her ex
productions. Lucan mentions it in particular, tended right hand a large crown, or garland.
in the long catalogue of her venomous animals.
First brass of Antoniaus Pius; struck A. n. 139.
On other first brass, a dragon lies before the feet
quia fafa pillars! of the province, and behind hcr are three corn
Scorpion, aul circa malum morfir Ila/zere.-’ cars.—(.-‘llédai//rs (le C/lrisliue, TAB. xv.)
Ill: mimzz nadir, cl reclo verbcrc mrus.
[Lib. 9.] As in the mint of Hadrian, so in that of
Who that the Scorpion’s insect-form surveys, Antoninus, personificntions of various provinces
Would think that ready death his call obeys, of the empire are exhibited, of which this is
As fierce he rears his knotty tail on high P one,—nan1cly, that granary of Rome, .4frira.——
This part of the world has always, on medals, Eekhel considers the object which the female
something to denote her wonderful fruitfulucss, figure has in her stretched-out hand is meant for
as it was indeed the great granary of Italy. the aurm/1 rarmuzrimn, or garland-like crown of
Hence we see the genius of Roman Africa hold gold, which it was a custom among the Greeks,
iug a handful of corn ears, or a cornucopizc, and afterwards copied by provinces, conquered by
resting her elbow on abasket of wheat, or fruits. the Romans, to ofl'cr to those who were held in
These are all emblems of her great fertility, and honour, or whose favour was sought. At first
signify what Horace alludes to in the words: it was a voluntary gift; but afterwards it became
an oppressive 0XtLCl.l0I\ by tyrant emperors, on
Frumenli quanlum mclil Africa.-—{Sat. 8. lib. 2.] the more distant quarters of their dominions—
Africa is personified, on a denariua struck under vast sums of money being at length required
the republic, by the head of a woman, covered instead of golden eoroncts.—lu Bartoli’s en
with the skin, tusks, and trunk of an elephant’s graving of the coin (JIc'r!uiI/es de ('l:ri<r!inr,
hcad.———See engraving in Ceslia yen-1. TAB. xv.) the African province is eagerly step
Al"ltlCA.—-Gold, silver, and first and second ping forward to present a crown of the largest
brass coins, with this legend (the brass bearing size, as a grateful dedication to the really good
S. C. in the exergue), struck under Hadrian, Autoniuus.—Sec Aurenm Coronarium, in this
represent the Province seated, with attributes Dictionary.
of elcphant’s head, scorpion, cornucopize, and Al"ItlC;\E (.\D\'E\"I‘\'l .\\’G.)—Sec p. 9.
eanislrum; in others with those of lion, and AGIT. SPE. TESEYS.-—'l‘hc naked figure
corn ears.—[lIadrian, according to Spartianus, of Theseus, hehuetcd, standing with spear and
bestowed many benefits on that province.——Scc shield, compels a (‘eutaur, who holds a lyre,
IlES'l‘I'l‘\‘TO|1I arnIcai~:.] and on whose neck his hand is laid, to fall down
AFRIC.\. S. C.—A robcd woman, whose head on his knees. This type appears on a contor
dress is distinguished by an elcphant’s proboscis, niatc medal, given in )lorcll's Emperors, with
stands holding out corn ears in her tunic. At the head of I\'cro on its obverse, bearing the
her feet is a liou.——l"irst brass of Sept. Severus, above lcgciul.—See T/l¢’8!lLl7'll8 Impp. Rom. 'r, ii.
engraved in llavcreamp’s .l1¢"daille.v de ('/zr-isline, ‘ran. viii. fig. 15.
‘ran. xxiv. Spartionus supplies the explanation The group has evidently reference to Theseus
of this coin (struck A. D. 194-), when he relates at the nuptials of his friend Pirithous; on which
that Severus, on his first arrival, as Emperor, occasion, as ()\'id's fable [JI|'l1m1. xii. 227] rc
at Rome, sent soldiers into Africa, lest, if latcs, Eurytus offered violence to the bride
Pcsceuuius Niger should have invaded that pro llippodamia, and with the rest of his fellow
vince, there would have been a deficiency of ccutaurs, was severely punished for their insult
corn-provision in Rome. Besides, ms Africa was ing conduct, by the Lapith:e.——Ot' the words
the birth-place of Severus, he doubtless bestowed i inscribed on the reverse no satisfactory attempt
iuauy benefits upon it. That he treated (.‘arth:igc has yet bccu uuulc to clucidutc the menuin-_',. By
 AGRIPPA. AGRIPPA. 27
the lyre, in the hand of the Centaur, it would that country. Agrippa married Julia, daughter
seem that, after the example of Chiron, this bi of Augustus, after the death of Marcellus, her
mcmbered race cultivated the musical art.— first husband, 733 (B. o. 21)-—wns invested in
Llickhel, viii. p. 288.] 736, with the Tribunitian power, which was
AGI\'OMEN.—Pitiseus explains this word by continued to him for five more consecutive
saying, that it is the synonymc of the co_//nomm years,—viz., to 741 (B. c. l3).—Bcing sent as
(or surname) conferred by the act of Adoption.-— governor into Syria, he reduced Judiea, and
Eekhel appears to entertain a similar opinion. offered in the temple of Jcrusalem a sacrifice of
The adopted Roman took the name, the pre a hundred oxcn.—This great general and con
uomen, and the surname of the adopting party, smumate statesman died in Campania, on his
keeping only the name of his own family. P. return from Pannonia, 742 (B.C. 12) aged 51
Cornelius Scipio, for example, being adopted by years, having been governor of Rome, three times
Q. Cteeilius Mctcllns, quilted his prenomen and consul, and destined by Augustus to succeed him
his name, calling himself Q. Metcllns Scipio; in the empire. The remains of Agrippa were
thus he retained only the agnomm, the name he interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus. He
derived from his father, and was indebted to the adorned Rome with many magnificent edifices,
adoption for the three other names.—See nomen, amongst others the celebrated temple of the
rognomcn, prcnornen (in. .mi.w1ocLs).—See also Pantheon, which still exists. His coins are,
Jdoplio. in gold (if genuine), of the highest rarity-—
l\GR.IGENTUl\I—a sen.-port of Sicily, situate in silver, very rare—in middle brass, common;
between the rivers Agraga and Camiens, formerly ditto, restored by Titus and Domitian, rarc.~—
celebrated for its commercial importance, and On the obverses of the gold and silver appear
ranking next to Syracuse. It is now called his head, with the legend M. AGRIPPA COS.
Girgzwli. Its Lalin coins consist of autonomes (Consul) and that of Augustus on tho reverse.
in silver and brass, and of colonial Imperial, The following describes one of his second brass,
struck under Augustus, who made it a Roman a well-known historical coin; struck between
rolnny. The colonial exhibit on their obverse the 30th and 28th year before the birth of
the lrique-Ira and three corn ears ; and on their Christ.
reverse the Latin inscription .M}RIGENT\'M, ‘on AGRIPPA (M) L. F. COS III. (lllalr/Ins
two lines, within a crown of laurel. Prince .4_qri_p1nz, can of Lucius, Consul for the lllird
Torremuzza, amongst other coins of this city, lime). Head of Ag!-ippa, ornamented with a
has given the following Colonial of .du_//u.rlus. rostrnl crown. Reverse. S. C. (Senalus Conrullo)
svovsro r. P. AGRIGENTI. Bare head of the Ncptimc stands
Empcror.—Re*v. 1.. cnonia nvro. ruocos, in holding in his right
three lines, in the midst of a circular legend hand a dolphin, and
ssmsso. COMITIAE. sax. nso. 1rvin'.—Sec in his left a trident.
Mionnct, Suppl. T. i. 368. V The majestic figure
AGRIPPA (MARCUS VIPSANIYS), are of the Sea-sove
nowned commander both by sea and land, chosen reign is finely de
by Augustus to be signed, and a pal
amongst the most Iiiun, or a paluda
familiar and inti Inentum, is grace
mate of his friends, fully thrown over
and afterwards to the right arm and
become his son-in left shoulder. The types on each side of the
law. Born in the above coin, bear allusion solely to the naval
year of Rome 69] victories gained by Agrippa. The image of
(63 before Christ), Neptune is appropriately introduced on the
of a family not reverse, inasmuch as Agrippfl, by 1119 5“°°°55
highly distinguish at sea, had signally humbled the pride of Sextus
ed, Agrippa was Pompeius, who had passed himself off for the son
raised, by his military talents and by his personal of that god. The rostral crown (see Corona) on
merits, to the first dignitics of the State. A his manly but austere brows, points to l11S oflicc
brave, sensible, honest, prudent, and labori of Przrfectzzr Cla.m'.r, or high admiral. It was
ously active man, he was made Przetor in his a circlct of gold, relieved with figures of the
23rd year; appointed to the government of prows and stcrns of ships; and this mark of
Transalpinc Gaul at 25; and next to the com distinction was presented to him by Octavianus
lnand in chief of the Roman fleet. He filled (afterwards Augustus) Cu.-sar, after the fight he
these several posts with equal honour and sue won near Mylse, together with the ¢‘¢P1'ule1_mz
cess. He defeated Sextus Pompcius in a naval ve.r1'/lmn (a blue, or sea-wave coloured ling), in
Bflfzagclnent, and compelled him to abandon dieative of warlike triumphs on the domains of
Sicily. lle shared in the Victory at Philippi; Neptune. “Ag-rippa, it would seem, hkc an
defeated Mark Antony at Actinm, A. U. c .723 other Nclson, wore this identical naval crown, at
(B. C. 3]) ; and afterwards effected the complete the battle of Actium ;” but unlike our own hero,
submission of Spain to the Roman arms, by escaping: the fatal catastrophe to which so cou
vanquishing the Cantabrians and Asturians, so spicuous a decoration must have exposed llllll,
lung the champions of national independence in the Roman commander survived many years, to
E2
28 AGRIPPINA. AGRIPPINA.
receive fresh honours at the hands of the man, attaches to her character. In the year n. c.
whom his prowess, wisdom, and strategic skill 770 (A. D. 17), she joined her husband in Syria,
had raised to the sovereignty of the world.— only tobysee
tered thehim perish
agents there by poison
of Tiberius. Her fortitude
Virgil alludes to this lat decisive action, and the
important share which Agrippa took in it, in rose superior to this calamity, though it was the
the 8th Book of the Eneid, v. 678 : source of almost all those other afilictions, which
at length overwhelmed her. Accompanied by
Hinc Augustus agens Italos in pneliu C-esar, her child, she brought the ashes of Germanicus
Cum patribus, populoque, Penatibus, et mngnis Dis,
Stans celsft in puppi; geminas cui tempera flammas to Rome, at the gates of which they were re
Lzeta vomunt, patrinmque aperitur vertice sidus. ceived by the Senate, followed by the whole
Pnrtc nlizl vcntis et Dis .4!/rip/la secnndis, body of the population, and deposited in the
Arduns, agmen agcns; cni, belli insigne superbum, tomb of Augustus, amidst the united lamenta
Tempom navalifulyenl roalrala corona‘. tions of the army and the people. Nevertheless,
Yonn Caesar, on the stern, in amour bright, by the command of that cruel emperor, who was
Here leads the Romans and their gods to fight : her chief calumniator and pcrsecutor, she was
His beam temples shoot their flames afar, sent in banishment to the island of Pandataria,
And o’er is head is hung'the Julian star. where Tiberius sutfered her, after three years’
Ayrippo seconds him, with prosperous gales; privation and misery, to die of hunger, in 786
And, with propitious gods, his foes assails. (A. D. 38). Her son Cains (Caligula), at the
A naval crown, that binds his manly brows, commencement of his reign, brought back to
The happy fortune of the fight fore-shews.
Dryden‘: Tranalalion. Rome the ashes of his mother from the place of
her exile ; paid her the honours of the (Firt-snag}!
AGRIPPA (M). PLATORINVS IIIVR. and Carpenlunz ,- caused the remains to be laid in
Bare head of Agrippa. the magnificent tomb of Augustus; and coins of
Rev. csnsan avo\'s'rvs. Bare head of fine fabric to be struck to her memory. Those
Augustus.—Silver.—See Akerman, 1, plate iv. of Roman die are very rare in gold and silver; in
No. 2, p. 142. large brass, common. The portraits of this
AGRIPPA (H). COS TER. COSSVS LEN princess, in gold and silver, are on the reverse
TVLVS.—llead of Agrippa, with the mural and of-Caligula’s coins, struck after her death, and
rostral crown. of which the snbjoincd is an example.
Rev. AVGVSTVS cos xi. Laurcated head of
Augustus.—Gold and silver. Also restored by
Trajan.
These etiigies of Augustus and his son-in»-law
were struck on the same respective coins, by the
lnonetal triumvir Platorinns, On the occasion of
their sewing the consulate together, in the year
of Rome 727 (n.c. 27) ; the same year in which
Octnvianus Cmsar took the title of Au_9u.rlu.r.—
See PLATOEINVS, and Sulpicia gens. Sec also AGRIPPINA narer ca/Ti c.\r.saris A\'su.s!i
Corona murnlis rt rnstralu. GER3Imli¢‘i.—ThC head of Agrippina.
AGRIPPA, the younger, snrnamed Postuznmr c. csnsan ave. GEBM. P. n. re. 1=o'r.—The
—third and last son of M. Agrippa and Julia, head of Caligula, laureated.
born in the year of Rome 742 (B. c. 12), after The large brass coins, minted by a decree of
the death of his father. Adopted by Augustus the Senate, in honour of Agrippina, present her
757 (A. n. 4), he was styled AGRIPPA caesun, head on their obverse, and have on the reverse
after the decease of his brothers Cains and Lucius. the mrpenlum, or car dram: by mules, indicating
But, for subsequent misconduct was banished her apotheosis. The legend is, s. r. Q. n. nu
to Sorcntum, in Campunia, A. u. c. 760 (A. D. 7), MOIUAE AGRIPPINAE. (T/Le Stfildlf and Me Ro
and put to death by order of Tiberius, at the man People to the memory of Ayrippina.)
age of 26. The only coin known of this yoimg On the obverse she is styled AGRIPPINA u. r.
prince is a small brass of the colony of Corinth, MAT. c. CAESABIS AVGVSTI (Agrippina, daughter
bearing on its obverse the legend AGRIPPA cae of Marcus, mother of Cains Caesar Augustus.)
ssr. CORINTHI. with the bare head of Agrippa ller titles on other medals are AGRIPPINA M. r.
Postrunus.—Eugraved in Vuillant’s Colonire, vol. GERMANICI car-zsams (by implication, u.r0r——
i. p. 62. meaning wife of Germanicus.)—Sco MEMUBIAE
AGRIPPINA, senior-—daughter of Marcus Aomrr-1x.u.
Agrippa and of Julia, grand daughter of Au AGRIPPINA. DRVSILLA. IVLIA. S. C.-—
gustus, was born in the year of Rome 739 (B. c. Three women standing, with a cornucopise, of
15). Married to Gcrmanicus, nephew of Au whom the one on the right rests her right hand
gustus, she proved, by her conjugal fidelity, by on a little pillar, and with her left touches the
her feminine modesty, and by her more than middle figure, who holds in her right hand a
feminine intrepidity of mind, how sigually de patera, while the Woman on the left has the
serving shc was of that hero’s choice. Beautiful helm of a vessel in her right hand. First brass.
as virtuous, a little too much haughtiness of —Patin has given a similar coin, but in middle
temper and demcanour was the only reproach b1'sss.—Schlegel quotes coins with this type,
that the vindicatory and eulogistic pen of history and the legend -rn. ror. in. nu. (Morell, Impp.
 AGRIPPINA. AGRIPPINA. 29
vol. i. 622), but their genuineness is doubted by AGRIP. ave. nlvl emvn. NERONIS. CAES.MATEB.

-—There are silver medallions of hers struck in

Asia, on one of which is a statue of the Ephe
sian Diana, within n temple. All her coins, in
every metal, are rare; silver medallions in the
highest degree.—Of the large brass, Capt. Smyth
says—“ I have never been able to procure a
On this coin are represented the three sisters single specimen; nor is there one even in the
of Caligula. At the commencement of his reign, British Museum. Vaillant has figured two of
when he was affecting a regard for the members this magnitude, with reverses of Ceres and a
of his own family, in order to gain popularity, triumphal arch; but there are no Latin brass of
Caligula advanced them to the highest posts of the other sizes. Agrippiua was the first of the
dignity. Ile went so far as to give orders, that in wives of the Auyuali whose etfigies appeared on
all oaths the names of his sisters should be joined gold and silver coins of the Roman mint.”
with his own, and to assign them all the honours AGRIPP. (or AGRIPPINA) AVG. DIVI.
of Vestnls; but ending by seducing them all CLAVD. NERONIS. CAES. MATER. EX.
three. When his passion was cooled, he banished S. C.—(Agrippina, wife [by implication] of the
them all to distant islands, with the exception Divine Claudius, Mother of Nero Caesar, by a
of Drusilla, who escaped that fate by death. It decree of the Senate [this medal was ordered to
was, then, during the ardour of his attachment be miuted.])
to them, that the coins in question were struck, Reverse l_1/pe. Two figures, the one male the
on which the three sisters are represented under other female, both seated on a qundriga of ele
the forms of Se¢*urila.r, Pietas, and Forluna. phants.—The obverse presents the juguted heads
AGRIPPINA, junior (Julia), the daughter of of Nero and Agrippina, around which is in
Germanicus and Agrippina the elder, born in a scribed nnno CLAVD. nivi. r. cs1:s..\vo. omm.
town on the Rhine, subsequently called after her nu». TB. P. cos.—Scc Akerman, Dim-r1'p. Cat. i.
Colonia Agrippineusis, now Coloyne, in the year p. 159, plate iv. No. 6.——Gold.
of Rome 769 (A. D. 16), was the grand daughter Vaillant, in explanation of the reverse, cites
of Antonia, sister of Caligula, and the mother the following passage from Suetonius (c. ll)—
of Nero, by her first husband, Cu. Domitius Claudius procured a decree of divine honours to
Ahenobarbus, a senator, whom she married 781, his grandmother Livia, and of n car drawn by
(A. D. 28). After his death, she was espoused elephants, in a. Cireensian procession, similar to
to her uncle, the Emperor Claudius, 802 (A. 1). that of Augustus.—Nero and Agrippina caused
49), and obtained the title of Augllsla. She this coin to be struck (in gold and silver), in
was a woman of great beauty, but of the most order that the images of both Augustus and
protligate disposition; of lofty and penetrating Livia should thereby be exhibited to the honour
genius; of a proud imperious nature; of cruelly of their memories. Nero also dedicated statues
vindictive temper, and of insatiable arnbition.—— to them, which are represented on one of his
When her vile ungrateful son, for whose ad coins, with the cpigraph of svovsrvs. avovsra.
vancement she had acted most criminally, found —-See the words.
himself unable to restrain her immoderatc thirst AGRIPPINA, &c. Same legend as preced
for power, he caused her to be put to death, ing.—The type of the obverse exhibits the heads
812 (s. n. 59). She was the first of the Au of Agrippina and Nero, face to face.-—The re
guslze, who obtained brass medals from the verse is NERONL CLAVD. nrvr. P. cans. avn.
Senate. One exhibits a female seated, another or-zim. me. TB. P.——The letters EX. s. c. within
a triumphal arch. She is represented, as is shewn an oaken garland.—See Caylus’ plates of Roman
in the above cut, on a coin of Caligula, in Gold coins, in the Cabinet de France, fig. 102.
company with her sisters Drusilla and Julia; Of this coin, minted at Rome, in gold and
the word AGIHPPINA being inscribed near her silver, Agrippina occupies the most distinguished
image. The head of this princess, ornamented place, namely the obverse side. She styles her
with a Wheaten crown, appears on the reverse of self (by implication) the wife of Claudius, and,
gold and silver coins of Claudius. in direct terms, the mother of Nero; as though
In the following dcnarius, we see, on one side, the government of the empire had been in her
the words AGIIIPPINAE AYGYSTAE, with her head; hands, and her son only Caesar. It is on this
and on the other, Tl. CLA\'DiuJ cAESt\ll AVG. account that Tacitus (J/m. 23), asks—-What help
emu. r.x."ru|a.1>or. P. r. with the head of is there iu him, who is governed by a woman? It
the Emperor Clandius.—On other coins, minted is not to be wondered at therefore, adds Vaillant,
under Claudius and under Nero, she is also if the oaken garland was decreed to this woman
styled AGRIPPINA avovsn MATER .\vovsrl.— and to her son, as it lind already been to Cali
30 AHALA. AIlE.\'Ol‘lAItBVS.
gala and to Claudius, ob cives serralos, by the tilies it with the younger Brutus. For, as on
Senate, whom she assembled in the palace, the father’s side, he was believed to be de
where she sat discreetly veiled.——-1’r¢e.i't. Nam. seended from Lucius Brutus, so on that of his
Impp. ii. 60. mother, Sereilia, it is certain that he had among
AGRIPPINA COLONIA, a city of Gallia his ancestors, Serviliua gala, Who, according
Belgica, now Cologne on the Rhine. To this to Plutarch, under the ctatoi-ship of Cincin
oppidum Ubiorum, natus, A. U. c. 315 (n. c. 439), slew with his
which, according to own hand, Spurius Melius, for aiming at the
Tacitus (Annal. lib. s0vercignty.—Eekhel, with his usual felicity of
c. 27), was the citation, quotes a passage from Cicero, as throw
birth-place of Agrip ing light (which it does in a remarkable man
pina junior, mother ner), on this denarius, in the following words:
of Nero, and last —Brul0.s' e_r/0 iznpe/lermn, quorum ulerque L.
wife of Claudius, that BBUTI ima_//fzmn quofizlie vzderel, aller eliam,
clever,assuming,and AIIALAIJ P [Should I (asks the great Orator) in
unscrupulous wo cite the Bruti, both of whom daily gaze on the
man, sent a colony portrait (or etfigy) of L. Brutus, and one of them
of veterans, in the tenth year of her imperial hus on that of Ahala also ?]—Scc Junie gnu.
band’s reign, about u. 0. 804 (A.D. 51), and gave Visconti, Who, in his Iconograp/iic Romaine
it her own name. It was to this town, as Sucto (Svo. edit. '1‘. No. 6), gives an engraving of
nius relates, that Vitellius sent the dagger with this denarius, makes, infer alia, the following
which Otho killed himself, for the'purp0se of its remarks (p. 51) 1-“ On the coins which Marcus
dedication to Mars.—Goltzius has'rec0rdcd some Brutus, or his partisans, caused to be struck
medals of Colania Ayrippina ; but they were during the civil war, the head of Servilius
suspected by later numismatists, and_pa.rticula.rly Ahala was placed on the reverse of that of Lucius
by Vaillant, who has made no mention of them Brutus, whom the murderer of Czesar affected
in his work on Colonial miiitages. The annexed to reckon among his ancestors. He doubtless
coin (in base silver or billon), registered by thought, that those domestic examples would
Banduri (i. 311) and of which an engraving as form an excuse for his homicidal outrage in the
well as a description is given by I-Iaym (Tlws. eyes of the Romans. This portrait of Servilius
Brit. ii. ran. xxvi. p. 283, No. 5), as from the Ahala had probably been taken, like many
Duke of Devonshire’s cabinet, is considered, others, trom one of those images which the
however, to be iudubitably genuine. Haym families of the nobility gloricd in preserving.-—
notes it as of good workmanship and well pre The legend AHALA designates the personage re
served. Mionnet also (in his lllidailles R0 presented on this side of the coin.——Cicero re
wnzineiy, recognises the following legends and marks that this surname of A/iala had been
types, as those of n. Lalin imperial coin of Postu formed by the suppression of the 1-, and by pro
mus, minted in the above named Roman colony, nouncing the word a.:z'lla (arm-pit), a nickname
viz. :— given to one of the ancestors of Servilius, in
Obv. rosrvirvs 1>. r. AVG. Radiated head of allusion to some particularities relative to this
Postumus. part of his bodily frame. The Faafi Capilolini
Ree. con. en. At‘-RIP. cos. iiii. A woman exhibit the name of Servilins, sometimes with
standing, with balance and eornucopim. the surname of Ahala, sometimes with that of
Mionnet describes the type of the reverse as Axilla; in consequence of which Pighius has at
L’Equile' debout, avec see all:-ibills. The let tempted to distinguish one from the other, cou
ters CL. serve to shew that the place now so trary to the opinion of Cicero, who, in conver
well known under the name of Cologne (for sation with Marcus Brutus, respeeting this same
merly the City of the Ubii), was made a colony Serviliiis, gives him both surnames, without dis
under Claudius, as Tacitus has afiirmed. tinction. The Fizsli Capitolini prove that these
AI-IALA.—-Accompanying this surname, surnames existed in the Servilia family before
which is that of the Serviliu family, the the time of the Ahala who was general of
bare head of C. Servilius Ahala appears on a cavalry to Cineinnatus.”
denarius minted by Marcus Brutus, who assas
sinated Julius Caasar. On the obverse of the
same silver coin, is the bare head of L. Brutus,
one of the first two Consuls of the Roman Re
public.

AHEl\'OBARBVS.—This surname, which

nppears on a denarius of the D02/zifia gens, has
reference to one of the most popular legends of
early Rome.—The news of the important victory
The eircumstance of these two portraits being achieved by Postumius, over the Latins, near
included on the same medal, conclusively iden lake Regillus (B. c. 4-98) reached and spread
 AHENOBAR. AIMILIA. 31
through the city, with a rapidity, which, not Neptune, which is the type, and in all proba
withstanding the short distance between the bility was designed to represent, that edifice
two places, was regarded by the credulons and which Cncus Domitius Ahcnobnrbus, one of the
over-joyed populace as a prodigy.Two young ancestors of the personage in question, had built
soldiers, as the story goes, had met Lucius in the circus of Flauiinius at Rome, in honour
Domitius, a distinguished citizen, who was on of the god of the sea, and which he had filled
his return from the country. Announcing to with sculptural ¢'lu_’/Ir d’mwre from the chisel
him the news of the battle and the success of the of Scopas. Cncus Ahenobarbus seems thus to
Romans, they charged him to make it known to ascribe to the zeal of his progenitors for the
his fellow-citizens ; and in order to win his con worship of Neptune, the constant safety and
fidence by a miracle, they touched his cheeks, success of his own vessels on the stormy waves
the black beard of which instantly became red. of the Adriatic.”——p. 22l—22.—See also Morcll
(Suetonius, in Nerone, c. i. Plntareh, Vita T/mmur. Fam. Dumitia gens.
PouIi1E/nilei, § 25).—It is said to have been AIHILIA (Basilica) REIM,-la. S. C.—This
for this reason that Domitius was afterwards legend, with the name of ar. LEPXDVS below, ap
called Alienabarbua, red beard, or beard of the pears on the reverse of a dennrius of the Acmilia
colour of brass; a mbriquet which attached family, the accompanying type of which repre
itself, for many ages, to one of the most illus sents abnilding, with two stories of columns,
trious families of the republie.—The Domitii, and shields inserted between them, commonly
doubtless, were in the habit of exposing to view, called the Basilica Aemilia, or Basilica Pauli.—
in the vestibule of their house, the waxen image On the obverse of the same dcnnrins is the veiled
of that man, to whose eyes Castor and Pollux head of a woman; on one side of which is a
had condescended to make themselves visible, garland, and on the other the simpulum. [By a
and whom they had chosen to be the bearer graphic mistake the legend AXMILIA is not made
of such good news.—-(Visconti, Iconoyrap/lie to appear at the top of the reverse]
Ronminv, tome ii. p. 48.)——At the period of the
civil war waged against Cassius and Brutus, a
member of the family above named, Cneus
Domitius Ahenobarbus, had allied himself to
their party, and was placed in command of a
fonnidable fleet, which, crossing the Ionian sea,
bloekaded the ports of Italy. This indivi
dual, to defray the expenses of his expedition,
caused money to be minted, on which were
stamped the head of his ancestor, the Lucius It bears allusion to L. Emilins Panlus, who
Domitius of the early republic, designated by served the consnlship in the year of Rome 7011
his surname AHENOBABBVS. The reverse type (B. c. 50), and to whom the merit is ascribed by
is atrophy raised on the prow of a galley, allu old writers of having begun the reconstruction
sire to the victor)‘ gained by Cneus Domitius“ and adornment (B. c. 54) at his own expense, of
Impvralor (Emperor, that is to say Commander the above-named public edifice, in the Forum at
in-Chief.-—-The battle alluded to was fought on Rome. Being, however, left in an unfinishz-d.state
the Ionian sea, between the port of Brundnsinm, by the founder, it was at length completed, and
whence the fleet of Octavius Ciesar (afterwards dedicated, by Paulus Acmilins Lcpidus, in the
Augustus) had sailed, and Epirus, towards which year U. o. 720 (B. C. 34), according to Dion
it had steered. The event took place the same Cassius. The chief ornaments of the edifice were
day that Cassius and Brutus were defeated at its columns of Phrygiuu marble, of which Pliny
Philippi, in the year 42 before the Christian era. speaks in admiration. "he 1'Emilian Basilica
(Appiau Alex. (Ir 601/0 rivili, cited by Visconti was twice repaired, after damage by fire. The
in his \vork above-named.) first time in 7&0 (B. C. 14), when the temple of
.-\llB.\'0BAR.—The denarins on which this Vesta was also destroyed, and it was then rc
abbreviated word appears is a nnrnismutic monu storcd (n_=f1=r!a) by Augustus and the friends of
ment of the greatest rarity. Of this the cru Paulns. The second time was during the reign
dite antiquary above-mentioned, has given an of Tiberius, on which occasion Lepidus, with
engraving in his Roman [ca/ioyruji/iy (TAB. v.*) consent of the Senate, rebuilt and adorned it at
and he presents it as preserving the portrait his own cost.—Eckhcl agrees with Havcrcamp
of Cncus Ahenoburbns. it is (says Visconti) a in considering this dcnarius to have been coined
piece of gold money, which was probably struck under Augustus—uol under Tiberins——and points
at the period when this Roman zuhniral rcceivcd to the head on the obverse as doubtless that of
intelligence of the death of Cu.~"sius and of Brutus, Vesta, allnsivc to the temple of that goddess,
and regarded himself as the head of the repub destroyed in the same conflagration, which con
lican party. The head, entirely shaved, is seen sumed the Basilica, and was restored by An
on one side of the coin, of which the surname gnstus. The archaism too of .\l.\lll.lA (the an
AilE.\'()B.-Ui/ms forms the legend. On the re cient spelling of AEMILIA), bespcalrs it to be of
verse we sec his other names, and his title, CN. the age of Augustus, rather than that of Tiberius.
noumvs. 1,. P. IMP. (Cncus Domitius, son of —])01't. i\'/nu. 1'01. v. 12'].
Lucius, impcrator). The letters NEl"l‘. stamped This coin is valued by Mionnct at l8 fr. The
lll the ficld of the revcrse, point to the temple of same, restored by Trajan, he prices at 100 fr.
32 AL.»\MA.\'I\'I. ALBINFS.
ALACRITATl.—To Alacrity; with figtlre of relates that, after having defeated Maxentius,
Pegasus.—-The foregoing legend occurs for the Constantine passed into Gaul, and directed his
first, and indeed the only time, in the imperial march against the Celtic tribes. With respect to
series of coins, on a very rare middle brass of Fr/znc-fa, other writers make mention of the
Gnllicnns. The type also is found on one of the bridge which he caused to be thrown over the
billon pieces minted under the same emperor, Rhine, in the territory of the Ubiaus, now the
but with a different le;.;end [1.Eo. X. &e.] diocese of Cologne, in order to attack the Franri,
Respecting this singular reverse, and its ap or people of Westphalia, and towards the lssel.”
propriate device of a winged horse (previously There is also a similar legend and type on a gold
noticed and engraved by Angeloni and Banduri), coin of Crispus, to whose ill-requitcd valour his
Eckhel says, “ I do not remember any altar, de father was mainly indebted for this triumph.
dicated by the Romans to A/ru'ril_//. It seems ALA)Iannia ET FRANCi/z.—-See FRAN(‘lA
probable that this virtue, or good quality, in a ALAMANNIA DEVIC'l‘A.—Vietor_v, at
sovereign, to have been here commended in Gal whose feet is a captive bound, holding a trophy
lienns, in consequence of his having, imme and palm branch. This legend and type appear
diately on his accession to the empire, and dur — on third brass of Crispus,
ing his first consulate, prepared an army in Ger natural son of Constantine
many, with great expedition, and sent it forth the Great. They constitute
against the revolted Gauls."—See I>€_(/113'"-at another proof of the lead
ALAM.-\NN I, or ALE.\[AN.\'I.—Under this ing share taken by that
title are to be considered as included the Ubii, heroic but ill-fated young
the Sicambri, the Tcncteri, the Usipctes, the prince, in vauquisbing a
Jntti, the Cherusces; that is to say, the inha most powerful coalition of
bitants of the upper and lower Rhine, and those - enemies, and compelling
beyond that great river, such as the Westpha them to acknowledge for awhile the ascendancy
liaus, the llcssiaus, and the Saxons, as far as of Itomc.—“Plnced (says Bandnri, who pub
the Elbe and the Wescr, on the banks of which, lishes the coin) in command of the Legions in
as well as on the Rhine and the Mcnse, Drusus, Gaul, Crispus fulfilled the hopes and objects of
in the time of Augustus, built forts and esta his imperial father, by suppressing a formidable
blished gnrrisons, to hold the natives in cheek; rebellion of the Fr/mri and Alr1mmmi."—-Span
at the same time that he opened a road for his heim has given this reverse to a coin of Con
troops through the ilyreanian forest. The vic stantinus, jun.; but it is not included in that
tories of Drusus (brother of '1hbcrius) over the emperor's mint by either Eckhel, Mionuet, or
Alamanni, are commemorated on medals, under Akermnn.
the inscription ms GERMANIS (sec the word.) ALB. ALBINVS. Al//inns-—surname of the
But those exploits were not followed by the en I’o.r//on/'a family.
tire subjugation of the Germanic nations, nor ALBA.-On n brass medallion of Antoninus
was their country reduced to the form of a pro Pius, without legend of reverse, are represented
vince, in the same effectual manner as Augustus the fortified walls of that city. Within are the
succeeded in doing with regard to Gnu], Spain, sow and its young; above is ZEnca.s carrying his
lllyria, Egypt, and other regions, over which father; behind him the fig tree, and before a
the Roman anns had been victorious. At a later circular temple stands an altar.—Sec Scrqfa.
period, however, of the empire, the Alammmi, ALBOG,-\LERL'S, a sort of cap of white
inhabiting that part of Genuany, which is situ wool, which the Flrmml Dialis, or priest of
ated between the Danube, the Upper Rhine, and Jupiter, alone had the privilege of wearing. It
the Mayne, were subdued, first by Cnrncalla, and was made from the fleece, or skin, of some white
afterwards by Proculus, in the reign of Aure animal sacrificed to Jupiter, and was surmounted
lian. Afierwards Constantius Chlorus, whilst with a small sprig of olive. In the coins of
Caesar, overthrew them with great slau;_-jlitcr.—— Julius Czesar, this albogalerus is seen to indicate
They continued, nevertheless, from time to time, the otfice of ponti/‘(er nm.rium.x.—See .4pe.r.
to wage war against subsequent emperors, from ALBINUS (1)r'1'i1nll.v C/011/11,: S1»11!iniiu.s)-—
Constantine the Great to Gratianus and down born at lladrmnctum, in Africa, had for his
wards. Nor were they finally brought to sub father Ccjonins Postumus, and for his mother
jection until A. D. 4-96, when they met with a Aurelia Messalina. llighly educated, especially
decisive defeat by Clodovmus, king of the Franks. in geographical and strute_c:ical knowledge, he
AL.-U1.-\N NIA.——The reverse of one of Cen became, from a captain of lllyrian cavalry, one
stantine’s gold coins has for its type, a woman of the first and most successful generals of his
seated at the foot of a trophy, supporting her time, in the chief chnr_1c and conduct of armies
head on her arm, as if lamenting her captivity. under .\Iareus Aurelius and Conunodus, being at
Round the field appears GAVDIVM RO.\l.-\.\i0ltV!\l' ; length plnccd in command of the legions in
and on the cxcrgnc is ALAM.\N.\'IA.—-Ellgl'l].VCCl Bithynia, A.D. 175. 'l‘nll and portly in stature,
in Cnylua, .’fItI'4’G Nmnis. Rom. Impp. .\'o. 108. with round visage, frizzlcd beard, large mouth,
“This medal (says Spunhvim, in his Cn'sn|'s but with a very fccblc voice, he was said to be
of Julian), refers to the victories of Constan retiring and melancholy in disposition, severe
tine over the Alanranni, and also over the in matters of discipline, and of a repulsive
Franci, a nation between the lthinc and the humour; but his bravery and skill as a soldier,
Wt-scr.—With regard to Alamannia, Zozimus his love of justice, and his respect for senatorial
 ALBINVS. ALEXANDER. 33
rights and popular privileges, gained for him all kinds of dc-ferential attentions; and the
the attachment of all classes in the state. lle types on the reverses of his earlier coins bear
was manly in his habits, free from euervating testimony to his being influenced by this policy.
luxury, and, except his being a prodigious eater, But in the subsequent passages of his career,
without intempcrancc. Governor of Britain and being forced to enter into an open struggle with
Gaul, at the time of Pertinax’s death, he made his subtle rival, he declared himself Au_9ua-la:
pretensions to the sovereignty, and was elected as well as Cmsur. And tlrom that period, the
Emperor by the legions he commanded, in the medals in which he takes this title, no longer
year of Rome 946 (.\. v. 193). He succeeded in evince thc same character of caution and mo
musing himself to be declared Czesar, by Sep demtion. It is, however, necessary to observe,
timius Severus, the same year: that merciless that the latter (with the titles of IMP. and ave.)
but artful man being at the time snfiiciently are not to be found in gold and silver; whilst
occupied in subduing the eastern provinces of the bronze coins were still minted exclusively at
the empire. In the following year (194), Al Rome, and could not accord to him atitlc which
binns served his second consulship with Severus the Emperor (Severus) and the Senate refused to
himself for his colleague. But no sooner was grant him.
Pescennius destroyed, than Severus led his army In reference to this question, Mr. Akerman
against his rival in the west. “The British also observes, that those coins of Albinus, which
legions under Albinus were opposed to those of bear the title of “ Ctcsar” are considered to have
lllyricnm; and the troops on each side combated been struck at Rome, Severus having consented
with such bravery, that the result was long to his assuming that title: and that those which
doubtful." But, after many sauguinary engage have the styles “ Imperator" and “Augustus,”
ments, fonght with alternate success, Albinus was were struck in Gaul, after the entry of Albinus
defeated by his competitor in n decisive battle, on into that country.-—A coin in the Vienna
the plain of Tinurtium (now Trevouz), between cabinet has Paier Palriaz on the reverse, the
the Rhone and Saonc, near Lugdmzum (Lyon), head side bearing the title of Ca.-sar. Another
in France. And under circumstances of gra is described as having P. P. on it and avo. on
tuitously brutal triumph on the part of the con the obvcrse.—lIeuce Mionnet supposes that
queror, Albinus lost his lifc, in the year 1.1. c. Albinus had n Council or Senate, in Gaul, who
‘J50 (A. D. 197). He was much looked up to by conferred on him the honourable title.—“ How
many; and, indeed, was as much beloved by the ever (ndds the judicious compiler of the “ De
Senate, as they hated Severus, on account of his scriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins,") its as
fcarfully vindictive cruelty. On his coins, sumption by Albinus without license, must not
which are found in the three metals, and of all be wondered at in an age when Emperors aspired
even to divine origin."
sizes except small brass, this prince is styled D.
etomvs snnlzvvs eaessn 1:uP.——-also 1). CLOD. On the same point, Captain Smyth says,
sew. ALBIN. avo.——and IMP. CAI-IS. 01.. SEPT. “such medals of Albinus as bear the title of
stars. AVG. (on reverse P. P.)—lIis gold and Augustus, are without the s. c. and are pro
brass medallions are of the highest rarity. Silver, bably from the otlicina of Lugduuum———since
and first and second brass, are also rare. those minted by consent of Severus, were issued
The large brass, from which the subjoined cut before Albinus had assumed that title."
is engraved, was struck A. D. 194, as the mark ALCE, or Alces, an animal of the ccrvine
of his second consulate attests. species.—A representation of this reinarkable
quadruped is found on one of the SAECVLARES
AVGG. lst brass of Philippus seuior.—See Me'
daillea de 0/tristine, TAB. xxxv. No. l8.
ALE.—Jle.zun1lri¢z cu.m.r—(struck at Alex
andria.) It is read on the excrgue of second
brass coins of the lower empire, as in Diocle
tianus, Gal. Maxiinianus, &e.
ALEX.—Ale.mmI1.-r.—-uiP. car-:s. M. avn.
ssv. ansx. Pivs. avo.-—The Emperor and Cresar,
.\Iareus Aurelius Severus Alexander, the Pious,
the August.
O/n-. n. CLOD. SEPT. .u.ai:v. c.u:s.—]3are
head of Alhinus.
Rev. FELICITAS cos. n. s. 0.-—Fclicity stand
ing with caduceus and /meta pm iz.—Sce F¢’liri!a.r.
Khcll, in his supplement to Vaillant (p. 106),
has given an engzraviiig of a most rare and cle
gnut gold coin of Albinus, from the Vienna.
cabinet, with Pnovm. AVG. cos. for legend, and
Providentia, with her attributes, for type of its
l'CV(‘l'.\'C‘. ALEXANDER SEVER-L‘S (Bassinnus Alex
Albinus (remarks the intelligent author of ianus), born at Area (Cn3sn1‘ea Lilmni), in Pluc
bf!)/I8 1/»_\'u/nimnzrliqueRom/zinc) hoping to keep nicia, A. D. 205, was the son of Gessius Mur
ouna amicable footing with Severus, paid him ciauus and J uliu Mnmzca. The cure which his
F
34 ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER.
mother bestowed on his education, amply com (Quad tibi non via, alleri non fecer-i:)——
nsated for his early loss of a father ; and from Alexander Severus had three wives. The name
is infancy he gave promise of those qualities of the first is not known; the second was called
and excellent abilities which distinguished him Memmia; the last Barbia Orbirma, of whom
through life. He soon became a favourite with only there are coins. He does not appear to
the best as well as noblest society in Rome. have left any children.—The monies of Alexan
Through the sagaeious policy and persuasion of der Severus are very numerous. Some pieces
Msesa, his grandmother, he was adopted by Ela represent him with Julia Mama.-a, and with Or
gabalns.—Dec]a1'ed Caesar A.D. 221, he took the biana. Ilia gold and silver coins (usual size)
names of Marcus Aurelius Alexander; served his are common; first and second brass also com
first consulate the following year; and after the mon; gold, silver, and brass medallions, are of
frightful reign of his exeerable cousin, the the highest rarity. On these he is styled 1!. A\'R.
Romans beheld a youth of scarcely fourteen ALEXANDER.—IMP. c. 11. savnavs ALEXAND.
years of age, on the throne of their emperors, Prvs svovsrvs (sometimes P. P.) The cut at
possessed of talents, courage, correct morals the head of this biographical notice is from a
cvery human virtue and every personal accom silver com. On the obverse, mr. ALEXANDER
lishment. His goodness as an individual, and PIVS AVG. Laurcatcd head of the Emperor. The
is wisdom as s ruler, recalled to their remem legend of the reverse, IOVI PROPVGNATORI (to
brance the happier times of the empire, and Jupiter the defender, whose image stands bran
formed a striking contrast to the hideous vices dishing a thunderbolt), frequently occurs in the
and misgovernment of his immediate predecessor. mint of Alexander, which also has Jupiter Con
On the death of Elagabalus, being saluted scrvalar, Stator, and Ullor, among its types.
Augustus and Imperator (A. n. 222), by the en Alexander occupied himself sedulously in re
raptnrcd Senate, he at the same time received forming the abuscs which prevailed in the state
the titles of Augustus, Pater Patrize, with all of the Roman mint. Hence the legend asst!
the marks of imperial dignity; and from that rvron MONETAE on some of his medals, he be
period united to his other names that of Seve ing the only one of the Au]/usli who was styled
rus.——In 229, he proceeded consul for the 3rd on coins a restorer of money. lie also used
time, having for his colleague that year Dion electrum. “ About his time the Sestertii (or
Cassius, the celebrated historian of Rome. It large brass) diminish in magnitude, public events
was during the reign of this emperor, that Ar are given in less detail on the reverses; and the
tabancs 1V. King of the Parthians, was killed deities and moral virtues appear more frequently.
by Artaxerxes, who re-established the Persian The coins are however mostly common, and are
monarchy, and caused himself to be declared retained in choice collections, only according to
king. In consequence of the hostile progress of their perfection or individual intcrest.”—See
this prince against the Romans, Alexander Seve Captain Sm_vth’s remarks on this prince's cha
rus led a formidable army into the east, (about racter and reign.—De.wr. Cal. 226.
A. D. 231, according to Eckhel;) and having in
a great battle defeated Artaxerxes, whom he
drove back from the frontiers of the empire, re
turned to Rome, where he received triumpbal
honours for his victory over the Persians. The
same year he accepted the title of Plvs. In 235,
he engaged in another successful campaign. It
was against the Germans, who had taken advant
age of his absence in the East, to ravage the Gal
lic provinces. This was his last achievement. A ALEXANDER (commonly surnamed Tyran
band of factions soldiers (instigated by the nus) an usurper during the reign of Maxentins.
Thrncinn savage, Maximinus, at that time ad Born of Pannonian peasants, or, according to
vanced to be one of his generals), slew him and some writers, sprung from an equally obscure
his mother (Mnmtea), in the year of Our Lord origin in Phrygia, he entered the army, and
235, and the 27th of his age, after his having though of no great military talent, nor of any
bravely commanded the Roman annies, with very distinguished valour, became in his old age,
as consummate generalship and as much glory pro-prtcfect of Africa. In consequence of the ex
as any of his predecessors, for 13 years. His treme severity of Maxentins towards him, he
death was universally deplored, as that of the threw oil‘ his allegiance to that arbitrary prince,
father of his country, the friend of his subjects, and dmwiiig into his revolt the soldiers who had
and one of the most just and generous of princes. invested him with the purple, caused himself to
The honours of consecration were awarded to be proclaimed emperor, A. 1). 308. For three
him by the Senate, and a festival was instituted years Alexander maintained his nsu power
to his honour, which continued to be celebrated at Carthage; but was at length defeated by
dorm to the reign of Constantinc.—Alcxander the troops of Maxentins, taken prisoner, and put
was the first Emperor who positively favoured to death, A. D. 311. His coins, with Latin
the Christians, with whose moral precepts he legends, in silver and brass, are of the highest
seems to have been acquainted; for he caused to rarity. They were minted in Africa; probably
be inscribed over the palace gate, the golden rule at Carthage. On these he is styled IMP. ALEX
of the Gospel——“ Do as you would be done by.” aunan r. r. .\vo.—The above engraving from a
 ALEXANDRIA. ALEXANDRIA. 85
second brass, presents the laureatcd head of this her feet also are three ears of wheat, indicative
aged usurper, whilst the reverse bears the type of the generally abundant harvests of Egypt.
of Victory, and the legend vrcronm ALEXANDRI On the reverse of another brass coin, with the
avo. N. Below P. x.—-On the reverse of a third same legend, and minted under the same empe
bfm, given with his portrait, in Banduri, ii. p. ror, Alexandria sits with corn-ears in her right
161, weresd mvrcra nous. rsux xan'ruaoo— hand and cornucopia: in her left: her armresting
the type being a woman holding corn ears in on the cam'.rlrum.—-See Oiselius, TAB. xxxiv.
each hand. ALEXANDRIA TROAS (Col0m'a).—A city
i_LLEXANDRia AEGYPTi.—Alexandria, the so called from its being situated on that part of
capital of lower Egypt, an emporium of most opu- the coast of Mysia, called the Troad, or plnin
lent commerce. It was called Rome, by M. An- of Troy, eteruized by the Iliad of Homer.
tony, when he held his third consulship (B. o. 31) According to Strabo, it received the appellation
_tbercin.—There is a coin of that triumvir, bear- of Alexandria, from Alexander the Great, who
mg the foregoing inscription, which has for its was the first to elevate it to the rank of a free
type a palm tree, with fruit pendent beneath its city: from that period it continued increasing
branches, and round it is the corona llederacea, until the invasion and occupation of Asia Minor
or ivy crown. The palm abounded beyond all by the Romans, who unceasingly added to its
other trees in Egypt, and was the usual symbol splendour. Julius Cresar greatly improved and
of Alexandria. And perhaps, says Oiselius, who ornamented it. His example was followed by
gives an enmving of this coin (-ran. xxxiv_ Augustus, who made it altoman Colony; and
No. 3, p. 149) tho crown of ivy being a. symbol Hadrian (says Justin) adorned it with baths and
of Bacchus, it is here conjoined with the nhn aqlleducts. It was from Augustus, that the city
iljfie, by M. Antony, who had already or ered took the name of Auyusl . But it was not
himself to be called Bacchus. called Alexandria on coins before the reign of
1‘-111']-‘L-\l\lDRI.-\.—On the reverse of n silver Caracalla; and then it re-assumed the nmne,
Hadrian (engraved in Oiselins, TAB. xxxiv. p. either to flatter that prince's affected fondness
H9), the type of a female standing, clothed in for the memory of Alexander the Great, or in
ll tunic [supposed to represent the genius of acknowledgment of benefits conferred upon it by
Egypt]. She holds in her right hand the .ri.¢lrum, him as the eldest son and expectant successor of
Ill connexion with the worship of Isis [the move. Septimins Severus. The era of Alexander Troas
ment of that instrument signifying the rise of is fixed by Mionnet (Supplmt. 'r. v. 508) at 454
the Nile] In her ion. hand she hold; o bucket years from the foundation of Rome, 300 B. c.
or waterpot (ritula) by which is indicated the Its ruins still exist, and are called by the Turks
flow of canals or watercourses.—R.asche. Eski-Stambul, or Old Constantinople.
The genius of Alexandria, or of Egypt in Among the Latin colonial autonomes (de
general, is figured on a brass medal of Hadrian scribed by Mionnet, vol. ii. p. 639) is the fol
(strnck in Egypt), as a man, wearing on his own lowing singular one, viz. :—0bv. co. ALEX.
brad the skin of an elephant’s, and holding in his rno. Turreted head of a woma.n.—Reo. A pea.
right hand a bundle of corn ears. He takes with saut or shepherd, holding in his right hand the
the left hand that of the emperor, and lifts it to perlum ,- he stands by the side of n cave, on
his lips, as if to kiss it, in acknowledgment of which the Sybil Hero];/rile rests herself: behind
l{adrian’s benefits to the city and country. the shepherd is ara.1n.—-'1‘he other types of this
_Round the coin is engraved umxnnnnsn, and period of the colony's mint, are APOL. ZMINTHE.
ln_ the field us (year xv).--Zoega, Nu1n.,fiqypt. Apollo Sminthius (see Apollo) standing—-a fawn
vn.—[Mr. Akerman, some time ago, referring to —-the vexillum—an eagle with a bull’s head.
aspecimen of this very interesting coin, then in The colonial imperial coins extend in nearly
his own possession, had remarked that the an unbroken succession of reigns from Trajan to
numeral 15 denotes the year of Hadrian's in-. Gullienus and Salonina. They are numerous,
rival at Alexandria] and some few worthy of notice. On these we
ALEXANDRIA. S. C.—0n first and second read con. ave. (rnoa or TB,0AD.)—-COL. ave.
brass of Hadrian, the city of Alexandria is Tao. ALEX. Colonia Allyuoto Troas, (or Trua
personified by u woman seated on the ground, dens-is) Alezandria, or con. AVG. rno. or Ta.
holdmg cars of corn in her right hand, Near her There is, on n second brass dedicated by the
city of Troas to Caracnlln, the type of a horse
depascent, behind which
is a tree; and by its side
is the figure of a rustic,
who bears the pedum in
his right hand.-Of this
reverse the annexed cut
is a copy, after especi
men in the British Mn
seum.—-Vaillant, who (in
Coloniis, i. 46), describes the figure, as simply
that of a shepherd holding the crook, usually
left arm rises a vine branch, and her elbow rests employed in his pastoral vocation, considers this
on a vase, near which is a bunch of grapes. At device of mun, horse, and tree, to indicate the
F2
36 ALEXANDRIA.
confirmation of privileges and immunities, grant
ed to the Troadensians by Caracalla.
Among the imperial
series, all with Lalin
legends, struck in this
Roman colony, one,
which is dedicated to
the honour of Crispina,
wife of Commodus, is of
good design, and e1u'ious
in its typitication.
Obv. carsrms sv
ovs'rA.—Head of the Empress.
Rev. con. AVG. rnoan. ('l‘he August Colony
of Troas.)—A figure standing in amilit-ary dress,
sacrificing at a tripod, in front of the statue of
Apollo, which stands on a cippus or pedestal.
Above the tripod is an eagle with expanded
wings, holding in its talons the head of a bull.
Vnillant, in co/arzizk, i. p. 223.
[Pellerin (in his ]|Ie'lrm_qe dc filed. '1‘. i. pl. xvii.
No. l5), gives a coin of this colony, dedicated
to Commodus himself, from which the above
wood-cut is taken. 'l'he type differs a little from
that on Crispiinfs above described, inasmuch as,
for the tripod is substituted a lighted altar; and
the sacriticer wears a cloak over his military
dress, and holds a sceptre, instead of a spear, in
his left hand.]
“This medal (says Vaillant), refers to the
augnry which was taken when the foundations
of New 'I‘roy (A/ea.-andria Trans), were about
to be laid. Strabo relates (Lib. xiii.) that
the city was built where it now is, from the
ruins of ancient Troy, by command of the
Oracle. Now all this appears to rue very clearly
expressed in the medal before us. For indeed,
whilst the founder of New Troy is performing
sacrifice at the tripod of Apollo (who was the
guardian deity of Old Troy), with a view to
learn what place he ought to fix upon for the
city which he designed to build, an eagle is seen
in the air, holding in his claws the head of an
immolated bull ; thereby signifying to him who
sacrificed it, that he should lay the foundations
of his new town on the spot, where the eagle is
going to carry that portion of the victim. For
this reason, the inhabitants of the colony, in re
membrance of the foundation of their city, caused
to be represented on their coins, sometimes n
single eagle, which flies away with a bull's head;
at other times thé same bird and vaput bow/Zr,
with their founder offering sacrifice to Apollo.” sources furnished by Trajan to Italy, has par
Mionnet gives a coin of this colony, dedicated ticular rcfercnce to the subsistence given by
to Connnodus, having for its obverse legend,
ens. cox. con. ave. rno.u).—'l‘hc gcuius of the
colony is half naked, and stands holding in her
right hand a small figure of Apollo, and in her
left a cornucopiar.-—-On the reverse of a coin of
Crispina, the type is a mountain, on which is
Apollo, clothed in the female habilimcnt of the
alola. The bow and patera are in his hands. A
hcrdsnian, or shepherd, is before the god, hold
ing the pedum, and in a snppliant posture;
behind him is a rani.—A coin of Alt.-randria
Troas, struck in honour of 'I‘1'eboniauus Gallus,
exhibits as the type of its reverse, Apollo, naked,
ALEXANDRIA.
who is carried to the skies between the wings of
a griflin, holding his right hand on his head,
and a lyre in his left. (Sestiui.)—Another coin
of the same emperor, with con. Av. rnon. on its
reverse, presents nine fi_L'urcs seated on a circular
estrade. ((‘(1/fine! cle R0!/in F1 Paris.)
ln the selection of ancient coins from the
einincntly rare and choice cabinet of M. Allicr
de llauteroche, described and engraved by M.
Du Mcrsan, is one (pl. xiii. fig. 3) dedicated by
' this colony to Caracalla.
On the obverse is 1|.
avarn. ANTONIN, and the
laurelled head of that cui
peror.—'I'he reverse (as
' will be seen by the annex
ed cnt) bears for legend
co1.. ALEXAND. D. AVG.
-. . and for type an equestrian
figure, with right hand raised, riding at speed,
before, what M. Du llersan calls, the statue of
Jlliuerva; but which, by the turrctcd crown,
and from other nuiuisrnatie analogies, Mr. Al\'Cl'
man appears fully warranted in pronouncing to
be I/1e G/2111'/1.3 qf I/le C0/(7)1!/.
The other types of this colony consist of the
head of a fur‘/'1’/('0' u-uman and the mrilhmz; also
Apollo -S3/Ii/1//1z'a.1 (see the word), as in Hadrian
and in Co1nmodns.——V£rlnr_1/ marching; and
.E'/lg/2 with head of an ox; struck under Anto
niuus Pius.——A .mf_r/r, with wine-skin on his
shoulder; a /rurse feeding, under M. Aurelius; u
tripod and a (‘row beside it; a I1/rreled won/an
carrying the palladium and vexilluin; Herc):/rt
standing in repose like that (says Mionnct) of the
Palaie Farnme; minted under Commodus.—Hcr
cafes strangling Antu-us; Si/mus-, supported by
two Bacchants, and a satyr before him, minted
under Caracalla.-—Rmnus and Itmmzlus with the
wolf, struck underE1a;zal)alus.—Ll]ue.s(rianjigm e
before a statue of Apollo, as in Mxcsa.-——1'.'mperor
on horseback, with paludamentum, right hand
raised, before him a statue of Apollo, placed on
a cippus, dedicated to Alexander Severus.—Bi1.sl
qf a woman, behind which is the var-il/um, on
which is AV. C0.-, struck under Gallienus.—An
eagle on a cijipur, as in Salonina, &c., Sic.-
Scc Mionnet, vol. ii. p. 653. Do. Supp./nit. v.
p. 508, ct seq.
ALll\'l. l'l'.»\L. A/irzlmzla Ilal[m.—Tliis le
gend, of which the general meaning is nourish
ment, food, provisions in corn, and other rt’
him to children of both sores out of the public
funds.
On a rare gold coin of the above-named em
pcror (in the ra/zine! de France), inscribed
sun. 1'r.u..; on the cxcrguc, the figure of Trajan,
clothed in the toga, stands
with his right. hand extended
over the heads of two children,
n who appear with uplifted
' 1 hands before him. Around
the field we read (:05. Y. P.
s. P. Q. B. orrmo Pnr.\'c.———
Another aureus, minted under
 ALIM. ITAL.
the same reign, with the same legend, has for
its type a woman standing. wants of the people, is a brazen tablet, 10}
This good emperor, desirous to favour the Italian feet wide, 5% in height, and covered with
population of Italy, which had sutfcred much an inscription in several columns, dug up in
during the civil wars, assigned to his subjects
certain lauded estates, the produce of which was from the Via /Emilia. This relic has been ex
appropriated to the maintenance of a great num plained by Muratori, Maffci, and others, and
ber of children, otherwise destitute and unpro
vidcd for—an excellent trait of his, and worthy
of great praise, although he owed the example of
it to Nerva, his father by adoption.
The attention which Trajan bestowed, says the
author of Docfrina, on the nurture of the young
Italians, is attested as well by ancient authors
as on marbles and coins. Dion alludes to this
munificence, when he tells us, that on his rc
turn to Rome, U. c. 852 (.\.n. 99), the Em
peror applicd himself immediately to improve
the condition of the commonwealth; and this
he did with such extensive liberality, as to ex
pend large sums on the provinces even for the
education of children.-—-Pliny, too, in his pane
gyric, testifies that infants were diligently looked
after and registered, in order to be brought up
at the expense of the state. “ There were very
nearly 5000 free-born children, whom the liber
ality of our prince (says he), sought out and
adopted. A reserve in case of war, and an orna
ment in peaceful times, they are nourished at
the public cost ; and learn to love their country,
not as their country only, but also as their nurs
ing mother. From the ranks of these will our
camps, our tribes, be filled,” &é.—This pane
gryrie was spoken in the year u. 0. 853 (.~\. D.
100), and it shews that from his first accession
to the empire, Trajan applied his thoughts to
these public plans of benevolence.
On a first brass of the same Emperor, a simi
lar legend of reverse is to be found, accompa
nied uith an allegorical type of elegantly simple
design, as the subjoined engraving faithfully
displays :—
Iu this we see the figure of a woman, clothed
in a long robe. She bears a horn of plenty in
her left hand ; and in her right a bunch of corn
ears, which she holds over the bead of a small
togated figure.
Between the years U. C. S54 and S56 (A. D.
101 and 103), a stone was erected, as is shewn
by its having his 4th consulate inscribed on it,
the language on which (as published by Mura
tari), extols the same example of Trajan’s bene
tiecncc.
The monument next in the order of time, coin
ALIM. ITAL. 37
memorative of Trajan’s unceasing care for the
1747, near Piaccnza, and at a short distance
copied in erlenso by Eckhel (vol. vi. 424-),
who remarks, that the title Dacici, applied in it
to the Emperor, shows that it was completed
immediately after the year U. c. 856 (A.D. 103).
It is by this inscription, contemporaneous with
the date of the coin (to adopt the appropriate lan
guage of Dr. Cardwell), an inscription as remark
able as any one which has ever fallen under the
notice of Antiquaries, that the case in question
is strikingly illustrated. It records the bounty
conferred by Trajan upon the obscure town of
Velcia, a town almost unknown in ancient his
tory: it specifics the monthly allowance granted
to 281 children belonging to this town; and
describes, with the greatest exactness, the pro
prietors in the neighbourhood, with the reports
made by them of the value of their property,
and the sums which they received on mortgage ;
binding themselves in return to pay the mode
rate interest of five per cent. for the support of
the institution.—[Lecture ix. p. 222.]
Trajan’s efforts directed towards the improve
ment of the condition of his subjects, are re
corded also by Spartianus. Whilst the fact is
proved by numerous coins, struck not only dur
ing his 5th coosnlsliip, but even later in his 6th,
and which present elegant types allusive to that
subject. We sec, therefore, the libcrality of
Trajan designated and eulogised on public monu
ments, throughout his five last consulates, or
from A. D. 99, to at least A. D. 112. Span
hcim affords a variety of infomiation respecting
the alimenla distributed by Trajan; and Reini
sius has collected, from inscribed marbles, a
numerous list of Quwslorea (paymastcrs) ali
mmloram, or as they are elsewhere culled, Q1m'.s
lore: per:/nix alimentar1'¢.—[Eckhel, vi. 424.]
It is pleasing to regard these monuments of
Trajan’s humane care of the families of the des
titute poor ; but it is not to be overlooked that
the operation of this benevolent measure gave
constant rise to fresh claims on the public trea
sury.—“ By these and other prodigal largcsscs,
frequently renewed, the Emperor is said to have
supported nearly two millions of his pcoplc.—
But in excuse for such wholesale paupcrism, it
must be remembered, that in Trajan’s reign,
most of the provinces suffered greatly by earth
quakes; and many places were gricvously atllict
cd with plague, famine, floods, and frequent
c0nflagrations.”—Smyth, Cal. Bl.
ALIM. ITAL. S. C.—-The following is en
graved from another large brass medal of Tra
jun, bearing on its obverse, the legend which
records his system of providing food for the in
habitants of Italy. The Emperor is here re
presented enthroned on a curule scat, with his
feet on a footstool; he is crowned with laurel,
attired in the toga, and supports his left arm
on a spear Before him is a matron, clothed in
38 ALLECTUS.
a long robe, presenting two of the Ulpian chil
dren, one of which she holds on her ann, whilst
the other stands beside her, and both of whom
extend their little hands, in token of gratitude.
In commenting on this interesting type, Cap
tain Smyth says—“This is struck upon an occa
sion similar to that described with reference to
preceding coins; and corroborates history, by
showing that the public magazines were well
filled; for instead of supplying the city by op
prcssing the Roman provinces, 'l‘rajnn took otf
all restrictions, and laid the trallic in provisions
open. This, and punctual payment, inspired
confidence; and the provinces sent their corn to
Italy in such abundance, that Rome was in a
condition to relieve Egypt, the granary of the
world, when distressed by famine. This fact is
admirably detailed in the panegyric; and was
so remarkable a return for former obligations,
that the encomiast dwells upon it with manifest
delight." Dreacr. Cal. p. 82.
ALLl:lC'l‘US, one of the Usurpcrs during the head of Allectus.
reigns of Diocletian and Maximiau.——llis family,
country, and time of birth remain unknown.
Following the fortunes of CAILAUSIUS, he be
came his Prvetorian Prtcfcct, and took part in
the administration of his government in Britain.
Although skilled in war, and held in repute by
the soldiers, yct whatever good qualities he pos
scssed were darkened by his avarice, and sullied
by his ambition. Many were the acts of in
justice which he is said to have committed,
undcr the influence of these two-fold vices ; and
fearing the resentment of Carausius, he came to
the base and treacherous resolution of assassin
ating his benefactor and companion in arms.
llaviug perpetrated this foul crime, he employed
his ill-gotten wealth in corrupting the legion
aries as well as the sca forces. They declared
him Imperalor and Alzgzwtus, and he became
the successor of Carausius, A. D. 293. Constan
tius Chlorus being then in Gaul, resolved to ter
minatc the usurpation of Allcctus: he prepared
u fleet, which he divided into two squadrons, on
board one of which he embarked himself, giving
the command of the other to his prefect Ascle
piodotus. That commander made, in a skilful
manner, his descent upon the British shores;
and instantly marched against Allcctus, who had
prepared for this expedition against him from
the commencement of his reign. A battle cu
sued, which endcd in favour of Constantins’s
general. The usurpcr was slain on the field of
battle, after having held the sovereignty of Bri
ALLECTUS.
tain during three years. It was in consequence
of this victory, gained by his lieutenant, that
Constantius was enabled to re-establish the supre
macy of Imperial ltomc in Britain, A. D. 296, ten
years after the government of that island had been
separated from it.—On his coins he is styled IMP.
(or nrr. c.) snrrcrvs P. r. ave.-—or only P. ave.
or snnncrvs P. r. AVG.-—0l‘ IMP. 0. A.Li.r.c'rvs
P. F. 1. .\\'o.; wliere the I. occurs, it is to be
rend Inriz-!u.i.—'l'he gold and "silver (the latter
generally of a very base quality), are of the
highest rarity. The brass (small) arc also many
of them rare. They bear a well-executed bust,
giving Allectus the appearance of a man of
50 or thcreabouts. The head on the gold is
laureated; on the silver and brass, radiated.—
Altogether the portrait is of marked character,
The annexed cut is executed from n remark
ably well-prescrved third brass, covered with
dark brown patina, stated to have been found
within the area of the Roman camp at Caistcr
(Venta Icenorzunj, near Norwieh.~('l'he coin
is now in the possession of .\Ir. W. Bensly).
Obv. izur. c. ALLECTVS r. r. svo. Radiated
Rev. TEMPOBVM rsucrras. Felicity stand
ing with caduceus and horn of plenty.
In the field s. A.-—0l1 the excrgue st. s. L.
Eckhcl observes, that whilst the coins of
Carausius have their merit on account of the
various legends and types which they exhibit,
the coins of Allectus recommend themselves, in
no other respect, than for their greater rarity.
The same illustrious teacher in numismatics, also
speaks of the reverses as common and trite, enn
mcrating such only as Pax, Providcntia, Oricns,
Snlns—but he could not have been aware of the
numerous other varieties that exist, and which
swell the catalogue in Mr. Akcrman’s work, such
as the Advcntus Aug.-—-.'Equitas Aug.—Comes
Aug.—~Diana: Rcduci—-—l"clicitas Scculi——Fides
l\Iilitnm—llilaritas—Jovi Conservatori—Moneta
Aug.—Pietas Aug.—Roma: 1Eteruic—Spes Pub
lica—Temporum Felicitas—\"ictoria Aug. &c.
Referring to the valuable treatise “ on the Coins
of the Romans relating to Britain,” by the \vcll
known and esteemed author above named, for an
amplcr monctal notice of Allcctus, we shall
take this occasion to quote one more new variety
in the list of reverses on this usurper's coins, dis
covered (amongst others of Roman miutage), at
Lillyhorn, near Oakridge common, and communi
cated, through Ur. Roach Smith, F.S.A. to the
British Archteological Association, by Mr. T.
Baker. It reads ..ICT0llI. or-:11. Victoria Ger
rnrmica. In the exergue c. ; in the field, s. r.
trophy and captives.
 ALLIANCE. ALPHABET. 39
“Thia reverse (observes Mr. Smith), although Reu.——Aulu.r anmauvs 1>noc0nsul.—A naked
common on coins of the period, had not been man, holding a small cloak folded round his left
previously noticed on those of Allectns. Doubts arm. In his right hand he holds the triquctra,
have been thrown on the historical importance or symbol of three cornered Sicily—his right
of some of the coins of Carausiua and Allectus, foot on the prow of a vessel.—-Morell Tllesaul-us‘,
from their close resemblance in type to those of Allicna, ran. iii. fig. l, p.15.
their predecessors, of which it is therefore al This Aulns Allienus (says Havercamp), was
leged, they arc mere imitations. There are, the lieutenant of Cicero, in Asia, during the
however, many which certainly cannot be placed civil war. When he became Proctor, he attached
in this category, as they afford types both novel himself to the party of Julius Caesar, under
and appropriate." And Mr. Smith suggests whom he obtained the proeonsnlship of Sicily,
that the coin now first published, may have been which this coin attests, having been minted in
struck to record avietory gained by Allectus the year of Rome 706 (B. c. 48).—See SICILIA
over some of the German or Saxon pirates, in —-also TaiQ\'E'ra.i\.
festiug the British coast. ALPHABET?-It is not uncommon to see
single latter: of the alphabet in the field of Ro
ALLIANCE, or Concord, between different
man family coins.——Ec-khel enumerates a few of
cities was a frequent usage in ancient times.
them; observing that these letters sometimes
Alliauces are found to have existed between
appear on the obverse, at other times on the re
neighbouring cities, and also between cities situ verse ; with this regulation, that whichever side
atod at a distance from each other, sometimes to
the moneyer once fixes on, he constantly adheres
the number of more than two. Under the power to it. The denarii of Hcrennius, and of Antonius
of the Romans, alliance with them is expressly
Balbus, present exceptions to this rule: they
noted on some coins. This statc of political
vary the stations of these letters. In some, when
concord is itself recorded in the legend, and even
the letters are on the obverse, the same re-ap
personified in the type In other instances, the pear on the reverse. In others, Latin letters
citizens of a town declare themselves allied to
are mixed with Greek characters. Others again
each other. (Hennin, Manuel, vol. ii. p. 7.)—— exhibit different letters occupying the obverse
In connection with this subject, it may be no side, whilst arithmetical signs appear on the re
ticed, that there is arare family denarins (see
verse.—Some of the richer cabinets hnve the
Velurid gens), on the reverse of which is a Fe
whole alphabet in their series of family coins.
cialia, or sacred herald, in a kneeling attitude,
In the imperial museum at Vienna, the number
holding a sow, which is touched with their wands of letters IS complete on denarii of Aclius Bala,
by a Roman soldier and by a man, who, from
Antonius Balbus, Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes—
his dress, appears to belong to a foreign nation. Hcrennius, Junius Silanus, and Tborius.—For
—It Wu by such a ceremonial that the Roman further information on this subject, the reader
people, in the earlier periods of their history,
is referred to Doct. Num. Vet. v. 75, et seq.
contracted alliances. When the two deputies AL'l‘AR.—See Ara.
touched the sow, the priest invoked Jupiter to
ALTERED MEDALS.—-The Italian fabri
treat the violators of the compact with the same
cators of counterfeit coins, by ingeniously alter
degree of rigour as he was himself about to ex ing and retouching with their graving tools, the
ercise upon that animal ; and he forthwith killed
portraits, the reverses, and even the legends of
it with a flint-stone. This solemnity, according
ancient coins, have often succeeded in deceiving
lo Livy, was as ancient as the reign of Tullns
not only the tyro in numismatics, but also the
llostilius, third king of Rome. most practised connoisseurs.——“ Of a Claudius
On a coin in silver of the Antistia gens, two
(says Pinkerton) struck at Antioch, they make
figures are seen holding a victim over an altar, an Otho; of a Faustino a Titiana; of aJulia
evidently in conclusion of some treaty of alli Severi a Didia Clara; of a Macrinus a Pes
ance and amity between the Romans and another cennius; of an Orbinna an Annia Faustina; of a
state, as is indicated by the accompanying legend,
Momma a Tranquillina ; of a Philip an 1Emilian.
roenvs, &e.—-For instances of municipal alli
Give them a Marcus Aurelius, ho starts up a
ances, sec Akerman’s “ Ancient Coins of Cities
Pertinax, by thickening the beard a little and
and Princes”——Hispania; Gades, &c.—An ar
enlarging the nose. In short, wherever there is
ticle, headed IPOEDERATJE crvrrarns, in Dr. W.
the least resemblance, an artist of this class can,
Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Anti
from a trivial medal, generate a most scarce
quities throws much historical light on this sub
and valuable one.”——E.r.m_y on Medals, ii. 218.
ject.
No one, however, who has a taste for the
ALLlE.‘lUS.—This is doubtless a surname. study of antique coins and medallions, ought to
Its name, rm Ursinns thinks, is derived from be deterred from collecting, under the appre
Allius, in the same manner as from Nasidius, hension of being imposed upon by countcrfeits.
We have Nnsidienus, and from Satrius, Satrienus. Such deceptious are to be guarded against by
But the name of the family to which the Al ready access to cabinets of genuine specimens;
lienus belonged, whose name appears on the fol and the judicious exercise of that discriminative
lowing very rare denarius, is not known. It is ‘ faculty, which experience is sure to give the eye,
the only type, viz. :— when aided by “a little handling,” and by
Olv.-—Caius cars. mrerator consul l’l‘EIlum. attentively perusing a few standard works of
Head of Venus. modern numismatista—not omitting due refer
40 AMALTHEA. A.\L\rION.
encc to Beauvais’s essay on this subject, especially on the obverse; with v1-mvs ave. and the
through the late Mr. Brockett's annotated trans goddess standing, on the reverse, clothed in the
lation. stola, holding an apple in the right hand, and
But after all, “the most shameless forgcries, the hasta in her left.-——Both these arc cited by
(as Capt. Srnyth observes), have been rather Eckhel, without any doubt expressed by him
inventions than imitations, and would scarcely as to their authenticity. But Mr. Akcrmnn, as
dcccive a novice; such were medals bearing the as well as Mionnct, states them to be strongly
heads of Priam, Plato, Aeneas, Hannibal, Scipio, suspected. Indeed, from their discrepancy in
Marius, Crassus, Cicero, and Virgil ; giving new the ])rr')mI)I1’Il, one of them must be false.
l'e\'('rscs to known heads; as Veni, Vidi, Vici AME zle la JIu'1lru'lle.—'l‘his expression is
to Czesar; Feslimr lento, with an anchor and ingeniously enough applied by some French
dolphin, or a terminus on a thunderbolt, ex nuuiisnnitists, of the elder school, to the Legerzd,
pressive of stability to Augustus; the Pantheon; which they profess to regard as the “soul
on a coin of Agrippa; and the Pan; /Elias, and of the coin,” whilst they designate the type,
.E:;mii!io Judaim on those of Hadrian. Yet or figures, as the body. “ For example (says
gross as these attempts were, Paul IV. purchased Prire Jobcrt), we sec on a (silver) medal of
several of them from Pietro Galileo at exorbitant Augustus, two hands joined, holding a cadu
prices.” ceus, bet\vecn two horns of Amalthea—-Uzi: {J
AM.~\LTH'EA: the name of the goat, to the bod;/.—The word Pax, which is engraved on
which fable assigns the honour of having sneklcd the medal, marks the peace which this prince
Jupiter. Out of gratitude for this good ofiicc, had restored to the common-wealth of Rome, in
the king of gods and of men placed her, with her reconciling himself with Mark Antony, which
two kids, as a constellation in the heavens; and had brought back happiness and abundance tn
gave one of hcr horns to the nymphs who had the peoplc—i/iis is t/re soul. And on a medal
the care of his infancy, accompanied with the of Nerve, by means of the word CONCORDIA
virtue of producing whatever they desired. This Exrincrrvvx, the same two hands joined [hold
is what is called the horn of plenty (see Cornu ing a military ensign on the prow of a vessel],
copia), so often represented on Greek and Ro served to mark the fidelity of the soldiers, both
man coins. Allusive to Arnalthca, as Nulriz by sea and land, to their new Emperor.”
Joni: ii/_fmztis (the nurse of the infant Jupiter), Sci.-mce dc: Jlléz/zzil/rs, i. 216.
gold and silver coins of Domitian bear on their rc AMBIANI, now Amicns, in France.-—AMl3.
vcrse the figure of a goat, within n laurel garland, Dncange and Bimard dc la Bastie both conjec
and the legend Princepa Juventutis. On a second ture that the coin of Magnentius, on the excr
brass of Hadrian with s. c. the infant Jupiter guc of which they read the above letters, was
is typified, under the goat Amalthea :— struck at Amicns (.4n1l/in/iis). Whilst Vaillant
Stat quoqne capra simul (says Ovid) (Prrvsl. Nmn. i. 360), interprets it A. M. B. An
Infanti lac dedit illa Jovi. tiarr/ziw monela qflici/m' 8€l‘It2ILl(I.’ (money of the
In the Farnese collection (v. 169), there second mint of Antioch.)—Scc Rnschc.
is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, without AMlCTUS.—This word chiefly refers to the
legend of reverse, which exhibits the infant clothing or covering of the head, with crown,
Jove sitting naked on the back of a goat, before diadem, hchnet, spoils of the lion, proboscis of
an altar, with an eagle apparently sculptured on the elephant, &c.
it, placed close to the trunk of a tree. A)ll\l()N, a surname of Jupiter.—Alcx:1.ndcr
On the reverse of a billon coin of Gallienns, the Great styled himself the son of Jupiter
inscribed Jovi Conaeruatori Augusli, there is, Ammon ; and his successors, the kings of Syria,
iustuid of the usual majestic figure of the king and those of Cyrcnnica have, on coins, their
of “ gods and men,” a goat, representing heads adorned with the horns of a rain, or of
Amalthea. This piece of mythology is still more Ammon, the symbol of their dominion over
clearly alluded to, on a billon of Gallienus, and Lybia. This deity appears on a great number
on gold and billon of his son Saloninus, which of coins, and of engraved marbles. The E__<r_vp
coins have, each for their type of reverse, a naked tians, whose popular divinity he was, regarded
boy riding on a goat.—Sce iovl CRESCENTI. him as the author of fecundity and generation.
AMANDUS (Cucus Silvius), an usurper, in The same superstition afterwards introduced it
the joint reign of Diocletianus and Mnximianus self among the Romans, who worshipped Ammon
Hercules, assumed the title of Augustus, in as the prcscrver of nature.—In the consular
colleagiicship with rlilianus, a Gaulish chief, series of the Roman mint, the head of Aninmu
A. o. 285. But both were slain A. 1). 207, in is found on coins of the Cornujiria, Lollia,
battle with the armies which had been sent Piuaria, Pepin, and other families, and in the
agaiiist them by Moxi1nianns.—Of Amandus no Imperial, on thosc of Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian,
gold nor silver coins are extant. There is, how Aurelius, Severus, and Trcb. Gallus.—'l‘hc he-ml
ever, a third brass assigned to him by Banduri of Jupiter Amman exhibits itself on a den:irin<
(ii. p. 87), on which, with radiated head, he is of All_L’llSl.l'l9, (sec Pembroke Collection, p. iii.
styled IMP. c. c. AMANDVS; reverse legend sri-:s. TAB. 9).—Eckhcl (vi. p. 87) referring to this,
rvnuca; and type Minerva standing with observes, that it is a type of an unusual kind
spear and shield. Besides which, in the Pem in the mint of that prince (then simply Octa
broke collection is cn_t;raved, as u third brass, vianus), but he accounts for it from the circum
inr. s. .sns:vI>vs P. I-‘ AVG. and radiated head, stance of its having been struck in Africa, by
 AMPIIINOMUS. AMPHITHEATRE. 41
Pinarius Scarpus, one of his Lieutenants.-—-On silver coin restored by Trajn.n, valued by Mien
a denarius of the Antonia family, given in net at 300 fr. (£11 17s. 10d.)
Morel]. T/mam-. we read M. ANTO. (Mark An Al\IPIIlTHEATRE.—This is a word
tony) cos. tn. me. rm. The type is Jupiter which, even by its compound formation, desig
Ammon, as designated by the attribute of a nates an edifice consisting of two theatres facing
ram’s horn, on the side of a bearded head.— each other, and leaving between u void space,
For this device see Comq/iria gens. called the arena, wherein different kinds of public
AMOIt.—This legend is found inscribed above games and spectacles were exhibited, especially
the figure of a horse, on a rare contorniate combats of gladiators and wild beasts. The
medal, published by Ilavercamp (Nam. Cunlorn. nature of these contests, which obliged the com
fig. 10), and which he considers as either de batants alternatcly to pursue and be pursued,
rived from the love, or attachment, which a necessarily required an elongation of ground
master bears towards a horse that has carried from the centre, and resulted in producing an
oval instead of a circular form. Amphithcatres
oil‘ the palm of victory at the Circcnsian games;
or is used to denote the noble nature of that were peculiar to the Romans: they were un
animal. known to the Greeks. These buildings were not
A.\l()RES.—Two Inves, or Cnpids, drawing covered in; but during grand displays, an
Venus in a chariot, appear on a dcnarins of the awning was occasionally stretched across from
Julia famil_v—cngraved in i\Ior¢.-ll. (TB. i. fig. 4.) the top to screen the spectators from the intense
AMOR MVT\"\'S AVGG. (,ln_r/u.s'l0rmu).— heat of the sun's rays. The arena was sur
Mutual atfection of the Emperors.-—-Two right rounded with dcns (carcerca), in which were
hands joined. This legend and type appear on confined the ferocious animals destined for the
large sized silver of Balbinus and of Pupienns, different fights. Immediately above these dcns,
who were the first two emperors elected to reign there was a gallery running round the whole
with precisely equal rights.—For an example of arena and in which the most distinguished per
two right hands joined, see lllusri/lia gens, and sons took their respcctive places. Behind this
unasxivtvs 1-:'ruvscvs.—Sec also Ilandsjni/zed. gallery, the seats or steps rose in gradation to
AMPlll.\'().\ll7S and AN.-\PlS (or Jnapias), the summit. The lower tiers were for people of
two brothers, of Sicily, respecting whom it is rank ; the others were appropriated to the lower
related that they saved their parents, at the classes. The exterior of an amphitheatre was
peril of their own lives, from the flames of Etna, divided into stories, each ornamented with
at the moment when an eruption of that volcano arcades, columns, and pilasters, in greater or
threatened their immediate destruction. This less number, and sometimes with statues. Be
was a favourite subject with the ancients, in sides the circular rows of steps which served for
symbolising filial piety; and is often represented seats, inside, there were also some which, in the
on Greek coins of Catana (Catania), where this form and for the purposes of staircases, inter
noble action is alleged to have been performed. sected the others from the ground to the highest
Of these two Sicilian brothers, types of that part of the structure. These formed the baltei,
devoted lovc, which is ever cherished by good or belts. The portals of the vaulted avenues,
children towards the earthly authors of their through which the amphitheatre was entered,
being, Cornelius Semrua, alluding to Mount were called vnmilaria. The successive rows,
Etna, thus expresses himself :— comprised within two staircases, bore the name
of cl/nei ; because the most elevated steps were
Ampbinonnrfralerqne pare: rub muncreforler, broader than those which were nearer the arena,
Cwnjana ricini: alrqn.-rzul incemlia In-lie,
Accipiunl pignunquepalrem, nmlremque senilem.
the whole presenting the form of a wedge.
A,\lPHITlIE.~\'l'RUl\1 F/aviammz, vel Tili.
“ Amphinomus and his brother, both equally —Of the four nmphitheatres of Rome, whose
courageous in the performance of e duty, whilst ruins are still to be seen, or Whose memory is
the flames murmured their threats against the at all preserved, that of Titus, denominated
neighbouring houses, rescue their decrepid father, in his days the Colossacum, now called the
and their aged mother.” Calzlmtnr, is the most remarkable. This build
On a Wt'll known denarius of Pompeius Mag ing, of superb architectural design and of vast
nus, struck in reference to his dimensions, was commenced A. D. 77, by Ves
naval command, and to his pasian; and was finished and dedicated by his
victories over the pirates on son and successor Titus, during A. U. c. 823
the coasts of Sicily and of (A. D. 80). The same year a coin was minted,
Italy, this popular legend is in large brass, having for the legend of its ob
_, 1- <_
Cl-\
l I~;\l£"Y'[lXF3/at clearly alluded to, by n typifi vers-e—Ii\lI’rrnIor Titus CAESar \'ESPasiv/nu.r
cation, in which Neptune AITG1z.rI1u Ponlf/'0: l\Ia.n'm11.r 'FRI6urziria Poles
forms the centre of a group; whilst on cnch side Iale Pater Pal:-in’ COnSul VIII. (The Emperor
of him is a naked young man, carrying on his Titus Caesar Vespasian, the August, Sovereign
shoulders an aged figure, clothed. It is thus Poutilf, enjoying the Tribunitian power, Father
that on Roman coins, after the example of the of the country, Consul for the eighth time.)
Greek, Amphinonius and Anapis are seen res Head of Titus lnurented.
cuing their father and mother from the perils of On the reverse (without epigraph) is the
the'burnin'.z mountain.—Sce PRAILP. CLAS. I-IT Flavian Any:/zit/Iralre, originally so called in
ease. u.uur.—-The above is engraved from the honour of \'espasiau’s family name.
G
42 A;\ll’lll't‘HEATRL'l\I. AMPIIITIIE.-\'l‘Rt'M.
The type is markul with its proper number of To commemorate the building of this stu
stories or arcades; and from the open top it is pendous monument, the Senate, it appears,
caused two coins to be struck, namely, the one
above described, which was minted in 'I‘itus's
life-time; and another first brass, a short time
aficr his death (A. D. 81), with the following
legend on the obverse: viz., o|vo_ AVG. 1'. mvr.
v1:se.\su.v. s. c. on the cxergue. Titus scat
cd on spoils of war.—0n the reverse, without
epigraph, the amphitheatre, ornamented with
statues.
The same reverse occurs again on a large
brass of Domitian, with s. c.—'I'he legend on
the side of the head, is cu-1s. DIVI. vase. P.
DOMITIANVS. cos. v'II.—\’espa.sian, indeed, as
has already been observed, began the construction
seen to be filled with people, whose heads appear of this amphitheatre, but his eldest son Titus
in the uppemiost rows. On the right and left finished and dedicated it. It was on the opening
of the amphitheatre, as represented on this very of the Colossu-um, that besides more than the
rare coin, are what were meant for “the usual display of gladiatorial homicides, he gave
Mela Sudmzs and the Domua Arlrea, as it shews of wild beasts of every kind. Of these
was actually situated,” observes Capt. Smyth, in one day 5000, according to Suetonius, (9000
in some instnictivc remarks on his own speci according to Dion) were slaughtered to please the
men of this most interesting reverse. The carnage-loving populace of Rome. After this
edifice itself is of an elliptical form; covers a. “])m>lium navale” was given in the old nau
nearly six acres of ground; and it was said to mac/zia (or place for representing sea fights)
be capable of containing 70,000 spectators; but where water W9,s conducted into the interior of
(adds the accurate writer above-named) “ in a the building, and the extraordinary sight of (no
troublesome process of admeasuremcnt, I could sham but) a real engagement exhibited between
not make it contain more than 50,000."— opposing squadrons of gallies, took place, at
Martial, who witnessed it in the integrity of its great cost of human life and of the public money,
vast dimensions, thus eucomiastically speaks this cruel and extravagant sacrifice having been
of it. allowed to occupy the protracted space of one
Onmi: Cmmreo cada! labor Ampfii//iealra, himdrcd days!
Unum pro cunciia Fania loqualur qua. “ 'l‘o say nothing of so demoralizing a loss of
[“Let every laborious cntcrprize yield the palm time, these unintcllcctual pleasures of a. half
to this Amphitheatre of Caesar; and Fame, neg starved mob must have cost more than three
lecting all others, blazon henceforth this one millions sterling, including the structure. When
achieve-ment.”] (observes Capt. Sinyth) I wandered over this
Of this colossal structure snch is the solidity, scene of guilt, I could not but regard it as a
that it would, even to this period, have re costly monument of prodigal folly and savage
mained almost entire, if the spoliative barbarism sensuality. Moreover, from the haste with
of more modern times had not, to a great extent, which it was run up, there are numerous archi
despoilcd it of materials for the purpose of build tectural eye-sores, which with its cumbrous attic,
ing therewith both public and private edifices. render it very inferior in design to the elegant
(Kolb, i. 133).-—“In using the expression, that amphitheatre at Poln, in lstria."
to build this work Titus ‘turned from their Several other emperors were careful to bestow
course rivers of gold,’ Cassiodorus (observes restorations on this most inagniticent of all
Eckhcl) must not be considered to have spoken public structures. Antoninns repaired it. Ela
hyperbolically ; for Barthélemy and P. Jacquier, gabulus set about re-establishing it after the in
after taking the admcasurcment, and making juries which it had sustained from the violence
their calculations, concluded that the walls of its of a tempest, in the reign of .\Iacrinus. What
enclosure alone would cost, in our days, nearly Elsgubalus began was completed by his successor,
seventeen millions of francs (about £673,000 Alexander Severus; on which account the type
sterling.) of the same building appears on the reverse of a
So important was it (adds the illustrious first brass (engraved in llavercamp, lllzi/{ail/er
author of Duelrina) to lavish immense wealth, zle C/erislirm, "ma. xxxiii.), also a silver coin with
in order that a people, already athirst for the amphitheatre and five figures, all struck
monstrous pleasures, should be supplied with a under the latter prince, with the epigraph of
fitting theatre, in which (as Arnobius complains) P. M. TR. P. 1|. cos. P. P.—Onc of the brass
they might look on at human beings, delivered medallions of Gordiauus Pius also bears a re
up to and torn in pieces by wild beasts; and kill presentation of the Coldssmum, with columns
ing each other for no other reason than the and statues, and a legend apparently denoting
gratification of the spectators; and where they that the edifice had undergone reparations under
might spend in general dissipation, and fcstal his reign. In the arena is seen a bull and an
hilarity, those very days on which such atrocities elephant fighting, the emperor being in the midst
were perpetrated.-(vi. 358.) of the spectators.-See HUNIFICENTIA oonmsst.
 AMPLIATORI. ANASTASTUS. 43
Many coins with Vcspasinn’s name and por as far as X. occurs; and in those of the colony
trait and this amphitheatre for the reverse type of Viminacium, AN. I. to xvi. are read, 8w.
“ are exposed for sale now a days (says Eekhcl), See Rasche’s Lexicon.
but lfiey are all .rpurinu.s." AN. XV. PR. H. 0. C. S.——A horseman, or
AMPLIATORI CIVIVM. (To the augmentor equestrian statue, with spear and trophy on his
[or cnlargzr] of citizens.) S. P. Q. R. within a shoulder. On the exergue, M. u:r1nvs.—Scc
laurel garland. Respecting this unique appella 1Enn.i.\ gens, p. 14 of this work.
tion, and the coin on which it appears, some ANADEMA, a fillet worn as part of the head
ditference of opinion has been exprcsscd.—Span dress by Roman ladies. On coins of Sabina
heim, who was the first to publish it, in a note Hadriani, we see the portrait of that empress
to his translation of the Czcsars of Julian, and bound by an auadema, and hanging at the back
who gives an engraving of it, pronounces it to be of her neck. This club-fashioned coifl'ure also
of genuine antiquity, and unhesitatingly ascribes appears in the mednllic portraitures of Antonia,
it to Antoninns Pius. The legend of the head, and the Agrippinas.—Smyth.
it is to observed, is ANTONINVS no. rrvs. P. P. ANASTASlUS I. Emperor of the East, was
'ra. P. cos. m.—lt was found some years pre born at Dyrrhachium, in lllyria, of obscure
vions to 1683, with several other Roman coins, parentage, (A.D. 430.) Simply an ofliccr of the
by workmen employed on the fortifications of imperial household, he succeeded, after the Em
Bonn, near Cologne ; and the eminent author of peror Zeno’s death, to the Byzantine throne;
"Diuertalione.v de usu numi.m|.” atfirms that he and married Ariadne, the widow of his patron
“had scen it with his own eyes.”—- Spanhcim and predecessor, (A. 1). 491). Anastasius died
moreover observes, that Antoninus Pius was suddenly, having, as it was afiirmcd, been struck
worthy above all others to be denominated Am by lightning, A. n. 518.
plialor Civium, inasmuch as he had granted the On his coins, which are in general common
right of citizenship (jua civitatis) to all the in gold, brass medallions, and lst, 2nd, and
inhabitants of the Roman empire.— Eckhcl 3rd brass, he is styled 1). N. AN.\S'l‘ASI\'S P.
(vii. p. 12) on the other hand treats the argu P. avo. or IMP. ANASTASIV8 P. P. AVG.—llis
mcnt of Spanheim as one more erudite than silver are rare, especially those in which his
lucid, and remarks that “other writers, influ name is associated on the same coin with that of
enced doubtless by a passage from Dion, have Theodoricus, King of the Ostrogoths, and with
with great semblance of truth, ascribed to Cura the name of Baduila, the king of some other
calla, the act of conferring this privilege on the barbarous nation.—Sce Akcrmnn. ii. p. 386.
whole Roman world, seeing that he also bore the AN. B. or ANT. B.——.lu/for/u'<e qflirina
appellation of .-\ntoninns.” Nevertheless, after 0ec1mda.—CoiI|ngc of the second monctal ollice,
referring to the compendium of Valcsius and F - or mint, at Antioch, in Syria—-where there
bricins, for a note on these words of Dion, Eckhel were very many ofliccs belonging to the mint
concludes with making the following admission: masters, w uperintcndcd the striking of the
“But after all, Antoninns Pius might, on various money, or we otherwise employed in the public
accounts, have been styled Amplialori Civium, mint.
especially since, after the munificent example of AN.-\GNIA, a city in Latium, now Jluly/us,
Trajan, he made provision for the children of in the States of the Church.—-‘\Iark Antony,
Italy." (iii. 12.)—'l‘he coin being universally during his triumvirntc, had a mint for striking
allowed to bc genuine, it may indeed seem coins in his own name, at this place.—Sce Eek
strange that any question should have been hel‘s remarks on coins of Roman dic, minted
raised as to which Antoninus this singular epi extra Urbmn, vol. v. 68.
graph belongs. Certainly, the mind revolts at ANCHISES, aTrojnn prince, of the family
the bare idea of transferring such an honourable of Priam, who, according to the poets and
designation from the mild and beneficent suc mythologists, secretly married Venus; and she
cessor of Hadrian to the tyrant son of Severus. bore to him /Eueas, on the banks of the Simois.
Still, it is not to be overlooked, that the same After the siege of Troy, his escape from that
mcndacious spirit of servile adulation, which devoted city is described to have been attended
pretended to recognise another Antonina I/te with great difficulty, on account of his extreme
Pious, in the person of Caracalln the fratricide, old age. The representation of Anehiscs car
was not likely to deem it too great a stretch of ried on the shoulders of his son, appears on de
monetal flattery, if it complimented this trucu narii of the ('(rr'iIia, Hr-rennia, and Julia fami
lent despot, on his having enlarged the number lies: also on coins of Julius Cmsar, when Dicta
of Roman eitizens.——lt only remains to add, as tor.—Sce 11;‘/rm Pirfrra, p. 27 of this work.
snflicicntly conclusive on the point of accurate ANCIENT COl.\'S.—By the term anrient
appropriation, that hlionnct and Akerman concur are meant all coins preceding the 9th century,
in placing AMPIJATOHI clvrvn among the lcgcnds or the age of Charlemagne; and by mar/ern all
of brass medallions, minted under Antoninus posterior to that period. (l’inkerton.)—'l‘he
Pius (not Caracalln.) most ancient coins of the Romans are those
A.\". Annu.r.——'l'he Latin letters AN. with stamped with the image of the ox, the sow, and
the numeral letter or letters nddcd, on certain the sheep; the double-headed Janus, the rar
colonial coins, denote the year in which the trum or beak of a ship, or the forcnmst halt‘ of
colony was planted or sent out (dm1ucln..)— a ship, ra!i.r. Hence the coin was cnllcd rufilu.t.
Thus in the coins of the Dacian province AN. r. ———B<'lsche.
G2
44 ANCUS.—A. N. F. F. ANXUS.
ANCHOR (Ancorn).—'I'his well-known nau ntion are to be interpreted. Good wishes for
tical instrument, with which the personification the well-being of a prince were customarily ex
of Hope is now-a-days painted, is not found to pressed at the beginning of the year, namely, on
he amongst her attributes on ancient coins.— the third of the noncs of January. [See the
But the type of Annona has it on a mcdnl of treatise D1: J\'umi.r vorouun, in Duct. Nam.
Alexander Severus.—The figure of Asia bears it Vrl. vol. viii.] The other new year was a day
on a large brass of Antoninus [see the engrav held sacred by the E]Il])€l‘0l‘5, as the one on
ing.]—A riz=er_1,'0d, seated on the ground, holds which they commenced their reigns, being also
it in the right hand, on gold and silver of Ha called the natal day of the empire (dies mzlalis
drian.—L¢elitia sustains it in the same manner, 1'///pt-rii). And iudced, it is in this sense that
as probably indicating stability, on coins of Seneca, in his satiric-ul work entitled J;»orolu
G-allieuus, Tetricus father and son, Florianus, 01/azlmsis, calls the third of the ides of October,
Carausius, and othcrs.—The goddess of health on which Claudius died, and Nero begun to
(Salua) also appears with it, as in the instance reign, “the new year, and the beginning of a
of Tetricus senior and jnnior.—'l'he mu:/mr is most happy period" (IZIHZUIII norum, initium
likewise seen behind the helmeted head of Rome, swell/i_/'v/icissizzii). As, however, on the return
on denarii of the Julia and Jlluuidia families, of both these new years, prayers were offered for
as given in Morel; and these so united denote the welfare of the Emperor, it is diflicult to
(says Have!-camp) that such coins were struck decide which of the two should be understood on
at the expense of [the commander of] some ex these coins; nor would the decision avail towards
peditionary flcct.—There is a naval trophy, with their illustration.”
am‘/tor and trident, on a dcnarius of the Fumpeia 'l‘hus leaving this point as much in doubt as he
family, and on a coin of the Sulpicia family is found it, Eckhcl (vi. 509) next rcfcrs to Haver
another naval trophy, with oar, anchor, acros camp; but it is only to expose the absurdity of
tolium, prow. and two captives. (See Morel]. that writcr‘s attempt to explain the legend of
1%e.rnur.)—An anc/lor with a dolphin wound this coin, \"iz., S. P. R. An//0 l\'u(a!i (i. e.
round it, forms the reverse type of a dcuarius of l/'rb1;i) l-‘irri Fe-cit orruuo PnINc1Pi.—Now what
the Emperor 'l‘itus.—See Dolp/lin——also Poznpeia was the natal day (If I/ze oily? Surely no
ANCUS MARCIUS, fourth King of Rome; other than that on which Romulus is said to have
g ens.
founded it. To accept the interpretation of
grandson of Numa Pompilius, and immediate Havcrcamp, therefore, would be to concur in
successor to Tullus Hostilius. Ancns was the supposing that these coins were dedicated by
son of Marcius, chief pontiff under Numa, and the Senate to Hadrian nearly nine hundred years
of Pompiliu, N uma’s daughter. He was a brave before! “ No doubt,” adds the author of Doc
and victorious warrior; revived the ceremonies tri/ur, “ this writer on many subjet-ts—this poly
for sacred worship which Numa instituted, but _1/ru];/l—so learned on all other points, has in the
which had been neglected, and di ueh for the present instance mct the fate of those who cat
embellishment, the health, and e security of of many dishes (1)0/_y1:/1,11;/w), and digest imper
Rome. His reign is said to have lasted 2-L years, fectly.”—lt is with this sarcasm on the con
during which the town of Ostia, at the mouth jcctiuul propensities of his erudite, but not al
of the Tiber, was founded, and became the sea ways judicious, predecessor in the devious paths
port of Rome. of iuunismatic criticism, that Eekhel concludes
ANGUS, and ANCUS MARCI.—-See Marcia his own inconclusive remarks on the point in
gens—also Numa. qucstion—a point on which, from what Capt.
ANDRISCUS, King of the Macedonians, con Smyth aptly culls “the vexatious ambiguity of
quered by Mete1lus.—See Cmci/ia. abbreviations,” doubt is still left as to the new
A. N. F. F.—A2mum Noimm, Fa:/alurn HH year in this instance meant——-whether from the
cem.—The wish of a happy and prosperous new founding of the city, the birth-day of the Em
year tendered for the Ernpcror.—()n a large peror or that of the knlends of January.—The
brass of Hadrian we read s. P. Q. n. A. N. P. r. S. C. is omitted from this large brass medal, the
oP'rIMo PRINCIPI (or HADRIANO AVG. P. P.), s. P. Q. R. being equally the stamp of senatorial
within a laurel garland.—Semztu.r Popillnsque authority.
Romanus, Jnnurn Nov:/m 1"rl1z.r!!t1Il Felicem Op ANN US NOVUS.—Thc famous marble of
limo Prinripi [i. e. adpremf/zr.] Narbonnc confirms the fact, that from at least
This legend is the acclunmlion, by which the the age of Augustus, the ceremony of benedic
Roman Senate and people presaged for Hadrian tion, or of well wishing (bane? precandi), took
a prosperous and happy new year. “ But there place on the commencement of a new year.
was in the case of the Emperors a double new And we learn, that during the kalends of Janu
year annually. The first of these was the one ary, thcre was the greatest eagerness, among
common to all classes, viz., on the (lalends of the Romans, in proll'erin;_r mutual good wishes
January, on which small prcscnts called atrrnre for each other’s health and pr0spei‘il_\', with the
were usually sent from one house to another, most studied forms of expression. Nothing was
often inscribed with these words in full— more the object of solicitude with them, than,
ANNVM. NOVVM. ravsrvn. PELICEM. as we are on that good day, to say and do kind things,
told by Fnbretti. And this form of inscription and to avoid all untoward speeches and actions.
furnishes us with the manner in which the Accordingly Ovid (Fa.vl0r1un, lib. i.) thus sings,
initial letters on the coins now under consider as out of the mouth of Janus :—
 ANCILIA. ANCILIA. 45
Omina priucipiil, inqvil, inns: solenf, ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS rrvs, and the laureated
Tnrpla palmt, aureaque Dada, nee linyua caducu head of the emperor. Struck A. D. 140.
Calcipil ulla prcccs, dicta//ue pondmv lmbelll. The forms of these “sacred bucklers,” as
[Omcus, says he, are wont to shew thera represented on coins, and also on gems, do not
selves at the beginning of a new year. The exactly correspond either with each other, or
temples are open, and so are the ears of the nith the descriptions which are given of them
gods; nor does any tongue utter prayers, which " in ancient writers. It
are likely to fail, but every thing uttered has its will be observed that
weight] the ancile, delineated
Since, then (observes Raschc), at the begin I on the denarius of P.
ning of a year, every one wished and endea STOLO (sce foregoing
voured to promote happiness to himself and ' cut), is an oblong
friends; it is surely not surprising to find the shield, divided into
Roman people at large invoking prosperity and three smaller shields,
happiness for the reigning prince, on marble
Anctuin the central an oval
tablets and on medals. “ one, which has a thun
der-bolt figured on it, and it is narrower than
ANCILI.-\—Bnclrlers, or shields, so deno
the other two; so that each of the ends projects
minated because they were cut sloping on each
beyond the middle compartment. An inspection
side. The Romans pre of this type renders intelligible the expression
tcndcd that one had fallen_
of Fcstns (in Miunurius), that the buclrler in
from heaven during a pla question “was cut out on both sides, so that the
gue which had dcsolated
their city, in the reign of top and bottom spread out from the centre; and
Numa; and this miracul
also agrees with Plutarch’s remark, that “it was
ous present having stayed partly cutout in a curved line like an escallop
the pestilence, the arus shell, and did not present a continuous circum
pices declared that the em ference like the shield called pclta.” On the other
pire of the world was destined for the people, hand, the central bucklcra of the two am-ilia
by whom this bnclcler should be prcserved.—— typified on the coin of Antoninus Pins, are
Nnma, who so well knew the art of making nearly as broad as those at the upper and lower
superstition conduce to political advantages, or ends, each buckle!" appearing to resemble an
dared several other shields to be made in exact oval shield in the centre, with very small rods,
radiating at each extremity, and terminating in a
resemblance to this heaven-descended one, lest
so precious a gifi should be purloined; and he semi-circular form.
It must not be omitted to be noticed, that
deposited the whole in the temple of Mars.
From that sanctuary they were taken when war there is a gem in the Museum Flarenlimzm,
was declared. And twelve priests, called Salii, which represents two of the Salii veiled in the
Gabinian fashion, and bearing, on their shoul
to whose care they were confided, bore thcm, on
stated days, in procession about the public places
ders, six bucklers suspended from a polc.—In
and streets of Rome. lt is this which they the 1)icti0nar_1/ qf Greek and Roman 1lnl1'yui
called mocere ancilia, and it was a bad augury tier, edited by Dr. W. Smith, an engraving from
this ancient relic is given (p. 47), to which the
to go into the country before they were replaced,
reader is referred. And, if the form of the
as Suctonius explains by these words :—Sed et
molrlr, necdum condilis ANCILIBVS.
shields, as copied from the antique gem, be com
pared with what appears on either of the two
On dcnarii of P. Stolo, of the Licinia
coins of Augustus and Antoninus (cuts of
farnily—one of the moneycrs of Augustus, is u
which are here respectively presented), it will
reverse type of the arwilia, between which is
be seen that, whilst a general resemblance to
the apex, or cap. of one of the Salii, with the
inscription P. srono. ur. VIR. (an engraving of each other prevails in the shields on the coins,
the shields represented on the gem, and de
which is given above).—The obverse of this
scribed as six ancilin borne by Salii, are, in their
silver coin bears the legend of avovsrvs TR.
contour and adornments, equally dissimilar to
Pm". and an equestrian statue of that emperor, those associated with the word ANCILIA, and to
to whose honour (about A. D. 23), the statue Was
those which form so conspicuous a feature in
erected. It was in the month of March, when
the twelve Salian priests celebrated their rites, the reverse type of the denarins, struck by the
which consisted chiefly in carrying the sacred monetary irr. via. P. (Liciniua) sroLo.—Yet,
bucklers in the left hand, leaping, and striking knowing the superior degree of attention paid
by the Roman mint of the early and middle
in cadence on them, with a javelin, or rod, which
empire, to matters of dclineative likeness, where
they held in their right. This ceremony always
is the numismatist, that would not, as evidence
finished with superb banquets, called Saliares
to accuracy, prefer the die-sinker’s type to the
Gen(e.—Sce Apez. lapidary’s design ?—Sec Clipemr.
ANCILIA. I.\IPER;\TOR. II. S. C.—On Since the history of Antoninus supplies no in
the reverse of a middle brass of Antoninus formation, it is left to be conjectured, that this
Pius, we sec this legend, accompanied by a type, from its connection with the word ancilia,
type, which represents two of the Ancilian was selected by the mint-masters, to gratify Aure
shields. The legend and type of thc obverse are lius Caesar, his adopted son. On this point, Capi
46 ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. ANN. DCCCLXXIIII.
tolinus says, “ Hadrian caused him to be ad type of both represents a female seated at the
mitted of the Salian college in his eighth year. base of three obelisks, or meta’, (the gold coin
While enjoying this saccrdotal dignity, he was exhibits only one) which she embraces with her
favoured with the omen of sovereignty. When left arm, whilst she holds a wheel resting on
the assembled people, as was customary, threw her right knee.—The legend of the obverse is
garlands upon the banquctting couches, some IMP. cans. nsnaumvs. ave. cos. m.—The
fell in one place, some in another; while, on year 874 from the foundation of Rome agrees
the head of Aurelius, one was fixed as by the with the year 121 of the Christian aara.
hand of Mars. In the Salian priesthood, he
was president (prazsul), seer (vatcs), and master
(magister)= he performed frequently the cere
mony of inauguration into oflice, and also that
of deprivation without a prompter, as he had
himself learned by heart all the forms.”
It was the duty of the Salii (as has already
been stated), both to remove the ancilia, and to
restore them to their place of safety. To ac
countsome
that for this type,solemnityleonnected
peculiar we may perhaps conclude,
with the
ancilia, was going forward about this time, the
honour of which was directed to both the Anto Had it not been for the inconvenient practice,
nincs—to Marcus, as the President of the Order, adopted by the Romans in the inscriptions of
and to Pius Augustus, as the Pontifex Maximus. their marbles, as well as in the legends of their
Besides, another reason for placing, on the coin coins, of abbrcvinting a whole word into a
of Autoninns, the very name as well as the form single initial, there would be scarcely a pre
of these sacred bucklers, is to be found in the tence, and certainly no reasonable ground, for
well-known attachment and veneration of that the conflicting interpretations so pertinaciously
emperor for the antiquities and traditions of the given to the legend, on this interesting coin, in
cit_v.——See Eckhel, vii. p. 13. consequence of the very opposite meanings at
ANIMA—the soul, or spirit.—On a large tached, by different learned writers, to the let
brass of Antoninus Pius, with reverse legend of ter P.—l3ut on the contrary, what surrounds
COXSECRATIO. s. 0., a cowering eagle is stand the device would have been as free from per
ing on a globe, emblematical of the zmirna of that plexity or doubt as is the device itself; which
prince soaring to take its seat in the celestial evidently serves to record a particular anniver
regions. Conformably to the professed belief, sary of Rome's foundation day, celebrated with
involved in the Roman ceremony of CONSECRA more than usual splendour by the addition of
TION, the spirit of Marcus Aurelius is typified circcnsian chariot-races.
on a coin (large brass) of that emperor, as Vaillant renders the P. by populo; and reads,
carried on an eagle to its place amongst the Anna 874.-, nalalz urbis Populo (lircenses mn
stars.—An eagle is also seen on a consecration cesssil. That is to say, Hadrian had given I0
medal of the younger Faustino, conveying the the People the spectacle of Games in the Circus
soul of that empress to heavcn.—“ It was the at Rome, on the 87-ith anniversary of the City’s
custom of the Romans, says Spanheim (v. Czesars foundution.—In this reading he is followed by
dc Julien, p. 17), to represent the emperors, Havercamp, who nevertheless, strange to say,
and their wives, home to the skies, on eagles, has allowed Bartoli, in engraving from Queen
or on peacocks, or on the wings of Victory.” Ch.ristina’s specimen, to leave out the ques
ANIMALS _fi_r/ured on Military 1'l'n.ri_r/n.r.— tionable letter, when copying the legend of the
It was the practice of the Romans to distinguish large bross.—Pl¢-bei is adopted by Hardouin.
the different Legions of their armies, not only —Fogginns confidently suggests Publiri.—On
by their number, but also by the representation the other hand, rejecting these interpretations,
of various animals, on their standards. Thus, Bimard de la Bastie, in his notes on Jobert,
on coins of Gallienus, besides the images of Nep (vol. ii., p. 181), atlirnis the initial P. to stand
tune, hlincrva, Mars, and other divinitics, we for Primum. And, as usual with that truly judi
see the figure of a wild boar appropriated to cious uumismatist of the elder school, he sup
Leo. I. Iran. vi. r. vi. ?.—T/ze muff and flze ports his views on the point in dispute, with
two infzmfr to LEG. n.—A crane to Lao. I[I.—— so much acutcncss and force, that we are in
A lion to LEG. nu.—An eagle to Lao. v. and duced to subjoin the principal passage of his
vr.—A bull or 0.: to Leo. v1|., VIIL, and x.— argument, clothed in an English dress :—
Also, among other fabulous animals, a Capri “ To me it appears evident that by these
corn (or sea goat) is the distinctive figure on the medals of Hadrian, it was intended to preserve
ensigns of the lst, ldth, and 22nd Legions: a the remembrance of a new Institution formed
Pe_//nous and u Ceulaur, on those of the 2nd during his reign, in honour of the Birth of the
Legion, &c.—Raschc. City of Rome, and to mark its precise cpocha.
ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. NAT. VRB. P. CIR. Before this Emperor’s time, the people had neg
CON.—'I'his unique historical legend is found lected to celebrate annually the foundation of
on the reverse of a gold coin, and also of a large Rome, with the solcmnities which the day seem
brass, of Hadrian (the latter with S. C.) The t ed to merit. It was honoured only as the fes
 ANN. DCCCLXXIIII.
tival of the Goddess Palm, and was known
under no other name than Parilia, or 1’ali1ia.—
Nothing distinguished it from the most common
festivals. In an ancient calendar (published by
Grater, crxxiii.) we rend, on the 21st April,
PAR. N.P. Parilia Nrgfaatuc Primo; that is to was paid to that point, and they are seen marked
say, that it was only during the first part of the in that published by the Jesuit Fathers Pctau
day, that the Tribunal of the Pnctor was shut,
and that he began again to administer justice in abridged words N. van c. M. xxim. that is to
the afternoon. Ovid, in his Faati (L. iv. v.
Till to S62), gives a long description of the
sacrifices performed by the people in honour of
Palea, on the day of her festival. He after
wards spcaks of the anniversary of the founda
tion of Rome, which would occur on the same
day; but he docs not tell ns that solemn sacri
fices were made, and still less that public games
wcrc celebrated, on that occasion. In a word,
up to the time of Hadrian, no monument, no —[In the year eight hundred and seventy-four,
author, is found to make mention of any games the Games of the Circus were for the first time
of the Circus, as celebrated to honour the
anniversary of the foundation of Rome.”—'l'he
Baron Bimard then undertakes to expose the
false, and to shew the true, reading of n passage
in Dion Cassius ; and from the facts so corrected,
combined with the negative evidence of Ovid,
who wrote under Augustus, and of Gruter’s
calendar engraved in the time of Caligula and
Claudius, he regards it as certain, that until
the reign of Hadrian, the anniversary of Rome's
foundation was marked, neither by a solemn
festival, nor by public games. But this Prince,
considering it to be a worthy and suitable act,
to distinguish so remarkable a day, by public
testimonies of vencration and rejoicing, caused a
temple to be built in Rome itself, dedicated to
the City of Rome, as had already been done
in the provinces. He moreover changed the
name of Parilia, which had been given to the
foundation-day, to that of Rmnana: and ordered
that, for the future, it should be accompanied by
public feasts and entertainments [as one of the
principal Ferire or holidays of the Romans] This
liict, adds Bimard, we learn from Athenscns,
who says, that on a subsequent celebration of this
anniversary, whilst his Dipnosophists were at
tahlc, the whole city resoundcd on a sudden
with the music of flutes and of cymbals, mingled
with the voices of singers.
“It appears, therefore, that lladrian created
a new establishment for the better celebration
of an event no less interesting than that of
founding the capital of the world.——Buona
rotti, whose notice the passage in Athenzcns
had not escapfll, is of opinion, that the superb
tr-mple which the same emperor raised to the
Genius of the City, and of which Spnrtianus
makes mention, is represented on one of his
medallions. (fice Os;/'rv. Sopr. 1/edagl. Anl.
p. l'i.)——Besides building this temple, Hadrian
instituted public sliews and banquets. Nor, as
Juvenal concisely but expressly assures us, was
there an_\1hing which the Roman people then
more <~.\u"rl_\' desired than (pancm ct circcnscs)
the Kil)lL‘5 of bread and the courses of the circus.
lladrinn took care to ordain that this spectacle
should always make part of the festival annually
ANN. DCCCLYXIIII. 47
celebrated in honour of the foundation of Rome.
It has been shown that there were no eircen
sian games marked against the day of the city’s
foundation, in the Roman calendars anterior to
the reign of Hadrian; but after him attention
and Bucher, under the designation of these
say, Natali urbia Circcluer J[i.r.ru.r, 24. It
is the epocha of the first institution of thcse
annual games, or contests, the recollection of
which the medals before us were designed to
preserve." And for this reason (says Biniard,
in conclusion), “ I think that the legend ought to
be read thus =
ANNo DCCCLXXIIII NA'l‘aIi VRBis. Pri
mum. Clltceizaes. CON'stiluti. Senalua Consullo.
instituted (to be given or celebrated) on the au
niversary day of the eity’s foundation—the day
on which the festival of Parilia was held.]—The
letter P. which I explain by Primum, can make
no diflicnlty in this case; for the same letter
is found standing by itself for Prima, on the
[Latin] colonial medals of Cmsnrea, in Palestine,
struck under Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Diadu
menianus, Elagnbalus, Alex. Severus, and Tra
jan Dccius. (See Vaillant, Colon. i. and ii.)—
And the sense in which this legend is to he
taken, according to my explanation, seems to
mo snfliciently shewn, by every thing which I
have adduced respecting the institution of the
Games of the Circus by Hadrian.”
Eekhel, in his commentary on this legend,
observes, that Bimard’s interpretation of it, if
not clearly the correct one (plane certa), ap
pears prefcrable to the others. But still, he oh
serves, “the controversy cannot be pronounced
as set at rest, until we shall become surer of the
true signification of the letter P. which is sus
eeptible of such various explanations.”
Dr. Cardwcll regards the interpretation of the
word Primum as plausible; but adds, “ to me
it appears the best method to retain the word
Populo, as suggested by Vnillant ; a. word which
is constantly denoted on coins by the single
letter P. and to make the inscription refer in the
same restricted manner to the Circenses granted
to the people, for the first time, on that occa
sion of holding the Parilia.” But the Learned
Doctor’s previously avowed impression seems to
be the better founded of the two, viz., that in
which he treats the conjecture of Vaillant fpopuln
circenses com-e.r.ri) as “opposed to the well
known fact, that the games of the circus had
long been familiar to the Romans, and could not,
without extreme absurdity, be said to have been
established by Hadrian." Indeed, so frequent
was the celebration of those games, that, as
Bimard says, on nc .1¢per.ruad¢-ra par ai.re'mmzI,
qua le sulwmir (Fun 0'00’/mmrnt ri ordi/min-,
aft rnérilé d ’e'lre cazwervé cur Ia Jloimql/e pub
/ir ue.
]'l‘hese two coins (Jar. ct 1E. I.) are, says
Eckhel (vi. 511), the only ones on which is
48 ANNIA. ANNONA.
inscribed the epoeha from the building of Rome, Corinth, which Morel classes with this family,
an epochs so sacred and so venerated throughout and which exhibits on its reverse Venus Jlarina,
the empire, and which Latin writers frequently in a car, drawn by a triton and a ncreid.—It is
used in dating years. But neither, he adds, did noticed also by Vaillaut. See Carin!/I.
it oftcuer appear on marbles. Only one is men ANNI\'ERSARY—the 1000th of Ron1e.——
tioned by Fabretti, viz, Excr-:ssi'r. ANNO vnms. Scc sm.I.1A1u\'M SAE(‘\'L\’M.
CONDITAE. ncccxcvn. ANXO I. ll. &c.—lt was under Justinus the
ANN. P. M. TR. P. X. IMP. VII. COS. IIII. First (A. D. 518), that the custom began of in
P. P.——A woman standing, with a little image scribing the years of an Emperor’s reign on his
in her right and a cornucopia: in her left hand: brass coinage, especially those of the largest
at her feet on one side a mndiua, with corn ears, size. (See Eckhel’s Treatise on Coins of the
and on the other a ship, with two rowers. The Lower Empire, vol. viii.)-—On the reverse of
ANN. in this legend is an abbreviation of An a first brass of Just-inus l. Emperor of the
nona, the type personifying the Goddess, with East, we read AN.\'O Pnmo, and in the midst of
her attributes of the galley and the corn mea the field X. P.—(Banduri.)—On s brass medal
sure. In giving this, as a silver coin of Com lion of Justinus II. (A. D. 565) the reverse pre
modus, Khell (p. 94) observes that, “ though sents-— A 1'
historians assign the great famine to the ycar of N X x
Rome 941 (A. n. 188), yet the ship represented N
on the present reverse, shews a similar calamity 0 M A
to have happened in 937 (184-), that being a B.
sign of anummr, or importations of corn, from On a second brass of the same Emperor we
some quarter, for the relief of the population."— rcad— A 1- v
See below, Ammzm. N
ANNI QUATUOR TEMPESTATES.——The N K
four Seasons of the year.—Sce Sr-aa0n.r—a1so 0 s
PELICIA TEMPORA. On a second brass of Mauricius (declared Em
ANNIA gens plrbeia, known to be so from peror A. 1). 582), we read on the reverse AKNO
some of its members having held the tribune Quin/0. a large M in the middle, surmounted by
ship of the people. There are 28 varietics.—— a small cross, below the M is an E, and at the
The silver rare. The brass coins of this family bottom nAvr.:v.
belong to the mint-masters of Augustus, and are On the lst and 2nd brass of Phocas (A. D.
common. The following is the rarest denarius: 602), the reverse bearing ANNO, with numbers
added, mark tl|e years of that usurping n1ur
dcrcr’s reign up to vm. Heraclius I. and ll.
Constans II. Constantinns Pogonatus, and sn
(l0\\'llWt1!‘(l§ to Theophilns (A. D. S29), exhibit on
their lst and 2nd brass, as well as'on their ine
dallions of that metal, the same mode of noting
that year of their respective reigns in which the
coin was minted.
ANN'() IllI.—A woman standing, holds
Obn.—Caiu.r Al\'l\'Iu.r, Tifi Filizu, Titi Ne ears of corn. In the field, A. In the cxergne,
pns, PRO. Consuls EX Se/lafrm C0n.rull0.— a star between two palm branehes.—Mionnct
Female head, with necklace, car-rings, and head gives this from the Catalogue dildnnery, as a
dress, and accompanied sometimes with the silver quinarius of llonorius, and Mr. Akennan
balance. adopts it, with aekno\vled;_rment, into his Des
Rev.——-L. FABI. L. F. IIISP. Inzrizls FA criptive Cataloguc (ii. 34-3). Eekhcl docs not
Blus Lurii l"iliu.9 HlSPam'/1.——Victory in a notiec the coin.
quadriga, at speed, long palm branch in her Al\'.\'ONA, a provision of victunls for one
right hand. year. This word particularly applies to corn.
On other revcrses,—Qm'nlu.: TARQVlT[u,y Alumna rivi/is, the corn which was every year
Plllllii l"iIiu.r. Victory, with palm, in a biga.— reserved, and put into magazines for the sub
Sec Tarquilia gens. sistence of the people. Am/nna mililnrie, the
Several nurnismatie antiquaries have expressed corn appropriated to the use of an army, during;
their opinion that the C. Annius named on this a eannpnizn. This word also signifies the |n'ie(‘
silver coin, was the same to whom Plutareh re which the Edilcs put on marketable eonnnndi
fers, as having been sent by Snlln into Spain ties; for individuals, among the Romans, were
Tarquitius,
against Sertorins;
whose names
and that
appear
L. on
Fnbius
the reverses,
and not allowed to sell their 1nercl1andi.~"e, a('(‘ol'din_;
to what each thought proper; but thc seller \\':w‘
were his qurestors. But Er-khel takes strong obliged to abide by the value, which the magis
groiuid in regarding the above allegation as in trates assigned as the price of an article. .-I;um
volved in much doubt. The female hcad, on the mun macwlli, says Tacitus. Sena!//,1 ('1'/llilrllllfi
obverse, especially when tlr-=i'_'natvtl by the q/In/mmis lzvn/mrari rnl/u'l.—lt_\' the code Dr
balance, the same writer considers to be that of .\'m~/r/zlariis, the mariners appointed to carry
dig’/1'l11.r, or of J10/u'!a.—(v. 1333.) corn from Eg_\'pt were capitally punished if th1'_\'
There is a colonial brass of Nero, struck at did not keep the proper course ; and if they did
 A.\"\'ON.-\. .-\Nl\'ON.-\. 49
not sail in the proper season, the master of the ing a veil, which she partly turns over her left
vessel was banished. arm, sometimes seated, sometimes standing, the
“Aunonn was anciently worshipped as the god goddess is seen holding cars of corn before a
dess who prospered the year’s increase. She was measure with the right hand, and a cornucopia:
represented on an altar in the capitol, with the in the left. The first emperor by whose mint
inscription “ Annonxe SIIHCUB Aclius Vitalio,” Armona is represented under the appearance of
8x-. (Grutcr, p. 8, n. 10), as a female, with a woman, is Nero. Previously, six corn ears
the right arm and shoulder bare, and the rest of tied together, served to symbolize, what Mangcart
the body clothed, holding ears of corn in her calls, “this deity of provisions for the mouth,”
right hand, and the cornucopia: in her left."—— and to indicate a supply of corn abundantly pro
Di/'I. of Gr. and Rom. A/zliqllilirr-1, p. 50. cured for the people, as on a coin of Augustus.-—
The duty of the Ediles to secure for the After Nero, she appears on reverses of Titus,
people on abundance of provisions (IUTIIOIIIB co Nerva, ./Elius Caesar, Commodns (see ANN. P. M.
pinm), is plainly indicated on the coins of the &c. p. 4?»), Sept. Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus,
Republic, in which the curule chair, ears of corn, Alexander Severus, Malnzea, Gordianus Pius,
and sometimes a. C0l'lll!C01)lfl3, are seen; as on Philip senior, Treboninnus Gnllns, Gnllienus,
denarii of the Flnminin, Lollia, Pnpiria, Quinc Salonina, Tacitus, down to Constantine. With
tia, Rntilia, and Valeria families ; some of which one exception (viz. that ot‘ Anson Auons-r.\,
are inscribed with the abbreviated words AED. coupled with CERES, and in that case, if genuine,
C\'R. the mark of the Curule 1Edllc8lli[): or referring to the two goddesses themselves), the
with the modirzs, between two ears of corn, as legends are Amvona Ano. or Avcusri, or Auoo.
on a dcnarius of the Liviueia gens.—See d5'z1ili.r, “to shew (says bfangeart), that it was through
p. 12 of this work. the care, and by the generosity of the Emperors,
Besides the Ediles, both curule and plcbcian, that this deity had become propitious; that she
there were sometimes pr11_/‘m-Ii mmrmrc, or ex had spread her gifis, and shed her blessings on
traordinary commissioners for atfnirs of pro the subjects of those princes, and was therefore
visions, appointed, who were furnished with the a fit object of adoration.”
funds requisite to purchase and import wheat
from those three principal grannries of Rome,
the Sicilian, the Egyptian, and the African pro
vinces, for the general consumption of the
citizens. Mcmofinls of this watchful care, taken
by the Senate, to pmrd against, or at least to
abate, the evils of scarcity, occur on denarii of the
C-1/purnia and Seruflia families. The purchase
and importation of provisions by the state, is also
signified on certain consular coins. For example,
We find in Morel, amongst the incrrfa, but sup
posed to be of the Hoslilia family, a dcnarius,
the obverse of which exhibits the head of Ceres,
adorned with n crown of corn ears. On the re
verse we rend, C. MAl\'ClNu.:, Anli l"iliu.r— ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES. S. C.
SEXMJ A'l‘lLiu.: Marci Filiua SEltRAl\‘\’S.— Ccres veiled, sitting with corn ears in her right
The type figures two men seated, before the right hand, and a torch in her left. Opposite to her
hand of one of whom is a mozlius, filled with stands the Goddess of Plenty, or Annona, hold
cars of wheat; and behind the other is an car of ing a cornucopia: in her left hand. Between
eorn.—It is clmr, that this dcnarius was struck the two figures is an altar or cippus, on which
in honour of the Plebeian Edilcs, Sextus Attilius stands the madius. In the back ground is a
scrranus, and C. Mancinus, through whose care ship’s prow.—-This legend and type appear on
and exertions a great plenty of corn and other first and second brass of Ncro; also on a brass
provisions, at a cheap rate, were supplied to the medallion of the same emperor, in the imperial
inhabitants of Rome. Their edileship is referred cabinet at Vienna.
to the year U. c. 609 (n. c. l4:"»).—[See Tim Nero often ingrntinted himself with the com
saurua Nmni ('1m.mIarm, TAB. xviii. fig. 16.] mon pcoplc, by the profuse liberality of his
lt is not, however, until we come to the im largcsses to them—a fact proved by the coins
pcrial series, and then not before the 4th reign, struck under that prince, bearing the legend
that Alumna appears on Roman coins personi covoun. or CONGIARIVN. This trnit of conduct
fied as a divinity. llcr traits, hnbiliments, and looks fair enough; but the one recorded by Sue
attributes are nearly the same as those of Abun tonins is most disgraceful, viz., that during a
d/mtia, or to speak more in chronological general scarcity at Rome, an Alexandrina ship
order, A/mndzmfi/2 nearly resembles ./In/mna. brought a freight, not of wheat for the suffering
But thcre was this distinction betwccn them, that inhabitants, but of dust for the Court wrestlers.
the L-our name was limited to express the sup It was at the critical time, when the revolt of
ply for thc current ycur, and like (,'u]1/rt, seems to Yindcx in Gaul, had become openly known; and
have been applied to provisions, whereas Alum Nero was loaded with the most insulting re
danlia was n prodigal distributor of all kinds of pronches from the populace (Eek. vi. 268.)
things. Clothed in a long robe, and wear There is a second brass of S. Severus, and a
ll
50 ANNONA. ANNONA.
contorniste medal of Constantine, with the same manity, and beneficcncc towards all classes of
legend and a similar t_vpe. his subjects.
ANNONA AVGVSTA CERES.—This legend, This first brass bears no mark of senatorial
with a. type similar to the above, is given, as authority; but the same omission is to be no
from a brass medallion of Nero (incuse), in ticed on the well-authenticated coin, which bears
T/zesaur. Morel/. Impp. TAB. vi. fig. 8, and as a the type of the amphitheatre, struck under the
contorniatc, in the same work, TAB. vii. fig. 19. same emperor.-—See p. 42.
In the latter, an ear of corn is placed in the
left hand of Ceres instead of the torch.
ANNONA AVG.—-In Morcl’s T/zesaurua (T.
‘ran. v. figure 32), there is a gold, and in
Mediobarbus a silver coin, given as struck under
Vcspasian, with this legend, and the type of a
sedent female.-—In the Num1'.rm.f]|[u.rei T/reupoli,
a silver coin of the same prince is described
ANNONA AVG. Female figure seated, with corn
ears in right hand and laurel branch in left. ANNONA AVG.—A female seated, holding
It might indeed have been expected that the ears of com and n eornueopise, a modius at her
name and attributes of the goddess would appear feet. On silver of Macrinus.—'l‘hcre are also
on some generally recognized medal of that re first and second brass of this brief reign, with
nowned emperor, were it only in grateful refer the some legend and type.
ence to the prompt and liberal supply of corn It seems that Macrinus was suiiiciently libe_ral;
which by his provident care (as mentioned by and although congiaria were not usually given
Tacitus) was sent in ships to the port of Rome, unless the donor was in the city, we have rnedallw
during s period of great scarcity. But to judge proof that this restriction was waived, that he
from the silence of Eckhel, Mionnet, and Alter might ingratiate himself with the people. _ Bill
mnn on this point, there is no amvona on any the indulgence of Severus, and the prodigahty of
of the three metals, in the coinage of Vespa Caracalla, to the army, shackled the means of
sisn. their successors, and indeed debilitated the whole
ANNONA AUGUSTi. S. C.—A similar type empire till the days of Diocletian. With =1
to that of Nero’s coin. treasury at low water, and guards at least
This reference to the discharge of a most im quadrupled since Cn2sar’s time, Macrinus was
portant duty in a Roman Emperor appears ap obliged, on proclaiming his son (Diadumeuianus)
propriately on a first brass of Ncrva. That good Augustus, to promise the old donative of 5000
prince, among other acts of provident attention denarii per man, of which he gave them each
to the welfare of his subjects, took care to furnish 1000 in hand. While the sol(liers——who had
the city of Rome, and the whole of Italy, with already pocketed the Emperor's first gifi of 750
victnals necessary for the subsistence of the denarii—enjoyed these substantial pickings, the
people. pcoplc of Rome were promised a congiary of l_50
ANNONA AVG.—A modius, out of which denarii each. Such was the state of the emplrfy
spring four ears of corn, on a dennrius of iiilius A. n. 218.—Smyth.
Cmsar. ANNONA AVG.—A woman standing before
It seems strange and unaccountable, that a modius, with corn ears in her right hand and
whilst a coin with the above reverse should have cornucopia: in her left. On an elegant quinanus
been minted at Home in honour of this indolent of Alexander Severus.-—Othcr quinarii of the
prince, who did not live long enough to become same reign give to Annona the appropriate ut
emperor, there appears to have been no similar tributcs of the anchor, the rudder, and the
legend struck on coins of such men as Antoninus prow.
Pius and M. Aurelius, of whom history attests These reverses are commemorative of the care
their vigilant care for the public sustenance. ful and vigorous attention, which charactcriwi
ANNONA AVG.—A robed female standing, the proceedings of that excellent emperor, with
holding a coruucopiae; at her feet the modius; respect to the purveyorship of wheat to the
in her right hand a small figure; behind is the people, brought to Rome, at his own eapenst‘,
prow of a galley. On s first brass of 'l‘itus, in from abroad ; the frumentarian funds having been
Capt. Sm_\1h’s cabinet. left exhausted by his infamous predecessor.-—
Neither in Eckhel nor Mionnet, nor in the Vaillant, Prrnt, Num. Impp. Rom. p. 280.
later work of Akerman, is any coin of the above ANNONA AUGG. (Augustornm).——will1
named em eror to be found with the legend of the usual type. On gold of Philip senior.
Annona. n the possession, and with the autho Roman emperors, sub auspicia impvrii, were
rity for its gennincness, of so intelligent a writer accustomed to seek popularity, by providing
and so practised a numismatist, this acquisition ammna. To this Philip, as a matter of [Mll
therefore becomes doubly valuable: not only as liarly urgent policy with him, was, it appcsri.
an interesting specimen of the mint to which it promptly and abundantly attentive.
belongs, but also as serving to supply a reverse, ANNONA AVG.—A woman with corn 91!"
which it was natural to look for amongst the and cornucopia: (on other coins an anchor), BB5
medals of a prince, who was distinguished be a modius at her feet. On silver and third hm“
yond any of his predecessors for libcrality, hu of Salonina, wife of Gallienus.
 ANTIEUS. ANTESTIA. 5l
Banduri, who gives the above, remarks that posed to represent this fabulous personage. The
it bears a reverse, which docs not occur on the figure is sitting, his head covered with a lion's
mintagc of any other empress. But Khell, who skin; a spear in his right hand, his left elbow
published his Supplement to Vaillant nearly 50 resting on a shield, on which is a human coun
years afterwards, has cited a silver coin of Julia tenance, conjectured to be that of Hercules. The
Mamrea, from the Cabinet d’Ariosti, with the flatter-ers of Antony and his own vanity encou
same legend and type But perhaps it may be raged him to claim descent from the demi-god.
rctorted that Mamtca was not an empress: she ——See Morall. T/lesaur. Livineia gens, TAB. ii.
was, however, the mother of an emperor, and fi g . ANTESTlA——-ANTISTIA.—~Some
5. writers
bore the title of Auyusla, under which, on some
of her numerous coins, she exhibits her portrait consider these names to belong to two different
face to face with that of her son Alexander.-— families. But Eckhel unites them, as belonging
With respect to the Armona Aug. of Salonina, to one and the same gens, which was of the ple
it is admitted that it may rightfully belong to bciau order. The above named writer observes,
this benctiocnt princess, since there are medals however, that tho name of Anteatia is certainly
of hcr’s dedicated to Abitndantia and to Dca older than that of Aafislia, since the coins bear
St-gelia, a deity associated with A1mona.—Sce ing the latter name were struck under Augustus :
Abundanlia Temporum, p. 2 of this work. whereas the denarii, as well as the brass coins,
bearing the word Antcstia, argue from their
ANNONA.—Bcsidcs this word, the meaning
of which has already been explained, there are type and their fabric, the mintagc of a more re
mote age. The surnames of this gens are—1te
other legends of imperial coins, which refer gimu and Veins. There are twelve varieties in
nearly to the same thing—such as the Pro
cizfenlia Any, with galley and sail spread, of the type-s.—Gold, very rare—Silver, common.
Comniodus; the S(EL'll[O Frugifero of Albinus, The brass coins of this family are the As, or
and Opi Divin. of Pcrtinax, with figures holding some of its parts.
The subjoined is a rare denarius struck by
ears of com; also the Felicila; Temporum of S.
Regina: Antistius, in his capacity of monetal
Severus, with cornucopim and rpicw. The legend
AXNONA AETERNA, ascribed by Mcdiobarbus triumvir, under Augustus. This Regiuils had
been one of Julius Crcsar’s lcgates in Gaul: and
(p. 268) to the silver mint of S. Severus, is not appears, about 49 years n. 0., to have had the
noticed by Eckhel, nor is it to be found in
command of the coast of the lower sea. (See
either Mionuet or Akerman.
Dr. Smith, Diet. Rom. Bioy. p. 642.)
ANT. P. Julio:/u'¢ Percuua, money struck Obv.—c.ar:s.\R AVGVSTVS. Bare head of Au
at Antioch. gustus.
A.\"l‘. H. Aufioclliw odamz qfl1‘m'na—Money Rcv.—c. aurrsrrvs. nnonvvs. 111. vuz. Pon
stnu-lx at Antioch, in the eighth oflice, or mint. tifical instruments.
[Some of the principal cities of the empire,
bad the privilege of a Roman coinage. Antioch
was one of these, and had in it several mint
oiIiees.]—See Rasche.
AI\"l‘. S. Jntiochia Si_qnata.—Coincd at
Antioch.
A.\"l‘1‘{-IFS, a famous, or rat-her infamous,
giant of Lybia, son of Neptune and Terra, and
hing of lrasa. llc murdered all strangers that This is one of those coins of the Antistia gens,
came to his court. Hercules fought this giant, which have given rise to much learned disputa
tion, as to the date when they were minted; but
and “floored” him three times, but in vain;
for Mother Earl/A restored to her child new from the reverse legends of two coins struck by
strength whenever he touched her. Hercules Vctns Antistius, III. VIn., it may undoubtedly
therefore lifted him off the ground, and thus be inferred that this, as well as the two others,
succeeded in squeezing to death this “prince of was placed under the hammer of the mint, dur
cut-throats.” Many ancient monuments repre ing the viiith Tribunate and the xith Consulate
of Augustus. (Eckhel, v. p. 137.)—Thei1utru
sent this combat; among others a gold coin of
Pvstlllllllfi, with the type of a man holding up menla pantf/icalia, which form, in this example,
another in his arms, and rigidly compressing the type of the reverse, consist of the simpulum,
lituus, tripod, and patera, an explanation of
him. A Latin colonial of Antioch in Pisidia,
5lTl1Cl( under Caracalla, and n brass medal, with which words will be found in their respective
places.——Scc Morell. Antistia, fig. 3 and fig. 4.
Gfeel: inscription of Antoninus Pius, both ex
hibit in like manner the great Alcides in the act But among the types, with which the sur
of hoisting up and stifling the African tyrant. names of this family connect themselves on coins,
Scc Caylns, Aurea Numiemalu, fig 950-—See there is one peculiarly deserving of attention, on
account of its assisting graphically to illustrate
also nzncvu LYBICO.
certain ancient ceremonies performed at the rati
A.\"[‘EON, son of Hercules.-There is a very fication of international treaties. The denarius
rare gold coin of M. Antony, having on its re described as follows, was struck by Vt-tu: Antis
verse the name of one of his moneycrs L. unev tius, one of the moneycrs of Augustus :—
Lvs nuvrn. A. P. 1‘. the type of which is sup Obv.-Head of Augustus.
H2
52 ANTIOCIII.-\. ANTIOCHIA.
Rev.——c. aN'rIs'rrvs VETVS roan. (or Fonovs) of this city consist of
P. n. cvn onsm1s.—Two men standing, clothcd Latin autonomes (small
in the toga, and with heads veiled, hold, for size), and of Latin im
sacrifice, a pig over a lighted altar. perial, both in brass.
For an engraving and explanatory notice of The former have on their
this denarius, sec rorznvs, &c. obverse side, for legend,
ANTIA, gens plebeia. Its cognomen on ANT. and snrrocn, and
coins is Re.vtio.—'1‘his family came from Antium. for type the head of the
It furnished, amongst others, C. Antius Restio, God Lunus, with Ph.ry
who, in the time of Cicero, was a tribune of the gian cap, on a crescent.
people, and the author of a sumptuary law.-— —Their reverses are inscribed conon. or con.
The coins of this gem‘ appear only in silver; arvr. ANTIO. or axrrocn, and the accompanying
they have three varieties, and are rare. For an types are a cock, and a buffalo, or wild ox.
engraving of one of these, which though not the The imperial coins of this colony begin under
rarest is, from its legend and type, the most in Tiberius, after whose reign a cessation of coinage
tcrestiug, sec DI-II PENATES. Also, see nssrio. seems to have taken place, and continued until
ANTIGON US, King of -ludzea, beheaded by Titus came to the throne; to whom, however,
order of Mark Antony.%ce Susia gens. the colonists appear to have dedicated only two
ANTIUM, a city of the Volscians, so called coins. Another gap then occurs in the series,
from Anton or Anteon, son of Hercules. extending to the reigns of Antoninus Pius and
Ascnnius, son of linens, is said to have founded Marcus Aurelius. They thence, according to the
it. Its remains are still visible, situated on a descriptive lists of Mionnct, proceed in more
promontory bordering on the sea, in the Cam regular succession, but still with occasional
pagna di Roma, under the modern name of omissions, as far as Gallienus and Valerianus
Aulio rovinato. Nero caused a fine port to be junior ; the lust recorded dedication of the
built there, after having, according to Suctonius, Antiochinn mint of Pisidia being to Claudius
sent thither a colony of old Pra:torians.—Antium Gothicus. By far the more numerous portion was
was celebrated for its temple of l“ortune.—See struck under Caraculla and Gordianus 1II.——The
Anteon, p. 51. following are the various legends to be found on
ANTlA'l‘.—Antiatina—Sce Furluna Autiat. reiw-sex of the imperial colonial, viz. :
See also Ruslia. e-0L. ANT.-—COLON. a1\"r10cH.—c0L. cans.
ANTICA, or pars allversa. That side of a ANTI. or ANTIOClI.—C0. ANTIOCIIE, or am‘!
coin, which contains the portrait, or other prin OCHEN.—-—-ANTIOCHEN! c0L.—-a.\"riocn.u".AE
cipal figure. See Obvcrse. COLO2\'I.\E.——GEN. or eamvs con. or conoxran
AN'l‘lNOUS.—1[zulriam' catamilus: a young ANTIOCH.—COL. ANTIOC-ll M1-:1\'s1s.—-ronrvru
Bithynian, who died about the 130th year of COL. ANTIOClI.——ANT10CHI.—-AN‘1‘IOCI-IIA. s.a.
our mm, having been drowned in the Nile. (Senate: Rom¢mu.r).—sNr1o. ca. CL.-CAES.
Hadriun, so wise and meritorious in his ge ANTIOCII. COL.—-ANTIOCHIA COLONLA. CA1-ISARIA.
neral public conduct, but in this wretched in or C.\ESAllI.—COL. AI\'Tl0CHl.——AN. COLOSI.
stance of personal criminality, one of the most The types are as fellow-\'s:——A calorzist, or a
infatuated, as well as most depraved, of human priest, at plough with two oxen, and with one
bcings——had scarcely by this accident lost his or two military cnsigns behind them; also a
unhappy favourite, than he caused the most ex high priest, carrying a ve.rillu1n, tracing the
travagant distinctions to be rendered to his me limits of the settlement with a plough and
mory. A temple and even a city were dedicated two oxcn—as in Tiberius, Titus, S. Severus,
to his name and won/zip! Nor were the Greeks, Carncnlla, Alex. Severus, Gordiauus Pius, and
always ready to flatter the most disgraceful Gallicnns. [These types are symbols of a colony
propensities of their imperial masters, ashamed established.]
to stamp his image on their coins. To the Cybcle or R/ma seated between two lions; as
credit of, and in justice to, the Iiomrm mint, be in M. Aurelius, Alex. Severus, and Gordianns Ill.
it added, there exist no medals of Antinous Dirmn, the huntress, taking with her right
with Lalin legends, nor any whatever with the hand an arrow from her quiver, and holding the
mark of Senatorial authority. bow in her left; as in Caracalla.
ANTIOCl1IA..—Under this name, ancient Emperor standing veiled, sacrificing at a
writers commemorate the existence, in their lighted altar before three miltary cnsigns——also
times, of a great many cities in Asia. The fol on horseback, with right hand elevated; and in a
lowing are the two most remarkable: viz., triuinphal quadriga; as in Gordianus III. and in
Antioch in Pisidia, and Antioch in Syria—both Philip sen.
being Roman colonies. Forfzme of the colony, personified by the usual
AN'l‘l()CHlA (Pisidrke Col0nia)—sitnatc type; as in M. Al1l‘0lll1S, and S. Severus.
on the borders of Phrygia, not far from the Geuizzs of Antioch, personified by a female
river Meander (and now called A/l~-Srie/wre, in figure in the stole, standing with branch and
Karanian, Asiatic Turkc_v.)—lt was, for at least cornucopirc. The colony is also represented by
270 years, the sent of u Roman cu//>n_//, founded by a turrcted woman, holding a caduceus; also by u
Augustus, and lIl\'C$l(1ll with thcjns Ila/in/s, under female figure standing near an altar, holding B
the nainc of COLONIA AN’l‘lOCllENSIS, or p: tcra and horn of plenly—likc\visc by the type
COL. GAE-Szlria ANTIOCHIA. The coins of Fortune sealed, holding n rudder and cornu
 ANTIOCHIA.
eopize, a wheel being under her chair. The
legend to all these types is cononm cazsama. ;
as in Gordianus and in Julia Domna.
Hope walking; as in Saloninus. And Hygeia,
standing, clothed in the stola, holding a serpent
over a lighted altar, with the hasta para in her
left hand, as in Antoninns Pius.
Jupiler standing with an eagle in his right
hand, and the hasta in his left, as in Caracalla.
Luau: (or Mmaia) wearing the Phrygian cap,
and with a crescent behind the back, holds the
hula and a small figure of Victory: a cock is
at his feet; asin Antoninns Pius, S. Severus,
Caracalla, Domna, and Philip senior. [See the
word Lunus (in its place) for a further notice of
this deity, who was worship )6tl with great vener
ation at Jnlioc/tia Pieidiaal
Mar: walking; as in Gordianus Ill. Jlliliiary
ensigns, three together; as in Elagabalus.
Pallaa, holding a small figure, and the hasta;
atrophy and an altar, in the field, as in Volu
sianus.
River God. Pellcrin gives the engraving of a
second brass of Volusianus struck in this colony,
on the reverse of which, with the legend ANTIOCIX
001.. is the figure of a man seated, symbolising a
river (probably the Meander), who holds a reed
in his right hand, and in his left a horn of
plenty, resting his left arm on an urn whence
water flows. In the exerguc s. n.-~[Melange, i.
plate xxii. No. l, from which the above cut
is copied.]—.-inother river deity, with female
countenance and dress, seated on the ground
with a reed and cornncopize, appears ona coin
of this colony, dedicated to Alexander Severus.
Virlory. 'I\vo Victories holding a buckler
attached to a palm tree, at the foot of which sit
two captives; as in Gordianus Pius.
Veril/um between two military cnsigus; as in
Claudius Gothicus.
I!'a(f suckling the twins, under a tree ; as in
M. Aurelius, repeated in Cnracalla, Alexander
Severus, Gordian llI., Philip senior, Gallicnus.
——['l‘hc Antiochians of Pisidia says Vaillant,
placed this type on their coins as Roman colonists,
whose usual symbol it was to shew their national
origin from Romulus and Remus]
1"tlIl!l, or Satyr, standing with a winwskin on
his shoulder; as in M. Aurelius. of notice. The title of D0minu.s, first used by
Eagle with expanded wings, and legend of Caligula, who (us Spanheim says), endeavoured
co1.o.\'1,u-: ANTIOCHIAE; as in M. Aurelius.
Eagle standing on a thunderbolt—Twa Eagles
—and Eagle with crown in its beak.
Leyla/mry Ea;/le, on a banner between two
ensigns, a crown above; with conoxun ANTI
OCIHAE; as on coins struck under M. Aurelius,
L. Venus, Gordian llI., Philip jun., Volusi
anus, Valcrianns, and Claudius Gotl.|ieus.—[Thc
eagle with expanded wings was the indication of
power. The legionary eagle above the vexillum,
between two military standards, refers to the
ti-ausznission of Roman veterans into Pisidia by
Au;,:ustus.—(\'aillant, in Col. vol. i.)
The two following coins, struck at this An
tioeh, have, lx-aisles their rarity, an historical
interest, as referring to the victories of Severus
and his sons in Brilain, viz.:
ANTIOCHIA. 53
1. Olm. me. cans. P. S1.-2P'l‘.Gl-LTA. .\vo.—
Laurcllcd head of Geta.
Rev. war. ave. coL. arrnocn. s. R.-——A
horseman riding at full speed, thrusts his lance
at a prostrate enemy.
The Antiochinns (says Vaillant), devoted to the
family of Severus, dmlicated this medal to Geta,
(about A. D. 209), when, by his father’s will, it
was arranged for him to preside over the civil
administration in that part of Britain subject
to the Romans, whilst Caracalla was to accom
pany the old cmpcror in his expedition against
the Calcdonians. But Severus dying at York,
the two brothers, in their joint imperial capacity,
concluded a peace with those northern inhabit
ants of the island. llcnee the name of Britanni
ms was conferred by the Roman Senate on both
Caracalla and Gcta; and the legend VIRTVS
.-\VGu.:tonun (the valour of the Emperors) was
placed on the coins minted to their honour, in
this eastern eolony.—(i. 53.)
2. Ob». Same legend and type as on pre
ceding coin.
Rev. vror. DD. KN. COL. ANTIOCH. s.n.——
Vict01-i¢e D0/ninm-um Noslrorum, Cb/(mia An
lioefirmris (Senalua Rommzusj.-—Victory walk
ing, carrying a trophy in both hands before hcr.
This (says Vaillant, i. p. 53), is a Vicloria
Britannica, recorded in honour of Caracalla and
Geta, as joint Azzgzlati, by the colonists of
Antioch, after their father’s death.
[The appellation of Dolnimza, employed in
the present instance by the mint of this colony,
instead of the usual word Imperalor, is worthy
to make the people of Rome call him so, was re
vived by Domitian, although lie never succeeded
in obtaining that designation on the public
money. It was at length fully recognised at
Rome, under Anrelian, about A. D. 270.]
As the large brass coins of ./lnlior:/1 in Pixi
dia are esteemed rare, Pellcrin has described
no less than eight of that size, from his own
collection, struck under Gordianus Pius, and
which difl'cr, for the most part, from the five
which Vaillant published, as having been dedi
cated by the colony in question to that young
prince. Five of these arc engraved, in 1lIaIm1_r/e,i.
and to judge from their appearance on the plates,
they present remarkably fine specimens of colonial
mintage.—See pl. xx. Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
The following type on the reverse of a Gordian
54 ANTIOCHIA. ANTONIA.
III. struck by the colony of Pisidian Antioch, Rev. S. c. and same type.—See Mionnet.
is unlike any other on the various coins of Vei7aaian—
that city. It exhibits, as Mionnet describes it, IMP. oasssa VESPASIAN AVG.
Un Guerrier ass-is sur an monyeau zl'ar1nes, “wk Head of the Emperor, lan
aoulenant de la main droite .1-a léle qui est @ \_. reated.—Rev. ANTIOCHIA,
pmcliée; deuant lui, une tropliée militaire: dans @j\- y female head turreted. (Vail
le champ s. 11. “ lant, Col. p. 131).-Similar
ANTIOCHIA, S3/r'i¢, or ad Oronlem ,- a !-“-4 reverses appear on coins of
celebrated town on the banks of that river, at Titus and Domitian. The
the foot of Mount Silpius, and at one period Antiocheans of Syria were
making third in the world. It is recognised at the first to adhere to the
the present day, only by the ruins of its walls, cause of Vespasian, and were zealously attached
and by some inscriptions. Situate about 15 to the Flavian family.
leagues from the Mediterranean, between Aleppo CaracaZla—
and Tarsus, it is now called by the Turks, Antak, M. AVE. airroxiNvs.—Head of Emperor.
or Antalrié. This Antioch on the Orontes is Rev.—coi.. mar. am. ANTINONIAN. (Colonia
said to have been built by Seleucus Nicator, Jllelropolis Antiochia Anfoninianaj. A female
founder of the empire of Syria, and was called head, turretcd and veiled, before which is a
after the name of his father A.ntiochus——a name cornucopiie. _
which it preserves to this day. Under its kings [Mionnet includes all the coins of Anlioclmz mi
it flourished for a long time as a capital: but Orontem, dedicated to Caraealla, amongst those
after their expulsion by Pompeius Magnus, with Greek legend.s.—Thc above Latin, how
and the occupation of Syria. as a Roman pro ever, are published in the colonial series of the
vince (about 64 B. 0.), it became autonomoa Museum T/u:up0lz'.—Eckhel also gives a third
(i. e. governed by laws of its own), and ob brass of Hadrian, of Roman mintagc, on the re
tained from him the right of coining money. verse of which is the legend cos. iii. s. o. and
—Jnlius Ciesar and Augustus both bestowed the figure of a woman,with turreted head, sitting
benefits upon the city. And, under succeed on a rock, holding corn ears in her right hand;
ing emperors, it arrived at the distinction of ariver god is emerging at her feet. This he cou
being acknowledged as Metropolis tolius Orien siders to be a type of Antioch on the Orontes.]_
tis, still, however, subject to Roman domina ANTIQVAE.——'l‘his appellation of a legion is
tion; and was the seat and residence of the found on a denarius of M. Antony.—LF.o. xii.
governor of Syria. It was here that the disci ANTIQVAE.
ples of Our Lord were first called Christians.— ANTONIA _1]em.—Tl1is family, says Vaillant,
After the death of Pertinax (A. D. 192), Syrian ranks amongst the noblest of those, who derive
Antioch declared in favour of Pescennius Niger their origin from the first senators of the ancient
against Sept-iniius Severus, who in the fiu'y of his
stock, under the kings of Rome. According to
displeasure, stripped the city of all its privileges,
Plutarch, it pretended to a descent from Anton,
and transferred them to Laodieea. At the inter or Anteon (see the word, page 51) i-he B011, 01‘
vention however of Caracalla, who made it a companion of Hercules. Such was the vanity of
Roman colony, it was restored to its former the Romans, that they ascribed the origin of
rights and municipal consequence, in every re their great men to their deities, or to the sons of
spect but that of exemption from tribute, pay their deities. The most celebrated personage
ment of which continued to be exacted from its of the Antonia family was Marcus Antonius, the
inhabitants. Triumvir. Its surnames are .Bfl”IllJ‘ and Nam.
The coins of this city are very numerous, in The minting of the snlijoiiied denarius is re
brass, silver, and potin. The nutonomes cm ferred by Vaillant and llavereamp, with whom
brnce not only the earlier mra of the Scleucidre, Pigghins concurs, to Antonius Balbus, who
and of Alex. Bola, king of Syria, but also the was Prietor in Sardinia, afterwards ejected thence
Actiac epocha (or of Augustus and Tiberius), and by Sulln, and slain in the year of Rome, 673
the immediately subsequent period, comprising (13.0. 82). But Eekhel, pointing to the cir
Claudius, Nero, and Galba. But both Imperial, cunistanee that the medal is serrated, shows it
and Colonial Imperial, from Galba down to Volu to be likely to have been coined by a more an
sianns and Valerianus senior, exhibit, with few cient Q. Balbns, when he was Urban Prietor,
exceptions, only Greek legends and inscriptions. although his name does not appear in the Ro
-—[Sec a. full classification of them in Mionnet, man annals.
vol. v. p. 148, et seq. and Supplmt. vol. p.
139.]
The following brass colonial imperial, bearing
solely Latin inscriptions, are selected as examples
from among the only extant coins of this An
tioch, that come within the plan of the present
work to notice, viz. :-
.dugusf1w—
svovsr. rn. i>cr'r.—Lanr. head of Augustus.
Rev. 8. C. in crown of laurel. 0/)1’. Head of Jupiter lnureated, behind is s. c.
mr. svovsr. ra. POT. Laurcatcd. Rev. Q. A(N)TO. BA(L)B. PRator.—Vietory
 ANTONIA. ANTONINUS. 55
in a quadriga, at full speed, holds up the laurel L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, the grandfather of
in her right hand; and a long palm branch Nero.
together with the reins in her left.
Morel gives n hundred and thirty-eight varieties
in the coins of the Antonia family. This ex
traordinary nnmber arises from the medals of M.
Antonius, without his portrait, being classed
under that head.——See AUGUB. and 1.2010 (.mi.v
lo:-:11).-—Thc gold coins are rare in the highest
degree. 'I‘he silver are from common to the
lowest degree of rarity.
ANTONIA Augusta, daughter of “areas An
tonius and of Octavia, married to Drnsus senior,
was the mother of Germanicus, Livilla, and (the
afterwards emperor) Claudius. She was born in
the year of Rome, 715 or 716 (B. c. 39 or 38),
and died 791 (A. D. 38), being the second year of
her grandson Caligula’s reign, who according to ANTONINIIS PIYS (Titus Aurelius Fulr'iu.!'
Suetonius, was suspected to have caused her to Bojaniu-l Arriua) whose paternal race came
be poisoned. She is spoken of, by historians, originally from Nismes, was born at Lanuvinm
as a sensible, amiable woman; of a handsome (a city of Latium) in the year of Rome 839 (A. D.
countenance and of graceful manners; a noble 86.) He was the son of Aurelius l“ulfius—a man
exemplar of conjugal fidelity, and of honourable of consular rank—and of Arria Padilla. Hav
widouhood; a character which remains unsullied ing passed through the oflices of Qumstor and
by the vague allegations of those who male Prtctor, with approved liberality, he served his
volently imputed a Want of proper feeling to one, first Consnlship in the year u. c. 873, (A. n.
Whose tenderness as n wife had proved itself 120) being then 33 years of age, in a magnifi
too sincere to he associated, in the same breast, eent style. The emperor Hadrian afterwards
with maternal insensibility. appointed him one of the four ('.z'-consuls, to
ller coins, in gold and silver, are very rare. whom the administration of atl'airs in Italy, was
The subjoincd cut is engraved from one of her committed. Sent next as Pro-consul to Asia,
denarii :— he governed that extensive and most important
province, with great wisdom and integrity ; in
somnchas to have exceeded in repute all his
predecessors. On his return, a seat was as
signed to him in Hadrian's council of state; and,
after the death of Aelius his brother-in-law, he
was invested with the title of Caesar, and with
the Tribunitian Power, in 891, (A. 1). 138.)
Hadrian at the same time adopted him, on the
condition, that he should himself adopt M.
06v. Axrosra AVGVSTA. Laurclled head of Aurelius, the son of his wife's (Faustina's) bro
Antonia. ther, and L. Verus, the son of Aelins Cresar.
Rev. cossrazvrran Avovsrr. (To the con It was then that he took the names of T. Aelius
stancy of the cmper0r—meaning Claudius.)—Sce 1'IlltI7‘iaIlIL8 Anlonirzm. The same year, Hadrian
Conrlautia. dying, Antoninus received from the Senate the
The second brass of Antonia are scarce. One title of Augustus, and the surname of Pius. In
of these presents on one sidc the head of Antonin, the year U. c. 892 (A. D. 139) he accepted the
“ with her hair twisted to the back of the neck, title of Palvr Pair-i¢r. In 894 (A. D. 41) the
and a countenance expressive of sense and mild third year of his reign, his wife Aunia Galcria
ness," and with the legend ,\a"ro.\'|.\ Avovs'rA. Faustino died. In A. D. 145, he served his
The legend of the reverse is TI. CI.A\'l)l\'S Ave. 14th eonsulship, with Marcus Aurelius Czesar
P. u. TR. I’. IMP. and the type a figure clothed in for his colleague. Antoninus gave the toya vi!-ilzlr
a long robe, and veiled, standing with a simpulum to L. Verus; dedicated n temple to his father
in the right hand. by adoption, Hadrianus; and bestowed a 00r1_1/i1:
Antonia was invested with the title of Auguslzz rimn on the people. A. U. C. 899 (A. D. 146)
by her grandson (Cains) Caligula, who also he celebrated with secular games, the 900th year
Pflllscd the dignity of a Vestal to be granted to of the city; and in 901 (A. D. 148) paid the
her. (See SAC]-'.llDOS mvr. .\vevsTl). But his vows due (rolvit valaj for the first ten years of
filial attachment having been turned to hatred, his reign (Przmi Drcennalea.) From this pe
no bmss coins with her name and portraiture riod to the year of Rome 913 (A. D. 160,) an
were struck during her life-time, though the cient annals are either silent, or afford only
coin above described, and another, were after vagic and uncertain information, on the subject
Wards dedicated to her memory by her son of events connected with the imperial govern
Qlsudins.—.»\ntonia was called minor, to dis ment of Antoninus; although during that inter
tinguish her from her eldest slsttif, whose name val of 14 years, a great variety of coins, bearing
was likewise Antonia, and who was married to reverses of geographical, historical, and mytho

l
56 ANTONINUS. ANTON INUS.
logically religions interest, areextant; showing, peror at his own capital. Through his lieutenants
by their legends and types, that this emperor and deputies, he subdued and kept in awe the
had restored several public ediiices, and erected Britons, the Mauretanians, the Daeians, and the
others, besides having concluded many important different Germanic tribes; he also suppressed a
transactions, and given many public spectacles revolt of the Jews, and put do\vn rebellious in the
and largcsscs to the people. After a reign of provinces of Achnia and Egypt. Under this sig
23 years, which the gratitude of his contempo nally mild and tolerant prince, the Christians en
raries has handed down to the vcneration of joyed comparative freedom from persecution, until
mankind, he died in his palace at Lorium in about the 12th year of his reign (A.D. 151.) And
Etruria, universally regretted, on the 7th of even then he issued no edicts against them. But
March, A. U. c. 914 (A. D. 161) in the 75th in consequence of hishaving been induced, rashly
year of his age. and nnadviscdly, to withdraw his protection,
Antoninus richly merited the titles and dis many virtuous followers of Christianity were put
tinctions conferred upon him, as well before us to death under laws of former emperors. After
after his accession to the throne; not only by wards, however, his own sense of humanity and
his many and rare virtues as an individual, but justice again prevailed with him to grant certain
also because the welfare and happiness of his indulgcnces to the Christians, who generally re
people were the constant objects of his care and maincd in peace and security throughout the rc
occupation. Sa',_{ncious, learned, eloquent, benign, maining period of his life. In his matrimonial
compassionate, and ntfablc, he was peculiarly union he had been unfortunate, his consort being
endowed with calmness nml cqnanimity, well a woman of dissolute life. But judging from the
sustained, however, on all political occasions, by honourable character of the man, there is every
the requisite display of energy and tinnness. reason to believe, that he deeply felt the disgrace
Kindly disposed towards everybody, and free which his wife’s misconduct had brought upon
from vdndictiveness, he anticipated, by acts of his family and court, although the impolicy of
liberality and beneficence, the utmost wishes of bringing hcr to public shame probably operated,
his subjects. Distinguished for probity of cha with other motives, in inducing him to be lenient,
racter and for dignity of conduct, he delighted and even atfcctionate towards her to the last.
in rural rctiremcment and innocent recreation. Still, nothing could justify the bcstowal of
Well formed in person, mildly expressive in “divine honours,” by the Senate, at his own
physiognomy, active in disposition, exhibiting gratuitous solicitation, on the faithlcss Fans
an air which commanded respect, and a deport tinn.
ment which conciliated the most favourable opi The funeral of Antoninus was distingliished
nion; he was plain in his dress, simple in his by all the imposing ceremonies of Cun.rerra
establishments, frugal at his table. Living firm; and his ashes were deposited in the mau
within the limits of his pntrimonial revenues, of soleum of llndrian. 'l‘o shew how much he was
which a portion was always spared for the relief helm ed by those whom he ;:o\'erncd, each Roman
and solace of the wretched; he treated his friends family was accustomed to have a statue of him
as if he had been their host or their guest in their houses. “ No wonder, therefore, that,"
rather than their sovereign master. llis private as Spanheim observes, “there should have come
habits were decorons and regular, though he even to our days so many visible and durable
was not altogether proof against the alluremcnts momnnents of his rcimi, some of which also
of \vomen. As a prince and arulcr, his maxim rmnafn to us, and not falsely, on luls mi2u.”—
was to administer strict justice equally to rich These indeed arc abundant, in each metal; and
and poor, to high and low, to the weak and it is surpiising, how many fine and interesting
humble, as well as to the proud and powerful. brass medallions there are of his mintagc.-—
In attention to the sacred ceremonies and re Gr:/11', common (except some in the third
ligious institutions of his country, his inclina of raril_v)--Si/iv-r, common (except some in the
tions scem to have assimilated with the policy of sixth degree of rarit_\')——-Bmss, common (ex
Numa, whom he was said to resemble. lie ccpt some in the eighth degree of rarity) .-~Hc is
caused his adopted son, Marcus Aurelius, to thereon styled l\X'l‘()XIX\'S _»\\‘Gusfu-s PIYS.
serve all the state ofliecs, and instructed him in P. P. (P/I/er I’z1!ri1rf)——-also l.\l Peraior CAESM
the science of government, with a view to qualify T. AELIVS. ll.-XDRIANVS. .-\N'[‘().\'I.\‘\'S
him for the slleccssion. Circlunspect in his PIVS. A\'G.—'l‘hc names of .1»-lius 1111///icon
choice of ministers; vigilant, Wise, and for (as has been already mentioned) were those of
tunate, in the mana_'_'ement of public alfairs, his his adoption.—Somc rnrc pieces, struck under
sole aim was to rule the empire well, and to this empr-ror, represent him \\1'th II/1/lria-I.
leave it in prosperity and ]|l‘flL'C to his suc I‘)://.s/i/111. senior, illun-us .11/n>/ii/.r, and Lucia:
cessor. Chosen as an arbitrator by kings Viv‘//.v_
and peoples, at the inost remote distances [The portrait at the head of this notice is
from ltome, he made n moral conquest of the ('\l_1I'2l\'t‘tl after the ob\'e1'se type of a l)l‘1\S> me
world by his well-earned iutlucnee and prc~en1i» dallion, one of the finest in the (.'nLi,:et‘ dz
nent reputation. Among other nations, the ll_\'r 1”/-11/11-/I; for the reverse of which see Bunk“
canians, and the Bactrians, sent embassies of sub 122/11 /fr//n//l1'.]
rnission to him. S0\'erci!n prim-cs from a\l(‘\()~ AN'l‘()XlXl:l Column at Rome. This monu
potamia and from the further East, per.-onally ment is delineated on a large brass of Anto
paid the homage of their admiration to the cm ‘r ninus I’ins.—Sec mvo P10.
 Ai\"l‘O.\'Il'S. ANTONIIYS. 57
ANTONIUS (l\lARCl'S.)—The celebrated ' of that artful woman, as to take the fatal step of
Triumvir, born about the year of Rome 671 following her to Alexandria, where he secretly
(n.c. Hill, was the son of M. Antonius Crcticus, married her.——In 711- (n. c. 42) irritated by
and grandson of Antonius the orator, killed his wife Fulvia against Octavianns, Antonius
rctnrncd to Italy, and affairs looked warlike;
but lfnlvia dying, peace was restored between
the two rival triumvirs. A division of tcrritoriul
I)OS>‘(!SSl()l\S took place (B. c. 40) Antonius
kept the cast for his portion, whilst Oetavianns
retained the west, and moreover gave his
sister Octavia in marriage to his colleague.
[See OCTAVlA.] Marcus then sent Yeutidins
against the Parthians, who, under the refugee
Lalliwmr (sec the word), had been laying waste
in the time of Marius; whence he is called, the Roman province of Asia. In 715 (B. c.
on his coins, Marci I“£/ins, Marci Ne1)o.r.— 39), Ventidins routed the Parthians with great
Crmted Tribune of the people in the year U. C. slaughter, and Labicnus was slain. At the
70t (B. c. 50) at the age of 34-, he soon re close of the same year, Antonius set out with
vealed his hostility to the Senate and Republic, his wife Octavia from Rome and wintcrcd at
by leaving Rome for Gaul and joining Julius Athens. In 716 (B. 0. 38) by his Legatns, C.
Caesar, whom he instigated to declare war against Sosius [the some u ho, as one of the triumvir’s
Pompeins .4. u. c. 705 (s. c. 49). It was as moneyors, struck the coin engraved above], he
Przcfect that he commanded, with great dis overcame Antigonus, King of J ndica, whom, after
tinction, the left wing of C:esar’s army at the hat scourging, he beheaded, and then bestowed the
tlc of Pharsalia (R. c. 48). In the year following, kingdom on Herod the Great. At the close of
Julius made him General of his cavalry (magi-rter that year, Vcntidius having again beaten the
rqnilum). He passed through the different Parthians, and Pacorus, son of King Orodes
grades of ofiice under the Commonwealth; but being slain in battle, Antonius took his first Par
these civil functions did not hinder him from thian triumph. In the year U. C. 717 (H. C. 37) he
fullovn'ng the Dictator, to whose conquests hc returned to Rome, ostensibly to assist. Octavianus
lent his powerful aid in Egypt and in Asia.— 'l‘hc
against
following
Sextus Pompeius.
year, after making
[See Eckhel,
a disgraceful
vi.
Consul in the year B. c. 4-4-, he caused the
murdered Julius to be placed in the ranks of shew of going into Parthia and Media, he revi
the Gods, delivered C:~csar’s funeral oration,sited Egypt, and (to the great displeasure of the
rmd his will, and exposed his dead body, to V Itolnnns), distributed various cities and terri
the people. Antonius opposed, by every means tories amongst the children borne to him by
within his reach, though eventually without Cleopatra.
success, the claim of Octavius to the hcirship In T19 (11.0. 35), Scxtus Pompeius, having, in
of his uncle; and endeavoured to render himself the preceding year, been defeated by Octuvianus
muster of the government. In the year of Rome Caesar, and become a wanderer through Asia,
ill (B. C. 43), the Senate, at the suggestion of K
Antonius caused him to be decapitated on the
Cicero, declared him enemy of the country. He banks of the river Snngaris in Phrygia. Same
thereupon assumed the government of Cisalpine year, proceeding from Egypt to wage war against
Gaul. Cicsar Oetavianns (afterwards Augustus) the King of Armenia, he learnt that his wife
with the consuls Ilirtius and Pansa, was sent Octavia was on her way to join him. At the
=lL'=\inst him at the head of a great army, and de importnnntc entrcatics of the seductive Cleopatra,
feated him in the neighbourhood of Bologna. he sent orders to Athens that she should go back
But both consuls were slain in the battle; and to Rome: soon after which, leaving the affairs
Oetuviauus became commander in chief of the of his military expedition unaccomplished, he
victorious legions, at the early age of 21. returned to the embraces of the Egyptian Queen.
Antonius now joined Lepidns in Gnllia Narbon —A. U. c. 720 (B. c. 34). In the spring of
efliliz and Octavianns seeing the policy of u this year, being in Armenia, he, by a fraudulent
reconciliation, entered with thosc two men into mano.-uvre, captured King .\rtavasdes, and carried
that infamous treaty of proscription, mis-called that unfortunate monarch, with his wife and
Trix://mir/ll:/3 ('a,mr/1' ref/1//blirie c0u.r1ii/mm/m, children, in triumph to Alexandria. lle thcn
by which, in reality, wholesale murder and con bestowed the finest provinces of Asia and Africa
fiscation were organised, and the slavery of the on his own children by Clcopatrs.—A. U. o. T21,
Romans was finally consummated. In the year 722 (B. c. 33-32). It was after returning from
712 (B. 0. 42), Antonius, united to Octavinnus, his inglorious eiunpaign in Parthis. andArmcnia,
vanquished Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. In that: he divorced his wife Octavia, and insult
T13 (B. 0. 41) at the head of his legions he ingly sent her to Rome. The following year
ovcrran Greece, Cappadocia, and Cilieia, display 7:13 (n. C. 31), in contempt of the law, he
ing a more than Asiatic pomp, whilst he arbi assumed the consulate (for the third time, as his
trnted on the fate, or adjusted the differences, coins shew). The marriage of Antonius with
of kings. lt was during this luxurious expedi Cleopatra having drawn upon him the hntrcd of
tion of his, that, Cleopatra having given him his countrymen, Cmsar took advantage of it, not
the mu-ting at Tarsus, he became so enamonred less to serve his own ambitious designs, than to
l
58 ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS.
avenge the wrongs of his sister. the same mystical chest, between two serpents;
An open and
deadly quarrel ensued between the brothcrs-in on a third a bow, quiver, and two serpents.-—
law. And on the 2nd of September of that Gold and silver medals of the An/onia family
memorable year, at the naval fight off Actinm, give many of his legions, as designated by tl1(:ll'
in Epirus, Antonius was totally defeated, and um/1be'rs' and the eagle standard on one side, and
fled with Cleopatra to Egypt. In the year of by lair name as triumvir, with a galley, on the
Rome 724 (B. c. 30), Octavianns pursued and . other.—'l‘he coins of Mark Antony typify his
pressed Antonius, Who, seeing that both his fleet augurship, by the veiled head, the litmus, and the
_
and his land forces were gone over to the side of - pm/'1>rir-alum ; his pretensions to descent from
his victorious rival, lost all hope of retrieving his Hercules, by the club-, and his devotion to the
atfairs, and died by his own sword. worship of Bacchus by the crown of ivy lcaves.—
Great qualities and great vices united to cha See avcva—see also C’isto11/tori.
racterise this extraordinary man, whose gross
misdeeds the eloquence of Cicero has stamped
with the impress of a shameful celebrity: hence
the implacable and vindictive hatred of Antonius
against that illustrious orator, who he at length
sacrificed by assassination. A brave and able
general, he stood high in public estimation and
confidence, at that critical period when the por
tentous honour of the Dictatorship was assumed
by the great Julius, whose murder he professed
to avenge, and whose place he tBl)ll'C(l to fill. Al\"l‘ONIl'S (M.) M. F. M. N. IMP. ITER.
Yielding himself, however, to every excess of —Antony, in a military dress, stands with his
debauchery, he soon lost, amidst the enervating left foot planted on the prow of a ship; in his
influences of voluptuousness, his former skill right hand is a spear, in his left the pnrazonium.
in the profession of arms, as well as in the Ilev.—n1vn. a. P. c. cos. DI-ISIG. IT]-IR 1:1
art of civil govermneut. After having in the 'rEn'r.—A lion walking, a dagger held in his
plenitude of his power, and in the wantonness of right fore paw; above is a star.
his vain glory, distributed whole kingdoms at The foregoing is given in '1'/mraur. Jforell. as
will, and been master of half the Roman world, from a rare gold coin of Mark Antony. The
he expired at the feet of the Woman, who had legend of the reverse assigns to him the title
been the cause of his disgrace and the source of of C0n.s'z:l.De'si_q11aIu.r Ift’I‘1lIIl el Trrlinm (Consul
his misfortunes. llis remains and those of Elect for thc second and third time). It could
Queen Cleopatra were deposited in the same not therefore have been struck earlier (says
tomb. Eckhel) than the year U. 0. 715 (B. c. 39). The
The gold coins of Marcus Antonius are from type of the obverse represents Marcus Antonius,
the third to the eighth degree of rarity; the in his garb of war, as IMPPral0r or General
silver, from common to the fifth degree of rarity, of an army. His foot is placed on the prow of
and the brass (of which there are no large) from a vessel, to indicate his maritime power. It is to
the first to the fourth degree of rarity. be observed, indeed, that the foot resting on any
On these with or without his portrait, he is object imports the possession of that object, or a
styled, for the most part, an TONI (or ANTONIVS). right over it; or it refers to a person's excelling,
Al\"l‘Ol\'lVS (l\l.) IMP. IIIVIR. R. P. C. or being ir.flucntinl, in some particular. But the
[Rei Publicm C"0n4'1i{ur-mite].-—'l‘hese words de type of the reverse is still more appropriate to
note the second trinmvirate of Rome, formed be the biography of Antony. It presents the Leo
tween Antoniua, Icpidns, and Octavianus, under Grazlimzs, previously marked on his coins in the
pretencc of uniting to effect the re-establishment year of Rome 7ll (B. C. 43). Lions were in
of the Republie.—-See mvin. and Triunwirale. some wny or other connected with the badge, or,
Some silver coins represent Mark Antony with as it were, heraldic device, of the proud triumvir.
Julius Cmsar, Lepidus, Octavius, Cleopatra, Nor ought this to be matter of surprise. “ lie
Marcus Antonius the son, and Lucius Antonius, a certainly (as Dr. Cnrdwcll observes) did claim to
brother of the 'I‘riumvir.—-The head of M. Anto be (lesccmled from Hercules, and might there
nius is not found on brass coins of the Roman fore bc expected to take a lion for his bearing.
mint; but it is frequently met with on those struck It was only five years previously [as attested by
in different provinces by his lieutenants. Such Pliny and Plutarch] on his retum from the
are those bearing the names of L. Scmpronius ' battle of Plmrsalia, that he entered the city with
Atrntinus, M. Fonteius, and M. Oppius Capito, lions yoked to his chariot; and you will re
L. Calpurnius Bihulus, L. Pinarius Scarpus; member the words of (‘iccro to Atticus zlfipist.
also Sosius, Vcntidins, and others his prsefects X. l3]. Tu Aninnii lama’; prrlilrmrras rare;
and lcgatcs, minted in cities subject to his au where he speaks of lions as if they always sug
th0rity.—'l'hcre are also silver medallions, struck gested the recollection of Antony, and leads us
in Asia, with the elligies of Antonius and of 1 to connect them with his well-known love of
Cleopatra, either joined, or on separate si(les.— parade and ostcntation."—(lmeture vii. 181.)
On the reverse of one of these is the head of Plutarcli informs us, that in thc trinnning of
Cleopatra (or of Octavia) on a cishrs between two his beard, the breadth of forehead, and the
serpents; on another the figure of Bacchus on aquiline nose, Antony resembled the statue of
~ ANTONIUS.
Hercules; and a tradition existed that the
Antonii derived their origin from that dcmi-god
through his son Anton, or Antcon. According
to Appian, Octavianus intimated to Antony, that
Julius Ca-sar had deliberated whether he should
name him his successor, and that the sole
obstacle in the way was the doubt, whether his
pride would brook the change from the family of
Hercules to that of .Enens. It was, doubtless,
his cxnltation in this idea of high descent that
led to his being exhibited, in the dress of Her
cules, on Alcxandrinc coins, and on contorniatc
medals. That this lion of Antony should be rc
presented clasping a dagger in his paw, docs not
appear susceptible of explanation; but it is rc
markable, (says Eckhel, vi. 44-), that there was
precisely the same device, on a ring of Pompey
the Great; for Plutareh says, that there was
engraven on it “a lion holding a sword.”
ANT. (.\I.) IXIPER. COS. l)t<lStGl\'. ITER.
ET. TER. II I VIR. R. P. C.—T\vohoads joined,
viz., the bare bead of Marcus Antonius, and a
female head (that of Cleopatra, says Haver
camp), adorned with the diadcm.
R/’l7.—H. orrtvs carrro. PROPR. PRAEF.
CLASSI. r. c.—-(Pro Pnztore Prwfeclua C/a.m'
Heri Curavit.)—Two clothed figures, standing
on a quadriga of sea horses.
The above legends and types appear on what
is given in Morel and Vaillant under the Oppia
family, as a middle brass coin. Although, among
the pncfects of Antony, whose names are en
gravcn on his coins, that of M. Oppius Capito
occurs on no less than seven, yet ancient history
supplies nothing respecting him.—Sec T/wwur.
Oppia, fig. D. p. 305.
The two following pieces belong to a class of the year u. c. 715 (n. c. 39), is secn playing
medals called C'i.r!nplmri (see the word). the part of Hercules, is here to be recognised as
l.—ANTO‘.\'I\’S (t\I.) DIP. COS. DESIG. Bacchus by his crown of ivy, whilst abundant
ITER. ET TERT. (]l[arcu.r Antonius, [m_11cra{0r, testimony of ancient writers goes to confirm the
Consul D¢.ri_(/nalus, Ilcrum el Terlium).—-The present record of his apothcosis. Dion Cassius
head of Mark Antony jngated with that of a
woman: the former is wrcathcd with ivy, the
latter is bare.
Re'c.—llIVlR. R. P. c. (Triumzrir Reiprlb/Z012
C¢m.r{i!m*ndm.)——Bacchus, clothed in the stola,
holding in his right hand the can!/uzrus (a flagon)
and in his left the tbyrrzu, stands on the cisla
1/I1/-rlim, between two serpents.
The whole legend, that of the obverse followed
by that of the reverse, rends—-.\lark Antony,
lmperator (i. e. General in chief), Consul Elect
for the second and third time, Triumvir to
form (or reform) the Rt-puhlic.—Engraved in
llavcrcamp, _lIc'¢/ni//P.r de C/zrtlvlhze, TAB. xlii.
fig. l-'i.—Silvcr medallion, struck in Asia.
The woman's head jugatcd with that of the
Triumvir on the above two coins, has given rise
to much controversial argument; some learned
numismatists regarding it as that of Queen Cleo
pzttrn, whilst others consider it to represent
Octavia, si-"ter of Octavianus, and the lawful
wife of Anton_v.—l"or the pros and mus of this
qw:—‘tion, sue Eckhcl's commentary, vol. vi. p. 55,
Ct '<r>q.~—For an explanation of the legends, see ‘
nu-r.u.—co.s. DESIG.-—l\ml PBOPR. rlunzr. 8:0.
in their places.
I2
ANTONIUS. 59
2.——ANTONIUS (l\I.) IMP. COS. DESIG.
ITER. ET} 'l‘ERT.—IIead of Mark Antony
crowned with ivy.
Re'v.—lllV!K. n. r. c.—The mystic chest or
basket of Bacchus, between two serpents, and
surmounted by the bare head of a woman.—On
a silver medallion of Antony, struck in Asia.
It will be borne in mind that the crown of
ivy was one of the attributes of Bacchus. An
tony, who as a Roman claimed lineage with
Hercules, wishing to pass himself oil‘ for Bacchus,
in his oriental expeditions, the Asiatics, with
whom these Cistopl/ori originated, sought to ren
der thcmselvcs agreeable to him by restoring
this Bacchanalian type on the coins which they
minted it honour of the Triumvir. It was for
the same reason that the types of the coins of
the great Mithridates, King of Pontns, were in
eluded in similar crowns. The people of Asia
Minor regarded that prince as a god sent from
heaven to emancipate them from the Roman
yoke, and they likened him to Bacchus, by a
sort of superstitious adulation which was pecu
liar to them.
And now the same Antony, who on a coin of
and Seneca both relate, that Antony, on his re
turn from Italy into Greece, in the year above
namcd, styled himself a second Bacchus, this
title being cvcn inscribed on his statues; and that
he insisted on its being accorded to him by
others. And when tho Athenians went out to
meet him, they saluted him as Bacchus (an
honour which, according to Diogenes Lacrtius,
they had already conferred on Alexander the
Great), and begged that he would not disdain to
accept their Minerva iifmarriage. To this he
replied that he approved of the arrangement, but
demanded as dowry 40,000 scstertii.—Scncea
adds, that this appearing too hard acondition, one
of the Greeks present said to Antony,-—“ My
Lord, Jupiter took thy mother Semelc without
n dowry." Socrates, the Rhodian, in Athenzeus,
tells us that Antony himself, during a Baechic
procession, commanded that he should be pro
claimed as Bacchus by the voice of the hcrald.—
What Plutarch records to the same effect, oc
curred two years previously. For he says, that
having gone into Asia after the defeat of Brutus,
and entered Ephesus, he was received by the
women attired as Bacchanals, and by the men
and boys, as sntyrs and pans, and was saluted
60 ANTONIUS. A.\"I‘ONIL'S.
openly as Bacchus, the bcnignant and genial, ‘ ther of Marcus. The other, the C. Antonius who
and that the whole city was filled with ivy, v was Cieero‘s colleague in the consulship, and
fI|_1/rs-i, psaltcries, pipes, and flutes. This record who was the 'I‘riumvir’s eousiu~german.—E':k
respecting Ephesus has the greater weight, he l hel, who places the coin in question amongst
cause thesc coins, which present to us Antony in those of Mark Antony’s, struck in the year 1.‘. (‘.
the character of Bacchus, were struck in the pro _ 718 (n. c. 42) gives some apparently good rea
vince of Asia, where it is ascertained beyond a sons for adhering himself to the opinion more
doubt that all the (.'i.sl0p/mri first saw the light. generally prevailing amongst numismatic auti
But it is also well-known, that Antony was not quaries, and which assigns the coin to the bro
the first nor the only one upon whom the same ither of Mark Antony. This Cains Antonius
Asiatics conferred all the honours due to Bacchus. I fought against Catiline. On the death of Julius
(This is shcwn in the instances of Alexander Cu-sar he was sent as Pro-l'ou.ml into Mace
the Great, and Mithridatcs, already cited.) donia, and was there defeated by Brutus, who
Nor indeed did this infatuation of Mark An 1 took him prisoner, and put him to death, 44 or
touy’s give place to time; for Yelleius informs 43 years before the Christian tcra.—'l'he pileus
us, that he, “ with a crown of ivy and gold, and on the woman's head is, doubtless, the broad
holding a thyrsus, and with huskins on his legs, ‘shallow hat, worn by the Macedonians, but
was carried into Alexandria on a ear, as Lidrr | whether it was meant (as Ilavereamp contest.~‘l,
1’aI»r;" and this piece of madness may be seen to allude to Macedonia, of which C. Antonius
confirmed by an enduring monument, in the coin . bad the government, is not so certain. llc is
age of Balanea in Syria. That his favourite ‘ culled on this coin Pox1'irr..x—a dignity, which
Cleopatra might not be wanting in her own | he seems to have obtained from Julius, when that
celestial honours, he culled himself, while in ruler augmented the priesthood.—1)orl1-inn, vi.
Egypt, Osiris and Liber Pater, mnl her Luna and -tl.
Isis.—Of the date of both these coins nothing | ANTONIUS (I.I'CI['S) another brother of
can be said, than they were struck before the 5 Mark Antony. The following coin, in gold and
year 1:. e. 720 (B. c. 3%), as we learnirom the silver (unique in the former) is extant, and ut
consulate inscribed upon them.-—See Eekhel, vi. I tributed to him :——vi1..
64, ct seq.
Al\'TO.\lIL'S (Marcus the younger) son of the
'I‘riumvir, by Fulvia his second wife.--Invested
with the loya ririIi.x, after the
fatal day of Actium, he wns,
I \ subsequently to his father’:-1
~ ‘suicide, put to death, by or
-.‘ dcr of Octavianus, atthc foot
of (‘:esar’s statue in l_'lgypt, L. ANTONIYS. COS. Bare head of Lucius
on the 30th of Apnl, lll the Antonius.
year of Rome 723 (B. C. 3].) It’:-r.—-M. ANT. IMP. Ava. 1Ir\'In. R. P. C. M.
The above coin, in gold, of the usual size, is NERVA PROQ. P. (."’llnrc!I.r Auto/1i1I.r Imperafnr
ascribed to this young mun, as minted at Rome, A1////zr Triiuncir Rniluzblilye C’0n.rIi!m»u//¢!.
viz., M. ANTONI\ S. M. F. Bare head of Jl/lrrus Nerrrl Prorlmeafor Proriucin/i.s (by whom
Antony the son. ‘ the coin was struck.)—Bare head of Mark
Rev. .»\I\"[‘0N. AVG/tr. IMP. III. COS. DES Antony.
III. IIIVIR. R. P. C. Bare head of the Father. Declared in the year of Rome protector of the
Mionnct gives this anreus, as one of the first . thirty tribes, he was appointed Consul in 713,
rarity, valuing it at 1000 franes.—According to (B. (‘. 41.)-—During the absence of Mark Antony
Eckhel there are two specimens of it ertant: in Asia, Lucius originated what historians call
the one is in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna; the Perusinian war (bl-I/um Pen/sinu/11) by ex
the other, formerly in Peter Seguin’s collection, | citing the people of Etruria against Oetavianus
is now in the French Cabinet at Paris.—See Ca-sar, who had divided their lands amongst his
Seguin, S1-lecta l\"unn'sn1u[a, 1). 112. veteran legionaries. The Consul defended him
self in Perusia against the bcsieging forces of
ANTONIUS (CAIVS) brother of the Trium
Jtngustus and Agrippa, by whom he was taken
vir. There are neither gold nor brass coins of ]ll'l.~t)ll(‘l‘ ; but he afterwards made his peace with
this person, but a very rare Sll\Cl' coin of the (‘zt-sar, who gave him the governorship of Spain.
Antonia gens, Without portrait, is considered to The time of his death, like that of his birth,
bear his name and title, as the legend of its l‘t'm:\lus unknown.
obverse :-—viz. A.\l'BI.\‘, one of the monster-gods of Egypt.
C. ANTONIVS Marci Filius. PRO-C()nSnI. —Sce llls dog-in-znlcd figure on a brass coin of
Bust of a woman with a broad shallow-hat.—1t’ev. J llllilnns II. with legend vors P\'BL](‘.\.
roxrirrzx. The aw‘:/ri.1 (or arc) and two AXXITR, a city of Latinm, in the country of
-rimpuria (or sacrificial vcssels).—Engra\ ed in the Volscians, afterwards made a Roman colony;
Morell. Antonia gens, TAB. X. fig. v. now Terracina, the episcopal sea of the (hm
It has been made mutter of controversy as to pngna (Ii Roma. Virgil makes mention of this
which of the two Antouii this dcuarins is rightly ancient place as connected with the uorship of
assignable to. One of them is C. Antonina, bro Jupitcr.—-See AXIIB.
 AIEUIEA. APABIEA. 61
APAMEA (Bithynim) colonic, now Meda bunch of grapes to a panther, and holding the
m'a/z-.‘|lurla_q1m, in Asiatic Turkey. There were t/z_//ram: in the other; as in Geta, and Trnjanns
several Greek cities of this name (Apanmia) but Dccius.
that situated in Bithynia, on the southern shores . On a coin of Volusianns, the Indian Bacchus,
of the Propontis (Sea of Marinara) near the stands clothed in a long robe, and bL‘a1'(led, a
mouth of the river aucicutly called Rh_\"ndacus, c/1/11/n_//.2 falling from the top of his shoulders:
was the only Apamca, on which the Romans he holds in his right hand the omit/mrus,
be.<towed the rank and privileges of a co/rm_y , and carries the left hand to his head: at his
and as such it is nicntioned by Pliny (L. v. c. 3:1.) feet. is u panther, (Mionuct, Suppl. '1‘. v. p. 12,
It was at first culled .\l_vrlea, and afterwards re ct seq.)
rcivul the appellation of Apamea from King (,'oIo/ziat, or Priest, ploughing with two oxen;
Prusias, in honour of his wit'e .-lprmze. In the as in Nero, Antoninns, and Gnllicuus.
civil Wars, the Apaincanians took the sidc of Diana L1/rf/‘rm walking, with a torch in each
Jtdius Ctcsal’ against Pompey; and it was under hand; as in .\1. Aurelius, and J. Domna.
Au_;ustns that their city became colonial. Its mra Fortune, with her usual attributes; as in An
is 4-57 of the foimdation of Rome (297 B. c.) toninus Pius, Philip sen., and Gallicnus.
The Lalin coins of .-kpamea (besides n few Au G441/1']/, with three rowers; as in Comrnodus,
tonomP.~;) consist of 1'0/(min! imlmria/, in brass V Gordianus Pius, 'l'ranquilliua, Otaciliu, Philip
Tlll.‘~'C coninicncc with J ulins Ctl‘S£ll' and Augus _jun., Trebonianus Gnllus, and Gallienns.
tus: a cc.-‘szition of coining then apparently oc Gt’/1i//J Po/:11/i R0/um/i, (.‘. I. 0. A. Half naked
curred (with the exception of a Gerlnanicus male figure, stands with rudder in right hand,
(‘a-sar and of an Agrippina, jun., struck under and cornucopize in the left; as in Antoninus Pius.
Caligula) till the reign of .\’ero-—Tl|r-n no more Gmiua Q/' /I111:/11/'a, represented undo.-r the
are to be found till we come to Titus, whence same personification and attributes as the pre
there is n skip to Trajan, and again to Antoni ceding reverse, struck under Gallicnus.
nm Pius, and .\[. Aurelius; thence the list in Jnpilnr, seated, holding the patera and the
ltlionnet displays n dcdicatory series of coins to hasta, as in Caracalla; or standing, with the _
consecutive emperors, with comparatively few lower oxtreniities covcrcd with the pallimu, the
0Illl5$l0IlS, as far down as Gallienns. The legends right hand raised, the /ms!/L 11//ra in the let't.—
of their rev1>r.w.r are as follow -.~— A lighted altar, and the letters D. 1). in the field,
C. I. C. A. D. l).—and C. I. C. A. P. A. D. D. as in Gallienus.
(Abbreviations for, Cu/ouia Julia Connor/lia Mi/[lur_// E/zs1'_r/n.r.—'l‘he legionary eagle be
_/I/»1/nun, ])».'n'rel0 Dre/rrion/nu.) CONC. tween two standards; (or 3, 4, and 5 cnsi_1ns on
AP;t.\l.—-C. I. C. A. G INIO P. R. D. D.— n re\'e|'sc), as in Nero and Cnracalln.—l_'l‘hese
Al’()Ll.INI CL.\ltiu.s. C. I. C. A.—-I. A. A. P.A. says Vaillant, are insignia of the veteran legion
COL. l\'L. Al’.-\.\‘l'.—-COL. IVL. CONC. AV arics originally placed in the colony either by
Gmyln AI‘.-\.\I.—C()L. AP.-\l\I. AVGu.rlu.— Julius or Augustus, and doubtless intcndcd to
IYL. C()N(,‘()liD. .-\PA.\I. AVG. D. D.—CO shew tho antiquity of its establishment under
LONIA. H-"L. C-O.\'C. AVG. APALI. the Romans; but none of the coins yet disco
”_ A second brass of vercd exhibit the name of the legion, which was
this colony (given in sent to Apaiuca.—Col. ii. 23.8.]
Pellerin, life/1tn_qI', i. pl. Itonm/1:8, 10>/1111:, and I/re W0.//'; as in M.
xxii. No. 4) presents on Aurelius, Cnracalla, Maxinius, and Philip the
its obverse mr. c. P. younger.
1.10. VALERIANUS. AVG. Sol!/Zr)‘, standing on atrirelne; as in Trajan,
with the radiated head and in Antoninus.
of Ynlcrianus senior. V0/um, seated on o. dolphin, a rudder in her
On the reverse, (as on right hand and the aplustrnm in her lc-t't; as in
the anncxcd engraving‘) Coinmodus-, or carrying a Cupid in her right
are for legend COL. rvL. coxc. avo. avan; and hand; or standing as the goddess of beauty, on a
for type, the Indian Bacchus, naked to the coin of Julia Dotnna. [The latter exhibits for
Wtllat; he stands holding tho canllzarus (or the legend of its reverse YENYS. c. 1. c. A. ave.
Wine-pitcher) in his right hand, and supporting n. D. and for type the Venus Pu/iiva —M. Du
hiinself with his left hand resting on n. pole, Mc1'san, in his description of select coins in the
round which is entwined a vine-branch with Allicr de Hauteroche cabinet (pl. x. No. 19) has
,'.'rapcs. At his feet a panther. In the ficld of given, us usual with him, a beautiful engraving
the coin the letters D. D. ot' this elegant colonial imperial] See'vENUS
'l‘hr-re are various other types of reverses, as PUDICA.
the subjoined alphabetical classification of t-hem Viz'l0r_//, walking, with a buckler in one hand
serves tn ~hew : and an oar in the other, as in Julius Caesar; or
.4110//0 C/nrii/.r (see the word) standing with walking with la\u'cl crown and palm branch, as in
pat:-ra, and bow, as in .\l. Aurelius. Gallicuus.
Jim‘//.r, A/Ir/Ii.rv‘J, a'/1// /Isr/11/ins ; in the usual Wonmn, turretrd, with right hand raised,
rnodc of rrprc.-u-utiug that family group; as in standing before a lighted altar, as in Gallicuus;
Fararalla, (<1.-c Pr-llerin M»Ian_/70, pl. xviii. No. or helmcted, standing with patcra and cornu
7, p. 2210), .\lacrinu.~', and Alex. Severus. copizc, as in Titus; or seated on u dolphin, n
Burr/m.r stands, presenting with one hand a small figure ot‘ Victory in the right, and the
62 APEX. APLUSTRUM.
acrostolium in the left; as in Julia Domna.— A. P. F. Ar_//M10 Pu/Miro Ferz'rmrIo.—On
Woman seated on a dolphin, which is swimmin_¢_v_ gold and silver of the Livineia and Mussidia
on the waves; she has her right hand extended families, the legend of the reverse reads L.
o\'er the head of the fish, and with her left hand RI-IGVLVS nuvin. A. P. 1'.—Rcfcrring to the
she covers herself with a light drapery; as in 'l‘riumvir, or as in this case, Quatuorvir, one of
Geta.—Vaillant. the principal ofiicers of the Roman mint, ap
Amongst the numerous instances in which pointed to superintend the gold and silver coin
Pollcriu supplies descriptions and e1igi'a\'iiigs of age of the ll:-public.
colonial coins, not given in \"aillant’s work, is an Al’lS.~—'l‘he sacred bull, which the ancient
eh--_'ant one minted in this colon_v, under M. l"}5_-yptiaiis wor.-'l1ippe|l under this name at Mem
Aurelius, having the young head of the emperor, phis, was eons:-<~r:ited to the moon (Isis); as
and for legeml and type of reverse DI.-\.\IAl-1 another lmll, at lleliopolis was, under the name
LVCIF, c. 1. c. A. Diana walking, with u lighted of .ll/1/»1~i.r, dedicated to the sun (Osiris). Ac
torch in each ha11d.—.lIulan_7v, i. pl. xvii. p. 279. cording to the belief which the Ezyptian priests
In a communication from Mr. Borrell, of took care to inculcate, Apis was the otlkpring of
Smyrna, addres.~'ed to the Editor of the Numis a cow, rendered fertile by a ray of the moon
1n/1/Fr: fl’/zmzufe/u (.\lr. Akerman), and inserted coming over her in a supernatural manner. His
in No. xix. (for Jan. lSl3, p. 190) of that appearance was that of a bull with black and
periodical, are given three (till then) unedited white spots. When the animal died, search was
coins of this colony, viz., a Caligula with reverse made for another bull of the same pseudo
of Gcrmanicus, a Julia Domua, and a Cara mirueulous oriuin; and if perchance his life was
calla. terminated before the II/1/)Ul_Ill('/I time, all Egypt
A PARTII. RECVPER. A Par//u's Rem put on mourning until he was replaced. His
p0ra,l1'.s.—Recovered from the Parthians. This successor was chosen with great care, as to
alludes to military ensigns, re-captured from, or the same bodily marks, being honoured with
restored by, those formidable enemies of both equal vcneration in his sanctuary. He served
Consular and Imperial Rome. On gold and as an oracle both to E;_:_vptians and to foreigners.
silver of Augustns.—See CIVIB. ET SIG. .uu,rT. Julius Cu-sar, Germanieus, Vespasian, and many
APER.——See Boar. other Romans of eminence, travelled to Llemphis
APEX, a covering for the head, somewhat re to see and adore this “ divine” quadruped.
sembling a bishop’s mitre, for which its form pro Several Alexandrine coins exhibit Apis with
bably in after ages furnished a pattern. On the the attributes that characterise him, and a great
top was a pointed piece of wood, the base of which number of other monuments likewise preserve
was surrounded by a little woollen tuft. 'l‘wo his iinage--int-ludin_: certain coins of Julianus ll.
filaments of the same material, l1an_1_{iug from the in second brass.—Sec S}-1U\'ltI'l‘AS BEIPYBLICAE
bottom of it, served to fasten it under the and Isis I-‘ARIA.
chin. The derivation of this word is not satis APLt'-"l‘RU.\[, or A/1111.:-ire, the ornament of
factorily explained by learned writers. But its the poop, or stern, of vessels, amongst the Ro
sometimes rouud—sometimcs conical shape—and mans, thus ditfcring from the acroslolium (see the
the pointed tassel on the top (Apem) most pro word, p. 5), which decorated the prow. It was
bably gave the name to the cap itself, It seems composed of curved planks curiously curved, and
to have been first used by the Snliau priests, and painted with various colours. Probably some of
was afterwards worn by the Pantf/Ear J[r1.n'mu.s the decorations of the aplmrfrmn served the pur
and the Flaz/ii/no generally. [The various forms pose of a vane, on board the ships of the
of the A/mr, and its appearance on the head ancients.
of one of the Roman priests, are shewn and ex [From references, made by uumismatic writers
plained in the Dirlionary qf G. and R. Anti in general, it would appear to be one of the eon
qui/ies, edited by Dr. W. Smith] ventionalitics of the science, to apply the tenn
The Ape: is found on a. denarius of the !lr‘r0.rl0/ilun to that object or symbol, which,
Quinctia gens, as indicating the connection of whether seen in the hand of Neptune, or at the
Quinctins Flmuiniu-5' with the priesthood of stern of a galley, seems, from its peculiar form
Jupiter. As a symbol of Valcrius Flaeeus being and position, d(‘sl}_'netl rather to represent the
a Salian, or priest of Mars, it appears on a A///uslrum. For exaniples of this species of naval
coin of the Valeria gens. The same isalso adornment, as ag_'reein_; with the descriptions
seen betwecu two ANCILIA, on a silver coin of given by ancient authors, the readcr’s attention
P. STOLO, of the Licinia family, a monetary tri may be directed to coins of the Fom‘/fizz and (timid
umvir of Augustus. These apir/Is, or head fa|nilics—to the)?-p. If/>r/. of \'es-pasiau, and to the
gear, worn by the members of the saeerdotal Prretorian trircme (I"1:liritali Aug.) of Hadrian,
order, whilst performing rclizious ceremonies, &e. But a monetal specimen, on the larger
are to be seen on other family and consular scale, is to be found on a brass medallion of
coins, especially on those of the J1//fa gens. On .\_1rippa, _ziven by \':1illant (Pnrsl. JV14/21. Impp.
many of these it is also exhibited, in combination Raul. iii. 101-), who, ha\‘in_v.: in his work on the
with the .recuri.s (or slaughtering axe), the pm (.‘oloI1it.‘.~1, defined acrostolium to be “ Xavis
fi.-rirulmn (vase for wine, &e.), and the fl.\'/n’r Rux/1'////1" (the beak of n ship), here designates
_qiZ/mu (water-sprinkler), all which snerilicial the win:-like ligure, on the reverse of the coin
instruments serve to mark the Pontiticate of in qin-siion, not as acrostolium, but as “ l\'a\"L<
Julius Ctesar.—See ANCILIA, p. 45 of this work. Ap/u.strmn.”—Sec M\‘NlCIl"l. l’ARENS.]
 APOLLO. APOLLO. 63
APOLLO.—According to the mythology of ' the tamarind. At his altars were sacrificed
the Greeks, from which the Romans almost ex lambs, black bulls, sheep, and horses. The
cliisiii-l_\' borrowed their own objects of reli§_-;iou'= hymns sung to his praise were Parana and
worship, Apollo was the son of Jupiter and of Nam:-.r; and Io Perm is considered to be an
acclamation of Victory referring to Python.
Jpo//0 is dcpictured on ancient paintings,
sculptures, and coins, in divers ways: with a
juvenile countenance, a bare, a laureatcd, or a
radiated head—the hair some timgs adjusted and
turned up; at others, haiiging down long and
curled. Sometimes with bow and arrow as the
archer and the dart-flinger; sometimes near a
tripod as the tales or poet; with a serpent,
either in allusion to Python, or as the inventor
of medicine; with the lyre or the harp as the
patron of music; with the pr’!/um, or pastoral
Iatona, and came into the world with his twin crook, as the tutelary god of shepherds -, driving a
sister Diana, in the island of Delos. The god of quadriga and holding a whip in his right hand,
health, of literature, and of the tine arts, it wins as the ehariotecr of the Sun. On a large brass
chictly under the yuutlifiil grace, the noble form, of Alexander Severus, struck A. D. 231, during
the handsome lineaments of Apollo, that manly that Emperor's campaigns in the East, Apollo
be.iuty personified itself in the classic periods of stands in an easy attitude, his right hand point
antiquity. llc it was, whom as “the god of all ing upwards, and his left l10ltllll_L', a whip, indi
_re-rseinca,” poets of old, in their “ fine frenzy” cativc of his power to promote rapidity, in allu
invoked, to imbue them with his divine inspira sion to his horsms. With the exception of a
tions. As the patron of music, the instrument mantle on the shoulder, the figure is naked, and
on which he delighted to exercise his heaven the head radiated. (Smyth, 232.) .\lost fre
born genius, was the lyra, or cithara, presented quently he is rcprescnted naked or halt‘-iiahcd,
to him by Mercury. This most attractive and but sometimes clothed in a woman's robe. Now,
flfwimplishcd, but at the some time most cnicl, standing with elbow resting on a column, now
liccntious, and vindictive, of those male deities, seated on the tripod, or a conical vase, as if pre
who held superior rank in the celestial realms of pared for divination. On the generality of coins
ancient fable, was moreover regarded as ii skil he appears as a beardlcss youth, and cvca with
fulcharioteer, guiding steeds no less fleet and feminine features, though there are instances
fiery than those of the Sun. An unerring archer, cited of a. bearded Apollo.
too, it was an an'ow from his bow, that delivered Apollo’: head laureatcd, with the lyre before
the mrth from thc serpent Python;—which hav it, the whole within a laurel crown, appears on
in; sprung from the slimy mud of the dclllge, a second brass of Augustus, as represented in
spread its ravages around the sacred district of the wood-cut at the head of this article.
mount Parnassus. llc afterwards covered with Apnllimlr Vijoiia Cajmf.-—'I‘hc head of Apollo
that nionstcr’s skin the tripod, on which the Vs-juppilcr, occurs on a denarias of the (,'w.n'a
priestess of his tcmple seated herself when dc gens— see the word.
livcriiiiz her oracles. Allusioii to all these inci Apollo’: laurcated head appcars on denarii of
fl-'lllS and attributes of Apollo are to be found the following Roinan fmiiilics, viz.: /lqlrilfa,
on ltonian coins. llis votaries distingiiislictl him Rabi/1, (,'¢rci'/in, (,'arri'lin, Calpurnia, (Jassia,
by a confused and inconsistent variety of names, Claudia, C'o]mnia (diadcniedl, Crcpusia, l'i;_'na
epithets, and assigned functions. Uiuler the tulcia, Fontcia, Julia, Liciiiia, Lollia, Jlurria,
tiilc of II»/for, P/llf/IIIJ, or Sol, as charged with .\lcinmia, Ognluia, O/i¢'i'/nia, Pupiu, Pi-duiiia,
the ofiiee of daily illniiiiiiatiiu: the world, he is Poblicia, Pomponia, Poi-tuiuia, Scrvilia, Snipi
rrpri:~cntcd on coins and other monuments, with cia, I '/I/in, &c.—[_'l‘hosc in italics are illustrated
he head radiated, and a whip in his hand, either in their respective places]
nanding on the ground, or l'ltllll_lI in a car drawn .-(pol/0'0 head, adorned with curled hair, and
by four horses. Numerous edifices were dedi with a star abo\ e, occurs on coins of the Va/erirz
vlt-Pil to his worship, tliroiigliout Greece. And gens; with the diadcm in the Jlurria; encircled
one of the richest and most superb of his temples with the fillet and a sccptre behind, in the L'a.v.i-ia,
was that built at Rome, by .\llgll\illlS. Various (llamlia, and Postiunia families. [The sceptro
tonnes were cclcbratcd to his honour. The py so placed serves, according to Pitzgliiiis, to de
thian, in many places; the deliqnia in Dclos; note that the Romans, in their sacred rites,
and at Nicca in Bithynia ; the secular (lmli worshipped, as sovereign of all animated bodies,
I-_I"'/lure: .1/mi/iimrz-.r) at Rome, &e. As pre the deity, whom, after the example of the
~‘!'li".!oi.-cr the .\lllSL‘$, mount llelicon in Bumtia Greeks, they identified with the SI/!l._‘l
was held sacred to him; and I1lllll(‘l'0ll~l other Jpn//0'; llcrul rn//infer! is accordingly seen or
p'..iei-ii owned the superstitious iullneiiee of his namented with the crown of rays, on coins of
L’-i-l~|iip. Ainouz the flllllllilli coiisccratcd to the Aquilia, Cacsia, Claudia, Lucretia, l\lii_-sidia,
Apollo, were the wolf, the cock. the rrn-en, the Valeria, and other fniiiilies. The Sltlllc hcad,
Hiltnre, l.)(’~ltll'1 the falnilous Gritlin.—.\mong forming the obvcrsc type of so many duiarii,
plants and fruits were the laurel, the olive, and refers to the Apollinarian games.
6 4- APOLLO. APOLLO.
Apollo’: head with the lyre, either before or Apollo and Base/eu.r, drawn by a goat and a
behind it, is exhibited on falnily medals of the panther, with Cupid riding on the goat, form the
Clandii, Flavii, &c., and as that of a female, reverse t _vpe, without legend, of a brass medallion
crowned with laurel on coins of the Voltcia gens. of Hadrian.—See Bzzrr/1/14‘.
A/:0//u’.r am! Dill/m’.r heads present themselves /1110//iui weer (7vreu.r.—Pcdrusi gives, from
together, on denarii of the Fonteia, and other the Frtrncse cabinet, the reverse type of a brass
families, allusive to the secular games. medallion of Antoninus Pius, which represents
A/m/In mm’ Dimuz, both standing, the one Apollo, nearly naked in front, a long cloak
with laurel bragch and lyre, the othcr, with bow -i
and quiver, are found on the reverse of a silver
coin of Valcrianus, with legend of co.\'sr;av.u‘.
AYGG. contained in the imperial cnhiiiet at Vienna.
[l<lckhel observes, that the association of Apollo
with his sister Diana, under the title of joint
preservcrs of the Emperor, occurs in this in
stance for the first time.—l\'hell remarks re
specting this type, that as in the tragical case
of Niobe and her children, the idolatrons illusions
of pagan belief were prone to ascribe that dire
continuance of the plzigiie, which was destroying
thousands on thousands, to the wrath of both
those ven_<_reful dc-itios—.»\pollo and Diana.—
vol. vii, 353.]
/Ipn/la naked, with garland on his head, in a hanging down his back—standing with a bow
q|uul|'i;_'a at full speed, holding a branch in the in his left hand, before a tripod, on which a dead
right hand, and a bow and arrow with the horses‘ serpent (Python) is suspended. On .~\pollo's right
reins in the left, appears on a coin of the Bmbia hand is n sort of table with a vase on it, behind
gens.—l*‘or engraved specimens of the above which rises a tree, on one of whose branches a
types see Morel]. T/mm/ru.v, and Vaillantfs crow or raven is perched. The learned Jesuit
1"/mz. 1t'0m. IV/u1zis.—See also Bm/n'a. takes no little pains in citing the rrv1.r0m- given
.4/10//0’: name and image are also of continual by old writers, both in poetry and prose, for
recurrence throughout the imperial series, from cnnsccrating the rorrns to Ajlollo. But whether
Julius Caesar to Julian the Apostate; among it has reference to the god's vindictive change of
which the following are examples : viz. the crow‘s plumage from white to black, for be
A}/n//0, I/mfiwn/n"i/e1/[vi/1i/_y of An‘//n.rIu.9.— traying his secret amour with the nyinph Co
There is a silver coin of this emperor, the re ronis, or whether it relates to the eroaking of
verse of which displays .\pollo, seated on n rock, this bird being more favourable than the singing
playiny: on the l_vre, and having behind his of others to the pious frauds of an§.:ural divina
shoulders what Spanhcim (in Julian's Cu-sars, tion, is by no means clearly deeided.—See vol. v.
p. 3lJt), calls a bncklcr, as a mark of secnrit_v p. 1‘.)0.—['l‘lie ll"g(‘ll(l TR. ror. llll. cos. n.
and pence after the battle of Aetium, but which shows that this beautiful product of the Anto
l\lionnt-t terms the pi/nus. In the field of the niniau mint was struck about A. n. 139.]
coin is the inscription c.n:s.\n. nivi. 1'. ((.'ie.mri.s Al’OLLl.\'l. A("l‘lt), or .’I1‘[in/‘O. t'l‘o the
D/vi 1";/i/as-—soii of the Divine Cresnr.) .-\r-tiae Apollo.)—ln a female dress he stands,
This dennrius, which Eckhcl regards as having holding the lyre in his ri§_'ht hand and the piec
been minted at Rome between A. U. C. 719, ll‘llIl1 in his lcft.~5cc ACT. L\lP. p. B, of this
(n. 0.35) and 726 (:28) forms another of the work.
many te~tin1onics, afforded b_v coins and in On a dcnarius of .»‘\ngustns, who, as his
scribed marbles, of the secniin_'.,'ly intense devo patron in the d:t_v of .'\('iil\lll, and afterwards as
tion paid by .~tu;zu_~tus to Apollo, btfrn-0 as well the reformer of his life and manners, atfeeted
as after the battle of Actinn1.——On this point (as Spanlieim says) to resemble that god. at his
Suetonius (c. TO) refers to letters from l\I. An festivals, in his statues, and on his mt-dnls.—
tonius, who sutirises the secret. banquet, com Apollo Actius, striking the lyre with an irory
monly called that of the “twelve” deities, at /1/or/rmn, is alluded to in the following line of
which the _t',‘llL‘s‘lS sat down, dressed in the the epic poet Albinovznms, a friend and contem
habits of gods and gorltlcsses, Octuvianus (i. c. porary of Ovid :—
Atigztistlis) himself personating Apollo. See 1). “ Acliu: ipse Iyram pleelro percnssit elmrno.”
N. V. vol. vi. lt)'Z~t‘.—'l‘he sister of the same On another denarius of Augustus is the
deity, was also an ohjeet of worship with Au lif.!lll'(‘. of Apollo, in the sin//1, standing on :\
gustin-, for he ascribed his good fortune to both, Slll)~'il‘tl('ll1l‘t‘, ornamented with anchors and lieaks
acknowledging the tut:-l;n'_v aid of the Sicilian of ships, before an altar, he holds a patera in
Diana (1)5/ma Siva/ta") for his victory over Hextns the ri_1ht, and the lyre in his left hand, round
Pompcius, as well us that of Apollo for his deci the upper part of which we read C. AXTISII.
sive success at .\ctiuin.—Sec SICIL. IMP. vrlrvs. nlvrn.
/1110/I0 seated, with his lyre, uud the ]r[.>:ei|tl ‘ Struck A. U. C. T33, (n. C. 16), by one of
um. vn. cos. 111. on a brass incdallion of M. his monetary trinmvirs, Autistins Yctus, this
Aurelius. coin adds another proof of the great devotion
 APOLLO. APOLLO. 65
professed by Augustus towards Apollo, to whom, -—also APOLLINI CON SERVATORI, on a
in fulfilment of his vow, he had built n temple brass medallion, and aroauivi coivseava. on
at Actinm, after his crowning victory over his first brass, of Valerianus and Gallienus.——Apollo
competitor for the empire of the world. The standing, either with his right hand laid over his
legend of the head is me. caasan. avevs. TB. head, or [as in the preceding cut] holding a
ror.irx.—Eckhel assigns this and other coins laurel branch; with his left resting on a lyre,
with similar types and legends to the year of placed on apedestal.—(Struck between A. D. 254
llouie 742 (3.0. 12), in the mint of Augustus. and 266.)
$eB__7_'/icsaur. M01-ell. Fain. Rom. Antistia gens,Not only Augustus but his successors had
always paid especial honours to Apollo, whose
fig. in.-—and Impp. Rom. vol. iii. TAB. xiv. fig. 36.
_APOLLINI AVGVSTO. S. C.—Apollo Ly temple at Actiuin commanded a view of the bay
rulu standing in a female dress, holding the where the combat took place. The name and
ly_m and ii patcra.—On a first brass of Antoninus image of the god had frequently figured on the
Pins, struck A. U. c. 893, (a. n. 140). coins of Rome. But at the period, when
lt was in memory of the vencration rendered paganism was on the point of expiring, its
by Augustus to Apollo, that this coin was diviiiities were more than ever invoked by the
struck, in which the name itself of Augustus is emperors, who endeavoured to stem the progress
given to that deity, who is represented in the of its fall. Apollo, in particular, was the object
same costume and attitude, and with the same of their homage, in those dreadful times, when
attnbutrs as in the dennrii minted by Augiistus, the plague spread itself to depopulate the empire.
and bearing the legend of ACT. IMP. x. and xir.— —Lecon.r Nurniamaligues, p. 239.—-—'I‘he same
-4110//0 Augustus, says Eckhel, is the same as legend and similar type appear on gold of Vale
Jpallo Jclius.—See p. 8 of this work. rianiis.
_ There is asilver coin of S. Severus, with a APOL. CONS.—-Mionnet gives a gold Aure
similar legend and type, \\lllCl1 ltaschc says was lian with this legend, and Apollo seated.—
struck to commemorate the sacrifices which that Vaillant publishes (Pr. i. 213) an aurcus of the
Emperor made to Apollo, on the occasion of same emperor, on which a male figure, naked,
Pescenmns Niger's defiuit and dc-ath.——'l‘hc same stands with radiated head, right hand extended,
lvgvnd and type occur on silver and gold of and the left holding a globe-—a captive on the
Albiuus. ground sitting near his feet.
APOLIiui CONSERVATORI. S. C. Here we find the naiiic of Apollo identified,
-\P°11°, naked, buirdless, and with flowing hair, on the same coin, with the symbol of the Sun,
stands holding a laurel branch in the right hand, and evidently referring to Aurelian’s victories in
his left resting on the lyre, placed on arock. the East.
011 gold, silver, and first brass of 1Emilianus. APOLLINI CONSERVATORI.—This dedi
The plague which raged through the length catory legend at full length, with a temple, in
and brmdth of the empire, at the period (about which appears the statue of Apollo, is g'veii in
A D. 253) when these coins were struck, was the Museum T/ieupoli, as from a brass medallion
the special occasion of this devotion to Apollo of Quintillus, Aurelian’s immediate predecessor,
wiedicur, in other words to him as the god of who reigned after Claudius II. only during u few
l19"_ll'~_l1-—“ Apollo (observes Capt. Smyth, de months of a. D. 270.
scribing this coin, in large brass), was a most
Popular deity, though Lucian stigmatised him as APOLLINI CONS. AVG.—A Ceiitaiir, hold
8 Yam and lying fortune~teller. He appears on
ing a globe in one hand, and ii rudder in the
the medals, of all sizes and metals, of this reign; other; or a Centaur about to shoot an arrow.
not in the feminine apparel of the‘ PalatineOn billon and 3rd brass of Gallienus.
Why the figure of a eentaur is here employed
st:itue,‘but as a noble youth, delicate yet vigor
in association with the legend of Apollo, “ the
°ll% with limbs free, and sometimes in an atti
Enipcror’s preserver,” it is diflicult if not im
tude not very dissimilar from that finest statue
in the world, the Apollo Vcnator” (commonly possible to discover; unless allusion be meant to
the Centaur Chiron, to whom the myth assigns the
called the Belvidcrc Apollo) .—-Descr. Cat. 292.
tutorship of Apollo, and who was said to have
T- ~-. been the first to teach the medicinal use of herbs.
The signification of the globe and rudder is still
more ohscnre.—There is a coin of Tetricus junior,
with a eentaur for its type, and the epigraph of
sou coivsanv. On another base silver coin of
Gnllicnus, with the same legend, the type is u
gryphon, or griflin.--According to Philostrutus,
that monster was sacred to Apollo, or Sol ; thus
a fabulous animal is seen nppositely consecrated
to a fabulous deity.-—On coins of Aureliopolis,
in Lydia (says Eckhcl), griflins are represented
drawing the chariot of the Sun.
A P OL. MO N ET. (on Silver.)—APOL.
APOLLINI CONS. AVG. ('I‘o Apollo, pre MONETAE P. M. TR. P. XV. IMP. Vlll.
Mrrer of the Emperor.)—0u billon of Gallicnus COS. VI. S. C. (on 2nd Brass.)-—Apollo naked,
k
fi6 APOLLO. APOLLO.
stands with his right hand lifted up to the top APOLLINI PAL. or APOL. PALA'l‘lN0.—
of his head, his left elbow resting on a column. Apollo attired in the stola, (see ACT. ma. p. 5),
stands holding the pit-drum in his right hand,
and resting his left on the lyre, which surmounts
a short column. On silver and first brass of
Commodus.—A brass medallion of the same
emperor, has for legend of reverse APOL. Pam
TINO. 1*. M. Ta. P. xvi. IMP. vm. cos. vi. r. r.
and the typo exhibits Apollo, in the same effe
minate dress assigned to him in the Actiac de
narii of Augustus, holding with his left hand a
lyre conjointly with Victory, who stands by his
side.——Sce Sclerla Nunnlmrata, in Hus. De
Cam_p.¢, per D. Vaillnnt, p. 53.
Respecting this singular legend, found on
coins of Commodns, minted in his sixth con
sulate—viz., A. U. c. 943, (A.D. 190) Eckhcl
makes the following remarks:——“A]though we
find Juno Jlloneta, on coins of the (~'ari.ria fa
mily, and have the testimony of ancient authors
to the appropriation of the title to that goddess,
and even the reason why it was given, yet such
is not the case with the inscription Apollo
]lIoneta—a characteristic by which Apollo is
distinguished only on the coins of Commodus.
Unable to account for this circumstance, I will
not spread my sails to the winds of conjecture;
for in the same Emperor's mint, appellations are
ascribed to deities, which were the offspring
solely of the fertile brain of Commodus, who (as These coins have reference to the temple,
Lampridius says) made his alterations and addi which Augustus, whilst as yet bearing no other
tions in religious matters, rather from capricc name than that of Octavianus, erected at Rome,
than from a serious feeling." (vii. 123.)— in honour of his guardian divinity in the Pals"
Among the larger brass of the following year, tiurn, attaching to it, according to Snetonius,
wc su: the same Apollo Moneta repeated. a public library. We have the testimony of
Apollo’; Oracle is named on a coin of Philip Dion Cassius, that the date of this event was
the el¢ler.——See ax OIL-\(‘\‘L0 APOLLINIS. A. U. c. 718 (n.c. 36.) In alluding to this tem
Al‘OLLl.\iI Plt0P\'Gnal0ri. (To Apollo ple, Propertius describes the idol, its dress, and
the L-efcnder.)—-Apollo in the act of discharging position, in these words:——
an arrow. Deinde, inter matrem dean ipss, interque sororem
Apollo, “God of the silver bow,” as the Pylhiuc in longs. carmina veete canit.
supposed infiicter of sudden death (especially if [And next, between his mother and twin sister,
the deceased was “ sun smitten”), as well as lo. the Pythian God himself, in flowing mantis,
the staycr of pestilence, was at the period sings his lays]
when this coin was struck regarded with more The fact of his building this temple (says
than usual veneration, on account of the in Eckhel, vii. 124, 125,) is further confirmed by
creasing desolation of the plague. This malady the statement of Augustus himself, on the ms!"
seems to have travelled from Ethiopia, and is ble of Ancyrs. (ms. iv. v. 1.) 'rsm>1.vnQYE
said to have raged 15 years, destroying incredible APOLLINIS. IN. l’ALATl0 — — r1-:c1.-—'I‘here
numbers of people.-——)Iionnct gives this among nown of this Apollo Palafinus subsequently r_B'
the first brass of Valerianus (about A. D. 254) ; ccivcd augmentation, on the occasion of the vic
and Akerman among the billon coins of Gallic tory gained .s.u.c. 723 (ac. 31), over Antony,
nus; but Eekhel omits to notice it. at Actium, near the temple of Apollo Actins:
APOLLINI SANCTO.—Apollo naked, stands Ovid himself ascribing that piece of good fortune
holding a branch in the right hand, and leaning to the intervention of this deity, in the following
on a column.
Eckhel and Mionnet both give this as from a lines :—
" Visits laurigero sacrata Palstia Phcebo.
silver coin of Pescennins Niger. The former “ Ille Pnnetonias rnersit in alta rates."
pronounces it to have been struck at Antioch, Ovid. Ari. amar. iii. v. 389.
referring as the ground of his opinion to u [“ Go see the Palatia sacred to the laurel-belflflg
second brass of Julianus II. which exhibits Phazbus. p
on one side APOLLONI (sic) SANCTO. (type of Ha it was, who sank in the deep the I-‘anctmllflfl
Apollo in the stole, with patera and lyre), and bl\rlis."]
on the other, oamo ANTIOXENI. Apollo is /Egyptias, The poet uses the word Parctlonia-9 T01‘
from Paraetorium a town of Mar"
known to have been ranked amongst the prin marica, which had been added to the dominlflll
cipal divinities worshipped by the people of Anti of Egypt, and Cl:-opntra.——And this is the rea
achia in iS'_1;,~:'a.
 APOLLO. APOLLO. 67
son why Apollo Palatinns appears in the same 475,) sitting with laurel in right hand, and the
garb, viz., the rtala, as docs Apollo Actins on cithara in his lefi:—-see Rasche.—Also on an
numerous coins of Augustus, the mintnge of Apamean colonial, struck under M. Aurelius.-—
which comes within the year U. C. 733 (B.c. 21), See Apamea.
and also on denarii of the Autistia family, which Apollo Salutari.r.——'l'he healing or healthful
are found with the legend, APOLLINI. ACTIO.-— Apollo.—On a dcnarius of Caracalla, having
On a marble, published by Muratori, (p. 1119, for the legend of its reverse, r. x. ra. P. xvm.
i.) appears the following:——SACERDOS. DIA cos. nu. P. P. (i. e. Sove
NAE. VICTR. ET. APOLLINIS. PALATi1ai. reign Pontifl’, invested with
Zosimus also makes mention of the Palatine tem i tribunitian
18th time, authority for the
Consul for the
ple of Apollo; and Ammianus Marcellinus re
lstes, that during the reign of Julian the Apos 4th time.) Apollo is seated,
tate it was destroyed by tire, when the Carmina he holds up a branch of laurel
Cumana had a narrow escape of sharing its fate. in his right hand, and rests
APOL. SALVTARIS or APOLL1'ui SALV the left arm on his lyre,
TARI. S. C.—Apollo, naked, stands holding in which is placed on a tripod.
the right baud a branch of laurel, and in his left This is one among several coins which were
the lyre; or rests his left on a tripod. On large struck during the reign of Curaealla, and which
brass, and in other metal and forms, of Trebo bear direct allusion to the then precarious state
nianus Gallns, and Volusianus. of that cxecrable tyrant’s health; racked as his
To the misfortunes of preceding reigns, to guilty mind was with the pangs and terrors of
the internal convulsions of the empire, to the remorse, at the remembrance of his fratricidal
invasions of barbarians, was added the scourge crime. Finding no repose for his atfiighted con
of a terrible pestilence, which ravaged the Roman science, after the murder of his brother Getn,
world, during the reigns of Trcboninuus and some he bethought himself of imploring the tntelary
of his immediate successors. These princes, divinities of health, and accordingly addressed
tottering on their thrones, invoked in vain, and in himself to Esculapius and to Apollo.—-A similar
succession, those false deities to whom, under the type of Apollo on a third brass of the same em
illusions of paganism, they ascribed n power over peror, the legend corresponds also, except in the
the health of mortals. The epithet dedicatory to rn. P. which is xvii.
Apollo, on this reverse, evidently points to those Apollo Smintl|iua.—-Amongst his various
prayers and vows.—-Le;-on.r Numinnalique-r, 231. surnames, and distinctive appcllations, that of
Referring to the above coins, Eckhel (vii. 356), Sminthins was assigned to Apollo, (according
also observes, that they were struck about a. D. to some writers) from thefact of his having de
25-L, amidst the raging of that dreadful pestilence,stroyed, or driven away, the mice, by which,
which filled the world with mourning, and when before his benevolent interposition, the town of
Apollo, as the god presiding over health (.salu!i.r Sminthe, or Sminthinm, on the coast of the
prams) was invoked by the emperor, and pub Troad, had been over-run, and where, out of gra
hcly implored by the whole community, for the titude, n temple was built to his worship.-Types
removal of so universal and destructive a scourge.
of the Sminthian Apollo appear on colonial im
During this grievous mortality, as Victor experial coins of Alexandria Troas, not for from
presses it, “ Gallus and Volusianus won the which place Sminthium was situated.-—Fur some
favour of Apollo, by the anxious and sednlous notice (quite as much as the subject deserves) of
attention which they paid to the burials of the what is couflictingly stated by ancient authors,
Inost humble individuals.”—Appropriately to the respecting the origin of this epithet as applied to
legend which propitiates the healing influences of Apollo, by the inhabitants of Asia Minor, ace
Apollo, a branch of laurel, or of olive, is con Docl. Nmn. Vet. vol. 480.
secrated to this divinity; for both one and the Apollo, standing with his lyre, his right hand
other were used by the ancients in the ceremony holding ears of corn, appears on second brass
of lustration. Thus Juvenal: of Claudius Gothicus, with legend SALVS avo.
Cuperent lustrari si foret humida laurus. 'l'he following types of Apollo occur on colo
(Sat. ii. 157.) nial imperial coins, with Latin legends -.——
And Virg'il_. Besides those of Alexandria Troas and Apamea,
Idem ter socios purfa circumtulit nndfi, above noticed, Apollo appears on coins struck in
Spargcns rore levi, ct rsmo fclicis olivae; the colony of Ccesarea Palestinse, under Hadrian,
Lustravitquc viros, dixitque novissimu verba. Antonine, and Aurelius——of Corinth, under Com
(.Eneirl, vi. V. 229.) modus—of Patric, under Nero, Domitian, M.
"Old Chorinzens compass'd thrice the crew, Aurelius, and Co1nmodns—of Deultum, under
A_IId_ dipp’d an olive branch in holy dew; Maximus Cmsar, and under Gordianus Pius—ot'
W hich thrice he sprinkled round, and l-llflfl! aloud Tyre, under Trebonianus Gallus, and Gullienns.
Involi'd the dead, and then dismiss‘d the crowd."
On a third brass of Mnximus (son of Maximi
Apollo ('!arius. Apollo had an oracle nus) struck at Denltum, Apollo stands holding a
It Clams in Ionia; hence the name Clarins, laurel branch in the right hand, and placing with
under which he was worshipped by the people of his left a lyre on a tripod. Before his fcct is a
Colophon, and by the inhabitants of Smyrna. lighted altar.—[“Apollo (says Vaillant, ii. 145,)
lhc image of this Apollo appears on a coin of bears the laurel, as consecrated to him on ac
(mrdianns Pius, (in l’atin’s 1-o/. Impp. Rum. p. count nf his reputed gift of forete-lling e\ents—
K2
as ' APOTHBOSIS. A POP. FRVG. AC.
in, what Tacitus termed ‘the epidemic spirit of I
the laurel tree, according to the Greeks, confer
ring the qflatus, or divine inspiration.”]—The adulation,’ long before the Samian was born.
tripod was the ordinary symbol of his oracular ‘ ' ' Neither the veil, nor the portrait, which
power ; but Apollo’s distinguishing tokens were was the distinctive mark of deifieation among
the lg/re and the laurel. the Romans, nor the other symbols of the Apo
“ Whilst thus I sang, intlam’d with nobler fire, theosis, were done away from medals, till qfter
I heard the reat Apollo’s tuneful lyre ; Constantine, when a hand from the cloudsbe
His hand n ranch of spreading laurel bore, stowing a crown, was substituted.” (p. 297.)-—
And on his head a laurel wreath he wore.” See CONSEC-RATIO.
(Ovid, Ar! qf Lore. Yaldeu's translation.) APPELLATION (or Title).-—-In the most
On a second brass ot‘ Antoninus Pius, minted flourishing times of the Empire, not-hing was
by the colonists of Patrne, Apollo is represented, esteemed more dignified, or more venerable, than
naked, standing; in his right hand he holds a the titles of Imperulor, Caesar, and Auyuslus.
patera, and rests his left on a lyre, placed on aBut as the power of the state decreased, the
cippus.—'[ApoHo leaning on his lyre, embodies power of names became augmented. Roman
the harmony of the celestial spheres, on which princes wished to be called Domini, seeing that
account he was called Jlflricu: and Cit/naroedua. the Imperator was head of the empire only, where
Vaillant, i, 72.]—In the last named character as the Domiuus was head of the world. Hence in
(the lyre-striking Apollo) Nero appears on one the lower series, when, with less real strength of
of his first brass coins, habited, as Snetonius government, they aimed at appearing to govern
observes, like the statues of the God, with the all, they assumed the title of D. N. Domimu
cithara in his lcft hand, and playing it with N0.rtn‘——0r ma. rm. Domini No:ln'.—Thcre
his right. was also a period in Rome's decline when, as
On a second brass of Commodus, struck in their coins shew, Emperors appropriated to
the colony of Patric, Apollo stands in a female themselves titles or surnames borrowed from
dress, with his bow in the right hand, opposite those of heathen deities, and which, conceded
to him stands Venus, holding up ashiuld with to them by the vile adulation of their contempo
both hands. [Apollo and Venus were, in fabu raries, have been handed down to modern ages.
lous history, the offspring of Jupiter, the former Thus we read nrzucvmvs, iorivs, &'c.—See
by Latona, the latter by the nymph Dione.—— Rasche, vol. i., p. 75.
Vaillant, i. 216.] APPLE.—An attribute of Venus, allnsive to
APOLLONIA ILLYRICI, one of the places, the prize obtained from the Trojan Paris. Sec
erlm urbem, where Roman coins were appointed the VENEBI GENETBICX, of Sabina.-—Severs1
to be minted, under the government of the Re coins of Faustino, junior, also hear Venus with
public.—See D. N. V. vol. v. p. 68. the apple in her hand among other attributes.
APOLLODORUS of Damascus, the architect on their reverses.
of 'l‘rajnu’s bridge over the Danube, and of Tra APPULEIA, or Apuieia, a family of the ple
jan’s Forum.—See soavm. '1‘kAIANI.—ECli.llBl, bcian order, but of Consular rank, whence sprang
vol vi, p. 432. the turbulent L. Appnlcius Saturninus. Its
AP. N. Appii Ne;oos—APPIVS, the name of (brass) coins, which are rare, present three vs
a highly illustrious Roman race, of Sabine origin riutics, and are the as or parts of the as.
—thc stock of the Claudia family, whence sprang A.P.R.——A Populo Itamano—or Auclorilale
the famous Censor, Amine Claudius, who con 1’0puliRomani.—By authority of the Roman
structed the celebrated public road, called, after People.
him, the Via Appia. A POP. FRVG. AC.—These abbreviated
A. POST, Aulus Po.rtumius—prenomen and words, preceded by those of cos. xlm. Lrn.
name of a man-—-see Portznnia. sane. appear on the reverse of a first brass coin
APOTHEOSIS, that grand ceremony of Pa of Domitian. The type represents the emperor
ganism, by which its votaries pretended to place habited in the toga, seated on a a-uggrrtunz.
a man, or a woman, amongst the number of their Before him stand two (or, to speak afier more
deities. It was so named by the Greeks, who minnteness of inspection, three) togatcd figures,
first practised the rite, and from whom the Ro
mans, especially under the Emperors, largely
borrowed it, as is testified by their coins.——Called
by the Latins Oonsecratio, it is symbolise-d on
coins under a triple variety of types, viz., either
by an eagle with expanded wings, or by a lighted
altar, or by the ro_r/us, or funeral pile. It is
singular that an example of these three modes of
typifying an Apollzeosir is exhibited on the coins
of an otherwise unknown young prince. The
"funeral pile appears on gold struck in memory of
Nigrinianus, the eagle on his silver, and the
altar on his 3rd brass.
“ The farce of the Apotheosis has been ascribed
(remarks Captain Sniyth) to a taint of the Py one of whom holds in both hands, a sort vi
thagorean doctrines; but it obviously originated small sack, out of which he is in the act of pour
 A POP. FRVG. AC. AQUE DUGPUS. 69
ing grain or fruits. Behind is a temple. On alluded to was conferred upon, and not by, the
the em-gue s. c. people.”
This coin forms one of a. set, minted under [And yet it is worthy of notice, though
the prince above-named, A. U. c. 841 (A. n. 88), seemingly overlooked by the great scrutinizer
to commemorate his celebration of the Secular and critic of numisrnatic monuments, that in the
Games. The legend, chiefly owing to the ancient very type which he has himself described and
practice of verbal abbreviations, presents a commented upon (nnd which is here faithfully
dirliculty of no ordinary kind.—Spanhcim con copied from a well-preserved specimen in the
siders that it is to be explained thus :——A. British Museum) one of the figures personifying
POPulo FRVGe.r AC¢'epla', and that these words the Populus Romanus (the entire Roman people)
are to be referred to the first otferings of fruit, is in the attitude of pouring out a contribution
wheat, barley, and beans, which it was customary of FRVGe.1, at thc base of the raised platform,
for the entire people to dedicate, at the com on which the Emperor, with his right hand
mencemeut of these (the Secular) Games, to the outstretched, is seated. Now, with all due
deities who presided over the solemnities, and Willingness to acquiesce generally in what our
which on their termination were, as Zosimus illustrious guide and master himself defers to, as
observes, distributed amongst the citizens. Ac an erplicatzo recqala, let it nevertheless be per
cording, therefore, to the opinion of Spanheim mitted us in this instance to hazard a. conjecture :
and other writers, it was the people, who re viz. that the fruits here evidently offered, were
ceived the fruits, or, to adhere to the phraseology possibly meant to represent those accepted by the
of the coins, by whom the fruits were received emperor on such occasions, at the hands of
(“fruyu accepla! sunt.”) An author of great togated citizens (i. e. men of substance), for the
learning, Steph. Antonius Moreellus has ad purpose of their being first dedicated to the gods,
vanced another modc of explaining the abbre and afterwards distributed amongst the common
viations, viz., COS. XIII]. LVDL: SAECu people—thnt “fr-u_qe.r consumcre nati" class, who
laribru POPul0 FR\"Ge.r ACcqu't, and expresses were content to be thc slaves of every imperial
his surprise, that it should not have occurred to tyrant, so that they were allowed to enjoy the
Spanheim, when that eminent writer, with his “ circus and the dole.” Be this, however, as it
usual erudition, has pointed out the allusion to may, we have here, at any mtc, on the reverse
the offering of the first fruits by the Pontifex of a genuine and well-known coin, the typifies
Maxilnus to the Gods.-—“ Perhaps (says Eckhel, tion of fruges brought to Domitian]
vi. 397) Moreellus may have been induced to A. PV. or ARG. PVB.—These abbreviations,
adopt his reading by the structure of the legend. found on coins of the Lucilia, Sentia, and Titu
For in it are expressed only the words-—COS. ria families, are read by some Argento Puro; by
Xllll. LV1). SAEC. without the FECit, which others, Acre Publico.—Eckhel shews Argenlo
invariably appears on other coins of this mint Publico to be their right interpretation—signi
sge. But it might possibly happen, that the fying public money, and allusive to the monetal
word ft-cit was omitted to make room for the triumvir, or the cdile, or other oflicer; to whom
rest of the inscription, though it is still neces the money, or the expenditure of it, was en
sary to supply (or understand) it; just as on trusted.—See EX. a. 1>v.; also Sentia gens.
coins of Augustus, struck a.u.c. 737 (B. c. APRONIA gens.-—Of plebeian origin, but of
17), and of the Sanquinia family, we read consular dignity, the third brass coins of this
only AVGVST. DIVI. F. LVDOS. SAE. family, struck by the moneycrs of Augustus, are
where fecit, though omitted, must neverthe common, having for their legend o.u.1.vs MES
less be supplied. A more probable reason [for SALA mvia. SISENNA arnomvs. a.a. A. r. P.
Morccllus entertaining his opinion] may have or something similar. There is a first brass of
been, that the natural law of the inscription colonial fabric, with the head of Drusus, son of
seems to dictate its own proper interpretation. Tiberius, which exhibits for legend rnnanssv.
For, as it commences with the nominative case 1.. APRONII. raocos. nr. and for type the bead
COS. XIIII. the sentence could not terminate of Mercury.
with the word ACcepl¢, but ACcepit. I am AQ. 0. B. F.—..lquilz'i¢e whine Secmulw
(adds Eckhel) far from denying, that on Mor Fabrica.—These abbreviations and the two sub
ccllus’s plan of interpretation the legend presents joined are found chiefly on coins, in the age from
greater elegance and terscncss of expression, Diocletian to the Constantines, and are inter
though I strongly doubt whether it be equally in pretcd as denoting them to have been struck at
accordance with truth and facts. For, if we so Aquilein, in the B or second mint; or struck
read it, the recipients of the fruits will be not (generally) in the city of Aqm'leia.—Rasche.
the people, but Domitian himself, and at the AQ. P. S. Aquileia Petunia Signa-la.—
hands of the peoplc. Whereas, we have no AQ. P. Aquileizc pccunia—or Aquileize pcrcussa.
ancient record of presents made by the people to AQ. 5. Aquila}: Si_qnala.—Moncy struck at
their princes during the Games in question, but Aquilcia.
rather of the rcversc. As, therefore, such a AQUPE DUC’l'US—Aqueduct or water conduit.
fact cannot be established, and the very author It signifies a canal or channel, built of stone, or in
of the new reading does not attempt to prove it brickwork, for the purpose of conveying across
by the slightest argument, we may for the pre an uneven country a certain quantity of water,
sent adhere to the generally received interpreta and of giving it a regulated declivity. This
tion of the legend, and conclude that the benefit spccics of canal proceeds sometimes undcrgroimd,
70 sow. ma. AQUATIC ANIMALS.
sometimes along the surface of the soil, and oc- l AQVA. TRAIANA. S. P. R. OPTIMO
caaionally upon one or more ranges of arcades. PRINCIPI. S. C.—"hc genius of a river re
The latter even in their ruins exhibit the most clined within a cavern, or arched vault, holding
striking features of picturesque grandeur; such in his right hand an aquatic rccd, and resting
as are seen in the Can1pa_1/na di Roma, and his left arm on an urn, whence there is a flow of
in that noble remains of Roman architecture watcrs.—On a first and middle brass of Trajan,
the Pam‘ du Gard, at Nismes, in France. struck about A.lJ.C. 864 [an 11]].
The inhabitants of Rome, for a long time, con- I
tented themselves with the stream of the Tiber;
but the remoteness of that river from consider
able portions of the city, when it was so greatly »
increased in size, rendered the conveyance of ‘
water inconvenieutly diflicult. In the year u. c.
441 (B.C. 313), conduits were planned for hring- 3
ing a purer as well as a more plentiful supply of
this indispensable element, from distant sources. .
Aqueducts of everykind, visible and subterraueous,
were greatly multiplied, and constituted at length
one of the wonders of “ the Eternal City.” In l
the emperor Nerva’s time there were nine Aque
ducts, which had 13,594 tunnels or pipes, of an ,
inch in diameter. Subsequently there were 14 I The rivulct to which this coin refers, after
channels carried by 9 aqueducts. These struc having been long lost, from want of care, was
tures served to convey water from places 30, restored by Trajan, and conducted over Mount
'1-O, and even 60 miles distant from R/:mie.— Aventine, not only for the use of his own baths,
Aqueducts were generally distinguished by the but also to supply the wants, to promote the
name of the place whence the water came, or salubrity, and to increase the embellishments of
by that of the person who caused them to be his capita.l.—Sextius Julius Froutinus, the Cou
built, joined to the word aqua.—-For many ex sul, who wrote a treatise on aqueducts, supplies
planatory and instructive particulars on the sub abundant testimony of the sedulous attention
ject of aqua-ducts, as well modern as ancient, see bestowed by this emperor on the repair and im
Milliu, Didionnair: des Beau: Art.r.—Refi.-rcnoe provement of those at Rome. “It was not
may also with advantage bc had to an article on (he says) the object of our Prince, merely to
this subject, in Dr. W. Smith's Diet. qf Greek restore the volume of water most beneficially to
and Roman Anfiqizitics. the other streams; but he also was the person
AQVA MAR..——Aqua ]llarcia.—This legend to perceive that the deleterious properties of the
appears on a silver coin of the gens Marcia, and Ania Navus might be cut otf.” And after de
alludes to Water conveyed to the city of Rome, scribing the plan by which the Emperor pm
by the care and liberulity of the Practor Quintns poscd to correct this fault, he coucludr-s—This
Marcius, a public-spirited citizen. This aqueduct, fortunate excellence of the water, bidding fair in
one of the noblest in Rome, both as to splendour quality to equal that of (aqua) Jllarria, and in
and durability, was constructed under the autho quantity to surpass it, supplied the place of that
rity of the Senate, in the time of the Republic. unseemly and turbid stream (the New Anio),
Some authors are disposed to regard the aqua under the auspices of the “Impemtor, Caesar
Jlarcia, as the most ancient aqueduct, inasmuch | Nerva 'l‘rajanus Augustus,” as the title informs
as it was ascribed to Am-us Marcim. Whereas V us.———'l‘his beneticial measure is recorded on
the honour is due to the above-named Quintus ; coins, as early as '1‘rajan's sixth consulate.
or, according to Pliny, it was perfected by him, Eckhel, vi. 425-26.
between .\.u.c. 575 and 585 (B.c. 179 and 169), Capt. Smyth, R.N., in describing a specimen
on the foundation of a work commenced by the of this medal, in his own collection, observes
reputed grandson of Numa. It was afterwards that the type “is opposed to the notion of
repaired, and enlarged, successively by M. Vaillaut, that a recumbent 1"lur-£11.! denotes a
Agrippa, Augustus, Titus, Trajan, and Caracalla. river which receives other streams, and that
-—'I‘here still exist remains of this great water wading figures mean those which are tributary.
course, both within and without the Esquiliue Other autiquarics presume that river to be a na
gate.—See arzcvs and Marcia gcns—flmi.v10cis) vigable one, where the gods have beards—_vct
The aqua Appia is the oldest aqueduct, and . here at a mere spring, we have a regular long
owes its construction to the censor Appins Clau- ' beard—whilst a reverse of the Emperor Philip
dius. The aqua ]|[arcia comes next. The other shows the deity of the Meander without that ap
principal aqucducts at Rome were aqua Tepula, pendage.” p. 86.
aqua Julia, aqua Virga, Auio Vetus, aqua AQUATIC ANIMALS figrzred on coins.-—
A/aielina (or Augusta), aqua (Jabra (or Dam- i Thc crocodile or aligator; the dolphin; the hippo
nata), aqua T1-ajana, aqua Alexandrina, aqua potamus, (or river horse); the palnniys, (a fish
Antinrmiamz. The finest of all was that called of the tunny kind); the polypus (or many feet);
aqua Cla/ulia, built under the Emperor Claudius. the pompilos, (or uautilus) ; the sepia, (or cattle
—See l\lilliu’s and Dr. S1nith’s Diclianarinr, fish); &c., respecting all which see Spauheim—
both above referred to. 1)i.r.sw'l. (Iv 1’r1e.r. Nmn. Val.
 AQUILIA SEVERA. AQUILIFER. 71
A QU I L A— and Aquila h-yionaria.—See fact, that Manius Aquilius (of the pat:-icirm
stock) was consul in the year u.c. 654, (B.C. 101)
AQUILEIA, a once famous city, near the and with his colleague C. Marius (COS. v.) was
Adriatic sea, and the barrier of Italy on that sent to Sicily, during the war of the Italian fu
side. In the lower empire it was the capital of gitives. That war he succeeded in bringing to a
the Venetian territory, but was destroyed by thevictorious termination, and having peacefully
lluus, under Attila, in 4.1). 453. It is now governed the province for two years, returned
only a mass of ruins and hovels, the resort of in triumph to Rome. See the word s1ciL.
tishermen.—It was at the siege of this town, There are other types of the Aquilia family,
by the ferocious Thracian, Maxiniinus, that the struck by L. Aquilius Florns (who was of its
women of Aqnileia afforded a memorable in plebeian stock) as a monetal triumvir of Augus
stance of courage and devotion; for the cordage tus, about the year of Rome 734 (B.c. 20)
belonging to the machines of war being worn as for example the following
out, they all cut ofl’ their tresses to supply the
defect.-——The initial letters of the name as a mint
mark frequently occurs on the ex e of Roman
coins from Diocletian downwards. See AQ. &c.

0bv.—cu:sAa Avovs'rvs.—Bare head of

Augustus.
Rev.—-L. AQVILLIYS rLoavs mv1a.——A
flower.
By this elegant type of an opened flower,
(probably, from its form, the Cyanus), Lucius
Aquillius alludes to the origin of the surname
AQUILIA SEYERA, second wife of Eluga which he had derived from his ancestors.-—
balus.—This princess, who is described to have Havercamp, in Morell.
possessed great personal attractions, was the Two other deuarii, struck by the same Florns,
daughter ol' Quintus Aquilins, who had been possess historical interest; viz., such as bear the
twice Consul, during the reign of Cnracnlla. symbols of Armenia Capla, and of the lllilitury
Elagabalus, after repudiating Julia Paula, took Enaigm recovered from I/re Part/n'ans.—See
Aquilia from the sacred community of the Vestals, ARMENIA CAPT. and SIGNIS RECEPti.r.
and married her, in the year A. D, 220, to the 'l'he coins of this family are in silver only,
great consternation of both priests and people at and of a low degree of rarity.
llotne.—In a few dnys, she also was divorced AQ,UILIFER—Eagle bearer. It was he, as
by that wretch of an Emperor, who then took the word imports, who carried the Eagle, in
Anuia Faustina to wife, and afterwards two the midst of the Ivastati, in each Legion. The
other ladies. Tired of the three last, Ela aquilj/‘eri were ditfercnt from those who were
gubalus expelled them, each in their turn, from called .n'yn{feri, and who bore the other stand
his palace; and profnned afresh the rites of ards of the Roman army. (See Si_;ma Mili
matrimony by again espousing Aquilia Severn. taria) Among other reverses, which, with the
She continued with him till the termination of legends of Adloculio, Profeclio, Imperalor, &c.,
his monstrous life and most execrable reign, frequently appear on coins of the Imperial
A. n 222.—'l‘he prenomen of Julia is added on series, chiefly in large brass, there is one of
her coins, she being thereon styled XVLIA AQV1 'I‘rajan’s described by Captain Smyth, p. 39,
LIA st-:v. (or sevens) .\vo.—The Senate en where “the Emperor, wearing a lorica (or breast
slaved to the imperial will, confirmed to this plate) is seated on an X shaped curule chair,
empress, the title of Augusla, which Elagabalus upon a high suggestum. He is addressing his
had given her.—-All her coins, in each metal army, which is represented by an ofiicer, three
aquili eri, an infantry soldier, and one of ca
and size, are of more or less rarity: in gold of
the highest degree.—Some pieces represent her valry—some of whom hold up their hands in
with Elagahalns. app]ause.—The coin was struck A.D. 115."
AQUILIA gens.——'I‘his Roman house had A RA.—This word, and the word Altare (whence
two branches, one Patrician, the other Plebeian. the French autel, and our English Altar), were
Amongst the 12 varieties given in Morel, there used by the Romans, to signify respectively certain
are some curious types on the denarii of this fa structures, elevated above the ground, at the
mily ; take the following reverse for example : former of which prayers, with libations, were
IAN. AQVIL. nun. r. nus. N.(1l1aniIAl.lq1li/ills, offered up, and at the latter of which victims
Manii Filiza, Jlauii Nqms.) The type, a soldier were immolatcd, to their Gods.
standing, armed with a buckler, lifting up, or As regards pagan antiquity, the first inventor
holding up, a kneeling woman: below is the of Altnrs is unknown ; but the custom of raising
Word s|cu., (Siciliae).—Eckhel, v. 142. them for religious purposes evidently passed
In this silver coin, and in another with the from the Greeks to the Romans. The Greeks
some type, reference is made to the historivnl had probably borrowed it from the Egyptians,
72 ARE. ARZE.
to whom Herodotus ascribes the original adop Mionnet, was struck in Asian] The myrtle and
tion of Altars, and the dedication of images in the dove revealed the Altar of Venus; the pop
honour of their deities. Holy Writ here steps lar, the club, or some representation connected
in to the aid of historical truth ; and teaches us with the story of his labours, are peculiar to
that Noah, a worshipper of the Only True God, altars at which Hercules was adored; the pine
was the first who built an altar. tree is given to Pan; and a bacchanal to Silenus.
AR1E—ALTARS, among the ancients, dif The altars of Ceres were known by their corn
fered in their uses, their forms, their adorn ears and poppies, also by the image of the
ments, and the situations in which they were goddess, holding two torches, in a biga of dru
placed. They were sometimes round, but the gons. The lotus bespake the devotee of Serapis;
square more generally prevailed. Their forms and the cypress tells us that Roman superstition
varied again according to their material. The dictated propitiatory sacrifices even to the in
metallic ones were for the most part of the tri flrrnal gods; whose altars, however, were as
an aha . The greater portion of those, signed to snbterraneous places.—SeeDicliou1u-ie: -
however, which have escaped the ravages of of Millin and Smith, article ARA.
time are of marble, or of other stone. Their Moreover, it was before Altars, that in
height varied much; some did not exceed two touching and sacrificing upon them, both kings
feet; others were about as high again.—Those and peoples swore to keep treaties of peace,
intended to receive the libations, as well as those amity, and alliance; that magistrates took oaths
designed to hold the blood of victims, were hol of fidelity, and that individuals pledged them
lowed out at the top, and a moveable stove, or selves, in their reconciliations and their mar
pan, served occasionally to contain the fire for riages.—See rosnus cvsr. GABINTS-—V0'l‘A rea
burning incense.-——On festivals, when prepared LICA, 8:0.
for sacrifice, they were dressed with festoons of Within the temples, the principal Am was
flowers, fruits, and grasses, called verbemt; placed in the most sacred recess, at the foot of
also with the leaves, or branches of such trees the statue of the deity worshipped there. This
or plants as were sacred to each of the different was the most elevated, and for that reason called
divinities.—Nor was the sculptor’s art omitted Allure: on this incense and perfumes were
to be employed in the more durable enrichment burnt and libations made. The second was
of Alters. We see on them basso relievos, re placed on the outside before the portal of the
presenting the heads of sacrificed animals, figum edifice, and was used for sacrifices in which blood
of pateras, vases, and other sacrificial instru was shed. The third was a portable altar, named
ments, minglcd with those of garlands (corona) Anclabris, on which were deposited the viscera
that decorated the victim, and with woollen of slaughtered animals for the llaruspices to
fillets, and other accessories of the same kind. inspect, together with the instruments of immo
Not a few are seen charged with inscriptions that lation. There was yet another class of altars,
mark the cpocha and motives of their consecra which stood by themselves, apart from any
tion, addcd to the names of those who caused temple, and were distinguished by the name, and
them to be erected, and of the god, goddess, sometimes by the figure, of the numen or genius
genius, or deified mortal, who happened to be to whom it was consecrated.
the object of this devotional art. The finest of
these are embellished with figures and attributes
of the particular object of idolatrous worship.
Indeed, from the sculptural ornaments of a
Roman altar, may ahnost invariably be ascer
tained, what deity it had been intended to
honour. For example, the eagle and the thun
dcr bolt (aquila et fulmen), designated Ara
Jovia. A trident and two dolphins marked
an altar to Neptune. A Bucchantc with the
t/1_:/rims, a panther, or a foliage of ivy leaves, On Roman coins, we find /{liars dedicated to
shewed the Bacvlli Ara. Olive leaves and some Zlfitcrnity, B01111; Evrnlus, Concord, l"ecnnd.it_v,
times the Owl were carved on those of Minerva. Fortune, (see roar. nan. of Augustus) 0.-"in.-,
The raven, the stag, the lyre, or a tripod, Health, Liberty, Pirtg/, Peace, (see PAC]. Pl-tar.
indicated a consecration to Apollo, on whose of 'l‘iberius,) Providence, Security, Tranquillity,
altars laurel branches were also distinctive Youth, (as in Prirtcrps Jun-.>nIuti.r of Domitian,
insignia. A serpent entwined round a stafi‘, (see No. 226 of Ca_vlus).—'l‘hcy appear also on
or a tripod, points to Esculapius, or Hygeia, coins of the Antia, Cornelia, Oppin, Pomponia,
or other divinities supposed to preside over Postumia, ltubria. and Vibia families. As for
health. Dinna’s altar is to be known by the emperors and cmpresses, they are represented
goddess’s own image, or by her attributes the sacrificing at Altar: throughout nearly the entire
how, arrow, and quiver, sometimes with the series, from Augustus to Licinins.
accompaniments of the stag and the dog. A Arm Cnn.rerrnti0nis.—Altars of Conseerntion;
square altar, ornamented with the figures of some round, others square, with flame rising
two stags, and with festoons of ribbnnds, ap from the top, are seen on coins, round which we
pears on a silver medallion of Augustus, bearing read CO.\'Sl-ICRATIO. Also an altar over which
the legend of AVGVSTVS. [This medallion, says is inscribed mvo. P10. &c., designating the
 AIME
apotheosis of Antoninus Pius. A consecration
medal of Aurelius, in silver and large brass,
exhibits an eagle with expanded wings, standing
on ii small square striicturc,——(Japt. Smyth thinks
this “probably represents the casket in which
the ashes of Aurelius were transported from
Germany to Rome. lt is often, he adds, not
withstanding its shape, called an altar—but, as
with the .4/tare Vialicmri of Roman Catholic
saints, it may have served both pu.rposes.”—On
other consecration coins abraiich is placed in the the altar called llarima at Rome, dedicated
middle of the altar, on which an eagle sits to the above-named dcmigod is here represented.
with a garland in its beak; or, an eagle stands
on a thunderbolt, accompanied by the words
Al-ITERNAE MEMORIAE, as on coins of Gal. Maxi
miiinus-—0r two eagles standing on each side of
ii lighted iiltar. with MEMORIA FELIX, as in Con
stantius Chlorus.—See Memoria Fe/ilr.
[The above wood-cut is from the reverse of a
middle brass of Fuustinn senior, minted after her
death and consecration, as is dc-iiguutcd by the
veiled ortrait and the DIVA of the obverse
legend.
Arie l_qni'l¢e.—Lightcd altars, some square, but
more frequently round; sonic simply by them
selves; others, before which the Emperor stands
opposite the genius of a province or city, are
found on coins of Hadrian.—See ADVENTVI AVG.
ACHAIAE, BITHYNIAE, &.c., &c.—Also, before
which a female veiled, and in the stola, stands
dropping incense into the flame, as on n gold
coin of Sabina, and a Pll-ITAS AVG. of Faustina
senior, in first brass.—-See Acerra, p. 4.
Am LugdimensLr.—Altar of Lyon.—Numcr
ons medals were struck, of which many varieties
are cxtniit, in large and middle brass, dedicated
to the honour of Augustus, about the year of
Rome T41 (I3. C. 13), and afterwards to that of
'l‘i'br-rins, the reverses of which represent an altar,
slated to have been raised to “ Rome and to Au
,°_'11stus” by sixty Ganlish nations, at the conflu
ence of the Rhone and the S:wnc.—This altar is
AIL/E. 73
Ara J1/{a.rima Ilerculi-r. The great altar of
llcrculm.——A very rnre dcnarius of the Julia
gens has for the legend of its reverse, RESTIO,
and for type, nlighted, or ignited, altar. Its
obverse exhibits the name of c. ANTIUS, and the
head of a bull, ornamented with the sacrificial
in/'ula*. Comparing this coin with another of
the some family, on which I1 naked Hercules is
carrying his club uplifted in one hand, and a
trophy in the other, Eckhcl is of opinion, that
'I‘hc C. Antius Restio, whose appellntions are in
scribed on this coin, was, according to Eckhcl,
not the Restio, who carried a sumptuiiry law,
bcforc Sul1a’s death, A. U. C. 670 (B. C. 84), but
the son of that legislator, who after his father's
death took occasion, by this dcnarius, to honour
the memory of a man so thoroughly attached to
the spirit of the ancient commonwealth.-—Sce
Antia in Morcll. Tliemur. fig 2 and 3. ,
Am ProvizIentia.—The ultur of Providence
is found on mnny coins of Augustus, and his
successors in the empire, with the letters PRO
VIDENT. s. c.—The Romans dedicated temples
to Providence as ii divinity, and raised altars to
her worship.—Sec PBOVIDENTIA.
Ara Salulia An_qus'ii—Altar for the Emperor’:
health and safety.-—This type, seen on a very
rare large brass of Tiberius, with the inscription
SALUS AUGUST], was struck on the occasion of
prayers being put up for the health of that em
peror, especially at the commencement of his
reign, when numerous altars smoked for the
same purposes both at Rome and in the pro
vinces.—See SALUTI suousri.
ARA PACIS. (or ARA PAC.) S. C.—On
the reverse of a middle brass of Nero, is this
inscription, uith the type of a lighted altar, de
dicated to Peace, which that emperor affected
to cherish. Similar altars had been erected by
a decree of the senate, in the reign of Augustus.

“It is (says Eckhel), a fact incontrovertible,

that Nero preferred peace to the tumultuous
typified as standing between two columns, sur scenes of war ; from no love, on his part, how
mounted by Victories, and palm branches. On ever, of the blessings which peace bestows, but
the face of the altar, two Genii support a crown because it enabled him, with greater security,
Placed between two pine-trces—or on other spe to pass his leisure in the amusements of the
cimens of the same coin (as in the above cut), a circus, and to have money inliis treasury where
laurel crown flanked with piilm branches. Below with to join sea to sea, excavate mountains, and
is the inscription ItO.\I/re ET .-\VGusl0. The lay down monstrous foundations beneath the
columns of this altar have been sawn in two waters. We have accurate testimony, that,
t=s_\'s .\lillin in his Gal. 3I_i/I/in/oyiqzm); and at when hurd pressed by the revolt of Vindex in
this time form the pillars, which support the Gaul, and at u time of the greatest necessity for
iaultiiig of the choir, in the church of itisniiy, levying troops, to be sent against the_rcbcls,
near Lyon.——Scc non. ET svo. in this Dictionary. certain senators, after a hasty consultation, on
L
74 ARE. ARABIA.
the business for which he had summoned them, husband, thus expresses himself.-—“You have
passed the rest of the day, in discussing the gained a wife, who will prove your ornament
merits of some hydraulic engines of a novel cou and glory. For what can be more sacred than
struction, [the form of one of these is consi her character? What more of the old school?
dered to be shown on a contorniate medal of How quiet is she in her attire! How moderate
Nero, having for legend of reverse LAYRENTI in her retinuel How homely in her deport
1viR.s.] And that the Emperor declared his in ment l" This eulogium, by such awriter, on
tcntion to introduce these novelties at the theatre, the purity of her life, shows the appropriateness
‘if Vindex would let him,’ (ti per Vindicem of the legend, Ara Pu-dicilia, joined to the name
Iiceret). The calendars of Amiternum and of Plotina. Yet it appears from Dion Cassius,
Prseneste, as well as the poet Ovid, respec that even this virtuous characteristic of the eni
tively allude to the ARA PACIS, as first raised, prcss was subjected to aspersions, in consequence
by senatorial authority, under Augustus, and of her intimacy with Hadrian.
dedicated four years ai‘terwards.”——vi. 268. [It is to the kindness of its present possessor,
ARA PVDIC.—(_/lm P1uli¢'ifi¢t—The altar the Rev. Wm. Grigson, rector of Whiuburgh,
of Modesty or Chastity.)—-This legend and type Norfolk, that the compiler of this Dictionary is
appear on gold and silver coins of the highest indebted for being enabled to exhibit here the
rarity, struck in 'I‘rnjan’s sixth consulate (about fan rinzilc engraving of a most rare and elegant
the beginning of A. D. 113), in honour of his denarins; found amongst amass of about 300
wife Plotina. other Roman Imperial coins, in silver and brass,
ranging from Marcus Antonius to .\larcus Aure
lius. This discovery was made in the month of
November, 18:30, by some labourers who were
employed in forming a clay pit, on an estate
belonging to the Rev. B. Barker, in the village
of Caston, three miles south-east of Watton, in
the above named county. Full particulars rela
tive to this "find” were communicated in March
of the following year to the Society of Antiqua
Obu. rr.o'rnva. svo. me. TRAIANI. Plotina ries; and the coins themselves at the same time
Au,//u.vlrz (by implication Uror) Imperalaris Tra submitted to the inspection of the then Director,
jani. Ilead of the Empress Plotina. Taylor Combe, Esq. for the information of that
Rev. cans. svo. sauna. nae. cos. VI. P.P. learned Body, by Goddard Johnson, Esq. now
(Trajan’s Imperial and Consular titles.) An ob of Norwich, at that period residing at Little Dun
long square altar, on which is sculptured a sto ham.—-Mr. Combo, in his ofiicial report to the
lutcd figure, standing on an oval base, which society, says : “The Plotina is perhaps the only
rests on three feet. At the bottom of the altar denarius of that Empress, with the legend of
is inscribed ans Pvmc. ans. rvmc., which has been found in England.
In the earliest ages of Rome there stood in The coin is not indeed new; but it is one of
the city two shrines with an altar in each, one considerable rarity, and has never, I believe,
consecrated to .Pua'im'lia Patrivizl, in the Forum been accurately engraved."-—Scc Arclzaalugia,
Boarium, or ox market, the other to Purlirilia vol. 20, March 15, 1821, whence this account
Plebzia, erected by Virginia, in the Virus Lonyua,
has been drawn up.
or high street. At these, it seems, none had The only already published engraving of this
the privilege of sacrificing, except a matron of denarius appears, in Vaillant, Pnmt. Nmn. Impp.
thoroughly approved character for the peculiarly (p. 135, Paris edition, 1694-, and '1‘. ii. 130,
feminine qualities, and conjugal virtues, of chas Rome edition, 1743). The reverse in these ex
tity and modesty, and had been married but to hibits a square altar, without any figure, or
one man. The name and antiquity of one of ornament, on its face, and in other respects un
these altars are mentioned by Juvcnal :——— like the type in i\Ir. Grigson’s specimen]
Maura PUDICITILE veterem cum praeterit sasu. ARABIA, one of the largest regions of Asia,
(Sal. vi.) between Egypt and India, divided nominally
[When Maura passes the ancient Jllar of Padi into three pal'ts—1"eh'.r, Desertzz, and Pelrmz:
cilim] bounded by Syria and Mesopotamia on the north ;
or, to give the purport of the allusion more by the Persian Gulf on the cast; by the Arn
amply from Giti'ord’s free translation, bian Gulf or Red Sea on the west ; and by
Flushed in her cups, “ as Tullia homeivard goes, the Indian Ocean (Er_1/flmrum Jlanj, on the
With what contempt aha losses up her nose south.—“ Araby the Blcst,” the most exten
At Chastity’s boar fane! What impious jeers sive of the three difisions, derived its name
Collalia pours in lda\1ra’s tingling ears." from its great fcrtility.——Arabia llzc desert, the
The altar dedicated to Patrician modesty was smallest and northernmost district, was inha
the more ancient of the t\vo, and probably the bited by the Iduinmans, the Moabitcs, the Mi
scene of that nocturnal impurity, to which the dianites, and the Amalekitcs. It includes “that
Roman sntirist adverts. great and terrible \\'ilrl(-rncss," in which the
Of Plotina, whose name and portrait appear Israelites held their \vnu<lc-ring abode for a pe
on the coins which bear this unique legend, riod of forty years after their e.z-ozlus from Egypt.
Pliny the younger, addressing himself to her The Romans appear to have been unacquainted
 ARAB. ARATRUM. 75
with that district.—Arabia the Rocky, which of Arabia, however, which was occupied by the
lies centrally, running from north-west to south Romans, bore but n small proportion to the im
east, is towards its northern extremity sterile mcnse tract of territory above named. It was,
and scantily populated, but-, in approaching the in fact, that portion which bordered on Judzra,
southern portion, plains are found to be fertile and called Petrma, as some say, from its princi
and cultivated. The Romans, under Augustus, pal city Palm.
sent troops into this last-named part of Arabia, With regard to the figure of an animal at the
but failed in their attempt to make a conquest of foot of the personified province, as in the above cut
it, at that period; and the Arabs remained un (from a first brass coin in the British Museum),
subdued till the time of Trajan. it is evident from coins of the Aemilia and
Spanheim in his annotated translation of the Plautin families, and also from Greek coins in
Caesars of Julian (pr. 88), cites and delineates a scribed with the word APABIA, that it is the
very rare first brass of Trajan, in the French camel—an animal common in Arabia, and there
king’s cabinet, on the reverse of which the bust fore an appropriate symbol of that region. The
A of a woman
head, is represented,
and two with towers
infant children in her on her
arms, ostrich is no less evidently represented on an
other coin of Trajan, bearing the same legend,
which he considers to designate respectively Ara and is also a bird indigenous to the same country.
bia Felix and Arabia Pctrwa. The legend gives Tristan conjectures that what the woman holds
the name and titles of Trajan in Greek, and in her right hand is a branch of frankincense;
below is the word ananra in Latin characters; and in her left a reed, or sweet cane, called cala
“doubtless (adds Spanhcim), to mark the fact, mus odoralua (or sromaticus), both which, ac
that this emperor, after having subdued the cording to ancient writers, were products of Ara
country, had made it a Roman province, as ap bia. In this opinion, Spanheim concurs, whose
pears from other well-known mcdals.”—See instructive remarks on this point deserve perusal
drab. Arlqzlisila, &c. by the students of natural history.—See also
ARAB. ADQ. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRIN Eckhel, vi. 4-20.
ClPl.—A woman standing, with a branch in ARAB. ADIAB.—(Ara6icu.r, Adiabenicus.)
the right hand, a reed in the left; at her fcct cos. rr. r.1>.—Victory marching—appears on a
a diminutive camel (on other coins an ostrich.) gold coin of Septimius Severus.—.u1aB. ama
On adenarins of Trajan. mzmc. Same type, on a denarins of that Em
ARAB. ADQVIS. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO peror.
PRINCIPI. S. C.—Samc type—on first and The above inscriptions serve to record the re
second brass, of the some Emperor. duction of the Arabs once more to the Roman
yoke, by the warlike prince on whose coins they
occur. In adding a new territory to Arabia,
Severus rendered it a province of considerable
extent, and thereon founded his pretensions to
the surname of Arabicuc. So says Rnfl‘us, in
his abridged History of the Roman Empire.
“ Sept imius Severus, acerrimus Irnperator,Am6aa
inieriores oblim/it, el Arabiam Pr0vim.'iamfecil.”
In adverting to the titles of Arabicus and Adin
benicus, conferred on Severus, for his successes
a.n. 195, and to their introduction also on his
coins, Eckhel, (vii. 172) says—" As far as my
Coins with the above types and inscriptions, information goes, they are found only on coins
bear the date, on their obverse, of Trajan’s fifth of the third Tribnneship (TB. P. Ill.) but ancient
consnlship, contemporaneous with A. U. c. 858 marbles blazon them later and more frequently;
(A. D. 105.) It was up to that period, from the and in one inscription published by Murat-ori,
age of Augustus, who (a.c. 24), by his lieutenant they are joined with the words me. rm.” In
Aelius Gallus, unsuccessfully attempted the eon reference to the two nations above-named, Spar
quest of Arabia, that it remained undisturbed by tianus utfirms, that “ he received the submission
the Roman Arms. The same cntcrprize, how of the Arabians, and compelled the Adiabeni to
"Er, was undertaken with a more fortunate re, become tributary.”—See PART. ARAB. mar.
5'1"» by Trajan, who, according to Eutropius, ADIAB.
reduced it to the state of a provinee.—It appears ARATRUM. The Plough. This well-known
that A. Cornelius Palms, governor of Syria, implement of agriculture appears on numerous
was the commander of this expedition. Dion Roman coins, as indicating the fertility and cul
fixes the time: viz. that when the Emperor went tivation of the soil. Ceres being, as the an
out to the second Dncian war. And the Chronicle cients believed and as Ovid sang, the first qma
of Eusehius, as well as the Alexandrina Chronicle, unco lerram demovit aratro, is depicted with
more definitely teaches us, that the Pctrzean Arabs the plough and with similar instruments of
and the people of Bostrn, computed their mra husbandry. Thus the aralrum Cereris is sccn on
from the year of Home 858. The coins in ques coins of the Vibia family; it also occurs over
tl0l1, therefore, as records of Arabia Adqzulrilrz, the head of Africa, in the (Lecilia and Ejipia
Ere ascribed to the above-mentioned year, but gentcs. The plough was a distinguishing sym_
Without excluding the following one.-—That part bol of Roman colonies, in allusion to the cere.
L2
76 ARCADIUS. ARCH ITECTU RE.
mony of making therewith the circuit of s city, “ In the 31st year of his age, after a reign (if,
or settlement, about to be founded, in order says Gibbon, we may abuse that word) of thirteen
that its locality or boundaries might be precisely years, three months, and filtecn days, Arcadian
marked out. Hence we see on colonial coins, expired in the palace of Constantinople.” _
the labourer, or the priest, guiding a plough, The name and titles of this Emperor on lJl8
drawn by a yoke of oxen. coins (which in every metal, of the ordinary
ARBOB.ES.—Trccs, peculiar to certain coun module, are common) always read, n. N. sacs
tries, servc on medals as the respective symbols, mvs. r. r. avo. (very rarely svovsrvs)--his
or ins-iynia, of those countries. For example, head encircled with a diadem of pearls.——’l'he
the palm, Of Judzca, Damascus, Tyre, Alexan bust is also seen clothed in the pnlndamentum.
dria, and of the Phoznicinn colonies in Sicily On a medallion of pure gold, and of the largest
and Spain. The fran/lrincenae and the ba/mm size, published by Vaillant, from the French
shrubs denoted Arabia.——On coins of the Pom cabinet, Arcadius is so represented, holding In
ponia family we see the y-tree.—Thc olive his left hand a globe surmounted by the small
“inter duos lapidcs Tyri" appears on colonial figure of Victory, extending s wreath towards
medals of Gordianus Pius and Valeriunus. In the Eniperor.—On the reverse of this splendid
like manner, a tree behind the figure of Diana piece, ~Arcadius is represented full-faced, and
signifies that she is the goddess of forests and adorned with the nimbua, standing with globe
groves. Three nymphs changed into larch trees in his lcfl hand, and the right hand elevated, in n
are exhibited on a coin of the Accoleia gens. triumphal car, drawn by six horses. The legend
(See p. 3.)——For the type of a tree on which hang onoma aommonvn. ln the field, the mono
the spoils of the Nemaean lion—sec HERC. cou gram of Christ. On the exergne co. 0B.—S¢%
sIonuIN0.—'l‘wo trees are seen on amedal of Punt. Impp. Rom. III. 262.
Vespasian.-—And on many coins, chiefly colonial, ARClII'l‘ECTURE.—The Romans, who are
of the emperors, from Nero to Gallienus, tree-r considered to have imbibed from the Etruscan!
form in part, or wholly, the types of their re their first notions of the science of building,
verses._—See Rasche, Lax. Nam. were in point of taste very inferior to the Grcelis.
ARCADIUS (Flavius), son of Theodosius the They had however the merit of cultivating, with
Great, and of Flacilla, was born in Spain about a high degree of success, the ornamental branch
A. D. 377—<leclared Augustus by his father (A. n. of the art, and also of realising plans for publicly
383), whom he succeeded, as Emperor of the useful structures, which were neglected by their
more inventive contemporaries. Under the kiugil
especially the last two or three, several Work!
of essential importance to the salubrity and con
venience of their city, such as the doom or
common sewers, were begun and completed.
During the republic, Rome was embellished with
many temples, aqueducts, and other building>‘,
some of them on u large scale. And, at a later
period of the commonwealth, Greek architects
East (395), he abandoning all claims to the em were employed there, in designing, and direct
pire of the West, in favour of his brother ing the progress of, magnificent edifices, both
Honorius. Arcadins died at Constantinople A. n. public and privatc.—Pompey raised the lint
408. Himself of an equally weak and con Theatre of stone, at Rome, which was about the
temptible character, his government was quite same time indebted to Julius Cmsar for some
rm disgraceful, and nearly as calamitous, as that fine specimens of architectural skill.—Undcr the
of his brother. An odious favourite of his long and pacilic reign of Augustus, great lul
fnthcr’s named Rufinus, early exercised an provcments took place. It was he who bulli
absolute authority over the eifeminute pcrson and the portico to which was given the name of l1l5
imbecile mind of Arcadius. It was under the sister Octavia; the Forum Novum, and the
administration of this avnricious traitor, that the temple of Mars Ultor; the basilica in honour of
provinces were oppressed with exactions, and Cains and Lucius; the temple of Apollo; the
laid waste by barbarian invaders. But he met splendid mausolclnu destined to receive his own
his death (A. D. 395) under horrible circum ashes; and the theatre of Marcellus also, were
stances, in the presence of the emperor, from successively reared by his direction. Augustin"
the troops of Gaines the Goth, whom Stilico, likewise caused several harbours to be fomicd in
the general of llonorius, had charged with the ltaly and various other parts of the Roman
plan of his destruction. lutropins and Eudoxia domiuions; besides restoring the Flzuliiniau way,
afterwards held divided sway over the indolent and other public r0:\ds.—'l‘he edifices raised by
and feeble Arcadius ; until the audacious eunuch rclutivcs and friends of this celebrated Prince
fell a victim to the revenge of the empress. The were, a temple of Hercules Musagetes, by Mar
unsuccessful revolt of Gaines, whose conspiracy cius Philippus [sec MARCIA gens} ; a temple pf
cost him his life (A. D. 401) and Endoxia’s crucl Diana by L. Coniuficius [see CORX\’Pl(‘l.A gens};
persecution of the vcncrnblc Chrysostom, soon u temple of Saturn, by .\lunatius Plaucus; the
followed by her own dc('I‘:\se, forin the only rc .~\trium Libcrtatis, by Asinius Pollio [see ASl.\'I.\
Inaiuing incidents of inlportaucc in the dis gcri-*1] ; the temples of Concord, and Castor and
estrous annals of this most incapable prince-.— Pollux, by Tiberius; and an amphitheatre l>_\'
 ARCHITECTURE. ARCHITECTURE. 77
Statilius Taurus. Agrippa, the son-in-law of p0TOP.—Mar0US Aurelius caused several temple“
Augustus, adorned the city, with new aque and other public buildings to be erected in Rome»
ducts, fountains, basins, baths, and above all and many more in the provincial districts of his
with the Pantheon.——After the great contlagra~ wide dominions.—After this period, namely that
tion at Rome, Nero, in whose reign it took of the Antonines, “ Architecture, (as Millin ob
place, and to whose spirit of inccndiarism it has serves) like the empire, declined. Of this we
been ascribed, cnged the services of the ablest have proof in the triumphal arch of Scptimius
architects, to rebuild many edifices ; and those of Severus, yet that prince loved and encouraged
the Grecian School were principally employed in the art. Under Alexander Severus, skilful
erecting his golden palace, described as an object builders—men of genius-—met with patronage,
of surpassing richness, both in materials and and many edifices were constructed or restored.
in decorations. Gn a first brass of Nero we see But the science had deteriorated, and the in
a representation, not unworthy of that beautiful creasing troubles of the empire prevented it from
arch, adorned with statues and surmounted by a regaining any portion of its former purity. At
triumphal quadriga, accompanied with symbols of length, when Constantine established the seat of
Victory, which Tacitus atlirms to have been de government at Byzantium, and when the hordes
creed A.L'.C. 811 (A.D. 58) to that Emperor, and of the north poured themselves, in perpetual
raise-d on the mount of the Capitol, in honour of incursions, over the finest portions of the Roman
the pretended successes, but real defeats, of territories, then architecture, properly so called,
Pwtus, Nerds general in Armenia, employed became extinct; and instead of ornamenting and
improving cities, not-hing was thought of but
the construction of fortresses.”
Coins, both consular and imperial, have pre
served bo us the memory of many public edifices
which existed, and some of which still exist, in
Rome.-—The Bmri/ica Aimilia (sec. p. 31) is
represented on a denarius of that family. The
Zllacellum, or market-place, of Augustus, rc

against the Parthians. This was ordered by the

Senate whilst the war was still pending; nor,
adds the Roman historian (Ann. xv. 18) was the
work discontinued when the disastrous event
became known.-—Thc chief architectural under
taking of Vespasiau, was his truly magnificent
Amphitheatre, the first of that kind constructed
of stone, but lctt for the elder and worthier of his built by Nero, forms the reverse of one type of
sons to tinish.——Amougst the works of his suc that empcror’s large brass coins, from which the
cessors were—-—the triumphnl arch of Titus; the annexed cut is copied. The colorszeum, or am
naumuchia and forum, commenced by Domitian, phitheatre, begun by Vespasian, is figured on a
and finished by Nerva, who himself caused much large brass of Titus, and repeated on medals of
to be accolnplished in the department of aque succeeding emperors (see p. 4=2).—The Basilica
ducts.——Trajan’s reign was distinguished by the U/pia, the Forum '1':-ajani, and the Colummz
grandeur and elegance of the structures built Trrgjana, appear on gold, silver, and brass of that
under his auspices. Of thcsc the basilica, the prince. The temple dedicated to Faustino senior
forum, the column, and the triumphal arch, that and Antoninus Pius, and the Antonino Pillar are
bear his name, were the most remarkable, and also typified on contemporaneous coins. (Sec
they form types on his coins. mvo P1o.)—It is, indccd, through the medium
But of Hadrian it is, on all hands, admitted of numismatic monuments that we are made ac
that no Emperor, more extensively or more muni quainted with the exterior forms of heathen
fieeutly than he, devoted attention, authority, temples; the princes, peoples, and cities of the
and means, to the construction of public build ancient world, being accustomed frequently to
ings. Not to speak of the restoration and em adopt representations of these, their sacred,
bellishment of numerous cities in the provinces edifices, as types for their money.—4m the words
and colonies of the empire, the Mausoleum lla Areas, Anlcs, Basilica, Calumna, Forum, Tem
driani and the Pons Aclius at llomc, (still extant plum, and the woodcuts which respectively illus
under the names of the castle and the bridge of tratc them.
St. Angelo, though unrepresented on any coin of Arcus, the bow, a weapon of the chase, and a
genuine antiqnity,) together with the ruins of his symbol of Diana, which as the goddess of hunting,
extra-urban villa, are works that attest the splen she sometimes holds in her ri1:,ht, at other times
did triumph of architecture in that prince’s reign. in her left hand. This is shcwn on coins of the
Under Antoninus Pius are to be noted his tem Imperial series, as in Titus, Ncrva, C1-ispiaa,
ple of Faust ina, and also the column of that Em Trebouianus Gallus, Acmilianus, Valcrianus,
78 ARCUS. ARCUS TRIUMPIIALIS.
Postumus, &.c. The bow and quiver behind the of this work, in 1851, by Mr. Doubleday, of
bead of Diana appear on a medal of Antoninus the British Museiun, soon after he had made a
Pius. purchase of the original for the medal depart
Arcus .lpolh'ni.s.—Thc bow is frequently one ment ot' that Institution.
of the insignia of Apollo, whence that deity was
called by the poets [see Ovid, L. i. illefwnn]
Arcilmena. The bow as an attribute of Apollo
is seen on coins of M. Aurelius, Gallus, Volusia
nus, Valerinnus.
Jrrua II¢'rcuhs.—The bow of Hercules, with
his club, and arrow, occurs on coins of the Cnrtia
and Domitia familics~—also in the hands of the
demigod, as in the Poblicin and Antonia families. O//v.—sr.\'r.nvs PIVS. AVG. laurcated head of
It appears likewise on Imperial coins, as in the Emperor.
Antoninus, L. Vcrus, Commodus, S. Severus, R/*v.—(.'0s. Ill. r.P.—Triumphal arch.
Aemilianns, Postumus, Diocletianns, Maximis Arches uf A/1_//uslus.—-.~\ silver coin of A11gus
nus, Val. Severus. tus, the reverse of which bears the legend L.
Arena T:-izunp/iahk. The triumphal arch.— vL\‘ic1\'s (one of his monetal triumvirs) has for
This kind of monument consists of grand por its type a triumphal arch of a peculiar form. lt
ticoes, erected at the entrance of cities, or across consists of a grand arcade, flanked by two
streets, or upon bridges, and public roads, either columns, which support an entnblature, sur
to the honour of a conqueror, or in remembrance mounted by an attic, on which is inscribed
of some important event. Most of these are s. P. Q. n. me. cans. and on the top is the ll‘ll
charged with inscriptions dedicated to the indi perinl quadriga. On either side of the central
vidnal who had been decreed to deserve the pre arch are two square portals of smaller size,
eminently high distinctions of the Roman tri with n pediment, and a column at the two er
umph. As an architectural invention—if indeed tremities, each surmounted by a statue.
the appropriation of such isolated objects to the In illorell. Tlmmur, under the head of the
glory of individuals, may be termed an inven Pomponia family, we sec a second colonial brass
tion—the merit of designing and constructing struck at Corinth and dedicated to Augustus, on
triumphal arches belongs exclusively to the ge the reverse of which is a most elegant arch, with
nius of ancient Rome. The first that were built, a large portal in the centre and two smaller oucs
in the time of the Republic had, however, nothing on each side of it, surmounted by a triumphal
of the magnificent or of the decorative about qnndriga and victories crowning the Emperor.
them. And for a long time they exhibited the Havercamp considers this to represent the arch
simple form of the half circle, on the top of erected at Corinth, either on the occasion of his
which were placed trophies and the statues of entry into that city, or on account of the victory
the victorious generals. Afterwards the dimen at Actium.
sions of these arches were greatly increased; and But amongst other triumphal arches repre
they were more or less covered with ornaments sented on coins of Augustus, the most remark
of every description. 'l'he mass of their con able, perhaps, as well for its incriptiou as its
struction fonned a square pierced with three ar type, is that which was raised in memory of
cades, which rcecived not only inscriptions but the victory gained over the Parthians, from
has reliefs, and which supported equestrian whom he received back the military cnsigns,
statues, chariots and horses, with other objects which they had captured t'rom Crassus and .\lnrk
of a kind assimilated to the character and design Antony. The arch has three portals, and on its
of the memorial itself. ' summit we sce the emperor in a qnndriga; one
The arch Q/' Uolulnuline is the most consi Parthian presenting to him a standard, and
derable and the best preserved of all the existing another a legionary eagle—Sec clvrnvs, &c. A
monuments of that kind at Romc.—'l‘he arch qf PARTHIS REC!-IP.
Seplimiua Severus resembles that of Constan (,'laudiu.r.—There are both silver and gold
tine, or rather, it should be said, the latter re coins of Claudius, which exhibit the arch raised
sembles the former. The arr.-In of Titus, much to commemorate thc victories obtained in Britain,
earlier in date, and more historically interesting, during the reign of Clnndins.—Sce nnrrarv. (mt)
is of inferior architectural consideration compared Dru-rus, s1'ni0r.——The arch of marble, which
with the two preceding ones. But though the the Senate caused to be built in honour of Drusus
three structures above named are still to be seen senior, brother of Tiberius, as conqueror in an
in n more or less satisfactory state of pr%erva expedition against the Germans (iu consequence
tiou, yet only one of them, namely that of Se of which he was called Gtznuaxrevs), is typified
verus, is represented on any coin, whilst on the on gold and silver coins, bearing the portrait of
other hand, the types of many triumphal arches that hero on their obverse. The same subject is
destroyed ages back, appear (like that of Nero more architecturally displayed with Drusns on
above engraved) on genuine products of the horseback, and with trophies surmounting it, on
Roman mint. the reverse of a large brass, struck under Clan
Arc/a q S.~'];lin1iu.9 Severus.—The annexed dius.—Sec nnno cnavmvs mwsvs, &e.
cut is engraved from the cast of n very rare de Tr1y'1mu..r.—-A large brass of his (a copy Of
narius, obligingly transmitted to the author which tbllows this), presents an arch of stately
 ARCIZS TRIUMPHALIS.
proportions, rich in statuary and other orna
ments, surmounted with trophies of Germa
nic arms, and on an alfique (inscribed with
the three letters, which shew it to have been
dedicated to Jupitcr—-viz. Iovi Optima Ma.rim0,)
we sec the image of the emperor in a triumphal
chariot, crowned by two figures of Victory.
This decorated structure was erected in honour
of Trajan. “ It was probably the vestibulum, or
porch of the capitol, mentioned in the panegyric.
P1-drusi following Xiphilinus, thinks it stood in
the Forum. Aulus Gellius tells as that it was
inscribed EX nuzvarrs. (Smyth, Des. Cat. 85.)
Ga16¢.—’I'here is on a large brass of Galba an
arch formed of a single portal, to which there is
an ascent by a flight of five small steps, and on the
summit is the figure of the emperor in a quadriga.
This, however, as Millin observes, is of the num
ber of those, which ought to be excluded from
the class of triumphal arches, properly so called,
as may be perceived from the inscription.-—See
QVADRAGENS. usmssan.
D0mifianu.!.—On a large brass is the arch of
that emperor, which he, the most pusillanimous
of tyrants, had the effrontery to claim from the
Senate, for a victory, which he never obtained,
over the Germans and Daciaus. It is curiously
represented, as formed of two stories, two arched
portals occupying the lower one; the whole sur
mounted by two quadriga of elephants, with a
triumpher in each, one facing to the right and the
other to the lcft.—Engraved in King’s Plates.
ARCCS AUGG. S. C.—A trinmphal arch of
three portals, decorated on the top with statues.
On brass of Caracalla.
The period when, and the particular occasion
on which, this ancvs AVG\"STOBVl[ was erected,
is shevm by the inscription still remaining on its
front. Eckhel (vii. 205) has given the words
entire, as received by Barthclcmy from the
actual copyist. They teach us, that the arch
was built in the year of Rome 956 (A. D. 203),
ARGENTUM. 79
in honour of Severus and his sons, alter their
victories over the Purthiaus, the Arabs, and the
Adiabeni. There is a remarkable circumstance
connected with the inscription above alluded to,
viz. that the name of Geta following those of
Severus and Caracalla (er P ssrrnuro oaran
nomussiuo cassaar) was erased from the
marble (the words P. P. Optimia Forti.m'm'aque
Principibu-r being inserted in their place.) This
was done by his inhuman brother’s orders; as
indeed the same name and titles were also re
moved, in obedience to the same commands, from
all other contemporaneous public edifices and
memorials.
ln reference to this interesting reverse, Capt.
Smyth observes,—“ One of the dupondii, in
scribed aacvs AVGG. represents the triumphnl
arch of Severus, at the foot of the Capitoline
hill, exactly as it appears, now that the rubbish
is removed in which it was half hidden” (p. 192.)
AREA, the field or surface of a coin.
ARELATE, a city in Gallia Narhonensis, now
called Arlee, and to this day a considerable town
in Provence, being the see of an archbishopric.
Ausonius calls it Gallula Roma.
Panda duplex, Arelate, tuos blandn hospita Portus
Gallula Roma ---Z
EOpen wide, Arelate, thy orts with friendly
we come, thou little Galliciud flame]
It was one of the sh: cities, to which the
right of coining money was conceded, in the
lower empire; whence coins of Constantine and
others have for their mint-mark rum. P. Are
latensium Prime, &c.—Scc Pitiscus and Rasche,
who call Arelate a Roman colony; it is, how
ever, not included, as such, in the respective
catalogues of Eckhel or Miounet.
ARETAS, a King of Arabia, who, according
to Josephus, gave 300 talents to Scaurus, to
withdraw his army from that country. This
prince is depicted, on a dcuarius of the Aemilia
gens, kneeling, as if in the act of supplicating
peace at the hands of the Romans.—-See nl-3x
anrzms.
ARGENTEI Romanorum .IVumi.—Sce Silver
coins of the Romans. ‘
ARGENTLTM, Silver, was aword employed
by the Latins to denote money in general,
although silver money was not the first intro
duced into Rome (see A.r.)—“Argentum, Aunun,
ct Aes, signatum, factum, infectum.” Isidorus
cited by Eckhel (vol. v. 41) thus explains the
signification of these Words, as applied to the
three mctals—silver, gold, and brass, sig
nalmn is that which has been coined into money ;
fuclum is that which has been converted into
vases and images; iqfectum, that which is in the
lump, or as we should now call it, ingots, or
bullion.
ARGENTEUS, or the silver piece, is the
name given to the large dcuarius of Carncallu
and his successors, by the writers of the Augustan
History, and in rescripts of the period. It was
also called Argezzleua Pln'11'_ppus, or the Silver
Philip, the word Philip having, during the lower
age of the imperial government, become a furni
liar appellation for any coin. The common dc
 80 ARIADNE. AR.\lE.\'IA.
narii riow first begin, adds Pinkerton, to be ARM ENIA-—a region of Asia, now forming
termed miuuli, and argrnteipkilippi minufi, to part of the Diar Bekir and Kourdistau in the
express their being smaller than the other. The Turkish empire. It was anciently divided into
first argenleur is worth one shilling sterling.— two provinces, Jllqjor and Minor. Armenia
—Sce Eran]/, vol. i. 167. Major was on the eastern bank of the Euphmtes,
ARGUS, the name of the faithful dog of bounded on the north by Colchis and Iberia;
Ulysses, that alone knew his master returning on the south by Mesopotamia. Armenia Minor
home after twenty years’ absence. [IIomer. was on the western bank of the Euphrates,
- Ody/J0. l. xvii.] A family dcnarius represents bounded on the west by Cappadocia, of which it
Ulysses, disguised as a mendicant, and his dog originally fonnod part; on the south by the
in the attitude of fawning on him.—Scc Ma chain of the Taurus. Armenia, as a country,
milia gens. was distinguished nationally by the bow, quiver
ARIADNE, or Arizme, is said to have been the of arrows, and oblong mitre in the shape of a
daughter of Mines the second, and of Pasiphné ; hood (a covering for the head, which was com
and to have become enamoured of Theseus, when mon to its inhabitants of both sexcs)_—Lucui1us
that favourite hero of the Athenians arrived in her was the first of the Roman generals, who, under
father's kingdom of Crete, with other youths to the republic, invaded Armenia (B.C. 69). He
be delivered up to the Minotaur. Fable proceeds vanquished its king, Tigranes II. son-in-law of
to relate that she shewed Theseus the way to Mithridates Eupabor, and took Tigranoeerta its
vanquish that monster, and that she gave him a capital (now Sert in Kourdistan). This king
ball of thread, by the aid of which he was enabled afterwards surrendered his crown to Pompey, the
to find his way out of the labyrinth.—The sequel successor of Lueullus (B. C. 66), and who, after
of Ariadne’s story, as generally adopted by poets, having despoiled him of Mesopotamia, permitted
artists, and mythologists, is, that she was de him to reign in Armenia.-—'l‘igranes being dead,
serted, iu the most faithlcss and ungrateful man the Romans became almost the absolute masters
ner, by Theseus; and had given herself up to of the ln'ngdou1.—M. Antonius filched its croun
despair, when Bacchus came and consoled her from Artavasdcs the lawful sovereign, about the
in the isle of Naxos. year u.c. 720 and 21 (n.c. 33).—Augustus gave
a king to it, when at the death of Artaxiwiii
was rccrpta, or taken into possession, by the
Romans, s.u.c. 725 or 26, (a.c. 28,) and suc
ceeding emperors eontinued to exercise an op
pressive power over its government. At length
Trajan united it us a province to the empire;
Antoninus (see nnx. AIl)iE.\'lS DATYS.) bestowed
a king upon it ; and Armenia remained for age‘-1
afterwards the slave of Imperial Rome.

Mionnet authenticates a medallion of Antoni"

nus Pius, on the reverse of which appear Bac
chus and Ariadne, in a our drawn by a Satyr
and xi Panther.
[The above is engraved aitcr a cast from a ARME. or ARMEN. or ARMENIA CAP.-—
genuine specimen in the (7abim.>l rle F1-mme.— ('<r.s-ar .Div1' Filius-, Arrmrnia Grpla. Armenia
There is another in the Imperial Cabinet at taken or subduod.—This legend appears on 8
\'icnna.—On the obverse is a fine portrait of denarius of L. Aquillius Florus, one of Augus
Antouinus. The inscription on the exergne P.M. tus’: monetal triumvirs. The province is per
TB. POT. cos. ii. shews the date of its mintage sonified, under the figure of a female, in a long
to be A.D. 139] dress, wearing a tiara, or high cap, in the kneel
Millin, in his Dictionmzire Pnrtafifde la Fable, ing posture of a snppliaut. The inscription an
speaks of a fine medallion of Alexander Severus, MENIA nncarr. Sac. occurs on silver of Au
in the Museum at Paris, and which he describes gustus, with upright figure of an Armenian,
as representing Bacchus, naked, holding Ariadne, in the habit of his country, holding a spear
asleep, round him are three satyrs, whose ges and i)0W.——AB.\‘ll'-INIA earn at full length is
tures express astonishment, and near him is an seen on gold of that Emperor, having for ifpt
old man dressed in a cloak, and leaning on a of reverse a capricorn, globe, and coruucopite.
stafi'.——Of this medallion no mention is made Another aureus, with the same words on its re
either in Mionnct or in Akermnn’s descriptive verse, bears a Sphinx. It was struck, on the
notices of Roman coins.— See Baez-/ma. occasion of a son of Tigranes having been made
ARIES.—Sce Ram. king of the greater Armenia, by Augustus.——A
AR“. Ar111elli(w1ca—-ARME. /Ir1r1n1ir,1ur— denarius of the same Emperor has also the epi
surnames derived from the conquest of Armenia graph of Armenia Cnptn, and for its type the
by the Romans. royal tiara, together with a bow, and quiver full
 .\Rl\lENlA. ARMENI.-t. 81
of arrows, the t\vo latter illustrating what is also recorded that, of his own children by Cleo
said of Armenia, by the poet Lucan :— patra, hc bestowed Syria, on Ptolemy, with all
Arraeniosqaa arcus Gcticis iutendite nervis. the territories bordering on the Hellespout; on
[And bend Armenian bows with Getic strength] Cleopatra the district of Cyrcue; and on Alex
Nor must notice be omitted of the elegant re ander, Armenia and whatever countries he might
verse type on a gold coin, which was minted under ‘subdue beyond the Enphratcs.—See cu-:0
the same reign, and which, as an accompaniment ‘ PATRA.
to .\ane1\'1.\ cams, represents a winged Victory A1t.l\IENIAC.—-On the reverse of a quinarius
holding down a bull by the horns—npt emblem of Nero, is this legend, and u figure of Victory
of a conqueror reducing a formidable enemy to . walking with garland elevated in the right hand,
subjection by force of arms.—For engravings ‘ and a long palm brunch carried on the left
of these, see Jlorell. T/aesizur. Impp. Rom. shoulder.—Eugraved in Vaillnnt, Pr¢.1t.Im;/12.
r. ii. "ran. xvii. fig. 4; and 'mB.xi. figures 23, Rom. p. 66, Paris edition, 1694.
25, 26. That this coin was minted in the year of Rome
AR.\IEnia CAP'l‘a. CAESARi.r FiIiu:.—Ar S11 (A.D. 58), there appears to be no doubt;
menia on her knees lifts up her hands in suppli for, in his life of that Emperor, Tacitus informs
wtion. On a denarius of Augustus.——Dion and us that Nero was declared Imperalor, on ac
'l':\citns (cited by Eekhcl, vi. 98) eursorily men count of great successes in Armenia; and that
tion, that Tibcnns was, A. U. c. 734 (a. c. 20), statues and arches were erected to his honour, &c.
sent by Augustus from Syria, on an expedition into It cannot, however, with the same degree of
Armenia, in order that by defeating Artavasdes, confidence, be pronounced, whether the word
he might confirm the possession of that country znnnmrsc. stands for the title of Armenincus,
to his brother Tigraucs. Vellcius is more to decreed perhaps to Nero, and temporarily as
the purpose of the coin in question, for he says, sumed; or for Victoria ARMENl.\Ca.—Thc
“Tiberius entering Armenia with his legions, former supposition is favoured by similar coins of
and reducing it under the power of the Roman S. Severus, on the reverse of which are found
people, bestowed its government on Tigranes. the words ARAB. ADIABENIC. (with the type of
ARMENIA DEVICTA. (M. AN'l‘ONlu.1.) Victory walking) which are certainly to be ex
Armenia. vanquished or subdued.—A denarius of plained thus: ARABicua ADIABENlCua, it
Mark .-\utnny’s has on its obverse the bare head being well known, that Severus had those titles
of the Trinmvir, with the tiara, or crown of the conferred on him.—Dar.'t. Nurn. Vet. vi. 263.
Amienian kings behind the neck, and the words ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN PO
A.\'TONl. ARMENIA DE\'lC'l‘A.—Ol1 the reverse TESTATEH Populi Rmnani REDACTAE.—
is to be read, cneorarnas anonua REGVM, In the field S. C.—Ou first brass of Trajan.
rimoavlt RI-IGVM. (by implication Mam‘) The The type exhibits the Emperor, attired in mili
type presents the head of Cleopatra, the liluu: tary vestments, with a spear in his right hand
before it, in allusion to Antony’s augurship. and the pamzonium (see the word) in his left.
He stands in the attitude of a conqueror, having
his left foot planted on a vanquished foe. On
each side is a river deity reclining on an urn,
whence water flows.

This very rare coin serves, by what it exhi

bits on both sides of it, to commemorate events
which took place in the year of Rome 720 (B. C.
3-ti, eonfinnatory of the accounts given respecting
them by historians. The obverse legend describes
Annenia as subdued (den-icla) and accordingly
a tiara, symbolizing the Armenian monarchy, is
placed on that side, behind the portrait of An
tony, who, so far from having, in fair and open Armenia is represented by the woman, on
warfare, vanquished Artavasdcs, had only suc whose head is a mitre-formed covering, the
ceeded, by a base stratagcm, in drawing that national cap of that country; just as on coins of
unfortunate prince within his power, and then Augustus inscribed Armenia 0apta.—Mcsopo
dcspoiling him of his dominions. The legend tamia is indicated by the two persouitications of
of the reverse is pompous in the extreme, though rivers, as, bounded on one side by the Tigris,
historically correct, calling Cleopatra the Queen and on the other by the Euphrates, it took its
of Kings, and (the word matri being understood) name from its situation between those two mighty
the .\lothcr of Kings’ Sons. The testimony of streams of the East, which almost at their cou
Dion supports the fact, that in a speech to the tlucnce fall into tbc Persian Gult'.——Ovid, when
people of Alexandria, Mark Antony commanded predicting with unsuccessful angury, the victory
that Cleopatra should be styled Queen of Kings, over the Parthians by Cains Cursor, son of
With right and title to Egypt and Cyprus. 'It is Agrippa, and the consequent display of the
SI
82 ARMENIA. ARN. ASI.
symbols of vanquished nations and cities, intro “To the best of my knowledge (adds the
duces the following lines, which are singularly author of Dorlrina) these coins are the only
descriptive of the type above given :— ones which place the titles ulr. 11. and 'l‘ribn
Hie est Euphrates recinctus arnndinc frontem, natus Ill. in juxta-position.”
Cui coma depen et caerula, Ti ' erit. AlL\ll'l.'\IlS. To t/re Armeni¢m:.—See REX
Hos facito Armenios, hnec est anmia Persia, 1nnrr;.\'1s narvs. on coins of Antoniuus Pius and
Urbs in Achmmeniis vallibns ista fnit. Lucius Vcrns.
[This is Euphrates, with his brow crowned with ARN. ASI. or ARN. AZI.——The!'e is abrass
reeds; medallion of Trcbonianus Gnllus, which on its
That form, with flowing blue hair, is Tigris; reverse exhibits the figure of Apollo with radi
These suppose Armenians ; thin is Dauwian Persia; ated head, standing on rocks, raised into the
That, a city in the rallies of Aehzemenia.] form of a mountain, holding in one hand n large
Of this well-known historical reverse, in which branch of olive or laurel, and in the other a bow
so much design is comprehended within so narrow unstrung. In the field of this coin is inscribed to
a space, little further requires to be said, than the right AB-N. andto thelefi ASL, or as it reads
that the coin itself was struck A. u. c. S69 (A. D. on a second brass of Volusianus ARN. AZl.—
I16), and that it relates to events of that and Vaillant, and after him Banduri, allude to :1
the preceding _vear.—Trajan, towards the close similar medallion, but neither of them seem to
of his reign, actuated too much, for his own notice the type.
real glory and his empirc’s welfare, by a spirit of M ediobnrbus, who appears to follow the author
aggressive ambition, declared war against the of the catalogue Mus. T//eupoh, has, Without
Parthians, whom, after ovcrrunning Syria, mentioning the size, classed it amongst the colo
Mesopotamia and Armenia, he defeated in every nial mcdals, as if Al?-N. and ASI. were the name
encounter, nominating fresh kings, establishing of u colony.—Pere Ilardonin in endeavouring to
several governments, and thereby gaining from explain it, wanders away, according to his usual
the Roman Senate the title of Parthicns. This mannc-r.—Pellerin interprets these words as the
fine coin, and two others, form the respective abbreviated names of two towns in Umbria,
numismatie records of these eonqnests.—Scc namely Ama and A.n'.mm. These were neigh
PABTHIA cans, and REX PARTIHS nxrvs. bours, and at their joint expense caused the
ARMEN. (Armenia). TR. P. III. COS. II. figure of Apollo to be raised on an elevated spot,
&c.—The province personified, seated on the in order that it might be seen afar otf, and in
ground, amidst the arms of her country, sup voked by all the people of the surrounding dis
porting her head with the right hand, her left trict, on account of a dreadful pestilence which
resting on the prow of a ship. raged in Italy during the reign of Treboniann:
The legend and type appear on a denarins of Gallus, between a. D. 252 and 254. That em
L. Yerus, minted A. D. l63.—There is also a peror had, in consequence, ordered propitiatory
.brass medallion of the same emperor, the reverse sacrifices to be otl'ered to all the gods, in every
of which has rn. vm. mr. 111. cos. 111. for its province of the empire: and it is easily to be sup
legend—the type representing Verns on horse posed that they would above all implore the aid
back, followed by two soldiers; beneath the of Apollo, who was particularly regarded as tllfi
horse a prostrate enemy. In the cxcrgne healing and succouriug deity, in cases of maln
AR.\lEl\'ia.—Engraved in Millin, Galwrie dies. There are other medals of the same Em
M_yl/rologique, T. i. pl. Lvxxviii. No. 368——and in peror, bearing, on their reverses, the legend
Oisclius, Nam. Sel. xix. No. 7. APOLLINI SALVTARI, and having for their t)'_p<: l
This voluptuous and indolent prince, without representation of Apollo, with only this difl'er
any personal risk or exertion of his own, but enec, that the health-restorer is placed in the
solely through the valour of the legions under above medallion, on the summit of a rock)‘ hill,
his brave and able general Statins Priseus, and seems to have been colossal. It was, addfi
had regained Armenia from the occupation of Pellei-in, most probably regarded as a monument
_ Vologacses II. King of the Parthians; who had of sullicient importance to merit being unmis
himself ejected Soaemos, a prince sprung from mutically recorded, in honour of the cities Arm
the rncc of the Arsacidie. On this accolnit the and .4.vi.mm, by whose inhabitants it had he?"
title of Arrneniacua, or the Armenian (originally jointly erected. These two places exist to thii
conferred on Nero), was assumed as a cognomcn very day, the one under the name of Ciciiellt!
by L. Yerns, and also by his senior associate in d’.lrno, and the other under that of Assisr-If
the empire, M. Aurelius. For an engraving of the coin, see Recueil, 1'. ul
From these coins (says Eckhcl, vii. 90) which p. 52.
attribute the title of Arnwniacu: to Vcrus as Eekhel evidently inclines to treat I’ellcriu's
early as his third tribimeship, we learn that this conjecture as in all probability the right one;
emperor adopted the appellation sooner than M. but thinks the question still open, as to whether
Aurelius; for the latter is not callcdAr1neniacus, these coins were struck at Rome, or in the to\\'I1!
on coins, till his 18th tribuueship, which cor themselves. In the times of the Emperors il1l‘\'9
responds with the fourth of Ycrus. The vessel were no monctal otiices (or mints) in Ital)’. °‘“
apparently refers to some naval victory gained of Rome. “ Now (he adds), had they been struck
over the Annenians on the Euphrates. in the city I do not believe that the mark
The type of Anncnia, seated on the ground, is s. c. would have been left out, cvcn on 5lբԡ"*l
also seen on the coins of Aurelius. brass coins. Nevertheless, easy as it may bl! l°
 ASCANIUS. AS. 83
moot an opinion adverse to that of so eminent a brated at Rome. Of these gymnastic sports he
man as Pellcrin, it is very difiicult to advance was the reputed founder (ddneid, L. v.), and the
anything better, or of greater validity.” (vii. youth of Italy took an exclusive part in them.
357). There arc coins of Geta, of a similar dc Thc stripling who presided on these occasions
scnption, bearing for legend era. nov.—See the was called Princeps Juventuhlr (Chief or Prince
word. of Youth): whence that title came afterwards to
ARRIA, gens plebcia.—A family which, de be bestowed on the heirs and Caesars of the em
scended from Q. Arrins, tribune of the people, pire, who are thus designated on a long suc
produced men serviceable to the republic, but it cession of reverses, in the imperial series of
became still better known under the emperors. Roman coins. Ascanius was the assumed pro
Its cognomcn is Se:-undue, on coins, of which it genitor of the Julia gens, to which Julius Caesar
presents seven varieties. Both gold and silver, belonged. Accordingly, the images of his father
very rare. 'l‘he brass pieces are colonial (of Co and grandfather (1Encas and Anchises), together
rinth) and rare.—The following legend and type with his own as a little boy, form a group on
appear on gold and silver minted by this family: denarii, struck under Augustus, and on medal
lions of Antouinus Pius.-See Aeneas, pp. 16
and 17.
ARUSPICES.--See Harurpices.
AS, Assls, and Assamus.-—Thcse were the
words used by the Romans, in connection with
the subject of money, to denominatc an integer,
or entire quantity of weight (mngeries pone/¢-rLr,
as Eckhel expresses it), divided into twelve parts
called uncrke. And as theycornmenced their coin
O6u.—n. ARIHYS s1-:cvxnvs.—Male head, age with brass, so the as was their most ancient
with youthful beard. money. The synonymes of as or arris were /am,
Rzv.——\\'it-hout legend. A spear between a libella, and pondo ,- the weight of the as money
garland, and an altar lighted. being the same as that of the pound of twelve
There is another dcnarius with the same re ounces ; and numerous coins arc extant not only
verse, and the same family name on the obverse, of the cutirc aa, but also of the parts into which,
but with a female head, and above it the letters for monetary purposes, it was divided.
P. P. n. Declining to touch upon numerous details of
Much tedious and fruitless disputation has discussion, contained in the copious pages of
been held by certain monctal antiqunrics, of the controversial antiquaries; and simply referring,
elder school, on the question as to who this for further particulars, to what will be found
M. Jrrius St’C!Ill!lIlJ‘ was? With respect to the given in this dictionary, under the head of Bras:
letters P. P. 11. according to Havercamp’s opinion, Coinage, it shall here sufiice to assume as
it signifies Foriuna Populi Romani; but Vaillaut certain, that money consisting of brass only
reads, Forlilurlo Populi Romnni; and Patin sug began to be fabricated at Rome, if not actually
gests, .F¢-cialis Populi Romani. Eckhel (vol. v.) under Servius Tullius, at least soon after that
is decidedly in favour of the first interpretation, king's death. The principal piece was the as,
Fortitude not bcing recognised as a deity by the which constituted the primitive unit of the
Romans, whilst they were peculiarly addicted to Roman mint. The earliest known specimens
the worship of Fortune. In the Sininia family of it are of bulky dimensions; but they were
there is a similar female hcad, round which we nevertheless unquestionably money. That portion
read PORT. P. n. of them, however, which, from their form, size,
ARTAVASDES II. King of Armenia, whom and weight, come under our acceptation of the
Mark Antony took prisoner by stratagem, 341 word coin, must evidently have been introduced
years before the Christian tern, and led him at a much later period.-—'l'he brass coinage of
away captive, with his children, in triumph to Rome first established between the years 550
Alexandria. Hence, on a coin of Autony’s, we and 555 before the Christian rcra, (or to take
sec a trophy, allusive to the fate of Artavnsdes ; the computed duration of the reign of Scrvius
and on another, minted under the same Triumvir, Tullius, between 578 and 534- years B. c.), con
a pears the oriental Tiara, designed to sym sisted, as above stated, of the as, the primary
bolize the event of the Armenian crown falling unit, weighing 12 uncizv (or ounces), and worth
into the hands of that Roman Gcnersl.—See 12 uncim in money. lts mulfi1)le.9 and its parts
ARMENIA DEVICTA. Sec also M. Antonius. were as follow :-—
ARTAXIAS, King of Armenia, by whose Murxrrnns.
dmth the government of that country devolved to Dnpondins (two as).
the Romans under Augustns.—Sce Armenia. Tripondins (three ac).
ASC.~\N'lUS, son of ]Euea.s, by Crensa, Quadrussis (four as).
daughter of Prism. llc was afterwards called Decussis (ten as).
Inlua, allusive to the first down of the beard. Paurs.
(Yirg. Jfn. 1.. i.) Driven from Troy with his Semis (half of the ac, or six nncixe).
father, he after many wanderings, arrived with Qniucunx (five uncirc).
him in Latium. It was in memory of Ascanius Tricns (third of the as, or four unciie).
that the Trojan Games (Troizc Lurli) were cclc- , Quadrans (fourth of the as, or three uncia-).
M2
84 AS.
Sextaus (sixth of the as, or two unei-re).
Unciu (twelfth of the as, or one ounce).
The qnincnssis (five as, or a quinarius); the
Dennx (eleven unciae); Dextans (nine llIlClR!) ; Bes
(eight nneiw); Scptunx (seven uncim); were
monetary fractions, (as M. Hcnnin observes),
which were occasionally used in calculation, but
which had no existence as real money.
Some of the above-named brass coins, of early
I-toman fabric, bear marks, and inscriptions, as
well as types, from which a system has been
formed for fixing their legal values and their
denominations. The following is a descriptive
list of them, compiled from Eckhel, Mionnet,
Akennau, and Heunin :—
Msnxs AND Tvmas on THE Roman As, ITS
MULTIPLE8 AND mars.
1. The Decu.m':, marked X. has for the type
AS.
of its obverse, the head of Minerva ; on
the reverse is the prow of a vessel.
2. The Quadruuia exhibits various types, the
most common of which is a bull \\'al.king.
[These pieces have the form of a long square.
The specimens in the British Museum 6i
inches by 3} inches. The heaviest weighs
3 lbs. 12 oz.—See Akerman’s Descr. Cal.,
vol. 1.]
3. The Tripondius, marked Ill. bears on one
side the head of Minerva; on the reverse a
ship's prow.
4. The Dupondius is marked ll. [Some of
these pieces are of Italian origin, and bear
the word FELATIIRI, in retrograde Etruscan
eharacten] The type of the obverse is Mi
nerva's head, and of the reverse e. ship’s prow.
5. The A: (primitive monetary unit).
 AS. AS. 85
Obt'.——llcad of Janus. brass [for money] ; and that it was in the reign
Ren.—Prow of a vessel. of Servius Tullius that brass was first stamped.
The mark of this money is the sign | So that the coined as [as moneta] wou.ld be of
But it is not always found on it.—Sueh the same weight as the as Zibralzk. But this
pieces mostly exhibit the word ROMA on law did not continue. We are made acquainted
the reverse side, and many of them bear with the fact of its violation, in the following
the names of Roman families. words of Pliny.-—(lVatural History, L. xxxiii.
6. The Semis, exhibits several typos ; the § 13.)
larger sized ones have a hog, a vase, a Pe “The Roman people did not use even rilver
gasus, a bull, or a wheel, on the obvcrse side. stamped, before the period when King Pyrrhus
—The smaller sized and later Semis bears was vanquished. The asweighed a libra, whence
the head of Jupiter laurcatcd. But its dis the present term libella, and dupondiua (two
tinctive mark is the letter S, or six glo~ Iibnz). Thence also the penalty (or fine) called
bulcs, thus . . . . . . See the word in S. an grave (heavy brass). . . . Serviua Rex
7. The Quincunx, has generally a cross on each primua aignavit ws. King Servius first stamped
side, the distinctive mark five globules brass. Before him, as Timaaus relates, the
. . . . . and the lcttcr V.—See the word Romans used it in the rough state (rude). It
in Q was stamped with the fi of cattle (nota
S. The Iiievu, bears the head of Minerva, and pecullu/12) from which circumstance it was called
has four globules . . . . Sec the word in T. [I6’L‘llIlil!. Silver was coined in the year of the
9. The Qmu/ram, presents on its obverse the city 485 (B.c. 269), during the consulship of Q.
head of Hercules, and three globules . . . Fabius, and five yeam before the first Punic war.
[Some of these pieces have for their ob And a denarius passed for ten pounds of brass
verse types, a dog, a bull and serpent, (decent libria mris) ,- a quinarins for five; it sea
with thc word nuns, a man’s hand, tertius, for two pounds and a half (pro d//pondio
and a strigil.] See the word in et .mni.rse). This pound weight of brass (libra
l0. The Se:-[ans has the head of Mercury, and pomlus aerrlv) was, however, diminished during
its mark is two globules . - See the word the first Pnnic war, when the resources of the
in S. Commonwealth were inadequate to meet its
ll. The Uucia, has the mark of a single glo expenditure; and it was decreed that asses should
bule . be struck, of the weight of two ounces (rez
[Its type is a pentagon, in the centre of lantario pondere). So five parts of it (fhcfa?
which the globule is placed, or n stri Iucri) were thus gained, and the public debt was
gil, or s spear head] Sec U. cancelled. The distinctive type (nola) on brass
The reverse type of all the above, swept the coins was on one side a doiiblc-headed Janus, on
Quincunx and the Uncia, is the prow of a ship. the other the beak of a ship; on the trim: and
But it appears that the as, or Iibra, among q11adran.r, entire vessels. The Qnadrans was
the Romans, was the principle, or basis, of calcu originally called Ter11m'iu.1 from ire: uncire.——
lation; not only in the matter of weight and of Subsequently, when the state was pressed upon
money, but also in measuring liquids, distances, by the war with Hannibal, and during the dicta
and even in designating the claims of hereditary torship ot' l"abius Maximus, a.rst'.r of nn ounce
.m¢'re:.r1'0n, with regard to those laws which re weight (unciales) were minted: and a dcnarius
gulated testamentary dispositions. (See Eckhel, was made exchangeable for sixteen asses, 11
D0 Arse et qjus partibua, v. p. 4, e! seq. for quinnrins for eight, a scstertius for four. Thus
examples of each.) a profit of one half was realized by the republic.
Ania dir/1inulio.—It is uhdcr this head that In military pay, however, a dennrius was always
the author of Doclrina numorum veterum has given for ten (lJ8!?8.——'Tllt3 types of the silver
furnished a series of observations and arguments, were bi;/12 and quadriyzc (chariots drawn by two
at once interesting in themselves, and peculiarly and four horses respectively) and were therefore
valuable to the numismatic student, as the called bigati and guadriyati. Soon afterwards
mmns of arriving at something like a right un by the Pnpirian law, half-ounce asses were struck.
derstanding, on the chief practical points of the (M01, Iago Papiriaiza Sm/1mzcia1e.r auea zu‘!i.)”
difiicult subject in question. Allusion is here From these words of Pliny, with w om may
had to the second chapter of Eckhel’s treatise be conjoined Vitrnvius, Maacianus, and Pom
on Consular coins (vol v. p. 6, § ii.) wherein he peins Festns, it is clearly to be gathered, that
has given the whole of that passage from Pliny, the standard of the Roman brass money under
which forms the foundation of whatevcris known went many changes, even down to the age of
respecting the diminution of the as, and its the Emperors. And, of the data thus afforded
parts; a passage to which reference is always by the celebrated old writer above quoted, Eckhcl
made by such of the learned as apply their atten goes on to present the following analysis:
tion to this branch of the Roman mint. lt is I. The As Libralir, was 12 uncile (or oimccs)
hoped, therefore, that the subjoined attempt to inweight. This lasted from Servius Tullius,
present it in an English dress, will prove not about the A. n. c. 107 (555 B. c.), as far as
unacee table to those for whose use and inform the time of the first Punic war, which com
ation t e present work is principally designed. menced in the year of Rome 490 (B. c.
It is to be borne in mind, that, at the very 264).—-The Denariua, a silver coin, began
earliest period, the Romans used nnwrought to be struck five years before this war, and
S6 AS. AS.
was valued at 10 asses librales, whence struck at that time when the as Iibralis was still
its name. in use, was of greater weight. [After com
II. The J: Sextantarilw was of the weight of battiug with conclusive elfect the visionary con
two ounces. This standard began whilst jectures of Savot and others of the elder school
the first Punic war was at its height, and of numismstists on this point, Eckhel next ob
continued till the dictatorship of Fubius scrvcs z]
Maximus, upon which he entered A. u. c. “ Fourtlily, the most astonishing fact is this.
537 (B. c. 217, 2nd year 2nd Punic war.) The denarius, which at first was equivalent to
III. The A: Uncialis, weighed one ounce; from 10 arms libralrrs, or 120 uncia, within a com
the dictatorship of Q. Fabius until the in paratively few years, was worth 16 semi-um-ial
troduction of the Le: Papiria; respecting aura, or 8 uncim. Ido not (adds our author)
which law, it is not precisely ascertained impugn this last proportion, which indeed does
at what time or by which Papirius it was not exceed the bounds of moderation——namel_v
carried. The word mozr, used by Pliny, that, for a denarius, which was one-seventh of
shows that this form of the as did not last an unciu, were exchanged 8 uncize of brass
long. From that time the value of the money. But who can easily digest the notion,
denarius was authoritatively fixed at 16 that in so short a space of time, silver, from
asses. being the most costly metal, was reduced to such
IV. The As l ’miun1.-ialis, or of the half-ounce chcapncss ?”
(um-la). This commenced with the Le: So far the Author of “ Darlrina,” on Pliny’s
Papiria. account of the early history of the Roman coinage,
Such are the sum and substance of the indi and of the diminution of the aa.——Dr. Cardwell
cations given by Pliny. But there are not a few in one of his lectures, treating of the same sub
circumstances which appear to be at variance ject, otfers remarks, of which the tenor perfectly
with them. And these Eckhel proceeds to point coincides with the above cited views and reason
out in the following manner : ings of the great Nllmismatist of Vienna, as to the
“ Firstly, they are contradicted by experience doubtful correctness of Pliny’s account. “ But,"
itself. For in many museums there are numer adds the Learned Principal of St. Alban’s Hall,
ous specimens of the a-r, and those undoubtedly “the strongest objection against the statement
Roman, which weigh ll, 10, and 8 ounces, &c. of Pliny still remains. If his account were cor
Also .mnz'.r.res of 5, 4-, &;:.—And in the same rect, no as could ever have been minted of a
ratio the trieus, quarlrana, .mz-tans, and rmrialis. weight between the libralis of the earliest period,
llcnce it is evident that the as could by no and the Sn-tantarirer of the Pnnic war; nor, in
means have been (as Pliny appears to assert) re like manner, any Sem issi: between the full weight
duced suddenly without any intenncdiate dimi of six ounces, and the reduction to one single
nution, to the weight of 2 uncize. ounce; whereas the fact is, that we meet with
“ Secondly, as the commonwealth, on the re both these coins, in all the several stages of
duction of the as to 2 uurria, gained a profit of degradation, proving iucontcstably that the
5-6ths for the liquidation of the public debt; so, change was gradual. That such changes were
to private individuals, the loss was proportionate. actually made, and that the common currency
Then came the half of this ; when the .!e:laula of Rome underwent repeated, and at last extreme
riua was diminished to one nmria. And lastly, variations in its standard, is a fact that 'might
the half of this again, on the introduction of the certainly he anticipated from the unscientific
scmiuncial as. Therefore he, who, in the year character of the times, from the demands of a
U. 0. 490, had 60,000 asses, put out to interest, constant state of warfare, and even from the
found himself suddenly reduced to 10,000; in universal prevalence of debt; but this fact is fully
forty-seven years afterwards to 5,000; and not established, as to the mode and extent of its
long after that, by the Papirinn law, to 2,500. operation, not by what we gather from history,
Now, if as this money decreased in weight, the but by what is clearly laid before us in a series
rich, by the concomitant rise in the price of of coins."—vi. p. 140.
articles, must have been reduced to poverty, [As to the voluminous opinions which have
and the poor to utter destitutiou, could any been founded on the statements of the old writers,
other result have happened than the entire ruin by a host of modern ones, as well respecting the
of the state? real weight of the ancient Roman Ii//ra (or
“T/tirdly, since the dcnarins was worth 10 pound) as with regard to the reductions suc
asses‘ libralt-.:, and there were 34 denarii in the cessively made in the weight of the aa-neither
libra, (on Pliny's testimony concurred in by are they clear enough in themselves, nor are they
that of Cclsns and Scribonius Largus,) it neces suflicicntly accordnnt with each other, nor (what
sarily follows, that silver was to brass at that is most important) are they, with the requisite
period, as 1 to 840, in value. Now, how much degree of correspondence, borne out by the coins
socver we may be inclined to regard the ancient themselves to which they refer, to furnish a clue
Romans as poor, and deficient in the more by which any positive decision can be arrived at,
precious metals, can such an extreme dispropor on those respective points of discussion; whilst
tion betwecn silver and brass be considered pro they equally fall short of establishing any well
bable? But though to the great majority this digested scale, by which to measure those sud
opinion must appear repugnant to all truth, yet den and extraordinary dimiuutions in the size
to many it was matter of belief that the denarius , and weight of the Roman brass coinage, that
 AS AS. B7
Pliny and others afiirm to have taken place. If first Roman money was of bra-ls.—2. That tho
indeed a Froiilich declared himself incompetent first unit of the Roman mint was a value named
to the task of diseutangling this question from its M, which was likewise the unit of weight
great ambiguities and diflicultics——-if even an and measures.—3. That the first as money
Eckhel, with all his vigour of industrious rc existed from the establishment of a coinage at
seareh, but in the same spirit of modesty in Rome, under Servius 'l‘u1lius, to the first Punic
separable from true genius, has ventured to do war.—4. That five years before that period,
little more, in this instance, than to adduce the namely, a. u. c. 408 (B. c. 269), silver money
varying opinions of others, and then “leave the was first struck at Itome.—5. That, at this
rmder to select that which appears to him most epochs, an alteration took place in the monetal
reasonable.” And though last not least entitled unit. The as, which had become of less and less
to consideration, if, after the aequirements and value, ceased to serve the purpose of numbering
exertions of such eminent antiquarics as Cardinal sums, and the Seslerlim took its place as the
Zelada, and other Italian investigators of Uncial unit of moncy.—6. That the module and weight,
coins-—men who had such superior advantages and consequently the metallic value of the as,
for evolving the truth, from the genuine pieces having experienced these successive reductions
before them—-if (we say) after all these ad up to-the zcra of the imperial government of
van and ciforts, so comparatively trifling an Rome, bras; money then became fixed at a
advance has been made in practical knowledge, lower value, in the ratio of its weight; and this
on a question which has been most assiduously value preserved a greater degree of steadiness
and obstinately disputed-—we may well be ex than it had previously possessed.—Sec Manuel
cused for dwelling no longer upon‘ it, than whilst dc Numismalique Jncienne, 1'. i. passim.
summing-up the amount of the information fur [It has already been observed, that the as has
nished to us from the sources above-mentioned. for its types, on one side the head of Janus,
And this cannot perhaps be better done than by called bifron-s, having two faces, with an oblong
here concentrating the remarks of M. Hennin, sign I, placed at the top of the head, as the dis
on this subject :-—] tinguishing nota, or mark; and on the other
“The notices given by Pliny on the diminutionside, the prow of a ship, with a similar note or
of the as, and of weights, are neither free fromsign.
the features of improbability, nor are they con At the beginning of this article, on the subject
firmed by the data furnished, on a comparison of the as, is placed an engraving in wood, to the
of the weights with the coins themselves. It is exact size, from a cast, of which the original is,
diflieult indeed to believe that, in so short a with others of the same class, in the cabinet of
space of time, the as should have been reduced the British Museum. It weighs 8 ozs. 4 dwts.
from twelve to two ounces. The differences, 20 grains, and measures two inches and a half
which must have resulted from such large re in diameter.
ductions, would havc caused too great a destruc This well preserved and rare specimen of its
tion of property, to have admitted of such circular brass coinage is assigned, by uumismatic
enormous changcs.—On the other hand, there antiquaries, to a very early, though not the ear
exist as’, or parts of the as, whose sizc an liest, period of the Roman mint. Nevertheless,
weight indicate a still lower reduction than that looking to its style of fabric—its free design—ita
to the as semi-um-ialis: that is to say, a re high and bold relief——and particularly to the
dnction from the hall‘-ounce to the quarter-ounce features of the bjfronx, so decidedly analogous as
u; whence it follows that the as was successively they are with the characteristics of Etruscan art,
diminished to the forty-eighth part of its original it seems scarcely possible to avoid associating
weight. And whatever may have been these this noble relic of antiquity with an age of mo
successive reductions, the fact remains that there netal workmanship anterior to that of Rome.
exist as and fractions of the ar, of ditfcrcnt But then there is the fact to encounter, that
weights, and which may be classed according to even this cast piece of rounded copper, from the
their respective weights.” die-sinker’s matrix, with all its breadth, thick
In conclusion, amidst much that is vague, ness, and weight, is itself an instance of great
confused, and improbable, thus much may be diminution from the original aa, which from a
looked upon as matter of fact, devoid altoge pound of 12 ounces, gradually dwindled down
ther of doubt and uncertainty, viz.—-1. That the to the weight of hardly half an ounce l So un
88 AS. ASIit.
satisfactory, even to repulsiveness, are as yet It is to be observed, however, that by the
the results of research and argument, on points elder school of numismatic autiquarics, sufiicient
of essential importance, connected with this par distinction was not made, between the as minted
ticular braneh of Roman Numismatics. at Rome, and that of the other Italian cities.
In the preceding example of the smaller sized More attention was paid to this subject by deeply
as, without the names of families, the word nous learned mcn of a subsequent period; and the re
on the reverse is certainly not required to indi sult of their rccondite studies has established the
cate either the place, or the later date, of its fact, that certain nations of Italy (such asthc
mintugc. The archaic: of Etruria had clearly Volutcrruui, the Tudertcs, the Ignvini, the Ha
nothing to do with coins of this description, driani,) had each their own coinage of the as;
which are stamped, as to legend and fabric, with nud that these were of the proper weight, as is
the indubitable impress of republican Rome.— shewn by the name of the respective cities in
This specimen is selected from a plate in K0lb’s scribed on their coins.—Livy, in more than one
Trails Elémenlaire, (T. i. pl. 1), chiefly on ac passage, relates, that the inhabitants of Italy,
count of the winged thunderbolt accompany conquered at dilfcrent periods by the Romans,
ing the prow, a symbol rarely seen on this class were despoiled, by the victors, of their bras:
of coins. money. “ Therefore,” says Eckhel, “we must
The two following are proofs of the still fur not reckon amongst the coinage of Rome, I111
ther reduction of the as, and each is inscribed pieces of that kind, which, being without in
with the nnmc of a Roman family, vi1..:— scriptions, do not declare the locality in which
they were struck. It is the rrrns whielifumésb
the clearest evidence qf the R02-nus die. For
the as presents on its obverse a head of Janus;
the sernix, of Jupiter; the triens, of Pallas; the
guadrana, of Hercules; the 88.l'tllfl3, of Mer
cury; the uncia, also of Pallas; whilst all of them
exhibit the prow of a vessel on their reverse.-—
And that these types were peculiar to the Roman
coins is proved by the asses, and their constituent
parts, which, afterwards diminished in size, bear
thc names of Roman families, with non in
The name of c. ram. c. r. appears on the re scribed near them; and which continued to be
verse of this second brass, struck by one (but distinguished by the same types on both sides
there is no clue to ascertain which) of the mem respectively, to the latest period of the Republic
bers of this most ancient patrician housc.~—See For there are brass coins even of Sextus, which
Fabia gens. display on one side the head of Janus, and on
the other the prow of a vesse ."—-The erudite
and sagaeions author of Daclrina, then gee!
on to caution his readers against considering,
,indiscriminatel_v, coins which bear the very
name of the Roman people to have been all 01'
Roman fabric, many of them having W111
ascertained to belong to Panormus (Palermvi
in Sicily), Pmstum (in Southern Italy), and
other placcs.—Morcover there arc extant, brim
Cornelia gens-.—A second brass on which we coins of the Clovis, Oppia, and other Roman
mid onus, above the ship’s prow, and nous. famihes, which present every indication of a
below it. It was Cn. Cornelius Magnus, grand foreign mint.——lf therefore all these are (and
son of Pompcius Magnus, whose name thus ap they ought to be) excluded, there would re
pears under the form of C'ina.—Sce Diet. of main but an insignificantly small number of
Greek and Roman Biography, J/'c., 1, 755.] those which form exceptions to the rule, and
As lib:-alia.—In reference to this appellation, respecting which any doubt could be enter
given by Latin authors, to the most ancient brass tained, as to whether they should be classed
money of Rome, and as also indicating a weight amongst the coins of Rome.” Since then (adds
of twelve uncirc, Eckhel says, “ Up to the pre Eckhel) “it may be regarded as a rule, failing
sent time, no Roman as librali: has ever been only in a very few instances out of a vast num
discovered; and of the parts of the 11.1, Passeri ber, that thosc are Roman coins, which are dis
cites but one instance of a triens, which weighed tingnished by the above-mentioned types, so I
four unci¢e.” should scarcely hesitate to pronounce, that the
As Ilalicu-9.—Scveral cities of Jlfnymz Gracia, exceptions belong, in almost every case, to a
and of other districts of Italy, adopted in the foreign people, though an unknown one.”
earlier times, for their monetary unit, the Roman For some further notices, incidental to this
11-1': their brass coinage was divided in confor subject, see Brass coinage of the Romans.
mity to that system and bore its marks. To ASI. As-ia.—-See con. or coma. as]. Com
these pieces have been given the name of the m1mita.s Ashe.
Italian as. And the explanations, which relate ASIA.--Thc namc given, together with the
to the as, also apply to thcrn. title of Oriens, or the East, as ii general term
 a"SI.\ ASIA. 89
by the ancients, to one of tl1e three parts of the more germane to probability, viz., that the im
world known to them, and which equalled, if perinl Coins, whose legends refer to Aria, give to
not exceeded in extent, the other two. Accord her personification maritime attributes, because
ing to the old geographers, it was divided from many of her provinces are situated on the sea
Europe on the w est, by the river Tanais (or Don) coast.——The preceding engraving is from a rare
and by the Euxine and Egcan seas. From Africa, denarius of Hadrian, bearing ASIA for its sole
its line of demarcation was the Nile, according to legend of reverse: the type is that of a woman
Pliny; the Arabian Gulph according to Ptolemy. clothed in the tunic, standing: with her right foot
Occupying the most fertile and delicious quarter on the prnw of a ship, holding in her right hand
of the habitable globe, its inhabitants have ever a garland, and in her left a rudder rcverscd.
been noted for their indolent habits, their luxuri By the word Asia thus inscribed, is to be
ous tastes, their voluptuous propensities, their understood, not that great geographical divi
etfeminate manners; in other words, for dispo sion of the world, whose general extent has
sitions und characteristics apparently rendering already been noticed; but Proconsular Asia,
them litter to obey than to command. Of Asia, through which the Imperial traveller made his
Cicero says, that “ for the produetivcncss of its I tour ; a well established fact, which that prince
soil, the variety of its fruits, the wide extent of caused to be recorded, not only on this silver
its pasturagefl, and the multitude of its exports, coin, but also on two first brass, Vll.-AD\‘E!\'T\'I
it vastly exceeds all others."—It was from Asia, AVG. ASIAE. s. c. the Emperor togated, and
(both Jlqjnr and Minor) that luxury, through a woman sacrificing; and nns'rrrv'ron1 ASIAE
the medium of the anuies of the republic, in s. C. with type of the Emperor raising a female
troduced itself into Route, where it exercised a figure with radiated head, holding a sceptrc in
fatal influence on the morals of the people, as her left hand.—Ou another coin (second brass)
it hzul done on the discipline of the soldiers. with same legend, a woman, with bended knee,
ln the year n.c. 191, Antiochus, king of Syria, bears a rudder over her shoulder, and is raised
dcclnrcd war against the Romans, who sent by the emperor, who stands clothed in the toga.
against him the consul Glabrio, by whom he Both the first brass are engraved in Haver
was vanquished, near Thermopyhc, and driven eamp's rlfézlaillws de C/mlsliue.
from Greece. 'l‘he following year, the consul L. Spartian informs us, that while journeying
Scipio, brother of Scipio Africanus, also defeated through this region, lladrian erected temples in
the same monarch at the battle of Maguesia.— his own name. And cities also are mentioned,
This victory put an end to the war, and Scipio which were so much enlarged by him, that their
enjoyed the honours of a triumph for Antiochns inhabitants hesitated not to proclaim him their
and for Asia. But peace was not ratified with second founder, and to appropriate his name.
Antiochns till the year B.C. 1B8.~At'ter the Amongst these were Cyzictm, Smyrna, Stra
death of King Eumcues, his son obtained “from tonica in Carin, and many others. What vast
the _qmu'r0.ril_r/ of the Roman Senate,” the throne sums of money he expended on the embellish
of Syria, and that prince dying A.U.c. 621 ment of Smyrna alone, may be gathered from
(n.c. 133), appointed the Roman people his Philostratus. The services conferred by him
heirs. But .\ristonicn.~s, natural son of Eumenes, upon Cyzicus, where a niagiiificent temple was
shortly afterwards invaded those Asiatic pro erected to his honour, and games instituted, are
vinces which he claimed as his patrimony, and indicated in the coinage of that city, whose in
overcame the consul (Jrassuu Mueinnus, whom habitants styled him the tlurleenl/: god.-See
he made prisoner, and put to death, 15.0. 130. Eckhel, vi. 492.
Aristonicus, however, was in his tum defeated Asia MTnor.—-—The region so named com
and captured by the consul Perpcnna, whose prised the provinces between the Euxine and
successor the consul Aquillius, by overcoming Mediterranean seas; consequently it included
and slaying Aristonicus, terminated the second Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Galatia, Mysia
Asiatic war. And thus was the Lesser Asia (see Troas), Lydia, Carin, 1Eolia, Ionia, Lycia,
brought into subjection to Rome, and governed Pamphilia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and
by pro-consuls. Of its riches, in Sulla's time, Lycaouia.-—-“ The country (observes the late
some idea may be formed from the tax of 20,000 Bishop Butler in his admirable sketch of Ancient
talents which he imposed on it. Mark Antony, and Modern Geography) which we call Asia
in one ymr of his government there, is said to ' Minor (a tenn not in use among the ancients,
have acquired an equal sum, who called it simply Asia) is now called Anatolia,
.\Sl_\ is symboliscd on Roman coins by the or rather Jnadoli, from &wa1'ol\'l), the East.”
~.-crpcnt; (see the vista]:/wri of .\I. Antonius: ASIA ltl'lCEI"l‘A.-—\'ietory with expanded
al~o by the ship's prow, and ruddcr—thc , WlIl5.{.~4, and holding a ero\vn, stands on a cylin
latter “ to shew (says Jobcrt) that it is a drical basket between two scrpcnts.——On n quinn
country which cannot he ar rius of Augustus (of which the subjoincd cut is
rived at from Rome without
going by sca"—an odd reason
-—“curious if true.”——Eckhel
alludes to, without discounte
nnncing, the French Jcsuit's
conjecture; but at the same
time assigns another reason,
90 ASIA. ASINIA.
an exact copy as to size and type, from the of making therewith a crown, to be afterwards
original in the British Museum). consecrated at the shrine of Jupiter Capitolinus.
The mystical vista, or basket, of Bacchus was —-Sec Aumm Caron/lrium.
the symbol of proeonsulsr Asia, which this coin ASlAE.—-See Oivilatibu: Am}: Rcstilr/ti.r.
declares to be recepta, that is, taken possession ASIAG.~—A.riugenea.- surname of L. Cornelius
Scipio (brother of Scipio Africanus), who as the
of by Ciesar. All silver coins, which were struck
in the same district of Asia, present a similar conqueror of Antiochns the Great, and for his
representation of the vista, and arc for that Asiatic victories, was so callcd.—Scc Cornelia.
reason called cistophori. (See the word.) Victory ASINA.—A coutorniste medal of great rarity
is placed on the vista, simply because, in the presents on its obverse u. N. HONORIVS. r. ave.
Roman mint, that figure was the perpetual type and a laureated head ; on the reverse is inscribed
of the quinarius.—Augnstus received Asia, the word ASINA, accompanied with the figure of
within the sphere of his dominions when, in the an ass suckling s foal.
year U. C. 724 (B. c. 30), either on his expedi For an account of the attempts made by learned
tion into Egypt, or on his return to Asia, he men to explain this mcdal——attempts as conflict
tarried there, to arrange public affairs, and also ing and inconclusive as the subject of them is
wintered in the country, as Dion aflirms. It is curious and extraordinary—the reader is referred
likewise stated, by Suetonius, that he went to to vol. viii. p. 173, of Doct. Num. Vet. Suiiice
Asia during his fourth consulate, and in his fifth it here to notice, that the coin in question is
lcfi Samos for Rome. Looking, therefore, to the allowed to be as old as the time of Honorius,
above epigraph, ASIA ascsrra, as well as to the during whose reign a great portion of the eon
title I_\IPerator VII. inscribed on the obverse, we farniali were struck—that Tanini, of whose
come (says Eckhel, vi. 82) pretty near at the age collection it once formed a part, decidedly re
of this coin. Indeed, placing the event recorded, garded it as one of a satirical character, and
between the years u. c. 724 and 725, it is evi struck by the idolntors in contempt of the Chris
dent that in the latter yea.r, when Augustus tisns—that Eckhel, on the contrary, thinks
Ciesar proceeded to his fifth consulate, he was that the legend and type of its reverse may have
Imperator for the seventh time. This is shown been one of the symbolical modes of expressing
by the famous marble published by Pighius, viz: their faith in the Divine Author of their religion,
SENATVS roPvLvsQ_vE nosumvs. IMP. can “ signifying something understood by themselves
sanr. mvr rv1.1. r. COS. Q\'l.\'CT. cos. DESIO. though hidden from us.” After sdverting in
sex. nrr. sen. REPVBLICA. cousnavara. support of his opinion to the following contor
From these dates it is clear, that this quinarins niate, published by Vietorius, viz. auzxannae
could not have been minted earlier than the year and a hcad covered with lion's skin, on the obverse;
of Rome 724, nor later than 726 (B. c. 28); and x. n. rv. 1. n. s. x. I’. s. nar. runvs, and
because in the following year Caesar Oetavianus an ass wilfi head eror! suckling a mzl, for the
began to use the name of Angustns.—Scc D001. legend and type of its reverse— khel adds,
Num. vi. 82. “ But I am bestowing too much time upon a
ASIA COS. II. S. C.—A woman, with tur single coin, which no public authority will
reted head, stands with a crown in her extended attempt to defend, and which any one will readily
right hand, and her left hand is placed on an lay aside among the herd of pseudo monetrc.”
anchor. On a large brass of Antoninus Pius. ASINI CAPU'l‘—a symbol of Dacia.—The
head of an ass, on the top of a walking stafl‘, in
the hand of a female figure, appears on coins of
Trajanus Decius.—See DAClA.—DACIA nzux.
An ass, according to Clemens Alexandrinus, was
sacrificed by the Scythians to Apollo.
ASINIA, a plebeian, but a consular family.
Whether it derived its name from .l.s-inua, as
Poreia from Porous, may be questioned. It was
divided into many branches of which two sur
names only are extant on coins, viz. the one
Gallus, the other Po!lio.—'I‘he name of Gallus
iuamonetary triumvir (thus: c. asixlvs earns
Iuvla. A. A. A. r. r.) is found on large and middle
It would appear that this coin was struck (A.D. consular brass, with the head, or inscription, or
139), in memory of those towns in Asia, which, symbol of Augustus. This Asinius Gallus, the
having been overthrown by an earthquake, were son of C. Asinius Pollio, was u man eminent
restored by Antoninus—an act of bencficence re alike in the arts of war and of peace; and on
corded by Capitolinus, in his life of that prince. that account a great favourite of Augustus. He
The crown in the right hand of the figure, is wrote the history of the civil war between Caesar
considered to represent an aurum roronarium.— and Pompey, and is said to have been the first
And this refers to the circumstance, that the to have opened his library to the public use at
Roman governors of provinces, when they Rome. It was the same Gallus, who scrvcd the
quilted their respective PI‘CSl(l(!Il(‘l08, demanded consulate in the year U. c. 746 (a. c. 8); and,
of the cities included under their administration what more redounded to his honour, when Tibe
a supply of pure gold, for the ostensible purpose rius divorced himself from Vipsania Agrippina.
 ASTARTE. ASTARTE. 91
daughter of Ag-rippa, he took her to wife, and under the image of a young woman, wearing a
by that marriage became the father of a numer tutulatcd, or tuft-like, head dress; and clothed
ous progeny. The name of Pallio appears on a in a tunic, high in the neck——sometimcs (as in
denarins published in Morel‘s T/zcsaurm, and the annexed engraving from a Tyrian coin), not
in Vaillant’s Fmn. Rom. as follows :— reaching lower than the knees ; sometimes with
Obc.—POLLIO. Radinted head of Apollo. a longer dress, but with the right knee ex
Rev.—e. ASINI. c. N. r. (Caiur Asiniua Cnei posed, and the foot planted on s ship's prow.
Filius.) Crescent moon and seven stars. This object of gross idolatry had a fine
For the above types see Ducrelia gens. temple at Bostra; and on a large brass, struck
A. SISC. Olficina Prima Siscim.—Coin there and dedicated to Julia. Mamsea, the idol,
struck in the first mint-ollicc at Sisciw, in as above described, stands within a portico of
Psnnonia. six columns, holding a cruciform staff in the
ASPERGILLUM, or as otherwise called right hand, and a cornucopia: in the left-.—
.ld.s71era0rimn, a sprinkler or holy-water stick, Of Berytus also she was a great tutelary god
having ends of long horse-hair, which the Ro dess; for which reason Nonnns calls that city
mans made use of, to besprinkle those who as “the habitation of Vcnus.”——'l‘he Tyriuns also
sisted at the sacrifices, and also to throw the paid supreme adoration to Astarte, and their
lustrul water over the altar and the victims.—— city contained a superb temple erected to her
See Pontifical Iruirumeul-1. honour. The fact that this deity was the Venus
ASPlRATE.—This is wanting in the ortho of the Tyrians is corroborated by that passage
graphy of the more ancient Roman coins. Ac of Cicero (lib. iii. De Nat. Dear.) in which he
cordingly, we find written without the aspirate aflirms, that the goddess, whom the 'l‘_vrians
(la) the names CILO.-—-GRACCVS.—PILlPPVS.— worshipped under the name of Astartc, was the
rsan-n.vs.-—'r1uvsu>vs.—r1>s.u:vs.—for Chilo, Syrian Venus, who was said to have been mar
Gracchus, Philippus, Tamphilus, Triumphus, ried to Adonis.—-Tosephus records the building
Hypsa~us.—See Rast-he’s Lexicon. of a magnificent temple by Hiram, King of Tyre,
ASSERTOR.—Sec Hercules. in honour of Ashtaroth (Astute). Coincident
ASTA.—Bueticaa colonia (Hispania), now Jfeaa with which, we find a second brass of Elaga.
dllsta, situated on the river Bmtis, opposite balus, exhibiting the goddess, with her usua
Gades (Cadiz, in Andalusia). Its coins are bilin attributes, standing within a tcmplo.—-As the
gual and Latin autouomes, in first and second chief local deity of Tyre, she sometimes appears
brass. The former exhibit on their obverse on Roman coins of that colony, standing toge
asra. and the bare head of a man; on their re ther with the figure of Augerona, Goddess of
verse a Ccltiberian inscription and a winged Silence.—Thc Sidonians, like their 'Iyrian neigh
sphinx.—The latter have for obverse M. POPILLI. bours and rivals, were blind votarics to this
sr. F. Inureated head of Apollo.——Reversc, P. “ abomination” of Assyria; and their city also
con. asra. an. r. Abull standing.—See Mr. had a fine temple of Astarte.-——Am0ngst the
Akerman’s “ Ancient Coins of Cities,” &c. p. 22. numerous monctnl dedications made by the Ro
ASTARTE—ca.lled in Scripture “Ashta.roth” man colonists at Sidon, to Elagubalus and the
—was the favourite goddess of the Sidonians, female members of his fanrily, arc first and
Tyriaus, Philistines, and Syro-Phcenicians gene second brass coins, which exhibit the effigy of
rally. She appears to have been identical with Artarle standing (see the annexed woodcut) with
the Greek Ap/irodite, and the Roman Venus her right hand placcd on atrophy, whilst she
Genet;-ir, being believed by the ancients to be carries in her left the Izaota crosswise. At her
the goddess of generation, as wcll as of beauty. left hand a figure of Victory, placed on a column,
—B_v Milton, in his Paradise Rcgained, a place presents to her a crown. At her left foot is
is assigned to her among the fallen angels : the cone/zylium, or shell fish, from whose blood
With these in troop the famous purple was said to have been made.
Came Astoreth, whom the Phrcnicians called The palm tree is a symbol connnon to Phmnicia
Aslarle, queen of Heaven, with crescent horns; and Palestine. This reverse is repeated on other
To whose bright image nightly by the moon colonial medals ot‘ Tyre and of Sidon, with the
Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs. addition of _representing the idol within its
Among the imperial colonies in the east, the temple.
cities of Berytus, Bostra, Sidon, and Tyre, are In Vai]_lant’s Colonies are given a coin of Sep
those in which Aatarte was chiefly worshipped ; timius Severus, and another of Diadnmcnianus,
and on the respective coins of which she appears, the former bearing the following legend and
type on the reverse, viz. con. AELIA carrr.
(established by Hadrian on the ruins of Jeru
-salemJ—On this reverse Aatarle, or Venus,
holds, in one hand, the head of Scrapis, and in
the other the /tasta ,- her right foot being placed
on the crouching figure of a river-god. In
the coin dedicated to the youthful son of
Macrinus, two winged Victories are added, stand
ing at her feet on each side.—The same learned
writer, in describing the well-known type which
accompanies Irzzlulgenlia Auyy. in (’ur(b. on a
92 ASTRA. A'l‘ll LET,-‘E.
dcnarins of the Emperor Severus, says of Cybele have for their reverse types the twclvc signs of
vrrla Ieunr cm-n.>nte—“ This goddess is the the Zodiac.—See Capricorn.
Astartc of Carthage.”—Sce Aelia Capil0Iina— ASTURES, a people of Spain, subdued by P.
]>’0slra—Ber_1/[us——Sidon, and I}/rue, in their Carisius, pro-praetor under Augustus. Their
respective places. capital was Astnrica, now Astor]/a, in the king
Aslrlrle is also typified on many Greek coins dom of Lcon.—See Akerman's Coin: qf (lilies,
of cities and people. Likewise on some Greek Sac. p. 65.
Imperial, struck under Caracalla, Gets, Elega ASTURlCA.—Vail1nnt (in (bl. i, p. 10) gives
balus, Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, &c. a second brass coin with the obverse legend of
ASTRA.—Stars, either alone, or with other avovs-rvs DIVI r. and bare head of Augustus,
signs added to them, are exhibited on many and which presents on its reverse a colonist
family and consular coins.——Ou a denarius of ploughing with two oxen, with the legend COL.
the Asinia gens, the radiated head of Apollo nsr. AVGVSTA, which he renders Colonic Artu
(symbolisiug the Sun), appears on one side, rica Jaye-via, or colony of the Astures, a terri
and a crescent moon, surrounded by seven tory of Hispania Tarraconcnsis.—-Eckhel, how
stars, on the other.-——Stars appear over the ever, recogniscs in the abbreviation ssr. the name
caps of the Diouuri, whom fable has placed of no colony but Asta of .Ba’!im.—And Mionnet
amongst the heavenly host.—Ca.rf0r and Pu/lu.r (s. I. 53) says, “cettc médaille pent aussi bien
werc, on this account, worshipped by naviga nppartcnir A Asia, on As-tapa, ou Astigi, ville:
tors.—Oua denarius of the Rlwlia family, a star 11¢ la Baetique.”
is put bcforc the head of Mars, because the year A’l‘liALARlCUS, the grandson of Theodori
was reckoned to bcgin with the month Martins, cus, ascended the throne of the Goths, in Italy,
(March) which takes its name from that god.— on the dcith of his grandfather, A.D. 526. He
Stars above a curule chair, indicating the divi died A.D. 534. He is styled on coins (which
nity of Julius Caesar, appear on a silver coin of are rare) D. N. ATHALARICVS or ATALABICVS;
the Anlia fnmil_v.—'l‘hc as/rum crinitum, or star also 1.». x. ATALABICVS aux. On silver quiuarii
with “tail of fire,” on the reverse of gold and of Justinus and Justinianus, emperors of the cast,
silver, struck under Augustus, in memory of his name appears followed by that of nnx or lnx.
Julius Crcsar, is regarded as allusive to the great —-Akcrman, Dercr. Cat. ii. 396.
comet, which, appearing soon after the Dicta Bandnri (vol. ii. p. 643,) gives a third brass,
tor's death, was looked on by the common peo with INVICTA ROMA, and the galeated head of u
ple as denoting his immortality, and translation woman on the obverse, and on the reverse n. N.
to the skies.-—Of this popular credulity Augustus ATH.\_LARlC\'S—\Vii-ll the type of that prince,
availed himself to honour his uncle with deifiezr standing, helmcted and paludated, face to the
tion.—(Sce (.'omel)—.-t star is sometimes placed, left, his right hand resting on a spear, and his
on coins, above or ncnr the head of Julius Cmsur, left on n shield placed on the ground. In the
“winch (says Eckhcl, vi. ll), perhaps indicates field s. c. & x.
the star of Venus, mother of EEncas, or more likely A'l‘llENODORUS VABALA'1‘IIUS.—S¢’¢
the year when the calendar was brought, with VAIIALATHUS.
greater exactness, to the course of the Sun. The ATlIEN2E.—Athens, the most celebrated
figure of the crescent moon, also seen near the city of Greece, situate in that of Achaia,
po1't1'uit of the same emperor, is of uncertain called Attica.—Therc is a. tetrndrachm inscribed
signification, unless fl:/rt likewise has reference cos. n1. with the figure of Minerva standing;
to the corrected year.” (vi. 19.)—A star is with regard to which Vaillant (Pr. ii. 140) is of
found on many coins of Elngabnlus, both those opinion, that the Athenians struck this coin, in
struck at Rome and those of colonial fabric. memory of the benefits which Hadrian had
This symbol has reference to the Sun, in whose liberally bestowed on their city, in which, ne
Syrian worship and priesthood he was initiated cording to Spartianns, he passed the winter of
before his bnneful accession to the empire.-A the year of Rome 875 (B. c. 122).
stur ovcr a ship’s prow appears on the reverse of A'l‘HLE'l‘;E.—This appellation was given to
a denarius of Vespasian, with legend of COS. V111. those, who contended for the prizes at public
and the same figure occurs on some coin or games. And under this name, among the Grerkfi.
other, throughout the greater part of the im were comprised the professors of tivc different
pcriul series. kinds of gymnastics, or bodily exercises, viz.
Two stars, under which Cupid sits bestriding those of the race, and of the IILYFTLS, leapinfl,
n dolphin, with the inscription s. P. Q. R. appear wrestling, and pugilism.—'1‘he Romans, Wlw
on a rare silver coin of Augustus. Scguin un took the Grecian model generally as the object
derstands it to mean, on one side the star of of their imitation, appropriated the name of
Venus, on the other the star of Julius, as indi At/rlvhe almost exclusively to wrestlers, and to
cating the assumed family origin of the first those who fought with their fists : whilst those
C:cs:1r.—Sc.-e Jliumml, i. 105. who practised other feats of strength and acti
ASTROLOGICAL and ASTROl\'O.\lICAL vity had distinct and peculiar appellations.
symbols are found on Roman coins, as in the Spanhcim, in illustrating his translation of
Capricorn, double and single, of Augustus and the Caesars of Julian (p. 142), gives the figures
of \’cspn~inn; the crescent moon and seven stars of two naked wrestlers, or A//llcfa.-, holdjn_!
of llfl\ll'l§lll and of l"uustiIu\.——'l‘l1c Greek imperial each other by the arms, as in the act of
series nlso present several fine medals, which “trying a fall." They form the type of a coin
 ATILIA. ATTALUS. 93
struck at Laodicaxa, in Syria, under Caracalla,
on the occasion of some public games celebrated
in that city, with the legend r.aon1c.u:,\, a
Roman colony, and which, on another rare
coin dedicated to the same emperor, exhibits,
in abbreviation, all its titles, viz. COL0nia SEP
Iinzia Alf;-elia L.»\0Dima .\IETIlopo/i.r.——Vai1
lant furnishes a similar reverse of Elagabalus.
The same author (in Col. vol. ii. p. l05) makes
the two following references to the contests of a biga.—The pieces, in bronze, of this gens, arc
the A!/zlrlrez-—On the reverse of an Azmia by the mint -masters of Augustus.-See Dioscuri.
Ezurlina, colony of Sidon, can. sac. PER. ATLAS, according to some mythograpbers,
or-zcvsw. ISELA. Cerlamina, Sacra, Periodonim, was chief of the Titans that madc war against
(lccrmzenim, Lvrlasfica; within a laurel crown. Jupiter, who, to punish, sentenced him to sup
port the heavens. The account of him, divested
———On the reverse of a colonial coin, struck at
'l§1'e (coL. TYRO. METROP.) under Trcbonianns of fable, is that Atlas was a philosopher of royal
Gallus, are two naked Allrlclw, standing with a rank, whosc territories lay in north-western
vase between them; each holding in his hands a Africa, and who, having been accustomed to make
dilrcua, out of which issues a palm branch. astronomical observations on a high mountain of
(Yaillant, (bl. ii. 2l7)—-See HELIOPOLIS and Mauritania, gave his name to it, and also to the
SIDOX and 'ri'avs (mi: Iocis). See also sac. ocean (Atlantic), on which it borders.—Vaillant
car. oec. ISEL. and Victor; at G(unea.—In con (Pr. iii. p. 124) gives a brass medallion of Anto
nection with this subject, reference may be made ninus Pius, the cpigraph on the reverse of which
to Circus J[a.rimu.r—a representation of which is -rn. POT. xx. cos. 1111.; and the type, Jupiter
is given on a bmss medallion of Gordianns Pius, standing with luwlu andfulrmm, an eaglc at his
in which wrestlers and other Allaletw appear in fcet, and Atlas bearing a globe on his shoulders.
the foreground.
There is in the French Cabinet another brass
.\'[‘I.»\, gens plcbeia—which writers have medallion, mounted in a large circle, struck
divided into two families, whose respective sur under the above-named emperor, the reverse
names, as they appear on coins, were Balblu legend of which is the same as that already
and Labienur. The Alii, or Alli take their
quoted; but the type differs from it. Jupiter,
in the latter instance, stands before an altar;
fabulous origin from the Trojan Atys; Virgil
and this altar is ornamented with u has-relief,
savs representing Jupiter striking the Titans with
' Alter Atys, genus undo am dixdre Latini.
Perhaps, says Pitiscus, the poet spake thus, his thnnderbolts. On the altar is an eagle with
to flatter Augustus, whose mother was of the expanded wings. Behind Jupiter is Atlas on
plebcian stock—a stock so obscure as never to his knees sustaining the globc.—Scc Jupiter.
have risen above the prsctorship.—Atiu.s Balbur ATTALUS PRISCUS, an usurper in the
is named on s rare second brass, for an accurate reign of Honorius, first in Italy, afterwards in
engraving of which see Viseonti, Ic0n0_r/rap/Lie Gaul. Born of an Ionian family, he was ap
Rouuu'ne, part i. pl. v. fig. l. pointed Prefect of Rome. And King Alaric,
O//0.-—Jtl. .\'r1vs a.u.nvs. ru.—Bare head of
Balbus.
Rev.——s.»ul n. Pa'rEn.——Head of a man strangely
attired.
The above coin shews that Atins Balbus was
sent to Sardinia as Prnetor, and that Augustus
having already obtained submission to his rule
from the Sardinians, this coin was struck with
the head of Atius, in acknowledgment of their
obligations to him.—-—“ Its barbarous workman when he took that city (A. D. 409), proclaimed
ship," ndds Eckhc , “savours strongly of Sardinia, him emperor. Deprived of that title by the
always inhospitable to the elegant arta."—Sardu.r same gothic conqueror who had given it to him,
Pater, whom the reverse exhibits, was said to he subsequently resumed it in Gaul, A. D. 410.
be the son of Hercules, who having landed on Taken prisoner in 416, he had his right hand
the Sardinian coast, gave his name to that cut off, and ‘was banished by Honorins to the
island.—For a coin and some account of a mem island of Lipari, where he died. On his coins
bcr of this family bearing its second surname, (which are very rare in gold, silver, and small
and who figures historically in the annals of the brass) he is styled rmsc (or rarscvs) ATIALVS
later republic, see Lalzienur. r. P. .\vo.—also nrr. PRISCVS a'rraLvs P. r.
ATILIA, gens patricia at plebeia.—On the avo. These pieces were probably minted at
coins of this family, one Saranus is commemor Rome. There is a silver medallion with his
ated. The obverse of the denarins has for legenddiadcmed portrait, of extraordinary size and
san. or SARAN. and for type a winged and hel highest rarity, in the British Museum. Mr.
metcd head of Pallas. The reverse bears M. Akerman has given an engraving of this coin,
11111.. and the figures of the Dioscuri on horse in vol. ii. p. 358 of his Descriptive Catalogue.
back, with n0s1.»\ at thc bottom-or Victory in Vaillant (Pr. iii. 264) had given a similar one
94 ATYS. AUFIDIA.
from the Vatican collection. The legend and before an altar, holding a patera in her right
type of the reverse are INVICTA ROMA Ar:'rn11NA; hand, and the ace;-ra in her left. Struck about
Rome helmctcd and pnludated, sits fronting, in A. D. 184.—See Arerra, p. 4-.
a chair ornamented on each side with lions’ Commodus, on whose coins this legend ap
heads; her right hand holds a viclariola, her pears, may be supposed to have earned the title
left hand rests on the cud of a spear reversed. of Auclor Pielatis, whilst bestowing marked at
In the exergne mars. tention on religious matters. But in this, as in
A'1'I‘ILA, or Ali/12, or Ateula, King of the ull other things, he conducted himself like a
Huus, Goths, and Danes, was called the “ dread madman, and in a manner derogatory to the
of the world”—the “scourge of God.” Hc majesty of the empire. For, in celebrating the
succeeded to the government of these “ North rites of Isis, he shaved his hand, and carried
men," A. D. 434.-. After ruveging the provinces the dog-headed god Anubis, during which cere
of the east, and compelling the Emperor Theo mony he wuntonly bclaboured the heads of the
dosius the Second to pay him tribute, he re worshippers with the face of the heavy image.
turned to his own dominions, having triumphed He even attired himself as a sncrificer, and with
both in the Italian and in the lllyrian wars. He his own hand immolated the victims. Nay, he
was contemplating the invasion of Asia and went on so fur as to supply fresh material for
Africa, at the moment when, enslaved by lust the piety of an enslaved and superstitious people,
and debauchery, he lost his reason, amidst feast by assuming the titles DEVS and nsncvnns,
ing and coucubinage, and died of n flow of during the year of Rome 944 (A. D. 191).
blood from the nostrils, A. u.c. 1207 (n.c.-154). “Aeneas is styled by Ovid pietati: idoneus
The pieces attributed to this extraordinary man, auclnr, the true promoter of piety, doubtless on
inscribed A'rnvLA, or ATIVLA, and also ATIL. account of his attachment to the gods, and to
are said by Eckhel, Hennin, and others, not to his father, being in the mouths of all ; therefore
be his, but coins of Gaulish chiefs. fitly (idmzeé) so styled; whence, adds Eckhel,
ATYS, or All_y.r.—Except in association with you may draw the distinction between that
types relating to Cybele, on many Roman as ancient Auctor Pietatia, end the one with whom
well as Greek coins, it would be scarcely worth we are here dcaling."—vol. p. 118.
while to notice the worse than absurd myths AVCTA KAR.'l‘.—-See Salvzlr Augg.
of Atys; who, according to one of several AVERSA.——The reverse side of a coin.—See
stories concerning him, was a handsome young Reverse.
shepherd of Phrygin, of whom the Mother of AUFIDIA gcus.—Thnt this family was ple
the Gods (Magus Mater Denim), became greatly beian is shewn by the lribrmi 1)/eluls, who were
cnnmoured. She entrusted him with the care chosen from it. “ Perhaps, says Vnillant, the
of her temple, having made him promise that river Aufidius, celebrated on account of the
he would always live in chaste celibacy. In slaughter of the Romans at Cnnnse, gave the
violation of this vow, however, he fell in love original name to this fnniil_v;” which however
with the nymph Sangaris, whom Cybcle, in her was not known until nbout the period of the
jealous anger, caused to die. And Atys, in the republic’s decline. Its coins consist of only two
frenzy of his grief, inflicted a nameless injury varieties, one of these, a rare deuarius, has
upon himself. But the goddess, who found this
punishment too cruel, as well to her own feel
ings as to those of her beloved, physically re
stored him; and took him again into her service.
The net of self-mutilation was, however, after
wards performed by the sacerdotul successors of
Atys, as n condition attached to the priesthood
of Cybele. On a contorniate medal of Vespe
sinn, engraved in Morel’s Tfiemrzrm, this part Obv.--nvs. The winged head of Pallzis, with
of the subject is illustrnted.—“ Aty/.1, rive poliuc xvi. behind it.
Gallus (us the priest of Cybelc was called) re ip Rev.—M. Avr. Jupiter in a qundriga at full
cum ca-:trans.”—-See Cybc/e. speed-—bclow ROMA.
AV. and O. were indiscriminately used by Vaillaut considers nvs. to be meant for Rus
the Romans, as is instanced in some denarii, liam, as a cognomen of the Aufidiu family;
whereon we read rosrv1.vs for rAvsrv1.vs.— Morel and Pcrizoni explain it Ruse. Eekhel
PLOTIYS for rLAv'nvs. prefers the former interpretation, because in the
AV. Au_qur.—c. cALnvs. IMP. Av. x.—Caizu most perfect specimen in the Imperial Cabinet,
Calrhu Imperatar, A/zgur, Decemvir. nvs. alone is read, without a vestige of the o,
AV. Aug'uste—or Augustus. which Morel thought was added.
AV. Aureliu.r.—As AV. COMMODVS AVG. AVG. Au_qur.—This abbreviation is of fre
on coins of Con1modus.—M. AVreliu.r AN'l‘O quent occurrence on the coins of Mark Antony,
NIN VS PIVS AV_quafu.9, on coins of Curacalla. accompanied by the augural symbols.
—-AV:-elim S. ALEXAND. AVG. of Severus A\'G.—On gold and silver coins of Vcspasian,
Alexunder.—AV. ANTON IN VS, of Elagabulus. included by Eckhel (vi. 326) amongst those
AVCT. PIET. (on silver) and AVCTOR which bear testimony to the conquest of Judzea
PIETAT. (on first brass) P. M. Ta. P. xn. TIL P. by that Emperor, and to his triumph on that
viii. cos. v. r. P.-—A stolated woman standing account, in the year 11. c. 824 (A. D. 71) the
 AUGURES. AUGURES. 95
abbreviation AVG. appears on the reverse, within Etrurian rites and ceremonies of divination. In
a crown of oak leaves, in others of olive, and such high authority and reverence was this dis
in others inscribed on a shield, surrounded by tinct branch of the priesthood held, that the
an olive wreath. This AVG. is by some supposed early Romans never conducted anything, either
to mean AVGur. But Eckhel, who refers to within or beyond the walls of their city, until
one in the Vienna Cabinet, agrees with Liehe the auspices had been taken, in the observance
(Goth Nam) in thinking it more probable that, of supernatural signs, which were publicly an
as there is no attribute of the augurship on these nounced, by the Augurs. A mass of fraud and
wins, the letters AVG. in this instance, should folly more puerile and absurd was never made
be read AVGu.rlo; and that the crown, or the subject of scientific organization and of
shield, should be considered to typify the solemn practice. Yet it was this “vain myste
corona, or cl;/pens, otlered and dedicated to rious art,” which the Romans dignified with the
Vespasian, as was customary on such triumphnl highest privileges, next to those of the supreme
occasions. pontificate. And patricians of the first rank—
AVG. Au_quriuu.!-—one of thc three surnames _ nay Emperors themselvcs,—deemed it an honour
of the Minucia gens, derived from the augural and an advantage to be received into member
priesthood. ship by the Augural college. This c0llc_r/ium,
, AVG. Auyu:tua—-or Auyusta.——'I‘he usual at its institution, for which the policy of R0
designation of an Emperor or of an Empress. mulus has the credit, was composed of three
AVG. Au_qu.sIa.-—-'I‘he ordinary epithet of Augurs, taken from the three tribes, into which,
Roman colonies derived from Julius Cuzsnr and as we are told, that Prince at first divided the
Augustin, as AVG. IVL. Augusta Julia, or IVL. subjects of his infant state. Numa is recorded
ave. Julia Augusta, on many of their colonial to have added two more. These five were all
coins. patrieians, till the year U. c. 454, (B. c. 300)
AVG. .4u_qu.rta.—See CONCORDIA ave. when, by the Le! Ogulnia, it was enacted, that
PECYNDITAS AVG.-—PIETAS ave. &c. &c. five of the Augurs should be plebeians. Up to this
AVG. Augu:ti.—See aronao CONSER.\’A'I‘OR period, the college appears to have exercised the
AVGVSTI, &c. iree and independent right of electing its own
AVG. F. or FIL.—Augu:Ii Filiua, or Elia members. Sulla, when, in A. U. C. 672, (8.0.
son or daughter of the August or Emperor. 82) created perpetual dictator, amongst other
AVG. D. F. or AVG. DIVI. I<‘.—Augu.rtu.s new laws and appointments, passed one to in
crease this number to fifteen. The first and
Divi Filiu-r.—Augustus, son of the Divine, i. c.
son of Julius Caesar). oldest of the Augurs was called Mayister collegii.
AVG. N. Augurti Nqaos. Grandson of Au They were originally chosen, as the other priests,
gustus.—e. g. onnnaivicvs cansan TI. r. nivi. by the patricians in their camitia curiata. Next,
ave. N.—(Germam'cu: Cmsar Tiberii Auyuati they were allowed to elect themselves. But afier
Filius, Diri Auguati Nepal). the introduction of plcbeian members into the
AVG. N. Auguati Ne7zoa.—Great grandchild college, a somewhat more popular mode of filling
of Augustus, as in Cains Caligula. c. cansaa up vacancies for a time prevailed. “The priests
mvi. ave. raon. ave. of the college of Augurs, for a long time arro
AVG. N. Auguati Na:ln'.—Of our Emperor. gated to themselves the sole privilege of suppli
—See Abundantia ave. N.-——FELlX ADVENTVS cating the gods for the health of every individual,
AVG. N. &c. and of the whole state,-—as if any one could not
AVGG. Duorum /l1lgu.rlor1lm.-—-Two Gs after ask it for himself. Yet nothing was more pro
AV signify two Augwti or Emperors reigning fitable. Pliny mcntions several physicians who
together.——For examples of GG. see coins of were pensioned at about £2000 per annum; and
Severus and Caraealla; also of Carus and Cari in the reign of Claudius, one Doctor Sterninus
nus, Carinua and Nnmerianus, Diocletianns and complaining of the smallness of his income, it
Maximianus Hercules, Constantine and Maxi was doubled for him.” (Capt. Smyth, p. 195.)
mianns—also Philippus senior and junior, &c. During the civil wars, the Augurs became ready
AVGGG. Yhimn Au_qu.rtorum.—Where this instruments for furthering the designs of both
abbreviation occurs it indicates that three Au the contending factions. In the reign of Angus
gwli, or Emperors, reigned together. For ex tus they underwent the same changes as the
amples of this rare reading on Imperial coins see Pontifl"s, namely election by the Plebs, subject
the vinrvs avoc-0. of Cariuus quoted by Eckhel, however to the approval or veto of the prince.
and the vrcronu avoeo. of Valentinianus I. At length the Emperors reserved to themselves
cited hy .\'Iionnet.—Vaillant ascribes a vnvrvs the right of nominating the Augurs, which con
avooo. to Nurncrian, but is not confirmed by tinued to be exercised until the reign of Theodo
either Eckhel or Mionnet.—See Augu-rti. sins the Great (A.D. 379). Christianity being
AVGV.—Augua£a, Auguslw, Au_/jualua, or then fully established throughout both divisions
Auguati. of the empire, the augural, in common with
AUGURES, Angu.rs.—This sacerdotal order every other, order of the heathen priesthood, was
was so called, because it professed to predict by law abolished. But the fire of this most an
future events by signs and prodigics. Their cient and most popular of Roman superstitions,
discipline and religion were probably of Sabine smouldercd amidst the ruins of paganism, long
origin, introduced into Home at the earliest pe after the revenues which supported the uugurship
riod of her foundation, but blended with the had been appropriated to the public treasury.
96 AUGURATION. AUGIFR.
AUGURA'1‘ION.—'l‘he augural function was also by the word itself inscribed at full, or
to prognosticatc good or evil, in observing the abridged; AVGVR. or avo.—A denarius of Q.
flight, the warbling, and the screams of birds; CASSIVS, has for the type of its reverse an eigle
the avidity of fowls in eating, or their refusal standing on a thunderbolt, between the lilluu‘
to take food; also to note the various phenomena and the pmfericulmn. Jupiter was the tute
that appear in the heavens. The actual inspec lary god of the augural college.—On a silver
tion of slaughtered animals devolved to an in coin of the Antonia family, the legends and
ferior order called Haruspices [see the word], types of which Harercamp considers to indicate
who reported to the Augurs, whether the en the concord, subsisting when it was struck, be
trails of such animals were in a healthy or an tween Mark Antony and Lepidus, we see on one
unsound state. As the chief expounders and side (as in the annexed cut)
interpreters of all that related to the ceremonial Marcus ANTONiu.r Hill’:
law, and to the regulation of religious observanccs, ralor, with a raven, or as Du
the Augurs, under the kings, and afterwards Choul describes it “one of the
during the early ages of the republic, were con sacred chickens,” relating to
sulted always on the question of waging war, the pullispicium, or augnry by
and on any other matter of great public import fowls; the pmfericulum and
ance. A striking proof of the peculiar consi the Iituus, are symbols of Antony’s angurship.
deration attached to this order of mcn, exhibits On the other side is Marcus LEPIDua IMP
itself in what is stated respecting its priestly erator; with the apex (or sacerdotal cap), the
rank, which was not allowed to be taken away securis (or sacrificial axe), the eimpulum (or
from any one on whom it had once been con chalice), and the aspergillzzm (or jsprinklcr),
ferred, lest the secrets of the pagan system insignia of the otiice of Pontifex Maximus, which
should be revealed to the multitude. Pliny the Lepidus had usurped.
younger calls the augurship a priesthood (raver AUGUR. PONT. MAX.—This designation
dolium), not only of ancient institution and of two distinct offices, with augural and ponti
holy character, but also evidently sacred and dis fical instruments mingled together, namely, the
tinguished, from the fact, that it is never taken Iituus and the prrgfcr-£011/um with the a.9p(r_qil
away from a person during his life time (quad (um, aper, and scrzzris, form the legend and
mm adimitur viventi). Accordingly, as we type of denarii of Julius Caesar, struck about
learn from Plutarch, whatever might be the A. U. c. 708 (n. c. 46). They serve to shew
crime committed by an Angur, he was secure of that the Dictator had at this time united the
retaining his otlice for life, lest the pretended title of Augur to that of the chief pontificate
mysteries of an idolatrous worship might have and to his other titles. It was after his return
become exposed to the ridicule of sensible per from Egypt and Asia, that Julius caused his
sons. name to be inscribed in the college of Au, .,
The place for taking the augury lay on an as well as is in the other sacerdotal corporations.
elevated site, generally at a short distance beyond The liluus marks the augural otliee, and the
the walls of the city. The ofiiciating priest pro same instrument is sometimes placed on his
ceeded to the spot, clothed in a long robe, which coins behind his head.
covered the head like a veil, and reached down Auyuralv Q/' Mark _4n!0n_r/.-——There are gold
to the feet, called lilm or trabea. Then taking and silver of Mark Antony’s on which the 0iliri.'tl
in his right hand the lituus, a short wand, title, accompanied by the robe and crook, of the
curved at the upper end, he traced upon the uugurship, is conspicuously represented. On the
ground the lemp/um or tabermurulmn. After obverse (as in the annexed cut) we read Marta:
this, he divided the heavens into four parts with ANTON l\' S, M/1rm' Filimr, Marci .\l¢‘}I0-F,
the same /iluus, marking on the earth, as well 4,».-_—;\ AYGVR. l.\lPernl0r Tilli
as in the air, the four quarters, east, west, north, -‘/'\C3
' ,\§(j fimn. Amnlc figure, in the
and south. The Augur then examined with great V .6“ lrabva, walkingz, holds the
attention, what birds appeared; in what man Ki (451111/uli. On the other side l5
ner they flew; and what soluids issued from the radizited hcadfof the Sun.
their throats. Those signs which displayed A ,Ԥi.-'/ surrounded by the nbriilgcd
themselves to the lelt passed for favourable ones, ' 7 inscription of Antony’s other
and those which were seen on the right side titles, viz. Trirlmrir Rei]mb
were pronounced to be of bad nugury. In short, lica' Cnn.r[il11Pn1la»', C‘m1.mI .De.ri_r;z1a!1/.9, Ilcrmn,
the whole was a combination of priesteraft with el '12-rlimn. The veiled and robed figure, hold
state policy, invested with extraordinary powers ing the /ill/us, represents M. Antony as Augur.
and priviletzes, and cultivated chiefly to increase AUGCR. TRI. P. or TRI. PQ'l‘.—This in
the influence of the leading authorities over a scription appenrs on the reverse of n silver coin,
ercdulous and ignorant people. minted by Vespasinn, with saeerdotal instni
On a deunrius of the (‘urn/5/icia gens, and on meuts for its type. On the obverse of the
coins of Pompey the Great, Julius (Jicsur, Mark . deuarius, struck A.U.c. 825 (A. D. 72), \'esp:\siflI1
Antony, Augustus, and others, the ii}.-'ure of calls himself Imperator, Augustus, and Pontifex
an Angur, and the dignity of the ollice, are Maxiniiis, whilst on the reverse he takes the
found represented and designated, not only title of Au}_'ur, giving it precedence before ll"!
by the sacerdotul robe and veil, but by the Tri/mm?/a 1’u/1'sM.:. Tliis conjunction of the
liluus, the pra_'/'en'cu{1/nl, and other symbols; augural title and symbols with the highest mark!
 AYGUR. AVGVSTA. 97
of Imperial power, plainly indicates the eon appear), neither legends nor types bear any re
sideration in which the dignity and functions of ference to the institution or to its priesthood.
the former otfice continued down to this reign, AIIGLTR NAVlUS.—Sce NAVIIJS.
and also that of Titus, to be held by the Ro A\’GVS'l‘.—Au_qrwl1e or Auyusli.
mans. On a marble, transcribed from Muratori, AVG\'STA.—-—'l‘his epithet is of frequent
Tiberius is not only termed FONT. aux. but also occurrence on Roman coins of the Imperial
AVGVR. xvvra. s. P. vrrvuz. srvnouvxr; and so series. It was a title decreed to the wives of
is Caligula, on his coins, called both FONT. Emperors ; the quality of A/¢_1/usfa, as regarded
nx. and AvcvB.—Eekhcl, vi. 332. the first emprcsses, being indeed the only dis
Amongst the denarii struck under the re tinctive appellation, which served (as it were) to
public, and which Hnvercnmp, in the T/w.muru.r consecratc their rank. These princesses, how
of Morel, classes as 1m/ni ineerli (the uncer ever, though declared Augus-lie, were not on
tainty being as to the particular yen: to which that account less subject to the laws which
they ought respectively to be assigned), there governed private individuals. Nor does it seem
is one, which evidently bears allusion to the that they were admitted to the privilege of hav
earliest traditions of Rome. The coin in ing their title and ciligy borne on coins, except
question is a well-known one. It has for the by degrees and under certain restrictions. At
type of its obverse the usual the commencement, these honours were dedi
head of Pallas, with the mark cated to them only on coins struck in the pro
\~ ,_- of the dcnarius X, and the vinces. Afterwards, when their portraits were
' word nous below. The reverse, engraved on those actually minted at Rome, it
without cpigraph, exhibits a was done under the pcrsonilications, or symbols,
hclmeted female, seated on a of certain divinities, or cf certain deified virtues.
heap of shields, her right hand But the custom, once introduced by Augustus,
resting on her knee, whilst the perpetuated itself; and almost all his successors
left hand is supported by a spear. On each caused, or at least permitted, the likenesses of
side of the figure is a bird flying towards her: at their wives (and occasionally other near relations,
her feet is the common symbol of the wolf as well female as male), to be placed on 0. por
suckling the twins. tion of their coinage. Accordingly, when not
Here then we have before us, the personified found on Roman coins, properly so called, they
genius of the Roman people, or the representa are usually seen on those of some provincial city
tion of deified Rome herself. She is seated on of the cmpire.—-“These medals of empresses,
bucklcrs-—-it may perhaps be supposed—ou those however (as the author of Lepons Numismaliques
sacred bucklers (see Anvilia, p. 45), in the pos observes), are generally less abundant than those
session and custody of which, as of a heaven of the princes who really held the sceptrc. And
deseended gift, that people had gone forth from although for that reason much sought after by
conquest to conquest. The genius, or goddess, is the curious, and also on account of their gene
looking downwards, as if absorbed in reflection alogical refcrence to imperial families, if the ex
upon the rise of “the eternal city,” from a hum pression may be allowed; yet they arc, for the
blc origin, under its marvellously nurtured first most part, less interesting in point of chronology
king, to the palmy state of extended power and and of connection with national event-s, which
dominion, at which it had arrived as a consular they seldom trace in the same striking manner
common-wealth. The two birds were doubtless as do the coins of the emperors themselves.”-—
meant to adumbrate that part of the ancient This rcmark equally applies to medals struck in
legend, which describes the two intrepid brothers, honour of young princes (Gzsares) who did not
become no longer mere leaders of pastoral com reign.
rales, but the acknowledged scions of royalty, and Pliny calls AVGVSTA the marriage name (L. xv.
fierce rivals, the one against the other, for civic c. 30). And therein he is borne out by suc
honours, and for supremacy of power. It was cessive examples in the mintage of Imperial
agreed that the question at issue between them, Rome. Thus on a gold coin, struck under
namely, where the city should be built, and Domitian, his wife is styled DOMITIA AVGV3'l‘.\
after whose name it should be called as that of IMP. noun‘. (by implication u.z-or).-Fau.~1tina
its founder, should be decided by augury. Remus senior, wife of Antoninus Pius, is called FAVSTINA
was the first to sec vultures, six in number. AVGVSTA, and PAVSTINA ave. ANTONINI AVG.
Romulus soon afterwards saw twelve. Each (by implication uror). In like manner also, on
claimed the augnry in his own favour. The coins of the younger Faustino, wife of M. Aure
Sequel of the story requires not to be related in lius, we read FAVSTINA svovsm avo. ANTONINI
this place. err. rrn. (Daughter of Antonine).—Livia, wife of
Considering the conspicuous part performed Augustus, exchanging the name of Livia for that
by those invested with the angnral ofiice, both of Julia, on her adoption into that family, is
during the time of the republic, and under the styled on coins struck after her husband’s death,
earlier succession of emperors, it seems calculated rvua AVGVSTA—-AVGVSTA narna PATRIAE—
to excite surprise, that so few even of the family and after her death, DIVA rvua AVGV5TA.—
coins of the Romans exhibit any allusions to Lucille, the wife of L. Vcrus, is designated on her
Augury, and that qflrr the reigns of, what are medals as LVCILLA AVGVSTA, or LVCILLA AVG. H.
eilllvrl, the 'l‘wr-lre Crcsars (on whose IIlllllI\_L‘_‘(‘S ANTONXNI AVG. r. (Daughter of M. Aurelius).—
UH: syrnbols and name of an Angur but seldom Mcssalina was not distinguished by this imperial
(J
95 AUGUS'l‘r-E. Al'GL'S'l‘R~l.
title, till a late period of hcr infamous career, as Jnno; that of Luna Lucifera. But not content
with having robbed those goddesses of their
the wife of Claudius. Indeed, according to Dion,
that Emperor refused to allow her such an ho appellations and qualities, some of the Roman
nour; bnt the Senate granted it, perhaps aficr princesses, such as the Fanstinas, Crispina,
the Britannic expedition. Some Greek medals,‘ Lucilla, Julia Domna, &e. elevated themselves
struck in Egypt exhibit, around her portrait, at once into divinities, as is shewn by the
Valeria Illersalina Augusta. And on some legends on their coins, viz. Dea, Diva, Mater
Latin colonial coins (for there were none of hers Dedm, Genetrix Orbis, Ceres Frugifera; Diana
minted at Reine), she is called vain-‘.11Ia massa Augusta, Juno Regina. To some of them these
mx.-\ avo.——Sabina, wife of Hadrian, is entitled, titles were given during their life-time; to others
on her coins, sanma avovsra IMP. HADRIANI after their death. There are, however, not a few
AVG. (by implication tu'0r). who were honoured with these recognitions of
There are four imperial matrons of the divinity both while living and when dead.
lower empire, each of whom on her coins is (Sce Introduction 1) la Science dea Hédailler,
denominated avovsrs. Yet ancient historians p. 534 et seq.)
have made no mention of them. These are: Augusta, who were the wives of emperors
Barbie Orbiana, third wife of Alexander Severus; (as will have been seen from preceding observa
Comelia Supera, wife of Emilianus; Severina, tions) are neither on their own coins nor on
wife of Anrelianus; and ltlagnia Urbiea, ndfe of those of their husbands, ever called urores, but
Carinus. And it is only by the subsequent, always AVG. or avevsrsn. It is, therefore,
researches, discoveries, and assignments of Khell, Erom the title bestowed upon them in the im
Eckhcl, and other eminently learned and saga- I perial medals, that a valid argument may be
cious nuinismatists, that the respective husbands ’ drawn as to the fact of their having shared the
of the ladies in question have become known at augustal bed.
this period of time. Vaillant (Pr. 1‘. ii. 235), in alluding to the
The title of Augusta was conferred, not only silver coin of Julia Domna, on which that
on the wives of emperors, and of the Caesars, ambitious woman is exhibited with the epigraph.
but also on their mothers, grand-mothers, and under the image, of Juno, observes, “ that in
sisters, daughters, grand-daughters, and other order to surround the persons of empresses, with
female relations. For example; Antonia, grand greater dignity and reverence, it had become the
mother of Caligula; Julia Msesa, grand-mother custom to assimilate them with the forms and
of Elngabnlus; Julia Sonemins, mother of the attributes of goddesses, and to present them in
sann-. emperor ; Jnlia Mamma, mother of Alex their names to the people.”-—-Empresses, in
ander Severus; have on Roman coins the append analogy with the examples of their consorts,
age of Augusta inscribed after their names.—The were called Maire: Patria (mothers of the coun
same honour was bestowed, though it but seldom try), Maire: Si.-mzlus (mothers of the Senate),
occurs, on the daughters of emperors, simply as &e. On colonial coins the countenances of the
such—in proof of \vbich sec the instance of Augusta were, out of adulation, often repre
Julia Titi, daughter of Titus, and of Didia Clara, sented, as Genii Urbium, apparently to indicate
daughter of Didius Julianna. With respect to that such colonies held their cities under the
sisters of emperors, and other women of Augus protection and patronage of those emprmscs.
tnl rank, but not married either to reipzning Azlyzzrfw had also the privilege of havinq
princes or to heirs of those princes, we find (to their consecrated images carried in the caqmzta
say nothing of the revolting example of Drusilla (or covered chariots) on those public occasions.
and Julia, sisters of Caligula), the graceful com when the statues of the emperors were conveyed
pliment paid to Marciana, sister of Trajan, and in the t/wnm, or cars of state.—'l‘he inscriptions
to her daughter Matidia, consequently niece to of mans, PV'DlCI’l‘[A, vurrvs, 8:0. followed by
that emperor, each decorated on their coins with AVG. are often seen on the coins of Juyusfm
the snrnnme of Augusta. accompanied by appropriate types. “Thus
The Augusta: or empresses and other princesses there is scarcely a female of the Augnstal
of the Roman empire (says Mangeart), manifested house, who, though she might not possess a
no less ambition than the potentates whom they true claim to character for being a pious,
espoused, or were related to. At first they had modest, and good woman, yet failed to make an
but one name, to which they soon added a pre ostentntion of her piety, chastity, and virtue.
nomen and a. cognomen, united with titles as For this cause it was a favourite practice with
vain as they were ostentatious. In the flatter them to have the ligure of Vesla engraved on
ing assniinption, that they resembled the god their coins, under whose image, us under the
desses, as the emperors did the gods, they wished peculinr type of chastity, they thought fit to ll‘
to hold the snnie super-human rank ; and there represented before the public.”
fore caused themselves to be portrayed like the The series of _4u_r/u.vta=, whose names and por
images of those female divinities, whom they trails are found on Roman coins (though not of
themselves respectively held in peculiar venera every metal), from the reign of Augustus, who
tion. Accordinaly after a tiuic, we find them died It years after the birth of our ‘Saviour, to
on their nn-d-.ils borrowing their very names and 1 liu_=iliscu.<, brothel‘-in-law of Loo 1. who rei;_'ru‘-l
tillcs—their attrihulvs, S_\'11ll)(JlS, mid statuary A.D. 4-T6, is as follows :—
forms. One empress called herself Ceres; an Livia, wife of :\.u;_'ustus. Born 57 years before
other Diana. This .41/_//rrsla took the name of Christ; died A. n. 29.
 AUGUSTE.
Antonia, wife of Drusus senior. Born 39
ymrs before Christ; died A.D. 38.
Agrippina senior, wife of Germanicus. Born
15 years before Christ; died A. D. 33.
Messalinan third wife of Claudius. Died
A. D. 48.
Agrippina junior, fourth wife of Claudius,
sister of Caligula. Born A. D. 16; died A. D. 50.
Octavia, first wife of Nero. Died A. D. 62.
Poppaza, second wife of Nero. Died A. D. 62.
Flavia Domitilla, wife of Vespasian. Died
A. D. 68, the year previous to her husband’s
accession to the empire.
Julia, daughter of Titus. Died in the reign
of Domitian, viz. between A. D. 81 and 96.
Domitia, wife of Domitian. Died in the
reign of Antoninus Pius, viz. about A.D. 140.
Plotiua, wife of Trajan. Died A. D. 129.
“Marciano, sister of Trajan. Died about A.D.
4.
Mntidia, daughter of Marciano. Died in the
reign of Antoninus.
Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Died A. D. 137.
Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus Pins.
Born A. D. 105; died 141.
Faustino junior, wife and cousin german of
M. Aurelius. Died A. D. 175.
Lucilla, daughter of M. Aurelius, and wife of
L. Verus. Born A. D. 147; died about 183.
Crispinn, wife of Comrnodus. Died A. D. 183.
Manlia Scantilla, wife of Didius Julianna,
Emperor in A. D. 193.
Didia Clara, daughter of Didius Julianna and
of Scantilla. Born A. D. 153.
Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus.—
Died A. D. 217.
Plautilla (Fulvia), wife of Caracalln. Died
A. D. 212.
Julia Paula, first wife of Elagabalus, to whom
she was married about A. D. 219.
Julia Aquilia Severn, vestal, second wife of
Elagabalus; survived her infamous husband, who
was slain A. D. 222.
Annia Faustino, third wife of Elagabalus.
Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalns. Died
A. D. 222.
Julia Maasa, sister of Julia Domua, grand
mother of Elagabaliis. Died A. D. 223.
Julia Mamzea, daughter of Mzesu, sister of
Soaemias, and mother of Alexander Severus.-—
Died A. D. 235.
Orbiana (Sulustia Barbie), third wife of Alex
ander Severus, A. D. 226. Known only by her
coms.
Paulina, wife of Mnximiuus, who reigned
A. D. 235 to 238. Known only by her coins.
Trsnquillina (Furia Sabina), third wife of
Gordianus Pius; survived her husband, who died
A. D. 244.
Marcia. Otacilia Severn, wife of Philip senior,
survived her husband, who died A. D. 249.
Herennia Etruscilla, known only by her coins
and an inscription, was the wife of Trnjanus
Decius, who died A. D. 251.
Cornelia Supera, wife of Aemilianns, who
usurped the purple A. D. 253. Known only by
her coins.
O2
AVG VS1‘.-\. 9'.)
Mariniann, supposed second wife of Valeri
anus senior, who was proclaimed Emperor A. D.
253.
Salonina, wife of Gallienus. Died A. D. 268.
Severina, wife of Aurelianus, Emperor A. D.
270.
Magnia Urbioa, wife of Carinus, Emperor
A. D. 283. Known only by her coins.
Helena, first wife of Constantius Chl0rns.——
Born A. D. 248 ; divorced by her husband; died
328.
Theodora, second wife of Chlorus, married to
that prince A. D. 292.
Valeria (Galeria), second wife of Maximianus.
Died A. D. 315.
Fausta, wife of Constantine the Great. Died
A. D. 326.
Fnusta, married to Constantius II. between
A. D. 335 and 250.
Helena, supposed wife of Crispus Caesar, A.D.
317, son of Constantine the Great.
Helena, wife of Julianus II. Died A. D. 360.
Flnccilla, wife of Theodosius the Great. Died
A. D. 388.
Galla Placidia, wife of Constantius IIi.
Died A. D. 450.
Aelia Eudoxia, or Eudocia, wife of Theodo
sius the younger. Born A. D. 393; died 460.
Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valentiuiau III.
Born A. D. 423.
Honoriu, sister of Valeutiriian III. Born
A. D. 417.
Puleheris, sister of Theodosius II. wife of
Marciunus. Born A. D. 399; Augusta 414;
died 453.
Veriua, wife of Leo I. Died A. D. 484.
Eupbeniia, wife of Anthemius, Emperor in
A. D. 457.
Aelia, wife of Bnsiliscus, brother in law of
Loo I. Died A. D. 477, the year after the de
thronemcnt of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer,
which put an end to the Roman empire in the
west.
[The above are further noticed under their
respective heuds.]
AVGVSTA. S. C.--This legend appears on a
largo brass of Fuustina senior, struck after her
death (A. D. 1&1). The obverse bears thelegcnd
oivA rAvs1"mA, with her portrait.——The re
verse (as in the above cut), has for its type
the deceased empress standing, under the figure
and with the attributes of Ceres, namely:
holding u torch, and ears of corn.—The smne
epigraph is repeated on the coins of Faustino
100 AVG\'S'l‘.-l. A\'G\'STA.
4
senior, in every metal and size, and with types coin of Gallieuus is nu-iasirnau, that in question
of this and other goddesses, with whom the of Salonina is common. And it is quite possible
flattery of the old superstition, ministering to for this legend of avovsra IN PACE to admit of
a husband’s fond weakness, was wont to assimi an interpretation not injurious to the honour of
late the unworthy consort of Antoninus Pius. the wife of Gallicnus. (vol. vii. 418.)-——Capt.
AVGVSTA, S. C.—This legend appears on Smyth in still stronger and more decided terms
the reverse of a large brass of Galba, having for scouts the absurd idea of this being a satyrieal
its type a veiled woman seabed, with patem and legend.
Iuzsta pum. Galba had received many favours AVGVSTA MATER PATRIAE.—A woman
from Livia Augusti, for which reason, accord veiled, seated with peters in her right hand, and
ing to Havercamp, he decorated the sitting the has-tu in her left. Engraved in Morcll. T/la.
statue of Livia.-—Thc coin minted A. D. 68; This legend and type appear on a first brass,
is engraved in Jlorell. T/icsmrr. Imp. Rom. bearing the laurelled head of Augustus on its
A\'G\'S’l‘A.—'l‘his epithet was applied to a obverse (with IMP. cans. ave), and which,
colony, whose settlers had originally been sent although the name of the colony is not recordui,
thither by Augustus. That prince founded a must evidently be of colonial fabric (probably
great many colonies, both in and beyond ltaly— Spanish), and not, as Vaillant and Morel have
plebcian or civil colonies, so long as he only thought, of Roman mintage. On this coin
shared the empire with his colleagues in the Livia (afterwards named Julia, second wife of Au
triumviratc; but afterwards military colonies, gustus) is called Juyuala Mater Palriw. Now,
when, Pompey the son being driven from Sicily, we leam from Dion Cassius, that the Senate had
Lepidus retiring into private life, Mark Antony decreed the above adulatory title, together with
dead, the wars in Spain, Dalmatia, and Germany the still more impiously fulsome one of Genelri:
finished, he sent legions of veteran soldiers to orbis, to this abandoned princess. But, accord
occupy them.—Accordingly we find the m1mi~ ing to Suetonius, her son Tiberius, from hatred
cipium Bilbilis, in I-lispania Tarracouensis, called to his family rather than from a bcttcr sense of
after its founder Augustus, arv. avovsra BXLBIL. propriety, refused his permission that she should
or mv. ave. n11.nu.is. In the same province of be so named, or that she should be the object of
Spain, the colony of caesaaavovsra, or c. ca. any extraordinary public honour Whatever. The
avovsra; and that of Ilici designated on its titles however which Tiberius alfectcd to deny
coins 0. I. IL. A. Colonia Immunis llici Augusta. his mother at Rome, he eonnived at being
In like manner, con. avovsra EMERITA, or awarded her in the provinces; and this coin
avovsra EMEBITA, in Lusitania ; and COL. ave. forms an example of the inconsistcncy——-although
PATRENS. or c. A. A. P. Colonia Aroe Augusta the probability is, that it was not struck, ereu
Patrcnsis, &c. But when XVL. AVG. Julia and e.z-Ira urbem, until after the death of Augustus.
Augusta, occur as a joint name, it shews that —Thc figure of the veiled woman, seated with
the foundation of those colonies was the ori pat/rm and /ld8lzI-, Eckhel shcws to represent
ginal act of Julius Caesar, but that they were Livia in this instance under the form of Vesta,
re-established by Augustus with fresh supplies as on other coins she appears in the similitude
of Roman settlers. As c. IVL. AVG. o. Colonia of the Goddess Pielas. There is another first
Julia Aug/usla Derlo.ra.—See C0l01u'a'.—Rcfer brass, given in Mm. T/ieupoli, with a similar
also to “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,” reverse legend and type, but which bears on its
by J. Y. Akermuu, F. and See. S. A. obverse the image and supcrscription, not of
AVGVSTAE PACI.—On a denarius of Tit-us, Augustus, but of Tiberius himself.
with Victory walking, and at the bottom EPIIE. AVGVSTA EMERI'l‘A.—See Emerita.
in monogram. Au_gusturum Crzpilia Cz1llus.—The following
It is, says Khell (Snppt. 39), very unusual remarks in reference to the head-dresses of the
thus to see the symbol of Victory joined to the Roman Empresses, as represented on coins, aw
above legend. The epigraph of Paar _»lu_//uati from vol. viii. p. 364 of Doctriua Nam. Vd.
(the Peace of the Emperor), is of frequent oc “At the commencement of the empire, when
currence; but that of Au_qu.r!¢e Paci (to August as yet it would appear not to have been the
Peace), one reads on no other coin. Perhaps, usage to strike money with the names of women,
it relates to the statue of Victory dedicated by it pleased the authorities to exhibit them, fl!
Titus, in the temple of Peace, which his father spectively under the figures of Vesta, Pietas,
built.—Sec YACI AVGVSTAE. Justitia, Salus, Ceres, &c. It is in this \\'a}_'.
AVGVS' ‘A MAIlCIANA.—See Marciana. that we sec Livia August-i, Antonia Drusi,
AVG. or AVGVST. IN PACE.—A woman Agrippina Claudii, personifying these divinities.
sitting, with olive branch and transversed luwlu. This liberty is much more indulged on medals of
On silver and small brass of Saloni11a.—Sec foreign die, as may be seen on those of each Of
Vaillaut, Banduri, Mionnct, and Akerman. the above princesses. During a subsequent
Although this epigraph, says Eckhel, is un period, however, when the Flavia family occu
usual, I um not disposed to join with Vaillant pied the imperial throne, and when monetary
in alfirming that these coins of Salonina were honours began to be fully extended to females of
struck by some usurper, to cast a slight on that Augustal rank, the mint-masters returned to thfi
empress-—iu the same way as another coin, in representation of the /zuman figure; and 117111
scribed VBIQVE PAX, is considered to have been cesscs are portrayed on coins, not with filly
designed to ridicidc Gallicuus. For whereas the indication of power or authority, but ll! UK
 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 101
head-dress usually worn by ladies of their time,
which he had rendered to his country. This
and which, as is thc case in our own day, was epithet, which signifies “ revered” or “worthy
open to the change and caprice oi‘ fashion, and of veueratiou,” and which, up to that time,
susceptible of an infinite variety of form.” had been appropriated solely to sacred persons
On their consecration medals, the heads of and things, he ever afterwards bore, and it is
the .lle_qu.!lrB are covered with a veil : examples that under which he is habitually designated.—
of which appear in both the Fnustinm; also in After him it became the title of sovereignty,
Domna, Mazsa, Paulina, Mariniana. On coins which all the other emperors took, as well out
of Roman die. Domua was the first whose of respect for the memory of him on whom it
head (placed over a crescent moon), was joined to was first bestowed, as for a mark of their right
the radiated head of Severus, her husband, as (whether valid or merely assumed), to succeed
seen in the mint of that emperor (in the year him. The appellation of Augustus was placed
1:. c. ‘J55 A. D. 202). The same custom was by his successors in the empire after their own
continued to the reign of Diocletian, and thence name; and characterising, as it did, the supreme '
downwards to a much lower period of the power of the state, it was invariably adopted,
empire. not only by legitimate princes, but even by those
Au/]u.rlali1l, holidays instituted by the Senate who in after times usurped the imperial purple.
and People, to celebrate the return of Augustus The title of Augustus was, however, at first con
to Rome.—See FORTumv REDuci CAES. fined to such as were actually invested with the
AVG. sovereignty. 'l'hc sons, or adopted sons, of em
.lu_qu.stal laurrla, or the Emperor’s wreath. perors, prcviously to their being associated with
See C'0r01m Lauren. them in the government, were each called sim
.-\VG\'STI COS.—On gold, silver, and mid ply Ctesar; and this last, originally a proper
dle brass of Caracalla, this legend is accom name, became a dignity, which served to dis
panied by the type of that prince and the elu tinguish the heirs presumptive to the Augustal
peror Severus, sitting together on an estrade, throne.
both elothcd in the toga; on one side is a lictor Having offered this general and brief explana
with s rod ; on the other a togated figure. tion of the word A1/._z/ustzrs, used as a title and a
This coin (of which Khell, in his Supplement surname, we cannot, on a point which, from its
to Vaillant, has given an engraving), preserves constant recurrence, is so requisite to he fully
the memory of the consnlship, which Caracalla understood by the student of Roman numis
served as the colleague of his father, A. D. 202. maties, do better (as it seems to us) than to sub
Invested with this dignity, the two emperors join the substance of Eckhel’s learned citations
went into Egypt, and thence returning to Rome, and illustrative remarks on the subject, contained
the son took Plautilla to Wife. There is a simi in the Sth volume of Doclrina, pp. 355, 356, ei
lar legend and type, but on middle brass, in the an .:
mint of Severus. 7l.—/11/_r;zl.!lu-.9, oriyin and occasion qf {lie
AVGVSTI F. I"ilia.-—-Daughter of the Em till:-.——Dion Cassius, in his history of the Roman
peror.-—See Julia Titi. Emperors (L. liii. §l6) remarks, that Cuzsar
AVGVSTI F. Filiu.r.—Son of the Emperor. Octavianus, “after the fulfilment of the promises
-—See Tiberius, Caligula, &c. he had made, assumed the name of Au_qu.slu.r, at
AVGVSTI PII FlLia.—This appears on the the desire of the Senate and the People. For, as
silver and brass medals of Faustino junior, she they had determined on distinguishing him by
being the daughter of Antoninus Pius. some peculiar appellation, and were comparing
AVGVSTI POR. OST. S. C.—Ou a first the merits of several, Crcsar, though himself
brass of Nero, bearing this legend, the reverse very ambitious of the name of Romulus, still,
type represents a maritime port. The Emperor on finding that he was from that circumstance
Claudius had caused some immense works to be suspected of aiming at kingly dignity, gave it
constructed at Ostia, a town situate at the month up, and was styled Auguslus, as if he were a
of the Tiber; but Nero appears, by this medal, being superior to the mortal race. For all
to have assumed all the honour of having exe things [among the Romans] which are eon
cuted them.—Sce P011. 051'. sidered most honourable and most sacred, are
AVGVSTI PROVINCIA.-——By this title called Auyrzst (Augusta); and on this accoimt
Arabia, as well as Dacia, is denominated on the Greeks rendered the word AUGUSTUS by
coins of Trajan.—Rasche. ZEBAZTOE, or revered (quasi veneramlum
AVGYSTO. OB. C. S. within a crown of oak zlicasj." The same event is thus recorded by
leaves, on second brass of Augustus.—Sce Ob. Suetonius: "llc then assumed the name of C.
Cires Serv/dos. Caesar, and afterwards the cognomen of AU
A\'GVS'l‘OR. Augustorum. Of the Emperors. GUSTUS ; the one in accordance with the will of
As in Adloculia, or Advenlus, or Concordia, his uncle ; the other at the suggestion of Muns
A11_qu.r!0r/zm, Sac. tius Plancus. For, whilst some were of opinion
Al.lGUSTUS.—-This was the surname which, that he should be called Romulus, as though
in the year U. C. 72-7 (27 before the Christian himself the founder of the city, it was determined
iera), the Senate of Rome, in its own name and that the title of AUGUSTUS should in preference
in that of the people, conferred on Octavius, or be given him—a title not only novel, but also
Octavianus, the adopted son and heir of Julius more dignified, inasmuch as places dedicated to
(Jzesar, as an acknowledgment of the services religious purposes, and in which anything is
 102 AUGUS'l‘lZS. AUGUSTUS.
consecrated by divination, are called Juyusla. followed by all his successors. For not merely
“ “ “ Velleius also slightly alludes to the rlid all, immediately on their accession, assume
subject: “The Roman standards were sent the title (Vitellius alone showing a temporary
back by the Parthian King to Augustus, a title disinclination to it), but they in like manner
conferred on him by the universal consent of the dignified their wives. (See the article suousra,
Senate and People of Rome, on the motion of p. 97). Claudius was the first (though tardily
Plancus.” And lastly Censorinus: “From and reluctantly), to allow of its being conferred
the day before the 16th of the calends of on Messalina. And a still more surprising cir
February, Cterar I/operator Dim’ 1"£lius (1. e. son cumstance subscquently occurred, viz. the be
of the Divine Julius), on the motion of L. stowal of the title of Augusta on Domitella,
Munatius Plancus, was called Augustus by the wife of Vespasian, though she died before her
Senate and rest of the citizens, in his own husband became Emperor (Vespasian himself, or
seventh consulate, and the third consulate of M. his son Titus, acting in the matter), in order
Vipsanius Agrippa.—I"rom these testimonies, that neither the wife, nor the mother, of a
may bc gathered the origin and cause of the reigning prince might be compelled to pass her
title of Augustus. time “ among the manes ofprivale individuals."
2.—Juyu.rlu.r,- signification and zl_1/m0l0y_1/ Seeing then, even under Caligula, that the
Q/' tire worrl.—From the authors above quoted, quality of the title Augustus was changed, the
the explanation of the epithet is obtained, both remark of Alexander Severus, quoted by Lam
in the Latin form, AUGUSTUS, and in that of pridius, is a just one: Augu-stu.r prinm-r, prime:
the Greek 2!-IBAZTOZ. And to them may be at auctor imperii, at in eju-! nomm nmnes
added the testimony of Ovid (Fart I. v. 609). VELVT quadam adoptione, aul jure llereditario
.1ucoedimu.r.—“ The first Augustus is the first
Snncta vocant angusta patres, augusta vocantur
founder (or first inerenscr) of the empire; and
Tcmpla, sacerdotum rite dicata manu.
ac if by a kind of adoption, or hereditary right,
[The Fathers (i. e. the Senate) call all sacred we all succeed to his name.”
things A/:_r;u.n‘ ; temples too, if duly consecrated 4.-Augu.rtua, the title qf, corgferred honour
by sacerdotal hands, are styled Au!/u.rt. bu! no po|oer.—One of the other characteristics
Also Pompeius Festus flu Augusto). Pau of the above title was, that it imparted to,him
suuins likewise (L. iii. e. 2), says, “His name on whom it was conferred, the most exalttd
was Augustus, which in the Greek language honour, but no accession of power. Dion (L.
is equivalent to IEBAITOI (venerabi11'.9).—— iii. $16), again learnedly explains this point:
At a later period it was erroneously supposed, “ For the appellations (Jmrar and Aragrulus added
that the name Augustus was derived from nothing to the intrinsic power of the emperors.
another root, nznnely, zm_//ere, azurfur, to in It was by the former that their descent from a
crease. As regards the character of this appella certain race was indicated; by the latter, their
tion, it is sutficiently evident from the testi illustrious rank.” And the reason of this cir
monies adduced, that it was conferred upon cumstance is, that the ofiiees of Imperalor and
Octavianus for no other reason than that which P0/zlife: Jlarimua, joined to, and merged in,
operated in giving the name Tarqmztus to Man the Tribunate and the Proconsulate, gave them
lius, Jlaynus to Cu. Pompeius, Pius to Metcllus, possession, in elfect, of universal power, while
Sre. namely, on account of their eminent ser the supreme title of Augustus shewed, that this
vices.” accumulated authority was vested in one indivi
3.——Auyu.rtu.v Ute title qf, tranmziflcd to dual. The consequence of this was, that look
de8cen(IanI.r.—-As the posterity of hlanlius and ing to general estimation, and the majesty of
others, adopted as of hereditary right, the same the empire, we find that the world itself had
respective appellations, so the family of Octa not the title to exhibit, which could vie in gran
vianus acquired a claim to the name of Augustus. deur and dignity with that of Augustus; and
With propriety, therefore, not only did Tiberius that until it was bestowed, the pinnacle of great
assume the name of Augustus after his adoptative ness wns yet unattained. There were emperors
father's death; but his widow Livia, also adopted who conferred the title of O¢.\'ar, and also of
by the will of her deceased husband, succeeded Imperatar, on their sons; as did Vespasian on
to the titles Julia and Auguste ,- and Cains too Titus, and Hadrian on Antoninus. They were,
(called Caligula) being by adoption the grandson however, esteemed as of the second rank. But
of Tiberius. And it mm for this reason, that in cases where princes conferred upon others the
Suctonius has not hesitated to designate the title title of Auyustrls, as M. Aurelius did on his
of Auyualus as hereditary. brother L. Verus, and afterwards on his son
Not long afterwards, this name was appro Commodus, those persons were considered to
priated to those who had no hereditary right have attained the highest dignity, and to have be
to it: and Caligula was the first to set the come sharers and colleagues of the government,
example, by giving the title of A115/usla to his in honour little inferior to those who thus ele
grandmother Antonia, who was neither by blood vated them; and that too in consequence of the
nor by adoption, connected with the Caasarian source whence the distinction was derived. Never
family. Claudius likewise, with as little pre theless, that the title of Augustus added dig
tcnsion, on his elevation to the empire, after the nity without power to its possessor, is plain
death of Caligula, assumed the title not only of from the very fact, that the emperors hesitated
Caesar, but ot Augustus; and this example was not to confer a similar nominal distinction on
 AUGUSTI. AIIGIISTI. 103
their wives, and other females connected, or first received the title; and the like usage pre
pretended to be connected, with the house of vailed in the case of a Caesar. It is on this
Caesar, overlooking all those who enjoyed real principle, that Diocletian is styled, in Euscbius,
power, because it was the policy of ancient “he who both in honour and in position held the
Rome, at all times, to exclude women from any first place.” Constantine is stated, by the same
participation in the conduct of public affairs. author, to have stood superior to M. Liciuius,
5.—Au_q-1uti—flte_/irat example of TWO reign “both in honour and in rank.” Numerous
ing to_qeflter.—From the earliest period of the instances may be found within that period of
empire, a single individual only had been dis disputes arising from this mode of taking pro
tinguished at one and the same time, by the cedence. When Constantine the Great informed
title of Augustus; but the middle of the second Maximiauus, that, on the death of his father
imperial age, saw two raised simultaneously [Constantius Chlorus, A. 1). 306] he had received
to this eminence—viz. M. Aurelius and L. the title of Augustus from the army, the latter
Verns; and shortly afterwards (on the death of felt aggrieved, and according to Lactautius (zle
\'enis) M. Aurelius and his son Commodus. mont. peflizc. c. 25) “determined on naming
Not much later, Severus followed this precedent, (Fl. Val.) Severus, the elder by birth, Augustus ;
associating with himself his son Antoninus, comwhilst he commanded that Constantine should not
monly called Caracalla; and towards the end of be styled Imperator (which he had been created)
his life, his other son, Geta. So that, Rome but Cesar, in conjunction with Mnximinus
had at that time (about A. D. 209) its three (Daza) in order to degrade Constantine from the
Augusti, a circumstance which had never before second post of honour to the fourt ." [For
happened. At a subsequent period, many ex other instances of the jealousy and dissension
amples of this extension of the honour were wit caused by this clashing of claims to dignity and
nessed. But it will be asked, what was the re pre-eminence, reference may with great ad
lstive power or dignity of the respective bearers vantage be had to Eekhel’s dissertation on the
of the title? These (answers Eckhel), varied with imperial coins of the lower empire, and also to
circumstances. It is not to be doubted, that he, the intelligent observations of Bimard dc lu
who attached to himself a colleague, whether his Bastie on the same subject]
son, or his brother, or one not related to him, 7 .—A plurality qf A1/yucti, llow in:/icate1l.—
had the pre-eminence in rank, and in most As already shewn in p. ‘J5 of this dietionary—
instances in authority also. It is equally certain when there were two emperors at the same time,
that in both these particulars, fathers were supe the fact was pointed out by the inscription
rior to sons; as Severus to Caracalla and Geta. aveo.; a custom which, on coins at least, com
Greater honour was also paid to Aurelius than mcnced under S. Severus, it being usual, in that
to his adopted brother, L. Verus, whom he emperor’s mint, after he had associated Cara
elevated to a share in the government; and for calla with himself in the supreme government,
the like reason Diocletian held a higher rank to use the legends ANNONAE a\'Gc.—v1c'r. avoo.
than Maximian.—Caracalla enjoyed greater &c. And by a similar multiplication of the
dignity than his younger brother Geta, notwith same letter, avooo. denoted a colleagueship of
standing the wish of their father, Severus, that tlzree Augusti.
they should reign with equal power. For Carn 8.—A1z_1/usli, by a.v.10n'ali0n.—It is to be oh
calla had the advantage in point of age, and like» served, however, that even the son of an cm
wise on account of the number of years, during pcror, though only Caesar, was by association
which he had borne the title of Augustus: he with his father who was Augustus, also called
was besides alone distingushed by the Pontificate. by that title; as in the case of Maximus (_7irsur,
In the case of Balbinus and Pupienus none there is on alarge brass coin, MAXI)flN\'S ET
of these reasons prevailed; for they were both mixiatvs AVGVSTI GERMANICI.-—And this cir
called to the bead of affairs by the Senate, in cumstance is still more clearly illustrated on a
consequence of the didiculties of the State. That marble published by Spon, bearing the follow
body, therefore, conferred upon both equal dig ing inscription =—1>ao SALVTE me. 1:1‘ causan.
nity and authority, and, departing from the PHILIPPORUM avoo. E1‘ OfI'AClLlAt~J SEYERAE
hitherto invariable custom, gave to both the AVG. IATRIS cans. ET casrnon. This marble
otlicc of Pontifex Mnximus, lest the envy of was erected in the year U.c. 989 (A.D. 236), as up
either should be excited towards the other. pears from the addition ofP/1iIip1zoA1./_g. ct Titiauo
6.—Of fwo or more Augurli, at the same Cos. (Philippus senior and Junius Titianus
lime, which held I/10 lliy/zer rank.-—l“rom the being consuls), in which year, however, the
reign of Diocletian there were constantly more younger Philip was certainly not yct Augustus ;
than one Augustus at the same time. And the and yet the monument exhibits the letters AVGG.
(‘a-sars, connected with each other by no tics of That is to say there were I1/:0 Augusti, by asso
consanguinity, ruled, each over his own pro cinlirm. The prevalence of this custom is ex
vince, on such terms that neither depended on the emplified on the respective coins of Diadunu-ni
other. Although they ]’)0bS(‘.~'s‘(.'(l equal power, anus, Muximus, Tetricus the younger, Cnrinus,
yet in dignity they were distinct from each and others. It is much more sul'pri.<i11g that
other, as this was imparted by the length of time the title of I/n}wrnIm- was in the same iunuucr
during; which each of those titlcs had been held shared by the mi/‘e of a reigning prince. But
by an individual. That individual Au;;u.~"t|is, sac/1 an extraordinary ft-ature of the az-//I/I
thcrcforc, enjoyed the first position, who had iv_/'cri1./sis given to us by Maffci, from nu Africnu
I04 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS.
marble inscribed thus—saLVlS noums Nosrms mitted into the college of Pontiffs. In a.u.c. 709
CHRISTIANISSIMIS rMPr.na'romBvs IVSTI\‘0 ET (n.c. 45), returning to Rome with his grand
sorta, &c.—On coins of the lower empire may uncle, whom he had joined in Spain, on a
frequently be seen AVGGGGG, imposing an ardu victorious expedition against the Pompcians, he
ous task in the identification of so many of the was sent to Apollonia, in Illyricum, either to
Auyusti. complete his civil education, or to receive prac
A:/_1;1z-slur Pmyiclumv.--Not unfrequently some tical instruction in the art of war amongst the
epithet is found united with the title of Au legions there, or probably for both those pur
gustus, as PEitPET\'VS avovsrvs.--Spanheim poses. The following year, being still at Apol
quotes a coin of Trajan, on which he is called lonia, the tidings reached him of Julius Caesar's
ave. rear. to trace the first use of the addition murder; which caused him to return hume
to that emperor. But the gcnuiucncss of the dintcly from Illyrieum to Rome. There, tind
coin in question rests solely on the statement of ing himself, by the will of Julius, adopted asthc
Mediobarbus; and Eckhel is not inclined, there son of that celebrated man, he took the mums
fore, to adopt the opinion.—“ The word Per of C. Julius Caesar Octavianus. But on claim
peluus, often written with only the letters PP. I ing the succession, he had to defend his rights as
find (says he) first added to the Emperors’ titles heir, against the opposition of M. Antonius, and
under Probus; PEBPETVO IMP. rnono. ave. succeeded only after a turbulent struggle.—Octa
From the time of the sons of Constantine the vianus was but twenty years old, when he obtained
Great, the inscription rear. ave. is very fre the consulate A. u.c. 711 (n.c. 43), contrary
quent on coins. The origin of this piece of to law, which required a much maturcr age to
flattery belongs to a remote period, as on the be first reached. Then, pursuing with vengeance
coins of the earliest emperors their elm~ni!_1/ was the assassins of his uncle, he was not long in
vauntingly put forward. But the legend PER uniting himself with I/apidus and M. Antonius,
PETVITATI. avo. became more Ereqnent from the to form that trinmvirate which, under pretence
time of Alexander Severus, in whose mint alone of rc-constituting the republic (Rci1mblic¢ (‘on
we read POTESTAS PI'IRPI'ZTVA.——Sl'l!l[18I' Au slilur-m/<r), became a reign of wholesale cruelty
_quJ‘lllJ, so frequently observed new-a-days, and of prescriptive horrors. In A.U.C. 612 (B.C.
amongst the imperial titles, Spanhcim could not 42) supported by M.Antonius, he defeated Brutus
find among ancient inscriptions, before Diocle and Cassius on the Thcssalian field of Philippi.
tian's t'unc.—See PERI’. avo. and smrrnn The next year he vanquished Lucius Antonius
avovsrvs. at Perusia. In 71-L (n. c. 40), he gained a
decisive naval victory over Sextus Pompciust
whom he coiupcllcd to abandon Sicily. II!
719 (B. C. 35), Octarianus quarrellcd with M.
Antonius, who had indeed given him cause. by
divorcin_; his sister Octavia and marrying Cleo
patra. The next three years were passed by
Oetavianns in conccrting his measures against
that infatuated triumvir. And having assembled
around his own banner all the legions of the
East, he attacked, and totally defeated his
former colleague, and only formidable rival, in
a sea tight near Actiuni, on the coast of Epirus.
on the second of September, in the year of
AUGUSTUS C."ES.\R, first Emperor of the Rome 7:23 (n.c. 31.) In 724 (B. c. 30). he
Iiomans.—Caius Octavius Cll‘1)lllS, afterwards proceeded with an army to Egypt, and captured
surnamed Aiigustus, was the son of the Prictnr Alexandria.—-Mark Antony and Cleopatra, de
C. Octavius Rufus and of Atin, niece of Julius serted on all hands, brought their own hopclcsi
Caesar. IIe was born at \'clitri Volseorum (now affairs to a close, by each committing suicide;
Vcllclri, in the Cmn/myrm zli Roma) in October, whilst Lepidus, indolcntly satisfied with descend
in the year of Rome 691 (63 years before ing again to a priratc station, left Octarianus
(llirist), under the consulship of Cicero. When sole master of the enslaved republic. Next year
only four years old, he lost his father-, but his (B. 0. 29) having rendered Egypt a tributary
education experienced no in-5.:lcct on that ac province, he returned to Rome, and enjo_rcd
count; for in his tenth ycar he proved himself among other honours and distinctions, those oi
capable of makiu;_' an oration to the pcople. a three days’ triuinph—viz. for Dalmatia, fur
This prince united first-rate talents to striking Actium, and for Alcxandria. It was then, that
advantages of person and address. Ilis relation this fortunate dcspot caused the temple of Janus
ship, too, to thc lllllai]'lfIl15 Dictator, of whom to be shut, which had remained open for 20.3
he was from the ve|'y lirst a great favourite, years before; and liaviniz, by these crowning
secured to him an early trainin'_f for public life, victories, brought the whole world under the
and introduced him whilst as yet a mere stripling powcr, or within the influence of Rome, he rc
into the liiglicst society. In the year of Julius ccived from the Senate and People the designa
('u\sar’s second consulate, l.'. C. Ttlfi (R. C. 4-F4), tion of Impcratnr; not however in the former
he received the to//a vi/-i/Ar, bciu‘: thcn in his acccptation of the term as merely the general
sixtccntli year, aml was soon afterwards ad- { in-chief of armies, but am a title imlicatirc of
 AUGUSTUS.
supreme governmcnt—followed two years after
wards, from the same authority, by the surnnme
of A\'G\'S'l‘\’S (soc notice on that word, p. 101
of this dictionary).
AL'Gl,'S'[‘L'S. 105
lins, hearing on one side a radiated licad, which,
if not that of Augustus (to whose physioguoniy
it has a palpable resemblance), was probably
ineant for that of the Sun, as nllusivc to the
East; and on the other CAESAR A\'G\'S'l‘\'S
SIGNIJ RllCEplz'a. The type a Parthian on his
knees, offering a military ensign.

In the year of Rome 726 (B. c. 28) he was

Consul for the sixth time, with his son in law,
.\la_reus Agrippa, for his colleague. A denarius
which presents a fine head of Agrippn on its The same year 'l\'berius was sent from Syria
obverse, with the head of Augustus on the other into Armenia, which, with its king Tigrnnes, he
side, was struck on that occasion, by Platorinus. brought under the Roman yoke; and his .~lu_-
'l'he legend of the obverse is PLATORINVS urvin. cesscs are recorded on Augustns’a coins of this
M. AGBIPPA. That of the reversc is CAESAR date, which bear the epigrnph of .\nni;.\'|.\
avevsrvs.——'l'he above cut is copied from an ciwrA.—-See p. 80.
unusually well-preserved specimen of a coin, no 735 (B. c. l‘J).—.\ngustus returned from
less yaluahle for its historical interest than as n Asia to Rome, on which occasion the feasts
niunisniatic rarity.—See J1/1‘i[;pa, P. 27, called after him .lu_r//wtulia, were celebrated to
The same year he caused the quiuquennial his honour. The same year, his son in law
ceremony of Lustral sacrifices and pnrgutions to Agrippa suppressed rebellious in Gaul, Gerinauy,
be performed; carried many laws; adorned the and Spain.
eny with buildings; and repaired the public 737 (a. c. 17).——In this year he adopted
roads. This year also the Consuls took the cen Cains and Lucius, sons of Agrippa; and cele
sus, at which the citizens numbered 4,164,000. brated the Secular Games (Zudi Sazeularmj.
727 (B. c. 27).—Beiug the year of Augustus's 738. (B. C. l6).—'l‘he insnrreetionnry hostili
flpedilion into Spain, against the Cnntabrians ties of the Gzrmaui, who had obtained some
and Asturians, the gates of the Temple of Janus successes over detachments of the Roman army
were re-opened. under Lollius, induced Augustus to make ajourney
730 (B. c. 24).—From Spain he returned to into Gaul. And about the autumn of the same
Rome. And it is to the succeeding year that year, Agrippa set out for the East. The two
the coins are assigned, on which we read the following years saw the emperor occupied with
date of the Tribnnitian Power (TRIBVNITIA the personal administration of affairs in Gaul;
Porizsras) awarded to him by the Senate-“a where, and in Spain, he founded several colonies;
di;__'nity,” says Millin, “ that recalled to mind the whilst Tiberius and Drusus brought the German
high consideration in which the Tribunes of the and Rhuetinn tribes into subjection ; and A gri ppu
People (Tribuni 1’lebi.\) were formerly held, quclled iusurrections in the kingdom of the
under the republic, and which, although not an Bosphorus.
honour of the first order, was also assumed by 741 (B. c. l3).—Augustus returned from
the successors of Augustus, because it would have Gaul, and Agrippa from Asia, to Rome; and
given too much authority to simple citizens.” the Ara Farris was erected in that city ; but not
This title serves, with certain exceptions, to dedicated till 11. c. 9.—See p. 73.
lmirk the years of their reigns.—Sce Tribmzitia 7-L2 (B. C. l2).—The title of Pontifex J[a.ri
l’olula-1. mu: begins with this year to appear on the coins
733 (B. c. 21).—During the absence of Au of Augustus, the death of Lcpidus the preceding
gustus in Sicily, frightful tumults arose on ac year having left that oifice vacant. He sustained
count of the elections of Consuls. lle there a great and irreparable loss in the deeease of the
l'0i‘_e_sent for Agrippa from the cast, and, re brave Agrippa.—'l‘he following year, on account

|
quiring him to divorce his wife, gave him his of the disturbed state of ntfairs in territories
own daughter Julia, the Widow of Marcellus, in bordering on the Gallic provinces, Augustus
iiiarnagc. The presence of Agrippa qnelled the again took up his residence in them. But, in the
di_sturliances at Rome. From Sicily, Augustus year B. c. 10, peace being restored in Germnnin,
visited Greece; thence he proceeded to Samoa, Dalmatia, and Pannonia, he, with his lieutenant.-.1,
where he pznsstrd the winter. Tiberius and Drusus, returned to Rome. The
7151 (B.c. 20).—-From Samos he went into lust named able and valiant commander was sent,
the pro-consular province of Asia, and thence B. c. 9, to renew war against the Germans.
Vl\"ll(.‘\l Syria; received from Phraatcs, king of

E 746 (B. C. 8).—-Augustus, who, the year pre

Parthia, the military eiisigus lost under Crassus, ‘ ccdinq, in consequence of the death of I)ni.~us on
and the prisoners who had survived the slaughter the liauks of the Lower Rhine, followed by a
of the legions in that fatal expedition ; on which fresh insurrection of the Germans in that quarter,
occasion, the following denarius was struck by i had once mom, and for the lust time, quilted
one of his monetary triuinvirs, Florus Aquil- l Home for Gaul, still remained there. This your
P
106 AUGUSTUS.
the month Seztilia had its na.me changed to
Azagustus, in honour of the Emperor. And as notwithstanding his old age, he made a jour
the saviour of the citizens (oa caves sl-:av.vr0s) ney into Campania. But, at Nola, on his re
the oaken crown (corona quercea) was often after,
as well as before, this period, decreed to him,
and typified on his coins.
747 (n.c. 7)—'l‘iberius again sent to command
in the German war. In his absence, Cains
Csesar celebrated the ludi valivi for the return
of Augustus.
752 (B. c. 2).—.~\ugustus, at Rome, exhibited
a ml/unar/iia, or representation of a naval en
gagement, and other magnificent public spee
tnr-lcs. llc dedicated the temple of Mars Ultor;
whilst the Senate capped the climax of their
adulatory homage, by bestowing on him the
title of raren. P.\'l‘Rl.\E.—OVi(l, with the admit
ncss of a courtier, and with more than the
usual tact of a poet, alludes to the event, and
addresses the Sovereign as the Sire of the
Romans :
Sancte Pater Putriae, tibi Plebs, tibi Caria nomen
Hoe dedit, &c.
753 (n. c. 1).—Eckhcl, according to the cal
culation of Dionysius Exiguus, names this year
of Rome as the one on which took place the most
memorable and ever blessed event of OUR Loan
AND SAVIOUR JESIIS CHRIST’S N/mvrrr,
in B/-I/llel/rm of Julia-/1.
[*,,“ Usher and other eminent chronologists
reckon it to have been in the 749th year of
Rome]
762. (A. D. 9).—The time for celebrating the
triumphal honours decreed to Tiberius for his
victories over the Dalmatians and Pannoninns
deferred, on account of tidings received that
Quinctilius Varus, with three legions, had been
slain by the Germans under their chief Armi
nius. The Romans, by this overwhelming mis
fortune, lost all their possessions in Germany
cast of the Rhine. The grief of Rome, and that
of Augustus in particular, was very great indeed
at this nationally humiliating disaster. A. D.
10, Tiberius and Gcrmauicus, to avenge the
slaughter, made an attack on the Germans, but
returned to Rome the same year.
760 (A. D. 13).-—Now sinking under the
triple burthen of advanced years, bodily in
firmities, and domestic infclieities, (his daughter
Julia. convicted of manifold adultcries, had been
banished to the island of Pandataria, B. c. 2),
Augustus associated Tiberius with him in the
Tribunitian power, in order that the latter,
whom he had been so ill-advised as to adopt as
his son and successor, might share with him the
govcmment of the provinces.
767 (A. D. 14).—llaving attained his 76th
year, Augustus caused the census to be again
AUGUSTUS.
taken, when the citizens were 4,197,000. And
turn towards Rome from Naples, he was seized
with a disorder, which proved fatal. He died
on the 19th day of August. His remains were
interred in the mausoleum, which he had caused
to be built in the Campus Martins at Rome,
after his having (in conjunction with .\l. Anto
nius) ruled the republic for twelve, and governed
alone as Emperor for 44 years.
An instrument in the hands of an over-ruling
Providence, for laying the foundation of manifold
and decisive changes in the religious as well as
in the social condition of the human racc—this
extraordinary man, from the rank of a private
citizen, had succeeded, by the soundness of his
policy, taking advantage of every favourable
opportunity, and without being a great mihtary
commander, in becoming the head and chief of
an universal monarchy. No sooner placed in
this uncxampled position of supremacy, the
world at peace, and his government firmly
grounded, than he thought, or seemed to
think, only of effaeing the memory of his past
crimes by reigning on the general principles of
justice, wisdom, and clemency. Rome was in
creased and embellished by his munifieence, and
by that of the rich and illustrious citizens, who
like l\‘lseccnas and Agrippa, emulated his ex
ample, both in architectural improvements and
in the establishment of useful institutions. lt
must be admitted that his adoption by Julius
Caesar; the spiritless temperament of Lepidus;
the mad folly of Antony, victim to his own
profiigate habits and the treachery of Cleopatra,
were more than either manly courage, or true
virtue of character on his part, the stepping
stones and auxiliaries, by whose aid Augustus
arrived at the highest summit of power. Yet
favoured as he was by circumstances, and
crowned by every species of terrestrial glory;
beloved by his subjects, endeared to his intimate
friends, and prosperous in a reign of unpre
cedented duration, he was far from finding
happiness in the bosom of his family. Ilis wife
Li\1'a stood generally accused of having shortened
the days of this great Prince, who having no
posterity of his own, appointed Tiberius, llifi
son in law, heir to the empire.
As Augustus was the founder of the imperifll
government of Rome, it may here be propertfl
recapitulate the cpochas of the different digni
ties successively bestowed on him, and which
constituted the united prerogatives of thfll
monarchieal sovereignty which was transmittfll
by him to his successors. These dntcs will 501'"?
to class the coins of this emperor, and are 85
follow :—As heir to the name of Ciesnr in T10
(B. C. 44-), he caused himself to be nominated
Consul.—ln 711 (B. C. 43), Triumvir [Ii’zi]rfl5
lime Comrliluenzlze] with Antony and Lcp1¢lll!
(His eltigy from that time appears on the geld
and silver coinage of Rome, but later on that
of brass.) This triumvirate, though it la.~'tc\l
no longer than U. c. 716 (a.c. 38), continued
to be recorded on his coins till B c. 35. .-U!"
 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 107
the defeat, followed by the death, of M. Anto star. A middle brass, minted to his posthu
nius, 11.0. 29, he took as a prenomen the title mous honour, by the Senate, exhibits on its re
of Impmztor; accepted the title of Auousrus verse the figure of Livia as Ceres, with legend
in 727 (n. c. 27) ; caused the Tribunitia Poles of DIVA AVGVSTA. We see him also holding a
tar to be inscribed on his money, and to be cal patera, and in a temple. His portrait was after
culated from the date of June, 731 (B. C. 23); wards restored on coins struck by order of Cali
was invested with the Cbi1_7" Pantf/icale in 742 gula, Claudius, and other emperors. The colo
(B. C. 12) ; and finally was honoured by the im nial coins of Augustus, all bearing his “image
posing appellation of Pale-r Plllrirt (Father of and superscription,” are numerous and generally
the Country), by the Senate and people, in 752 common, but many of them very interesting.—
(n. c. 2). See mvvs avovsrvs-——an<l mvvs svovsrvs
[It may be regarded as near the last mentioned PATER.
date, that the rare first brass coin was struck, AVGVST. CAESAR PONT. MAX. TRI
of which an engraving of the portrait side is BVNIC. POT. Crznmr Augustus, P022157/'0:
placed at the head of this biographical n0tice.—— dlarimua, liibuniciti Potestate. (The August
The legend is CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI Caesar, Sovereign Pontitf, invested with the
Filim, PATER PATRIAE. The type presents Tribunitian Power). Laureated head of Angus
the lanreatcd head of the Emperor. The altar tus, crowned by Victory from behind.
of Lyon forms its type of reverse.—See Ara Rev.-—Man-us MAECILIVS IIIVIR. Aura
Lugdiznerls/':, p. 73.] Aryenlo Aere Flzmdo Feriundo.—(See p. 1.)
'I‘he coins of Augustus are very numerous.
On the earliest of them we read the title of
nmu. but on those of later date, its place is
supplied by the names of Cains Camr, Impera
lor, Jlzyzullza, Pauli/kw Jllzu-imu.9, Divi Filiua,
Pater Pa!ri1r.—Gold and silver of ordinary size
(with exceptions) are common. A gold medal
lion (see s|cu..) found at Hereulaueum, unique.
Silver and brass medallions of foreign die, rare.
First and second brass common (with reverse of
Agrippa, rare in the 7th degree). Restored
second brim by Emperors, from Claudius to
Trajan, from 2nd to 6th degree of rarity.—See These legends and types appear on large brass,
Akcrmnn, who observes, “towards the end of struck by one of the monetary triumvirs of
this emperor's reign, the gold and silver coins Octavianns Caesar, qfler that prince had accept
are very beautiful, and the standard is of great ed the title of Au_qu.vt/rs, A. U. C. 727 (B. C. 27),
purity.”—.\r'11/niamaliv Manual, p. 179. but be/‘ore he received the appellation of Pater
“ The medals of this politic ruler (says Capt. Patriw, in 752 (B. C. 2.)
Smyth), are easily obtainable, and at a moderate Lepidus having surrendered up his dignity as
price. Large brass ones, indeed, with the por Triumvir, and M. Antonius not having long
trait, arc ditlieult to procure, and are high survived his ruinous defeat at Actium, (Tensor
priced according to their condition; but those Octaviauus remained in sole possession of the
of middle brass and silver are extremely com sovereign power. For this reason the goddess
mon; for of the latter metal alone I have seen of Victory is here represented standing behind
at least two hundred different reverses.”-—p. 5. Augustus, with her right hand placing a crown
Amongst the most curious types, in the of laurel ou his head.-—“ In fact (says Haver
fertile mint of Augustus, are those which re camp), this man had then attained so high
present the 'l‘emplc of Janus shut (um. cr.v.); a degree of fortune and prosperity, that he
the civic crown between the talons of the Roman seemed to be elevated above the common destiny
eagle; the emperor himself in n quadriga on the of human nature. It was under these circum
top of a triumphal arch; the crocodile and stances that the Scnate decided that some mark
legend of EGYPTO CAPTA, indicating the defeat of honour and prc-eminence should be awarded
of Antony and Cleopatra ; Apollo Cythuroedus, to him; and they chose the surname of Acous
and Diana, in memory of the battle of Actium, TUS, by which he was thenccforward culled.”
Where those deities were worshipped; the Par AVGVstu.v CAESar.—-An altar, with legend
thinns restoring the lcgionary ensigns; the FORT. nan. This silver coin was struck in re
Zodiac sign of Capricorn, under which Anghstus membrance of an altar having been erected, on
Was born; the Apex between the Aneilia; the the return of the emperor to Rome, to Fortmza
Roman eagles; the portrait of his daughter Livia IZee?ur.—(\'nilla.nt, Pr. vol. ii. p. 27.)
between the hauls of Lucius and Cains, his A\'G\'ST\'S.——A Sphinx (symbol of Egypt.)
adopted sons; the inscriptive tribute to his con In memory of the seal of Augustus, on which
struction of public roads; his equestrian statue, the figure of that fabulous animal, according to
sic.-—'l‘he medals struck after his death and Suetonius, was engraved.—This silver medallion,
apotheosis. bear the title of ntvvs AVGVSTVS, says Mionnct, was struck in Asia.—Scc Sp/u'n.r.
and of nivvs ATGVSTVS rarnn. The radiated AVGVST\'S.—Cupricorn and horn of plenty,
head is the sign of his dcification: it is some some with globe and rudder, others without.
times accompanied with a thunderbolt and a Silver medallion ; also denarii. There is another
P2
I08 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS.
denarius of this emperor, with same legend, the Jupiter Optimus Maximus, .n' rerpublica in
reverse type representing a Capricorn, above meliorem slatum tirrlisaet (Suet. Aug. 23.)—
which is a female with floating draper_v.-—-Au Eckhel, cited in Diet. of Roman Biog. 8.8. edited
gnstus was born under the constellation Capri by Dr. W. Smith.
cornus: hence the frequent occurrence of that AVG\'STVS, within a rostrul crown.—A brass
sign on his coins. Akerman.—See Capricormrs. medallion.
A\"GVS'l‘VS TR. POT. An equestrian “ Such were the advantages (observes (Haver
statue. eamp) which Octavianus gained from his deci
This sculptural honour was decreed by the sive naval victory at Actium, that the Senate
Senate to Augustus, in commemoration of his caused a medal to be struck, which, by repre
mnnificence, in repairing the Via Flaminia, senting prows of galleys, interlaced with a crown
A. u. c. 731 (B. c. 23), when he also accepted of laurel, should present continually before the
the perpetual Trihunate. These events are re public eye, in every province of the empire, a
corded on silver coins bearing the above legend monument recalling the remembrance of that
and type. great, and to him, glorious event. His new
AVGVSTVS TR. POT. \'III.——Ilcad of name of AVGVSTVS is also seen enclosed within
Augustus. the crown; for the obverse of this coin bears
Rev.—A cippus, or milliary column, with this simply the head of Augustus, bare, and without
inscription: S. P. R. IMP. CA ESm-i, QVOD. legcnd.—See Corona Roslrzlia.
Vim ltlzmitm Sun! EX. EA. Peczmia Quam IS. AVGVSTVS. S. C.—An eagle holds in his
AI). Aerrzrium DE!!!/ii: L. VINICIVS, L. F. talons an oaken crown, behind him arc two
III. VIR. ('I‘he Senate and the Roman people branches of laurel. On the revmse of an aureus
to the Emperor, Cresar, for his having caused of Augustus, the obverse of which presents the
the highways to be repaired with the money, with bare head of that prince, with the following
which he had replenished the public treasury.) legend: cuzsan cos. vn. crvinvs SERVATIS.
This coin (rare in silver, but of the highest Augustus having by his successes abroad,
rarity in gold) has reference to the repairs of guaranteed the repose of the empire, and having
the public roads throughout the empire, on protected the lives of the citizens of Rome by
which Augustus had bestowed great and eon the re-establishment of internal peace and tran
tinued care, in appropriating to that purpose quillity, the Senate ordered that laurel trees
the pecuniary contributions which he had levied should be planted in front of his palace, with a
on conquered nations. It has also particular view to recall his victories to remembrance; and
allusion to his having restored the Flaminian that in the midst a crown of oak leaves should
way, at his own expense. The simplicity of be placed, as a symbol of the preservation which
this inscription is remarkably striking; whilst the emperor had secured to the Roman people.
its meaning is perfectly clear, without being —Sec Eayle, for an engraving of this reverse.
pompous or afl‘ected—a merit seldom to be AVGVSTVS AVGV STA.—On gold and silver
ascribed to modern legends. coins, minted by Nero, the type of reverse re
AVGVatu.v COl\Ii\l. CONS.——There is an presents the togated figure of
equally interesting specimen of Roman tact and Augustus, with head radiated,
simplicity in dedicatory inscriptions, exhibited standing with peters in right
on a denarius minted by L. Meseiuius Rufus; hand, and the /uzsla purn in
the same individual who was Qusestol‘ to Cicero his lcft.—l’ear him stands
in Cilicia B. c. 51; and who, from coins, appears Livia Augusta, in the stole,
to have held the ofiice of monetal triumvir under with veil thrown back, a paiera
Augustus, in the years B. c. I7 and I6. in right hand, and a cornu
copirs in hcr left.
Suetonius, in his life of Claudius (e. 11),
relates of that Emperor, that having turned his
attention to ofiiccs of Piety, he instituted an
oath than which none was more binding upon,
nor more frequently used by himself, viz. “by
Augustus ;" and that he caused divine honours
to be also decreed to his grandmother Livia
On the obverse is a cippns with IMP. cans. (wife of Augustus).—'I'his coin of Nero shews
avov. coma. cozvs. that is, Imperalor Caesar us, says Vaillnnt, (Pr. ii. p. 62), that he in
Azq/u.rlu.| eommuni e0n.mz.m, and round the cip emulation of Claudius, consecrated statues to
pus L. Mescmlvs nvrvs 111. vln. s. c.: on the rc Augustus and Livia, which in rei memorirun, he
vcrse, inclosed in a chaplct of oak leaves, I. 0. M. s. recorded on his gold and silver mintage.—Eck
P. Q. n. v. s. Pu. s. nar. cars. Qvoo PI-JR EV. R. hel (vol. vi. 269) reminds his readers, on this
P. IN AMP. ATQ. rnan. s. 1:. that is, Iovi O1/limo point, that Augustus and Livia are figiu-ed on
Ma.n'm0 S. P. R. volum euscqatum pro salute other coins of Nero, not very dissimilar in dre-"\s
Inzperator-is Circa-aria, quoa’ per eum res publiea and attributes to the above example, but sitting
in amplinre algae frrmquilliore etafu est. This in a quadriga of E1t’phants.——Sec Agrippina
interpretation is confirmed by the fact that, after Claudii.
the defeat of Varus some years afterwards, we AVGVSTVS S. C.-—-Au eagle with expanded
read that games were vowed by Augustus to wings, resting on a crown of oak leaves, on each
 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 100
aide is a laurel braneb.—Engr-aved in Caylus’s by the Senate and the Roman people. (Dion,
aurei of Augustus. quoted by Vaillant.) A gold coin of the same
In Dion Cassius (L. liii. § 16) there is npassage, reign, with the same legend, and Victory in a
which lueidly explains this reverse. A decree, biga, refers to the Cireensian games given by
mys that historian, was mode this year (U. c. Augustus.-—See Morel’s, King’s, and Caylus’s
727, B. C. 27) “ that laurels should be planted plates.
in front of Augnstus’s house on the Palatine, AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE.—See Pater
and a crown of oak suspended from the top of Palria.
the house, as though he had been the ‘perpe AVGVSTVS GER)/[ANICVS.——-On an aureus
tual conqueror of the enemies (of Rome)’ and of Nero, bearing this legend on its reverse, the
‘the preserver of citizens (Civium Servalor).’ ” type represents a mule figure standing, hubited
—'l‘he letters s. c. observes Eekhel (vol. vi. in the toga, his head surrounded with rays,
p. 38), were nddod on this gold coin to shew holding in his right hand a branch, and in his
that Caesar had, in the above mentioned year, left n small vietory‘on a globe. The obverse
been called Augustus by a decree of the Senate, exhibits NERO car-zsan, and o lanreatcd head.
and also that the oaken crown, -and the laurels %..:-r--., This gold coin has given
were voted to him by the same lawful authority. J" +\ rise to. very opposite inter
.
The expression of Pliny (L. xvi. § 3), likewise 1;4%,
‘ @\
lg .‘\ pretations amongstOeco
matie antiquanes. unmis
eon
throws light on this legend and type, viz. that
Augustus, after putting on end to the civil if; siders this figure to represent
wars, accepted for himself a civic crown in re *7; the Emperor Claudius, by
compense from the whole race of mankind whom, to the prejudice of
(_qz-aere luurumo.)—See Eagle. Britanuicus, Nero was adopt
AVGu.xtu.x DIVI. F.—A crescent with seven ed. Vuillant (Pr. ii. p. 63) concurs in this sup
stars—-IMP. x. in the field. position, and points to the radiated head as in
This rare dennrins minted under Augustus dicating the apothcesis of Cluudius.—'l‘ristan
relates to the war which Tiberius brought to a (vol. i p. 211) who has copiously treated of this
triumphant conclusion in Pannonia Ou this coin, ditfers from the above writers. After judi
Augustus is culled Imperator X.—Vaillant sub ciously observing, that the legends on both sides
mits whether it was not in that year that Angus of this nurcus are to be taken in connection with
tus regulated the days of the year, to which each other viz. NERO CAESAR—AVGVS’l‘\"S onu
these stars seem to allnde.—Engraved in Morel 1u.\xIcvs—and that the epithet, or surname of
and King. Gornmm'r11.s, both in history and on coins, was
A\’Gu.rlu-r SVF. (slfflillltfllll Pa1mlo.)~Gold given to Nero as well as Claudius, he decidedly
of Angustns.—The emperor seated on an estrade, pronounces that the radiated image is meant for
distributing the prizes of the secular games to that of Nero himself. Tristan is moreover of
two figures, standing before him. On the ground opinion that Nero was distinguished by the
is a basket. On the estrade we read nvn. s. (Ludi corona rar/iata, because he was ambitious to
Secu/are.r) celebrated 11.0. 17. See the svr. rival Apollo ; and indeed even Seneca, in his
P. n. (Sujimentum Populo Datum) of Domitian, Apocolocyntosis, compares him to that deity,
minted on a like occasion. both in form, as of the rising sun, and in his
Of this gold coin, struck by L. nnscmivs, vocal powers. After such gross flattery on the
one of the mint masters of Augustus, Mionnet, pnrt of his preceptor, it seems but a natural eon
who hm; valued it at 300 fr. has given a beautiful sequence that this spoiled child of a prince should
engraving.—~See Rareli ale: Jlidai/les Itomai/1e.r, have appointed live thousand przctorian soldiers
&c. r. i. p. 110. to accompany him to the theatre, and who used,
AVG\'S'l‘\'S DIVI F. Equestrian statue of when he snug, to shout—“ O bz-auli_/'11! Cwsar—
.-\ugustus.—-Rev. 1'. srono. mvin.—'l‘hc apex O Ap0!l0—O I/mu P_1/tlrius, 8:0."
between two bncklers.-—See Anvilia, p. 45. Eekhel (vi. p. 269), expresses his agree
This rare and beautiful denarins refers (says ment with Tristan, as to the type in question
Yaillont, Pr. Impp. Ram. ii. 25), to the statue being an indication that a statue of similar cha
erected in honour of Augustus, in the month of racter had been erected in honour of Nero ;
March, when the Saliun solexnnities were cele and he remarks, that it is the first instance of a
brnted. radiated crown nppeariug on the head of a living
On various coins of Augustus, both silver and emperor, though from that time it very fre
gold, he is styled census mvr. r. (Cresar son quently occurs on the obverses of Nero’s coins,
of the Divine Julius.) One of these reverses in second bra.r.s.—-'l‘l1elearncd author of Doclrina
bears the type of an equestrian statue.——Aceord goes on, however, to say that he docs not rc
ing to Dion (quoted by Voillnnt) Augustus, after gard this distinction of crowning with rays, as
his return from Syria, in the year U. C. 735, conferred upon Nero, either from an admiration
(11.0. l‘J,) entered ltomc on horseback, taking of his person, or through the extravngnnt lan
the honours of the ovation, for Roman successes. guage of the thcatres.—“ For why (he asks),
Another with the same legend, has for its de does not the radiated crown appear on those
vice a triumphal quadriga. On his bringing to coins, on which Nero is typified as moving in
u tennination the Sicilian war, arches, statues, the full costume of Apollo the hu.rp-player
and trilunphnl cars were, by universal and en (Cit/laroedua) P Are we to imagine that Vcs
thusiastic consent, decreed to Augustus Caesar, pasian also, and Antoninus Pius, and M. Aure
 110 AUGUSTUS. AVITUS.
lius, were desirous of being thought beautiful, AVIS.—A particular bird was assigned to cer
and good musicians, because they too appear tain gods and goddesses—as the eagle to Jupiter,
with radiated heads? or that those renowned, the cock to Mars, the owl to Minerva, the pea
and honourable princes coveted for themselves cock to Jnno. Thus also the dove was the sym
an honour, which Nero, whose memory they bol of conjugal concord, as the stork was of filial
abhorred, had acquired with so unworthy a mo piety.
tive? We must conclude then, that it was the AVES.—Birds appear on coins of Julius
pleasure of Nero, the vaincst of men, to be eon Cacsur, Augustus, Mark Antony, Titus, both
sidered as a deity—of which honour, or at any the Falistinilr, Commodus, and Volusianus, &c.
rate of a divine lineage, the radiated crown was A bird, with the hclmeted head of a woman,
the invariable symbol, as well amongst the Ro having a shield at its left side, and armed with
mans as the Greeks.—'l‘o Julius Caesar, after his two spears, is found on a denarius of the Valeria
victory over the Pompcys in Spain, a. radiated gens.
crown was (according to Flavus) decreed in the A. or AVL. VITELL.—AuIus' Vitellius.
theatre, amongst other honours obviously of a AVITUS fllfarcus M'a!cilius).—-A native of
divine character.——Augustus is represented, with that part of southern Gaul now called Aquitaine,
radiated head, on many coins, struck after his descended from a noble family, and reckoning
death. And long before that period, Antiochus Patricians and Senators amongst his ancestors,
IV., king of Syria, was exhibited with this or he became, in consequence of his military ex
nament ; indeed he went so far as to cause him ploits and high reputation, Praetorian prefect in
self to be rcvercnced as a deity, by the inscrip Gaul under Valentiuian III. (A. 1). -125), and af
tion, on his coins, of the word 8EOT.—The terwards general of cavalry, under Petronins
emperors who succeeded Nero, cannot be said, Maximus.—He was proclaimed Augustus at
so much to have sought divine honours, as to Arles, and his election confirmed by the senate
have shewn no repugnance, when any distinction, and people of Rome, A.U.C. 1208 (.\.n. 455).—
His title of Emperor of the West was at the
above the lot of man, was conferred upon them,
by which they might inspire the people with same time recognised by Marcianus, who be
veneration, and a kind of superstitious awe.—A came Emperor of the Exmt, in marrying Pulche—
convincing proof of this is to be found in the ria, sister of Theodosius Il.——Aftcr a reign of
fact, that the heads of the Augusli, in the gold 14 mouths he was taken prisoner by Rieinier,
and silver coinage, (which was under the direc A.D. 436, one of his own generals; and being
tion of the Emperors) arc without exception des compelled to abdicatc the government, he cuter
titute of the radiated crown, up to the time of ed into ecclesiastical orders, and receiving con
Caracalla, who first introduced it, more fre secration as Bishop of Placentia, died soon after
quently and promiseuously on his silver coins.-— wards. His coins of each metal are very rare.
On the other hand, this radiated type constantly
occurs on brass coins, especially of the second
size; but, as it is well known, the care of this
coinage devolved on the senate, whose flattery
of the Emperors was thoroughly appreciated
and acquiesced in by thcn1.—Eckhel’s remarks
on the divinity ascribed to Nero are admirably
illustrated from the following passage, which he
cites from Tacitus (Ann. xv. 74) :-—“Cereulis
Anicius, the consul elect, moved a resolution,
that a temple be erected as soon as possible, at A gold coin of Avitus, in the British Museum,
the public cost, in honour of mvvs ivnno.” exhibits on the obverse the head of the emperor,
Although, as he afterwards adds, “ the honours wearing the diadem ornamented with pearls, and
.of the Gods are not bestowed on n prince, till surrounded with the legend D. N. AVITVS PEEP.
he has ceased to live amongst morta.ls.”——See F. Ave.—and on the reverse, vlcroiuzi AVGGG.
Corona, radia-la. A military figure, his left foot planted on a pros
A215/ustus Dion-!'.—The emperor Augustus had trate captive; u cross in his right hand, and a
divine honours paid him during his life time, in globe surmoimted by a victoriola in his left. In
the provinces ; but not at Rome, nor in any the field A. R.-In the cxcrgne c0.\i0n.—i\Iion
other part of ltuly.——Sec mvvs AVGVSTVS. net gives from the cabinet of M. Gosselin,
Auguciiw I/erum.—}ladrian is thus called on another aureus of this prince, which as well as
a coin of Mesembria in Thrace, preserved in the the one published by Banduri, has for the legend
Imperial Museum at Vienna.——See Dost. Nam. of reverse vnnis (sic) norm, the type Roma
Vet. vol. viii. 359. Victrix seated.—On other coins he is styled D.N.
.dIL_qlt8/Il8 Semper.—Isidorus Hispulcnsis has AVITHVS. P. F. AVG. and M. MAECIL a\'1'rvs (or
remarked that “ Augu.xlus"’ was, among the AVITHVS P. r. AVG.
Romans, a title designative of Empire, because AVR. Aim:/iu.v. name of the Aurelia family,
the Emperors, in the earlier times, were accus and of several of the Emperors.
tomed to “increase the extent of the common AVR. Aurezm1,—See SA EC. Avn. Scculum
wealth." From this circumstance no doubt (adds Aureum, on a gold coin of llndriau.
Eckhel) arose the title of Semper Augustus. AURELIA _r/en: plebeia ; of Sabine origin,
Augustus Per71etuua.—See rear. ave. noted for having produced very eminent men——
 AURELIANUS. AURELIANUS. lll
men on whom were conferred the highest otlices peace with the vanquished barbarians. He also
of the State. According to 1-‘estus, this family recovered Gaul and Spain out of the hands of
was so called from the Sun: because the Roman the elder Tetricus. Scarcely, however, had he
people publicly granted it a place, in which sacri placed Rome in a state of security by repairing
fices might be performed to the Sun. It was dis and fortifying the walls (one of which, com
tinguished by the prenamina of Cai11.r, Lzu-iu.r, menced A. D. 271, bears his name and exists to
Marcus; and by the rognomina of Calla, Ru/‘us, this day), when the war against Zennbia called
Sr.-auru.:, both on coins and by ancient writers. him into the East; and that ambitious and
The Aurelia _1/ens often enjoyed the honours heroic Queen, widow of Odennthus, Prince of
of the Consulate, of the Censorship, and of the Palmyra, defended her dominions with a courage
Triumph, in the times of the Commonwealth, and conduct truly masculine. At length her
and was afterwards associated with monarchical magnificent capital, alter along siege, reduced
dignity in the persons of several of the Emperors. to extremities by famine, surrendered to the
.\lionnct-, out of 17 varieties (from Morel) gives Roman arms A. v. c. 1025 (A. n. 272). And
the following as a rarity, in silver: Zenobia, after a fruitless attempt to escape, was
brought as a prisoner to Rome, where she, toge
thcr with Tctricus, graced the triumph of the
victorious emperor, A. D. 273.—Palmyra de
stroyed and Egypt subdued, Aurelian endeavoured
at Rome to gain the affections of a lazy and
insolent populace, by his libernlities, which were
of the most prodigal kind. But, in caressing
the multitude, he still maintained order and
justice, and was inexorable against crime, his
com. Winged head of Pallas: behind X punishment of which was sometimes carried to
(mark of the dennrius.) a dreadful extreme, as in the case of the monetal
R».*v.—M. AVRELI. Hercules in a car drawn forgers, U.c. 1027 (,\.n. 274.) His prudence
by two eentnnrs, each holding a branch of a dictated to him the abandonment of Dacia (the
tree; below noziu. conquest of Trajan), situated beyond the Danube,
Eckhel says, “I prefer confessing my ignor which river then became the barrier of the
ance. of the meaning of the singular type ex empire. On his march against the Persians,
hibited on the reverse of this coin, rather than whose King, Sapor, had begun the hostilities,
avail myself of such irrelevant matter, as that he was assassinated between Byzantium and
with which some learned men have endeavoured Heraclen, 11.1). 275, by some of his generals
to explain it; an instance of which may be found (deceived by the treachery of his freedman and
in Spanheim. One circumstance only, am I secretary Mnestcns), after reigning four years
inclined to bring forward; viz. that u similar type and nine months.
exists on a Greek medal, with the inscription
OPP!-2. (which I ascribe to Horreus of Epirus);
on which we see on one side the head of Her
cules, and on the other a centaur running, bear
ing a branch covered with berries.—D0cl. Nam.
Val. vol. v. p. 147.)-—Sec Ccnlaur——als0 Mam‘.
AI.'ltELI.~\NA, or Anrelianorum Civitas,
now Orleans in France. A coin attributed to
this colony is engraved in the Pembroke col
lection (iii. TAB. 91, fig. 5), with hare head of n Aurelian is represented on his coins, some
Woman, and METAL. svmznunvs, within a times laureated, sometimes radiated, after the
crown.—ltasehe. usual manner of the Roman Emperors; at other
AUl{El.lAN US (Lucius Claudius Domitius), times crowned with the diadem, according to
born of an obscure family, at Sirmium, in the fashion of eastern kings.——Victor says of
Pannonia, or in Dacia ltipensis, about the year him, " Primus apud Romano: diademalem capili
of Rome 960 (A.D. 207). A man of sagacity, i2me.z"uil"—nud Jornandes (quoted by Oiselius),
valour, and talent, severe even to cruelty, he says, “Is primus genmma vestibu_r, caIr:eamen
distinguished himself in Gaul, undcr Gordianus licque inaeruif, rliadwnatenlque in capile."
Pins (.\.n. 241), against the Sarmatiaas. He On the Latin coins of this emperor he is
rose to be general of the cavalry, in the army of styled, AVRELIANVS A\'G.—lMP. c. AVRELIANVS
Claudius Gothic-us ; and, with the consent of all AVG.—-IMP. c. L. DOM. AVRELIANVS A‘v'G.—lMP.
the legions, was proclaimed Emperor in Pan cans. non. AVRELIANVS AVG.——IMP. c. A\’RE
nonia, after the death of that prince 1023 LIANVS INVICTVS .wo.—nno £1‘ DOMINO NATO
(A. D. 270). Ile embellished Reine; and re-built AVRELIANO avo.—m:o ET nommo NOSTRO, &c.
the temple of the Snn,. of which his wife was Thus we see, by the last of these titles, that
pricstrss. The Goths, Germans, and other “this humble Pannonian peasant was the first
northern tribes who assailed the empire, having of the Roman princes who openly assumed the
deluged Italy with their inyriads, defeated Aure regal diadem, and now for the first time we read
lian at Placcntia. But he avenged himself on medals struck [at Rome] during the life time
promptly by three victories, and the result was of an emperor, the arrogant and impious titles
 112 AURELIUS. AURELIUS.
of DOHINV8 et Dr:vs.”—See Diclionary of father (who was brother to the wife of Anto
G-reel: ruul Roman Biography and M_|/Urology, ninus Pius), he received from Hadrian the ap
vol. i. 436. pellation of M. Auuius Verissimus. At the
Aurelian’s money is numerous. The gold is early age of 15 years, he was permitted to as
of the second and fourth degree of rarity. Base sume the Io_r/rz virilis. Adopted by Antoniuus
silver also rare. The brass, with exceptional in Pius at the time when Hadrian adopted Anto
stances, is very common. Some pieces represent ninus, he was named in the year u. c. S91 (A.n.
him with lflpia Severina, his wife; and others 138), Ciosar and Consul; and from that period
with Vabalal/ma A!/mnorlorus. On some of his was called M. llllius Aurelius. After having
medals, the entire bust appears, and shews this been declared Consul for the second time, he
warlike prince with spear on right shoulder and married (A. n. 145) Aania Faustina, daughter
shield on left arm. of Autoniaus Pius and of Faustino senior, I
Amongst the rarest types of reverse are the woman infamous for her adulteries, but a sltiltul
following :—- _ dissemhler with her husband. In A. L'.c. ‘JUO
Gold Jlledallions. Aovi-:N'rvs Avo. Emperor (A. D. 147), he was invested with the 'l‘ribuni
on horseback, with lance reversed. ['l‘his, by tian power. At the death of Antoniaus, L'.C.
far the rarest medallion of the Aurelian mint, 914 (A.n. 161), he succeeded to the empire,
and in extremely fine preservation, brought £26 being proclaimed by the Senators, in conjunction
at the sale of the Thomas collection, in 1841. with Yerus, his adopted brother, whom he
The same type is engraved in Akerman, 1)e.rc'r. generously took for his colleague. And thus,
Cut. ii. pl. 1. p. 91].--Gold. P. M. Til. P. v11. for the first time, Rome saw herself governed
cos. 11. PP. Mars carrying a trophy. [See the by TWO /I//_//I/sli 1'! I:/1]u>1'alor('s, sharing with
preceding cut. A well-preserved specimen of this each other the supreme authority of the state,
fine type, at the Thomas sale, brought £5 7s. to exercise it in common. lt was then (A. D.
6d.]—rnovrnsx'r1A DI-ZUBVM. Providence and 16]) that he took the names M. Aun'lin.r An
the Suu.——T//ird Brass. Pir.rAs Avo. Two lom'1u1.s, thereby marking his transit from thfi
figures sacrificing.—nr,s'r1rv1‘ cams. The Em Annia to the Aurelia family. From A. D. 162
peror erowucd by a female figure; with lNVlC to 165, he tlefeated and brou_'.:ht to submission
'rvs on the obvcrse.—nE0 ET nomxo NATO the Parthians, the Modes, and the Armenians.
AVRI-ILIANO AVG. llead of Aurelian.—R/?v. an lu A. D. 166, he participated with \'erus, in the
srlrvr. ORBIS. honours of the triumph, at Rome, for the~c
AVRELIAN VS AVG. CONS. (A:/_r;u.sli (.'on~ victories. From A. u c. 920 (A. o. 167), to
:erva!or).——A rare second brass. The Emperor 927 (A. D. l74), Aurelius was engaged in rc
in a. military habit, before a lighted altar, holding pelling the destructive inroads of the Marco
a patcra in his right, and a sceptre in his left manni, the Qnadi, the Sarmatians, and almost
hand.~There is a line brass medallion, minted all the nations inhabiting the north of Europe,
under the same ./1/1;/I/A‘/I/s, C0l'l‘('$l)0IlLllIlg in le banded together during that period in a formid
gend and type with the above, except that the able leaguc against the Romans. Making head
imperial sacritieer is habited in the toga.-See against this furious storm, he saved the empire
it engraved in the J11/.9. 1'[ram', TAB. lxxii. by the firmness of his character and the wisdom
Aurelian testitietl in various ways his par of his measures, by his indefatigable zeal and
ticular devotion to the Sun, to \vhou1 on this undaunted courage in the midst of dangers.
medal he is rep1'c.~"t-iitt-tl in the act of sncritiriug; Abont A. D. 177, he received tho title of r.r.
and upon whose doitysliip he here bestows the (Paler P/ztrim.) .\lezn1while the whole of Italy
title of /zi.1prv.s-vrwr.—.\.'i-c b'pauhei|n’s Cresars, and nearly all the provinces, were desolatod by
p. l89—sec also so1.. no:u1.\r\'s Hit‘!-IR]. non/mi, a most dreadful pestilence, which the troops of
and sou. 1.\'\'1c'ro.—thc rarest second brass of Verus had brought with them from the r-a.st.——
this Emperor. That debauched young prince himself fell a vic
tim to his excesses in A.n. 169. After subdu
iug a rebellion in Germany, suppressing a re
volt of the Britons, quelling the insurrection of
Avidius Cassius in Italy, and triumphing over
most of his enemies, this rcuowucd einperuf
terminated his eventful career, in a renewed \\'-‘I!’
with the llarcmnanni and their barbaric alli-1*;
dying at Yindoboua, in Paunonia (now Vii-nu:i.
in Austria), according to some; or at .\‘irmi1uu
(now Sirmieh, Austria), according to othi-r<. ill
the _\'l‘Ill' of ltolnc 933 (A. D. 180), in the 5‘-Jlh
oi" ill: am-, and l‘.)th of his rei;.:n.—llc had by
~ l"au-tina the younger, Commodus and Lucilla.
also four sons and three dnugliters who died in
their i1|t'nu(‘_\'.
AURl*ll.ll,'S—(.\IAacits ;\.\'.\'lL‘S V1-tars) son .'\Ill‘Clill>‘, no less celebrated for his literary
of Aunius Vcrus, the pru-tor, and of lliililltlflt
fltfcolnplislllllents, than for his military exploit-=.
('a.l\'ill:l, born at llolue, in the year of the citv is u-unlly tlistiilgliislled by the uaule of “til!
an and of can.-t 121. After the dutth of his l’liilosopher,” in consequence of his attachmflll
 AURELIUS. AURELIUS. 113
to the system of the Stoics. But neither coins NVS PIVS.—'I'hus it appears that on several of
nor marbles hand down any inscriptions that his coins the name of Aurelius is omitted.
assign to him this particular addition, however AVRELIVS CAESAR, ANTONINI AVG.
due to his learning and to his gravity of deport PII Filim. (Aurelius Caesar, son of Antoninns,
ment. In public spirited disinterestedness and the August and the Pius.)
for irreproachuble morals, he equalled, perhaps
excelled, the best of his imperial predecessors,
and successors too. When, in a ealamitous
struggle with invading myriads from the northern
hive of nations, the public treasury became emp
tied, and fresh supplies of money were required
to on the war, this illustrious prince
brought to auction in the Forum Trujani, all the
ornaments and furniture of his palace, generously
parting with his private fortune rather than in
crease the pressure of provincial taxation. But
Marcus Aurelius, wise and honest as he was,
had nevertheless his weaknesses and his faults, On the obverse of a large brass, bearing the
amongst which must be noticed the dignities above legend, appears the bare head of the
which he lavished on an openly abandoned youthful Marcus Aurelius, with curly hair, ado
wife, and the premature honours which he con lescent beard, and a eonntenziuce of which the
ferred on his monster of a son. The most expression (as the above engraving testifies) is
grievous blot, however, which his just and mer open and pleasing. This coin was struck a
ciful charaeteristics sustained, was in the cruelshort time previous to the year A. D. 140, in
ties, which, if he did not actually encourage, hewhich Antoninus, having given Aurelius his
too readily permitted, to be exercised against daughter Faustina in marriage, advanced the
the Christians, and which were carried to such young Caesar to the consulate.
aheight, that under his reign are chronologi Amongst the rarest and most remarkable
cally placed the horrors of the fourth persecu legends and types, on reverses in the coinage of
tion. Yet “ taking him for all in a.ll”—looking this emperor, are the following, viz. :
to the correctness of his habits, the simplicity Gold and Silver.-—coanionvs czesan. Young
of his manners, the liberality of his natural heud.—CONSECRA'l'I0. Funeral pile.—cos. ii.
disposition, as evinced in his Written medita Emperor in a quadriga.——ni-: OERM. Heap
tions, and practically exemplified in his conduct of arms.—ns: SARM. Do.—mP. vi. cos. iii.
through life, it is not to he wondered at that Emperor on horseback.—mP. VII. cos. Do.-—
his memory was long revered by posterity, or nir. vi. cos. iii. Emperor crowned by Victory.
that more than a century after his death, many —PlET.\S ave. Sacrificial instrl1iuel'lt8.—RELIG.
persons preserved his image amongst those of ave. MerCury.——TR. ror. xv. cos. iii. Em
their tutclary deities. perorin quadriga— (Cabinet de Gosselin).——vic.
[The wood cut, at the head of this notice, is PAR. Victory is inscribing on a bnekler.—-vo'rA
from the obverse of a brass medallion in the PUBLICA. Two figures standing with joined
French cabinet. With the legend M. ANTONI hands, Concord in the midst.
nvs ave. Ta. r. iuiviii. it exhibits a striking Brass ll[€Il'a”t01L9.——ADLOCVTlO. One of the
portrait, of finished workmanship. In mature figures holds a horse by the bri:llc.—1lnviza"rvs
age, the emperor retains a full head of hair, to ave. Emperor walking towards It triumphal
which the laurel crown is a conspicuous orna arch.—i.\ii>. vii. cos. iii. Jupiter Tonans and a
ment; the beard is luxuriant, even to shaggi Titan.-—-IMP. viii. cos. iii. Aurelius and Verus
iicss; his shoulders are covered with the iiiipc in a l;l'll1mpllBl(.'8\‘.-—-PROFECTIO avo. s. c. Two
rial laticlavum, clasped with a fibula to the right horsemen and two foot soldiei~s.—raoracrio
shoulder.] avo. cos. iii. Emperor on horseback, and four
The coins of Aurelius are very numerous. The foot 50ldl€l‘5.—TEMPORVl\[ FELICITAS. Hercules
gold common, except some of second degree of in a ear drawn by four centaurs.—'ri1. P. Xxii.
rarit_v.—Silver common, except some of fifth Jupiter, standing, between two small figures
degree of rarity.—Brass common, except some of clothed in the toga.—vic'r. PABTHICAE. On a
eighth degree of rarity.-—There are pieces which shield supported by two \"ictories.—v0‘r.\ PVB
represent him with Auloninm, Faustinajunior, LICA. A grand sacrificial group.—Without le
I/uciiu Verna, and Commozluax-—()n these medals gcnd. Minerva and Vulcan.—-Without legend.
he is styled =—.+\\-'RELI\"S CAESAR.—AVRE Neptune and Ceres.—\\'ithout legend. Impe
LIVS CAESAR AVGusli PII FlLiu.r (with rator eques.
the young head).—M. AVRELIVS ANTONI 1"iratBra.r:.—coive. ave. iii. Aurelius and
NVS.—I.\IP. CAES. M. AVREL. ANTONI Verus distributing their third congiarium.—
l\'\'S.—M. ANTONINVS AVG\'S'I‘\’S.—Also CONSECRATIO. Carpcntum and four elephants.——
with the surnames of ARMENIACVS, PAR DIVA PAVSTINA. Head of the Empi'eSS.—DlVVS
Tl-lI(,‘\'S, MAXl.\IVS—MEDICVS (the Me vaavs. Bare head of Vt-:l'uS.——I‘Il0PVGNAT0llI
dian); GERMANICVS, and SARMATICVS. IMP. viii. cos. iii. Jupiter hurling the fulmen
—On his consccriition medals appear, DIVVS at a prostrated figure.—i>aovini:ri'riii ave.
M. Al\"l‘O1\'lNVS, and DIVVS M. ANTONI Type of an Allocution.——REi.io. AVG. A figure
Q.
 1 14 AUREOLUS. AURORA.
within a tcmplc.—a1-:x. aiursms nsrvs. The in Rhmtia, or in Upper Italy, or probably in
Emperor and three other figures.-ar:sr1rv'roar Milan.”
lT.\Ll.i:. The Emperor raising up a kneeling AU R lG.*E—Chari0teers—those who drove the
vvoman.—'rn. P01‘. xx. Aurelius and Verus in a cars at the games of the Circus, and contended
triumphal car.—v1nr\'s ave. The Emperor on for the prize in the races. It is the aurzya
a bridge with soldiers. whom we see, on coins, guiding so many bigrz,
Second Brass.——DIVO ave. PARENT]. Em tflylf, and quadrigre, imder the form of Jupiter,
peror on horseback.—~'ra. P. xm. Figure of a of Victory, Sec. or in the n of the Consul
winged sphinx. proceeding, or the Emperor triumphing. With
AUR.ELIL'S.—In the imperial series, the regard to chariot racing on public occasions, at
name of Aurelius occurs no less than 13 times, first, a Roman citizen disdained to exercise him
as will appear on consulting i\tionnet’s Mizlailles self iu such a competitorship ; but afterwards, as
Romaincs, or Akernian’s Descriptive C'alal0_r]14e' corruption introduced itself into the manners of
0 Roman Coins, viz.:—1. Marcus Aurelius the people, persons of the first distinction, and
'erus, successor of Antouinus Pius.—2. Com some even of the Augilsli, were not ashamed to
modus, his son, was called L. Aurelius and M. practice the science of the whip. Nero and
Aurelius Antoninus.—3. Caraealla, eldest sou Domitian were passionately addicted to these
of Septimius Severus, when created Cresar, took, sports; and the former frequently tool: a per
or rather usurped, the name of M. Aurelius sonal share in them.
Antaninus.--4. Elagabalus, under rcteuce of The vanity of Nero (according to Dion Cassius)
being the sou of (Jaracalla, assume the names led him to attempt equalling the Sun in cha
of M. Aurelius Antoninns.-5. Severus Alexan riotecring; and accordingly, with truly ridiculous
der, successor of Elagabalus, took, by adoption, acclnmations (see A\'G\'s"l'\'8 ouaauuicvs) the
the name of Marcus Aurelius Alexander.-6. populace greeted him as victor at all the Cir
Marius, an usurper in the reign of Gallicnus, censian contests, with the titles of Gesar
bears on his coins the prenomina of Marcus Au Apollo, or Nero Apollo. Ilencc also on a
relius. [The coins described by Mediobarbns Corinthian coin of that conceited tyrant, en
and Bandnri, with the legends usncvs avas graved by Vaillnnt (in (bl. i. 117), we see the
Llvs VICTORINVS (says Alrermau) are doubted] figure of the Sun (distinguished by the rays that
-7. Claudius Gothicus, a great prince, though adorn his head) standing in a qnadriga, and
of an obscure family, is styled on his coins holding a whip in his right hand.—llavercamp,
Marcus Aurelius.—8. His brother and succes in his dissertation on eontoruiate medals, fur
aor Qnintillus, had for his prcnomina Marcus nishes many designs of chariotcers, in the not
Aurelius Claudins.—9. Then we have Marcus of driving four horses, decorated with palm
Aurelius Probus.—10. Marcus Aurelius Carus. branches, &c.—Seo Circus llliu-imus.
——ll. Marcus Aurelius Valerianus Maximianus. AURORA.-—'l‘he daughter of Titan, and har
—l2. Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxeutius.— binger of the Sun, appears as a winged figure,
Aud13. M. Aurelius Romulus, son of Maxen between four horses, whose reins she holds, on
tius. The first, however, of all these, Msacvs a coin of L. Plancus.—See Plauiia gens.
Auaamus, surnamed the Philosopher, is the There is also another image of "the rosy
one who is usually, par excellence, designated fingered" deini-goddess, on a brass medallion of
by that name.
AUREOLUS (Marcus Acilius)—-one of the
many lyranni or usurpers, that sprang up in
various parts of the empire, during the reign of
Gallienus. A Dacian by birth, and (if Zouarns
is to be credited) in his youthful days nshep
herd, he rose in the army, and at length be
came governor of lllyria under Gnllienus, whom
he rescued out of the rebellious hands of Ma
crianus and his son, only, as it would seem, to
revolt afterwards against his own soven-igu.—
llo was proclaimed emperor by the le;ions in
lllyrin, or rather in Rlnctia, about the year of
Our Lord 267. Defeated by Gullienus, shortly
afterwards, he shut himself up in Mcdiolanum Trajan.—The obverse bears the head of that
(Milan); but was delivered from his besiegers emperor, and is inscribed mvo NERVAE TR.-\lANO
by the assassination of Gallienus; to be slain avo.—'1‘he legend of the reverse is s. P. Q. 1:.
by the troops of Claudius Gothieus, A. D. 268. nivo TIIAIANO PAR'l'I~llC0.—Tll0 type represents
On his coins, which consist of gold (if genuine) Aurora holding in her right hand a lighted
and small brass (no silver) of the highest rarity, torch, and in her left a palm branch. She
he is styled, nur. c. AVREOLVS AVG.—In[I'. M. stands in a chariot drawn conjointly by n lion
.\cn.. svurzonvs P. r. Avc.—Rcverses are, PROVI and n wild boar. A llereules precedes, holding
Dl-INTIA svo. (Providence 5tandin;:).-—CONCOR a club on his right shouldcr.—See Tristan, who
ma nqvrr. (woman nith rinlder).—coxconn. gives an engraving of this reverse in T. i. p. 4044
MIL. (two hands joined).—“ These pieces, which of his Coznznmlaires, of which an accurate copy
are of Roman die, were (says liennin), struck is furnished in the foregoing cut.
 AURORA. AUSPICIUM. ll5
On this very remarkable relic of monetal nn~ AURUM.-—See Gold.
tiquity, the author of Doctrine makes the fol AURUM CORONA_RlUM.—Th.is tenn is
lowing explanatory aniumdversions, in the 4A2nd used in the code of Thcodosius, as syuonimous
pagcof his sixth volume, where he classes it with extremely pure gold. It originally signi
amongst those, which were undoubtedly minted fied the very fine and brilliant gold of which
on the occasion of the triumphal honours dccreul crowns were made, or rather the precious metal
to Trajan after his decease :—— itself, which was offered to the conqueror. For
“ This beautiful coin (vi. 442), on account of although, at first, it was customary to present
its singular type, I have determined by no means him with golden crowns of honour, yet the
tooverlook, although aware that by some it is more convenient practice of giving him a sum
reckoned amongst the contorniali. The appro of money was afierwards introduced.-durum
priate management of the allegory, and the cou Coronarium, says Servius, qubd /zodie 1) vicli:
nexion between the obverse and the reverse, which yentibua datur. But it was not the vanquished
is smrccly ever observable in the whole batch of alone who paid this costly homage. Even the
contorniates, induce me without hesitation to allies and friends of the ltomnus, when a con
concur with Havercamp, in rescuing it from sul or a pro-consul entered their territories,
that inferior class of medals. But I am not at found it expedient to conciliate his favour with
all satisfied with the interpretations, far-fetched the tender of a large amount in gold. Under
and beside the purpose, which have been applied the imperial government, gifts of this sort soon
to it, as well by Erizzo as by Tristan, and lastly began to be otfercd, on the occasion of some, so
by Havereamp himself. For, in the design of called, happy event ; such as a birth or an adop
tion for example, or when a prince ascended
this precious medallion (says Eckhcl) I recognize
the triumph of Aurora, brought about under the the throne.—-Speaking of Antoniuus Pius, it is
auspices of Trajan, a second Hercules, with the atfirmed by Capitolinus—Ita1ici: lotum, medium
vanquished barbarians reduced like wild beasts Provim-ia1i61u reddidit. Thus it would appear
toher yoke. It is easy, indeed, to prove, that that the Aurum Coronan'um was in process of
the figure in the chariot represents Aurora; and time a mere tribute in gold or in silver, which
not, as others have thought, Victory, or a winged the Roman potentate received from those placed
Diana. By common consent, the wings and the under his government. And although, during
torch belong to Aurora alone. You see her the republic, it might have been n. voluntary act
winged on denarii of the Plaulia family. She of grateful acknowledgment on the part of the
bears a torch on a famous Alexandrina coin, with different provinces and nations subjected to the
s head of L. Verus. It was, in fact, a long sway of Rome; yet under the emperors it be
established custom, to denote countries situate came an expected contribution, to replenish the
towards the east, by a figure of the Sun, or of coffers of a reigning prince.—Sce some further
Aurora. Thus on gold coins of Trajan, struck particulars on this subject, extracted from Eck
lfier he had set out on the Parthian campaign, hel’s remarks (vii. pp. 6 and 7), under the
you may frequently perceive a head of the Sun ; legend scr'rnm.—Also, for u symbolic allu
and at the time that Lucius Verus was engaged sion on an imperial coin to the Coronarium of
in a war with the Parthiaus, a coin was struck gold, sec the type of asm cos. u. of Antoninns
at Alexandria, with the type of Aurora, and the Pius, p. 90.
inscription HO, the Greek word for Aurora. AUREUS NUMUS.—See Gold coinage of
And lastly, can-zss AVG. with a type of the the Romans.
Sun, constantly occurs on coins from the time AUSPICIUM.—-This and Augurium are com
of Aurelian. So then, on all these monuments, monly used as convertiblc terms. But they are
either the Sun, or Aurora, indicates that quarter sometimes distinguished the one from the other.
of the globe, which furnished the emperors with Auqiicium was, strictly speaking, the foretelliug
occasions both of war and of glory. On this of future events (avem spacers) from imrpeclion
principle too, Virgil calls the eastern countries 0 birds, that is to say, from observing the
Aurore populol, or vires Orieniils. With equal t yiug, singing, and other actions of the feathered
chgauce of idea, the Nemscan lion and the boar tribes. Augurium was the science of prediction,
Oi Erymauthus, yoked to a chariot, serve to or of expoundiug the will of the gods from all
Flgnify the Parthiuus vanquished by the New kinds of omens and prodigics. One very pro
Hercules, like monsters pernicious to the Roman mineut feature in the discipline of the Roman
world, and just brought to submission. Thus superstition, was, that nothing of importance
we read, that Sesostris was carried in public was ever done either in public or in private life,
procession, on u triumphal ear, drawn by the without the auspices having first been taken.
kings whom he had conquered in battle. The The presence of an aruspex, or of an augur, was
present coin, then, nllcgorizcs, in a fclicitous not more necessary in deciding on peace to be
manner, the Roman provinces of the east deli preserved, or on war to be wngcd—the comitia to
vcrcd from the Parthians; the latter people rc be held or broken otl'—a battle to be fought or
llflced to the condition of servitude; and Trajan shunncd———than in determining the question
himself the avenger; it being for this reason whether a journey should be undertaken, and
that, omitting his other titles of Gerznaniczu, whether a marriage should be solcmnized. Quo
and Dacir-~.s-, he is hcrc styled only I’artl:ic-us.” 0,: more, says Cicero, 71111)/I-I-J‘ efiam nuns
Ali. l{L'l".——Aurclius Rufus; uniuc and sur 111:5}/i1'r:sinh-17»omu1l11r. So fond, indeed, ans
nuruv of a man.—-See Jun:/ia _/zwu. the predilection cntcrtuiucd for such wln'|n~nal
Q2
——- *-—-—_i_-
— Q l~ ..

116 AUTONOMIA. AUTONOMI.

ceremonies, as those connected with these au a0uA.—In later azras, the portraits of princes
spiccs and auguries, by the early Romans, that were placed on the money issued under their an
some of their generals are recorded to have thority. Indeed, with those who acquired the
quitted the army, in the most sudden and supreme power, one of the first objects was to
abrupt manner, for the purpose, or under the have coins stamped with their efligies. Even
pretext, of performing thern.—I’apiriua Dic those ambitious aspirants to the purple, who, in
talor, says Livy, d Pullario monitua, cum ad ditferent provinces, from time to time, raised
auapicienzlzun. repetendum Romam prqficerelur. the standard of revolt and usurpation against
But on the other hand, individuals were to be the reigning emperors, hastened, if they had
found amongst them, who made no scrnple of sufiieicnt time and means, to circulate some
manifesting all the contempt they felt for such pieces bearing their likenesses, names, and as
wretched absurdities. Take Claudius Pulchcr, sumed titles.——See the remarks of M. Hennin
for example, who caused "the sacred chickens” (i. 25), -rur le droit dcfrapper monnaie.
that would not eat, to be thrown into the sea— AUTON OMI—(&u1-dvoitoi) —Autonomons —
add to which the instance of the Consul Fla The name given to certain coins, minted by such
minius, who fought the enemy, in spite of Greek and other cities as were governed by their
augiuy, and beat the foes of his country under own laws. The right of coinage, as the crite
the most inauspicious signs ever interpreted by rion of an independent state, free from subjec
grave soothsayers, in proguostication of defeat tion to any foreign power, caused this appella
to the Roman nrms.—See Haru-spear. tion to be given generally to coins of such peo
AVSPIC. FEL. (Auspivi Felici—To happy ples nnd cities as possessed the character. That
auspices) .—Felicity standing, holds a tcsscra the monctal privilege was cherished with a high
and a caduceus. At her feet is a small suppliant degree of appreciation and pride by those cities
figure of a man, lifting up his hand. to whom it was granted, is sutiiciently evident
This legend appears, for the first time on any from the fact of its being recorded on their coins
Roman coin whatcvcr, on a third brass of —as for example on the money of Antioch and
Diocletian. It belongs to the commencement of of Halicarnassus, which after their own names
that Emperor’s reign (about 4.1). 284) which as cities, bear the autonomous‘ designation.
he was desirous to have welcomed by the praise According as different countries (says M. Hen
of his subjects, for some act of liberality, and at nin), then in a state of civilization, were con
the same time it indicates his wish to secure quered by the Romans, or yielded themselves
happiness to his government by the com suscepta. to the domination of that people, the authori
--Eckhel, viii. p. 5. ties at Rome, in reconstituting those states
AVSPICIB. A11sp:'cibu.r.—See DIS AVSPl under an apparently independent form, left to
ciavs. them nearly the whole of their political rights.
AUTONOMIA— (ubrovopla) — Autonomy— The privilege of striking money was continued
the power, right, or liberty, possessed by any to those cities which had previously enjoyed
people, of living in their own accustomed way, it. " But soon, when Rome became imperial, the
and according to their own laws. It was a pri Greek cities, whether out of adulation, or whe
vilege of this kind which many cities, though ther in consequence of ordinances formally
tributary to Rome, still enjoyed, and by which made, adopted the custom of placing on their
they were authorised to elect their own magis money the portraitures not only of the masters
trates, who administered justice to them, in of the world, but also of their relations.
exclusion of the Roman judges.—Antioch in Autonomous coins were no longer fabricated.
Syria purchased this mark of honour from Rome also took away, from almost all the Greek
Pompeius Magnus.—Augustns granted the same cities, the right of issuing silver money, and
permission to the inhabitants of Patrae; Nero, confined the permission to exercise that right to
to all Achaia. The Arabians and Armenians, n small number of the more considerable cities,
whom Trajan had subdued, recovered this token such as Alexandria in Egypt, Antioch in Syrifl,
of independence, under Hadrian. The Athe Czesareaiu Cappadocia, Tarsus, &:c. All coin!
nians, the Lnccdeemonians, even the Carthag'i minted by dillereut cities and peoples, with im
nians, were thus allowed to preserve at least a perial Roman efligics, take the generic name Oi
shadow of ostensible self-government. It would [mperial Greek. The Roman colonies obtaintd
appear, in short, that throughout the vast extent the privilege of striking money, sometimes Will!
of territories comprised within the limits of the their own local legends and types; but usually
empire, there were few communities entirely they placed on them imperial portraits, Mill
subjected to the Roman form of laws. Autono inscribed the permission of the Emperor, or Of
mic was also identified with, and distinguished the Pro-consul. These pieces take the name _0f
by, that right of coining money, the exercise of Colonial money, and are divided into Colflfllll
which every nation of antiquity considcrcd to be auto/tomes, and Colonial Imperial c0ins.——S99
an act of sovereignty. The ditferent cities and Mmmcl lie 1Vumi.mzaI1'que Ancfenne, vol. i. PP
states of Grocce, who were the first to have a 26~27.—See also Colonize Romana-'.
coinage, inscribed their respective names on their [It will not, it is presumed, be deemfid
medals, to establish their autonomous privileges, irrelevant, in a work dedicated solely to Roman
and likewise to impart a legaliscd value to such coins, that the two preceding articles should
money. The Romans followed this example, appear, in brief explanation of what is meant bl
and some of their earliest coins bcar the word autonomous mintagcs. For the word is p¢lI>°'
 AIKIA. ANTIIYLLUS. 117
tually used by Mionnet and others; and there Circenmqne jugam, qneis Jwppiler Anrurua arvis
are Latin as well as Greek autonomea] Prmsidet:
AUTRONIA. A consular family, but of [And the Circaean heights, the fields over which
uncertain order. It has only one coin ascribed Jupiter Anxur holds sway.]
to it——(silver, rare) having the head of Pallas, The denarius most probably presents to us a
and the mark of the dcuarius on the obverse. precise copy from the image of the Anxurian
On the reverse is AVTBO in monogram, meaning Jove, who from his radiated head and beardless
Autronius, with the type of the Dioscuri on face, seems to be identical with Apollo, or the
horseback; below noua. Sun, like Ve Juppiler (see Creria gens), and
AUTUMNUS.-—On a brass medallion of Com Jupiter Heliopolitanus, whose figure appears on
modus inscribed raucrras T1-zxroavx, and also coins of Heliopolis, in Cosle Syria.——Sec Eckhel,
on gold and silver coins of Caracalla and Geta, v. p. 340.
vtithlegend of FELICIA rnnrona, Autumn, in AXE.—See Seeuris, and Pontifical Instru
the group of the four seasons, is typified by the mcnts, on a dcnarius of Marcus Antonius and
figure of a naked boy, carrying in his right hand Lepidus.
a hare, and in his left a basket filled with fruit. ANTHYLLUS, a sumame given to Mark
—In Captain Smyt-h’s Descriptive Catalogue, Antony, the younger, eldest of the Triumvir’s
Autumn in this group on a first brass of Com children, by Fulvia his I/xird wife [not his second,
rnodus, is described as “displaying n Q1/El/HIJ as inserted by mistake in p. 60].—Born in the
for wine in one hand, and placing his other upon year of Rome, 708, (a c. 46) he was, by his
a hound.”——(p. 163.) father’s command, brought to Alexandria,
A.X.—Augur, Decemvir. c. CALDVS, IMP. “ where (says Visconti) it is probable that the
A. I. Cains Caldus, Impcrator, Augur, Decemvir. inhabitants, who were Greeks, designated him
AXIA or AXSIA, gens plebeia.-——Received Ant/1!/llus, or liflle Antony.” The noble and
the surname of Naa-0 Appiamzs, because the first generous traits of his character, according to
of the name had a large nose. In its coins there Plutarch, soon developed themselves at the
are eight varieties. The silver common. The Egyptian court. But the son, participating in
pieces in brass are A-v, or parts of the As. the fathcr’s ruin, fell a victim to the vengeful
Eckhel gives the following denarius of this policy of Octavianus Caesar, in the sixteenth
family :— year of his age.
The erudite author of [conograp/lie Romaine,
adds as follows :—“ The coins which present to
us the effigy of Authyllus on the reverse of that
of his father, arc of gold, and extremely rare.
They were struck 32 or 33 years before the
vulgar azra, Authyllus being then about thirteen
years old. His father probably had just called
the youth to his side. The legend which accom
Obv.—t~'.\s0. s. c. A female head covered panies the head of Mark Antony, places this
with a helmet, which is adorned with two small epocha beyond doubt: am‘. AVG. nrr. in. cos.
gprirri of laurel or palm. In the field of the coin In. mvuz. a.P.c. (Antonius, Augur, proclaimed
an; ;fithHlCtlC3l marks xvu. impcrator and elected consul, for the third time,
Rer.—L. AXSIVS. L. r. Diana, in a short triumvir for the arrangement of the rcpublic).—
dress as Ve1zaIr1'.r, holding a spear in her right Round the head of Authyllus we read M. ANTON.
hand,’ stands in a car drawn by two stags— 1-LP. (Marcus Antonius, eon of Marcus).—It
5 dog runs before the goddess, and two others was in the year B.C. 34-, that Mark Antony was
folk; -_-Eckhel treats the remarks of Vaillant, consul for the second time; and in the year 13.0.
on the somewhat remarkable types of this coin, 31, he took his third consulate at Alexandria.
with a certain degree of ridicule; but omits to This coin, therefore, must have been struck
om-r any explanations of his ovm._ within the two intermediate years; and we know
_.\§vk_ Imberbn, or Ye-Jupiter.—See the from Plutarch (loc. cit. § 5'1) that, in the year
32, Authyllus was no longer at Rome."
Mlix(“\'0itii'1ov1s.-c. vmlvs. c. I<‘_. c. N.-— Scguin was the first to publish this coin (Nam.
Jupiger A1111‘, or Anxur, seated, his right hand Select. p. 112, edil. 1684). And Morel after
res‘S on the [Hula pura, his left hand holds a wards gavc it afresh in his T/ze.saur.fami1. AN
TONIA, pl. xi., No. 3.—Eckhel (vi. p. 68) had
Paleral On a denarins of the doubts respecting its authenticity, arising from,
Vibia gens, bearing this what he considered, circumstances of suspicion,
legend on its reverse, is affecting two similar coins in the Vienna Mu
an elegant and unique type, seum. Visconti, nevertheless, supports the ge
as represented in the an nuincness of this numismatic monument, by
nexed eng-raving.—iov1s referring to two specimens of it, in the cadinet
is used for the nominative dc la Bibliotlieque du Roi (now once more
case, as on coins of Domi Nationale), at Paris, and out of which he se
tian inscribed IOVIS cvs lected, for his dranghtsman to copy, that which
Tos._\'irgil has made mention of Jupiter Anxnr is best prescrved.—Mionnet includes this aureus
(.l:'nei.ri, vii. T99.) _in the mint of Mark Antony, confirming its

h
I 18 ANTONINI MONETA. ALPHA—0MIEGA.
rarity and value at a very high rate of apprecia Same legend. Jupiter, Juno, and Pallas.-—77:e
tion. (T. i. p. 95.) following are wit/rout legend.-—The Sun pre
The inferiority of its workmanship, compared ceded by Phosphorus.-—Diana Lucifera seated on
with that of the chief portion of Mark Antony's a horse at speed.—Promethens and Minerva.——
miutages, atfords good reason to think, that the Vulcan and Minerva. E-neas and Ascanius in
coin engraved in Viscouti’s work was struck at Lati um.—Hercnles Bibax.—IIercnlcs combatting
Alexandria, "where (as he observes) the mone the Ccntaurs.—Bacchus and Ariadne seated (sec
tary art was not very flourishing at the period in p. l2l).—Bacchus in a temple, before which is
question. The coins of Antony and Cleopatra a sacrificial grQup.—IIercu1w in the Garden of
are a sufiieient proof of that fact.”—See Icono the Hcsperides, &c. &c.
gmp/iir Romaine, Hilan edit. 8vo. 1818, '1‘. i. Firs! Bra.rs.—arnica-—ai.r:xarmnm—aar
pl. vi.‘ No. 3, pp. 253 at seq. TANNIA—CAl’PADOC-IA. All with types of per
[Our portrait of the younger Antonius (p. 60) sonified provinces.—CONCORDI.\—CONGIAlllVM.
was copied from Seguin’s plate, which certainly cos. HI. Four children, representing the four
bears no resemblance to \-'isconti's. It must how Se|mons.—nisc1r1.ma. The Emperor and four
ever be admitted that the latter assimilates closely sol&licrs.—l'AVS1‘lNA avovsrs. Head of Faus
to the style and fabric of consular coins struck in tina .rem'or.—msraaia.—usnn.u.n-as TR. rm".
Egypt. And if both refer to the same original, n. Emperor and six figures.—asx /nun:-.\us
it servm as another instance amongst many, to narvs. Two figures standing; at their feet a
shew how much more reliance is to be placed on river-god.—nr:x QVADIS nsrvs. The Emperor
modallic engravings of the present day, than crowning a figure, in the togn.—a0isvLo av
on those of the artists who were employed to ovsro. Romulus, with trophy and spear.-s.c.
illustrate numismatie works of the elder school.] Rape of Me Sa/n'ne.r.—s. 0. Emperor in a quad
riga.—s. c. Do. two quadriga of Elephants.
ANTONINI PII .7l{0neta.—A list of the most s. c. ZEneas carrying Anchises.-——SC\"l'HlA——
remarkable, as well as most rare, coins and medul SICILYA. Both personilications of provinces.—
lions of this cmperor’s mint, not having been secvxn DECENNALES. cos. III. within a crown.
inserted in its proper place (viz. at the bottom Second Br¢188.—-BRITANNIA cos. nu. Female
of p. 56), the omission is supplied here :— figure, seated on a l‘0Cl{.—CONSECRATIO. Fune
G0/d.—AVRELl'VS carssa. Head of Aure ral]1ile.—1P.\VsTlN.\E avo. PH. avo. rm. Head
lius.—B1llTAN. Victory on a globc.—cos. III. of Faustino jnnior.—-Hanaunvs avovsrvs.
Emperor and his two children in a triumphal Bare head of HtlAll'ial1.—VlC'l‘0BXA ave. Victory
car.—rnim nrzcnrzmuzs (within a garland)— in a quadriga.—VUrA. Three figures, in the
TRIB. rorr. cos. Ill. Jfors descending Io (It/lea) toga, standing before n temple.—vnavs El‘ rava
Si/m'a.—'rnm=r.vn mvi. ave. aasr. cos. nu. TINA. Heads of Vcrus and Faustino the younger.
A i;€Il1[)lB.-—'l'EMPORV)( PELICITAS. Two cornua A- -Q--—A/p/la—0me_r/a.—The reverse of n
copiae, a child's head on euch.—vo'r,\ violen fine and rare silver medallion of Constans I. in the
NALIA. The Emperor sacrificing.—L/u:'r1'r1a collection of the Imperial Museum at Vienna,
cos. I1II. Two females (Ceres and Proserpine). exhibits for its legend vinrvs 11x1-zncrrvu (ric.),
LIBERALITAS AVG. 1|. or III. or IIII. The Em and for its type four military ensigns, one of
peror and several figures. which is inscribed with the first letter, and
Siluer.—AEI). mvr. avo. ansr. Two figures another with the last letter, of the Greek alpha
seated in a temple.—c0s. III. Jupiter seated on bet. Abovc them is the monogram of Christ.
anns.—mvvs AN'I‘0.\'!N\'S er nrva r.\vs1-n'.\. In these initial letters, we have an obvious
Heads of Emperor and EIl1prcss.—-LIB. v1. cos. reference to the declaration more than once re
nn. Woman stan(ling.—LIB1-JRALITAS svo. 11. peated in the Apocalypse,
Emperor distributing gifts.——oPI. avo. Ops “ I am alp/us and omega,
senicd.—PlbTAS cos. iv. Piety at an altar.— the beginning and the
PONT. Max. Figure standing with a bow and ending, the first and the
an tll'l‘0\\'.——'l‘BANQ. Tn. POT. xm. &c. A female last”-—a symbol used on
standing with rudder and ears of corn. ,this occasion to indicate
Brass Jl[eclall:'on.r.—.u-:scvr.,u>1vs. (See p. 1 the Emperor’s professed
20.)—-cocm-:5. Iloratius Cocles swimming belief in the one true God,
across the Til)0r.—-CON-‘iI>ICBATIO. Emperor on and “in Jesus Christ His
an Eaglc.—-Cos. nu. Ilerculcs sacrificing before 0nlySon ourLord.” From
n tc-mple.——cos. rm. Emperor and the Goddess the time when the coin in question was struck,
ROIIIC.-—l\'A\'lVS. The Augnr before 'I‘arquin.— (viz. between A. D. 337 and 350), the same
PM. TR. r. cos. 111. Eneas, Anchiscs, and As Greek initials are not unfroquently found toge
canius. (See p. 16.)—PM. TR. P. cos. 11. Bac ther, both with and without the I/I!)/m_qra»m q/‘
chus and Ariadne drawn by Satyr and Panther. L-'/lrisl, on money of the lower empire.—See
(Sec p. 80.)—’rinr:n1s. The Tiber recumbent. l)¢-cc-ntius, Ma_'_:ncntins, and Vctranio, in this
rs. POT. xx. Jupiter Tonans and a 'l‘itan.— Dictionai-y.—See also Monoyramnza C/rrisli.
 BA BEA.
B.
B.—This letter is a numeral, and equivalent
with the number 2.
B. Brzbiu:.—Q,. B. Qnsestor Bsebius.—See for a palm (p/wimlr), with which species of
Brebia gens. tree that country abounds.—Vaillant, Col. i.]
B.—Thc mark of the second mint in any city 6. Victory, marching with crown and palm
—e.r. yr. B. strut. Money struck in cccundd branch, struck under Galba.——['l‘he death of
qfirimi monelar-if Sirmii (in Pannonia, now
Sirinich, in Sclavom'a).—B. SIS. In secundri
rfidnd Siscire (a city of Croatia, now Sisserc.)
B.-XBBA ffvlauritanire) mIonia.—'l'he city of
Babba, in Mauritania Tingitana (now Fez and
.ll0r0r¢'0, North Africa), situate on the river
Lirns (El Haralelj, was made a colony by
Julius Cuzsar, as its name Julia imports. It was
also called Campmtris. The decuriones of Babba
caused coins to be minted, in middle and small
brass, upder Claudius, under Nero, and under
Galba. Pellerin regards the short suite struck
in this colony as commencing under Augustus;
but hlionnet shews this to be a mistake. “ lt
is, says Bimard (ad Jobert, ii. p. 230), to M.
Vaillant, that the honour belongs of having first
pointed out the method of reading the [designa
tive legend on the] coins of Babba."—viz. c. c.
1. B. no. rv1s1.. Colonic Campeslria Julia Bab
ba—DecreI0 Decurionum Publico: or, Ex CONS.
D. (11': (‘on-rensu Dez'uriomnnJ
The types are as follow =
N 1. Bull szoimmiug, represented on a coin of
ero.
By this device the co
lonists of Babba exhibit
Jupiter, as under the figure
of a Bull he carried away
Europa, daughter of Age
nor, King of the Phoeni
cians. Hence they indi
cated that the swimming
Bull was an object of their
idolatry, in like manner as the Bull Apis was
worshipped by the Egyptians.—-[The above wood
cut is aflcr a small brass in the British .\Inseum.]
On another coin of the same Emperor, the
type of reverse is a Bull butting with his horns.
—\'aill.in Col. i. 106.
2. Bearded /lead, wills a leljlmt bqbre il,
on a coin of Nero.
[This is a representation of ‘Est-ulnpius, as
shewn by the serpent, the symbol of health.
And his etfigy, placed on this coin, shews that
divine honours were paid him at Babba.—-En
graved in Vail]. Col. i. 115.]
3. Livia A1l_I,'u0Ii.—COL. 1. BA. Dn.—Livia
rrpresented under the image of a goddess, seated,
with head veiled, holding in her right hand a
pat:-ra, and supporting her left hand on a hasta.
Engraved in Pellerin, illé/ange, i. pl. xvi. fig. 2.
4. Oaken crown, with the abbreviated names
of the colony Within it.
5. Palm Ir/=e.—['I‘he Roman colonists of Babha
struck this and the preceding coin under Claudius,
in congratulation of his victory over the rcvoltcd
l\lanritunians—a revolt against Roman cruelty
and opprc.=<i0n, as exemplified in their king
BACCHUS. 119
Ptolemy, son of Juba, having been put to death
by order of the execrable Caligula. The palm
tree here denotes that the people of Babbu de
rived their origin from the Phcenicians, who
took their name, it is said, from the Greek word
Nero, welcomed by all, excited the feelings of
various minds in favour of Galba, especially
among the legions. It was, indeed, an event
which revealed a great state secret—namely,
that a.n emperor might be made elsewhere than
at Rome, thus furnishing an important principle
for a new state of affairs. In Africa, Clodius
Maccr; in Germany, Fonteius Capito; had
made some attempts to acquire the supreme
power. At length both the Mauritanian pro
vinces gave in their adhesion to the election of
Galba. The colonists of Babba soon adopted
the same course; and in testimony of their ap
provnl, they struck on coins dedicated to his
honour, the figure of Victory, bearing the laurel
crown, to commemorate the fall of Clodius
Macer, alnin in battle by the Procurator Guru
sianus.—Vnill. C01. i. p. 227.]
The remaining types are, a figure seated on a
rock, holding an anchor and cornucopizc, on a
coin of Claudius. And a bridge of three arches,
on coins struck under Nero.
BACCHIVS lVDAEVS.—This legend ap
pears on a well-known consular dcnarins. The
type is that of a man kneeling, who holds a
camel by the bridle with his left hand, and in
his right a branch of olive.—For an explanation
of the event, which is typified on this rare sil
ver coin, though left unrecorded by historians.
See .Pla11Ii1t gens.
BACCllL‘S.——Of this fabled divinity, thc
poets ditfcr much respecting the names of his
parents; nor are they better agreed in relating
the circumstances connected with his nativity.
The more usual custom of mythologists, is to
describe him as the son of Jupiter, by Scmcle,
the daughter of Cudmns. And Ovid, in his
Jllehzmoryi/loses, details the wondrous incidents
of his fiery birth. Bacchus is said to have been
brought up by the daughters of Atlas, and to
have afterwards had Silcuus for his prcceptor.—
lle became at length a celebrated warrior;
fought valiantly for Jupiter, against the Titans;
and made the conquest of India. It was on his
return from that famous expedition, that he is
related to have found Ariadne, whom Theseus
had abandoned, in the isle of Naxos, and by the
warmth of his attachment made her forget the
ingratitude of her fonncr lover.—See Jrizulm’.
Bacchus “ ever fair and ever young,” is gene
rally represented in sculpture and on coins, with
out beard, crowned with vine leaves. He holds
the f//_yr.s-us (see the word) in one hand, and a
bunch of grapes in the other. Sometimes he is
depicted naked; at others, and us the Indian
Bacchus, he wears a long dress (Apanma co
/onia, p. 0l).—-The panther, as the nurse
of Bacchus, was consecrated to him, and ap
1 20 BACCHUS. BACCHUS.
pears, on coins and bas-reliefs, as his almost Bacchus is constantly to be recognised by his
inseparable companion. The image of this attribute of the th_1/rms, but by no means so
favourite deity of oriental paganism seldom readily by the arrows. Nevertheless, by an apt
appears on coins minted at Rome, especially citation from Nonnus, Eckhel shows, that the
those of the imperial series. There is indeed a latter as well as thc former were attributes of
large brass of Sept. Severus, with the legend of Liher Pater. Pallas addressing him, says
COS. III. LVDO.r. SAECuIar'ea FEOit, inscribed “ Ubi tai validi Ihyrai, ct viteaa m_/,'ilI¢."
on a cippus, on each side of which Bacchus and
Hercules stand with their respective attributes ; He is crowned by the Goddess of \\"i.-"dom
[Minerva] on account of his victory over the
and to the legend ms AVSPICIBVS reference may
be made, as accompanied by another instance of Titans, and of his warlike glory, spread forth
those two deities being grouped together, on a to the ends of the world. That the associated
large brass of the same emperor. But on me worship of these two deities prevailed both ut
dallions of Hadrian and Antoninus Pins, de Rome and in Greece, is shewn by an onyx gem,
scribed below, the God of Wine, as the com in the imperial museum at Vienna, and which
panion of Apollo, and as the lover of Ariadne, exhibits Bacchus armed in a similar manner,
is elegantly depictured :— with th_yr.rua and arrow, Pallas, as on the coin
minted by Blnsio, crowning him. “ \\'h0 the
other female figure in this group may be,” says
Eckhel (v. 180), “ ignoro."
Bacchus was worshipped, as amongst the
superior deities, by Gallienus. This is indicated
by a coin of that emperor’s, in billon, exhibiting
on its reverse the epigraph of unaao r. cons.
AVG. (Libero Patri Conaervalori Augusta), with
a panther for its type.
Bacchus, with his aliridules-, is more fre
quently found on colonial imperial coins; espe
cially on those struck in Syria and Phoenicia, by
most cities of which regions he was worshipped,
The above cut is copied from an outline en on account of his traditionary expeditions to the
graving in the Galerie ]i[_r/tholayiquc, vol. i.East. The following are amongst the colonies
pl. lxxxviii. by Millin, who is himself iudebtcdwhose coins bear Latin legends; and on their
reverses types of this deity 1
for it to a plate in Vcnuti, lllua. Vaticnnum, xiii.
—This reverse of Hadrian’s medallion represents Bcsides Apnmezz, in whose min the In
Bacchus seated on n thenca (or sacred car), dian Bacchus appears (see p. 61), the God of
drawn by a panther and a goat, on the latter of Wine is seen on several coins of Ber-ylus, mostly
which sits a Cupid playing on a double flute. dedicated to Gordianus Pius. “ It is a type (says
Bacchus, with graceful case, rests his right arm Vaillant), which denotes tho abundance and good
on the side of the chariot, and holds the ness of the grapes grown in the immediate
th_r/mus in his left hand. Apollo sits by his neighbourhood of that city. On one of the-‘>6,
side, playing on the lyrc.—For another spe he stands unclothed, between two vine-shoots;
cimen of the grotesque fancy of ancient artists, whilst with his right hand he places a garland
in harnessing a sulky panther with some animal, on his own head, ‘as the first discoverer of the
real or fabulous, of a more lively and less fero use of the grape.’ On his left hand is a satyr,
cious disposition, see the wood-cut from a brass whose love for wine was said to be very great.
medallion of Antouinus Pius, under the head of Squatting at his feet is a leopard, by ancient
Ariadne and Bacchus, p. 80. report equally fond of the incbriating juice."
Bacchus was callcd by the name of Dionysus, On a second brass, dedicated at Damascus, to
(from Nysa, the reputed place of his education) ; Trebonianus Gallus, Bacchus, under the figure
and often by that of LIBER Parnn, whose young of a young man, stands, naked, on s plinth,
head crowned with ivy, is also seen on coins of holding a vine teudril in each hand. His image
the Titia and Volteia families. on this coin shews that he was worshipped by
In the list of coins struck under the republic, the inhabitants of Damascus, in whose territory
we find the head of Bacchus on a denarius of he was said to have originally planted the vine.
the Cassia gens, it is crowned with ivy leaves (Engraved in Vnillant, Col. ii. 214-.)
and berries, and behind it is the!/z_1/mus. On The colony of Deultum, on a second brass of
a dcnarius of Blasio, of the patrician branch of Macrinus, honours this deity with an image.
the Cornelia family, the figure of Bacchus naked, designated by his attributes of the cantharvw (07
appears standing, with the thyrsus in his right wine vase), the thyrsus, and the panther—I10¢
hand; in his left the alrophium (see the word), an inappropriate reverse for the mint of ster
and a sheaf of arrows. Pallas stands on his ritory, whose abundance in vineyards is soil‘
left, and crowns him. On the right hand of cumstance noticed by Athen:ens.—(I!/id. ii. 64.)
Bacchus stands a woman, holding a wand, or the 0/ha, n colony in Pnmphilia, also contributvi
hasta pura. Engraved in Jllorcll. T/ms/ml‘. Fam. :1 type of Bl1('(!l1llS-—WllO likewise appears 011 8
Rom. TAB. i. fig 1—also under Cornelia gens, small brass coiu, consecrated to Alexander Seve
in this dictionary. rus, by the pantheistic people of Sizion.
 B.»\ CCH US. BEEBIA. 121
Bnnrlrua and Ari1ulue.—There is, in the cup. Silenus it will, on inspection, be sccn,
French Cabinet, a brass medallion of Antoninus also holds a half-inverted wine cup. Besides
Pius—thc obverse of which presents a noble these, there are a satyr behind Ariadne, a fnun
portrait of that emperor (see p. 55); and the blowing a long flute; and to the right the figure
reverse, without legend, is charged with a of n young woman, clothed in long but light dra
Bncchanalian group, not less classic in design pery, and with raised right arm striking the
than hold in relief, and beautiful in fabric. tympanum or tambour, as if dancing to its
To this numismatic gem, Seguin (in his Selm. sound. The form and attitude of the principal
Nam. p. 127), has the merit of being one of the female figure are symmetrical and graceful: she
f1rst—if not the very first—to call attention, by points with her left hand towards the terminus,
an engraving in outline, and also by verbal whilst sitting close beside her lover, whom the
description; neither of which, however, have lb_yr-r/1.1 serves clearly to identify ; and the vine
the requisite degree of accuracy to recommend tendril on each side fills up every feature of the
them. With respect to the type, for example; design ncedfnl to its appropriation, as a scene
in the principal figures in the foreground, to the of revclry connected with the fable of Bacchus
lefl, he recognises two females, and in the centre and Ariadne.
a woman Iro/rling an irgfimt in swaddliary clothes. Two other brass medallions of the above men
tinder this false impression, he pronounces the tioned emperor display on their respective re
subject represented, to be the accoue/rmzmnt of verses, without legend, typifications of Bacchus.
Rhea; in other words, the birth of Jupiter.— They are noticed in Akerman, Descr. Cal. i.
Eckhel points out the mistake thus made by the 265, as follows :—
learned French antiquary of the elder school. 1. Bacchus sleeping: before him is n female
But, whilst he justly remarks, that the surround figure, standing near a statue, which is full
ing chorus of nymphs and satyrs unquestion faced and placed on a pedestal.
ably indicates Bacchus, the great numismutist of 2. Bacchus standing in a. temple, which has
Vienna himself falls into the same error of re two circular galleries on the exterior; before it
garding the elevated figure in the background of is a man holding a goat.
the group, as “ an infant wrapped in swaddling Bacclianalia, on Contorniate medals.-—On
clothes, held aloft” by one of the nymphs one of these pseudo-monehe, bearing the head
(vii. p. 10). of Trajan, Bacchus stands holding a bunch of
.\lionnct rectifies, in great measure, the wrong grapes to a panther with the right hand, and a
views, and consequently fallncious descriptions, thyrsus in the left; near him on one side dance
of both his eminent predecessors, by the fol a flute player and a woman bearing a thyrsus;
lowing notice of this interesting reverse :— on the other side is a boy with a crook in the
"BaccIzu.|- and Ariallmr sealer]; at their feet right hand and n branch in the left. (This is in
I panther; opposite to them is an old man the imperial cabinet.)—Havercamp gives a eon
crouching, and several bacchants are carrying a torniate with the head of Caracalla, on the re
tenninus, and playing on divers instruments.” verse of which is Bacchus drawn in a biga of
But even .\lionnct’s description is faulty, as to the panthcrs, preceded by a. satyr, and accompanied
terminus being “ carriwl.” Mr. Fairholt's en by flute players.—For engravings of these and
grnving of this wonderfully fine antique exhibits other medals of the some class, with bacchanalian
these points in quite a ditfcrent and a truer light. types, having the heads of Nero, Trajan, and
other emperors, on their obverses—sce Haver
eamp and Jlorell. T/uzsaur.
Bdfififii Ci.1ia.——'l‘he mystic basket of Bacchus
—a numismatie symbol of pro-consular Asia.—
Sce Asia Itccepla, p. 89-also see Cisloji/tori.
BEEBIA gens.——A plebcian but consular
family. Tamphilus, or, as it is written Tampilus,
(an arclminn, or old way of spelling, in like
manner as 'l‘riumpm for Triump/1u;,) is the
only surname that appears on its coins. Nepos
in his life of Atticus mentions the Domur Tum
12/ziliana, which stood on the Quirinal, at Rome.
i\Iorcl, in T/resaur. Fum. Rom. gives eight varie
ties. The brass pieces are As, or parts of the A: ,
or they are colonial. The two following are
The woman, supposed by Seguin, and by Eckhc], rare in silver—the latter much the rarer, though
to be holding n swaddled infant, turns out to bea
satyr, who raises his right arm above his head,
and in his lcft holds a crook (the pedum). The
tcnninal figure is not carried, but stands on a
pillar, or base. The legs of the old man (who
is doubtless meant for Silcnns) are hidden by the
panther. The terminus, like one in the Town
ley Gallery, British Museum, is wrapped up in
a mantle, and holds something like a wine
R
122 BALBINUS. BALBINUS.
not bearing so remarkable a reverse type as the ncss of his administration. He had also been
fonncr. twice Consul. Although his great riches had
'r.nrr1I..—\\’inged head of Pallas; before it X. given him a turn for pleasure, yet he had kept
1bw.—u. BAEBI. Q. r. noun. Apollo in a himself within the bounds of moderation, and
quadriga—(Sce Apollo.) acquired no common repute for forensic acquire
0bv.—Head of Jupiter. mcnts and for poetical talents. Pursuant to a
R1.'v.——'r.\M in monogram. Victory crowning senatorial decree, his colleague, a bold and
a trophy ; below noun. experienced warrior, was sent to command the
Q. Btebius Tamphilus, about the year U. c. army levied to repel the invasion of Maximiuus;
535 (B. c. 219), was twice sent as Ambassador whilst Balbiuus, naturally timid, and holding in
to the Carthaginians, for the purpose of ex awe the very name of the Thracian savage, who
postulating with them on the subject of their had instigated the assassination of Alexander
attack on Saguntum; and at length declared Severus, remained at Rome; his task, scarcely
war against thcm.—Cn. Btcbius Tamphilus was a less ditiicult one, being to keep down the
the first member of this family who served t-he spirit of sedition and tumult prevailing between
ofiice of Consul 572 (B. C. l82).—Marcus the soldiery and the people, whose quarrels filled
Btebius Tamphilus, the son, by whom this de the capital with bloodshed.—Further to win the
aarius was struck, proceeded Consul in the year popular favour, the new empc1'ors were obliged
u. c. 573 (s. o. 181.) to name the younger Gordian as Caesar, on the
BALAUSTIUM—the flower of the pome very day of their own electiou.——Pupienus who
granate tree—appears on a denarius of the was at Ravenna when Naximinns and his son,
C0-rs//tia gmza; also with the crab, and the Muximus, were slain before Aquileia (A.D. 238)
apluslrum, on a coin of the Servilia gens. returned to Rome; where he met with the most
BALlS'l‘A—one of the ephemeral usurpers in joyous reception from Balbinus, the Senators,
the reign of Gallienus; proclaimed Emperor in and the people at large. Both emperors then
Syria, .\.D. 262; slain 264. The coins, pub devoted themselves to the duties of their joint
lished as his, are false. government; a.nd, notvn'thstanding mutual jea
B.~\SlLlSCUS—bt-other of Verina, wife of lousies occasionally displayed by the one towards
Leo I. proclaimed Emperor of the East, A.D. the other, they conducted public affairs toge
476 ; dethroned by Zeno, and suffered to die of ther, upon the whole, in a wise, disinterested,
hunger A. D. 477.—}lis coins in each metal are and efiicieut manner. This state of things how
rare. Some of them represent him with his son ever did not last long. Balbinus was preparing
Marcus. to commence hostilities against the insurgent
BALB.—Balbus.—C. Balbus of the Antonia Goths, and Pupienus had already marched to
gens, was duumvir of the Colony of Leptis in repel an invasion of the Persians. At this
Afi'ica—see Marell. T/res-aur. Fam. Rom. critical juncture, the veual and sanguinary
BA l.liliS.—A surname of the Cornelia gens. Praetorians, bearing a grudge against the two
BALBITS L. THOR1US.—See T/loria _r]en.v. Augusti for having been chosen, not by them
Also see Juno Sos-pita. selves but, by the Senate, and moreover not less
BALBINUS (Dee1'm1u Carlina.) Emperor displeased at their endeavours to restore military
with Pupienus, A. D. 238.—As soon as the tid discipline-—took advantage of the Capitoline
ings had reached Rome from Africa, that the two games absorbing public attention, to assail the
Gordians were dead, and that Maximinus was palace, and murder them both under circum
stances of the most revolting and outrageous
cruelty. Thus was the imperial career of Bal
binus and his brave colleague terminated, after
three months of state-service deserving of a
better reward.
The style and titles of Balbinus on his coins
(which are all rare, especially those in gold) are
I311’. c. (or cans.) n. (‘Al-IL. BALBINVS. ave.-—
Some with radiated, others with laurelled heads.
approaching Italy, with a powerful army, the See Pupienwza.
allrighted senate hastily assembled in the temple “The medals of Balbiuus (says Capt. Smyth,
of Jupiter Capitolinus, and by a new institution p. 25]), whether Idltlll, Greek, or Egyptian,
created two Augusli (see p. 103) in the respective are all rare and of a high priee—the denarii
persons of the above-named Balbinus, and Maxi and sestertii being the most common; nor are
lnus Pupienus, on the 9th of July, in the year any colonial, or small brass, known. Although
above-named. And so equal was the degree of the arts were now on the decline, moneyers still
power entrusted to each, that it extended to a possessed the power of executing accurate like
division between them of the supreme pontifi nesses; for a comparison of the beads of
catc.-—Balbinus, descended from a very noble llulbiuus and Pupicnus, throughout all the
family, was born A. D. 178. At the period of metals and sizes, afibrds internal evidence of the
his elevation to Augustal rank and authority, fidelity of their resemblance."
he had attained 60 years of age; previously to The large-sized silver of this emperor has the
which he had governed several provinces, with head with radiated cr0wn—the smaller sized has
a high character for the justice and the mild the head laureated.—./tkerman, i. 462.
 BA RBA. BARBA. 123
The following are the rarest reverses under which represent Caesar, Triumvir for the 2nd
this short reign, viz. :— time, ‘With a beard, are testimonies that cannot
Gola'.—voris In-:cr;.~m.u.|nvs, within a gar deceive. To reconcile Dion’s account, which re
land (valued by Mionnet at 600 fr.) fers that event to the year 715, with the fact
Silrer.——s1lon nvrvvs avoo.
of Octavian’s wearing a beard in 717, as evi
Two hands
denced by the mintage of that year, Eckhel finds
joined (large size).
an explanation in the practice above alluded to,
Firs! BrrLrs.—1~‘IDI-IS rvauca. Two hands of the Roman youth wearing their beards up to
holding cfldl1C8ll5.—LlBERALlTAS .\vovs1'0nvx. a certain age, that is to say, to the 21st year;
Six figures. and considers it probable that having once laid
.Se-mud Bnz:s.—co1\'conoi.\ avoo.—iov1 his first beard aside, in accordance with the usual
COSSERVATORI. Jupiter standiug.—vor1s na custom, Caesar shortly afterwards allowed it to
Cl-INNALIBVS. grow again on account of some occasion of public
BARBATIA.——This gens, whose name is mourning. In support of this view of the sub
given neither in Morel, nor Eekhel, nor Mien ject in question, the author of Doctrine cites
the expression of Suetonius respecting Julius
net, is added to the list of plebeian families, by
Riccio, who assigns to it two coins—one with Czcsar—“ When news was brought of the
had of M. Antonius on the obverse, and that Titurian slaughter, [a legion and live cohorts
of Octavianus Caesar on the reverse. The other under Titurius Sabinus, destroyed by the Gauls
with the same obverse, but with the head of L. under Ambiorix], he let his hair and beard grow
Antonius on the reverse. Both bear the name till he had taken his revenge.” And of Octa
of C. Marmu BARBATiu.r (Plzilippzu), who viauus, but qfter his accession to the empire,
was Queator Provincialis and moneyer under Suctonius also remarks, “For they say, that
the Triumvir, and who coined them between he was so overwhelmed (by the news of the
713 (B. c. 41) and the following year.——See slaughter under Varus) that for months he al
Manolo dell: Fami;/lie di Rama, &c. p. 35. lowed his beard and hair to grow, and some
times used to dash his head against the doors.”
BARBARR. Barbararu1n.—See Dedellatori According to Plutarch, Mark Antony also let
Genlium Barbararum.—— Victor Genlium Barba his beard grow after his entire defeat by Octa
mrum, &c. of Constantinus Magnus. vius Caesar and the consuls Pausa and Hirtius,
BARBA. The beard.—The Romans of the early in the year 711, (B.c. 43) at the battle of Mn
ages were usually represented with a liberal garni tina. There is a numismatic testimony of this
tnre of beard. “ That there were formerly (says fact, on the obverse of a very rare dennrius,
Varro) no harbers among them, is to be inferred minted by that brave general, Ventidius Bassus,
from the appearance of ancient statues, which, for whose eminent services to the subsequent Trium
the most part, have much hair on their heads, and vir met with no better requital from him than
£ great beard.” Even at the time of the capture the privilege of stamping his name (P. VENTI
of their city by the Gauls, they had not adopted Dlus) and the titles of PONT§f'e.r and Il\IPc
the practice of shaving the beard: this is evident m/or, on the reverse of a coin, the obverse of
from the insult which Livy relates to have been which presents a full bearded head of Mark
ofiered, by one of the invading army, to Marcus Antony (with legend M. ANT. in. v. a. r. c.) as
Papirius (in the year of Rome 364, n.c. 3‘.-)0). in the suhjoiued cut-.
It was not till A. U. c. 454 (B. c. 300) that bar
bers were employed at Rome; and these were at
first sent for from Sicily. Pliny states that the
first Roman who was shaved every day was Sci
pio Afrieauus. From the period last mentioned,
young men began to remove their beards. They
commenced the operation at 20 or 2] ; and this
practice continued till the age oi 49, after which
no shaving was allowed. One reason for wear
ing a beard was extreme youth, which according in addition to the cause above alluded to,
to Roman custom did not admit of its being yet scarcely a single reason can be adduced, why the
cut. Another reason was some occasion of head of Mark Antony should exhibit a beard on
mourning. An example of both kinds is fur his early coins, except that he was mourning
nished ou the coins of Octaviauus. On this the death of Julins, whose life was of such im
point, Eckhel observes, (vi. 76,) that nuder his portance to himself, and of whose murder he
coinage of the year U.C. 717 (13.0. 37), the por professed to be the avenger.
traitures exhibit a beard of some growth. This Cato likewise repudiated the use of the razor,
appears to be at variance with the expression of on hearing of the discomfiture of his partizans
Dion Cassius, who, speaking of the year 715, at Thapsus, (B. c. 46.)—Eckhel thinks the rea
sa_vs—“ Indeed, Caesar, then for the first time son for the public mourning in the case of Octa
shaving oif his beard, not only spent that festal vianus Caesar, may have been the formidable sys- "
day sumptnously himself, but to all the rest tem of hostilities pursued by Sextus Pompeius,
gave a public banquet. From that time, he (B. 0. 38.)—not so much towards himsel_f as
kept his cheeks smooth, as other people used to towards the state; supplies being, at that Jill“!
do.” Nevertheless, coins of the period, all of turc, cut oil‘, whilst famine extended its ravages;
R2
l 24 BARB.-\. BARBARI.
then, when it came to a trial of arms, severe the beard; which his uncle had been the first
and repented losses; and in addition to these emperor to lay aside after an interval of more
public disasters, the disgrace attending them. I than 24-0 years. But Julian, it seems, did not
When, however, on the defeat of Scxtus, A. U. C. make this innovation with impunity. He was
718 (n. c. 36), this state of things was put an openly ridiculed by the Antiochians, for wearing,
end to, he returned to the accustomed fashion. as they said, the beard of a goat, with hairs so
Of Caligula, Suctonius tells us that, at the thick and coarse, that ropes might be spun of
age of twenty, he assumed the toys, and laid it. By way of retort, the emperor replied:
aside his beard: and of Nero, that he did the ‘ you may do so, if you please, for aught I care;
same at a more advanced age, viz. 22, and but Idonbt, whether you would be able to
when he was already Emperor, (A. D. 68), a fact pluck them out for the purpose, and am afraid
conclusively proved by his coins, although on their roughness will hurt your soft and delicate
his early mint he is represented with a slight hands.’ ”
beard.—After that period his beard was laid From the time of Jovianns, (Julian's succes
aside, and thus all the Emperors are found to sor s.n. 363) all the emperors again exhibited
exhibit smooth chins, on their coins, from the smooth faces. The usurper Phocas (s.1>. 60:3)
time of Augustus to that of Hadrian. was the first, afler this long interval, to revive
Juvenal shews, that the day on which the the beard; and it continued in fashion till the
first cutting ofl‘ of the beard took place, was fall of the empire.—“ On the strength of coins
sacred to rejoicings : (says Eckhel) I confidently pronounce that all
Illa metit barbam, crinem hie deponit amsti,
Emperors, after Phocus, wore the beard. Nor
Pleas domus libis venuhbus. is it surprising, that the emperors of that age,
most of them of Greek extraction, should have
[Herc one reaps his crop of beard—there gradually done away with the Latin practice of
another lays aside the hair of his favourite; the abstaining from beards, and returned to the ens
house is filled with good checr.] tom of their own natiou."—Sce D. N. v. vi. 36,
The celebration of this event by princes was 76.—Also the Treatise on Coins of the lower
accompanied by various ceremonies and public Empire, viii. §i.i. 132.
solemnities. The same sort of feeling respecting BARBARUS NUi\lUS.——This term is ap
the tender beard of the young heirs to empire plied to such ancient coins, whether of gold,
was probably entertained, which is expressed in silver, or brass, as, from their bad representa
the words of Cicero—Nostri isti barbatuli tions of the human countenance, and from the
jurcne.s~—“ those downy youths of ours.” general obscurity of their legends, appear to be
It was Hadrian (Emperor A. D. 117), who,
of barbaric origin.——Rasche.
having publicly assumed the character of a pili
losopher, allowed his beard to grow as we see BARBARI.—Barbarians.—It is thus that the
from his statues and coins. His example was fol Greeks called all other people ; and the Romans
lowed by a long line of successors, who, whenever afterwards used the same expression, to desig
their age admitted of it, cherished this badge of nate whomsoevcr were neither Greeks nor Latins.
manhood. According to Dion, indeed, E1aga The Emperor Antoninus Pius, having, by an
balus adopted the shaving practice. An excep edict abolished all distinctions between citizens
tion, this, howevcr, unworthy to be quoted. throughout the empire, the foreigner as well as
At length Constantine, A. D. 311, doubtless pre the native of Rome and of Italy, took part ill
ferringa smooth chin, restored the fashion of all civil and military cmploymcnts. During the
the first Emperors, and cschewed the beard. republic, and early in the imperial government,
His example was followed by his sons, and all it was a very rare thing to see any one, except
the members of his family, with the exception a Roman by birth, occupying any post of high
of Julian called the apostate, “the greater part of importance. The case of Ventidius indwd,
whose wisdom (says Eckhcl) for lie was a philo forms an exceptional instance. A native of
sopher, lay in his beard." It appears that this Piscnum, and a manumitted prisoner, he became
prince, whilst yet a private citizen, wore a one of Mark Autony’s best Irgati, during the
beard; but having been ordered to remove it civil wars, and served the office of consul. But
when called to the dignity of Caesar, he docs not after the Antonincs, foreigners are found to
exhibit that appendage, on the coins which give have been, from time to time, appointed to the
him that title. Those struck, after he had be consulate. The famous Stilicho, son of a Vall
come Emperor, represent him, either without a dul captain, governed the empire, in the nominal
beard, or, as is most frequently the case, liber rcigu of llonorius, and was twice consul. The
ally fumishcd with that article. There can be no same change took place with regard to the
doubt, but that the coins of the former kind are troops. Auxiliaries were drafted into the Roman
to be referred to the commencement of Juliau’s legions, and eventually formed legions of them
reign; when his fortunes being still in uncer sclvcs.—See Pitisens, Lea". .-Int. Rom.
tainty, and all hope of reconciliation with Con BARE HEAD.—'l'he bare or naked head, :5
stantius II. not having been relinquished, he contradistinguished from the laureatcd or radiated
still adhered to the old custom. And this indeed head, on imperial coins, is generally indicative
was the reason why he at that time continued to of a Czcsar, or son, either real or adopted, of an
take part in the religious rites of Christianity. emperor or reigning princc.—-Sec Cupid Xaulrrnz.
Becoming gradually more secure, he resumed BARBIA ()ltBlANA.—Sce Urbiana.
 BASILICA.
BASSIANUS, the father of Julia Domna, wife
of Scptimius Severus. It was also the name of
Ca.racalln.—See. E:-khel's pedigree of Elagabalus,
viii. p. 202.
B.-\SlLlC.-\.—'l'his word, which properly sig
nifies a. Royal 1{0u.re, designated at Rome a sump
tuous edifice, under the roof of which the magis
trates administered justice; and so far it was
distinguished from the forum, where the sessions order of the Senntc typified on the coins of
were held in the open air. The form of these Trajan, in the year of Rome 867 (11.0. 114),
bu-silica was that of along square, with a portico
at each extremity. They had n lofty nave, with
two side aisles, separated by two rows of pillars,
and each formed a structiue, which, adorned
with columns, military ensigns, and trophies,
administered to a taste for regal majesty and
magnificence ; and therefore might well be
classed amongst the adv; reyiae of the State.
The walls of the side aisles were furnished with
shops, in which goods of all kinds were dis
played for sale, and the centre hall served as a
resort where merchants, and other men of busi
ncss were wont to congregate. Thus were these
buildings dedicated at once to the purposes of
commerce and of judicature.
The simplicity of the early republic seems not
to have indulged in the luxury of building.
According to Livy (lxxvii. c. 27), there were no
basi//at in Rome till the year 544 (B. c. 210.)
Subsequently to that period, the wealth of the
city having greatly increased, Cato built the
Basilica to which he himself gave the name of
Porcia; others followed, amongst the most
superb of which was that called by the name of
PE,/rilia, or of Paulus, of which a representa
tion is reserved on a denarins of the Emilia
gens. See Aimilia Rey?/rla, p. 3l]—Plutarch
states, that the tribunes of the pleba were
accustomed to convoke public assemblies in the
Basilica Portia; and Seneca speaks of these
ba:iIiI:¢ resounding with the roar of law verdicts
and judgments (fremitu judiciorum). For archi
tectural details relative to edifices of this descrip
tion, see Dr. Smith's Dictionary qf Greek and
Roman Anliquiliea, p. 130.
Z~-___
with lofty steps, and adorned with statues.
This legend and type on gold and first brass
of Trajan, designates and represents the re
markable edifice, which that emperor caused to
be built at Rome, and to which he gave his
family nninc. Its portico was supported by
sixteen columns, adorned with numerous statues,
and, according to the coins, crowned with tri
BELLEROPHON. 125
umphal ornaments. In the area of the building
was the equestrian statue of Trajan.—Thc large
brass hears on its reverse the following legend:
s. P. Q. n. OPTIMO PRINCIPI, on the exergue
BASILICA VLPIA, s. C.—On the obverse we read
nu-*. csas. NERVAE ruamuo ave. GER. nac.
P. M. '1‘. E. P. cos. vi. P. P.
This magnificent and useful edifice, was by
when the Basilica was dedicated.
Eckhel cites Lampridius as alluding to this
sumptuous structure, in mentioning that Commo
dus, afterwards emperor, when he assumed the
toga vi.-ihlr, went to preside (us magistrate) in the
Basilica Trajaui; and Vaillant quotes Nicephorus,
wherein he says, “the Senate, moreover, held a
convocation in the Basilica cnllcd ljlpia.”
BATHS of the Romans—see Tiler/mt.
BB. indicates a duplicate plural. Thus
calsrvs 1-:'r CONSTANT. IVN. are called noun.
cssss. Nabiliuimi Ca-.sarea.
BEATITUDO PUBLICA.—A woman sitting
with right hand raised, and left hand holding
the /hula. On a third brass of Magnentins,
struck between A. D, 350 to 353.
A new revcrsc known to Banduri and later to
Tanini. Besides this coin a marble dedicated to
Constantius II. shews by the following that
Beatiludn, or Happiness, was held at that
period in the highest cstimation:—PRo BEAT]
TVDINI-I TEMPOBVM D. 1). CONSTANTII rxr cou
STANTIS, &c.—(D. N. V. viii. p. 122.)
BEATA URBS ROMA.—Ou a large brass
of Constaus.—See Urba Roma Beam.
BEA'l‘.-1 TRANQUILLITAS.—(Ble.a!ed or
Happy Tranquil/if]/.) A celestial globe, placed
on a cippus, inscribed vo'r1s xx.—stnrs above.
Banduri gives this from a third brass of
Licinius the younger, as
struck between .\.D. 317
and 323. It would seem
3);, to be the first occurrence
E3 ';.| of this legend, which after
=,',',',' wards ap in the mint
' of Crispus, and others of
the Family of Constantine
the Great, to whose go
vernment the tranquil state of the empire is
ascribed.
BELLEROPHON.—The story of this
favourite hero of the Corinthians is so mixed up
with fable as to render the whole a matter of
doubt amongst the writers of antiquity. On
imperial colonial coins of Corinth, with Latin
legends, (struck under Augustus. M. Aurelius,
L. Vents, S. Severus, Gcta, and Alex. Severus),
Bellerop/ion appears, sometimes mounted on
Pegasus, in the act of fighting with an enig
matical non-descript, y’clcpt C/zimrem—somc
times on the same winged horse of Apollo, with
out the Chimrera being of the party. On other
reverses of the fertile Corinthian mint, this
intrepid horse-tamer is represented on foot hold
ing Pegasus by the bridle. “ The legendary
conqueror of the triple monster (says Vaillant),
seems introduced on these coins of Corinth
126 BERYTUS. BERYTUS.
under her Roman masters, to indicate the great Julia Domna and Caracalla.—Bcrytns is called
antiquity of that city.”-—Sce Corintbua Colania. Felix, because (says Vaillaut) cities were accus
BELLONA.———A goddess created to share the tomed to proclaim themselves happy, or for
fatigues and sanguinary glories of Mars; but tunate, when they were admitted to the rank
whether as wife, sister, or companion, is not and privileges of Roman colonies. Amongst the
said. The figure of this female tutelary of \var types which present themselves on Latin imperial
riors is considered, by some, to appear on a large colonial of Berytensian mintagc are the following :
brass of Gordianns Pius, bearing on its reverse l. 1Euea.r, Ana/tires, and Ascaniua.—-On a
the legend of vmrvs avce. (Virluc Au_z/u.rl0 reverse of Elagabnlns.
rum); standing with a spear in one hand, and 2. A.:tarte.—This object of oriental idol
resting the other on a shield upon the ground. atry, which has already been noticed under its
The galeated Amazon is generally distinguished own name, was the chief tutclary goddess of
from l\liucrva, by holding a parazonium ; and Bcrytus. Accordingly we find her frequently
from Roma, by not bearing an idol of Victory; and variously represented on its coinage. In
and, excepting the right breast and the left foot, p. 91, a Tyrian specimen of her image, clothed
her limbs are covered with drapery.—Captnin in u a/tort dress has been given. The annexed
Smyth, p. 247. cut shcws Astarte with tutnlatcd, or tufted head
B E RY TU S Phoenicia calonia (Baruti, dress, and in a long robe, by which the entire
Beirut, Beyrout, Syria), one of the most an person is covered, with the exception of the
cient cities in Asia, situate on the sea coast. left knee, which is bare, whilst the foot is
The old geographers speak of Berytus as term
amena (u pleasant land) ; and modern travel
lers confinu all that has been said, in former
days, of the salubrity of its climate and the fer
tility of its soil ; to which the latter add—what
seldom employs the pen of either Greek or
Roman prose writers—a warm panegyric on the
mountain grandeurs and picturesque beauties of
its favoured locality. By whom it was founded,
as u Roman colony, has been matter of contro
versy, which seems to be thus settled—-namely,
that Berytus was colonized by Julius Ci\3SM‘, and
thence dcrivcd its name of Julia; that Augus planted on the prow of a vessel. In her left
tus next sent to it n part of the veterans taken hand is the apluafrznn; and her right hand holds
from two legions, viz. v. .=’lIrzc¢-doniczz, and viii. a stall‘ as tall as the figure, and terminating in n
Au_qu.9la, as a reinforcement to the first military cross, her peculiar symbol. A column close to
settlers; on which account the name Augusta her left hand is surmounted by a figure of Vic
was added. From Augustus also the city re tory, which olfers to her a garland or crown. Her
ceived the Ju: Ilalicum ,- and afterwards, accord left foot placed on the ship’s prow.—On another
ing to Josephus (L. xix. c. 7), it was honoured reverse she appears with turrcted head, standing
with peculiar benefits from Agrippa, king of in a temple of four columns, holding n trident
Judwa, at whose expense the Berytensiau colony in her right hand. The attributes are both
was embellished with a fine theatre, and a mag allusive to the maritime locality of Berytus,
nificent amphitheatre, besides baths, porticoes, which she was supposed to have under her
and other architectural works, of equal utility guardianship. It is thus that this idol of the
and elegance. It is now called Be!/rout ,- and Berytcnsiuns appears, on coins struck under
the gallant exploits of the British navy have, Trajan, Hadrian, Commodus, S. Severus, Julia
in our day, brought it again into European Domna, Caraealla, Macrinns, &c.
notice. Vaillant (ii. 142) has engraved the bust of
The coins of this city are numerous. They Astarte, presenting a front face, between two
are classed by Mionnct into Phomician auto lcgionary eagles, dedicated by this colony to
nomes in silver; Greek and bilingual in silver Gordianus III.-, and Eekhel describes the sumo
and brass; Latin colonial antonomes; and Latin type under Gallicnus. There is also a temple
imperial colonial, in smzfll, middle, and large of four columns, of which the froutispicce is
brass. adorned with statues, and before the steps of
The Latin autonomous coins of Berytns, have which is a lion, on coins of Berytns, struck
for legend coL. BER. and for types Silenns walk with the portrait of the younger Gordianus.———
ing—the prow of a ship—the tnrreted and veiled Sestini gives a coin of Hostilianus and an
head of a woman—a ga1ley—a partridge, cornu other of Valerianns, on which Astarte, with
copiaa, and dolphin. the madius on hcr head, stands holding in the
The Lalin imperial colonial, commence under right hand her usual attribute of a cross-headed
Julius Caesar, and extend with scarcely a break, /meta, and in her left hand a cornucopia‘; her
down to the reign of Gallienus. The legends of rc right foot is on a prow, and a rridoriola on a
verse are COL. nr~:a.—coL. l\’L. sea. asin Julius cippus extends a crown towards her head, [as in
and Augustus; con. IVL. nun. and con. IVL. ave. the Iype above en_qracea'.]-—Pellerin has given
nan. as in Augustus; c. I. r. svo.—coL. urn. a beautiful little coin bearing the portrait of
-—-COL. 1vL. ANT.—-—COL. 1vL. AVG. BEL. BER. as in Sabinia Tranquillina, and on which Astarte is
 BERYTUS. BERYTUS. 127
represented, with an infant Silcnus dancing the fidelity with which the plates of coins
at her feet.———See Elle-'la/zge, vol. i. plate xx. , in his Recueil dea Médailler, are for the most
fig. l3.—.\Iionnct cites from the cabinet Cou part executed. See Mélange, i. pl. xix. fig. 4,
sinery, a Berytensian coin of Treb. Gzillus, p. 299, in which he contents himself with
which exhibits this Syrian Venus, standing merely adding, “ On ne rapporte cette _Médnille
précedente que par rapport ii. la singularité de so
between two small Victories, each on ii. column.
She holds up above her head n scarf filled by type, qui ne so trouve point daus Vaillant.”
the wind. To publish a coin from his own collection
On a second brass dedicated by this city to “qui no se trouve point dans Vaill:|.nt," was
Saloniua, usa mode of complimenting her hus (unfortunately for the cause of uumismatic
band G-allienus, Astarte under the figiire of a science) more often the aim of Pellerin than to
wouiau, in a long dress, crowned with towers, exercise his great crudition and experienced
stands on the acroriolium (or beak of a galley) : sagacity, in assisting _interpret_ a_ puzzling
she holds the cruciform attribute in her right type even of his own edit1ng—as if it became
hand, and gathers the skirt of her robe in her one eminent autiquary to make somewhat of a
left. Behind her is a viclnriala, on u column, t’iZ“}i’eEZiZ§§’i‘Zi”“§rllliiéfii-s“l'r}?iii' °Z§.‘§‘-’”'“§
with garland and palm bmnch.—~See Vaillant , men
in Col. ii. 2-L5. man, yet without either taking the liame pains
3. Bncclms.——'l‘he image of 0. god so popularly as his predecessor had done, to unravel a unmis
adored as Liber Pater, in the wine-producing matic enigma, or having the candonr to ne
district where Bcrytus flourished, could not fail knowledge his ignorance of its meaning.
to make its appearance on her coins. Accord On turning £rom writers of the elder school,
ingly, either unclothcd, between two shoots of to Mionnet, who, for years in charge of the
vine, holding in one hand the rkyton, and in grandest of cabinets, and surrounded by some
of the best antiquuries in Europe, was himself a
the left the tbyr.ru.r——sometimes with a faun or
sutyr by his sidc—sometimes holding a bimch of model of industry, we find his notice of the coin
grapes over the head of his inseparable friend in question comprised in these words, “Huit
the panther; or in a long dress, with the can lb'lF't.ll‘0S assiscs, et formant un cercle.” That is all.
tliariu, and a staff entwined with foliage and ot a word more, in the shape of note or comment
fruit, as the Indian Bacchus; we see him re respecting this very ren1arkable——perliaps unique
presented on mintages of this colony, under reverse, which is worthy the attention of Eng
Hadrian, Gordianus Pius, and other emperors.-— lish nuimsmatologists.—Aud, indeed, to chcit
[These types probably indicate that the people from t/zezr looming, research, and ingenuity,
of Berytus worshipped him, as the reputedfirst some clue, at least, to the solution of this
planter of vineyards, in the regions of Phmnicia; riddle, is the principal motive which has lcd
and especially on the spurs of the mountain to its being included amongst the graphic
chziiu of Libanus, iii the vicinity of which the illustrations of the present work, as ii genuine,
more ancient Beroes was built.-—Vaill. in Col. rare, and curious relic of the Roman colonial
ii. 140.] mint.—The figures are not those of the Dii
4. Column.-—-A colonist, or a priest veiled, Majorca, for they are not suffieicntly numer
guiding two oxen, or an ox and a cow, the ous, and are without distinctive attributcs.—
common numismatic symbol of an established _Appea.ring, as they do, be all of the male sex,
colony, is ii very frequent type on the coins of it may be no great piece of presumption to
Bcrytiis. It successively appears under Julius hazard a conjecture, that this circular group was
Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, intended to represent a council, not of god:
Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerve, Trajan, but, of men—quere if of the duumviri,deeuriones,
Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius. and othiérl governing authorities of the city of
5. Circle rgffi_qm'es.—On a coin of Berytus, Berytus . J
struck under Elsgabulus, are eight togated figures, 6. Hercules, naked, standing between two
seated in a round, forming a kind of circular serpents, upright on their tails.—Elagabalus.
group, in the centre of which is the abbreviated Engraved in Vaillant, ii. 76.
name of the city, min. Below is a galley. 7. Jupiter.—-His image within a tetrastyle
temple, is_ represented on a first brass of Ti-aian,
engraved in Havereamp’s Medailles de Clznstme,
P . 8.
54.Lion walking.-—Vale1'ianus.
9. _Legi0nary/ _Ea_qlca and ]l1ilitar_i/'1'L'n.r:'_qm',
sometunes withm ii laurel crown, in other
instances with con. BER. and the numerals
v. viii. (meaning Oolonia Berytua, Quinta et
Octava, i. e. Logic.) These appear on coins
struck at Berytus under the following Emperors,
viz. Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Nerva, Hu
[The above cut is from a well preserved speci drian, Commodus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Gor
men iii the British Museum, on comparing dianus Pius.
Which with Pel1crin’s engraving of the same re Such military symbols refer to the original
verse, we have another instance among many of formation of the colony by Julius Caesar, or
128 BERYTUS.
rather to the transmission of the two legions
(fifth and eighth) above mentioned, to Berytus by
Augustus. The exhibition of Legionary Eagles
on colonial coins of Domna, alludes probably (as —Hadrian.
Vaillant observm) to the Senate having repre
sented her, on their o\vn mint at Rome, sacri
ficing before the Roman standards, in record
of the title which they had conferred on that
ambitious Princess, of rlllllflr Cu-s‘l:'0ruI11, in
imitation of a similar honour bestowed by Mar
cus Aurelius, with like impropriety, on his
Empress Faustino.
10. Neptune.-—Berytus, being maritime,
built a temple to Neptune, whom its inhabitants
worshiped as one of their tutelnry deities. Local
tmditious, indeed, whilst naming Saturn as the
founder of Berytus, add that he gave that city to
the God of the Sea. It is not surprising, there
fore, that his image frequently occurs on coins
of this colony. These are found to have been
minted under Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, Anto
ninus Pins, Commodus, S. Severus, Caracalla,
Macrinus, Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius.—See
Nrptune. ' type, in his Mélangr, i. pl. xix. No. 12, p. 303:
11. Neplzme and Beroi.*'.—A large brass,
struck at Berytns, bears on its obverse the head
of Elagabnlns; and on the other side, con. 1vr..
AVG. ran. BER. with the remarkable type, which,
from a specimen in the British Vuseum, is
faithfully copied in the subjoined cut.
Vaillant (in Coloniis, ii. 75) was the first to
give an engraving of this elegant reverse, which
he describes and explains aw follows : “ Neptune,
as distinguished by the trident in his left hand,
lays hold, with his right, on a woman who is in a
kneeling posture, and has a vase, or pitcher, in
her right hnnd."—Bcrytus, if Nonnus is to be
credited, took its first name of Beroés from the
nymph Beroe, the fabled daughter of Venus and
Adonis, whom Neptune demanded in marriage,
but who was given to Bacchus. But here the
nymph appears unwilling to be dragrzeil away by
Neptune; “because (adds Vnillant's authority)
the God of Wine was more pleasing to her than
the God of the Sea."
12. Si/i-nus.—A type of this “witty” pre
ceptor of Bacchus, appears on eoins of the
Berytensinns, minted under Elagabalus.—Sec
Silemu.
13. Temp/e.—On a coin of this colony, dedi.
eated to Julia Mzcsa, is a tetrastyle temple, in
which are the figures of three females, the middle
one of whom is seated, the other two standing.
BERYTUS.
Engraved by Pellcriu, in Mélange, i. pl. xix.
No. 12.
14-. Venus Marina, naked, seated on a rock.
15. Viclary, marching, with right hand raised,
and carrying a labarmn on the left shoulder——
before her is a galley with two sailors, each
holding a labarum-—large brass of Elagaba]us.—
Engraved in Pellerin, zllélzlnge, i. pl. xix. fig 5,
p. 16.
299. Temple of As-farle'.——The snbjoincd is
engraved from a first brass (in the British
hluscnni), dedicated by this colony to Diadu
menianns, son of the Emperor Macrinus. The
legend coL. 1v1.. ave. PEL. nan. identifies the eoin
with the mint of Berytns. As to the type, it
is one of the most remarkable in the colonial
series; constituting, as it does, amullum in parm
of allusion to local traditions and ancient idola
tries. Vaillant having published no coin of DiadI1
menianus, struck at Bcrytus, Pellerin has supplied
the omission, by giving an exact delineation,
accompanied with a minute description of the
A temple of four columns, in which Astarte
is represented, clothed in a long dress, with face
to the front, and tntulated head-gear, holding
in the right hand the llaata terminated in form
of a cross, and in her left a cornucopia‘. A
Victory placed on a column close to the lefi side
of Astarte otfcrs to crown her. On each side of
the goddess, a winged cupid, standing on a
plinth, lifts its hands with n garland in them
towards her. On the summit of the temple,
Neptune with a trident in one hand, l‘l1i5l5\l[I
with the other the nymph Beroc, (forming a
similar group to that delineated in the wood-cut
which illustrates reverse number ll.) On the
entablnturc, on each side of the pediment, n
Victory holds in both its hands a crown above
its head. Below the temple to the right and left
of the steps, two other cupids are seen, each
seated on a dolphin, and holding a trident.
Beneath both dolphins is a vase with a foot
to it.
Mionnet adds a large brass coin of Mncrinns
minted at Berytus, similar in legend and type
to those of Dindumenianus above described.
BE'l‘lLlENUS.—-This is the surname of a man,
not the appellation of a Roman family. In this
case, the name of the _r/ens seems (says Eckhel, \'
150) to have become extinct; and the surnames
only to have been preserved. A third brass,
struck under Augustus, has on its obverse P
 BICIPITES.—BlLLON. BIGATI.-—BILBILIS. 129
BETILIENVS nassvs and s. c. in the middle of BIGJE (from biajuyum).—A ear or chariot,
the field.—Rev. mvra. A. A. A. r. r. fiucmc.) drawn by two horses, or other animals. On
That llassus Betilienus was one of Augustns’s Roman coins, both consular and imperial, are
moneycrs is shewn by this coin; but no further seen biyre of horses, elephants, mules, lions,
mention of the man is to be found. It is only bulls or oxen, stngs (Diana), panthers (Bacchus),
conjectured that he may be the same person, to serpents (Ceres); besides centaurs, dragons,
whom Seneca alludes as having been scourged to Grifiins, &c.—Sec Car.
death, by order of Caligula, 4.1). 40. On a BIGATI.-—A class of Roman silver coins,
very ancient marble, cited by Putin, in refer so called from their bearing on the reverse side,
ence to this small brass coin is inscribed L. the type of a chariot drawn by two horscs.—
BETILIENVS L. P. vaaavs. The subjoined cut, from a denarius of the Sau
BIBULUS,—A cognomen of the C11/purnia fcia gens, serves as a specimen (otherwise with
family. out interest) of this common device :—
BICEPS, or double headcd.—See Jan/1.1.
BlCIPITES.—Coins are so called, which have
heads on both sides; and they are highly prized
by collectors. But many of these bicipitous rari
ties have been formed by the artifice of splitting
a coin in two, and then joining the opposite parts
of two coins together, so as to apply the reverse
of one to the obverse of another. Thus Faustino
scnior’s head has been impacted to an Antoninus
Pius; her daughter's to that of Marcus Aurelius ; Pliny (L. xxxiii. § 13) says, “ Notam argcnti
Crispina to Commodus; and Otacilia to Philip— fuisse bigas atque qnadrigus, ct inde bigntos ct
so that the unwary purchaser supposes that he quadrigatos dictos.” And it is true, that Roman
has a man and his wife on the same piece.-—“ I silver coins, with bigu: on their reverses, were
had specimens of all these (adds Capt. Smyth, called bigafi, and with qundrigze, were culled
from the preface of whose valuable work the quadriyali ; but a great many denarii had other
foregoing is extracted), so excellently finished as types. Tacitus incidentally alludes to these coins,
to require very minute inspection to detect the saying, that the Germani, who generally traded in
fraud; but the best forgery that has fallen in my the way of barter, were still ready to take in
way was an Alexander [Severus], with the rare le payment old and well-known money; such as
gend ‘ Potestas pcrpetua’ round a seated Security, biyali ,- and Livy frequently uses the term when
which I purchased as a true coin, though it had he enumerates the amount of Spanish and Cis
a shade of stgfiraa about it; nor was its falsity alpine booty. It was along period before the
quite manifest until the graver was applied.” portraits of living personagcs were placed on
BlFR()NS.—Sec -Ianmr. Roman coins; and for centuries the denarii of
BlLLON.—This term is applied, by French the republic presented on one side only the head
nnmismatists, to coins of silver mixed with much of the goddess ROMA, or of Pallas, and on the
alloy, or to copper with a small alloy of silver.
other a figure of Victory, with garland and palm
From the reign of Gallienus to that of Claudius branch, standing on a car drawn by two or by
Gothicus (viz. from A. D. 253 to 270), scarcely four horses. Hence they were called bigati,
any but these so named coins of billon are to be quad;-i_1;aIi, and victoriali. The type of the
found. Some of them have been first struck on latter, however, combined itself with the other
the copper alone, and afterwards covered with a two appcllations. The engraving above given,
thin silvery coating, and in that case they are represents a Victoria in bi_qi.r.—For Victoria in
called saucéca, or washed coins; others have had quadrigis, see Quadrigati.
a lmf of silver struclt dextcrously on the copper ; BIL.-\NX—the balance, or pair of scales.—
and these bear the name of fourrées, or plated A symbol of Justice and Equity. It is seen on
coins. several family coins; and in the imperial mint
On this subject M. Hennin makes the follow ages from Galba far downwards. The balance,
ing remarks :——Fr0m and after the reign of at the same time, formed one of the insignia of
Claudius Gothicus, eoinagcs of bi!/an are no the Prsetors, who administered justice at Rome.
longer found. The standard of silver having -'—On coins of the Flaminia, Fulvia, and Cnccilia
been successively lowered, the money, which rc families, engraved from, in Morel]. Tliesaur. it
placed that of this metal, proves under the above is seen over the sella curuhlr, indicating that
mentioned emperor, to be of silvercd copper. Curule Ediles were likewise invested with ma
In almost all such pieces, the effects of friction, gisterial power. On n. denarius of the Annia
and of time, have removed this covering, which gens, the balance placed before a female head,
appears only on those in the best state of pre shews the latter to represent Zilqiiitas or .\Ioncta.
servation. The coins of Claudius Gothicus, and BILBILIS, Tar-raconc1m'.r(llispanite) muni
of the subsequent reigns, as far as Diocletian, cipium ; now Calatayud, in Arragon.—On coins
which have been published as of /1il/an, are but it is styled Auyuslrz, from Augustus, by whom,
pieces of washed copper. Those of the some and afterwards by Tiberius and Caligula, muni
reisns described as being of silver are false.-— cipnl and other privileges were conferred upon
.1lJlmmel—Nonrenclature, ii. 4-t0.—See the word it. llence the legend IIV. avovsra nrr.au.rs
olin. on its mintages, which are colonial imperial, in
S
130 BLUNDERED COINS. BON. EVENT.
small and middle brass. Of the following ob animal, amongst various other quadrapeds (such
verse and reverse an engraving is given in Mr. as the goat, bull, stag, lion, panther, Sic.) are
Akerman's Ancient Cains qf Cities and I’/'im'es, typified on the smaller coins of Gallicnus. These
pl. viii. fig. 3, p. 68:— were all sacred to the tutelary deities, at whose
AVGVSTVS. Bare head of Augustus. altars that eccentric prince offered up so many
BILBILIS. A horseman bearing a lance and supplications, that he obtained the title of Con
galloping. .1: 8} R 2. (British MM€llm). servator Pietaiia.
On other coins of this Hispano-Roman city, BOCClIIIS——a King of Mauritania and
with legends of nv. an.au.xs, and BILBILI8 Gsctulia, whose name occurs frequently in the
avcvs-rs, struck in honour of Augustus and of most infamous transactions of the Jngurthinc
Tiberius, laurel as well as oaken garlands appear, war. An obscquious ally of the Romans, and a
(the names of Duumviri within). The lanrcls on treacherous friend to his Numidian neighbours,
this unprinciplcd time-server, alter various
account of victories ; the oak leaves on pretence
of “citizens preserved.” To flatter even Cali intrigues and manoeuvres, with both the con
gula, the inhabitants of Bilbilis dedicated a flicting parties, basely delivered up to Sulla,
reverse, with a crown of laurel, to that pusil then a qumstor of Marius, King Jugurtha, W110
lanimous tyrant, with whose reign the coinage had sought an asylum in the territories of
of this municipium appears to have ceased. Boechus, after an unsuccessful contest with the
Vaillant (in Col. i. 12) has engraved a coin of Roman legions, B. c. 106. There are densru
Bilbilis and Italics in alliance. On the obverse of Fanstns Cornelius Sulla, son of the Dictator,
is BILBILI. A bcardless male head.—Rev. allusivc to this historical incident.—See Cornelia
nuunca. A horseman with couched "lance, gens; also the words ravsrvs FELIX.
charging.—§ee Mionnet, Supplt. i. 55.—als0 BAETICA (Hispania)——a Roman province of
Akermau (p. 66), who says, “Bilbilis, the Spain——comprchending what is now Granada,
capital of the Celtiberi, was celebrated for its and Andalusia.
waters, which were supposed to possess the BON. EVENT. Bonus Eveutus.-——G0_0d
quality of imparting an excellent temper to success was honoured at Rome with a pecullfl‘
steel.” worship. On a denarius of the Scribonia gem,
BIT. Bitlz_qnie.—COM. BIT. Commune occur these abbreviated words, owing no doubt
Bil/1_1/nia. (says Eckhcl, v. 303) to the Roman practice_0f
BITIIYNIA, a region of Asia Minor (deriving consecrating every thing capable of producing
its name from the river Bithya), now Natolia, good thus
And or evil,
withas Eventus;
Fortune, Hope,
just asGenius,
Lucretia!
Turkey in Asia. It was one of ten provinces
established by Augustus. Hadrian shewed enumerates among events, Slavery, Liberty,
great favour to it. (It was the birth-place of Riches, Poverty, War, Peace (L. i. v. 456.)-—
Antinous).—-On large brass of that emperor, we Erenlur, according to Cicero’s definition (De In
see ADVBNTVI and RESTITVTORI BITHYNIAE, vent. R/wt. i. c. 25), is "the issue of any mill"
with the usual types of an imperial arrival at, respecting which we generally inquire, what ht!
and restoration of, a Roman province; in this resulted, or may result, or will ultimately result,
instance marking the liberalities bestowed, by from such circumstances.” Thus if anything
the above named prince, in re-establishing those turned out well it was attributed to BM"!
Bithynian cities, which had been overthrown by Eventus : that it was considered to be of i_l1¢
earthquakes, principally Nicomedia and Nices. same nature as Felieitas, is proved by a dcnanus
Bimnrd nd Jobert, i. 404. engraved in rllorell. T/wsaur. amongst the inrtflli
BLUNDERED COINS.—This is a term used TAB ii. A. on which near a female head is lu
in reference to “ those Roman medals in which scribed nos. EVENT E1‘ rnucrrss.-—Eckhcl ct
mistakes have been made by the engraver. prcsscs his own opinion to be that “this Genius
Some, for their rarity (Pinkerton observes), are of the Romans is the same as the 'Au'r0pw1i4 of
undcservedly valued by certain connoisseurs.” the Greeks; and he quotes what Plutarch says
Froclich and Monaldini have each treated of of Ti|noleon—“Hnving built in his house I
these instances of monetal fallibility. Thus on shrine to ’Av-rop.a'n’a, he sacrificed to her; but
a reverse of Trajan the inscription is CON the house itself he dedicated to the soflftd
SENCAVTIO for cossncnarro. On aGordian III. Aaiamv (Geni/rs.) And Ncpos also, in his life,
mu-:r.um PltOPVGNA'l‘0B.EM for MART!-Ill. Of corroborates the fact of that great reverent?»
Alex. Severus ons. NOS. for cos. Of Nero which Timolcon paid to the above named deities
nuvvn c1.vs'r1 for CLVSIT. &c. (Essay, vol. ii. tion of 0/uznvc or fortunate comic. The 1138-*9"
190.) for this conduct was, that whatever he iuidertook
BOAR.—The figure of a wild boar transfixed prospered. Consequently, 'Av'rop.a-rla is neither
by a spear, is exhibited on a dcnarius of Durmius, more nor less than the spontaneous agency Oi
one of the monetnl triulnvirs of Augustus. On Fortune, that is to say Eventua, and Bans!
a coin of the Egnatia gens, is a lion seizing upon Ev/mtua, because thanks were returned to it;
a stug.——Eckhel remarks, that these ctiigies of and it was believed to be presided over by I
the boar and the lion, bear allusion to the good or sacred Genius, by the Greeks stjltd
splendid huntings, in which Augustus took such dyadbs, or ‘(spur Saipmw."
great delight, as narrated by Dion Cassius and Bonus E1,v-11111.9, according t0 Publius Victor,
by Suctonius. On a coin of the Volteia gens, had a temple in the ninth quarter of Rome; "fl
the Erymanthian boar is represented. This Ammianus also mentionsit.--On consular denim
 BONUS EVENTUS. BONAE SPEI. 181
the female :22 is assigned to Evmlus. (See of this emperor, and of his son Caracalla, is
Scribonia gens); as also on an autonomous, or represented by a naked male figure standing at
family denarius of Galba. But on those of other an altar, over which he holds with his right hand
emperors down to the time of Gallienns, this the sacrificial patcra, and s bunch of corn-ears
deity is represented as of the male .12.:-. An ex in his left, as in the engraved type of Antoninus
ample of this occurs on a second brass of An Pins, above given.
touinns Pius, whence the subjoined cut is copied, On coins of Roman die, struck in honour of
and which bears on its reverse the full legend, provinces, as in the instance of Illyricum, &c.
in the dedicatory form. under Trajanus Decius; or by some colony dedi
cated to the reigning emperor, we see a male
figure, unclothed, except his having the 0/:.Iam_r/s
over his shoulders, standing with cornncopiae and
patera, and a modius on his head. “ This repre
sents the provincial or colonial genius, and was
(says Capt. Smyth) equivalent to Bonus Even
tus, or good success, a deity who presided over
agriculture, and great actions; and as such he
was complimented on coins by Titus and other
princes.” 276)
BONAE FOItTUNAE.——'Fortnne standing
with rudder and cornucopim, on silver of Valeria
BONO EVENTUI. S.C.—Thc naked figure of nus, gnven by Vuillant, (PT¢St- Nam. Impp. Rom.
a man, standing beside an altar, and holding ii. 343), and on a third brass, described by Eek
in his right hand a patera ; in his left, ears of hel from the Imperial Cabinet.
corn. In the exergue cos. II. shewing the coin Bana Fartunn, the A7a0'l7 nix-I1 of the
to have been struck A. D. 139. Greeks, worshipped by the Romans as the wife
This impersonation is graphically described by or sister of Bonus Eveuh1.r——harl two temples at
Pliny (xxxiv p. 655) when he eulogizes “the Rome; one in the Forum Boarium, built (ac
statue of Bonus Evenlua, holding a pntera in cording to Dionysius llalicar.) by Scrvius Tullius;
its right hand, and an ear of corn and a poppy the other in the Curia Hoslilia, erected (as Dion
in its ll.-t't"—the workmanship of Euphranor.— affirms), by M. Lepidns, in honour of Julius
Varro, (dc 3.11. i. ch. 1.) has indeed reckoned Cursar (Eckhel, vii. 383).—Sce Fm-Inna.
Bonus Ecmfu; among the rural deities, because BONAE SPEI.—-A female figure standing,
" without success, and Bonus Eventur, there is holds aflower in the right hand, and lifts her
but disappointment, and no produce.”—And robe with the left.—On silver of Pesccnnius
Frstus also says " Thcy used to fasten rolls of Niger, published by Vaillant (Phat. Nurn. ii.
bread (Panes) round the head of a slaughtered 20]) ; and, in correction of his own error, allow
horse, on the ides of October, in the Campus ed by Eckhel (vii. 150) tobe (and not norm sri-:s)
Martins, the sacrifice being ofl'cred for an abun the true reading of the legend of a genuine and
dant crop of fruit.” most rare coin. But, he adds, BON.-\ srl-is and
One of the pavements of the Roman villa, noxar. arm are legends often occurring on coins
at Woodchester, is inscribed ao1\'v.\t EV]-JNTVM, struck under S. Severus at the same time, viz.
whence it may be inferred, that the owner had A. D. l93—194).—It is indeed quite certain, that
invoked the protection of this dcity for his Severus and Niger frequently used the sanic type
bui.lding.—Sec Lysons’ Account of Roman An in their respective mints ; and this not by chance,
I|'quitie.r at Wood:/water, in G/oucealerafiire, but by design ; for they mutually adopted legends
pl. xix. on their money, which are not to be found on
BONI EVEN'I‘US.—This legend is accom the coins of other emperors. Each emulated the
panied by the type of a naked male figure, with other:—the spem of Pescennins was met by the
patera in the right hand, and corn ears and a aprri of Septimius; Event:/s competed with Even
poppy flower in the left,—on silver of Galba. tui, in a manner diflicult to account for.—(Jiccro
History suflicicutly shows that the principal opposed bona apes to despondcncy in all human
reason with Galba for worshipping this deities affairs; and at Rome there was an zdtar raised
tion, was his happy escape from the dangers to Fortune. Bona Spcs, as Plutarch records.
which impcndcd over him, in the crisis between Grater has published a stone monument, dedi
his revolt from Nero and his accession to the cated noun:-1 SPEI AVG. (vii. 170).—Scc Spes.
empire (A. D. GR). BONO GENIO IMPERATORIS, or PII
BONUS EYENTUS AUGI.‘S'I‘l'S.—Young IhlPEl{ATORlS.—'l'he genius stands, holding
naked male figure standing; in his right hand a patcra and cornucopia:—bclow is ALE.-—OIl a
three javelins.——Silvcr of Titus.—Aker1nan. second brass of Maximinus Daza ; struck be
B().\'I E\'EN'l‘US, with type of a youthful tween A. D. 308 and 313.
figure, standing, appears on a denarius of Pesccn The Good Genius, called by the Greeks
nius Niger (ofcourse rare).—S. Severus, also dedi A-ya0os Ans/.uov, and especially by thosc of
cated a portion of his mint, in the first and most Alexandria, where this and other coins of Daze.
perturbed years of his reign, to acknowledge the were struck, received public Worship there,
salutary influence, and to propitiate the further under the form of a serpent, as appears from
protection, of Bomu Eueutu: ; which, on silver Alexandrina medals with the head of Nero.
S2
132 BONONIA OCEANEN. BONO REIPUBLICAE.
Bandnri, who describes this coin, calls into grave from the subscription of the Lcx V. of the Codex
examination, the right of /rim to proclaim himself Theodosius (lib. xi lit. ltl), viz. “data viii.
"a pious emperor,” who trampled on all laws, Kul. Febr. B0noni¢, Placido et Romulo Coss.”
divine and human. But Licinins afterwards These men having entered on their Consulship
dared to do the same thing, (as is proved by a A. D. 343.-—['_Most of the above remarks, cited
second brass of his, in the Imperial Museum, by Eckhel, are in Ducange, Diueri. deNum.
unknown to Banduri) although the legend may inf. izvi. § 58].
more truly be ascribed to the base flattery of the In valuing this medallion at 200 fr. Mionnet
A1exnudrians.—flD. N. V. viii. p. 54.) observes, that it is the more remarkable, inas
BONONIA, a maritime town of Gallia Bel much as it appears to be the only ancient unmis
giea, now called by the French Boulo_qne-.mr matic monument which has transmitted to as
mer (Picardy). According to Peutinger’s table the memory of this historical event, and the
or map, its more ancient name was Ges.saria name of Bmmnia.
cum, by which, however, historians do not men [The cast from which the above cut has been
tion it, till after the time of Constantine.— engraved was taken from the original in the
Their testimonies are given by Ce-llarius. But Cabinet dc France]
the most trustworthy record ’,(says Eckhel, viii. BONO REIPIIBLICAE.-—Jm-Ia Gmta Ho
110), is that adduced from some anonymous nnria, daughter of Constantine III. and of Galla
biographer of Constantius Magnns, by D'Anville. Placidia, born about the year 4-17, having co
—“ Hastening towards his father (Constantius habited with Eugenius the procurator, and be
Chlorus), he arrived at Bonrmia, which the come pregnant by him, was turned out of the
Gauls used formerly to cull Gesaoriacmn.” It was palace by her brother Valcutinian, and went to
a place of great importance in a military point Theodosius II. at Constantinople, A. D. 43‘-i.—
of view, because the transit thence to Britain She soon after secretly stirred up Attila to in
across the straits is very short. According to vade the Western Empire; and was on the point
Suetonius it was from this place that the Emperor of being married to him, when hc died from
Claudius passed over into Britain, A. D. 43. vomiting blood. The following is one of her
coins =—
BONONIA OCEANEN.—A brass medallion Obv. n. N. rvsr. onar. HONORIA, P. 1'. AVG
of Constans, bears the foregoing legend ; and, Head of Honoria, crowned by a hand appearing
for its type, presents a galley, with rowers; the above it.
emperor, in a military dress, and with u. hueklcr Rev. nono HEIPVBLICAE. A Victory standing
and a lance, stands on the deck, in the attitude with along cross in the right hand; beneath,
of hurling his missile weapon downwards, as if couon. (av. Mus. Imp.)
at a figure swimming in the sea. On the prow And thus, she who was the pest and bane of
of the galley is Victory, with garland and palm the empire, ostentationsly boasts herself as born
branch; at the stern arc two ensigns. On the for the good Q/' Me dale. There is a similar
shore is seen a light-house or some other edifice. legend on a coin of Fl. Victor, who was the son
of Magnns Maximns.
BONO REIPUBLICE (sie.) NATI.—’l‘wo
figures, seated, and clothed in the paludamem
tum, of which the one to the right is the taller;
the left hand figure is that of a boy. They tn
gether support a globe: above is a Victory.
On gold of Fl. Victor (Baudnri), on silver
(Tunini.)
This and other coins of Victor, however false
in their declaration, are remarkable both for
their legends and for their rarity. Constantine,
on one of his coins, is styled in abbreviation B
u..1>. NAT. (Bone Itcip11blic¢ Niztus.) Tanini.
This extremely rare medallion relates to an ex in illustration of his silver specimen of Flavius
pedition to Britain, undertaken by Constans, in Victor's coin, cites the following inscription
the winter of A. D. 34-2—3, to repress the incur from Sigonius :—
sions of the Picts, who were desolating the Roman 1). D. N. N. MAG. 0L. MAXIMO E1‘
province. The meaning of the type is well eluci rn. VICTORI. PIIS FELICIBYS
dated by Ducange, from Julius Firmicus, who, in SEMPER AVGYSTIS
a style of flattery sntlicicntly bombastic, thus ad none n. P. NATIB.
dresses Constans—" In the season of winter This flattering compliment is often fonndin
thou hast trodden the swelling and raging waves inscriptions to the Constantine family; and non‘
of the occan—a deed never before accomplished, and then it appears alone without any designa
nor ever again to happen :—nnder your oars hath tion of the Emperor or Cu-sar, to whom it was
trembled the flood of a sea almost unknown to applied; as on the stone found at \\’roxcter.
us; and the Briton has gazed, appalled, at the The above legend and inscription of Band
unexpected sight of an emperor.”-—Libanins Reipzzblinz Nati, together with the same, On 4!
(in Basilica) has given a similar account. third brass of Priscns Attnlus, serve to shew
Light is thrown on the date of this expedition how true is the reading of a. n. P. N. instead of
 BOS. BOSTRA. 183
s. s. P. 21.; and to fortify, beyond all dispute, The Romans were accustomed, st triumphsl
the interpretation of Bonn Reipublicrs Nata, sacrifices, to adorn the horns of the victim with
instead of BAP. NAT. or Bap ':alus Natus, as gold, whilst its back was clothed with the richest
erroneously assigned to the legend of u brass and most brilliant silks. Amidst such luxury
coin of Constnntinus Mugnus. and magnificence, the poor bedizened animals,
BOS.—Bull, Ox, or Heifcr.—This animal is (on some ynmd occasions paying the tribute of
figured on numerous coins, in various postures, their blood at the shrines of superstition, by the
and with various indications; for example, some hundred at a time), marched along in the pro
times standing, walking, butting with his horns, cession, with gay “blindness to the future
or rushing forward—sometimes adorned in pre kindly given”—some so tame and quiet as per
paration for the sacrifice; sometimes on his haps to “lick the hand” of the victimarius
knees, about to be immolsted at the altar of a who led them—ull unconscious of being near the
deity. The Bull or Ox, the usual monetary securia, so soon afterwards raised to fell them,
type of colonies and municipal tomis, bore re and equally unaware of the caller just whetted
ference to the culture of the soil, as well as to to cut their decorated throats l
the security atforded by the protection of the Bus et Slc1lw.—A bull, standing with two
emperor. The well-known type of a man stars over its head, is seen on middle brass of
ploughing with two oxen symbolizes the Roman Julianus H. which has for legend of reverse
ceremony of founding n city or u colony. Bulls’ sscvmras ui:1r\'nL1c.+;. It bears testimony to
hmds sometimes have an allusion to sacrifices, that emperor’s relapse into Pagan idolatry, and
st other times to games. denotes the restoration, made by the same saty
The bull, like the horse Pegasus, was con rical
mals and
for“philosophic” prince,
victims on the of ruminating
altars of false gods,
secrated to the Sun. The figure of n bull forms
thc reverse type of silver, and third brass, of whereas all such sacrifices had been prohibited
Gallienus; bearing the legend of SOLI CON by his immediate predecessors, the professed
Srrraluri A\’Gu.s'1i. Christian members of the Constantine t'umily.—
Bos Viflalu.v—a Bull, whose head is orna According to Ammianus (L. xxii.) Julian fre
mented with an irfula, 05 tlocikfof white knng quently offered up a hundred bulls, selecting
,, \ re \\'oo, orminga in w/life’ one: in lmnour qf Jupiter. The stars over
'~ of mitre or turban of the head of the bull designate it to be Apis,
triangular shape, and which the Egyptians, and this Roman emperor
i dressed with
(a sort of the villa,
garland), be in his “ wisdom," worshipped as a god.
Boa C'omupcta.—This term (from cornu
tween its horns, in ho peters) is used by the elder numismatic writers
nour of some religions to describe a bull, or steer, in the attitude of
ceremony, as the animal butting with its horns, and stamping with one
is led to the sacrificial of his fore feet, as on coins of Augustus and
altar. In family de Vespnsian.
narii this figure is frequently exhibited; because A denarius of the first
the consuls, in ascending to the Capitol, were named emperor, exhibits
accustomed there to immolste young unyoked on its reverse, with legend
steers to Jupiter. On a coin of Julius Crcsar, of avovsrvs DIV! r. a.
having for its legend of reverse, IOVi OPTim0 specimen of the Taurus
.\IAXin1o S.-\CRum, the accompanying type ex or B0: Comupeta. The
hibits the Bo: villafus ei infulalus, weanng the lowered horns and mena
dorruale, or ornamented cloth for the back, cing posture of the animal
standing before an altar which has a flame on it. at once correspond with,
The bull, or rather the juve1wu.r, in this ex and illustrate, the line in Virgil, so spiritcdly
ample [sec wood cut above] represents a victim rcndcrcd by Dryden :
about to be sacrificed to Jupiter. Thus Virgil, Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargnt arenam.
instructivcly to us on this point, puts into the
month of Ascanius:— “Butts with his threatening brows, and bellowing
stands,
Jupiler omnipotenu, audacibus nnnue crcptis. “ And dares the fight, and spurns the yellow sands."
lpse tibi ad tun templs forum solennia donu,
Et statusm ante aras uuratfl frontejuvvncum The reason of its adoption as a type on this
Cmuicnlem, psriterque caput eum mntre ferentem. coin is doubtful. There can hardly, however,
zlineizl, L. ix utter what is adduced from ancient writers, in
My first attempt, great Jupiter, succeed ; Morel (T/mmur. T. ii.) be much hesitation both
An annual otlering in thy rove shall bleed: in rejecting the idea of its mere allusion to the
A muw while slecr before t y altar led, Zodiacal sign of that name, and in expressly re
Who like his mother bears aloft his head. fcrring it to some of those public shews, when
Dr;/lien‘: lranrlalian. horsemen combatted with bulls in the Circensian
On a dcnarius of the Postumia gens, n bull arena, and at which Augustus and the members
stands as a. victim, on a rock (supposed to be ‘ of his family, often took their seats, as amongst
meant for Mount Avcntine), close to a lighted the most ardent of the spcctators.—Scc Taurus.
altar; over the horns of the beast a priest ex BOSTRA, (Arabia) C0lom'a—-now Boszra,
tends his right hand. in the southern part of the Turkish psshalic
134 BOSTRA. BRASS COINAGE.
of Damascus. The sera of this Arabian city of the infant Silenus, dancing.—-Engraved in
dates from the 858th year of Rome (A. D. ./l[e'lan_r/e, i. pl. xii. fig. 7, p. 320.
105). Its coins are imperial, in brass, with 8. Calomu bone: agens.—Pcllerin gives a
Greek inscriptions, from the reign of Antoniuus coin with this type as struck under Elagabalus.
Pius to that of Elagahalns; and in the same “ This medal (he observes) shews that the city
metal, with Latin legends, from Alexander of Bostra had been a colony before the reign
Severus to Trajanus Dccius and Herennius of Severus Alexander, contrary to the opinion of
Et-ruseus.—On imperial coins in large, middle, Spnnheim and of Vaillant."—See Mélange, i.
and small brass, the colony is called c0L. 300.
BOSTR.—-COLONIA Bos'raa.—Also on a large On a coin dedicated to Alexander Severus, is
brass of Julia Mamzea, is read n. TR. ALEXAN the same type of a Coloni-rt at plough; added to
nnunar: con. nosra. (Nam Trajan¢eJle.mn which well-known group is an edifice, with stair
driam Colonia Bostre). According to Vaillant, casc of ascent to the upper part, where three
Bostra took the name of Trajan, on account of vases are placed. [Described in Mionnet, illi
benefits (such as the building of bridges and zlailles Rolnaine-8.]
other public structures,) received by it from 4. Serapia, head of, surmounted by the
that Emperor; and the appellation of Alexan madius, or the calallnzs, on a coin of Alexander
drianee wns added in honour of Alexander Seve Severus, quoted by Mionnet, from the Mus.
rus. On coins of Philip senior, and of Trajanns San. Clem. It is described and engraved in
Dccius, this city is styled con. nnraorous Vaillant (Col. ii. 129.) The bust of the prin
nosrsa, meaning the chief city of the Roman cipal deity of Egypt, on a coin struck at Bostrs,
province, formed under the name of Arabia.— shews that the god, whom Nonnus calls the
On a coin of Caracalln, in the Jluseum San. Egyptian Jupiter, was amongst the objects of
Clem. the legend of rcvcrse is narno. ANTONI idolatrous worship in this Roman colony.
NIANA AVE. B. (that is, says Mionnet, Supp. 5. Silmmr, standing, with right hand raised,
viii. 38-L, Aurelia Boctra.) and a wine skin on his left sh0ulder.—Engraved
The types of this colony are as follows :— in Vuillant (Col. ii.)
1. Amman (Jupitcr).—Hcad with ram’s horn, In the second volume (p. 200) of Follerlanea
surmounted by a globe, or by the mo!liu.r—0n Antiqua-—n work replete with the literary fruits
small brass of Alex. Severus, engraved in Vnillant of antiquarian research, and copiously adorned
(Col. ii. ll4)—and of Philip senior, engraved in with etchings, illustrative of the habits, customs,
Pellcrin (Mélzznyr, i.) and history of past ages-—the names are given,
2. As!/irte.—r:. TR. ALF.X.\NDRIAN.\E con. of such heathen divinities as occur in dedicatory
nos'ra.—An upright figure oi‘ this divinity, in a inscriptions, found on the line of that Roman
four colnmned temple, holding an oval-headed wall which formerly extended from the Tyne to
stall‘, and a C0l'Illl0OplEB. On each side at her the Solway. Amongst these appears the name
feet is the figure of a eentaur blowing a horn. of A.rlarle.—'l‘l1is discovery is the more remark
This singular type appears on a large brass of able, becausc, whilst what is considered to be
Julia i\lnmzea.—Sestini, quoted by Mionuet, her image is so frequently and so variously typi
(Supp. viii. 284.—Engraved in Vaillant (Col. ii. fied on colonial coins of Phoenicia, Syria, Palm
130.) tinc, and Arabia—~hcr name forms no part oi
the monctal legend ; her elligy and attributes be
ing the only clue to the identity of the goddess.
BRASS, the material of brass coins. In
dividing coins according to metals, for the
different series of a medallic collection, all copper
comes under the classification of brass. This
metal properly so called, is not malleable, and
requires to be mixed with another metal before
it can be applicable to the purposes of coinage.
It is to be borne in mind, that what English
nlunismntists call brass is by the French de
nominated brrmzfl.
BRASS COINAGE of the Romrm.r.—It has
Asturte, or Venus, was worshipped, and had already been shewn (see p. 83 ct seq. of this dic
a fine temple, at Bostra. The fertility and tionary), that nll the records left us by ancient
plenteuusncss of whose territory is designated by writers, respecting the antiquity, or the original
the cornucopim. But why the two ccntaurs are types of the Roman mint, tend to establish the
introduced into the type is a question which re same fact, viz. that the oldest money of that
mains unexplained. nation was Brass, and such testimony is cou
Pcllcrin supplies an omission of Vaillant’s, by [irmcd by extant coins.—On the same evidence
giving an elegant little coin of this colony, derived from ancient authors it has also been
struck under Trajanus Decius, with 001.. METRO shewn, that brass coins were first struck of I
ron. nosrnon, for its legend of reverse; and pound weight. The words of Pliny are expressly
with the type of Astarte, who stands, in a long to this effect (sec A.r).——Anlus Gellius, speakillll
dress, presenting a front face, holding the cross of the time when the Twelve Tables were insti
topped kaata; and having at her feet n iignu-e tuted, says, “For at that period the Roman
 BRASS COINAGE.
people used Asses of a pound weight.”—So
Festns “The heavy brass (as grave) was so
mllcd from its weight; for ten arses, each
weighing a pound, made up a demzrius, which
derived its name from that t'aet.—Also Dionysins
of Halicarnassus:—“ Now, the as was a brass
coin weighing a pound.”—Hence in ancient
writers “the mnlct, or forfeit of heavy érass,"
is an expression frequently met with.—Livy,
speaking of Camillus, says, “ In his absence he
was fined in 15 thousands of heavy brass,~” by
which terms asses are always to be understood.
Prom these facts, the inconvenient weight of
the Roman money, even in moderate sums, may
easily be conjectured. Not only was it nccdful
to convey any considerable quantity of the as
grace in waggons to its place of public deposit;
but, according to Livy, as from its bulk it could
not be placed in a chest, it was stowed away
(Jlipa/inlay) in some store-house, that it might
not take up room less conveniently to be spared;
from which circumstance it was called slips,
whence the word stipendia.
From Panda the synonyme of the as was
derived the word dupondium. Varro says,
“ Dupondium is derived from duo pondera (two
pounds weight); for one pound was called
assipoudium ; sad this again because the as
was of a pound weight.”—I"rom the as were
composed the tressis, or three asses; octussis,
and oclas, eight ditto; decussis, vicessis, cen
tussis, 10, 20, and 100 asses respectively.
From decuxsis was derived derussare, that is,
according to Columella, to draw transverse lines dle, and small—or first, second, and third sizes.
in the form of the figure X; and Cicero speaks
of planting trees in a quincunz, that is to say,
in the form of the figure V. So long as the as
maintained its pound weight, it follows that the
parts of the as preserved a proportional weight;
thus for example, the semis would weigh six
solid unciw ; the serlans two, &c.—[Eckhcl, v.
p. 3, et seq.]—See Libra—and Pr-cunia.
In his observations on the distinctive marks
(rluzractern) of the brass consular mint, Eckhcl
says, “ It is an old doctrine, and one confirmed
by both authority and experience, that asses, and
their component parts, are the more ancient, in
proportion as they are more weighty.—Guidcd by
this rule, the learned Passcri, with great labour,
frnmcd his C/lI‘07|il'0!L Nmmrium, in which he
has described the weight of Italian coins, from
the heaviest to the lightcst.—And, as by this
criterion, it is readily understood, what coins
(at lczst such as are of undoubted Roman origin)
surpass others in antiquity ; so, concerning their
actual age, nothing can be established with
certainty, unless the diminutions of weight be
referred to, as stated by Pliny [see p. 85 of this
dictionary]; in attending to which epoch, it
will be perceived that the Asses Serlanfarii
cannot have made their appearance earlier than
about the year U. C. 4-‘J5 (B. c. 259); the
Unciales before U. C. 539 (B. c. 217); and that
the Semi-mu-Jules, which were introduced by
the Le: Papiria, took their date from some
snb~equcnt year, which cannot be accurately dc
fined."
BRASS COINAGE. 135
“ It is a matter of inquiry (adds the author of
Doctrina), whether some extant coins of heavy
brass (res grave) cannot with some semblance of
truth, be referred even to the period of Servins
Tullius. For were we to regard their remote an
tiquity only, this would not be repugnant to pro
bability. The death of Scrvins is fixed at the year
U. c. 218.—We have coins of Rhegium and Mes
sana, minted about the year U. c. 276 (B. c. 478).
And even these are surpassed in antiquity by
coins inscribed with the name of Zancle; not to
mention the coins of Caulonia Bru/iiorum, and
others of neighbouring states, which coins have
been known from the remotest antiquity. But
the supposition is opposed to the authority of
Pliny and other writers, who assert, that the
first money of the Romans bore the figures of
cattle ; notwithstanding, the oldest coins we
possess, and those certainly of Roman origin,
exhibit no such mark, with one exception, and
that one (classified with the as) not of the most
remote antiquity. Again, were any to bc found
of that period, they ought to be librales, if they
are asses; or if parts of the as, of a weight
bearing a certain proportion to the as Iibra/is.
But, up to the present time [as stated in p. 88],
there is no extant specimen of a Roman as
libralis ; and with respect to parts of the as, only
a iriens, weighing four uncia, has ever been
cited.”-—See nonsra rnuu aonana.
Brass coins of the Romans are so numerous,
especially those of the Imperial series, that they
have been divided into three classcs—largc, mid
The class to which each brass piece belongs
(says M. Hennin), is determined by reference to
its volume, which at once includes the breadth
and thickness of the coin, and the size and relief
of the head. Thus a particular medal shall have
the thickness of /ar_r/e brass; and yet shall be
ranked with the middle brass, if it has only the
portrait of the middle form. Whilst another,
which shall not be so thick, will be classed with
the large brass, on account of the size of the
head. To the above must be added, as a sepa
rate arrangcment—1st. Those pieces of the
largest modulo, commonly called brass medal
limnr, of which but an inconsidcrable number is
known, and which in all probability were not
current coin.—2ndly. Pieces of various sizes
called (bnlorniali, of which, like the preceding,
but few are extant, and which certainly were not
moncy.—]I[r:nw/ de Nnrnisnlati/lue, ii. 355.
This classification, though sanctioned and
adopted by nnmislnatic antiquaries, is yet some
what arbitrary; or at least may be tenncd a con
ventional arrangement rather than a perfectly
exact plan. For the want of a better, however,
it must be followed.
The imperial series of coins, struck in brass,
at Rome, by order of the Senate, afibrds more
positive and authentic evidence in illustration of
historical facts, than those of silver or gold,
which were fabricatul under the exclusive autho
rity of the sovereign. Both the latter coinagcs,
indeed, were executed, sometimes when the
prince was in the provinces, either making a
 136 BRASS COINAGE. BRITANNIA.
journey or personally directing armies, consc put to death. The soundest antiquarics, there
quently less care was taken in their mintage— fore, look upon the divided privilege of coinage
and having moreover been counterfcited by for to be satisfactorily cstablished.—Capt. Smyth,
gers, they frequently exhibit types and legends, R. N. on Roman Bras: lllerlals, Preface, vi.
which no longer preserve the same historic ac and
curac'y.—(Zecans dr: Nlnnismutique R/rm. p. ix.) From the result of careful experiments, made
The medallions, which for the most part do in weighing a great number of large brass me
not bear the mark of the senate’s authority (S. dals of the first emperors, in the best possible
C.) and among which there is a material dif preservation, it has been satisfactorily ascer
fercncc in the size and weight, seem to have tained, that the money now called by the above
been (as above observed), not common money, mentioned name passed in circulation for the
but pieces struck by the sole command of the -FL’-S‘lt’lllll8, and had that value (about four sols
emperors, for gratuitous distribution on state French) under the first emperors—l-he middle
occasions, and in record of certain memorable bran must therefore have been worth the Iialf
circumstances and events. Such of these me scsterlius ; and the small brass must have passed
dallions, howcvcr, as constitute an exact mul for the as. This conjecture is confirmed by
tiple of the ordinary brass coin, and bear besides divers passages in ancient authors, who inforin
the senatorial authority, arc regarded as current us that, under the emperors, the mmunus or ses
money, notwithstanding their being larger, and terliua was the most common large copper coin.
are called by Italian numismatists double coins, Lastly, the inspection of some bronze medals
and not real medallions. As to the coins termed of Nero, which bear numeral marks, similar to
large, middle, and small brass, they were un those on the consular coins, and which agree
questionably the ordinary monied currency in with the weight of those pieces, appears further
that metal. Accordingly they are the more fre to sustain this opinion, and render it more and
quently found, whilst medallions are in general more probable.—Numiemrzlique Rom. xxii.
very rare.——(Numi.iwml. Rmn. ix.) In the ])i.reour.! de Save! (p. 242), we find
Of both the large and middle brass a nearly that early writer on numismaties, two centuries
perfect series may be formed. Of the small ago, expressing his opinion that the large Roman
brass a complete series cannot be made; and brass, posterior to the time of Pliny, were true
it is doubtful if any coins exist of some of the Jrtsferlii. Pinkerton is of the same opiniou.——
earlier emperors. On the disappearance of the Eckhel is afraid to decide.
large brass in the reign of Gallienus, the See Jlledallirm in this Dictionary: see also
coinage of small brass re-commenced, and much Capt. Sn1yth’s Preface, p. xv.
of it is extremely common, as the extensive
lists in the elaborate work of Bandurius testify.
In the reign of Diocletian appeared a copper
coin, termed the Follis-, of the module of the
- middle brass of the first thirteen emperors, but
much thinner. The coinage of these pieces ap
pears to have been extensive, as they are at
this day very common, both of Diocletian, and
of his colleague Maximian, as also of Constan
tins-Chlorus, Severus Caesar, and Maxe.ntius.—
Akerman, Numismatic Manual, p. 141.
It is generally admitted, and a thorough
knowledge of the subject confirms the opinion,
that Augustus reserved for himself and his suc
cessors the right of wining gold and silver, and
left the brass and copper under the direction of
the Senate, whose otlieial signature, as it may
be termed, is expressed by the well-known riglre BRITANNIA.—Briiain (called also Albion),
S. C. A further confirmation of this implied which, as Shakspeare says, “ in the world's vo
compact exists in an inscription found at Rome, lume, seems as 0 it, not as in it: in s great pool
and thus given by Grater :—“ Ofliainalorea mo a swan’s nest,’ and whose inhabitants were
nrtre aurarie, argerzlarim C¢r.mris.” Yet there “ ultimi oi-bis” in ancient geography, remained
are some who maintain that the Senate had unknown to the Romans, until Julins Caesar, with
power over the whole mintage of Rome; but characteristic boldness, ability, and foresight,
though all the brass coins, with very few ex crossed over from the Portus lccius (situate on
ceptions, have the “Senatfls Consults” upon the coast, between Calais and Boulogne), to in
them, the gold and silver, with still rarer ex vade it. And this he did, in his 45th year, on
ceptions, are without it. Vespasian minted in the 26th of August, B. c. 55, landing on the
the precious metals before his title was acknowKcntish shore, most probably at Lymne, with
ledged in R/ome, whereas the brass was only not more than two legions. But even the
struck when the Senate received him. Albinus greatest commander of antiquity found it cinder
appears as Au;/uatru on gold and silver coins, to defeat, than to subdue, the natives. The
but on the brass series only as Czzsar; and it result of his first expedition appears to have
was for assuming the former title that he was been insignificant; and with regard to the vic
 BRITANNIA. BRITANNIA. 137
tories so highly landed afterwards by the Senate, to the conquests of his otiiccr, the obsequious
the line of Lucnn—— Senate, on his retu.rn to Rome, six months after
“ Terrila quwsilis ostendit terga Britannia," he had left the British shore, voted him n eon
Does he boast. queror‘s most splendid triumph. Solemn pro
His flight in Britnin‘s new discovered coast?cessions also were formed; trophied arches rear
ed; public games celebrated; naval and provin
Rowe.
conveys no lotty notion of military success, as cial crowns of gold presented; to perpetuate the
connected with that enterprise. In fact, from memory of his victories; and, whilst the sur
the day of his landing on the Kentish shore, name of Britannica: was decreed to him and
near the South Foreland, where he met with a. to his infant son, the real services of Plantius
stout resistance, to that of his return with the were rewarded with inferior honours, followed
invading force to Gaul, not more than three or up by his dismissal from command. It is under
four weeks were comprised. In the spring of Claudius that the appellation given by the Ro
mans to the aborigines of our country, first
the following year (B. C. 5-1»), Caesar undertook
his second invasion of Britain: and he made appears on the coinage of Rome.—See [DE] Bar
good his landing at nearly the same spot as be TANNIS.
fore, uith five legions—an armament so vast [“ Who were the oldest, and consequently the
both in its naval and military strength, as to first, inhabitants of this island, and whence tho
defy all opposition. After a desultory and har name of Britain is derived, has given rise to a
rassing warfare, carried on against Cassivellau variety of opinions, with no ground of certainty
nus, and other chiefs of tribes, or kings of na to determine the question.” It appears, how
tions, in the course of which the legionaries ever, that “ the ancient Gauls and Britons used
under their indomitable leader gained a footing the same language, and by necessary conse
in Essex and Middlescx, Caesar compelled the quence the origin of the Britons may be referred
Britons to sue for peace; himself only too glad to the GoMs."%ee Camden, edited by Gough,
to grant it to a brave and formidable, though 1, p. lxiv.]
undisciplined adversary. The conditions were, About A. D. 50, Claudius being still emperor,
hostages to be delivered, and an annual tribute in consequence of continual conflicts carried on
paid, to the Roman people, but without any with the unsubducd natives, the southern part
concession of territory. And the Imperatar, with of the island was formed into n province by Os
chief portion of his mighty host, again returned torius, who defeated the Silures in a great bat
to Gaul in September of the same year.—-By his tle, and taking their leader Caractacns (or Cara
second invasion of Britain, Ca.-ear obtained no doc), sent him and his family prisoners to Rome.
more solid advantages, as a conqueror, than had Neither the captivity, nor subsequent release, of
accrued to him from his first. He had indeed this heroic chief, produced more than a brief
advanced further into the interior. But having suspension of hostilities between the legionaries
mtablished there no fortified chain of posts and and their harrassing antagonists. From A.D. 54
encampments for his troops, the Roman name to A. 1). 62, during which, Nero being emperor,
soon lost its influence, and the natives regained Suetonius Paulinus commanded in Britain, bat
their warlike spirit of independence: thus justi tle after battle was fought, without producing
fying the opinion of Tacitus (Vit. Agr. c. 13), any decisive effect on either of the bclligcrents.
that the Grmt Julius “had only shewn Britain The capture of the isle of Anglesea, and the
to the Romans, and did not make them masters slaughter of the Druids, followed by a retribu
of it.” tive and still more widely extended massacre of
The astute policy of Augustus, and the indo the Romans, by the insurgent Britons under
lent apathy of Tiberius, being alike averse from their Queen Boadicea (A. D. 61); these san
the annexation to the empire, of Ca:sar’s alias guinary honors succeeded by the terrible rc
orbic term:-um—-“ the last Western Isle” of Ca venge, which the Romans took, when victory at
tullus, the Britons, during the period of 97 length returned to their standards, and the Bri
years, remained without molestation from any tish heroine fell a self-devoted victim to imperial
foreign attacks on their national freedom, “the cruelty and iujustice——such are amongst the
island (says Dion Cassius) remaining subject to prominent features of atrocity and misery with
its own kings, and governed by its own laws.” which historians fill up that brief but eventful
C~align]a’s mock invasion (A. 1). 41), is too ridi space of eleven years. Nor was this bellum in
culous to stand as an exception. terneeinum-——this “war to the knife" yet near
At length the Emperor Claudius, who aimed the period of its termination.—Whcn, however,
at popularity, and even shcwed an ambition for Vespasiun in A. D. 70, became emperor; he (who
military renown, undertook the task of subject under Claudius had fought the Britons in many
ing Britain to the Roman yoke. His first step engagements, and consequently well knew the
was to send thither Aulus Plautius, who, at the system of political as well as military tactics,
head of a numerous and well-appointed army, best calculated to achieve success against the in
encountered and overthrew the Britons in several dependent tribes of the island), adopted such o
engagements. Stimulated to personal enter combination of bold and judicious measures, as,
prise by these successes of his able lieutenant, through his generals, Cerealis and Frontinus,
the emperor (A. D. 43) went himself to the before the end of the year 76, resulted in re
scene of action. And, though he stayed in the ducing the Briganlea wholly, and the Silurn
island only sixteen days, and made no extension partly, to subjection.
T
188 BRITANNIA. BRITANNIA.
But a new aera of military glory, accompa made to form a well-connected chain of military
nied by a wiser and more humauised system of posts and stations over the country. And having
conduct towards the natives, began to be iden by this means re-established comparative tranquil
tified with the administration of Roman affairs lity, he next extended to Britain those adminis
in Britain, about the close of Vcspasian’s reign. trative regulations for limiting the authority,
This auspicious change continued throughout and curbing the cxactions, of prefects and sub
that of Titus. But it was totally blighted by ordinate magistrates, which he had already rc
the base ingratitude and vindictive tyranny of duced to an uniform system in other provinces
Domitian towards one of the ablest as well as of the empire, and which had become equally
most willing instruments of such public benefits, indispensable to protect the Roman colonists
that Rome evcr had the privilege to cull her own. themselves from flagrant injustice, and to rescue
The pen of Tacitus, narrating events from s. n. the native tribes from the most grinding tyranny.
76 to 86, attests the splendid successes gained, Hadrian was the first emperor, subsequently to
and the solid advantages reaped, by Cueius Claudius, who had set foot on British ground.
Julius Agricola. That consummate warrior, and The advent took place A. D. 121 ; and his pre
excellent governor, whilst he effectually kept sence in that island seems to have been owing to
down the refractory tribes by his vigilance and a far more important reason than that of mere
courage, no less advanced the cause of tranquil curiosity. It is evident, from both coins and
lity and civilization by his advice and assistance marbles, that marches were performed, battles
to those who faithfully adhered to their alliances fought, and victories gained by this prince, over
with Rome—at the same time that he set an the ever restless Caledonians But there is one
example of good order, by restoring the disci memorial of Hadrian's visit to Britain, which,
pline of his army. It was the justly famed though history makes but brief allusion toit,
Agricola, who having, A. D. 7 8, accepted at the remains-—monumeuium rare pervmzius-—an im
hands of his aged emperor, the post of command perishable evidence of his directing mind, in the
in this country, subdued the Ordovices and took mural barrier which was constructed (not merely
the isle of Mona. It was Agricola who, after of turf but of stone), from the western to the
having reduced to submission the whole southern eastern coast, for the purpose of resisting the
portion of Britain, augmented the superiority incursions of the Caledonians (afterwards called
he had already acquired, by gradually securing Picts), and other unconquered inhabitants of
a strong northern frontier to his conquests in North Britain.
his third campaign, A. D. 80, advancing as far During the reign of Antoniuus Pius (com
as the F1-ith of '1‘ay—not merely driving the prising the period from s.n. 138 to 161), the
Caledonians back into their inaccessible fast Maetw in the north, and the Briganfes in the
Ilcsscs among the Grampians, A. D. 83, but after south, revoltcd from the Roman sway; and,
defeating Galgacus, A. n. 84, being the first to after much bloodshed on both the conflicting
ascertain, by means of his fleet, the geogra sides, were reduced to submission by the pro
phical fact that Britain is an island. prsctor Lollius.—Marcns Aurelius was, almost
All these substantial fruits, however, of dearly at his accession to the throne (A.D. 161), en
purchased victories in seven glorious campaigns— gaged in defending the northern and eastern
all these benefits of an enlightened cnergy—all frontiers of his vast empire, against the incur
these advantages of good government-—were ren sions of Germanic tribes, and the march of Par
dered null and void, by the worse than thank thian invaders. This fact may perhaps serve, in
less conduct of Domitian to a le_r/afar, of whom some measure, to account for his name and ex
ruck a sovereign was not worthy. ploits not being recorded either by annalists or
After the recall of Agricola from his pro-prac on coins, in relation to Britain: although for
torship, A. D. 85, the Roman province in Bri nearly the whole 28 years of his eventful life, as
tain, which he had done so much to enlarge emperor, Britain was the arena of continuous
and improve, appears to have relapsed again into hostilities between the imcivilizcd tribes of Calc
a state of commotion within, and of conflict donia and the legions stationed to defend the
pressed upon it from without. In this precari toman province from their onslaughts.—Com
ous and neglected condition, the power of Rome modus (A. D. 18-1), aroused to make some effort
remained in this country till A. 1). ll7.—It is for the safety of this part of his doininions, sent
to be observed by the way, that no coins of Ves over Ulpius Marcellus. This general, a man of
pasian, Titus, and Domitian, any more than of high reputation, after having defeated these frec
their imperial predecessors, Nero, Galba, Otho, booters, and driven them back into their shel
and Vitellius, bear, either in type or legend, the tering highlands, proceeded to reform the legion
least reference to the Britons; although triumphs aries themselves, by establishing better disci
for Agricola’s successes were assumed by both pline and more effective regulations. For these,
the sons of Vespasian. and other important public services, Ulpius was
At length, Hadrian being invested with the rewarded by Commodus, in the some manner
purple, that wise and active ruler, directing his that Agricola had been by Domitian-—nsmcly,
attention to the subject of Britanuic affairs, with by a recall from his prefecture; and n narrow
a sagaeious promptitude corresponding to its im escape of his life from the jealous hatred of his
portance, began by sending large bodies of troops execrable master.
to reinforce the various garrisous and encamp The portentous insubordination of the Bri
mcnts which, under Agricola’s plan, had been tannic army, at this period, was plainly shewn,
 BRITANNIA. BRITANNIA. 189
in their clamorous accusations against Perennis sideration of the historical antiquary. Referring
(A. n. 185), and the base degradation of the im to the inscriptions which have strewed the
perial government became equally manifest, in ground from Bowness to Wallsend, he observes,
the surrender, by the self-dubbed Hercules Ro that “ these records very clearly explain the ori
inanus, of a favourite minister to the deadly re gin of the wall itself, and settle the questions
venge of a corrupt and seditious soldiery. In which have so long been raised as to its date.
the fertile mint of this blood-thirsty profligate, They prove that to Hadrian this honour is due;
one blushes to see the arts of design combined and that Severus, who has shared the credit
with the skill of the die-sinker, to furnish, in each with Hadrian, did nothing more than repair the
metal and of almost every size, numismatic speci fortresses and the public buildings, which had
mens of exquisite beauty, amongst other subjects, become dilapidated; that Hadrian brought to
allasive, both in legend and in type, to that Bri gether for this work the entire military force of
taia, whose soil the degenerate son of Aurelius the province, and that the British states, or
never trod, and about whose interests, as a pro communities, also contributed workmen.”—See
vince of the empire, he knew little and cared less. Gen!lem:m’a Jllay. Oct. 1851. But more par
Albinns, on whom Severus, in A. D. 194, con ticularly sec Oolleclrmea Antigua, by the same
ferred the title of Caesar in Britain, displayed author, vol. ii. under the head of " The Roman
great ability for civil government, and high talents Wall.”]
for military command, whilst left awhile by his From the death of Severus (at York), Feb. 4,
artful superior unmolested at the head of affairs 211, to the times of that fortunate usnrper
in that island. He had, of course, no authority Caransius, and his perfidions murderer Allcctus
over the brass mint of Rome; and he struck no —(an interval of more than 70 years)—no
silver or gold money, on which there was any notice, strange to say, of occurrences in Britain
reference to Britain; although a mintage of sil can be found in the old writers.
ver, issued by him when he assumed the purple
It Lyon (A. D. 197), exhibits a type of military [The above historical summary, purposely
ensigns, allusive probably to the British legions closed here, is meant simply for an introductory
whom he had led into Gaul. tribute of attention, due to the subject of such
monetnl relics, as serve to associate the annals
Septimius Severus, after he had put Albinus
of ancient Rome with those of “the land we
to death; and with the same merciless hand of
live in.” And, as in framing the above out
power, restored tranquillity in the east, became
line, slight and circumscribed as it is, resort has
closely associated, in bodily presence as well as
been had for facts, dates, and authorities, to
in name, with the western provinces; and his
the pages of a Camden, a Henry, a Tyttler
military expeditions, together with the victories
Frazer, a Francis Pnlgrave, n Lingard, an Eek
that crowned them, in Britain, are recorded on
his coins. In the 207th year of our tern, and hel—so has the scientilie and intelligent pen
in the 15th year of his reign, this warlike prince of an Akerman been taken full advantage of
divided the executive administration of the island
in the rubjoined notices of coin: and me
into two prefectures, appointing able governors dallions, which bear the names of our country
to each, and sending large reinforcements to and her native sons, as they were respectively
assist one of them in waging war with the nn designated by her earliest conquerors, and, for
conqncred men of the north. Two years afier many centuries, ruling occupants. The more
wards, accompanied by Caracalla and Geta, he recent publication by the last named excellent
went, an infirm old man, but still energetic and writer, entitled “Coins of the Romans re
lating to Britain,” is, indeed, regarded by all
nndannted in spirit, to the assistance of his lieu
competent judges in England, as the best work
tenant Lupus, vvith a much more formidable
extant, with reference to the nationally interest
annament. His invasion of Caledonia (A. n.
ing points on which it treats. And European
209); his dearly bought successes over, and his appreciation of its merits may fairly he recog
acceptance of a proffered but a feigned submis
sion from the savage race of people, whose ob nised in the distinguished honour of the Pris: dc
stinate courage had inflicted such appalling losses Nluniavnaliqut, awarded to him, for the new
on the Roman host-—all these, added to his more edition, by the French Institute. From the ac
permanent merit in repairing and strengthening curately descriptive and elegantly illustrated
the defences of the northern province, give an contents of that volume, the student will derive
historical reality of interest to the VICTOBI.-\E every degree of useful information, which can
BBITIANNICAE legends, and to the trophied be obtained or desired, in that particular branch
typos, which display themselves in the respective of nnmismatic research, from the reign of Clau
dius down to the times of Constantine and his
mints of Severus and his sons.
[.\[r. Roach Smith, F. S. A. in his valuable
fan1ily.]
and interesting Notes of an Archaeological Tour BRI'I‘.—BriIanni.—Pacatus, in his Paneg]/r.
performed by him, in 1851, along the Roman T/ceorIa.n'i, cited by Eckhel (vi. 247), calls the
Wall, makes the following concluding remarks; Britons by the strong term of e.ruIca orbis (ex
which, coming as they do from one of the ablest, iles from the terrestrial globe). About the time
most indefatigable, and most faithfully correct of the Emperor Claudius (A. D. -4,1 to 51), it
writers of the present day, and offered by him was customary to write BRITANNIA-—BllI‘l‘ANNl
as the result of his recent line of exploration, —narr1mN|evs.—-The name of the island and
have a peculiar claim to the confidence and con of its inhabitants was also spelled with only one
T2
l40 BRITAN. BRITAN.
"r during the reigns of Hadrianus and Antoniuus his troops to embark for Britain; they com
Pius, as will be seen on their respective coins. plained that they were going to war in regions
Virgil had previously done the same, in the well ‘ out of the world.’—-—Thc figure seated on the
known line, ending “ .Britamm.r.”-—It was un globe is unquestionably the typification of the
dcr Commodus (about A. D. 184), that the let Roman provinee.”—See the work above named,
ter '1‘ began to be doubled, and only one N was in which the coin is engraved, pl. ii. fig. 16.
used. (See next page-).—Septimius Severus (.\.D. BRITAN. S. C. (across the field of the coin).
209), adopted the double '1', but restored the N ; —.~\n elegant winged Victory, standing on s
and in legends of Gcta and Caraealla (A. D. 198 globe, holds a garland in her right hand, and
to 217), we also read BRXTIANNICAE. After that
period of the empire, the word does not in any
way appear on the coinage of Rome.
BRITAN. (DE) or De Brilamz, or De Bri
ianni, or De B:-itannzls, inscribed on a tri
umphal arch, above which is
. an equestrian statue, between
~ two trophim.
This legend and type ap
pear on gold and silver of
Claudius, to whom as early
as the year u.c. 796 (s.n.
43), honours were awarded
by the Senate, for the conquest of Britain. No
coins struck in preceding years, have yet been a palm branch in her left.—Round the type,
found, commemorative of this event. The il\ll’£RA'l‘0ll u. (Imperator Ilrrmu, Emperor
above type (engraved from a specimen in the for the second time). On a first brass of Anto
British Museuin), exhibits the arch stated by uinus Pius.
Dion Cassius to have been decreed to Claudius, According to Capitolinus, Antonino conquered
in addition to other marks of distinction. a tribe of the Britons by his general, Lollius
Suetonius (CIaud. ch. 17), adds that a naval Urbicus, who kept back the barbarians by raising
crown was placed near the civic one, on the sum another turf wall still further to the northward
mit of the Palatine residence, as an emblem of (alio muro ccspititio submotis barbaris ducto).
the sea-traject, and, so to speak, a symbol of Pausauias also, in recording the victorious ex
the Ocean subdued to the empci-or’s power. ploits performcd in Britain by the above named
BRITAN.-——A first brass of Antoninus imperial commander, calls the tribe whom he
subdued by the name of Briyazltm, and as
Pius presents a female figure helmeted, clothed,
cribes the war to their having attacked Gvrunia,
and seated on a rock : holding a javelin in the
right hand, her left reposcs on an ornamented a territory subject to the Romans.
shield by her side, and her right foot rests on a [The fine reverse above described and in
globe. Round the type we read mrznaron 11.; serted, has been en ved from n specimen in
and BBITAN is inscribed across the field. the British Museum.
This type differs materially from all the others The chronological value of the title Imperalor,
of the Britannia series. “Instead of a female as inscribed on coins of Roman Emperors, is
figure, with bare head, as on coins of Hadrian, shewn by Eckhel (vii. p. 12) :—Thcse coins
we have here doubtless (says Mr. Akcrman), a prove what history has neglected to teach us
crsonifieation of Rome herself; her dominion viz. that this war was carried on, or at least
eing aptly enough portr'ayed by a globe beneath was finished by Urbicus, Within the third quin
her right foot, whilst she grasps a javelin (a quennial consulate of Auloninus Pins ; and
barbarian Weapon) instead of a spear.”—En thence was called after him Imperalar I1. being
grayed
fig. 18. in “Coins relating to Britain,” pl. the first and last augmentation of his title.
Although, if Gruter’s marble does not mislead,
BRITAN.—Iuscribed in the exergue of an in which Antonino is styled Tn. r. II. nlr. u.
other large brass of the same emperor, having cos. n. nss. m. that title had already been con
the same legend of reverse. The type is a ferred upon him at the expiration of the pre
female figure seated on a globe, surrounded by ceding year U. c. 892 (A. D. 140).-—See the
waves; in her right hand a standard; in her word Imperator.
left a javelin ; her elbow resting upon the edge There is a second brass of Antoninus Pius,
of a buckler by her side. with the same legend of reverse, of which the
“ This is perhaps the most interesting coin of type is a Victory walking. She holds in her
the whole series.” Every feature of the device right hand a buckler, on which the abbreviated
serves to mark the insular and remote situation word BR-ITAN. is inscribed. This coin, bearing
of Britain, which the Romans considered, and also mrsusron n. evidently refers to the same
their poets (Virgil, Claudian, and Horace), al decisive victory gained over the Brignntcs, which
luded to, as a country divided, severed, and set gave rise to the minting of the preceding coin
apart from their \\'orld.—According to Dion —Engravcd in Akcrman, “Roman Coins relating
Cassius, great dilficulty was experienced by to Britain, pl. i. fig. 9.
Plautins, in the time of Claudius, in inducing BRITANNIA. S. C.—A first bmss of Anto
 BRI'I"I‘A.\lIA. BRITTANNIA. l~LI
ninus Pius with this legend, has for its reverse and People, who are indicated by the legend and
type, a male figure seated on a rock, his right type of the obverse, and by the S. P. Q. B. in
hand holding a standard; his left band resting scribed on the shield in the reverse.
on the upper edge of a shield placed by his side. [A graphic illustration of the above described
Mr. Akermnn, in giving an engraving of it, medallion is placed at the head of article BRI
. says-“ This curious coin is somewhat puzzling. Talmla (p. I36). The cut is executed after a
Ithears on the obverse the head and name of east taken from the interesting and ve rare
Antoninus Pins; but the seated figure is obvi original in the French National collection.
ously a portrait of Hadrian. It is diflicult to BRITTANIA.—The learned editor of the
finda reason for this, unless we suppose that Thomas’ sale catalogue (p. 33), thus describes
the die for the reverse was originally intended the splendid Britannia medallion in, what, for
for n coin of Hadrian during the life of that comprehensive extent and extraordinary value,
emperor, but for some cause or other not used was appropriately tenned, that “princely collec
on his money. Or was it designed by the Senate tion.”
as :1 tribute to the memory of Hadrian, who “ Obv. a beautiful lnurented and togated bust
certainly performed more in Britain than his of Commodus looking to the right; rev. a mili
successor? In either case it is a very curious tary figure seated on a rock, with a standard in
type.” Referring to his engraved illustration the right and a spear in the lefi; hand; the lat
of this reverse (pl. ii. fig. 15, of the work above ter rests on an ornamented oval shield (having
quoted), Mr. A. adds, "That the figure is that the point of a lance in the centre) placed on a
of Hadrian, no one acquainted with the portraits helmet.—Legend of the reverse, BIHTTANIA,
of that emperor will deny.” 1*. iu. TB. r. x. mr. vn. cos. nu. P. I’.—Legend
BRITANNIA COS. IIII.—~BriIam1ia Con of the obverse, M. comronvs ANTONINVS ave.
sul Quartum.—A female figure seated on a rock, Prvs BRI'l'.; ezlra fine and unique; size 12 of
in an attitude of dejection; before her a large .\Iionnet’s scale.—A very correct engraving of
oval shield, and a military standard. On second this matchless Britannia adorns the title of
brass of Antoninus Pius. Captain Smyth’s valuable Catalogue; privately
The legend of this reverse shows that the coin printed at Bedford, 1834."
was stnick in the 4th consulate of the emperor, [It will thus he seen that the medallion in
a.n. I45.—“ Of all the Roman coins relating question, fonning part of the late Mr. Thomas's
to Britain, this is the most frequently discovered collection, diflbred from that in the French cabi
in England. They are generally found in very net, onI_1/ in not having the initial letters S. P.
ordinary condition, and scarcely ever met with Q. n. within the shield. Yet, whilst by that
in fine preservation. It is somewhat singular, inscriptive addition instead of a mere lance point,
that among the numerous fine and interesting the mintage of the latter becomes not less iden
brass medallions of Antoninus, not one bears tified with scnatorial than with imperial sanc
allusion to Britain.”—Akerman, same work as tion, and in that respect has a superiority over
above cited. Engraved in pl. ii. fig. ll and l2. the former—we find the medallion at Paris
BRITTANIA, P. M. TR. P. X. IMP. COS. valued by Mionnet at I50 francs (£5 18s. 9d.),
IIII. P. P.——Br1'ttania, Panlifaz: dlaximuc and that the celebrated acquisition of the En
Iribunitid Patrslate decem, Imperalor Sq)ti glish collector actually sold in 1848 for the sum
mum, Consul quartum, Pater Palria!.—A male of £75 l]
figure seated on a rock, holding in his right In the Florentine museum there is a brass
hand a military standard, and in his loft a juve medallion of Commodus, bearing the same le
lin; his right arm rests on a shield, on which gends, and a similar type of reverse, except
are inscribed the letters s. P. Q. a.—'I‘his legend that the spear or lance in the hand of the pro
and type appear on the reverse of a brass me vince is armed at bolls ends.
dallion, of large size and of the greatest rarity, BRITANNIA. S. C.—A second brass of Ha
struck under Commodus.—The obverse presents drian bears this inscription on the exergue of its
the lnnrclled head of that emperor, round which reverse, with the legend Pom‘. Max. Ta. rorr.
we read, :1. coxuonvs anrormvvs ave. 1>1vs. cos. 1n.—Pant;'f'e.z:
nun". lllarimua. Tfibuniiid
Among other vain assumptions of uumerited Polestate, Consul ter
honours, Commodus, from the date of his ninth iium.—The accompa
tribunitian power, had taken the title of BRIT nying type is that of
annimu, on the occasion of some advantages a female figure seated,
gained in that eountry by his generals. And her left foot planted on
this medallion was struck to record the suppres a rock ; her head rest
sion of a rebellion in South Britain, and the de ing on her right hand
feat of a Calcdonian incursion by Ulpins Mar -—in her left hand is
eellus. (See historical summary, p. 138). The a spear, and by her
figure thus representing a Roman province, dis side a shield, with a spike in the centre,
plays as usual all the attributes of that province. Spartian says—-“ Hadrian resorted to Britain,
—The form of the dress, bueklcrs, and lances where he reformed many things, and was the
used by a warlike race, are here plainly recog first to raise n wall 72,000 paces in length,
nizable. Britannia also holds a Roman ensign, which served as a boundary between the Bar-ban"
as the declared subject of the Emperor, Senate, and the Romans.” And according to the same
142 BRITANNIAE. BRITANNICUS.
author, this journey of H:idrian’s was made in wife of Claudius, he was deprived of his here
the year u. c. 874 (A. n. 121). ditary right to succeed that emperor, and Nero
[The above cut is from n satisfactorily pre was adopted in his stead, A. D. 50. About five
served specimen which belongs to the compiler years afterwards, when he had scarcely reached
of this work, the ift of his friend W. C. Ewing, his fourteenth year, this ill-fated prince was
Esq. of Norwichfi poisoned by Nero, partly out of envy of his fine
In a communication to the editor of the Nu voice, but more from fear that the youth should
mismatic Chrouicle, in 13-ll, Mr. ltouch Smith, snatch the empire from him.
alluding to this type of Britannia, in Ha There are neither gold nor silver coins of Bri
drinu’s second brass, states that in some of the tannicus. Brass, even of the Greek colonies,
specimens which he possesses, “the development are exceedingly rare.—Eelihel ascribes to him
of the mamma: clearly decide the disputed point as genuine, a large brass in the cabinet at Vienna,
that the figure, under which the province of having on its obverse the bare head of Britan
Britain is personified, is a female." nicus, with the legend of Tl. CLAUDIVS CAESAR
In the work on Roman Coins relating to Bri AVG. r. BltITANNlCVS.—-on the reverse s. c.
tuin will be found two engravings of this type Mars walking.—(D. N. V. 'r. vii. p. 155.)
of Hadrian’s. They dill'er in no material re Mionnet values this at 1000 francs, and pro
spect from each other, cxccpt that on one the nounces it unique.
legend BBJTANNIA is carried round the margin Captain Smyth says—“ The only large brass
of the coin, and the other (as in the present of Britannicns which I know of is that with
wood cut) is inscribed in the exergue.—Sce Mr. reverse of Mars, in the imperial cabinet of Vienna,
Akermun’s remarks on this interesting type, in which was purchased at Rome, in 1773, and
pp. 25 and 26. has been pronounced to be genuine.” (p. 36.)
BRITANNIAE (Adventu-9 Au_q.)—On s large The learned and accurate author of Legrom de
brass of Hadrian there is for obv. nannmnvs Numismulique Romaine, after alluding to the
svc. cos. m. r. r. The laureated profile of that extreme rarity even of colonial coins of Britan
emperor, with the chlamys buckled on the right nieus, expresses himself as follows (p. 95) :—
shouldcr.—R0v. Legend as above; on the ex “ '[‘here has been cited but one medal of Roman
crguc S. O.—'l'he figure of Hadrian in the toga. die, or rather struck at Rome, bearing the
stands in the lcft of the field, and a robed female name and efligy of this prince. It is of large
on the right, who holds a pntcrn over an altar, brass, and now in the collection of the Abbé
from which a flame rises.—“ By this, and the lauova, brother of the celebrated sculptor.-—
victim at her side (observes Capt. Smyth), is But (adds this writer), although referred to as
expressed the sacrifice made by the Provincinls a true antique by several authors, we, who have
in token of joy and cordiality at the august seen and examined it; we who rest, in the first
arrival; and the altar denotes mutual compact. place, on the opinion of Eckhel, and in the
He arrived A. D. 121, just in time, according to second place, on that of the well-informed P.
Camden, to prevent the Britons from throwing Caronni; believe it to be very suspicious. It is
off the Roman yoke. Here he made many re of a larger module, and it is thicker than large
gulations; and to secure his colonies from Cale brass of the ordinary size. Its reverse presents
donian incursions, caused a mighty wall to be the god Mars, an unusual type for a young prince
built, extending from the river Eden in Cum invested with only the title of Greer.”
berland, to the Tyne in Northumberland.”-— A second brass specimen was admitted into a
(p. 10-L). collection by Morel, but Eckhel thinks it must
BRIT. VIC'[‘.—-See vicr. nnrr. and vrcro be false.
RIAE BRITTANNICAE of Severus, Carnculla, and Mionnet and Akermnu both quote the follow
Gcta. ing small brass, colonial, with Latin legends:—
BRI'l‘amiicu.9.——This appellation does not ap _nn1'mNN1cvs. Bare infant head of Britan
pear on any of the coins of Claudius, as part of nieus.
his style and title, although on those which com Rev. Legend cffaccd (within a garland).
memorate the expedition of that emperor into BRITANNICVS AVGV, Bare head_
Britain, and some victories gained there by his Rev. ‘r1. c1.svn....'ra. ror. 1-. P. From Sestini.
legati, an inscription relating to that island doe: The coins on which Britannicns is called All
occur.--See BRITANNIS (on). gustus are colonial ; and to the ignorance of the
It was by certain emperors of a lower age, that moncyer, rather than to any particular motive,
the surname of Britannicus was assumed. Com is to be attributed the above use of a title which
modus first used it on his coins, A. D. 1S-1-.— was never conferred on that prince.—.\lionnet.
And this he did in addition to nnother titular B. R. P. NA'l‘.—B0no Rcipublicse Nata (Sm
a.ssumption—thus PIVS BRl'l‘ann.ivu.r, omit p. 132), and not BAP. NAT. as interpreted by
ting the others which he had before obtained; Occo and others afler him, BAl’fiama!e l\'ATo.
such as Gerrnanieus and Sarmaticus. The same In support of the former reading there is a paper
title of Brilmznirzzs is €:Xl\ll)ii.t’.(l on the respec in the Nnmismatic Journal, edited by J. Y.
tive coins of S. Severus, Curacalla, and Geta. Akerman, F. S. A. (January, 1837, p. 260),
BRITANNICUS C¢z.mr.——'l‘iberius Claudius which, entitled “Revival by Dr. Walsh of a rc
Germanicus, afterwards called Britannicus, son futed error," sets this question conclusively M
of Claudius and of Messulina, was born A. D. 4-2. rest.
By the influence of Agrippina jun. the second BRUISE, in numismntic language, signifirr‘
 BRUTUS. BRUTUS. 143
a break or injury in the patina of a brass or cop his own personal safety. Being, however, de
per coin or medallion. feated by Mark Antony and Octavian, at Phi
lippi, he put an end to his existence in the year
BRUNDUSIUM.—A city of Calabria (or 712 (a.c. 42), and in the 37th year of his
rather of Apulia), on the coast of the Adriatic a e.
sea, now called Briud:3:z', in the Terra di Otranto, g“ In private life (says Eckhcl, vi. 20), M. Bru
kingdom of Naples. In the time of the Ro
tus was a man of unimpeachahle morality~—in
mans, it was the chief resort of persons making
accessible to the alluremcnts of pleasure and of
the tmject from Italy to Greece. Horace has avariee—the
described the road from Rome to this place, in
only individual of the conspirators,
the fifth satire of his first book.—Both Eckhcl whom public opinion held to have joined in de
and Mionnet include Brundnsinm in their re stroying Ca.-sar, under the impulse of a love of
spective catalogucs of R0/nan voloniz-.1.—Vaill:int virtue and integrity ; whilst the rest were looked
upon as actuated by widely ditferent motives.—
gives none of its coins, which according to Mien
These commendations, however, lose much of
nct consist only of Latin Autonomes, in small
their foundation in truth; since in determining
and middle brass, almost exclusively bearing the
upon the death of Julius, he could not exhibit
legend BRUNdu.riurn ; and the types consist of his patriotism except at the expense of iugrati
a lnurellcd and bmrded head (of Neptune or
tude towards a second father—and moreover,
Jupiter), or a naked male figure (Arion) riding
on a dolphin, holding in the right hand a vicio since he ought to have reflected that his was a
fruitless and inconsiderate zeal, so long as there
riola that crowns him, and in the left a lyre,
existed in the corrupt commonwealth of Rome,
with the mark of the Semis. so many Cmsars, ready to take the place of the
BRUTUS (J[1m-u.r Janina), called by some departed one, and, as the event proved, to
the tyrannicidc, was son of M. Junius Brutus, and use their victory with infinitely greater pride
of Servilia, who was half sister of Cato of and cruelty. But Brutus betrayed great incon
lftica, by the mot-her’s side. He came into the sistency of principle and weakness of character,
world in the 669th ycar of Rome (B. C. S5). when, on the morrow after his defeat at Philippi,
At a very early age he lost his father; but his having resolved on sell’-destruction, he openly
education, under the careful superintendence of adopted the words which an ancient poet puts
his mother and uncles, was an excellent one; into the mouth of Hercules:-—“Ah, wretched
and, having imbibed an ardent love for learning, Virtuel thou wast, then, but a name! and yet
he studied literature and oratory at Rhodcs.—— I worshipped thee as a reality: but thou wast
It is not certain [see the point treated of the slave of Fortunel”—From this closing in
further on] that he was descended from the cele cident, the inference is plain, that in his aspira
brated Brutus, who drove the Tarquins from tions after Virtue, he had neglected the practical
linmc, and served the first Consulate of the for the ideal.”
Republic: although the portraitures and inscrip l. BltU'1'US.—Head of L. Junius Brutus.
tions on his family coins shew that he la.id pre Rev. AHALA. Head of Ahala. On a dcnarius
tensions to that origin. Having, amidst the of the Servilia gens.—(Sec p. 30).
lamentable dissensions of the State, attached 2. BRUTUS (M.) IMP. COSTA LEG.
himself to the adherents of Pompeius Magnns, (Brutus lmperator, Costa Lcgatus). Bare head
on the ground that it was that party which most of Marcus Brutus, within a crown of oak leaves.
favoured the cause of freedom, Marcus Brutus Rev. 1.. nr.v'rvs PRIM. cos. (Lucius Brutus,
was in the army opposed to that of Julius Czcsar, the First Consul). Bare head of Lucius Brutus,
at the battle of Pliarsalia, A. U. c. 706 (B. C. 48). within a similar crown.
But he was afterwards not only pardoned by the
victor in that decisive shock of arms, but was
loaded by him with the highest distinctions.—
(‘icsar in fact gave Brutus the government of
(fisalpine Gaul, and the przctorship of Ruine
favours which he repaid, by becoming, in con
junction with C. Cassius, the foremost of his
&a5<'L8Sil18.—Ii. was doubtless the remembrance of
these benefits conferred, that moved the mind
of Caesar in the very moment of the assault made The t\vo denarii above described exhibit the
upon him in full Senate (B.C. 44). So that head of that Lucius Junius Brutus who expelled
seeing Brutus in the throng of his murderers, the kings from Rome, and was the first of the
the exclamation burst from his lips—“'l‘u ne Consuls in the free commonwealth. Both were
ctiam inter hos cs, fili?" Art iliou, too, caused to bc'strnek by M. Brutus, who mur
amongst them, my sou?—At'tcr the perpetra dered Julius Cscsur.
tion of the crime, compelled to quit Rome, Before commenting on these truly precious
Brutus fled with Cassius and others of the con coins, Eckhel (vi. 20 at seq.) enters into an inquiry
spirators into the province of Macedonia. And whether the Marcus Brutus in question derived
when he learnt that war was declared, under his lineage from the original L. Brutus above
the Lex Pcdia, against him and his associates, alluded to. He commences by observing that,
he betook himself to defensive measures, not only even the ancient writers are at variance in their
for the support of the commonwealth, but for , opinions on this subject. Foremost amongst
 144 BRUTUS. BlllTTl'S.
these, Dionysius of Haliearnassus, citing the But wherever the truth may lie amongst
most distinguished writers on Roman history, these opposite statements and opinions, certain
aflirms, that no issue, male or female, survived it is, that there were not wanting many, on the
the Lucius who condemned his two sons for cou strength of this supposed relationship, to exhort
spiracy With the Tarquin family, and who were Brutus to emulate the deeds of his ancestors,
executed by his orders, as consul. To this he and this they did by distributing documents
adds the fact that Lucius was of patrician birth, among the people. Even around the tribunal
whilst the Juuii and llruti, who boasted of their of M. Brutus (for he was Prmtor Urbanus in
descent from him were, without exception, ple the very year of Ca:sar’s murder), writing was
beians, and served plebeian oilices in the state. discovered to this purport—-“ Thou sleepest,
Dion Cassius makes similar statements, borrow Brutusl"—and “Thou art not a Brutus.”—
ing them probably from Dionysius; and adds, (Neque es, Brulus).—Indeed the overthrow and
that it was by many persons industriously ru destruction of kings were looked upon by the re
moured, that Marcus ascribed his origin to publicans as the peculiar province of the Bruti.
Having made his general remarks as a requi
Lucius, in order that such associations might sti
mulate him to the overthrow of the tyrant site preliminary, the learned and judicious au
Ci1esar.—Other authors take a different view of thor of Doclrina proceeds to the task of con
the question. For example, Plutarch, adducing sidering the two coins separately, to the follow
the testimony of Poseidonius, asserts that though ing cfi‘ect:—
two of the sons of Lucius Brutus were ut to 1. The first denarius presents on one side the
death by his command, as traitors to t e re head of L. Brutus; on the other that of Ahala.
public, yet a third, then an infant, was left, by [See engraving in p. 30]. And this associat
whom the race was continued. Plutarch further ing together of the two portraitures, in itself
asserts, on the same authority, that the features convincingly identifies the mintage with Marcus
of several individuals of the Junia family rc Brutus. For as on the father’s side he was be
sembled those of the statue of L. Junius Bru lieved to trace his descent from Lucius Brutus,
tus.—But there is much wcightier evidence in so on his mother Servilia’s side, he undoubtedly
the words of Cicero, addressed to the Senate :— reckoned among his progenitors Servilius Ahala,
“ Surely, it was that L. Brutus, who both in whose sole recorded claim to be remembered be
his own person liberated the commonwealth yond his day, appears to rest on his having, as
from kingly domination, and transmitted, to general of cavalry to the dictator Cincinnatus
nearly the five hundredth year, a posterity of (n. c. 439), killed Sp. Mzelius, on pretence that
similar virtues and like cxploits.”—In another the latter was conspiring against the common
oration, alluding to Dccimus Brutus, one of the wealth.
most active originators of the conspiracy, he 2. The second coin, within a crown of oak
speaks yet more plainly. [Sec AHALA, p. 30 of ‘leaves, presents what, from the legend, 1.. Bnv'rvs
this dictionary].—l"urther testimonies of the Pam. cos. was evidently meant for the portrait of
same orator, to the same point, may be seen in the ancient Brutus.—This type (observes Eckhel,
Havert-amp’s commentaries on the Familirv R0 vi. 22), bears reference to the state in which the
mame of Morel, p. 220. republic was at the period of Ctesar’s dictator
Such is thc conflicting language of the an ship (B. c. 44). For just as Lucius Brutus,
cients on this subject. And from this diversity after the expulsion of the kings, himself became
of opinion, Eckhel avows himself the more in PRl.\Iu.r COnSul, so did Marcus Brutus, nficr
clined to believe, that “ the ]z?)lEtl10_(]_1/ wua a_flv/i the assassination of Julius, restore the ancient
lious one ; originating in the vanity so prevalent office of the Consulate, together with the liber
at that period, of hunting up a remote ancestry; ties of the people, indicated by the corona
abundant examples of which are fumished by quernm. The title of Primua Consul, in con
the coins of the Calpurnii, the Marcii, and the nection with the name of Lucius Junius Bru
Pomponii ; not to mention the fabulous instances tus, on this denarius, is amusingly as well as
that occur in those of the Antonii, the Mamilii, clearly illustrated by Suctonius, when (in Cm-are,
and the l"abii.—-In complaining of this very ch. 80), he states that the following cpigram
custom, Livy says——“ In my opinion, history matic sentence was inscribed on the pedestal of
is vitiated by certain funereal eulogies, and by Cmsar’s statue :—
the false inscriptions on statues; whilst each Brutus, quia reges ejecit, consnl primns faelus est :
family arrogates to itself, delnsively, the renown Hie (i. e. Caesar) quia consules ejeeit, rex postremo
of others’ deeds and distinctions. The inevit fnetus est.
able consequence has been the confounding of Old Brutus, for causing all kings to be lacking
individual with national records.” At Rome, the first consulsllip gains :
[In his It-onngrap/lie Romaine, referring to Whilst Umsar, because he sends consuls a-packing,
the above observation of Eckhel in support of Is, forthwith, made a king, for /ii: pains.
the opinion of those who deny that Marcus Bru The other side of this denarius exhibits the
tus was descended from the ancient Brutus, head of Marcus Brutus, representing him with
Visconti intiniatus his non-concurrence on this n long and meagre visage. And that such was
point with Evkhel, and adduces the authority of really his habit of body, may be gathered from
Boyle for recognizing, as the more probable an expression once used by Ctesar. For when
opinion, the validity of Brutus’s genealogical M. Antonius and Dolabella were accused in his
pretensions——vol. i. 8vo. edit. p. 192.] hearing of designs hostile to his person and go
 BRUTUS. BRUTUS. 145
vernment, he remarked, that he entertained no liberty, between two daggers. Silver of the
fears of those sleck and bushy mcu (crinitoa), Juuia gens.
but rather of the pale emaciated fellows, mean
ing Brutus and Cassius. (Plutarch, in Cree. ]l[.
Anion. ct Bruto.)—Shakspeare, in his play of
Julius Cicsar, probably borrowing from this pas
sage, turns the loan to good account, in making
Carsaf thus address Mark Antony :—
“ Let me have men about me that are fat ;
Sleek-headed men, and such as slee a-nights.
You Cassius has a lean and hungry ook :
He thinks too much 1 such men are dangerous." This rare and most remarkable silver coin, so
Act l, Scan: 2. important as u uumismatic monument, Lucius
It appears an extraordinary circumstance, that Plietorius Cestianus, a 1noneiariu.r as well as a
on coins should be introduced the portrait of /1'!/at/as of Marcus Brutus, was the instrument
of the very man who boasted of being the cham of transmitting, as a record, to the most distant
pion of freedom, when, in the independent days posterity. In describing it, Eckhel begins
of the republic, such a distinction was never per En pugiones, &c.—“Observc the daggers cm
mitted; and first became included amongst the ploycd in the perpetration of so fell a mur
inordinate privileges heaped upon (‘mar himself. der, brought before our eyes, on this coin
It might have been regarded as a flattering at wenpons, which, under the specious pretext of
tention paid, without the knowledge of Brutus, liberty, Brutus hesitated not to stain with the
by his lieutenants, whose names usually appear blood of that Caesar, to whom personally he
on his coins. But, if credit be given to Dion owed so much; in the some deed a patriot and
(xlvii. § 25), the type was struck with the con a cnt-throat.-—-We have the testimony of Dion
sent, and by the direction, of Brutus himself. Cassius that the dcnarius [above engraved] was
On this same denarius Brutus is styled li\‘[P struck by order of Brutus himself; and since
erator, as he frequently is on others of his coins. it graphically describes this numismatic gem,
-—The time and occasion of his receiving the the author’s words shall be given [See D.N. V.
title are stated by Dion (as above), viz. that he vi. p. 24, for both Greek and Latin :]—“ And
made an expedition against the Bani, a. people also on the coins, which he caused to be struck,
of Thrace, “ partly in order to chastise them for he exhibited a likeness of himself, and a cap and
their hostility, and partly that he might gain for two daggers; intimating by this type, and by
himself the title and dignity of Impcralor, which the legend, that conjointly with Cassius, he had
would enable him the better to cope with Cmsar restored his country to liberty.” The inscrip
and Antony—and that he accomplished both those tion am. nan. declares the fatal day, the idea
objects."—-According to Plutarch fin Brut. c. of March, on which the bloody deed was done.
34), Brutus and Cassius together received each The term paricidium was afterwards applied to
the title of [MPerat0r, by the aeclamatious of these ides of March.
the army at S:n'dis.—-D. N. V. vi. 22. By way of counterpoise to the head of Julius
With regard to the epithet primes, employed Caesar, struck on his coins, as Dictator, other
in this instance, it is further to be observed, coins, in opposition to his usurpation of abso
that Valerius Poplieola was also called Consul lute power at Rome, were minted in their turn
primua, because he was amongst the very first by the partisans of the conspirators themselves,
of those annually elected rulers of the early free with the head of M. Brutus, and having on the
republic.—'l‘he heads of both the Bruti—Lucius other side, either the image of Brutrm, the first
and Mareus—men chronologically separated from Consul, or the two daggers, in allusion to the
each others’ times by an interval of more than murder of Czesar. “This (says Riccio) was for the
450 years—were conjoined on this dcnarius, purpose of showing that as Lucius Brutus removed
clearly in order that he who slew Caesar, might the ancient kings, so the poniards of Cassius
thereby shew forth his claim to kindred with the and Brutus had, at a subsequent period of time,
Brutus of ancient days, and his participation in restored liberty to Rome, as symbolized by the
like glory with his assumed ancestor. ca Il3imard
.” de la Bastie (in his notes to Jobert),
“The civic (or oaken) crown which appears
round each head of the two Bruti, alludes (says referring to this famous coin, observes that,
Riceio), to the victory won by the second Bru though unquestionably genuine, both in gold
tus over the adverse party, and to the rescue of and silver, yet that there is nothing in its
Rome and her citizens out of the hands of those appearance to justify the supposition that it
who usurped the sovereign power of the state." was struck in Rome. The fact is that Brutus
-—See Monet: dell: Ant. Fam. di Roma, p. l20 was at no time master of that city, nor was his
et seq. party the strongest there. The‘ above cited tes
[A specimen of the above described denarius, timony of Dion decides the question as to who
in good condition, brought £26 at the sale of it was that caused this denarius to be minted;
the Pembroke collcction.] and the time was that at which Brutus passed
BRUTILJ lMPera.t0r Lucius PLAETOriur into Asia to join Cassius, after having rendered
CESTianu.r. Head of Marcus Bnlt-us. himself master of Macedonia and of apart of
Rev. EIDu.1 MAIUi¢. The pileus, or cap of Greece.
U
l-L6 BRUTUS.
[Tire foregoing cut is faithfully copied after
the east from a well-preserved specimen in
the British Museum. There was another,
forming part of the Pembroke collection, and de
scribed in the catalogue as “ in very good condi
tion, and which appeared to be a genuine specimen
of this extremely rare and much falsified coin.”
This, in August 1848, brought £10 155. The
tinest specimen that even the late Mr. Thomas the government of Caesar, if they had not been
could procure, obtained at the sulc of his col well assured of the consent. and approbation of
lection only £15 l0s.—These sums, so dis
proportioncd to the historical interest, us well
us to the acknowledged rarity, and consequent
high value of this denarius, would seem to in
ilicnte a prevalence of doubtfulncss in the minds the money which he ordered to be coined.
of connoisseurs present at the grand auctions Icon. Rom. i. 212.
in question. One is indeed almost ready to
ask, whether there be such a thing as n genuine
mo. MAB. of Marcus Brutus? so ditiieult is it
to meet with one that embraces the triple re
quisites of being antique, unplnted, and in good
preservation]
BltL"l‘US (Consulsris Processus).—Scc Junia
gens.
BRUTUS Ii\IP.—0bv. Neptune.—Rev. Vic
toria.—Sec cases LONGUS.
BltIl'I‘L'S (Q. CAEPIO) IMP.—-Rev. Trophy.
——Scc Servilia gens.
BRUTUS (CAEPIO) PRO. COS.—Sce LEI
BlJIl'l‘AS.—~JllIlll\ gens.
BRUTI. F. ALBlNUS.—See Junia, Postumin,
and Vibin families.
BRUTUS IMP.—Bare head of Marcus Junius
llrutus, to the right, within a wreath of oak
leaves.
Rev. cases Loivovs. A trophy between two
prows: sometimes with, sometimes without, an
in~=ulate1l letter in the field.
BUCA.
coins stamped with the head of Brutus, that
they were struck with his authority. 'l‘hcy all
combine to prove the immoderate ambition of
Marcus Junius. The individuals of his party
(observes Visconti), would not have dared, each
independently of the other, to cause his cfligy
to be stamped on Roman money, in imitation
of those abuses, which were found fault with in
their chief. It is even ninttcr of astonishment,
that s like example should not have been fol
lowed by the lieutenants of Cassius, and that
his head also should not have been stmclr on
We might have supposed (adds the same dis
tinguished writer), that the portraits of Brutus,
after his defeat and death, would have disappeared
from the Roman world. But party spirit long
survives the events that have decided its lot;
and besides there is nothing so ditficalt to dc
stroy as numismatic monuments.
The coin whence Yisconti made his cngmfing,
was at the time in the cabinet of the learned
Abbé Sun Clemente, at Crcmona. A similar
one exists in the imperial cabinet of Vienna.
(Eckhel, Calal. JIM. Cora. part ii. pl. i.)
[A very fine specimen of this COllS\|.lt\t‘ aureus,
weight 125 grs. brought at the Devonshirc sale,
in 1844, £17 17s., and at the sale of Mr.
White's collection, in November, 1848, it ob
tained £37. The Pembroke specimen, lot 350,
in the most perfect state of preservation, size
4%, 123 3-10 grs. brought £4-2.]
BUCA. L.——Head of Venus, with niitre, ear
rings, and necklace.
R1-v. A man vn-sipped in a night-dress, lying
asleep on the grass, with his head resting on 8
stone, to whom are present Diana and \'ictor_Y.
—A rare denarins of the Zltlmilia gens.

In page 143, an engraving is given of a

gold coin, which on one side presents the effigy
of Brutus in the middle of n civic crown; and on The figure in the recumbent posture is Sulln,
the other that of Junius Brutus, from whom he to whom appeared in his sleep, Diana Tifatina,
claimed descent.-—The above eut is from another his protectress (according to the explanation oi
Borghcsi), who with a rod came to awaken him,
coin, of the same metal, and which represents the
accompanied by Victory, who invited him to fol
head of this celebrated character within a similar
crown. The trophy, raised upon the prows of low her and destroy his enemies, the partisans of
ships, forming the type of the reverse, bears Marius. lt is moreover ailirined, that this took
allusion to the success which attended the lieu place in Su1la’s consulate of the year U. c. 666
tenants of Brutus and Cassius, in a naval en (B. c. 88), when returning from Camponin, ivhe-re
gagement, which they hnd with the fleet of the he had been commanding at Nola the army des
triumvirs, at the very time when the conspirators tined for the Mithridatic war, he entered Rome;
themselves were defeated by land.—Thc legend caused the tribune Sulpicins to be put to death;
(IASCA LONGVS points to Publius Scrvilius and drove away Marius from the city. Venus
('-risen; the man who struck the first blow at was the especial object of Sulln’s adoration, in
Czesar, and who fouglit at Philippi. Longur rcmcrnbrunee of whom he caused her etligy to bi!
is probably but the second siu'uamc of this same struck on the obverse of this coin. (Sec Riceio.
(‘:i.-'e:i. p. 10.)—With regard to the name which ap
lt has already been remarked, with regard to pears on this dennrius, it applies to L. zEn1illll=
 BUST. BUSTS. 147
Buea, the father of him who was one of the because the portrait seen in profile often dilfers
in aspect widely from that of the full face.
quatnorumviri of Julius Caasar, and is supposed to
have been qumstor under Sulla, in commemora Besidcs which, the workmanship of coins, par
tion of whose alleged dream he stmck this curi ticularly those of the lower empire, was of an
ous coin. (Eckhcl, v. 12l).—For a denarius inferior kind, and executed probably after ill
struck by the son, 1.. nvca, sec easssn. mer. designed portraits, especially such as were struck
PERPETVVS. in the provinces.
BUCKLER, or Shield.-§ee Cl]/peIu—a1so The study of antique busts and heads cannot
Jnci/ia. fail to be of great utility. To the antiquary and
BULLA, a small round ornament of gold, the historian they furnish matter for reflection
hollow in the inside, worn by Roman children on the form of vcstments, or the ornaments of
of quality, together with the prretextal robe, the person, or the head-dress and the changes
and which hung pendant from their neck, until which it underwent, also on the attributes of
they attained the age of 17 years, when both different deities, and on the lincaments of cele
that and the prmtexta were exchanged for the brated men. The artist, on the same subject of
toga virilis. Once arrived at adolescence, they attention, finds his admiration excited by the
consecrated the relinquished dress and decoration perfection with which they are wrought, and the
of childhood to the Dii Larer, household deities, skill of the ancients in imparting to their pur
as Persius thus ind.icatcs— traiture something of the idmd, yet without
Bullaque suceinctis Laribus donsta pependit. impairing the likeness.——Sce Millin, Diet. zles
Beam: Arts.
Macrobius relates the circumstance which led Buat.r—-Ornamenta qf.—~'l‘hc busts which up
to the use of the bulla among the Romans. In pear on coins are accompanied by certain sym
the war which ended in the triumph of Tar bols peculiar to them, especially when the two
quinius Priscus over the Sabines, that king's son, arms are visible, as is generally the ease on
aged only 1-t years, having distinguished himself medallions; and even on the smallest coins oi’
by his valour, and killed an enemy with his own the Lower Empire. The princes represented on
hand, his father publicly culogized him, and these monuments often hold a '1/lobe in their
conferred on him the honour of a golden bulls; hand, to shew that they are the masters of the
(et pro concione laudavit ct bulls aurca donavit). world. This globe is sometimes surmounted by
At first this ornamental privilege was granted a winged Victory, which holds a crown or
only to patriciaus; but it was, in process of wreath, designating that it is to Victory the
time, allowed to all children who wore the pran reigning prince owes his imperial throne. The
tcxta.-—Sec the anecdote of young M. LEPIDVS in acqitre which they hold in their hand, when in
Emilia gens, p. 14. the consular habit, is surmounted by a globe
BL'S'l‘.——This term, derived from the Italian charged with an eagle, to shew by these marks
Budo and the French Brute, is applied to such of sovereign power that the prince governs by
representations of the human figure as do not himself. From the time of Augustus the con
extend below the waist. One of the most an sular sceptre, to which reference is here made,
cient modes of representing gods and heroes, appears constantly on the imperial series of lio
under human features, was that of giving only man coins. When the persons represented are
their heads. The invention of busts, properly in arms, besides the helmet and bmzklcr, they
so called, is one that dates from a much later have generally a javelin in the hand or on the
epoch. These exhibit sometimes the head with shoulder, as on brass medallions of Diocletian.
the shoulders, and a small part of the chest—— S. Severus, Probus. (See the respective bio
at other times the head with the whole chest; graphical notices of those emperors).
and sometimes, but very rarely, they include a ’l‘he thunderbolt, which is sometimes placed
full half of the body. The Romans called these behind the head of a prince, as on a rncdnl
representations of the head and part of the breast of Augustus, marks the sovereign anthorit_v,
of the human figure, imagines cl]/peorum, or sim and indicates the assumption of a power equal
ply clypei. The clypei imperatorum, of which to that of the gods.—The crescent is often em
ancient authors often speak, were but portraits of ployed as a support to the busts of cmpresses,
a similar description. To the Roman custom of who aspired to hold in the State, of which the
placing the busts of emperors and other great per emperor was assumed to be the sun, that place
sonagcs on their coins, is to be ascribed one oi the which was assigned to the moon in the heavens.
most easy as well as certain modes of ascertain (See Jobcrt edited by Birnard, vol. i. 370, ct
ing the identity of a vast number of unknown seq.)—On coins of the lower empire, the globe
sculptured heads, found from time to time is seen surmounted by across, especially after
amongst the ruins of ancient buildings, some the reign of Constantine, when the Christian
with and others without the trunks. But though Religion having been fully established as that of
a comparison of busts with coins and medallions, the State, emperors professed their wish to in
in order to discover the person they represent, dieate thereby that they regarded tlicinsclvcs as
is the most likely to be successful, yet it is a holding the empire from Jesus Christ, v\'l\o~=<'
method attended with some difficulties. On bust the Byzantine emperors had the |)l'cs|lu\|i
coins the some individual is often figured in tion to place on the reverse of their coins. and
many very different ways—cithcr according to named for that ostcnsiblc reason, 111-\ |l'(i
his appearance at diifercut periods of life; or m:~:ri\'n-—-the King of Kings.
L' 2
l48 BIJTIIROTUM.
BU'I'EO—the Intin name of a bird of the
hawk genus, was a cognornen of the l“nbii.——
Pliny says (L. X. c. 8) Buteoncui (accipitrein)
hunc appellant Roniani, familia ctiuin (Fabioruin)
ex eo eognominuta, cum prospero auspicio in
ducis navi cousedissct. On a common denarius
of the Fabia gens, near the epigraph c. FAB].
c. I‘. appears a bird which, says Eckhel, is
doubtless the Buteo. v. p. 137.—M0rell. T/res. was the conqueror, and the result may be anti
BU'l‘HRO'l‘UM, a maritime city of Epirus cipatcd——all the fortifications and public editiccs
(now Bulronlo or Bulriulo, in Albania, opposite were destroyed, the garrison massacred, and
Corfn).—Pliny mentions Buthrotum (L. iv. c. i.) the inhabitants stripped and sold into slavery.”
as a Roman colony; and Cellnrius (Not. Orb.
Ant. i. p. 876) so denominstes it. Its coins
consist of Latin colonial autonomes in brass, and
of Latin colonial imperial, also in brass, all
1'are.—Vaillant gives the annexed, which, exhi
biting tlie name of .lu_qu.sta, warrants the in
ferencc that the colony of Bullirotmn was founded
by Augustus.
C. A. BYT. EX. D. D.—CoIonia Augusta, Bu
t/lroium, e.r decrelo Decurimzum. Head of Au
gustus.
Rev. Q. NAEV1. SVRA. A. air. rvn. NIGER.
nvnz. n.—Quinlo Nwvio Sura, Aulo Hippio,
Tulle Mcereo, Dzzumvirir Bi.r.—A figure stand
ing in a military dress, his right hand hanging
down, his lelt hand holds a rolled-up sheet, with
something like strings attached.
The following also appears in Vaillnnt, as
from the French King’s cabinet, and of the
highest rarity: nvrun. avovsrvs. Buthrati
Auymlua. Head of the Emperor without laurel.
Rev. P.P01IPON. Public Pamponio. Bridge
with thrcc arches.—Eugruvcd in Morell. T/L84’.
Impp. Rom. T. iii. TAB. xxxiv. No. 16.
'l‘he reverse type alludes to a remarkably noble
aqueduct, which, after having conferred upon
Buthrotum the rank of n Roman colony, Au
gustus caused to be erected in the Sinus Ambul
ciur, for the convenience of that city, and by
which, according to Pliny, the waters of the
river Achcron were conveyed from the lake
T/zerprotize Ac/terucia, on arches for many thou
sand yards. In grateful recollection of this work,
nnd the benefit thereby provided for them, the
inhabitants of Buthrotum placed the head of
Augustus on this coin of the colony he had
established.--Sec Vaillant, in Col. i. p. 14.
lSl'ZAN'l‘lUl\l, a capital city of Thrace,
founded by B_r/Jar, u general of the Megarensians.
Constantine the Great made it, about A. D. 330,
the scat of empire, and after his name it was and
is still called Uonelantinopolis or Constantinople.
In 1453 it was captured by Mahomet ll. (when
Constantine Palmologus, the last Emperor of the
East, was slain), and it remains to this day the
scat of the Turkish government.
The coins of Byzantium were autonomous
till the reign of Caligula, from which period
they come into the Greek series, down to about
the reign of Gallienus. Constantine and his
family caused coins to be struck at Byzantium,
with Latin legends and types, and with the in
scription cous'rAm'1noroL1s.—(See Banduri,
and the Fam. Any. B1/zanl. of Dncangc-.]
Byzantium was one of the cities which de
CABELLIO.
clared for Pescennius Niger, when he aspired to
the empire on the death of Pertinax (A.D. l92).
And “of all those who took part with this unfortu
nate warrior, none distinguished themselves so
much as the Byzantincs, who obstinstely refused
to submit till, after a three years’ siege, they were
reduced to the eating of human flesh: it is only
to know that Severus, that stranger to nit-rc_\',
—(Capt. Smyth, p. 177).
C.
C.—Caius, or Ctesar. The C. by itself sig
nifies sometimes Cains, at other times Caesar.
C.—C¢z'cili11.r.—Sec Cmcilia gens.
C.—'l‘his letter by itself may also siguif_v—
l.Carthagc.—2. Ccns0r.——3. Ccutuni.—-4.Ci\"is.
-5. Clypens (a shicld).—6. Cohors (a cohort).
-7. Colonia.—8. Oonsultum (a decree).-9.
Cornelius.
C. Condcmno.—A. C. Absolvo-Condemuo,
on a coin of Cassia gens.
C. Consul.—P. C. Proconsnl.—C. V. P. P.
Consul Quintum, Pater Patrizia; on a brass
medallion of Commodus.
C.—Constantinopolis.
C. Consulto.—S. C. Senatus Consulto.
C. Corona. C. CIV. Corona Cinica (Colonial).
C. Cusus.—See c. A. P. a.
CA. Ca:sareaAugusta.——Seo Car-.sareaPliili_;qn'.
CA. Capitolina.—CO. AE. CA.—See Aelia
Capilnlina, p. l5.
CAE. or CAES.—Cicsar or Cnesari.
CAE. or COE. or CAEL.—Cielius.
C.-\E.—Cu\cina, Csecilia.
CABELLIO (Gallize Narbonensis) c0lom'a.—
This town, the Caballio of Strabo, is mentioned
by Pliny (L. iii. c. 4), with Aqua: Sextiie (Air),
Apta Julia (Apt), Nemansus (Nismcs), and
other oppida Latina, in the Narbonensiun
Gnul.—It is now called Cavaillon, in the
Comtat Venaissin (department of Yauclusc),
southern Fruncc. The coins of Cnbcllio are in
silver and brass; and they prove the correctness
of Ptolemy in stating it to have been a colony
of the Romans. The following seven varieties
are recognised by Mionnet and Dc la Sauwiye;
'La!in Autono1nes.—1. The first exhibits on
the obverse side, the head of o woman, and has
for its legend cans; on the reverse are acor
nucopia: within a laurel crown, and the letters
Li-:vi.—Small si1ver.——Engraved in Akermsn,
Coins of G-allia, p. 136, plate xiv. No. 12.
2. Obu. cans. The same female head; and
on the rev. COL. Helmeted head.—Small brass
Engraved in Akerinan, pl. xiv. No. 14.
C0n:ular.—3. Obv. CABE. Head of Janus.
Ree. ll. ANT. Bare head of M. Antony.
4. Obv. cum. Head of Janus.—Rev. 1_l
ANT. A lion walking.—-Brass.—Engraved in
Akcrman, pl. xiv. No. 13.
Impm'aJ.—5. Obv. cans. Female head tur
reted.-—Rev. luv. C.\i~2SAB (Augustus) and cor
 CADUCEIIS. CAECILIA. 140
nucopim.——[This Morel (in Tlremur.) assigns to The Caduceus is found on the Roman family
Emilia gens; but Mionnet catalogues it as coins of Cestia, Claudia, Licinia, Plactoria, Sc
minted by the above named colony, under Au pullia—and in the imperial series, on the coins
gustns.] of Julius Crcsar, Augustus, M. Antony, Tibe
_lu_r]u.slu:.—6. Obv. cans. Woman with tur rius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nervn,
rcted he.-ul.—Rev. IMP. cassau; a cornucopiae. Trajan, Postumns.
——[This Mionnet quotes from the cabinet of the The Caduceus in tire /rand qf Mercury/, is
Marquis De la Goy, and also ascribes it to the seen on coins of the Emperors Tiberius (Colo
reign of Augustus] nial), Antoninus Pins, M. Aurelius, Herennius,
Au_qu:lll-!.—7. Obv. COL. cans. Turreted Hostilianus, Gallicnus, Postumus (MERCVRIO
female head.—Rev. Inr. cans. AVGVST. cos. xi. r1»:LIc1), Claudius Gothicns, Numerianus, &c.
1k_C0liIlll00])i8!.—El1gl‘tW0ll in Akerman, pl. xiv. The Caduceus in lire /rand qf a femalefiyung
. 0. 5. such as the personifieations of Felicity, Peace,
Vaillaut describes n large brass, bearing on its Concord, Sccurity—appears on coins of the
obverse the helmeted head of aman, and the Emperors, from Julius Caesar, and Augustus to
legend LEPIDVS; behind tho head, in smaller Constantine the Great.
characters, PON.—'I'hc legend of reverse is COL. The Caduceus between hvo comucopzk, tn
CAB. and the type a head of Ceres crowned with dicatcs Concord, and is found on medals of
corn ears. Of this, however, neither Mionnet, Augustus, M. Antony, Vcspasian, Titus, Domi
nor Akerman, takes any notice. tian, Nerva, Anton. Pius, M. Aurelius, Albi
CABIRO.—Soe Deo Cabiro. nus.-—On a coin of Augustus we see three hands
C.~\BIItUS, son of Vulcan and Cabira, the joined; with a caduceus, the fasees, the sacrifi
daughter of Proteus, one of the tutelary gods of cial axc, and gl0be—thus associating the caduceus
the Macedonians.-—On a third brass of Claudius with other symbols of power.
Guthicus, a coin of great rarity, is read D1-to A Caduceus and two com-ears, field by Iwa
(JABIBO; the type presents Cabirus, as a deity, rig/it /larlllsjoizrcd, is also seen on coins of the
standing with the pilru-1 on his head, a hammer early empire; as on a large brass of Drusus
in his right hand, and nippcrs in his left, as if jun. and in the instance of the PIDES PVBLICA,
assnniing the attributes of his reputed father. silver of Titus, and second brass of Domitian.
CACCS, son of Vulcan, a gigantic monster, —Sce a cut from the latter, in left hand column
whose mouth vomited forth volumes of flame, of this page.—See also Mercury.
and who, having stolen some of the cattle which CAECILIA gens.—At first patrician (there
Hercules had captured from Geryon, was at were nobles descended from the Metelli), after
tacked and strangled by that hero. In memory wards plcbeian, but of great antiquity, this
of the fabled victory, an annual fete was hcld family gave a host of illustrious citizens to the
in honour of Hercules, on mount Ave11tinc.— republic. It was divided into many surnames:
On a bronze medallion of Antoninns Pills, llcr the principal was Mctcllus, several members of
which distinguished branch bore the names of
cules is figured, with the spoils of the Ncinrcan
lion on his left arm, the club in his right hand ; conquered countries, as Macadam}-u.r, Nun1idi
and near him Cacus is extended on the ground, cue, Balearicux, and Creticus.—Its gold coins
before the entrance of his cavcrn.—See en are extremely rare. The silver common; except
graving in Millin, Gal. Mytliol. 'r. ii. pl. cv. 447. pieces restored by Trajan, which are of very
great rarity.—'l‘hc name of the Ctccilia gens up
pcars on Cistophori of Pergamus. The brass
money are a.r.\-ea or parts of the a-s.—Thc follow
ing are among those denarii which possess a high
historical interest, viz. :-—

CADUCEUS, or Caduceum, u wand or rod,

entwined at one end by two serpents, each of
[1-1
whose bodies folds again in the form of two half 1.—Hcad of Apollo, lanreated, and with
circles, whilst the head passes above the wand. hair in ringlets; behind it norm; before it X.
It was an attribute peculiar to Mercury. Pru Rev.—M. m:"rr:1.1.vs. Q. r. written circularly.
dence is generally supposed to be represented by The type consists of an clephant's head in the
these two serpents, and the wings which are centre of a. Macedonian shield; the whole within
sometimes added to the Caduceus, are the sym a crown of laurel.
bols of diligence, both needful qualities in the 2.—ROMA. Galeatcd head of Rome; before
pursuit of trade and commerce, which Mercury it X.
patronized. It was also the symbol of peace Rev.—c. METELLVS. A male figure, perhaps
and concord, which that deity is rclntcd to have of Jupiter, crowned by a flying Victory, in a
received from Apollo in return for the lyre. biga of elephants.
 CAECILIA. CAECILIA.
the lower mag istracy. Nor does he think that
the type of “ Jupiter in a qua/driga” has reference
to the Macedonian triumph of l\letcllns.—Sce
D. N. V. vol. v. 151.
5.—1.. MET]-IL. a. ALB. s. 1*. Laureatcd hmd
of Apollo, to the right; below a star.
R:-n.—C. MAL. below ROMA. A male figure
seated, to the left, upon shields, armed with
hnsta and parazonium, and crowned by Victory
These, and many other coins with various standing behind.
types, were struck by Marcus and Cains Cecilius
Me-tellus, sons of Quintus Metellus Mncedonicus,
in reference to the two principal glories of the
family; that is to say, the overthrow of the
Pseudo-Phillppus (Andriscus) in Macedonia, de
feated and taken prisoner by their father, the
prietor, in 606 (B. 0. 148), in the third Panic
war; for which he enjoyed the honours of the
triumph; and on which occasion shone a mul
tiplicity of Macedonian shields, such as are found
represented on coins ; and also the great victory This, not scarce but remarkable, coin, struck
gained in 504 (B.C. 250) fifteenth year of the first in honour, says lticcio, of Warrior-Rome (di
Punic war, by the proconsul Lucius Metellus, Roma _/yuerriem), crowned by Victory, was so
their progenitor, over Hasdrnbal, near Panormus cmblematical, that the conspirators of the Italian
(Pulcnno). Amongst the spoils were 120 ele League imitated the type exactly, only sub
phants which he transported to Rome, and which stituting Italia for Roma, with the relative
formed the most astonishing feature of his mag legends.
nificent triumph. This circumstance is modestly It seems indubitable that this dcnarius was
recorded by a simple biga of elephants on denarii, struck by Aulus Postnmius Albinus, sou of
and by the head of an elephant, on brass pieces Spnrius, by Lucius Czccilius Metellus, and by
of this family.—Sec Riccio, p. 37. Cains Publicius Malleolns, contemporaneously
3.—Female head; before it a stork. monetal triumvirs; and the first of them, viz.,
Rev.—Q. c. M. P. 1. Quintus Cu-cilius Metellns Anlus Postnmius Albinus, being consul in 655
Pius lmperator. An elephant walking. (n.c. 99), it is the opinion of Cavedoni and
'l‘his coin also alludes to the victory won by of Eckhel also, that the mintage of this dcuarius
Quintus Mctellus, over the Carthnginians, in is to be assigned to the 630th year of Rome
Sicily, recorded on the preceding dcnarius.— (B. C. 124).—See Monele dellc Frun. &c. p. 33.
[The same silver coin restored by Trajan, is of 6.—Q. Ml-ITEL. PIVS. A laurcated and hU\'\l'\l(‘il
the highest degree of rarity—-valued by Mionnet head, to the right, with hair in curls hanging
at 100 fr. and by Ricciu at 25 pia.ytre.—En behind.
gravcd in Morel, and Riccio.] Rev.-some nur. An elephant Walking,
4..—-Q. METE. The winged head of Pallas,
near it X.
Rev.—Jupitcr, in a qnadriga, holding his
right hand a branch, in his left a thunderbolt.
Amongst the Mulclli who bore the name of
Quintus, by far the most celebrated was he who,
as already advcrtcd to, triumphed over Andriscus,
pretender to the name of Philip, and to the king
dom of Macedonia and who, on account of that [6-l
victory, obtained the cognorncn of Maccdonicus. 7.—Q. uarnn. PIVS SCIPIO nrr. A female
Velleius (cited by Havercamp) speaks of his sin figure, ahnost naked in front, with the head of
gularly fortunate destiny. For besides his splendid u lion or panther, stands holding the nilomctcr
triumphs, his ample honours, and his high (a measure of the increase of the Nile); above
position in the republic, he brought up four sons, are the letters 0. "r. A. (genius tulelari-Y 1'5/3/111i
at an advanced period of his life, beheld them or Africa.)
arrive at maturity of age, and left them all 12¢-v.—r. cs.\ssvs..rv1v. LEG. rno. rs. Victory
occupying the most honourable situations. His holding the caduceus in the left hand, and 3
funeral bier was carried to the roslra, by round shield in her right.
thcse four sons, one of whom was a censor and of [This legend of reverse refers to Crnssus
consular rank, another also of consular rank, the Junianus, one of Scipio’s lieutenants, who served
with the title of legntus propr:ctor.—-For an en
third a consul, and the fourth a successful can
didate for the consnlship.—Eckhcl agrees with graving of the coin, see Morell. Fain. lion
Have-rcamp in ascribing this coin to the above Caccilia.]
mcntioncd Mctellus; but considers it to have 8.—Q. MET]-‘.L. SCIPYO nn. Female head
been struck before that prxetoriun personage covered with the skin of an elephant’s head.
achieved his great victory, and when he was in before it an our of corn, below it u plough.
 CAECILIA. CAESAR. 151
Rev.—i:i>i>ivs mo. r. c. (fieri curavit). Her vices alluded to, on dcnsrii, whence the preceding
cules naked, in repose, resting on the club and cuts have been engraved.
lion's spoil.<.—See, in adjoining column, cut 8.
9.—-!tlE’l‘EI.. Pivs. son». iiir. Head of Jupi
ter, beneath it is the head of an eagle and a
secptre.
R¢?U.—CR.\SS. IVN. Li-:o. PROPR. Curule chair
between a hand closed, and an ear of corn;
above are the cornucopia: and the balance.
[5-l
Ci.-\E_ClNA, a surname of a Roman: to what
family i_t belongs is not ascertained. There are
two varieties. The brass coins bearing the head
of Janus, or the head of Pallas, on the obverse;
and the abbreviation A. CAE. Au/us Cwcina, a
ship’s prow, and iioiiui, on the reverse; are
[9-l fz.r.m_, or parts of the :z.i'.—See them engraved
This in gold (see Pembroke and Eckhel) stands in Riccio, pp. 39, 40, pl. x. Nos. 1 and 2.
in the highest degree of rarity. CAEDICIUS, a surname which, according
With these, and several other coins, honour to Horell. T/iesaur. Fam. Rom. p. 526, belongs
was rendered to the warlike virtues of that to the Ciedieia fainily, plebcian but of consular
Scipio, who was adopted by Q, Caecilius Me rank. A denarius, engraved in TAB. xi. of
tellus Pius, poiitifcx maximus. He was the Nimii Consulures, has on one side ii. female head,
son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, B. C. 9-L and on the other, two togated figures standing,
but by Mctellus’s adoption of him, he passed with hands joined, and behind one of them, the
from the Cornelia gens to that of the Czeeilia. fasees with axes. The legend of the reverse is
Q. CAEDICI Q.1P. ex. s. c. Quintus Cmdieins,
They set forth the exploits of the same Mc
tellus Scipio in his African campaign against Qninti Filius, Ex Senatus Consulto; at the bot
tom ROMA.
Cicszir, after the tragic end of Pompey. These
events are indicated by the elephants, by the ears CAEPIO, surname allusive to the large size
of corn, by the tiitelary genius of Egypt or of of the hcad.—Sec Servilia gens.
Africa, and by other African symbols aud_em CAES. or CAESS. or CAESSS.-—Caasar or
blenis, which indeed have reference to other Cresars. The double SS marks two Caesars, and
historical facts connected with the ancient fame SSS denote three Cmsars.
of the Cornelii and the Ctceilii; namely, the CAES.—&rmrea, surname of a colony found
military enterprises of the first Scipio in Africa, cd by Augiistus.—Sce Antiocbia, Pzlridim, p. 52.
already alluded to, and also those of Cwcilius CAES.—('/eaarea, surname of ll. colony.-Sec
Niiniidieus, and Cmcilius Macedonieus. They Gzaarea Samzzritzlv, and Owsarea Pfiilippi.
also call to remembrance the piety of Q. Cmeilius CAES. DIC._QUAR. Casar Diclalar Quar
Metcllus, son of Nuinidicus, who received, in B. c. Ium. Czesar Dictator for the fourth time. On
99, the surname of PIVS, for having obtained, a gold coin of Julius. _
by the afl'cetionate earnestness of his appeal to CAE S. DIVI. P_‘.—-—Cl2.rar Divi Fi/iu.1.~—
the people, the recall of his father from banish Ciesar sen of the Divine Julius. On coins of
ment. Tlicy moreover refer to the Sicilian vic Augiistus.
tories of the eldest of the Mctclli (L. Cmcilius) CAESAR PONT. MAX.—C¢r.mr Ponii ea:
over the Carthaginians, in his consulate; and 1l[a.ri1m¢.r. Cresar, Supreme Pontiff.
likewise to the devoted courage displayed by the CAESAR Dlfltalor PEltPETuu.i—Ceesar,
same person, in saving, but with the loss of his Perpetual Dictator.
sight, the Palladiiiin and other sacred objects
from a fire which consumed the temple of Vesta,
B. C. 211 : in ackuowlcdgmeiit of which service
he was allowed thereafter, the till then forbidden
privilege, of being conveyed to the senate-house,
in a carri . This is syinboliscd by the head of
Piety and Ill:-0 by the storlr.—-Lastly, these coins
bear record to his Pontificate, and to the title of
IM Peralor, conferred upon him by the soldiers
—besidea various appointments to the otfice of [1-l
legatus, and of propru:tor.—Sce Riccio, p. 39,
plates ix. and x. CAESAR CAIUS JULIUS, one of the greatest
The f0llOWl!]g denarius, numbered 8, belongs men of whom history has handed down the
tn the Eppia gens; but as it distinctly refers to deeds, or to whom coins have secured a perpe
Metellus Scipio, it is inserted here, as illustra tiiity of remembrance, was of the Julia gens—
tive of his connection with the Ciecilia fiunily, a race who assumed to have derived their descent
whose worthies are named, and their public ser from Aseanius, otherwise called Iulus, son of
l 52 CAESAR. CAESAR.
Eneas. Taking up the prevailing opinion, Vir having in his absence been elected Pontitf, in
gil says the room of Aurelius Cotta, his uncle. Besides
Jalias h msgno demissnm nomen Iulo.
this appointment, through patrician interest, he
was soon created Military Tribune against a
According to Pliny, the surname of Crcsar, powerful competitor, by dint of popular favour.
which his family bore, was derived from some Next he went as Qunast-or to Spain, and at Gades
ancestor, who had been taken, by incision, from (Cadiz), on seeing an cffigy of Alexander the
the womb of his mother. Be this as it may, he Great, he shed ambitious tears. Returned once
was son of L. Julius Cicsar (proctor), and of more to Rome, and his first wife Cornelia being
Aurelia. The year of his birth, at Rome, was dead, Caesar, in B. c. 67, married Pompcia, the
the 65-lth of the city (B. c. 100), in the con daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus and of Cornelia,
snlship of C. .\Iarius and L. Valerius Flaccus; daughter of Sulla. Having thus united himself
which calculation (not undisputed) makes him to the house, Julius actively promoted the views,
six years younger than Pompcius l\Iagnus and and efficiently aided the proceedings, of Pom
Marcus Tullius Cicero. His mother, who excr pey. In 688 (B. 0. 66), he was elected one
cised avigilaut superintendencc over her chil of the Curule Ediles; and the following year,
dren’s education, took the greatest interest in having M. Bibulus for his colleague, served the
the advancement and welfare of her son; who otlicc with unprecedented magnificence. Bibulus
on his part appears to have been affectionately largely shared in the cost of the public games;
and reverentially attached to her. but to Crcsar (immeasurably deep in debt) wrs
When as yet a mere boy, Julius was elected awarded all the credit of the liberality, and all
to the dignified otlice of I"/amen Dialis, through the applause of the people.
the interest of Cains Marius, who had married In the year U. C. 691 (B. C. 63), M. Tullius
his aunt J ulia (B. c. 87). And after the death Cicero and C. Antony being consuls, on the
of that celebrated Roman, he took for his wife death of Metellus Pins, Caesar was declared
Cornelia, daughter of L. Cinna (n. c. 83), whom Pontifcx Maximus. On this occasion he caused
he refused to repudiate, although Sulla, greatly munificent largcsses to be distributed to the
enraged against him for having joined the popu people; be having predicted to his mother,
lar party, had commanded him to do so. This just before he went down to the c0milia—
characteristic display of resolution, however, had “ This day you will sec your son either Pontifex
the effect of placing his life in great danger, Maximus, or an exile.” (Plutnrch, in Ca-!.)——
from the auger of the dictator, who at length, He had, however, already been enrolled in the
but with reluctance, was induced to pardon him; Pontifical college, during his absence in Asia.
still meeting the plea of youth and insignificance In 692 (B. C. 62), in the consulship of D.
urged in his favour by Cmsar's friends and in Jnnins Silanus and L. Licinius Murena, he was
tcrccssors, with the prophetic remark, that “ in made Pnetar Urbrmua. After his pnctorship
that boy there were many Mariuses (multos ci (laden with debts and unable to face his cre
Marios), and that he would eventually be the ditors), he went as pro-consul into Lusitania;
ruin of the patrician order.” and there, in the following year, after vanquish
Quitting Rome for Asia (n. c. 81), after the ing enemies, whom he did not find such, but
conclusion of the hIithridatic- war, he was sent rendered them so, through his ambition of a
by Minucius Thermus from Mytileue, on a mis triumph and spoil, he was made Imperalm.
sion to Nicomcdes Ill. King of Bithynia, which
having fulfilled, he returned to his general, by
whom, for his conduct at the siege of Mytilene,
he was rewarded with a civic crown. The death
of Sulla occurring B. c. 78, whilst Caesar was
serving in Cilicia, under the command of P.
Sulpicius, he instantly returned to Rome; and
the following year, gained great credit and
popularity for his ability and eloquence in ac [2-l
cusing Dolabclla of extortion in his govern 694 (B. c. 60), returning to Rome, and go
ment of Macedonia. He had then scarcely com ing to the comilia, he canvassed at the same
pleted his 22nd year; and to perfect himself time for a 'l‘riumph and for the Consulate; and
in oratory, in which ultimately he was considered being unable to attain both those objects (for he
second only to Cicero, he undertook a voyage could not, without being personally present, be
to Rhodes. On this occasion, the young man a candidate for the Consulate, and on the other
displayed a fine example of promptitudc and hand, had he entered the city as a private indi
intrcpidity; for being captured by pimtcs, and vidual, he could not afterwards, according to
ransomcd by a contribution of fifty talents law, enjoy a 'l‘riumph)-—-he relinquished the
raised for his liberation by a number of Greek latter, and was created for the year 695 (B. ('.
maritime cities, he, with a hastily manned tlect 59) Consul, with M. Bibulus. He carried his
of Milesiau vessels, attacked the pirates, whom Agrarian law by force, against the protests and
he captured and caused to be crucified.—ln B. c. edicts of his colleague, and obtained from the
T4, he passed over from Rhodes into Asia, at Senate the government of Illyricum, and Gallia
the commencement of the second Mithridatic Citcrior and Ultcrior, as pro-consul, with three
war. The same year he returned to Rome, legions, for five years; at the expiration of

, _ ..,....a,-,1
 C.-\ES.-\R. CAESAR. 153
which, aided by Pompey and M. Crassus, he April. Returning to the city, he celebrated
cxtorted another five years. His victories, dur during four days, four distinct triumphs, re
ing this period, over the llelveti, Gemiani, Galli, spectively refcrring to the Gauls, Egypt, Phar
and Britniini, are well known. About this time, naces, and Juba. IIc next prepared for a war
Caesar gave his daughter in marriage to Pompey, in Spain with the sons of Pompey.
and married himself Calpurnia, daughter of L.
Piso, consul the following year.
After having been occupied, during the years
703 and 704 (B. c. 51 and 50), in completing
the pacification of Gaul, Caesar, in the spring
of 705 (n. c. 49), began to approach nearer to
Reine, and to bestow his attention on the affairs
of the city, where circumstances were already
occurring, which soon resulted in a total rup
ture of good understanding between Pompey
and himself. [3-1
In 705 (B. c. 40), during the consulships of
C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Len 709 (B. c. 45). Dictator for the third time
tulus, the civil war with Pompey was coin (csnssn me. TER.) and Consul for the fourth
mencod. Having passed the Rubicon, and driven time, without colleague, he gained a diflicult
Ponipcy, with the consuls, into Greece, he en victory over the Pompcians at Munda, in the
tered Rome, and broke into the treasury. spring of the year, and at the time of the cele
Going thence into Spain, that he might leave bration of the festival of Bacchus (in March), the
nothing unguarded in his rear, he reduced to tidings of the victory reaching Rome on the day
submission, on the 2nd of August, Petreius and before the Parilia. On his return, he cele
Afmnius, generals of Pompc_v’s legions, and hav brated a triumph, such as had never occurred
ing taken Massilin. (.\larscillcs), returned to before, over vanquished citizens. By his osten
Rome; where he found that in his absence he tatious ambition of becoming a ling, and by the
had been appointed Dictator, for the purpose assumption of honours too lofty for mortal man,
of holding comilia to elect the consuls; but he he incurred the hatred of many individuals, and
abdicated this ofiice in eleven days after, with the envy of all classes.
the view of pursuing Pompeius Magnus into 710 (B. c. 44). Appointed Perpetual Dictator
Greece. (c.\r.s.uz nic. PERPETVVS) and Consul for the
T06 (B.c. 48). Consul for the second timc,with fifth time, with M. Antony as his colleague,
P. Scrvilius \"atia lsauricus as colleague; having whilst meditating a campaign against the Getic
been first defeated at Dyrrhnchium (Durazzo), he and Pnrthisns, he was poniarded in the senate
turned the tables at Phnrsalia, in 'l‘he~isa1y, on housc, in the ides of March, by a conspiracy of
the 5th of the ides of Sextilis, which day, in haughty republicans, set on foot by Brutus and
I/re alzticipalory Julian _r/ear, fell in the month Cassius.—See uuvrvs EID. sun. p. 145.
of June. (See Eckhel’s remarks on the Caesa Caesar was in his 56th year at the time of his
rian dim, vol. iv. p. 400).—On the news of assassination. A man, above all others, mar
this victory reaching Rome, he was again created vellously accomplished in the arts of both peace
Dictator for n whole year; an honour which was and war; one than whom antiquity cannot pro
subsequently renewed every year. Having fol duce a more distinguished example. Noble and
lowed the fugitive Pompey, he found him commanding in person, of lofty stature and fair
dead in Egypt; and there, ensnared by the complexion, his black eyes were piercing, and
charms of Cleopatra, he undertook a rash war his whole countenance replete with expression.
with hcr brother Ptolemy, with the view of lle seldom wore a beard (see BABBA), and
giving hcr the entire sovereignty of Egypt. towards the close of his career he had, what to
707 (n.C. 47), he took Alexandria on the him was said to have been u great annoyance, a
2Tth of “arch. Having put Ptolemy to death, bald head. Naturally of a delicate constitution,
he gave ligypt into the hands of Cleopatra. lie he strengthened and invigorated himself by n
then hurried his army against Pharnaces, the course of temperance in eating and drinking;
King of llosphorus, and defeated him on the 2nd and such was the firm state of his health,
of August.—Retnruing t0 Rome, he put down the thus carefully sustained, that there was scarcely
commotions that were going on there, and made any degree of bodily fatigue or of mental ex
preparations for the African War,—a war which ertion, which he was not able to encounter.
took its rise out of the party feelings of animosity, Acute in intellect, he possessed an eloquence,
engendered in the collision at Pharsalia; but both natural and cultivated by the study of
owing to the accession of Juba to the throne literatnrc—witncss those inimitable “ Commen
of Niiinidia, one environed with danger, he taries” which have immortalized him as n writer.
passed over into Africa, prior to the winter With a spirit prompt and daring, in peril col
solstice. lected and undaunted, he exhibited sngacity of the
703 (B. c. 46.) Being Consul for the third highest order, both in foreseving ditliculties, and
time, with .\l. /Emilius Lcpidus as his colleague, in cxtricating himself therefrom, when most
he rlefi-ntcd Scipio, Juba, and Petrcius, at beset. Having energy for any enterprise, and
Thap.-us, in Africa, on the 8th of the ides of patience to bring it to an issue, he proved him
X
154 CAESAR. CAESAR.
self at once wary and adventurous. Generally the Senate, during the latter part of his eventful
prudent in planning, always skilful in executing, career. For his earliest denarii do not hear
with an unexcelled eelerity in catching advant his portrait, but exhibit for the most part the
ages, he was at the same time so resolute under head of Venus as their obverse type, and on
reverses as never to lose his perfect self-pos their reverses there generally appears the word
session.—When this bold leader of the Roman carzsau, with types of eornucopim, trophies,
legions invaded Britain, though the wars in Gaul elephant trampling on a serpent, pontifieal and
and Germany were unfinished, he, to ensure the augnral instruments, Eneas carrying Anehiscs
passage, personally sounded the channel. Fifty and the palladium, &c.—For notices of these sec
pitched battles attested his military prowess; and, Julia gens; also see Palladium.
superior equally to the superstitions of augury, To follow, as far as possible, the chronolomcm
and to the contagious influence of despondcncy numismatic order of arrangement, and at the
or of panic, he, on several occasions, by his indi same time to shew the progress of Ca:sa.r’s great
vidual bravery turned the tide of battle, when ness, through the medium of his eoins—Riccio
\1'ctor_v was declaring against him. His good has methodically classed such of them asbear
fmtunc (greater perhaps than ever fell to the lot his portrait, and either on one side or the other
of any other mortal) never deserted him, not an indication of each office held by him, under
withstanding his frequent rash and ill-consi five diiferent heads, namely—l. Those with the
dcrcd plans and proceedings. To these qualities head unaccompanied by a legend.—2. With title
were in him added, s great and only too lavish of Imperator.—3. Pontifex Maximns.—-4. Dic
disposition for liberality, an easy address and an tator for the first, second, third, and fourth time.
aflhbility of manners, most remarkable ; above all —5. Perpetual Dictator.—T0 these he adds the
a clemency towards the vanquished scarcely to be monetal records of Caesar, as a man of the
credited, and which prompted him to spare the greatest clemency; as the father or parent of
lives of all who sued for qunrter.—~At the battle the country ; lastly as raised, after death, to dei
of Pharsalia, in order to save the citizens, he fication.-—The following are among the most re
announced by the voice of the herald, that his markable examples of each class :—
animosity was laid aside with his arms; and not
only did he return to terms of nmity with his Tm: Hnan WITHOUT Lxonun.
conquered foes, but he even granted them a share Head of Julins Caesar, laureated.
of wealth and honours. A man thus endowed Rev.—vocomvs VITVLV8. Q. mzsrou. s. c.—
with all the commanding and engaging qualities A calf standing.
which give ascendancy in society, must have [See wood cut No. 1, at the head of the bio- '
swayed the destinies of his contemporaries in any graphical notice, p. 151.]
age and in any nation. But, besides his rapaeity,
prodigality, and scandalous incontinency, he had
another vice of a more destructive character—
mnbilimz, which from his earliest years inspired
him with the desire to attain the empire of the
world. To ap this passion, many acts,
from which his better nature would have shrunk,
required to be done in defiance of justice; vast
sums expended, to hasten or augment through Head of Julius Caesar laureated. s. c.
the eharmel of popularity the honours which he R¢v.—_rr. snnraomvs. onaccvs. Q. DESIGN.
coveted; nations, however peaccable and un s. c. ensign.
Spear, plough, legionary eagle, and
ofl'ending, were wantonly assailed and grievously
outraged to furnish claims for fresh triumphs; Head as above.
well-disposed and amicable communities har .Rev.—L. FLAMINIVS XIII. \'m.—\’cnus stand
rassed, temples thrown to the ground, public ing, holding the hasta and the caduceus.
treasuries violated, and lastly his arms turned Head as above, with caduceus before it-, and
against his fellow-countrymen. By universal laurel branch behind it.
consent he would assuredly have been a prince Re‘l’.—-L. uvmnivs n1:ov1.vs.—-A furious bull.
most worthy of the eminence he gained, nnd On his return from Africa, after having dc
preferable to all before or after him, had he featcd the Pompeians, Clcsar obtained, by vir
either reached it by hereditary right, or at least tue of two Senatorial decrees, authority to cause
not been compelled to win it at the point his portrait to be struck on the coins of the re
of the sword.—See Eckhel (in Gzsare), vol. vi. public; together with the privilege of wearing,
pp. 2, 3, and 4—Capt. Smyth’s Deacr. Calal. as the highest honour of the triumph, the lanrcl
pp. 1 and 2—sec also a full and able sketch of crown, which sewed him both for ornament
Cuesar’s life and character, in the Dictionary of and to conceal his baldness.—Borghesi rt-‘gfllfli
Greek and Roman Biography, Ste. these and other coins of the foregoing elm,
as additional proofs that Cscsar did not com
MINTAGES OF JULIUS CAESAR. mence striking his eiligy on the Roman mint»
Czcsar was the first Roman whose efligies before his fourth dictatorship, viz. until after
were stamped on coins in his life-time; and, ac the battle of Manda, in 709 (B. c. 4-5).
cording to Dion, this compliment was amongst Altogether the above coins refer to the power!
the profusion of honours lavished upon him by conferred upon Caesar; to peace hoped for aflfr
 CAESAR. CAESAR. 155
such an effusion of fellow countrymen's blood; eate in 691 (11.0. 63), on the death of Metellus
to Venus the Victorious, whose name was given Pius.—The half moon behind the head on the
as the signal-word to his legions in the battle first of the coins above described has regard to
days of Pharsalia and Munda; to his found the correction introduced by Caesar, as poutifex
ing of colonies in many places, and to other maximus, into the keeping of annual festivals,
objects peculiar either to himself or to the fami and to the reformation of the calendar by
lies of his moneyex~s.—See Riccio, p. 107. adopting the solar instead of the lunar year.—
In consequence of calculating from the lunar
Wna rrrnn or Iursusron. year, the calendar had been thrown into the
greatest confusion, and the t'cstiva.ls at first ap
pointed for the winter, had come to fall in the
spring. Cmsar established the solar year of
three hundred and sixty-five days, with a day of
intcrealation at the end of every four years.
For the first year (B. C. 46), however, it was
needful, besides the intercalury month, to add
sixty-seven days.
Wmi 'r1'r1.a or DICTATOR.
cazsna mP.—Ilead of Caesar laurentcd, be
hind it the simpulum and lituus. c,\1-zsan. me. Laurcated head of Caesar; be
1fPz‘.—M. Ms:1'r1vs.—\’enus the Victorious, hind it the prmfericulum.
stands holding an image of Victory in the right Rev.--M. zmro. mr. n. P. c. Bare head of
hand, and with left arm resting on a buckler, Antony—bchind it the lituus.
and holding the /Lasta transversely in her left [At the Thomas sale, a fine specimen of this
hand. gold coin brought £23 10s.]
[A gold specimen of this, valued at 150 fr. is The Rubicon passed; Pompey with his par
engmvcd in Mionnet, Rarelédea .l[c'daille:, T. tizans driven in a panic out of Italy; and Afra
i. p. Sl]. nius and Pctreius, lieutenants of Pompey, after
Same head and legend as above. wards defeated in lbcria, the Senate were obliged
Rev.—si".rvr.L1vs nscEn.——Vcnus Victrix, to raise Cmsar, in 705 (B. c. 49), to the otlice
standing as above. of Dictator, in order that he should be able
[Sec wood cut. No. 2, in biographical notice, thus to administer the alfairs of the republic,
p. 152]. with absolute and irresponsible po\vcr. But the
I£w.—1.. AEMILIY5 nvca, m1.vm.——-Two great» object of his thoughts being the overthrow
hands joined. of Pompey and his adherents, who, after eleven
c. esussn cos. 111-2R.—Fcmale head. days, had made good their retreat into “ace
Ilev.—.\. .su.u;.vvs rno. cos.—-Neptune,hold donia and 'l‘hessal_v, he resigned the appointment
ing the lrinacria in his right hand, and plant of Dictator at the end of eleven days, and caus
ing his foot on the prow of a ship. ing himself to be elected consul for the second
As Caesar won many battles; so for these time, crossed over from Brundusiuni into Greece,
victories he was as many times saluted Impera B. 0. 48.—-The prsefericulum of Caesar is a
tor by his soldiers. But he did not cause the poutifical symbol; as the lituus of Antony is
number of times that he was thus proclaimed an augural symbol.
to be marked on his mint, as was the practice
Sacoxn DICTATORSHIP.
afterwards of Augustus and his successors.
The image of Venus Victrix refers as well to DICT. ITEB. cos. TER'l‘.—Hcad of Ceres
the pretended origin, as to the real victories, of crowned.
Ca-sar; the joined hands point to the concord R¢'v.—-AVGVR. PONT. llAX.—Sil(!l'lfi0lB.l in
established between Julius and the Senate. struments with corn ears; symbols of Alignm
Lastly, the Neptune bears allusion to Sicily, tion and of the Supreme Pontiticate; sometimes
where the coin was struck by Allienus, the pro beside the lituus appears the insulated letter M.
consul of Caesar. in others D.
caesan 1)1c1‘.——The securia (axe) and the
Wm! 1-111.1-: or PONTIFEX .\[.\xuius.
.\‘im]mlmn.
cnzsaa um. P. M.—Laurelled head of Caesar, Rev.——n'En.—Vase and lituus, within a laurel
behind it a crescent. crown.-—[Riccio gives an engraving of this, in
Re:/'.—l.. smnmvs avca.—Vcuus the Victo Supplement, pl. 58, No. ll, from the Mus.
rious, standing. Bellini, nnnu. and values it, in gold, at 25
e. culsau DICT. rear. row. MAX.—Lfll1l‘8 piastres.]
ated head of Ca.-sar. Caesar having (a.c. 48) obtained from the
lb»:/~.—c. c.n:s.\n cos. roar. AVG.—Bfll'B head ‘Senate, with the consent of the consuls, the dic
of Octavian. tatorship for the second time, was himself consul
[lticcio values this nnnn. in gold at 50 pias for the third time in the year 708 (B. c. 46),
tres.——A fine specimen of this gold coin brought with M. Emilius Lepidus as his colleague.
£14 10s. at the Thomas sale]. And, resolved not to abandon his assumption of
lt has already been noted, that against all absolute power, he exercised it sometimes as
competition, Caesar obtained the high pontifi dictator, sometimes as consul.
X2
156 CAESAR.
The insulated letter in. or D. which presents
itself on the reverse of the former of these two
denarii admits, in the opinion of Borghesi, of
being interpreted to mean mumu or donmn, thus
indicating that they were struck to pay his sol
diers or partisans. As to the head of Ceres, it
may possibly allude to Africa vanquished, or to
the defeat of King Juba.-—Riecio, p. 100.
Tman Drcraroasnrr.
cansan mo. 'rnn.—Bust of Victory, winged.
Re’L‘.—-CLOVI. Pn.u:r.-—-Minerva walking, with
a trophy on her shoulder, and a serpent moving
on the ground before her.—Middlc brass.
[See wood cut, No. 3, in biographical notice,
p. 153].
c. csnsaa me. 'rI-:a.—Bus1: of a winged Vic
tory.
.Rev.—1.. rnanc. PRAEP. vnB.—Sm.-rificial
vase. In gold, an.
In the following year, 709 (B. (2. 45), afier he
had defeated the Pompeians in Africa, Caesar was
declared Dictator for the third time. And being
obliged afterwards to repair to Spain for the
purpose of carrying on the war there with Cneius
Pompcius the younger, and the other remains
of that party, he assigned over the govern
ment of Rome to Lepidus, as his master of the
horse, with sir, or as some writers have it, with
eight prcfects of the city, amongst whom up
pear, on the coins above described, the names
of Cains Clovius and Lucius I’lancus.—Riccio,
p. 109.
Fouaru DICTATORSIHP.
cansaa Dior. Quaar.—lIead of Julius Cazsar,
laureated, behind it :1 litnus.
R4,-u.—s1. M£T‘rl\'S.—Juno Sospita. in a rapid
biga.
cans. me. Qv.\a.—Hcad of Venus, well
adorned.
Rev.—cos. Qvmq. within a crown of laurel.
Gold, nan.
Caesar was made Dictator for the fourth time
about the year 710 (no.4-1), subsequently to
young Cneius Pompcy’s defeat in Spain, for which
success he triumphed with the greatest splen
dour, bnt also excited very great displeasure
amongst the Romans.
During his fifth consul-ship, as indicated by
the last described coin, on the ides of March of
710 (n.c. 4-t), Caesar was assassinated in the
senate house.
Now if, in that year, he was Dictator for the
fourth time, and not yet Perpetual Dictator, it
would seem that the lust described coin otlcrs a
contradiction. But this vanishes, when it is
considered that the consulate was an ordinary
magistra/cy, which was conferred in the calends
of January in each year; and that the dictature
was an extraordinary 1na;.:istracy, with which a
man might be invested at any time whatsoever,
and it also might be revoked, or laid aside, on
the instant. Hence the fourth and the perpe
tual dictatorship might have bccn conjoined with
the fourth and fifth consulate, during the _\’cnr
in which (‘u-sar ceased to li\'c.—Scc lticcio, 110.
CAESAR.
Cs-zsaa PERPETUAL DICTATOE.
can-zsas. me. PERPI-2TVO.——ll6m'l of Julius
Cmsar, laureated.
Rcv.—1.. nvea. Winged caduceus, laid across
the consular fasces, an axe, two hands joined,
and a globe.
The same legend and head.
Ite:-*.—L. Bvca.—-Venus standing.
1t¢-v.—c. 1lsn.u)1aNvs.—\’enus standing.
1tcv.——P. s1-:PvLr.1vs Mac1~:a.—\’enus the Vic
torious, standing, with buckler and haste.
cansaa [Inca] rnars'rvo.—Head of Julius
laurcated.
Re|'.—L. Bvc.\.—Vcnus seated, holding the
hasta pnra in her left hand, and a Victoriola in
her right.
In the last year of his life, Czesar assumed,
as a prominent token of sovereign power, the
title of Perpetual Dictator; and the moneycm
of that year, Buca, Cossutius, and Sepullius,
transferred it to the coins above described.
These titles and distinctions, at no time in
permanent use among the Romans, were so pro
fusely lavished on Caesar, that they drew down
upon him the envy and hatred of no small
portion of the citizens, and led to the fatal con
spiracy of the pretors Brutus and Cassius, and
of others, by whom he was in full senate slain
with the mortal stabs of twenty daggers.——($¢¢'
p. 143).
The indications on the above described dc
narii arc allusive to Czcsar’s victories; to his
supreme and absolute power; and to the cou
cord which he flattered himself to have esta
blished with the Senate.
Wm: rrrm: or Cossur.
Caesar was five times Consul. This title is
applied to him only three times on his coins;
nuiuely, the second, third, and fifth. But tho’
there are no coins bearing the record of his first
consulate, he is called consul for the second time
or for the third time, on coins cngrarcd III
.\l01'el, Imp. Rom. T. iii. TAB. 3 and 4.
c. rvuvs cans. IMP. cos. Ill.
Re1:.—\'enns leaning on a pillar, with_hchnct.
spear, and sl1icld.—Rcstored by Trajan.
[This gold coin, in the highest state of pre
servation, brought £17 17s. Od. at the Thomas
sale |.
Riccio describes and cngravcs the follouillf-',
 c.ir.s.ia.
in gold, aka. which he values at ten ducats.—
(Tav. 23, No. 35).
c. CAESAR cos. 'rr.u.—lIead of a woman,
veiled and lauicated.
1?e>r.—A. ruu'ri\'s ru.—Lituus, vase, and axe.
Hirtius was one of the prefects, or pretors,
of the city, at the time (B. C. 46), when Cirsar’a
frequent absences from Rome, rcndcrpd it ex
pedient for him to appoint several lieutenants.-—
For an engraving of this singular coin, which
on one side exhibits the record of Cusar’s third
consulship, and on the other associates the name
and otiice of the dictator’s personal friend with
the symbols of the supreme pontiticate, refer
ence may be made to the word ll1u'1‘1\'S.
No coins are known with the fourth consul
ship of Czcsar inscribed on them. A denarius,
of which the obverse exhibits, with his portrait,
the legend of his fourth dictatorship, has on the
reverse, cos. QVINQ. (Consul for the fifth time),
within a wreath of lanrcl).—~Engraved in Riocio,
Julia gens, 'rav. 23, No. 29.
WI-ru rrrtn or Pannwr or rm-: Cooivrav.
.,-1: _
.-'\-L:
r-.\r.s.uz r.\ur~:r~'s 1>./rrnr.\r..—IIead of Crcsar
veiled and laureatcd; before it is an augural
lituus; behind is the pontitieal apex.
R¢*r.——C. cossvrivs MARIDIANVS, inscribed
crosswise. A A A 11.1’. inside. (See p. 1.)
The fourth quatuorvir of C&r:sar’s mint, Cos
sntius Maridianus, has commemorated by this
silver coin, struck in the fatal year above alluded
to, 710 (n. c. -Lt), the honourable appellation
of Paren; Palri¢, which Julius found con
ferred upon him after his victory in Spain, as is
recorded by l)ion (xliv. § 4), Appian (Bell. Civ.
ii. ch. 106) and Suetonius (eh, 76). It was
continued even after his death, for Suetonius
infonns us, that “where he had been assassin
ated, the people erected in the forum a solid
statue of Numidian marble, nearly twenty fcct
high, and inscribed on it the words PARENT].
r>.Il'rR.I.\I-1.”-—'l‘hc same fact is related by Cicero,
but attributed by him to Antony ; “ Your friend
(.~lu!/my) aggravates daily the popular fury ; in
the first place, he has inscribed on the statue
which he erected in the rostra, PARI-INTI. orruin.
MYRITO. (Ad 1"amiIiare.r, 1.. xii. ep. 3.) And
it was on account of this appellation, that his
murderers were always invidiously called pari
riz/ie, and the ides of March, the day on which
he was slain, ]zaricidium.—Eckhel, vi. p. 17.
Divvs.
Amongst the gold and brass coins struck in
memory of Julius Csesar, with this legend of
consecration after his death, through the care and
CAESAR. 157
direction of his grand nephew, heir, and adopted
son, the following are most rare :———
Gou).-—mvvs ivuvs nivr r.—l{eads of Ju
lius and Augustus, face to face.
Itev.—M. AGRIPPA cos. nrsro. across the
ficld.—Engraved in Akermau, vol. i. pl. iii. No. B.
vrvos 1vi.ivs.—Head of Julius between the
apex and lituus.
Reu.—mv1 rrr.rvs.—Bare head of Augustus.
[A tine specimen of this rare coin brought at
the Thomas sale £6 2s. 6d.—Rieeio marks it
BRRR, and values it at 80 piastres]
mvvs lvuvs. Head of Julius lamented.
Rev.—11lr. cans. 'ru.ua.v. AVG. can. nae.
P. P. aasr. A winged female (Victory) walking,
with right hand supports her vestment, and
holds a caduceus in her left hand.—nBRR. En
graved in Rircio, who values it at 50 piustrcs.
SceSupp1t. Tar. 58, No. 17.
B1uss.—Such as bear his portrait are rare,
but not in a high degree. Nor indeed does it
appear that any brass were minted at Rome
during his life time; although the head of Ciesar
is frequently found on colonial coins. But on
his apotheosis, some (and those not in a good
style either of design or of workmanship), were
struck at Rome, by order of Augustus.—l-‘or an
engraving of a well-preserved large brass speci
men sec mvns lvuvs, p. 105 of Akerrnan,
1)/'-rcr. (Yul. pl. iv. No. 1.
Mionnet and Akerman concur in pronouncing
the coin, in gold and silver, having Divvs ivuvs
and his head on the obverse, and a comet with
out legend on the reverse, to be false.
The coin in gold, having DIVI rvu, with
Caesar's laurellcd head and a comet behind it, on
the obverse; and nivr PILIVS, with bare head
of Octavianns, on the reverse, and which Eek
hel and Morel have placed amongst the Goltziani,
is found, says Riccio, to be vera antira, a ge
nuine antique; and is marked in his Moueie
Famiglfr, 11111111. valued at 30 piastres.
CAES.\R.—On the reverse of a silver coin of
Julius, is this word, with the type of ilfincas,
walking ; he holds in his right hand the image
of Minerva armed, and supports on his left
shoulder his aged father Anchises.—Sce Palla
dium. See also zfueaa, p. 16 of this dictionary.
CAES.~\R.—-An elephant, trampling with its
fore feet on a serpent, which is raising its head.
This legend and type appear on an early dena
rins of Julius Caesar, for an explanation of
which see the word ELEPHANT.
CAESAR, as a name and as a titIe.~—What
was originally the cognomen, or surname, of the
Julia gens, became, on the extinction of that
family, a title of honour and dignity. The
name of Cicsar was at first extended to indi
viduals of other families, through adoption, in
the same manner as the title of Augustus. It
was in conformity to this practice, that Octa
vius, on his being adopted by the Dictator, was
first styled Caesar, and afterwards Augustus.—
The three sons of Agrippa (Cains, Lucius, and
Agrippu), were the next to receive it from their
adoption by Augustus; and by the same em.
peror, it was afterwards conferred on his son-in
158 CAESARIS TITULUS. CAESARIS TITULUS.
law Tiberius, from whom it descended to his given by Gruter; wherein Nero is styled GER
son Drusus. And lastly, by the adoption of HANICI. P. TI. AVOVSTI N. DIVI ave. racy. to
Tiberius, it was borne by Germanicus and his the exclusion of his father, as having but little
sons. Caasarian prestige, his place being fullaciously
The name of Cresar, then, up to this point supplied by Germanieus Caesar. It becomes,
was simply hereditary; being transferred, in therefore, less a matter of astonishment that
accordance with Roman custom, to those who the emperor Septimius Severus should have
were sons, either by birth or by adoption, and forcibly intruded himself into the family of the
the last Caesar, on this two-fold principle, was Antonines.——(Sce Adoption self-assumed, p. 8
Cains, the son of Germanicus (commonly called of this dictionary). _
Caligula). Nevertheless it is supposed by some The shackles of the law having thus, even at
that Claudius (who succeeded Caligula), and that early period of the imperial government,
also his son Britaunicus, together with Nero, been relaxed, it was no diflieult task afterwards
the son of his adoption, should be reckoned in for princes, evidently alien to the Caasariau race,
the list of genuine Caesars; it being the almost to usurp the titles both of Caesar and of Augus
unanimous verdict of ancient writers, as cited by tus—the latter having already begun to hold the
Reimar on Dion (B. lxiii.), that the house of foremost place in public opinion, as identified
the Caesars became extinct with Nero. with the highest authority. (See auousrus,
And yet Claudius did not bear the title of used as a title, p. 101 of this dictionary).
Caesar before his accession to empire, in conse Thus, Galba, on receiving the news of Nero's
quence of his not being the son of a Csesar, by death, and of the Senate’s having espoused his
either birth or adoption ; nor could he therefore own cause, hesitated not to fortify his position
transmit the title to his sons. By courtesy, by assuming the title of Caesar; and his ex
however, he was acknowledged as a member of ample was immediately followed by Otho.—
the Csesarian house, being connected with it by Less prone to adopt names to which he could
aflinity. (See Azyfnis, p. 25). For he had two lay no claim, Vitellius deferred accepting the
grandmothers of that family, viz. on his father title of Augustus, and rejected entirely that of
Drusus’s side, Livia, the wife of Augustus, and Cresar, as is shewn by his coins. But the gene
on his mother Antonia’s side, Octavia, the sister ral effect produced by the above cited examples,
of Augustus; to which circumstance may be was that the custom strengthened into a fixed
added, that the Claudia gens at that time held law, viz. that the holder of the supreme power
the next rank to the Julia. There is therefore in the empire, should be dignified with both
greater distinetness in the expression of Galba, titles. It is therefore manifest that the name
given by Tacitus-“ When the house of the of Caesar was, at first, no more than the eogno
Julii and the Claudii shall have been exhausted, men of the gens Julia, transmitted, according
adaplion will discover worthy successors.” But to Roman custom, to the sons; and that its
if acquiescence is to be yielded in the courteq importance was in the exact ratio of its posses
above mentioned, is the same claim to prevail sor's prospects of obtaining supreme power—
even when truth is confounded with fictitious prospects which could not fail of realization,
genealogies? Now, the pedigree of Nero is unless blighted by some violent occurrence.
found, on several marbles, drawn as follows :-— 2. Caxsan, a diynity qf tlwucond rank.-—As
NERO CLAVDIVS DIVI CLAVDII I*‘ih'u.r. the title of Caesar, like that of Augustus, im
GERMANICI. CAESARIS Nepos TI. CAE plied in itself no power, but only dignity, and
SARIS AVG. PR0Nr1m.s DIVI AVG. ABNe claiming as it did the reverence due to the anti
pa.r.—It is an established fact, that Nero was the cipation of empire, it rested with the emperor
adopted son of Claudius. But (asksEckhcl) is it so or prince of the highest rank, to decide whether
sure that he was the nepoa of Germanicus? The he would confine within the empty limits of this
word nepaa has two significations; for it denotes title, his Cmsar, or prince of the second grade;
either the son of oue's sou or daughter, or the or whether he would add thereto a portion of
son of a brother or sister. In the former sense, real authority. Augustus denied to the three
neither by birth nor by adoption could Nero be sons of Agrippa, who were Caesars by adoption,
called the nepos of Germanicns; but in the lat the tribunitian power, whilst he bestowed it
ter sense, he had a right to the title, inasmuch upon his son-in-law 'I‘iberins, who had not at
as he was adopted by Claudius, who was the that time been created Cazsar. Domitian, like
brother of Germanicus. Yet was it ever the wise, who was Cscsar, so long as his father
custom to trace the descent from the uncle’s (Vcspasian) and his brother (Titus) lived, had
family? Who does not at once perceive, that nothing to distinguish him from a private indi
it was the aim of those who framed these in vidual but the title of Princep: JnvcnluIi.r.—
scriptions to play upon the double signification Others died at too early an age to rise higher,
of the word nepoa, in order, by a base adula and this was the fate of the above named three
tion, to connect their idol Nero, with the house sous of Agrippa; of Drusus and Nero, the sons
of the Ciesars. But there are amongst the of Gcrmanieus; of Britannicus, the son of
marbles alluded to, some even bearing the stamp Claudius; and of Piso, the son of Gxrlba.-On
of public authority, and which are of so much the other hand, there were emperors who, by
the more audacious falsity, as they were pub conferring upon their Cassars the tribunitian
lishcd with impunity. Still more impudent in power, or pro-consular government, or the title
its pretensions is the tenour of an inscription of Impcrator, admitted them, as it were, into
 .C.\.ESARIS TITULUS CAESARES. 159
colleagneship. A part of these honours, or 4-. Name of Nobiliuirnuo added lo t/mt 'qf
several of them at the same time, were conferred C.£SAR.—Il1 progress of time,‘ the Caesars began
upon the C:=esars—n:uncly, Tiberius, Drusus to add the epithet Nobili.m'mu.s- to their other
junior, Nero, Titus, Trajan, Autoninus Pius, M. titles, either to indicate an illustrious line of
Aurelius, and others, as proved by the legends descent, or fictitiously to conceal a. humble ori
on their respective coins.—Diocletian and Maxi gin. This epithet is found to have been adopted
minian, as Auguali, bestowed greater powers on even by Commodus on marbles. (See Span
their Crcsars, Constantius Chlorns, and Gal. heim).—On coins, Diadnmenianus (son of Mn
Maximian, by entrusting them with provinces, crinus) is the first hitherto known to have had
which they were permitted to rule with an au this title applied to him; these are of the colony
thority nearly equal to that exercised by the of Laodicea, in Syria. In later times it tra
two emperors themselves over those which they velled even into the Roman mint. The inscrip
more immediately governed. It was in refer tion on coins is Non. cars. or NOB. c. or still
ence to a similar instance, that Vopiscus ob more briefly, N. 0. It is extraordinary that
serves, that Carinus was left by Carus in the Zeno and Loo III. should, on the coins of the
west, to administer alfairs in that portion of the East, be styled Nov. (for NOB.) cans. and still
ernpire—“ with the authority of a Omar, and more that both of them were Augusti. But
the permission to exercise all the functions per there is no accounting for the anomalies of that
taining to the Au_qu-rli.” period.
3. The dignily of CESAR varied in deyree at As the Caesars were called Nobili.m'mi, so
dfferent time.1.—Ancient writers have recorded also were some females called Nobilissimze;
that there were various degrees of Crcsarian dig there being inscribed on their coins N. P. that
nity.-—Spartian, addressing Diocletian, after re is Nobilissima Femina : as for instance, HELENA
lating that Hadrian, under the pressure of dis N. F. perhaps the wife of Crispus; and FAVSTA
m, had adopted Elias, says of the latter N. P. perhaps the wife of Constantine II.; the
“Thcre is nothing in his life worthy of note, value of which title is not sulliciently known.
except the fact, that he was styled Caesar, not In the later times of the empire, there arose a
as was formerly the case, in consequence of distinction between the Cwsares and the Nobi
bequest, nor in the manner in which Trajan was lissirni; for Nicephorus, of Constantinople, at
adopted; but nearly in the same way as in our the conclusion of his history, relates that Con
own time, through your (Diocletian's) favour, stantine V. Copronymus created two of his sons,
Maximianus and Constantins were called Caesars, Christophorus and Nicephorus, Caesars, nnd the
as being men of princely extraction, and pre third, Nicetas, was styled Nodilisa-imue. The
sumptive heirs of imperial diguity."—Capito title of Augustus was occasionally added to the
linus, at the commencement of his life of L. Caesars, but only through a consortium, or col
Verus, says—“ His real father was [Elias Verus, leagueship, with their father, an Auguslu.r.—Sce
who, being adopted by Hadrian, was called Eckhcl, De nomine et titulo Cwaaris, vol. viii.
Cmsar, and died holding that rank.”-—There were p. 36"‘, et seq.
emperors who deferred the assumption of the CAES. AUG. CONS. S. OB. R. P. CONS.-—
title Cscsar in the case of their sons. Antouinus
Cwsari Augicslo (bnservalori Senalus, 06 rem
Pins, in adopting at the same time M. Aurelius publicam conm-vaiam.—Epigraph on a very
and L. Verus, gave to the former, at once, the rare dcnarius of the Mescinia family.—See M0
title of Casar, but not to Vcrus, whom through rell. Tin-raur. Fam. Rom. p. 279.
out his reign he permitted to use no other dis ['l‘l'l‘VS] CAESAR COS. DES. II. CAESAR
tinction than Augruti Filiu-:.—M. Aurelius DOMIT. COS. DES. II.-—Tilu.! Cream" llonrul
again, did not bestow that title upon his sons Ilerignalua ilerum, Cesar Domilianus Consul
Conunodus and Annius Verus, till the sixth year deaignaim itcr1un.—-In the field S. C.——Ou the
of his reign.—Pertinax declined to assume the reverse of a large brass of Vespnsian, struck
honour, notwithstanding the Senate decreed it (A. D. 71) by that emperor in honour of his two
to his son.—Scptimius Severus bestowed it on sons, Titus and Domitian, on their both attain
Caracalla only in the third, and on Geta in the ing a second consulship. The two Caesars are
fifth, year of his reign. The practice followed in military habits, with the hasta pura, but hare
by other emperors is to be ascertained by con headed; Titus is the mnulier of the two, and is
sulting their respective coins. further distinguished by the parnzonium.—Capt.
So long as the Julia family held sway, Caesars Smyth, p. 58.——Thc coin is engraved in .dIoreIl.
were created neither by birth nor by adoption; T/zerau. Impp. '1". iii. us. xiii. But the type is
C/ESAB, as has already been observed, being then more correctly given in the Jlédailles dc (,‘/u-i.r
nothing more than the cognomen of the Julia tine, TAB. vi.
gens. On its extinction in Caligula, the same CAIUS CAESAR and LUCIUS CAESAR,
privilege was usurped by the Claudia family.— the sons of M. Vipsauius Agrippa, and of Julia;
Thenceforth the right of conferring the title of and the grandsons of Augustus.———Caius was born
Cresar was, according to the various circum in the year of Rome 73-L (B. c. 20), and Lucius
stances of time and place, possessed or arrogatcd in 737 (D. c. 17.) These two young princes had
by the Emperors themselves, or the Senate, or become by adoption the sons of Augustus, who
the Army; by the combined, or partial, votes carefully superintended the education of both,
of which three estates, it is well known that having designed them for his successors in the
even the Auyusti were chosen. empire. Before they had laid aside the dress
160 CAESAR-.~\UGl.'ST.\\. CAESAR-AUGUSTA.
of boyhood, each was declared consul elect and spective obverscs, portraits ot‘ Augustus, Agrippa,
priizre/is jilvcntiztir (see the word). Cains was Livia, Cains and Lucius Ctesares, Tiberius, Julia
nominated to the consulate B. c. 5, but the and 'lhberius, Gernianicus, Tiberius and Ger
period for his entering upon it was deferred. maniens, Nero and Drusus Caasares, Agrippina
senior, and Caligula; the lcgends being 0. c. A.
and eoL. CAESAR-AVGVSTA.
[0b.i.—Thc coins having c. A. within a laurel
crown, given by Vaillant, and atter hiin by
Florez, to this ltoinaa colony in Spain, and by
Pellerin, to Ciesarea Augusta in Palcstiiie, be
long to Ciesarea Panias.—See Gzsarea P/1iIip;n'j.
Among other types the following claim notice
tor their historical interest and extreme rarity.
Augu.sm:.——0bv.—.\vovs"ro nivi r. Three
He was permitted to wear the loya virilis in the standards between the words LEG. iv. LEG. vi.
same year; and Lucius assumed it B. C. 2. LEG. X.
Honoured with the priesthood, and admitted Rcv.—C. c. A. rm. FLAVO PRU-IF. 0211!. L.
into the senate, they seemed destined for B life IVVENT. i.vi>i'-zitco, iiv1a.—Co1onia Ca-sar-Aw
of greatness and prosperity. But the younger gusta, Tiberio Flavo, Praifecto Germanici, Lucio
of the two died suddenly at Marseilles, 755 Juventio Lupereo, Dui.imvi.ris.—Engraved in
(\. D. 2), when on his way to Spain; not with Yaillaiit, C01. i. p. 15.
out its being suspected that his step-mother This large brzms, first edited by Seguin, was
Livia, who left no means, how foul soevcr, un doubtless struck by the three legions stationed
employed to advance her son Tiberius, had ocea in the garrison town of Ciesar-Augusta. Whence
sioned his sudden and untimely death. Cains, these veterans derived their right of coiiiage is
sent into Asia, where he passed his year of con aquestion unresolved. According to Vaillant,
sulship, A. D. 1, had begun to shew talents for “ these military standards allude to the origin of
both ciyil government and military enterprise; the colony. The type of the cultivator and his
oxen at plough, and that of the legioiiary ea
but-, after bringing the Parthinn king Phrnates
IV. to terms of peace with the Romans, he signs are respectively symbols of the civil and
was treaeheroiisly wounded on his return from of the military portion of the colonists. The
an expedition into Ariiieiiia; and fiilliiig into a names at the legions inscribed on the obverse
lingering illness, supposed to have been also indie-ate those whence the veterans sent to Canar
nurtured by the secret arts of Livia, he died Augusta were drafted.” The interpretation by
at Liinyra, in Lyeia, at the early age of 2-1-, Vaillant, and adopted also by Florez, of the
in the year U. c. T57 (.\.1>. 4-). abbreviation PRAEF. oizim. as Pm-fer/as Ger
On gold and silver coins of Atigiistils, the numar/nn (Prefect of a German Cohort) is
brothers arc typified tom-thcr both on foot and on scouted by Eckhel (iv. 475 et. seq.), who consi
horseback, and styled (‘.t~=ars, sons of Aiigiistiis, ders that the Tiberiiis Flavus, named on the ob
and priiwijiesjiweuz’/Ill-9. On some seeoiid brass verse of this coin, is represented there as Pmfec
fcolmzia/) the heads of the brothers appear on Ina Gi'rimmiri, in allusion to Germanicus Ctesar,
the obverse, mid that of Ail,*,IllStl\S on the re the son of Driisus.—Sec i)t'i:.\ivilt.
verse. (See ciigraviiigs of these in Vaillaiit’s A//_//u.stu.r.—0/iv.—Avovs'rvs mvi F. Lau
Co/onivr, i. pp. 60, 6l).—Other colonial second rented head of the emperor.
brass exhibit on their obverse the head of Cains Rm-.—Q. STATIO. M. PABRICIO iivia. ei\i:s.\ii.
or of Lucius only, and on their reverse the head AVGVSTA. Priest guiding two oxen yoked to a
of Aiigziistiis. The above cut presents a speci plough.
men of the last named coiiis.—See C. L. CAE [This large brass is engraved in Alrennaii.
S.\llt‘.§, &c. (Yuma of Spzzi/i, p. 72, pl. viii. No. 13].
C. C.-\ ESAR AL'Gl.'ST. F.—~C11i'us Cmsrzr Ju Cuius rm/l Lucius C.esar¢'.i'.——()bv.—.A\'0. C.
_qu.i~ti I"i!iii.i.—'I‘liis_ legend appears on the re CARS. cos. DESIO. L. cans. cos. DES. Augustus
veinsr: of gold and silver of Aiigiistus, accompa holding the simpiiliiin, stands between Cains
Illt‘-(l by the type of a military ti_i.:ure on horse and Lucius, his adopted grandsons; all three are
back, chzirgiiig with lance elevated; behind him clothed in the toga, and each stands on a cippus.
are a lt-giuiiury eagle and two eiisigiis. This R/ii1.—(.\'amcs of duumvirs) CAESAR A\'G\'$T\
coin was striiek when the emperor adopted Cains Yerillum placed on a eippus, between two mili
and his brother Lueius.—Sce above. tary eiisigns.
[This rare large brass is engraved in \'aillaiit’s
Cu/mllirks‘, i. P. 20:].
C.\l‘l.S‘.\lt-.-\liGl"ST.'\, co/mlizr, originally
named .\':t|duha, a city of llispaiiizi Tarraeoiien Ti/»m~iu.i-.—06v.—'ri. CAESAR nivi iivo. F
sis, and the capital oi‘ the Edetaiii, now Zara AVG\'ST\'S ro.\'. MAX. TR. ror. xxxiii. Tiberiiis
gcza, in .-\i"i'.'i;_'oii, situate on the Ebro. At the iveariii_i: the toga, is seated on the eurule chair,
close ut‘ his ivar with the (':iiit.'ilii'i_ .\li‘_'ll.~'llls‘ ‘ lioldiiig in his right hand a patera, and in his
iiivested it with colonial rights and privih~_i_'es, i lctit the hmsta.
for veteran soldiers froiii three l\"'_{i()ilS. Tlit-. 1Im~.——c. ca. L. Vi-3Tl‘L\C\'S 3!. on-o iivia.
coins of this eoloiiy are Le/i/1 iiiiperizil, in small A \'L'Xlllll1Il and two inilitar_v ensigii.-, betwrrll
middle and large brass, bearing on their re which we read LEG. iv. i.i;o. vi. 1.1-;o. X.
 CAESAR-AUGUSTA. CAESAREA PHILIPPI. 161
[Endeavours having proved fruitless to pio Tiberius and JuIia.—O6v.—TI. CAESAR DIV!
cure a cast from some authentic specimen of AVGVSTI. r. avovsrvs. Laureated head of
this very rare and remarkably interesting pro Tiberius.
duct of the Romano-Hispnninn coinage, the Rz’v.—I\'LIA AVGVSTA c. ca. Figure of Julia
subjoincd cut has been copied from a print in seated, as Picty, veiled and wearing the stola,
the .l[e'n'ai/{es :1: C/lri.rtz':ze, engraved by Burtolo, holding a patera and the hasta.—Large brass,
whose drawings of numismatic types are usually rare. Engraved in Akennan, Cains of ID157711
acciuate]. nia, p. 75, plate viii. fig. 7.
Besides the types above described, the coins
of Czcsar-Augusta exhibit the winged lightning
(fulzzzeu alalum), as in Augustus. Also the
figures of Nero and Drusus Czcsares, sons of
Germanic-us, are represented in the toga; seated
opposite each other and joining hands.
(LESAREA, in Maurelania, a maritime town
(originally called Iol). During the period‘ of
Julius Cicsar’s dictatorship, it fonued part of
king Juba’s dominions. The imperial coins
struck in this city have bilingual legends, viz.
Latin and African. A coin in the Cabinet de
France is inscribed usx IVBA, with the head of
The vexillnm, or cavalry standard, and the Juba. On the reverse is (‘AESAREA R. xxxn.
two other military ensigns, typified on the above (which numerals denote the your of the reign) ;
reverse, refer to the veterans sent as a rein the type is n capricorn with cornucopia: and rud
forcement to the colony, from the Fourth, Sixth, der.——Sec Mus. Pembroke, i. TB. 11, No. 5.——
and Tenth Legions, whose respective designa See also Spanheim, i. p. 543.—In enumerating
tions stand on this coin as unmistakeably eon the colonies founded by Claudius, Vaillnnt (i.
spicnons, as do the names of the two duumvirs p. 105), includes the Mnnretauian Ca-sarea.—
who caused it to be minted. By some writers, and with no slight measure of
On the obverse of this large brass, the Roman topographical probability, the modern Algiers is
authorities of Caesar-Augusta represent the em~ considered to have been built on the site of this
peror seated; and the record of the 33rd tribuni Roman settlement. Others assign it to the
tian power teaches us (says Vaillnut, i. p. 70), locality of U/iierc/iiel, lying to the west of, but
that the people of this colony erected statues to_ not far from, Algiers.
Tiberius, on the occasion of Sejanus having bccn
CAESAREA ad Libanum (Phccniciue) colonia,
put to death. The Senate itself, indeed, accord
ing to Dion Cassius, sot the example of public formerly Area, now Aresce, Archis, Arka.—
l’(‘_]0lL‘ll’lg when that event occurred; and the
The irnpcriul coins of this city are in Greek
brass of Antoninns Pins and M. Aurelius, and
day of that bad minister’s execution was ecle
braled as a fertzw dies, by all the magistrates in Lalin brass of Elagabalus, and Alexander
and pontitfs, with unprecedented exultation, Severus.——[Its era that of the Seleneidsc, corn
mencing in the year-142 of the foundation of
throughout all parts of the Roman world.
Amongst the Spanish colonies who congratu Rome, 312 before the Christian cra.]—Mionnet
lated Tiberius, and raised statues to his honour, thus describes one of the Latin coins extant of
on this occasion, Caesar-Augusta was the foremost. this colony :—
.1‘;/(/gflbd]IlJ.—~ . . .u~"ro1\'mvs. Head laurcatcd.
The following is another proof in confirmation
Reu.—C01.. cnsaau (sic) LIB. anra.
Of the above mentioned fact :—On the obverse
A temple, of which the dome is supported by
of a very rare largo brass, dedicated by this
two Hermes. Below is the half-length figure
colony to Tiberius, appear the name and titles
of that emperor, accompanied by the same date of afemale veiled, the head drooping towards
of the tribunitian power (xxxiii.) ; the type is an the shoulder, on which is a crescent; on one
equestrian figure of Tiberius, placed on a plinth. side the Sun, on the other the Moon; to the
right n sceptre.
Tllereverse type is a legionary eagle and two Seueru.r Ale.rander.——A coin dedicated to this
standards, together with the colonial initials c. ca.
(colonia Caesar-Augusta); and the same names
emperor has the figure of Astute in a temple.
of M. Cato and L. Vettiacus, as duumvirs. The CAESAREA PHILIPPI, or Panites, or ad
statue relates to the congratulatory honours paid Panium, so called from the pastoral deity Pan
to this unworthy emperor, who never thought of being a peculiar object of worship by the inha
lurrcndexing Sejanus to retributive justice, until bitants of this Phmnician city. The tutelary
l1_1fl own personal safety was endangered by con god above named “is figured on many of its
tinuing that infamous minister in his service. coins (observes Mr. Akerman), of which speci
Engraved in p. 69 of Vaillant, in Col. mens exist from the time of Augustus to the
06o.—1'i. c.n:s.\n. Drvl ave. r. avovs'rvs.— days of Elagabalns. It was comprised in the
Lanreated head of Tiberius. tetrarchy of Iturca, and was anciently called
Rev.-c. ea. A bull, with iufulated head, for Dan ,- but Philip, having enlarged and improved
nacr1fice.—[See Akerman, Coins qf Hiapania, it, gave it the name of Csesurea, in honour of
11- T4, plate viii. fig. 8]. ' the emperor: and to distinguish it from other
Y
162 CAESAREA PIIILIPPI.
cities of the same name, it was called Caesarea
Pliilippi; though on the coins of Augustus,
as in the specimen here given, the city is in
CAESAREA SAMARITIS.
dicated by the letters 0. A. Cmsarea Augusta,
l within a fine specimen of the laurel crown.”
See coaoxa LAUBEATA.

“ These pieces of brass money must have been Csesarea Samaritis appears to have been re
in circulation at the time of OUR LORD’s visit cognised as the metropolis of that district of
to that district. This coin was erroneously as Syria-Palzrstinre, which included the cities of
cribed to Caesar-Augusta, in Spain, by the earlier Ascalon, Gaza, and Julia. The figure of the
nuinismatie writers ”——See a brief but interesting imperial horseman on this coin alludes to some
and instructive work entitled Num1'.m1a(ic Illus military expedition on which Trajan Deeins had
/raliona of tlze New Tealamenl, by John Yonge set out——perhaps against L. Priscus, in Syria, or
Akerman, Fellow and Secretary of the Society against the Gnths.—See \'aillaut's Colonies, n.
of Antiquaries, who has obligingly allowed the p. 194, in which the type is engraved.
above cut to be used for this dictionary. A second brass of Yolusinnns (son and sac
CJESAREA Smnaritis (or Palrestinzc) 00/onizz eessor of Trebonianus Gallus) struck in this
(originally called Apollonia, and Turris Stra colony, exhibits on its reverse the legend COL.
tonis), a maritime town of Palestine, north-west P. r. cans. MET. Pa. s. PAL. ((.'uIom'a Prinm
of the ancient city of Samaria, in the plain of Flnria (Iesurra Jlt-lr0p0li.r 1’rovinri¢e S3/ri¢ Pa
l\Ie|__'iddo.-—-King llerod augmented it into a lvrsl/mr), and the type of a male figure, with
magnificent port, calling it Ca-sarea in honour of radiated head, recumbent on the back of a lion.
Augustus Czesar. lts present name is 11:1/sm-fr/t. The human figure elevates its right hand, and
—\'espasian, after subduing the Jews, made it a "holds the /ms/a para, or a. long wand, in‘its
Ronnni colony, and gave it his family name of left hand.—(l"ron1 a coin in British Museum).
F/aria. His son and successor Titus conferred
certain immunities on its l.Cl'l'll0l'_\'; and hence
this colony, in memory of the henetits bestowed,
gave itself, on coins, the appellation of Libera.
Afterwards it assumed the epithet of Anioni
nizmn, in compliment to Caraealla; and was con
stituted a metropolis by Alexander Severus. lts
title of Prima seems (says Yaillant, i. p. 138) to
have originated from its being in the time of
Vespasian the chief city of Palestine. 'l‘he coins
ot' L‘-iesarea Samaritis are ninnerous: consisting
of imperial colonial, in small, middle, and lar_ee
brass. Those with Latin legzemls begin with
Trajan, and extend in an almost uninterrupted I'nder this type, the representation of Apollo
succession down to Gallienus. They bear for the or Sol seems intended. The Sun was the tutelary
most part for legend of reverse, COLom'a god of C:rsa1'ea, and is here introduced, pro
(J.-\l<‘..\‘l\ltEA Llllora, and COL. PltIl\Ia bably in flattery to young Yolusianns, whose
Fla-\\'ia AVG\"S'l‘A CAl‘lSAltl'i.\l.s-is. There is portrait on the obverse is also adorned with rays,
c. |'.r. Ave. CA1-ISAR, of lladrian, and c. P. P. as if he had been another Apollo, or Sol, to the
AVG. cat-‘.. .\ir.'rn0roi.|. of Severus Alexander. colonists of this metropolitan city. The deity is
On a Iirst brass of Trajanus llecius, the colo depicted lying on the lion, K15, according t0
nial legend reads COL. PR. F. A\'G. (‘.\l-IS. .\n;"rn. Aratus (in plneuom), Hie nolu/MIL: at lIl!l.rlnl.'/I
P. s. P. (I '0/0/Iia I’rz'n1a Fluria /111;/mill: ('/P.i'11rml in/r-r .ri_//ua sit. S01 bears the /umla /mm, a
lllnlrnpo/i-r Provillriu’ S;/rize 1’u/11's/fine) with the special attribute of pagan divinity.—\'ai1laut,
type ot' the emperor wearing a radiated crown ; (‘o/. ii. p. 2:22.
on hor.~ebaek at speed, holding a spear couched L'.\l ionnet ascril)(‘StOT1'(‘b0uiaIillS Gnllus,as\\'rll
in his right hand. A coin of great rarit_v.— ' as to Yolusianus, a siniilur l‘0\'t‘l‘~‘C, but mentions
liere we sec the colony, tlU.<l;_'llt\i(:(l by all the the type under both emperors as “ ll.\ct‘iu‘s
titles successively bestowed on it by various cam.‘/zé xi/r lllt //mi.”-—'l'he justly-ct-lelnntul
emperors from the period of its first e.~=tabli.~h l“re1|ch nlnnisniatist had previously deseribeda
meat, under Yespasian. In the time of Decius, coin of this colony, dedicated to Trajanus Decius,
 CAESAREA SAMARITIS.
as bearing the reverse type of “Bacchus couclzé
zur an pantfiére, et tenant le I/1_:/rse." The
thy rsus and the panther, indecd, clearly indicate
the god of wine. But surcly the radiated head,
and the elevated right hand, are no less dis
tinctive symbols of the Sun, as they are seen so
often represented on coins of the lower empire.-—
Scc sor. nzvrorvs cones (avovs'rr).]
Pcllerin gives a coin of this colony, which
Vaillant had missed. On the obverse is the lau
rmtcd head of Trajan. On its reverse, 0. AVG.
cu-:s.u1. (meaning Cmsarnz}. The type, Apollo
standing, with his left arm resting on a tripod,
and holding in his right hand a patera; before
him is an altar, on the top of which a serpent
rises. This (says Pcllerin) is the first medal
known to have been struck in this city, subse
quenlly to its having been made a colony by
Vespasian. (Soc Me'!1m_qe, i. pl. xvii. No. l.)—
Thcrc are also coins of Antoninus Pins and M.
Aurelius, which have types of Apollo standing,
leaning on a tripod, and holding a lam'cl branch
in the right hand, but without the altar.-—On a
Iladrian, Apollo holds a serpent.
The other types of this colony are
Amcu/n1ziz¢.v—— as in Annia Fuustina.
Jalzzrtc, the worship of whom as Venus, this
colony is said to have received from the people
of Byblos, a maritime city of Phoenicia, as in
Hadrian, Faustino junior, and Trcbonianus Gal
lus.—(Sce Pcllerin, Jllé/anye, pl. xvii. No. 4,
for a curious Astartc type minted under Trajan)
Colonial Priest, driving oxen at plough, with
a Victory flying towards and offering him a
lnurcl crown. (Hudrian).—Tbe same symbol of
a colony, but without the Victory. (M. Aure
lius, S. Severus, Curncalla, and Macrinus.)
Eagle, with expanded wings. (Alexander
Severus and Trajanus Decius). A coin of He
rennius, struck by the colony, bears METRO. P.
8. P. with an eagle in a temple of two columns:
engraved in Pellcrin, Mel. pl. xxi. No. 8. Also belicf that the head on the obverse of this silver
of the same prince, co1.. rn. ans. insrn.— coin is that of Apollo \"c-jupitcr—“Simuln
Pallns seated, Victory stauding.—Ibid. N0. 10. crum dci Vcjovis .... .. sagittas tenet, qua: aunt
Emperor, sacrificing to Rome. (Philip scn.) paratzc ad nocendum.
Ditto, on horseback, charging over a pros dcilm plcriqne Apollinem ease dircrunt.”——Eek
trate enemy. ('l‘rz(janusDecius, Hcrennius,Etrus hel, in quoting the above authority, refers to
cns, and Volusianus). Genius of the colony,
scaled with cornncopiaz. (Valerianus sen.)
llercules, standing with club and lion's spoils. jupitcr appears, with the letters AP. which are
(On an elegant coin of ll. Aurelius).
Jupiler Nicqihorus, with eagle at his feet.—
(T1-cb. Callus).
Lion walking. (Hadrian).
Neptune, with trident and dolphin. (T. Gallus).
Serapia bead of—-as invariably distinguished
by the calathns, or modius. (Hadrian, Antoni
nus Pius, L. Verus, Commodus, Mncrinns, Dia
dnrncnianus, Elagabulus, and Trajan Decius).
I‘
Cfhcse are numismatic proofs of the conti
nued idolatry paid at Cmsnrea Sarnaritis, thro’
so many reigns of R/ornan Emperors, to the
principal deity of the E;:yptians.—Soe S0rapi.:].
Ticlary walking, holding a crown in the
right, and a palm branch in the left hand.
(Trajau, in honour of whose successes in the
East the coin was minted by the Cazsarienses).
Y2
CAESIA. 163
Woman, whose head is adorned with towers
struck under Trnjauus Decius and lIO5ti.lll1IlUS1
denoting that Czesarca was the chief city of the
province of Palestine.—~Thc same turreted
female head, but with the addition of the veril
lmn, and the letters M. v. 'r. P. in the legend of
reverse, appears on a coin of Gnllicnus, as quoted
by Mionnet from Eckhel, Anec. Cimel. Vi/rdob.
xxiii. 7, p. 124.
CAESARVM N. N. or NOS'l‘RORVM.-—
This perigraph is found only on coins of Licinim
Jun.; of Crispus; and of Constantius II. ln the
field, within n crown of laurel, vorrs v. or x.
On the cxergue, PL. or Q,A. or SIS. Third brass.
—See onuro; also sec vrrvrvs.
CAESIA gens, plebeiau, of which the name is
one of little renown, and the coguomcn nnknow n.
There is but one coin assigned to it, viz. a dc
narius, on the obverse of which is the diadenn-d
bust of a young man, in the attitude of launch
ing with his right hand, a triple-pointed dart.
Behind the bust AP. in monogram. On the
reverse, below are the words L. CAESI. and two
juvenile figures, hclmetod and half naked, seated;
holding spears in their left hands ; between
them is a dog; above them a head of Vulcan,
and the forceps. In the field of the coin are
on one side what looks like an A, and on the
other what seems simply an n, but which mono
granimatologists pronounce to be respectively
y fix
‘ ;-if ' ‘I: \
“f
A passage from Gellius seems to warrant the
Qua propter cum
coins of the Fontciu and Licinia families for
other instances in which the head of Apollo Ve
the first in the word Apollo, unless, indeed, it
is more truly to be interpreted Aryeulum Pebb
cum.—-Fnlvins Ursinus and other writers, with
whom Eckhel agrees, consider the two sitting
figures to be Larcs, or Pcnates (household gods)
—and that this is further proved by the appear
ancc of the dog, as Plutarch as well as Ovid,
explains. Then again, the head of Vulcan is rc
garded as another proof that the youthful figm-cs
represent Larcs, by Ursinus, who cites n marble
inscribed VOLCANO LARIBVS rvaucrs sacnvn.
Lastly, adds Eckhcl, there are the two mono
grams, which joined together, form LAKE, and
thus bespeak them to be Lares. Sce Ech
hcl, v. 156, 7, 8.—Riccio (p.40), says of
this dcuarius, that “ it was minted by the
monetal trirunvir Lucius Cassius, perhaps the
 164 CALAGURRIS. CALIGULA.
brother of that Marcus Cmsius who was pretor CALAGURRIS Fibularia--a town of His
in 679 (B. c. T5), an acquaintance of Cicero. pania Turrnconensis, in the country of the
The workmanship displayed in this coin refers lllcrgetes, the site of which is occupied by
it to those times when Roman liberty was on Lahorre of the present dny. The following coin
the decline.” is assigned to the Hbzllareizsian Calagurris:
CALAGURRIS NASSICA, a city of His 0bu.—1.. Q. v. r. Q. isc. r.-—Bare bead of a
pania Tarraconensis, now Calaliorra, on the man.
Ebro, in Old Castille, on the borders of Navarre, I£eu.—l\lum'cipium. C. F.—Female figure
not far from Tudela. Its name of Calagurris seated on a bull. She holds n. veil inflated by
associated itself, in Roman story, with the fear the wind. IE. 8, R. l. (Brili-r/I. Mnse1un).——
ful miseries endured by the insurgent army of Engraved in plate viii. No. 9 of Coins of Hia
Scrtorins, when Pompey and Mctcllus laid pmzia, by i\lr. Akcrman, who appositcly re
siege to it in that place, before 679 (B. c. 75.) minds ns, that “this figure of Europa on the
Aecording to Pliny, it was first made a muni bull occurs on many of the coins of Sidon.”
cipium, and afterwards u colon]/; but on its CALEN US, surname of the Fufin gens, which
coins, which bear the efiigics and titles of no came from Cales, a town of Campania. On
other emperors than Augustus and Tiberius, it coins of that family is read Q. CAi.EN\’S. cos.
is entitled n municipiwn only.—ln the lust days CALIDIA gens plebeia. There is only one
of the republic, Calugurris received the privileges type to its coins, which are deunrii of very
of the jua Latium ; subsequently it was endowed antique form, exhibiting on one side the winged
‘ with the .w_/fii'a_qii by Julius Cicsar, after head of Minerva; behind it no.\u.—Ou the re
whom it was called Julia.—Cu-sar indeed planted verse M. CAL. or C.-\Lll)/118, in association
many colonies in Spain, and bestowed various with METellu.r, and CN. F\'L\-'iu.s or
benefits on their cities.—'I'hc numismatic type FOVLz-iu.y—-on the exerguc. The type is Vic
of the L-hlagin-ilani, whose coins (of a coarse, tory with a crown raised in the right hand, in s
even barbarous fabric), are for the most part bi n.
dedicated to Augustus, is a bull, or the head of Efhese denarii (observes Riccio, p. 4-l), the or
a bull.—The first of the two following in middle dinary specimcns of the ancient bi;/ati, bear evi
bras exhibits its acquired surname of Nusicu. dence of their having been strnck by the monetal
1. 1ussics.—-Thchcad (of Augustus) without trinmvirs Marcus Culidius, Quintus Cazeilius
laurel. Mctellns, and Cneius Fnlvins, about the be
Rev.-1rvN. CAL. 1vri.—(Jlunia)n'um Cala ginning of the seventh century of Rome.
gun-is J'uIia.)——A bull or ox standing.—Engraved CALIGES. Military sandals used by the
in Vailltmt, Cal. i. 25. Romans.—“ The caliga was a heavy sole, lashed
2. MVN. can. 1vL.—Barc beardlcss head. with thongs to the leg, and armed with stall!
Itev.—L. GBANIO. c. VALEBIO ll\'IR.—-A nails. The emperors gave largcses of nails 10
bull standing.—Engraved in Akennan’s Ancient the soldiers, donativum 0//lvarium, which per
Coins qf ('i[:'¢'.9, pl. viii. N0. 6. haps meant also money to purchase tbe1n.”—
There is also a small brass of this colony, with Capt. Smyth, p. 28.-See CALIGULA.
the word Naasica before the head of Augustus on
the obverse; and the full-faced heed of a bnll on
the reverse, which also bears, for inscription,
c. van. c. sex. AEDILES. Caiua Va/eriua‘,
Cains Serlius, Aedile:.—(Valeria gens).
The word Nasarica is the name, not of a
man but, of the muniripiunz itself. This clearly
appears from Pliny (L. c. 3), who expressly
speaks of the people of Calagurris as being
named Nassivi-—a statement continued by an
ancient inscription given in the work of Am
brose Morales, arm. CALAGVRRIB rvus NASSICA.
And as Calagnrris, on account of some immu
nities conferrcd upon it by Julius Caesar, took
the name of Julia, so (adds Vaillant) in like
manner, by reason of certain benefits extended
to it by Cornelius Scipio, it seems to have pre CALIGUL.-t, the grand nephew and mar
viously distinguishcd itself by his surname of derer of Tiberius, most worthy to succeed that
Nauica, when he, with the rank of Pretor, emperor, because an equally infamous, though no!
administered the affairs of the republic in Spain, so able a tyrant, reigned from A.U.C. 790 (A-11
as I_iivy relates (L. v. Dec. 4.)—About the same 37) to 794 (AJ). 41).—llis real appellation W8»!
period Calagurris was made altoman rnunicipium; CAIVS CAESAR, but, about the time of _#\"'
in remembrance of which boon, it assumed the gustus’s death, he, still a child, being with the
name of Nassica; and Scipio celebrated there army of the lower Rhine, the soldiers, with
those public games—callcd Lndi Megalenses—in whom he was n great favourite, were accustomtftli
honour of Cybele (Mater ldma)—which he in the joking parlance of the camp, to gm hm‘
vowed to do amidst the perils of war, as Livy he
the constantly
nickname ofappeared
Caligula in the Oalllqizj
(from usual mlllwl
also shews.-—C'olo1u'¢, i. 25.
 CALIGULA.
lcggings.—Hence Ausouius, in his poem, refer
ring to this cruel wretch, says——
Post hnnc castreusis caligrz coguoniine Caesar
Succcssit, szevo sazvior ingeuio.
As emperor, however, he was always called
Cains, and he considered himself insulted by
the name of Caligula.
He was the youngest son of Germanicus the
nephew of Tiberius, and of Agrippina ; and
in the year of Rome 765, (A. D. 12) on the day
before the caleuds of September, at Antium, as
Snetonius has proved at great length (in Caligula,
ch. 8). In 770 (A.D. 17), he went into Syria
with his father, st whose death, within two
years afterwards, he returned to Rome with his
mother; and on her being banished, he was
transferred to his great grand-mother Julia, and
when she died, to his grand-mother Antonia.
In 784 (A.D. 31) he was invested with the Pon
titicatc ; and, in consequence of the violent
deaths of his brothers Nero and Drusus, and
also of Sejanus, whose plots he alone had con
trived to escape, being then the assured suc
cessor to the empire, he was nominated questor
in 786 (A. D. 33)-—iuvited by Tiberius to Ca
prrra, and on the same day assuming the toga,
he laid aside his bcard.—'l‘hencel‘orward he eon
tinued to live with Tiberius, feigning ignorance,
or indifference, respecting the murder of his re
lations, as though it concerned him not ; and so
obsequiously obeying the bchcsts of the tyrant,
that it was a common expression, that "there
never was a better servant, or a worse master.”
(Sue-ton, ch. 10.)
In 790 (A.D. 37), Tiberius having been at
tacked with severe illness, and scarcely recover
ing from it, Caligula, at the instigation of Ma
cro, the prctorian prefect, put an end to his life,
as it is aflinncd, by smothering him (m_)'evlu ves
tium appreml). Dion states that this event took
place on the 7th of the calends of April.
Having entered Rome, on the death of Tibe
rius, he compelled the Senate to join him, by a
Senaius ('0n..ru/lam, in depriving of his right to
the empire, Tiberius, the son of Drusus, jun.,
whom the elder Tiberius had, in his lust will,
nominated as his co-heir and colleague in the
sovereignty. The funeral ceremonies of Tibe
rius were performed with due pomp by Caligula.
In the eighth month of his reign he was attacked
with severe sickness. On his recovery, he
adopted his brother Tiberius, gave him the title
of 1-‘rim-ep.r Juventutia, and afierwards put him
to death. (Suctou.)—In the calends of July he
entered upon the ofiice of Consul Sufectus, as
colleague to his uncle Claudius, and after two
months resigned it.
791 (A.D. 38), he conceded to Sotnmus, the
kingdom of the Arabians of Itursea; to Cotys,
Armenia Minor; to Polemon, the son of Pole
mon, his father's dominions.—Relative to these
events, Dion (L. lix. 5 3) thus expresses himself:
“ In a short time he assumed so much the air of
n .4-in;/, that all those honours, which Augustus
had accepted only when duly arrived at the so
vereignty, und even then with hesitation and as
CALIGULA. 155
they were decreed from time to time, and many
of which Tiberius altogether declined, were by
Caligula grasped in one day, with the exception
only of the title Pater Patria, which, however,
was not long deferred.”
792 (A.D. 39).—In the calends of January,
he entered upon his second Consulate, and re
signed the oflice in thirty days. (Suetou ch. 17.)
Having exhausted the treasury by his profuse
expenditure on public spectacles and other ex
trnvagauccs, he endeavoured to repair the dc
ficiency by the slaughter of the wealthy citizens ;
and then proceeded to Gaul, there to practice
the like system of murder and spo]iation.—The
name of Germanicua does not appear on the
coins of this year, nor ever subsequently.
7 93 (A. 1). 40).—Caligula, without a colleague,
entered upon his third consulate, at Lugdunum
(Lyon), in Gaul; and resigned it on the ides of
January. (Suetcn. ch. 17).—Having invited
over from Africa Ptolemy, the sou of Juba, he
put him to death, on pretence of the young
prince's ostentatious bearing. (Dion, B. lix.
25).-—Proceeding to the ocean, as if about to
invade Britain, he ordered his soldiers to gather
shell-fish, and retumed as a conqueror, laden
with the spoils of the sea. (Sueton. ch. 46).—
L. Vitellius, prefect of Syria, the same year, gave
such a lesson to Artabanns, the Persian, who
was threatening an invasion of Armenia, that the
latter abandoned his design, and paid his ador
ntious to the statues of Augustus and of Cali
gula. (Dion, L. c.)—In 794 (A. n. 41), he
begun his fourth consulate, on the 7th of the
ides of January. Shortly afterwards (viz. on
the ‘Jth of the calends of February), he was
assassinated by the conspirators Cassius Chscrea
and Cornelius Sabinus.
Ca]igula’s accession to the em ire was hailed
with joy by the Roman people ; ut their satis
faction was based on no solid foundation, be
ing the result rather of their deep-rooted at
tachment to his father Germsnicns. He seem
ingly, indeed, responded to the fond wishes of
the nation, by many acts of piety, justice, and
moderation. But it too soon became apparent,
that these virtues were not of natural growth,
but owed their exhibition to the policy of Tibe
rius, who wished through their influence to con
solidate his own power in the empire. For
there was no act of cruelty, folly, meanness, or
infamy, which this monster and madman did
not delight in perpetrating. He caused his
horse, whom he called Incitalus, to be intro
duced at dinner time, setting before him gilded
corn, and drinking his health in golden cups;
and he would have created him consul, had he
lived long enough. He imitated all the gods
and goddesses, in the adoration which he caused
to be paid to him, becoming by turns Jupiter,
Bacchus, Hercules. Juno, Diana, and Venus.
He constructed a bridge of vessels joined toge
ther from Puteoli to Baiae, and crossing over
with his troops invaded Puteoli ; and then re
crossed it in a kind of triumph, delighting in
hearing himself called Alexander the Great. By
absurd and extravagant undertakings of this
l66 CALIGULA. CALIGULA.
kind, before the ycar was fully expired, he had 0bv.—c. cansan ave. GERH. &c. Laurented
squandered the enormous sums of money left by head of Caligula.-—Rev.—nivvs Avo. rsrza
Tiberius. (Vicics ac septies Inillics 1lS.—See Scr PATl1IAE ltadiutcd head of Augustus.
lertium).
He both claimed and received divine wor
ship, and was the greatest blasphemcr that ever
lived; yet he quailcd in the conviction of a
deity, and crept under his bed whenever he
heard thunder. With savage inhumanity he
attended executions in person, and made parents
behold the merciless tormcnts inflicted on their
unhappy children. lle contracted and dissolved Fiasr Bn.\ss.—'l‘hc three sisters of Caligula
marriages with equal caprice and dishonesty. (see engraving p. 29).-—Three lignrcs sacrificing
Besides his incestuous union with Drusilla, he ht-fore a tcniplc. See nivo avo. ru:'r.\s.
seized and repudiated thrce wives, and was at Pl(‘t_\' seated.-—'l‘hc commonest reverse is that
last permanently attached to Cxrsonia, a mother which represents the emperor haranguing his
of children by another man, and without youth guards; but it is a fine and interesting coin.
or beauty, but of depravity corresponding with See Antocvr. con. engraved in p. 6, from a
his own.—-The other instances of his incredible specimen in the compilcr’s possession, the por
cruelty and lust, may be found in Suetonius, trait on the obverse of which will be found
Philo, and Dion. Such infatuations are evident engraved at the head of the foregoing notice of
tokens not only of a brutal nature, but also of a Caligula.
distempcred intellect: nor is it possible to enter Sacoxu Baass.—'l'hese are common, but of
tain other than supreme contempt for the base good workmanship.
servility of the Romans, who could otl'er solemn Tnlan Ba./iss.—c. cuzsaa nrvr. AVG. PION.
adoration to a wrctch openly guilty of the most Avo.—Cap of libel-ty.—Sce a. c. c.
detestable and unnatural crimes; and whose [The countenance of Caligula, as represented
adage was orlerint, dun: mrluanl.—See Eckhcl, in profile on his coins, (crpecirxlly Ilwse in gold
vi. pp. 215 to 2l8—Sec also Capt. Smyth’s re and silzwr) somewhat resembles that of his
marks on the character of Caligula. grand-father, but is lcss noble, and has a malig
The gold and silver coins of Caligula are of nant expression. llc was at great pains to
considerable rarity.—1<‘irst brass also are rare, cherish this horrid index of his cruel disposition]
second brass common.—On these he is styled CALLIOPE A\'G.—Calliope stands as if
C. caasaa. avo.—-C. cnzsan. mvl. AVG. PBON, singing to a lyre, which rests on a little pillar,
AVG. 11.11. l".P. (sometimes GERM. or GERMAN! on the base of which she places her left foot.
cvs). He assumed the name as the grandson Tanini, in his supplement to Banduri, gives this
of Drusus, who was so called for his victories as on a coin of Probus, in third brass.-—
over the Germans. Eckhcl naming his authority, calls it unique
The coins of Caligula, minted at Rome, do (omnino singularis); observing, that although the
not exhibit Imperatur as n surname. This group of Muses is found on coins of the Pom
title is met with on colonial coins. But the only ponia gens, yet not one of them announces Cal
coin of Roman die struck under this emperor liope's name. This type of the Epic Muse may
bearing the word IMP. is a dcnarius, in which it have been selected, that she might .m'n: tube
is joined to other titles.—Sce l\lionnet’a note i. sounding the praises due to the virtue of Probus.
124, and Akerman’s observation on that note, —(vii. 504.)
i. p. 151.
CALPCRNIA gcns.—This was a plcbeian
“ When Caligula was destroyed, the dastardly family, but one of great antiquity, tracing iii
senators, who had so recently sacrificed to him,
origin to Calpns, the son of l\‘uma.—-Ainontfst
ordered all his statues to be demolished, his
the surnames of this family occurring on coins
acts abrogated, his money to be melted down, is Piao, the origin of which is stated by Salciui
and his inscriptions defaced, in order that his Bassus in the following lines of his Carmen all
memory might be extinguished for cvcr. Yct Pisonern:—
this sentence has not prcvcntcd a considerable Clamque Pisonis tulcrit cognomina prima,
number of his medals from reaching us, though Ilulnida callosfl ciim pinrcrel hordca dextrfi.
c0nsequcntly—exccpt those of second brass [“ And the illustrious surname of Pisa he first
thcy are of considerable rarity when in good derived from the fact of his bruising (or l-m'ud
preservation." Captain Smyth, p. 30. ing) the moist barley in his horny palm/']
The following arc amongst the rare and re Frequently there is added to it the epithet
markable spccimcns of this emperor's coinage :— Fru_/]i, applied to L. Piso for his frugality, 83
GOLD.-—AGl£lPPINA. mar. c. c.u:s.—lIead of Cicero tcstifies (pro Fonteio, ch. 13.) \'s]eril1!
Agrippina. [See cut in p. 28.]—onn.\rA:v1cvs Mnxiinus (iv. ch. 3) records a signal instance of
cans. &c.—-Head of Germanicus.—'ra. ro'r. 1111. abstinence in Cnlpurnius Piso. Another 00$
Victory holding two palm branchcs.—0B. c. S. nonicu was Bi/mlua.——Eckhel, v. 158.
within an oakeu garland. Morel (in his T/1/-.mu.-u.s Fam. Rom.) gives no
S11.vr:a.—OLv.—c. carsnn AVG. osnn. P. n. less than 150 varieties in the coins ofthis family;
'ra. ror.—Rev.—navsvs. llcud of Drusus.— but those varieties consist chiefly of the diflcrfllll
(Valued by Mionnet at 100 fr.) ruintmarks. The gold quinariw is unique--'
 CALPURNIA .
Silver, some mre, but for the most part com
mon.—The brass are by the moncycrs of M.
Antony and Augustus, or consist of the as and
its divisions: some rare, others common.-The
following, among others, claim notice and re
mark :— - gested to Calpurnins and the Senate the esta
Obz-.—Rndinted head of Apollo, with curls
banging behind; before it, on other specimens,
are different emblems, letters, or numerals.
IEev.—1.. PISO rnvo1.—On other coins—c.
PISO L. 11. raver. A horseman going at a rapid
pace; on some coins, he holds a palm branch, on
others atrident, on others a torch, or a small
sword or a whip. Beneath is frequently the
word nous.-—Si1ver.
Marcia gens.——See D. N. V. vol. v. p. 158 ct seq.
before an altar; on the other sides dagger.
Gold —See PISO.
The number of these denarii is incredible, and of Lord Morton’s cabinet for the British Mn
the greater part of them ditfcr from each other, ‘ scum, at eight guineas.”—Akerman, Decor-ip.
in some arithmetical mark, or some insulated
symbol ; a variation which both Havercamp and
Vaillant have devoted much learning, industry,
and ingenuity to account for; but which the less
imaginative and more cautious Eckhel attributes
simply to the caprice of the moncyer. The
author of Dorlriua (v. 158) allows that these
dc-narii were struck by L. Piso Frugi and his son
Cains, but at what period, he declines any nt
tempt to decide.—Professor Cavedoni, however,
and Riccio, who cites his authority (both writ
ing after Eekhcl’s time), give cogent ren
sons, arising out of some recent monetul frau
cnillm, at Ficsole, in ltaly—for the opinion
which they pronounce, that the author of the
above, and other coins of a similar kind, was
L1u'iI/.9 Pisa Frugi, son of Lucius, and a man
of prctorian rank, in 684 (B.C. 70). This
opinion, adds Riccio, “receives corroboration
from a semi-uncial asse struck by this mint
master, and the date of which goes back to
some year anterior to 680. Indeed, Borghesi
himself refers coins, with insulated symbols and
letters, to about the middle of the seventh cen
tury of Rome."-——See Mamie del/e Famiglie di
R0ma~—-C-alpnrnia gens.
Leaving however the question of dates, on
which the learned differ, there is one on which
their opinions coincide, namely, that both sides
of the above coin bear reference to the Ludi
A/»0Ilir/ares; “doubtless (says Eekhcl) because
those games were decreed to be perpetuated at the
instance of Culpnrnins, the Pretor, A. U. C. 543
(B. (1. 21]) whereas they hnd never before been
sanctioned by aSm1alu.r (.'rm.su[!u/n; on which sub
ject sec Livy (xxv. 12, and xxvi. 23,) and Pighins
(Ann. ii. p. 182), but especially Mncrobius, who
d1-.~'cril>cs at lenarth the origin of these games.
(Snt. 1, ch. 1T.)—'l‘hut horse-races formed n
part of their celebration has been well gathered
y Spanheim from ancient writers (ii. p. 131).
CALPURNIA. 16 7
There is the same subject on coins of the Marcia
family ; but it is further ascertained that a cer
tain Marcius, famous for his skill in divination,
whom Zonuras has erroneously called Mapxor
instead of Mapmor, was the individual who sug
blishment of these games, as may be learned
from the above mentioned passages of Livy and
Macrobius. We have in these coins indnbitnble
types of the Dudi Apollinarer, which unmis
matists are too much inclined frequently to dis
cover on the coins of families, with slight
grounds for the supposition. Vaillant, Haver
camp, and others, are considered by Eckhel to be
incorrect in calling the horseman on these denarii
the desullor; for it was usual for the desultores
to have al least two horses under their manage
ment, as is shewn under the coinage of the
1.. PISO. Bare head to the right.
R1-v.—r1-:a. in monogram. Victory standing
[“ This unique coin was purchased at the sale
Cala/. i. 33].
PISO CAEPIO Q. Laureated and bearded head
of Satnm, behind it is an indented reaping hook.
.Re’v.—AD. rav. anv. ax. s. c. '1Wvo togated
men, sitting on u snbsellium, between corn ears.
On reference to p. 5 of this dictionary, it
will be seen that, according to Eckhel, it is the
head of Saturn which is represented on this
denarius, because that deity presided over agri
culture. But according to Professor Cavcdoni
(quoted by Riecio, p. 42), the head of that deity
is referable to the ofticc of the questors who
presided over the public treasury, which was
placed under the tutclary care of Saturn, and in
the immediate vicinity of his temple. On the
reverse are the two qucstors, who procured corn
in abundance for the Roman people, namely,
Piso and Cmpio, and who on that account were
honoured by the Senate with this representation,
as the legend felieitously explains. In opposi
tion to Havercamp and Vaillant, who believed
this rare silver coin to have been struck in the
508th year of Home (B. C. 246), Riccio joins
with Cuvedoni in pronouncing its mintage to
have taken place in 654. (a.c. 100), founding
this opinion not only on certain monetal pecu
liarities; but also on the fact that in that year,
a great dearth of corn prevailed at Rome, in
consequence of the continuance of the Brllum
Servile in Sicily.—Sce AD. rnv. EMV.
cs. P150 Pno. Q. The bearded head of king
168 CALPURNIA. CAMALODUNUM.
Numa Pompilius, whose name NvM.\ is inscribed a diademed head with wings, surrounded by
on the diadem that encircles his forehead. capeduncula, crown, and star.
R4w.—n,\cn. PRO. cos. Prow of a ship. This Marcus Frugi, son of Marcus, must
This rare denarius was struck by Cneius Cal have been prelor in the third dictatorship of
purnius Piso, son of Lucius, and nephew of Julius Caesar, 709 (B. c. 45), and therefore one
Lucius, in his provincial pro-qucstorship of 681 of the moneyers some preceding year.
(B. C. 73), following Pompeius Magnus then With respect to the terminal figure and the
pro-consul with full powers to undertake his winged head, Cavedoni is induced, from their
renowned expedition against the pirates, who in respective attributes, to regard both the one and
fested the whole Mediterranean sea, and whom he the other as images of Mercury The corona
entirely destroyed. lt was this that obtained for vittata seems sacerdotal, and the sacrificial vase,
Pompeius the title of Zllagnua, inscribed on the exhibited on both obverses, apparently belong
reverse of this coin; the ship’s prow indicating to Mercury, regarded by the Romans as insti
the grand fleet placed at the disposal of the tutor of religious rites and ceremonies. And as
pro-consul. But the mint-master, wishing also Numa was the principal introdueer of religion
to allude to the antiquity of his family, has into Rome, as it were like another Mercury, so
struck to the right of his own name of PISO, Marcus Piso, who, with the rest of the Cal
the head of king Numa, from whom his family purnii, must have been Wont to boast of having
derived their origin.—Riccio, p. 43. this pacific king amongst his ancestors, may
R(.’t".—-BIBVLVS M. r. PRAEP. cnsss 1'. c.— have aimed at a share of like glory, and to re
'I'he pretorian galley without sail.—On the ob cord the praise of Numa himself. “By this
verse are the head of Mark Antony jugatcd with interpretation of mine (adds Cavcdoni), it is not
a female portrait, and, the legend M. ANT. mr. designed to exclude that of Ursinus, who sees
Tl-ta. cos. nss. rrrza. ET Tl’-Ill. m\-‘la. n.r.c. in the figure in question a representation of the
Lucius Bibnlus, to whose mintage belong this god Terminus, to whom Numa was the first to
and another rare middle brass, coined in the give temples and sacrifices. To Mercury the
east, was the son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus terminal stones were dedicated, and to him was
(colleague of Julius Cmsar in the consulate of 695 also attributed the first invention of laud-marks,
B. C. 59), and of the celebrated Porcia, daughter and the boundaries of fields."—-See Riccio on
of Cato Utieensis, who espoused Marcus Brutus the Calpurnia gens, p. 43.
in her second marriage. As the son-in-law of C.-\LU.\lNIA.—See FXSCI rvnarcr.
that chief conspirator against Czesar, he also
was proscribed by the triumvirs: he followed CAMALODUNUM~—one of the most
his father-in-law into Macedonia and into Asia, important, and most ancient Roman towns,
during the war levied against them, and com or stations, in Britain, within the present limits
lnaudcd the vanguard of their amiy on the day of that territorial division now called Essex.
of Philippi. The conspirators being defeated, Ptolcmy, by a corrupt transposition of let
L. Bibulus surrendered to Antony, who, as we ters, denoininates it Camudolanmn. In the
see on this piece of money, appointed him pre Itinerary of Antoninus, it is noted down as
fect of the fleet (raanr. cuss). He is on an CA!l'\’LODVNVM and CAMOLVDVNVLI. But both
other coin of the same mintage called Proctor by Tacitus (Anual.) and by Pliny (L. ii. sect.
Designatus (PR. m;s1o.)——In 718 (n. c. 36), he 71'), it is more correctly written caMaLOI>\'
gave in his adhesion to Octavian, after the death Nvu.—Camdeu (see Gough's edition, ii. 122),
of the last of the Pompcys. The money, then, pronounces it to have been situated, v\'hEI\’
appertaining to Bibulus, cannot be beyond this now stands the town of Malzlon; observ
epocha, because he attained afterwards to the ing, inter alia, “that the greatest part 0i
prctorship, and, in 721 (B. C. 33), to the pro the name is still remaining.” This is the most
consulship of Syria, as successor to Munatius plausible amoug the reasons which he av
Plancus. sigus in support of his very positive opinion on
this point, and for expressing his “wonder,'
that others shoul , “on the authority of It
land," seek it at Colchester. lf, howevvf» ‘he
venerable “ Nourice of antiquity” (as Spen5l_'1‘
justly tcnns him), could revisit the scenes of llli
chorographical researches, he would find in the
clever and intelligent “ History" by Mr. Thomlfl
Cromwell, an accumulation of antiquarian faflii
R£l7.——M. PISO sr. r. savor. Within a crown and of argumentative deductions, well calm
of laurel is a patera, close to which is a sacri latcd to shew that, those who have undertaken
ficial knife (the handle only of which is shcwn to identify the site of ancient Canialodlmlllfl
in the above cut).-—The obverse of this rare with that of modern Colchester, are notsfwll
dcuarius presents a terminal statue, between a “ blind observers," as he, whilst writing his Im
garland and a capedurwula (the smullcr sacrifi mortal “ Britannia,” deemed them to be. _
cinl vase). Camden's notion respecting Maldon has 1"‘
There is another equally rare deuarius, with deed, to
point Colchester.
been EtymologyThe
long abandoned. hasIlilrrrfl
weight 111
the same reverse in type and legend, but which
on the obverse exhibits a juvenile bust, having the argument only when ezisling remain!-‘"1?’
 CAMALODUNUM. CANIDIA. 169
port it. At Maldon nothing ancient is found.-— and administer the oaths (ad nppellnndum, ro
Colchester, Mr. Roach Smith observes, “ as the gnndumque).—On n coin of Julius Cresar we
source of discoveries of objects, which illustrate see the aancelli comiliorum, in the form of n
the state of the arts, in Roman Britain, is, per galley, into which the ascent is by steps.—See
haps, second in interest to none of our ancient cnoacm.
towns and cities.”—Sce a paper of his in the CANCER (the Crab) one of the twelve signs
Journal of the British Archzeological Associa of the Zodiac (see Zodineus), thus called from
tion, vol. ii. p. 29. some siniilitude to the crab-fish: the sun enter
Thus much for the question of locality.— ing that sign in the month of June, begins gra
With regard to the other branch of the sub dually to recede from us, and to take a retro
ject-narnely, the claim put forward to have grade course, as it were in n crab-like fashion.
Camalodunum classed in the number of Roman On a coin struck by M. Durmius, one of the
colonies, properly so I.'alled—it must be cou moneyers of Augustus, is a crab, with a butter
fessed, that the evidences on which such a claim fly between its claws.—-See Durmia gens.
is founded, and those on which it is disallowed, The figure of a Crab holding an aplustrum in
are almost equally unsatisfactory and inconclu its claws, there being under that shell-fish the
sive. On the one hand there are the passages Rhodian rose, shews that the denarius of the
in Tacitus (Annal. L. xii. e. 32, and L. xiv. c. Servilia gens, on which it appears, was struck
31), according to which, C'ama1oa'unum was the at Rhodes.
first colony of the Romans established in Bri CANDELABRUM-—a candlestick. 'l‘hc use
tain, and was occupied by veteran soldiers, of this instrument, in sustaining the kindled
drafted into it, when Claudius was emperor.— light of the sacrificial altar, is considered to be
There is also a marble, given in Gruter (p. 439, expressed by its appearance on n silver coin of
No. 5), as found in Spain, the inscription of Augustus, with the inscription AVGVSTVS, within
which includes these words =—cow.\u.u=: worm a crown formed of the crania and patelke (skulls
CENSIS, QVAE EST IN nn1'r/mum CAMALODVNI, and kneepans) of oxen, which thus indicate the
&c. On the other hand, the name of Cama sovereign pontificate of Augustus.—Engraved in
loduuum docs not appear either in Eckhel’s, Jllorell. T/iesaur. lmpp. iii. TAB. xvi. N0. 13.
or in Mionnet’s, or in any other lists of Ro CANIDIA gens, of plebeian origin, but of
man colonies. Nor, with the sole exception of a consular rank, having for its surname Cramu.
coin edited by Goltzins, and asserted by him to The name of Canidius Crassus, an intimate friend
have been struck under Claudius, but which no of Mark Antony, and by him appointed to the
collection can be referred to as containing, nor government of Armenia, is rend on a gold coin
any nuinisniatist acknowledges to have recognised, of the Crecilia gens, (p. 151, No. 9.) The fol
is there the least shadow of n monctal record (the lowing are legends and types on second brass of
only safe corroboration on a point like this), this family :—
to prove that the Uamalodzmum. Britannia; of caas. Ship’s prow to the right.
Tacitus and of Pliny was more than a first class Rev.—Crocodile on a pedestal. Second brass.
oppidum of the Romans. It rcquires,in fact, to be Oév.——Head of Apollo laurcated.
borne in mind, that Britain was a province of the Rev.—cna. The fasces with axe. Second
empire, governed (so fur as, surrounded with brass.—Eckhel cites one of this family with the
openly hostile or disaffected tribes, the Romans head of Clcopntrn, and the crocodile, but the
could be said to govern the country), by prcfects legend being Greek, excludes it from a work on
and subordinate military otfieers. It is not impro Lat/In coins.
bable that, at the outset, an attempt was made These pieces of money are ascribed to the
to establish colonies and municipia in this island; Canidius Crassus above alluded to. They were
but that the system, however successfully enr struck whilst Antony was trifling his time away
riecl out in so many other parts of the world, in Egypt, with the lnscivious Cleopatra. Sup
was soon abandoned here by Claudius, and for porting to the last his infatuated and ruined com
cogent reasons not resumed by his imperial suc mnndcr, Crussns behaved bravely in adminis
cessors, seems scarcely to admit of a doubt. tering the affairs of Armenia at this critical
CAMELUS (Can1el).—'l‘his well-known and, period. But afterwards sharing in the defeat at
in its native countries of the East, most useful Actium, he returned with Antony to Egypt; and
animal, is represented on coins as the common on the conquest of that country by Octavian,
symbol of Arabia.——See the ARAB. anq. of Canidius was put to drnth.—'l‘hc ship’: prow
Trajan; the IIESTITVTORI AEABIAE of Hadrian; indicates, perhaps, that he was admiral of An
also at-:x anrrras, in the Emilia family; BAC tony’s fleet, or it was meant to shew the
cnivs IVDAEVS, &c. maritime power of Egypt. The crocodile is the
CAi\'CELLl COMlT[ORUM.—Lattiees, or usual emblem of that country, that species of
chnnecls, of the Comitin; in which the people, amphibious animal inhabiting the waters of the
when about to give their votcs, were enclosed; Nile.—Riccio, pp. 4-4, 45.
or perhaps barriers to prevent any one, except CANINIA gens, a similarly plebeian but con
the individual who was giving his vote, from sular family. It had five branches, by which it
standing there. For within these inclosures it is named on ancient monuments; but on coins
was unlawful for any one to stand except the it is known principally, if not solely, under the
voters, and the electoral ofliccrs (ministri comi reign of Augustus, and by the surname of Gal
tiorum), whose business it was to call the names Ius. The Tilt.’-8(l¢¢)’IH’ lllorell. furnishes eight
Z
170 CANINIA. CAPIT. RESTIT.
varieties. The silver are by moneycrs of .\u ation, we learn (says Eckhel), from an inscrip
gustus. The brass are colonial. tion of the F5-alre: Arvalea, which has been
0bv.—.\vovs'rvs. Bare head of the empe illustrated in a treatise by Philippus-a-Turre
ror. Silver.
Rev.—L. CONINIVS (sic) oaI.Lvs mvIs.: on
the side AVGVSTVS: above Tl. P01‘. A four
legged table, with star and sceptre above. nu.
06v.—Samc legend and portrait. Silver.
Reu.—L. cannuvs oannvs III. A Parthian
kneeling and presenting a military ensign.-—
[Sce an exactly similar type on the reverse of n
denarius of Aquilius Florus, engraved in p. 105].
0bv.—avovs'rvs. Bare head of Augustus.
Gold.
Rev.—L. CANINIVS GALLV5 n1vIa.: above
on. c. s. An altar, over which is a crown, and (Momun. vol. Anlii), and quoted by Muratori,
on each side a branch of laurel. Imnn.-—-Pro p. 312; it informs us, that on the 7th of the
nouneed unique by Riceio (Tau. 50), who va ides of December, the priests assembled in the
lues it at 80 piastres. temple of Ops, to rcoord their vows, an. n1:s1'I
L. Caniuins Gallus was a monetary triumvir of 'rv'rIoI\'i:u I-:1" DEDICATIONEI CAPITOL! an. IMP.
Augustus, in 734 (B. c. 20), in which year he -r. cansan. VESPASIANO avo. On the death of
struck these coins, which are all marks of hom Titus, in the year following, the work Wm car
ried on by his brother Domitian, and completed
age rendered, in various ways, to the sovereign
power and triumphant success of his lord and by him, according to Suctonins (ch. 5), Silius
master. The last is a special piece of adula Italicus, and other writers.—Ilow great was the
tion, recording, as it does, the perpetual crown, magnificence of this building, we have the
and the branches of laurel, decreed by the abundant testimony of Plutarch (in Poplirolnj,
Senate to Augustus, for having saved the who, alter relating the fate of the capitol, thrice
citizens of Rome, according to the on. civls consumed and thrice restored, infonns us, that
ssznvaros inscribed on the reverse.-—Manete on the gilding alone, Domitian expended twelve
1/elle Frmz. p. 45. thousand talents; that the columns were of
CANIS'l‘RUM—a basket, which, filled with Pentelie marble, and that he had seen them him
flowers, was consecrated to the pagan deities, self at Athens, and admired their exquisite pro
with religious rites.Hence on a gold coin of portions; bnt that much of this beauty was
Antoninus Pins, with legend TR. P01‘. II. cos. diminished when they arrived at Rome, by the
II. a female figure (Picty) holding corn cars in excess of polishing and chiselling which they
her right hand, and in her left the carzistnm/, there underwent. Historians have omitted to
filled with flowei-s.—-Engraved in Caylus, Numia. tell us the year in which the work was finished
Aurea Impp. Rom. No. 531. and dedicated; but this fine coin, by the Sth
The canistrum generally appears on imperial consulate of Domitian included in its obverse
coins hearing the legend and type of Annona. legend, assigns the year 835 (a. D. 82). The
CAN'l‘HARUS—a peculiar kind of cup or temple shcwn on coins of Vespasian, struck in
yroblet, with one or two ears. On coins of the the year 824- (A. D. 71), exhibits six columns in
colonial imperial series, it is seen in the right front, but on the coin before us there are four.
hand of Baeehus.—Scc Apnmca colonin, p. 61. Consequently, either Domitian entirely altered
CAP. Capitolina.—COL. AEL. CAP. Colo the whole structure, or the moneycrs were incor
nia Aelia Capitolina. rect in their representation of it.
CAP. Cap!a.—ARMEN. CAP. see Armenia “ I have frequently remarked (adds the Author
(-'apla.—-DAC. CAP. Dacia Capta.—-—IVD. of Doctrine), that silver medallions, struck dur
CAP. Judzea Capta. ing the earlier imperial period, appear to have
CAPEDUNCULA-—a vase of smaller size first seen the light at a distance from Rome.
than the eapcdo, or prmfericulum. used in sacri This opinion is confirmed by the present coin,
fices. With other instruments employed by the unless we are disposed to treat lightly the evi
Roman pontitfs and angnrs in their religious dences which it afl'ords. The legend, which ac
companies the portrait, bears no certain marks
ceremonies, it is of frequent occurrence on the
coins of Julius Cicsnr, M. Antonius, and others. of Roman die. And even that of the reverse is
CAPIT. RESTIT. (Ca]1il0/{um Resliluil, 01‘ not inscribed circularly, as on all other coins of
Re:titutum).—This legend appears on the re Domitian, but is divided into lines. It is, how
verse of a silver medallion, struck under Domi ever, a matter of uncertainty what city gave
tian. lt bears for type a temple of four columns. birth to this remarkable coin.” vi. 377.
0bv.—1nr. caizs.-uw. 1>onma.v AVG. P. M. cos. CAPI'l‘OLlNUS, or CAPITOLIUM. The
VIII. IA1.lll'(‘,8l,€Cl head of _~\ugI1stIIs. liiglicst of llomc’s seven hills was in a half
The capitol, consumed by tire during the war circle and of an oval figure. It commanded the
of Vitcllius, and afterwards restored by \'espa city, and was relnarkable for the number of
sian, was again destroyed by the flames in the sacred buildings constructed upon it. lt was at
reign of Titus, A. U. C. 833 (A. D. 80). “ That first called Snturnins, as the supposed habitation
in that very year Titus took steps for its restor of Satnm ; then Tarpeius, from the vcstal Tar
 CAPPADOCIA.
pcia; lastly, it was called the Capitoline mount,
from n tradition that the /wad of one Olns had
been discovered there in digging the foundations
for the temple of Jupiter, to whom the Romans,
in consequence, gave the surname of Capito
linus. It was in this temple of the capitol that
solemn vows were made, that the citizens rati
fied the aets of government, and took the oaths peror.—-—'l‘here is a second brass, with a similar
of fidelity ; also where the magistrates, and those reverse.
who enjoyed the honours of the triumph, went to
thank the gods for the victories they had gained, on his journey through pro-consular Asia, eu
and to offer up their prayers for the prosperity
of the eonntry.—Pitiseus, Le.r. Ant. Rom.
C.-kPlTOLIT\'USisuruame of the Pctillin lea Voyage: de FE/npercur Hadrian," &c. ob
gens_—On a denarius of that family this word serves, that in the paucity of documents saili
forms the obverse legend, accompanied by the ciently precise on certain facts, it seems requi
head of Jupiter, with thick bushy hair and
bmrd. The reverse legend is Pl.-Z'l‘ll,Ll\'S, and
the type exhibits a temple, with jizyarle of six
columns, and ornamented pediment.»—l’ctillins
Capitolinns, a friend of Augustus, struck, in his
capacity of monetal triumvir, two denarii, of which nrmies=—Deinde
the above was one; and which, amidst much
uncertainty as to dates, serves at least to con
nect a Pctillius in some sort of association with slaves, renowned for their lofty stature, their
the temple of J npiter (,‘apitolinus.—Sec Petillia
gens.—Scc also JUPITER.
CAPPADOCIA, an extensive eountry in Asia of
Minor, bordering northward on the Pontns
Euxinns (Black Sea), eastward on Armenia,
southward on .\lonnt 'l‘aurus, which divided it
from Cilicin, and westward on Galatia and Pam
philia. Its modern name is Total, it was
famous, and is still noted, for horses, mules, and
slaves. The ancient state of Cappadocia is very
imperfectly known. It had its kings down to
so late a period as the reign of 'l‘iberius. And
of those kings, coins are still extant. Germani
cns Caesar, after having vanquished the king
of Armenia, made a Roman province ot Cap
padocia.
CAPPADOCIA, S. C.—Ou the reverse of a
Hadrian, in large brass, this province is thus
personitied:—A young male figure, wearing a
turrctcd crown, stands, with short tunic tightly
Z2
CAPPADOCI.-\. 171
girded. A lion’s skin is thrown over his shoulders,
and ticd in a knot by the claws, over the breast.
In his left hand he holds a vcxillnm; in the
right, a mountain, or cluster of rocks, allusive
to Mount Argmus, which is'the common symbol
of Cappadocia. On the obverse, HADBIANVS
AVG. cos. 111. P. P. with bare head of the em
Hadrian, about 893 (A.D.l-10), proceeding
tered Cappadocia; and, as Spartian relates, “ re
ceived from the inhabitants acts of submission
and service, which would subsequently be ad
vantageous to his military operations.” The
same writer adds, that the emperor had here an
eye to the Parthian dominions, and to the main
tenance of amicable relations with the neigh
bouring sovereigns.
The Abbé Grcppo, in his valuable work, pub
lished at Paris, 1842, entitled “dléuzuire sur
site to place the period of Hadrin.u’s \1'sit to
Cappadocia, after that of his Syrian travcls.—
“ All (says the luirncd vicar-general of Bclley),
that is told us positively by Spartiau, is that
Hadrian visited the province in question, and
took thercout slaves for the service of the
is Cappadocibns servitia cas
tris profutura suscepit.—Cappadocia (the Abbé
adds in a note), furnished Rome with numerous
vigour, and their seantiness of intelligence.”
And he refers, for his authorities, to the Epistles
Horace, the Satircs of Pcrsius, the Epigranis
of Martial, and to the oration Past Itcdilum in
Se/urlu of Cicero. “ As to the slaves attached
to the Roman legions, frequent mention is made
of them among the old writers; as Sauinaise
shews in a commentary on this passage of Spar
tian.” p. 189.
There is also a first brass of Antoninus Pius;
on the reverse of which is the legend carn
DOCIA cos. 11. The personified province stands
with Mon: Jrgmlle at her foot; a frequent type
on the numerous coins of Ctesnrea, the metro
polis of Cnppadocia.—See Dr. King's Plates,
ran. xiv.
CAPPADOCIA.E.—Sce Rertitatori of lla
drian.
CAPPADOCICUS.—-See Ezercilua of Ila
drian.
CAPRA.—See Goat.
CAPRICORNUSla fabulous animal, of
which the figure is that of a goat in the fore
part, terminating in the tail of a fish. Accord
ing to llyginus (L. ii. sign. owl.) this Capri
cornns is in reality Pm. For he says, the gods,
on account of the terror with which the giant
Typhon had inspired them, having changed them
selves into all sorts of animals, Pan was not one
of the last to adopt the expedient, and, throw
ing himself into a river, assumed the hybridous
form above described. For this ingenious cou
trivancc J npiter enrolled him among the stars.
172 CAPRICORNUS.
It is for this reason that Aratns (in P/iwnom.)
calls him A05/i//an.-—Sec Pitiscus and Millin.
This type of Capricorn very frequently occurs
on coins of a\‘o\'s1'vs, both Latin and Greek.
The reason assigned by
Suetonius (ch. 61) for its
appearance in the mint of
this emperor is, thatTheo
genes, the mathematician
.avevs*W'“
O of Apollouia, when in
formed by Augustus, then
a youth, of the time of
his nativity, leaped for
ward and paid him adoration. And he adds,
“ Augustus soon began to place such reliance on
Fate, that he published his horoscope, and
caused a silver coin to be struck, marked with
the constellation Capricorn, under which he was
born.”—Sch1cgel adduces other testimonies, even
from the poets, to the fact that Augustus was
born under Capricorn (Ad. More/l. T/lemur.
Impp. i. 194-), and repeats the squabbles of the
learned on this proof of Octavian Cicsar’s super
stitious or pretended belief in the prediction of
astrologers, that he was born to attain the em
pire of the world.——Eekhel, vi. 109.
On these denarii we see frequently added to
the figure of Capricorn, the cornucopim, and
the rudder of a vessel, which Lartantius (In
still. B. iii. ch. 29) explains by sayiug——“ they
represent her (Fortune) with the horn of abun
dance, and a ship's helm, as though she both
conferred wealtli, and had the guidance of
human afi‘airs.”—'1‘he globe too, as the symbol
of the world, begins about the year of Rome
743 (A.D. ll) to make its appearance on Ro
man coins, as is shcwn by a denarius of Augus
tus, with legend IMP. xi. beneath the figure of
Capricorn.—See the word Globe.
Capricorn is also sccn on coins of Vespasian,
Titus, and Domitian, and on some of Hadrian
and Antoninus Pius. A second brass of Domi
tian bears this type with a cornucopiie, inscribed
Avovsrvs iiur. xx.
Two Capricarna, supporting a civic crown, a
globe underneath them, appear on a large brass
of Augustus, and also on one of Tiberius. A of Severus, &e.
silver coin of Vespasiau, from which the subjoined
cut is taken, likewise presents the type of two
(lapricorns, supporting a shield, in which are the
letters s. c. (Si-iiatua Consullo). Under the
shield is a globe.
tives in a weeping posture, or sitting on a heap
of arms, as in Domitian.-—See captives M 1-119
There is a similar reverse on a denarius of foot of an imperial cstrade, on a medallion of
Titus. This type is considered to denote that
the felicity of the Roman empire, under these
two princes, father and son, was equal to that
which was cnjo)'cd in the Augnstan age.-Sec
\'ESPASl.\!\‘.
ciirriws,
Capricorn appears on a third brass of Gal
lienus.-—Sec the legend NI-IPTVNO eoss. AVG.
Capricorn, as the symbol of Felicitas, home
on the standard of a Roman lqion, appears on
a billon coin of Gallicnns, with the legend LEG.
i. ADI. vii. P. vii. r. (Logic Prima Adjutrii,
Septima Pia, Septiinn 1*‘idelis).—Eckhcl, Cal.
Mus. Imp.
CAPTIVUS, captive, or prisoner of war.
The Romans were accustomed to place their
military prisoners near the standards. They cut
off the hair of the kings, and of the principal
ofliccrs, and sent them to Rome, to grace their
triumphs.
It was also the custom of the Romans to
load the vanquished with fcttcrs, and compel
them in that state to precede the triuinphal ear
of the conqueror. It was thus that the famous
Zcnobia, Queen of Palmyra, honoured the
triumph of Aurcliau. If death prevented cap
tured princes and their fa.niilies from being pre
sent at this, to them, most cruelly humiliating
ceremony, their images were generally carried
before the triumpher. Augustus caused this to
be done in the ease of Cleopatra, who had
killed herself in order to escape so ignominious
an cxposn.re.—Statius (Silva, iii. v. 2), thus
alludes to the fact
Actias Ausoniaa fugit Cleopatra catenss.
“ Cleopatra fled the chains of Italy at Actiuni.”
Captives figures of, with their hands tied
behind their hacks, appear on coins of the
ZEniilia, Julia, Memmia, and Sulpicia families.
And in like manner on coins of most of the
emperors from Augustus to Constantine junior.
See for examples, iii-:nr.i.i.,\Toni oiinivir oss
'l‘I\'M.--1-'RA1\‘(.‘IA.-—DE oEniiaNis.—&c.
Caplimr, bound in chains, standing, or pros
trate at the feet of deities, linked to the chariot
wheels of emperors, trod upon by Victories, 01’
seated beneath military cnsigns and trophies, M0
also to be seen on imperial coins throughout al
most the whole sci-ies.—Sec ALAIIANNIA nit
VICTA, p. 32—'l‘riumphal reverses of Numeri
anus and L. \'crus—raa'r. ARAB. PART. ADIAB.
Captive, or Captims-, at the feet of the cm
pcror, who is on foot or on horseback, are 6!
hibitcd on coins from Vcspasian and Titus to
Constantine the Great and his fnniily.—$¢1‘
IVDAEA CAPTA.-—GERMANlC0 AVG. of M. Ame
lius.—VlRTVS EXERCITVS nosianonvm of Jah
anus II.
Cajiliws, sitting under atrophy, or beneath
a palm tree, in an attitude of grief and de
spondency, as on those coins of Vespasian and
Titus which commemorate the overthrow Of
Jerusalem and the conquest of Judma-—also cap
Pnoiivs.
CARACALLA, Emperor, was the eldest sou
of Septimius Severus. llis mother “'85 Julia
Domna, erroneoiisly stated by some writers to
have been his step-mother. The surname of
 CARACALLA. C-.~\ItACALLA. 173
Caraealla, by which he is commonly denominated 956 (A. D. 203).-—The titles of PART. MAX.
by historians, does not appear on any coins or now cease on his coins. For the occurrences
other public monuments. It was in fact only a of this and the four consecutive years, includ
nickname (like that of Caligula given to Cams ing the celebration of the Secular Games, 957
(A. D. 20-L), see biographical notice and coinage
of Severus.
961 (A. D. 208). Caracalla, after having this
year celebrated his Decennales, set out with his
father for the mmpaign in Britain, where he
was also present during the two following years
of the war’s continuance.
964 (A. D. 2ll).—In the preceding year he
began to be styled nnrr. on his coins. On‘ the
death of his father, which took place this year
at York, on the 4-th of February, Caracalla,
after duly solemnising the obsequics of Severus,
hastened to conclude a peace with the Cale
donians. At the same time, he endeavoured to
Caesar (see p. 16-l), and derived from a kind of induce the army to acknowledge him as sole
Gaulish vcstment, which he, the spoiled child emperor, to the exclusion of Geta. Failing in
of his mother, had himself brought into fashion. that attempt, he feigned amity towards his bro
lle was born at Lugdunum, in Gaul (Lyon), ther. A pretended reconciliation took place;
whilst his father was governor of that province, and Getu and he returned to Rome together
in the year u. c. 941 (A. o. 188), on the 4th or with the ashes of their parent. Yet even on
6th of April. At his birth the name of Bas their journey hoineward, Caracalla indulged
sianus was given him, derived, according to in frequent designs on his brother’s life, but
Victor, from his maternal grandfather. The refrained to put them into execution, partly
mildness of disposition and lively temperament, through fear of the soldiers, and partly through
which he displayed in early youth, and which the watchful precautions of Getu, who was ap
rendered him the favourite alike of his parents prised of his own danger.
and of the people, are mentioned by Spartian 965 (A. D. 212). The two brothers entered
in terms of high commendation, and offer a the city togethcr—-together bestowed donatives
striking contrast to the cruelty which disgraced on the troops, and distributed largesses to the
his more advanced years, and rendered him the people. But in the midst of negociations com
scourge of the world. During the first years menced for peaceably dividing the empire be
of his father’s reign, he remained in the position tween them, Caracalla murdered Geta in the
of a privatc citizen. But when, in 949 (A. I1. very arms of their mother. The soldiers, though
196), that emperor left Mesopotamia to conduct at first exasperated by the atrocity of the act,
operations against Albinus, he stopped on his were at length appeased by extravagant bribes,
way at Viminucium (in Upper Mmsia, now Scr and thus enriched with the wealth accumulated
via and Bulgaria), and there creating Caracalla during the reign of Severus, they unscrupu
a Geaar, gave him the names of 17!. Aurelius lously pronounced Geta a public enemy. To the
Antrmimm, in the place of that of Bassianus. Senate he boldly justitied his crime of fratricide,
He was in this year, on coins styled cAEsAn. and on the alleged plea that Geta had been engaged in
PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS. In the following year plots against his life. He thcn put to death all
(A. D. 197) he was elected member of the pon those who were known, or suspected, to have
tifical college, and the title PONTIFEX begins on favoured the cause of his brother, whose name
his coins. In the same year, Albinus being was from that moment erased from the public
overthrown, he was styled DES'l‘INATVS IMPER monuments. (See aremarkable instance cited
Aron. (Sec the words).—In 951 (A. D. 198), in p. 7 9). Many thousand persons are said to
having completed his 10th year, he was declared have fallen victims on this occasion to the
Avcvsrvs by his father and the army; and had cnpidity and blood-thirstiness of the imperial
the Tribunitia Potestar conferred upon him. despot: amongst these were Papinius, prefect
952 (A. o. 199). Curacalla was this year with of the pretorian guards, and a distinguished law
his father in the East. The following year he was yer; together with other men, as well as women,
present at the Parthian campaign with Severus. of rank.
The titles of PAur. MAX. begin at this date to 966 (A. D. 213).—Remorse at having com
appear on his coins. mitted these dreadful crimes pursued him every
954 (A. R201). Returning with his father where; but abandoned to the torrent of his
to Antioch, he assumed the toga virilis, and was brutal passions, he never ceased to perpetrate
nominated consul for the year ensuing. Accord crueltics and to inflict oppressions. In the vain
ingly in A. D. 202, he proceeded consul, in Syria, endeavour to banish the terrors of an evil con
Severus himself being his colleague. Ile accom science, he addicted himself still morc eagerly
panied his father into Egypt, and thence re than ever to amusements which, measured by
turned with him to Rome, where he married the Roman standard of public morals, might
Plautilla.——In the same year the title Plvs be under other circumstances have found excuse in
gins to appear on obverscs. the desire to gratify the dissolute and inhuman
174 CARACALLA.
taste of a corrupt people. Chariot racing, com
bats of gladiators, and huntings of wild animals,
at oncc served to divert the enslaved multitude,
and to satiatc his own savage nature. On a
large brass, the reverse legend of which (P. ll.
TR. P. XVI. urr. 11. cos. nu. P. P. s. c.) shews
it to have been minted in this ycar—the type
(as will be seen by the subjoincd cut from a well
preserved and genuine specimen), exhibits a
grand edifice, composed of arcades, temples,
walls, and portals, forming the outer enclosure;
and of a lofty obelisk, with metre, and statues,
constituting the interior objects of the Circus
Maximus, at Rome, as it existed in the begin
ning of the third century.
Z where he intended to have visited the celebrated
ii, llllhllll
I tion, alfability, and averscncss to even the most
r~J @ I
On comparing this type with that on a large
brass eoin of Trajan, it is evidently in
tended to represent the same magnificent building
erected by that great emperor; and to the rc
pairs of, or additions to, which Caracalla pro
bably contributed some portion of those immense
sums, he was in the habit of grinding out
of the citizens in the shape of taxes, or of
seizing as military plunder from the whole world
besides.—See cincvs auxmvs.
The title of FELIX now begins to appear on
coins of Caraealln, and Bltl'l‘amiicu.v ceases,
being succeeded by that of GERManicu:, which
he had adopted on account of pretended vic
torics over the Germans. This year, or perhaps
at the close of the year preceding, he went into
Gaul, and after cruelly despoiling that province,
he returned to Rome.
In 967 (.\. n. 214), he entered on an expe
dition against the Alnmanni, over whom he
gained a victory on the banks of the Mrenns
(river Mayne, in Germany). In this expedition
it is stated, he made himself an object of ridi
cule even to the barbarians. Declared Impera
tor III. he proceeded into Dacia; thence into
Thrace, and, crossing the Hcllespont, wintered
at Nicomedia.
968 (A. D. 215). After gladiatorial shews, on
his birth-day, the 4th of April, at Nieomedia,
he went to Pisiclian Antioch, with the inten
tion of invading the Parthians, on some far
fctehed cause of quarrel. But they being seized
with panic, and instantly complying with the
demands of Caracalla, he proceeded to Alexan
dria, where he rcvenged himself for some rail
lcries, by slaughtering twenty thousand of the
inhabitants.
D69 (A.I>. 2l6).—RetLLrning from Egypt to
Antioch, Caracalla (who, four years before, had
CARACALLA.
caused his wife Plautilla to be put tn death),
was “ the meek and modest suitor” to ask in
marriage the daughter of Artabanus, king of
the Parthinns. This request being refused, he
crossed the Euphrates, invaded Media, took
Arbela, and, after ravaging the whole region
with fire and sword, returned to winter quarters
in Edessa. Having inveigled Abagarus, king of
the Usrhreni, into a conference, he loaded him
with chains, and took possession of his kingdom.
970 (A.D. 217).-—This year Caracalla pre
pared for war against the Parthians, who made
their appearance with a large force, to avenge
the aggression of the year preceding. On his
way in Mesopotamia from Edessa to Carrlnr,
temple dedicated to the Syrian god Lnnus, he
was assassinated by a soldier of his own body
guard, named Martialis, at the instigation of
Macrinus, the pretorian prefect, on the 8th of
April, in the 29th year of his age, during the
celebration of the Mcgalcnsian games.
As, in boyhood he displayed so much modem
just severity, all, who had known him at that
period of life, were lost in astonishment at the
monstrous cruelties of Ca.raealla’s riper years.
Spartian is of opinion that his previous chame
tcr was but the result of an artful dissimulation,
or a desire of resembling Alexander the Great,
of whose defects, rather than merits, both of
mind and body, he showed himself a servile
imitator. Even during his father’s life time, he
was unable wholly to conceal the natural ferocity
of his disposition ; and to rid himself of the sense
of restraint and fear which the old cmperor’s au
thority imposed, he made frequent attempts, dur
ing the campaign in Britain, by instigating plots
and tumults, to put an end to the life of Severus.
And when at length all apprehension of parent-:11
punishment was removed, he showed at once hlfi
determination to kill his brother, which, as We
havc seen under the events of the ymr 965
(A. n. 212), he carried out with a cruelty that
extended itself to every member of the unfor
tunate Geta’s family. If to this we add the
horrors of his massacre at Alexandria, perm
truted on the slightest possible provocation, we
perceive clearly, that there were no relations,
however sacred and religious, which he was not
capable of violating by bloodshed. Finding the
contents of the treasury insullicient to meet thfl
demands of his cupidity, on account of his ex
travagant expenditure in public spectacles, and
because it was matter of necessity to enrich his
soldiers, both in order to reconcile them to Th"
murder of Geta, and to retain their services 119
a defence against attempts on his own person.
he attacked with impunity the properties of the
citizens, openly asserting, that the wealth of
the world belonged to him alone, as the dispen
ser of it to his faithful soldiers; and it is saili
that, when his mother remonstrated with _h1111
on the eostliness and frequency of his donatives,
adding, that shortly no means, fair or foul, °i
raising money would be left to him—his reply
was, “ Be of good courage, mother; for so lent!
 CARACALLA. CARACALLA . 175
as we retain this (pointing to his sword), moneywith his brother; whilst we know that Elega
will always he forthcoming.” He exhibited so balm‘ never had any colleague.
many instances of perfidy in the presence of the 4th and lastly. Camcalla, in his 5th tribun
whole world, that at last no one believed him, atc, was consul for the first time. Ela_//abalua,
even on his oath, and he became an object of after his 5th tribunate (the epoeha when he
hatred and contempt to foreign nations, as well perished), was consul for the 4th time. There
as to his own. After death, his body was fore every record of the tribunitiau power mark
burned, and the bones brought to Rome, and de ed by a number exceeding V. can apply only to
posited in the tomb of the Antoniues.-—Scc the son of Severus, Ste.
Eckhel, 199, et seq. There is also a star, or small radiated sun, on
many of the coins, especially the silver ones, of
MINTAGES OF CARACALLA. Elagabalus, which are not to be met with on
On his coins Caracalla is styled M. AVRE those of Caracalla.
LIVS AN’l‘ON'IN\"S, or M. AVR. ANTON. The following are amongst the rarest and
CAl~}S.—IMP. M. AVR. ANTONIN.—Il\IP. most remarkable reverses :
C. or CAES. A.\"[‘ONlNVS—M. AVR. ANTO Gonn sun SILVER MEDALLIONS.——TR. P.
NINVS PIVS Al-"G.——ANTONINVS PIVS xvm. cos. mi. '[‘he moon (or Diana) in a car
AVG. BRITrmnicu.r.—-AN’l‘ONINVS PIVS drawn by two bulls. (gold, valued by Mionnct
FELIX AVG.—~AN'l‘ONlNVS PIVS AVG. at 400 fr.)—vmvvs vicrnix, holding a victriola
GER.Manicu.r.—DIVVS ANTONINVS MAG and hasta. (gold, valued by Mionnet at 400
NVS.—On the reverses sometimes appear SE fr.)—Youug bcardless head of Caracalla laure
VERI AVG. PII. FlLiu.r, or PRINCEPS IV ated, with reverse of VICTORIA avovsrs. (Sil
VENTVTIS, or DES'l‘INA'l‘V S IMPERATOR. ver, valued at 200 fr.)
—On other reverses occur P. or PAR'l‘/iicus-— Gonn of common .rize.—.\nvr..~n'vs. Three
MAX. or MAXIMVS-—a]so RECTOR ORBIS. figures on horscback.—-—rI-:r.1cn'As ssncvu.
The medallions and gold coins of this empe Scvenls seated between his two sons. (Valued
ror arc of considerable rarity; so are the small by Mionnet at 200 fl‘.)—LAETI'l‘lA -rmrronvu.
brass; but the dcnarii, together with the large Galley, cars, and aniinals.—P1..\v'r1LL.u-2 .\vovs
and middle brass, are for the most part common. ‘rs!-:. Head of the emprcss.—'ra. P. xm. cos.
—His first brass, however, even with common Im. Several figures 8fl.Cl'ifiCiIlg.—’I‘R. P. xvii.
reverses, when in very fine preservation, bring cos. IIII. The circus, with chnriots.—P. sen.
high prices. From the commencement of his or/r.-\ cs!-ts. &c. Bare head of Gcta.—06ver.!e.
reign the silver is found to he not pure but Bust of Caracalln. (A very fine specimen of
mixed with brass. His brass coinage of cities this rare type, in a high state of preserva
and colonies is abundant. That portion of the tion, brought Ell at the Pembroke salc).——
Roman mintages which give to Caraealla the AVGVSTI cos. Severus and Caraealla seated on
name of “ Great” are very rare, the epithet be an estradc, and two figures standing.—oo1v
ing found only on his consecration.s——for, not commas AETEIINAE. Heads of Severus and
withstanding “ his atrocious career of folly and Julia Doimia.—co1vc0nms FELIX. Severus and
barbarity (as Captain Smyth observes), this Plautilla joining hands.—cos. nvnos. s.u:cvr..
cxecrahle ‘ Man of Blood’ received the honours rsc. Bacchus and 1'lCl'Cl1l85.—-1'ELlCIA 11-111
of deification, by command of the soldiers.” roas. The four Scasons.—P. M. TR. P. xvm. &c.
After Cnracalla, another, and if possible still Esculapius in a temple; two figures sacrificing
greater disgrace to the name of emperor, Ela at an altar. (Brought £16 16s. at the Thomas
gabalus, profaued (by his own assumption of it) sale).--—v1c'ronmr: nnrr. Victory seated on
the title of ll. AVRELIVS szrroxmvs. There is bucklers, with palm and shield. (A very finc
in consequence sometimes a difiiculty to distin specimen brought £16 at the Thomas sale).
guish the coins of those two princes. It may SILVI-:ll.—Head of Plautilla, as in gold.
not, therefore, be unacceptable, especially to the AETERNIT. IMPEBI. Heads of Severus and Cam
tyro, if the following rules are here cited for calla.—sacvs svoo. Arch of Severus. (See
ascertaining the point, as concisely given by the engraving, p. 78).—coNconmAE. Heads of
learned and accurate author of Lecons .El0'mcn Severus and Julia.—mvo. ANTONINO MAGNO.
lairrn dc Numismatiqm: ltamaine .-— Consccration mcdal.—nn=. ET csrzsan. Three
lst. The head without crown, and the title figures seated.—Linnn.u.1rss. Two emperors
of ('aemr alone, can belong only to Cammlla, seated, two figures standing.—Heads of Cara
since Elagabalus was at once created Azlylutzls. calla and Gets.
2nd. The dignity of Pozvrirnx (without the Baass 1VIi~:ns1.L1ons. CONCOKDIAE AVG
epithet of max.) with which Caracalla was in Carncalln and Geta, each crowned by \'ir-to;-_\-_
vested during the life time of his father, cau (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.)—mP. n. cos.
not be appropriated to E/ay/zbalus, who was rm. Emperor in a quadi-iga.—'rn. P. XVI. IMP.
always Pontifr:.: Ma.rimu.r. 11. cos. IIII. Grand circus, in which are an
3rd. A very infautiue head, or one strongly obelisk and chariot races.—-snvnai. AVG. Pl].
bearded; and the titlcs PART. aux. BRIT. GI-IBM. Pin. Sacrificial instruments. (Valued by Mica
suit only with Caracalla. The same remark ap net at 250 f1'.)—'1‘RAIEC'l‘VS. Emperor and sol
plies to the epithet AVGG. in the legends of certain diers crossiug a river on n bridge of boats.
reverses; seeing that he reigned simultaneously Fmsr Bnsss.-—mv0. ANTONINO MAGNO.
during several years either with his father, or Bare head.—Rev. CONSECRATIO. Funeral pile.
176 CAR. CARAUSIUS.
—cos. r.vn. sane. rec. A sacrifice: six figures. shown on various coins. After the example of
—PONTll‘. &c. Caracalla and Geta, with three the Greeks, the Romans ornamented these
soldiers.—s.u~:cv1.anm sacna. Several figures triumphal chariots with images designed to per
sacrificing.-—vra'rvs avoo. ' ‘he emperor stand petuate the memory of their victories. The use
ing near a trophy.—.u-zqvmvrr PVBLICAE. Theof the currue trfumplmlie had been introduced,
according to some, by Romulus, according to
three l\Ioncta:.—r01v'rIr. &c. Severus and Cara
others, by Tarquin the Ancient, or Valcrius Pop
calla.—~cos. 111. Emperor addressing his soldiers.
—c0S. nu. Circus. (See wood-cut p. 1H).— licoln. Before the times of the empire, the cur
cos. nu. Lion with thnnderbolt.—Pn0rr.c'rvsof lriumpb was generally gilt; under the em
avo. Emperor and two soldicrs.—vlCTOnI.u-: perors it was of gold—thc triumpher himself
BRIITANNICAE. held the reins of the horses. If he had young
Snconn BR.AS8.—ARCVS avo. Arch of Seve children, they were placed with him in the car;
rus. (See wood-cut, in p. 79).—Avcvsrr cos. if they were adolescent, they accompanied it
—1uviv. avo. sancvu. l'l-.‘LlCISSlMl.——-LIBE on horseback. On a great number of the im
nauras, &c. perial coins we see the triumplmtor in his cha
Tuinn Ba,\ss.—1>nnu. nr:cr.. s. c. A club riot, as in Domitian, Antonine, &c. When he
within a gnrland.—PAnr. MAX. Trophy, on each mounted into it, this prayer was sn.id:—“Dii,
side a captive. nutu et impcrio quorum nata ct aucta est res
CAR or CHARIOT. ((7arrue).——-—Ancicnt Romania, eandem plaeati, propitiatique serrate.”
monuments, and coins amongst the rest, make The emperor trinmphing was followed as well as
us acquainted with such cars of the Romans as preceded by soldiers, trumpcters, and others
were used by them either for certain ceremonies burning costly perfume-s.—(Pitiscns—Milliu—
of religion, for the pomp of triumphs, or for the Raschc).
courses of the Circus. They were of two kinds, on On a medallion in bronze of Gordianus Pius
two wheels and on four. The former were smaller is a trinmphal car, of which the emperor is the
and more ancient than those on four wheels, eharioteer. It agrees with those of other ears of
which were at first reserved for the highest ma triumph exhibited on Roman coins—resembling
gistrates under the republic, and for the emperors as it does a short, compact, round tower, resting
afterwards. The cars of ceremony partook of on only two wheels. The emperor stands guid
the magnificence of the Romans; they were de ing the vehicle, according to the old-established
corated profusely with silver, gold, ivory, and custom handed down from the consuls of the
other costly materials. The imperial chariots, republic: hence Prudentius says—“ Stantes qua
and those used by persons of the greatest dis duces in curribus oltis.”—See Triumph. See
tinction, were drawn by mules, or by White also an excellent representation of the Roman
horses, which were most prized. car of triumph in the well-known coin of Ger
Cars of the Circus or I1‘acnr'0ur-re, served manicns Cuzsar, with legend or-zvicns osnn.
also on occasions of public festivals. This vehicle SIGNIS ancnr.
was n species of shell, mounted on two wheels;
it was higher before than behind, and orna
mented with paiutiug and sculpture. When
harnessed to two horses, these cars were called
biyrz (sec Axsia gens, p. ll7—Saufcia gens, p.
129) ; and quallriyw when drawn by four horses,
which were always driven abreost.—Sec Annia
gens, p. 48; Aufidia, 94; Bzcbin, 12l.—See
also Bigali and Quadriyaii.
Covered Cars (currus arcuati) were used by CARAUSIUS (dfarcus Aurelius Va1m'u.r)»
the Roman flarnizzes for carrying the statues was born of obscure parents, in that part of
of their divinities. They differed from the others Bclgic Gaul called Mcnapia, a district between the
only in the arched roof placed above them, and Scheldt and the Mouse. Bred a. pilot, he had re
under which those in the vehicle were protected commended himself alike by his skill in nautiml
from wind and bad weather.-—See Carpentum, affairs, and by his bravery as a soldier, to tlw
and T/zensa. favour of Diocletian and Mnxiniianus Hercules
Car: of Divinitier, as seen on coins, are oc It was the latter emperor that gave him the com
casionally drawn by the animals which pagan mand of a naval force, which had been equipped
mythology has consecrated to them. For ex for the purpose of putting a stop to the predatory
ample, that of Diana by stngs; that of Cybelc expeditions of the Franks, who, cruising about
by lions; that of Bacchus by panthers; that of in their light vessels, from place to place, were
Hercules by eentaurs; &c.—Sec Aurelia gens, committing continual outrages on the coasts Of
P . ll].
Car of the proceeding Consul.—See Cumul what are now Holland, Belgium, France. and
Spain. At first Caransius displayed zeal Mill
aria Procvsrus. activity in discharging the duties of his appoint
Car qf Triumph (currus triumphalis).—This ed scrvice; but subsequently his equivocal move
was at first harnessed to two horses, afterwards ments, and increasing wealth, gave rise to strong
to four, and to two or four elephants (see Czccilia suspicions that he allowed the sea-robbers whom
gens, p. 111). It was of a circular form, had two he should have suppressed, to rovc with im
wheels, and the triumpher stood in it, as is pnnity the narrow seas, in order afterwards to
 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS. 177
possess himself of the greater portion of their , the Roman empire.—“ Of this crenlfnl period
ill-acquired booty. Muimianns therefore or (observes Mr. Roach Smith, in his AnI1'r;uilie.r
dered that he should be put to death. But with I of Ric/tborougli, 8zc.) as far as regards Britain,
avigilant eye to his own safety, Carausins in- i no monumental inscriptions are extant; and the
stantly sailed across to Britain with the impe brief notices of historical writers, which have
rial fleet, which was devoted to his interests, ' come down to us, are in the suspicious language
and being well received by the Roman troops | of panegyrists and conquerors.” p. 136.
there, he assumed the purple with the title of I In the last edition of Mr. Akennan’s work
Augustus, 5.1). 287. His prudence and valour above quoted, 53 varieties in gold and silver are
enabled him to maintain his independent govern enumerated, and no less than 233 in brass,
ment of the island. By the speedy construc which are of the third size only. And since
tion of new gallcys, and the formation of alli 1844-, others are now known, as scarcely a year
ances with ditferent tribes, whom he trained as passes without the discovery of some variety
sailors, the usnrper made head against all the hitherto nndescribcd. “ In the bed of the
armaments sent against him by Maximiunus, Thames, and in the neighbourhood of St. Alban’s,
who, with the senior Augustus, Diocletian, was and other Roman Stations (says Mr. Bcrgne),
at length compelled (A. D. 289) to acknowledge coins of Carausius are found in great numbers.
him us their colleague, so far at least as Britain Nor is it improbable that on examining any
was concerned. dozen coins picked up successively in the fields
The sequel of this bold advcnturcr’s history which occupy the site of the ancient Verulam,
cannot be better related than in the terms em two or three would prove to be of Curausius.
ployed by Mr. Alrerman :— —(See Numismatic C/zronicle, No. LY. Jan.
“ Carausius enjoyed his honours seven years, 1852, p. I51).
and, during that period, performed many acts The workmanship of the gold resembles that
which evinced his ability to rule, notwithstand of the contemporary coins of Diocletian and his
ing his defection from his masters. He de imperial colleague, being of a fine and bold, but
fended the frontiers of his empire from the Cale peculiar fabric. With rare exceptions, the fabric
donians, courted the friendship and alliance of of the silver is rough, and their quality of metal
the Franks (upon the confines of whose country base. Of the brass, u great portion is of har
hewus bom), and in reward for their services barous execution; “ but (as Mr. Akerman re
instructed them in naval and military affairs.— marks), all of them bear a portrait, which it is
Ilis fleets swept the seas, and commanding the impossible to confound with any other in the
months of the Rhine and the Seine, ravaged the Roman series.”
coasts, and rendered the name of the once ob Many of the types and legends of the money
scure Mcnapinn pilot, as celebrated as those of of this usurper obviously apply to Carausins
the emperors. During this time, Carausius still only: among these may be noticed those of EX
kept possession of Bonlogne; but in the year rscrarn vr-;Nr. and CARAVSIVS r:'r rnA'rnns svr;
292, the adoption of the two Cresars, Constan whilst it is equally clear that such legends as
tius and Galerins, added strength to the Roman Pnnvcrrr IVVENTVT(lS) and oarr-zns AVG. can
arms. Maximianus guarded the Rhine; and have no reference to the acts, or to the situa
Constautius, taking command of the legions tion, of Caransins. In the latter case they
appointed for the British war, immediately laid must have been executed by ignorant, and pro
siege to Boulogne, which, after an obstinate re bably illiterate, moneyers, without knowledge of
sistance, surrendered to the conqueror, who pos their application or significance.
sessed himself of the naval stores of Carausius. Carausiua is styled on his (!0ll1S—CARAVSI\’S-—
Three years were consumed in the preparation cAnAvs1vs Avo.—mP. cAuAvs1vs Avo.—mr'.
of aflect for the recovery of Britain: but ere cAnAvsIvs P. 1'. AvG.—1m>. c. M. CARAVSIVS
it was launched, news arrived of the assassina Avo.—nrr. c. M. Ava. v. CAB.A\'SlVS r>. Ava.
tion of Carausins by his friend and prime minis cAnAvsrvs r-:1‘ rnarm-:s s\'I.—On his gold and
ter Allectus, A. 1). 293. The event was consi silver coinage his efligy is adorned with a laurel
dered as a presage of victory to the Roman Wreath ; on the brass with a radiated diadem.
mus."-—(,'oin-1' of the Romans relating to Bri The following are amongst the rarest reverses:
iain, 2nd edition.
Gonn.
MINT.-\GES OF CARAUSIUS. cons]-‘.nvA'r0nr AVGGG. Hercules standing,
The connection of this usnrper with Britain holding his club and a how; behind is a quiver;
has always rendered his coinage an object of on the exergne M. L.
peculiar curiosity and appreciation, with the Valued by Mionnet at 720 fr.
nnmismatic nntiqnaries and collectors of our coxcoanm arrnrrvnr. Two women stand
country. In Italy his coins are beyond compn- ' ing.-—Valned by Mionnct at 600 fr.
nson more rare than in England; and were r.r.o(ro) rm. FL. Lion walking, with ears of
almost equally scarce in France, until a recent corn in his mouth.—-Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr.
lrouvaille at Rouen brought a large hoard of I 0bv.—vm'rvs CARAVSI. Bust of Carausius
them to light. Indeed they were for the far to the left, with slight beard, and ornamented
greater part struck in this island, during the hehnet ; spear in right hand; buckler over left
six years (A. D. 286 to A. D. 293) in which its shoulder, ornamented with griffin, to the left,
government was rirtnzdly separated from that of and floral border.
2 l\
 178 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS.
Rev.-—aouano nnaova. Wolf to the right, nomno anaov. Wolf suckling the founders
with the twins ; in the exergue a. s. n. of Rome; in the exergue R. s. R.
Valued by Mionnet at T50 fr. A very tine specimen, and of good silver,
This coin, of the highest degree of rarity, and pierced, went for £7 5s. 6d. at the Thomas sale.
described to be in very good preservation, wt. 67 VICTORIA avo. The goddess marching.—\'1B
grs. brought £14 at the Thomas sale, lot 988. TVS 1M. AVG. fife). Military figure.
ssnvs /ivooo. In the cxergue M. L.—'l‘his vmrvs AVG. Lion with thunderbolt in its
coin of Maximianus, certainly struck by Camu mouth.—This coin, in fine condition, brought
sius, is in the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith. £5 16s. at the Thoma.s sale.
Su.v1-3R. voro PVBLICO, inscribed round a crown of
auvnm-vs AVG. The emperor on horseback, laurel, in which is seen MVLTIS xx. n. s. a. On
brandishing a spear over a fallen enemy. the obverse, IMP. CARAVSIVS P. 1'. AVG. Insure
This coin, well preserved, brought £8 at the ated bust of Carausius.
Pembroke sale. Mionnet attaches the value of 150 fr. to this
aravmzrvs AVG. Emperor on horseback, coin; an engraving of which is prefixed to the
right hand elevated, &c. a captive at the fore mintages of Caransius, p. 176 of this Dictionary.
feet of the horse; a thunderbolt in exergue. On vorvu rvnucvar. A square altar with fire,
the obverse, nrr. CARAVSIVS r. r. av. laureated, in the middle of which are M\’I.'l‘IS xx. mr.
togated, and bearded bust to right. Valued by Mionnet at 150 fr. A specimen of
This fine and most rare, perhaps unique coin, it, in good silver, fetched £5 17s. 6d. at the
brought 213 at the Brumell sale, in 1850. Thomas sale.
consnnvn. avo. Jupiter.—Engraved in vasavra (blundered for Ubrrias) av. A
Akerman, ii. p. 156, pl. xi. No. 5. female seated on a low stool, milking a cow. in
CONCORDIA avoo. Two hands joined. (Haym. the exergne n.. s. R.
Teooro Britannica). A silver coin of Carausius, with this legend
CONCORDIA au1.n"vM. Same type. In the and type on its reverse, brought £5 lTs. lid. at
exergue, n. s. R. the above mentioned sale.——'l‘he letters on the
This coin, of good silver, well preserved, exergue a. s. a. probably stand for avrvrus or
brought £41 4s. at the Thomas sale. av'rv1>|rs (Richhorough) SIGNATA, as coins of
FIDES IIILITVH. Carausius are frequently found in the neighbour
A female to the left, hold
ing two standards; in the exergue R. s. a. Not hood of that old Kentish town.—Akerman, 121
in Mionnet or Akenuan; well prcservcd.—Curt. Tumn Baass.
This coin brought £5 17s. Gd. at the Bru ABVNDANTI. AVG. Abundance personified.
mall sale. AEQVITAS MVNDI. Female with scales and
rnncrras. Galley and four rowers; in ex cornucopia,-.
ergne a. s. a. This third brass of Carausius, very fine and
This denarius, in perfect condition, brought almost unique, only one other of this type bo
£7 10s. at the Thomas and E8 15s. at the Pem ing known to exist, was found nt Rouen, “l""°
broke sale. it formed part of M. Biliard’s collection. it
FIDEM '.\(ILI'l‘V)l N. N. A female standing, brought £2 15s. at the sale of “a well-known
holding n pnir of scales and a cornucopise. collector,” 1851.
This, of good silver, brought E8 at the Tho anrvrnrx avo. Half length bust of \-'ictor_\‘.
mas sale. holding a garland and palm branch. _
rxrscrxra (ric) vnm. Emperor and a female Coins of Victorinus occur in third brass “Ill!
figure.—See nxnrzcrxra. the same legend.-—Akerman, 127.
LEG(I0) rm. IL.-“A centauress (and not a ADVENTVS AVG. The emperor on horschacl\'
centaur, says Mr. Curt), as in Etruscan Anti ln exergue n. s. a.—(In the cabinet of Mr. C.
quities in the Naples Museum, &c.” walking to Roach Smith).
the left, holding with both her hands a long club, anvmrrvs CARAVSI. Emperor on horseback;
which she rests on her shoulders. o. in exergne. his right hand raised, holding a globe. In the
Of good silver, and fine as to preservation— exergue of some n. s. P. (or M. L.)
see Catalogue, lot 1084-, Brumell cabinet, at the AEQVITAS AVG. Equity with her attributes.
sale of which it brought £22.—Sec engraving (In the Hunter collection.) -
of it in Akerman ; see also his remarks, 124. APOLLINI co. AVG. and APOLLINI cons. and
Lr-:0. v. vn. viii.-(Stukclcy). cons. avo. A Griflin.
1.rn(1-:m\1.rras) 111. Emperor on horseback. These legends and typ es will be found on tilt
(British Museum). abundant third brass of Gallienua. Akennam _
noun AVG. The goddess Moneta standing, con. en.-— Collar: Preloria. Four millmi
with scales and cornucopise. In the exergue X. standards. (In Mr. Reader’s collection.)
—En graved in plate vi. fig. 4, Antiquities qf cona. PRAET. Four standards. (In the Hun
Ric/lborough, &c. ter collection.)
onmus avo. The Sun standing. eoxns avo. Victory marching with garland
rnmcrrl Ivvnrvr. A military figure stands and palm branch. On the obverse is tbc_l1¢‘l'
resting on a spear, with olive twig in right hand. mcted bust of Caransius, with javclin and shield;
This coin, of good silver, and one of the legend canavsrvs AVG.
rarest of the Carausian types, obtained £8 at The coins of Cnrausius with these armed busts
the Thomas sale.—See Akerumn, No. 32 & 139. appear to be modelled on those of the EI1\P°"°'
 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS. 179
Probus, on whose money the imperial etligies usncvu PACIFERO. Hercules holding olive
arc often thus represented. Akerman, p. 128. branch and club.——Engraved in Akerman, pl. v.
cones avoa. Minerva standing, holding the No. 37.
haste and an olive branch. In the field s. P. uu..~\nir.as avo. and avcco. A woman stand
On the excrgne nnxxi. ('l‘aaini.) ing, with branch and eornucopise.
CONCORDIA AYGG. A woman holding two INVICTVS and INVICTV5 ave. The Sun march
standards, on others holding the hasta and cor ing.——(Mionnct.)
nucopne. 1. 0. x. The emperor in a military habit, on
COXCORDIA sun. or iunir. or ninirvn. Two horseback; his right hand holding a spear, his
right hands joined; or the emperor joining hands left hand raised aloft.
with a female figure. The three letters on this coin have been sup
On one of this rare type, in the Roach Smith posed to indicate the ucclamations of the multi
cabinet, we read on the obverse nrr. c. carav tude and to signify I0. Denies. Eekhel, after re
srvs P. I. IN. AVG. marking on it adds, “Quisque pro se zenigma
coxsizanr. ave. Neptune seated; in his explicet l” Let every one solve the riddle for
right hand an anchor; in his lett a trident re himself.
versed. iovi cons. Jnpitcr and Caransius.
See remarks on this coin, in Antiquities qf Iovi STATOBI. Jupiter with hasta and thun
Receiver, 8-'.c. by Mr. Roach Smith, p. 136. derbolt.
consranr. (or consravnr. fric.) ave. lIer LAETITIA Avo. A galley with rowers. In
cules. (Miounet.) exergue M. c. Engraved in Al-terman, pl. v.
mans.--Goddess seated. DIANAE. CONS. No. 38.
avo. A 5tag.—DlANAl-1 nsnvci. A stag. A specimen with the same legend and type of
EXPECTATE VENI. Two figures standing, reverse: in cxcrgue 0. P. n.—of fine work, and
with joined hands. In the exergue B. s. a.—See as it carne from the die, obtained £3 at it sale
the words suis lacit. of coins 1851, the property of “ n well-known
FELICITAS AVG. Woman with ensign and collector.”
eornncopizc.—Same legend. A galley on the 0bv.—nin>. caasvsivs. P. AVG. Radiated
sea, with rowers. head of Carausius.
H.'l.lClT.~\S Ti-znr. Four children, representing Rev.—L.u:rir1a no. A galley; in excrgue
the four seasons.--Engraved in Akerman, pl. v. M. c.—A fine specimen, engraved in Akerman,
iumzs XILXTVII-—l'IDES sunrr. Woman hold on Romano British coins, pl. v. No. 38.
ing two military standards. The galleys, with their masts and rowers, re
PIDEM innrrvnt. Similar type.——(In the Donce presented upon the coins of Carausins and
collection, bequeathed to and deposited in the Allectns, “furnish us with examples of the ships,
Bodleian Library.) which first obtained for Britain the sovereignty
The last three types occur perpetually in the of the sea; and for the space of nine years, pro
Roman series, but they are very appropriate on tectcd this island in an independent government.
the coins of one who owed so much to his mili The Romans under Uoustantius, effected a land
tary partisans.—Akerman, p. I30. ing on the southern coast, having evaded the
ronrvrva ave. Fortune with rudder and cor fleet of Allectus (stationed ofl‘ the Isle of Wight)
nucopi1c.—-roi1r\'.~'.a nun. Fortune seated. which was enveloped in a thick fog. A land
0bv.—mP. c. CAR-AVSIVS r. r. avo. engagement reduced Britain once more to a pro
A beautiful bust, in perfect preservation, and vince.”-—Sce Antiquities qf Itic/zkorouglz, &c.
said to he unique, was purchased, at “ a well (written by C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. and illus
lrnown collector's" sale, for £2. 5s. trated by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. who, in com
GENIO ave. Woman holding globe and cor bining the spirit and industry of the typogra
nncopnac. phical, historical, and nmnismatic antiquary,
oizxivs EXERCIT. Genius standing with patera with the skill and accuracy of the archaeological
and cornucopiw. draughtsman and engraver, have together pro
This unique brass coin, of larger module than duced an elegant, interesting, and valuable little
that of ordinary third brass, is engraved in volume).
Roman Coin: rclaliny to Britain, pl. v. No. LAX-ITITIA avooo. Woman holding garland
36.——“ lt was in the possession (observes Mr. and corn ears, or resting her hand on an anchor.
Akcrmun) of the late .\Ir. R. F. Newman, City 06v.—nu>. CAR.-\\'S[VS 1>. r. AVG. Radiated
Solicitor, a relative of whom shewcd it to Ur. head of the Emperor to the right, the bust in
C. Roach Smith, who made the drawing of the paludamcntum.—Rev.—u:o. uxx. PRIMIG.
which the engraving above referred to is given. A figure of Capricorn. In the exerguo ll. L.-—
It shows that the usurpcr was anxious to testify (Engraved in Akerman, pl. v. No. 40).—See
his gratitude to the army, which had enabled him Capricorn, p. I72.
to attain the sovereignty of Britain.” p. l31. This unique coin in small brass, was found,
GERMANICVS xaxv. A trophy and two cap amongst others, in 1829, near Stroud, in Kent;
tives. In excrgue L.-—(Mionnet.) and was communicated the same year to the Nu
This legend and type occur both on the coins mismatic Society, by Mr. C. Roach Smith, (see
of Gallienns and of Postumus.-—Akerman. Nam. 0/iron. vol. ii., p. 114), who to the above
_nencvu mvicr. Hercules standing, with description adds the following remarks :— _
his club. “The twenty-second legion, surnamed Pri
2A2
180 CARAU SIUS. CARAUSIUS.
migenia, and bearing in common with at least OBIENS 4vo.—'l'he Sun standing.—(Stulieley.)
six other legions, the badge of Capricorn, was oains (sic). The Sun with extended right
probably formed not long prior to the time of hand, and holding in the left s globe. In ci.
Antoninns. By the Itinerary, it appears to ergue B. s. B.
have been composed of allied troops, and was This coin was found at Stroud, in Kcnt.—See
quartered in Gaul and Belgium; six towns or‘ Mr. Akcrman’s remarks on a similar type in
places are named as stations in which were divi silver.
sions of this legion. In several inscriptions given mcaron oasis. Head of the Sun. (Hunter).
in Grater and Ursinus, the title of Primigcuia sax. avo. Peace standing, holds an olive
(or Priinagenin) is atbxed to the legion ; but branch in her right hand, her left hand grasping
(adds Mr. S.) upon coins I can only find that it is the hasta pura; in the field L.; in the exergiic
expressed in one instance, and that is on a dena M. 1.. On the obverse ms. CARAVSIVS P. r. ave.
rius of Severus. In the list of the legionary Radiated bust.
coins struck by Gallienns it does not occur, al A well spread and fine brass specimen is en
though such as have the LEG. xxii. merely, are graved in Mr. Sinith’s Richborough, fig. 5, pl. vi.
not uiicommou. This coin therefore must be sax avooo. Peace standing, holds a flower,
allowed to possess the highest degree of interest, and the hasta erect. In the field s. r. The ob
in recording a previously unknown, or uunuthen verses of some have the bust with pnludaincn
ticated fact, namely that the twenty-second tum; on others a coat of mail.
legion, or at least one or more of its cohorts or It is generally believed that the coins of Ca
battalions sided with Caransius in his successful rausius, with this legend, were struck in com
assumption of the imperial power in the province memoration of the treaty between the usurpcr
of Britain. Its evidence on this point is strength and the Emperors Diocletian and Maxiinianus;
ened by historical testimony, of this legion being but which Mr. Alcerman shews was never for
composed of foreigners, that is to say, of Gauls mally ratificd, p. 115.
and Britons ; and thus constituted, it would natu PIETAS avooo. Mercury, with attributes,
rally be presumed to be amongst the first to sup standing. In the field L. P. In the excrgue i|.i..
port a leader whose recent military conquests Unique, in Mr. Roach Smith's cabinet. It
had enriched themselves, and readily to join was found in the bed of the Thames. Engraved
their fellow countrymen in shaking 011' the yoke in Akerman, pl. v. fig. 4-l.
of foreign dominion.” SALVS PVBLICA, of the Donce collection.
LEG. ii. PARTH. A centanr walking, &c.— sanvs avooo. Hygeia stands to the right,
Engraved in Akcrman, Descr. Cal. ii. p. 164, feeding a serpent out of a pat/era; s. P. in the
No. 77 .—Bruniell cabinet, at the sale of which field.
it brought £1 13s. See notice in Akcrmnn, Des-or. Cat. ii. p. 171.
IAEG. iiii. PLAVIA P. P. Two lions marching; of this identical coin, which, being of singu
above, a human head.—(Stukele_v.) lar beauty, brought £6 15s. 0d. at the Bruinell
LEG. vii. c. L. A bull.—(In the Rolfe cabinet). sale. Three o’s on this reverse, not only denote
MARS Mars with spear in right hand, this united sovereignty of three emperors, but
and with his left holding a horsc.—(I)onee). they also “ refer (as Mr. Curt observes) to the
MARS. VICTOR. Mars marching with a trophy. title of Augustus, reluctantly given to the arth
There are also legends and types of Mars pirate by Diocletian and Maxiniian.”
Pacifcr and Mars Ultor. TEMP. P]-‘.LlClT.\S. The four Seasons.
MEBCVRIO cox. AVG. Mercury with his Found in the bed of the Thames, now in Mr.
usual attributes, standing. C. R. Smith's collection. Engraved in Ali!!!‘
This unique and unpublished coin is in the man, pl. v. fig. 35. A specimen with this el
cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith, and was presented trcmely rare legend and type, brought only £2‘35~
to him by M. de Gerville, of Valogncs, to whom at the Pembroke sale.
it had been given, many years previously, by Obv.-—via'rvs CA.EA(VSI). Bust in armour,
Mr. Reader, of Sandwich. helmetul, and with radiated crown, to the lcfi,
MONET(.\) avooo. Moneta standing with her buckler and spear.—Rcv.——i-'izo\'ii). ave. Fcinnlt
attributes. In the field S. P. In excrguc c. standing, with cornucopiic, and touching Wltll
“ This rare coin (says Mr. Akerman, who has a short wand a small globe at her feet. In the
given an engraving of it, p. 135, pl. v. fig. 39) exergue c.
is in the British Museum. It is remarkable on This very rare coin, well preserved, bl‘°\1£-lhi
account of the title of INviclu0 on the obverse. E3 109. at the Brumell sale.
The respect which Ctl-\‘9.ll8l1lS seems here, and on VICTORIA AVG. Victory with wreath W3
many other pieces of money, to record for palm branch, standing on a globe between W0
Monata, the goddess of money, must have been sedent captives.
sincere ; since it doubtless was to his wealth that This coin was found in the bed of the 'I‘ban1_t'-%
he owed the success of his rebellion. The three o’s near London bridge, and is now in the collection
on this small brass, of course, denote the triple of Mr. Roach Smith. I ,
sovereignty. The o in the excrguc denotes, in vinrv. AVG. Hercules arrayed in the lions
all probability, Clnusentum (Bittern, near South skin, joining hands over an altar with nfcnulfl
ampton, in which neighbourhood coins of Carou figure. In the cxergue XX.
sius, with this mint-mark, are frequently found.” This unique coin, the property of Lord Lou
Itunmn. (.'o1'a.r relaliny lo Britain, p. 135-6. desborough, was found near Newbnry. ll '5
 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS. 181
engraved in Mr. Aker|.nan’s work above quoted, that in which the original is. But in every
pl. v. No. 43. other respect it presents a faithful copy.
VBEBITAS AVG. Figure standing with tri The specimen of this interesting legend and
dent, facing the emperor with globe and javelin. type, which brought £8 l0s. at the Thomas sale,
Very rare; sold for £2 at the Pembroke sale. and which was forn1erl_v in the Millingcn col
vinrvs svr ave. Carausius standing, holding lection, is thus described in the Catalogue, p.
in the right hand a Victory, in the left a spear 90, lot 647 :——
and buckler. 2. “ Obv.—Laureate busts, to the left, side
One of the Rouen trout-aillc, bearing this re by side, of the Emperors Caransins, Diocletian,
verse, round, fine, and unpublished, sold in 1851, and Maximinian l-lcrcules.—c.\nAvs1vs ET ras
for £2 lls. raas sv1.—Rev.—Peace standing, holds an
YITAVI. A woman standing, holding in each olive branch in her right hand, and the hasta
hand a serpent. (Formerly in the late Mr. pura in her left.-PAX AVGGG. In the field s. P.
Donec’s cabinet, but unaccountably lost or pur In the exergne c. or G. ; well preserve .”
loined). “After several ineffectual attempts to crush
In his Descriptive Catalayue, (vol. ii. p. 174), the power of Carausius, the Emperors Diocle
1\Ir. Akerman, alluding to this extraordinary coin, tian and Maximian found it advisable, necessary,
makes the following remark :-—“ If it were not and most prudent, to acknowledge him as their
for the very singular legend EXPECTATE VENI. colleague. The event is commemorated by the
on the coins of Carausius, the authenticity of device, appropriate emblems, and legend of this
that with VITAVI. might be doubted, on the coin."—Nate by Mr. Bnrgon.
ground that its form is altogether nnusual.— Eckhel (viii. 47) describes a third brass with
After all, the latter may have been one of those the same remarkable legend on its obverse; but
blunder-ed, re-struck, or ill-struck, coins of Ca his description of the obverse type, as will be
rausius, of which I have seen many examples. seen below, differs both from that in the British
I have before me a bmss coin of Carausius, Museum and from that in the Thomas collec
struck on one of Victorinus, the ill-formed let tion specimen :
ters appearing not unlike this very word 1" 3. Obv.—cAaAvs1vs 1-rr raxrnas svi. Three
The following additions to the above list of busts, juguted, the first of which is a radiated
third brass, are described from an unique series one of Carausius ; the second, laureated, of Dio
of the coins of Carausius and Allectns, in the cletian; and the third, with the lion’s skin, of
possession of Mr. Roach Smith; from whose Maximianus llerculins.
writings relative to the mintages of those two Rwr.—rax AVGGG. A female standing, with
nsurpcrs, much information, useful to the nu olive branch in the right hand, and spear in the
mismatist, may be gleaned : left. In the field the letters s, and Q.; at the
mx ave. A female, with two military bottom 0.
standards. This coin, which at the time of Eckhel’s
nous: A1-ZTEBNAE. A temple. In the field writing, was preserved in the cabinet of the
s. ii. Abbate Persieo, at Genoa, was, we learn, brought
sa1.vs ave. Female, with garland and anchor. to light by an individual of great attainments,
v1a'r\'s ave. A military figure marching, at Gaspar Oderic, in a letter addressed to Cajetano
his feet a captive. Marini, published in the year I782, in the Ita
vnrrvri AVG. Hercules, with bow and club. lian Commentaries, entitled “ Giornali dc’ Let
Ifnpublished. ierali, printed at Pisa (roar. xlv. p. 205). The
author above alluded to, subsequently published
CARAUSIUS, DIOCLETIANUS, AND a separate notice of it at Genoa. The coin,
MAXIMIANIIS. however, could not properly be called an 1m
publisbed one, as it had previously been men
tioned by Stukeley (vol. i. p. 106), “though I
observe,” adds Eckhel, “that his work was un
known to Odcric and Tanini. The value of this
gem is owing, not only to its presenting the
conjoined busts of the three Augusti, but also
to the inscription which accompanies them, and
which had never before been remarked on coins.
There can be no doubt, that by the wordfratrer
1. csnavsrvs ET raararzs svr. The heads are to be understood Carausius, Diocletian, and
of Carausius, Diocletianus, and Maximianus, Maximian, the two latter of whom, though at
side by side; the first radiated, the other two the first hostile to Carausius, afterwards entered
bare. into u partnership of dignity and power with
Rev.—r.sx avoec. Peace standing, holding him. This participation of the imperial title
an olive branch, and the hnsta pura. In the by three colleagues, is further confirmed by the
field s. Q. (or probably 5. P. the latter is indis inscription AVGGG. and it is also alluded to in
tinct). In the exergue C. legends found on other coins of his, such as
The above wood engraving, from a third brass LAETITIA avooe.; HILARITAS avcoc; &e.—
of Carausins, in the British Museum, conveys Therc are several instances of emperors, in
the idea of a coin in better preservation, than _ colleagneship, styling each other drotllers.”
 182 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS.
The passage in the M»:dalIicHial0r_1/ qf Ca iher than Carausius has, in this instance, car
mus-iue, published in 1757, to which Eckhel ried it, by placing a radiated crown on his
has alluded above. is cited by Mr. Akerman in OWH head, whilst he assigns the Czesarian ho
his copious list of the Carausian coinage (p. 145) nours of the caput nudum to the two Augusti
as follows :— fralrea mi /
4. “ A coin of this rare and interesting type Lastly, supposing each respective description
is stated by Stukeley to have belonged to Mr. above quoted to be correct, it would appear that
Wale, of Colnc, in Lancashire, in whose cus there are at least three, if not four specimens,
tody it appears to have remained for some time and as many varieties in the obverse type, of this
unnoticed, in amass of Roman coins found at the most historically curious of our Anglo-Rm
Chesterford, until detected by the experienced man einperor’s mint.
eye of Hr. Charles Gray, F.R.S. and l<‘.S.A.—
Stukeley describes it “ of excellent preservation, FULL-FACED BUST OF CARAUSIUS.
the faces of the three emperors distinct and In consideration of the high esteem in which
easily known; Diocletian in the middle, Camu the mint of Carausius is justly held, for the
sius on his right, Maximian uppermost, exactly light which it serves to throw on an otherwise
according to the rule of manners." un-illustrated, but far from unimportant, epoch
Another specimen is in the collection of the in the annals of Britain, our notices of its
Hon. R. C. Neville, F.S.A. most remarkable types and legends have thus
In the specimen whence the above inserted been extended. Nor can a reference to such
cut is taken, the bust of Carausius is placed to nnmismatic relics be brought, perhaps, to a
the left of the other two; a relative position, more interesting close, than by here inserting
which surely agrees more exactly with “ the rule a cut, which first appeared in the second volume
of manners”—iu other words, the order of pre of Mr. Roach Smith’s Collecfanea Antigua;
cedencc—than that, according to which Stukcley and which that distinguished antiquary has al
considered the busts to be arranged on the coin lowed to be used in this work.—Snbjoined are
which he describes. But at any rate the force citations from published remarks, to which so
of assumption and arrogance can hardly go fur singular a. monetal discovery has given rise.

“ The coin here represented (says Mr. Smith) traits of historical personages are always inter
forms the unique example of a novel class, hav esting. This coin, which reveals to us in
ing a full-faced portrait of Carausius. For this pleasing features what may probably be regarded
valuable increase to my collection I am indebted as the most complete likeness we possess of so
to the kindness of the Rev. Edward Egremont, remarkable a man as Carausius, will be appre
of Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, a village which ciated by all who have reflected on the conspi
occupies the site of Urioconium, or Virocaniurn, cuous part he acted in the history of our coun
one of the chief towns of Roman Britain, with try.” pp. 153-54.
in the preeincts of which the coin was found.— To these observations from the pen of the
It is the portrait which gives the value to this fortunate possessor of the brass coin, re
remarkable piece. The gold, silver, and brass presented in the above engraving, may be
coins of this emperor have uniformly a profile, most advantageously added the following ex
and in no instance, save in this specimen, is the tract from a paper of Mr. Bergnc's, subse
head bare. It is eithcrlaureated, or helmeted, quently read by that gentleman before the Nu
or radiated. Upon contemporary coins, more mismatic Society, Nov. 27, 1851; the coin
over, it was not the practice to give a front itself, through the kindness of Mr. Roach Smith,
face. This fact, coupled with that of the supe being at the same time exhibited on the table of
rior workmanship of our new specimen, sug the S0ciet_v.—(See Numismatic Chronicle, vol.
gests the belief, that the portrait is the result xiv. No. 4) :—
of a careful and successful attempt by the artist “ The obverse of this most valuable specimen
to produce a likeness. As such, we may con presents the usual title of the emperor, but with
template the coin with additional intcrcst.— the singular novelty of a bare and full-faced
Those who are familiar with the profile of Ca portrait. In both these respects it is unique;
rausius, in the better executed specimens, will as all the coins of Carausius hitherto known,
recognise in the front face the peculiar character whether in gold, silver, or brass, present the
of the former; with an expression of counten portrait in profile, and either helmeted, laure
ance indicative of decision and bcuignity, which atcd, or (as generally) with n radiated crown,
the side face docs not always convey. The por but never bare. The work is good, and the con
 CARAUSII SUCCESSOR. CARINUS. 183
dition fine : the portrait, as usual, bold and m(x) AVG. Peace standing, her right hand
characteristic. The reverse is one of the most holds aloft an olive branch, hcr left holds the
ordinary occurrence.” hasta. In the exergue M. L.
06»-.—-u|1>. CARAVSIVS r. P. avo. The bare This aureus, found at Reading, brought £37
head of Carunsius full-faced. 10s. at the Brumell sale.
Rcv.—-sanvs ave. An erect figure of a “ From this identical coin, which is probably
female (llygeia) feeding, out of a patera, a scr unique, there is an engraving in Akerman, ii.
pent, which rises from the base of an altar.— pl. ll, No. 6.
In the exergue the letter c. probably for Clau sanvs AVG. A woman standing.—(Valucd by
aenlum. Mionnet at 600 fr.)
“Among the coins of Maxentius (adds Mr. srns AVG. Hope walking. In the exergus
Bergne), struck from fifteen to twenty years M. 1..-—(Valued by the French numismatist also
after the death of Carausius, an instance occurs at 600 fr.)
of a full-faced type in silver (N0. l6, in Aker vmrvs ave. Emperor on horseback, armed
ma.n’s Catalogue) ; and there are also a few rare with javelin, riding over a prostrate enemy-'.——
instances of the same sort of type among the In the Hunter collection, probably unique.
gold coins of Licinius junior, and Constantine vmrvs ave. Mars standing. In the exergue
the Great. In brass of this period, however, M. s. L.
the type is exceedingly rare, if not altogether “ This unique coin was purchased at the Trot
unique. At a later period, in the Byzantine tlo sale, by the Duke of Blacas, for £74.» l”—
series, it becomes common. A full-faced bust Akerman, ii. 177.
appears also on some rare reverses of the gold SILVER.——Re0. LAETITIA ave. Q. c. A galley.
and silver coins of Scptimius Severus and his rsx ave. s. P. c. Peace standing.
family, so represented for the sake of sy1netri The above two coins, in the Brumell col
cal arrangement, between two other busts in lection, both apparently plated, sold for £1 13s.
profile, looking respectively to the right and each.——-“ The fine silver of Allectus (observes
left. But I think this eoin of Carausius is the Mr. Akerman), is of extreme rarity: his denarii
earliest example of that style of head, for the are generally of very base quality.”
single bust on the principal side, or obverse, of
u Roman imperial medal." p. 152. Tnnm BltASS.—AF.QVITAS. avo. Equity.
comzs AVG. Miner-va.—onuu\e nsovcr. Diana.
——FELlCITAS ssncvm. Felicit_v.—on1nNs ave.
The Sun standing. (Huuter).—rax AVG. On
the obverse bust of Allectus, with radiated crown
and coat of mail, holding javelin and bnckler.—
mr. 41.1.1-;c'rvs P. r. ave. (Hunter-).—nosr.
AETEBN. Temple with eight columns, a sedent
figure within. (D0.)-—SAECVLIFELICl1‘A8. Em
Carzmsii Sucveuoris ALLECTI Moneta.— peror standing, with spear and globe.-—Thc
Somewhat too brief a notice of the coins of above are probably unique.--See Akerman, De
Allectus having been given in page 38 of this acrip. Cataloyuc, p. 177, at seq.
volume, occasion is here taken, not only to de
scn'be the principal legends and types of money
in each metal, minted under his reign, from A.D.
293 to A. D. 296; but also to mention the prices
respectively obtained at almost all the great
sales of recent occurrence, for the rarest speci
mens of this murderous usurpcr’s coinage, as
Carausius’s successor in the government of Bri
tain :—
GOLD.-—ADVEN'l'VS ave. Allcctus, wearing CARINUS (Marcus Aurelius), the eldest
the radiated crown, on horseback.—In the cabi son of the Emperor Carus; born A. D. 249;
net of Count D’Erceville, communicated by M. associated, during the reign of his father, in the
De Longperier to Mr. Akerman, who has en government of the empire with his brother
graved it, pl. vi. No. 45.—Probably unique. Numerianus, A. D. 282, with the titles of CAE
cones AVG. l\Iinerva.—olm-ms AVG. The san and rnmc.1vv1-mr. The following year,
Sun.-—Both probably unique. whilst his father and brother were engaged in
rax AVG. Female standing, with branch in hostilities with Persia, he remained to govern
extended right hand: her left holds the hasta the western provinces, vvith the title of Impera
pura transversely. ln exergue M. L. tor, without having yet that of Au_qu.rlu:.-—
0bv.—mr. c. annzcrvs P. r. av (in mon.) 0. He made himself dctested in Gaul and adjacent
His bust in armour, bearded and laureated. regions, by his excesses and cruclties. Carus
Sec the above cut. A specimen of this, dying A.D. 283, Carinus took the title of Au
weighing, according to the Catalogue, “ 67 7-10 gustus, whilst Numerianus assumed it in the
grs. in "cry good preservation, and of the highest East.—A good general and n brave warrior,
degree of rarity, but suspected," sold at the Pem he eombatcd with success the barbarous nations
broke auction for £8. ot‘ the North, who assailed the western empire
184. CARINUS. CARISIA.
at diifercnt times. Returning to Rome, he con Gonn q/‘ common mice.-—-nines IILITVI.
ciliated the good will of her corrupt and dege Woman and two standu-ds.——1>. in. rm. P. cos.
nerate inhabitants by the usual expedient of The Emperor in a quadriga.——vrc'roaui AVG.
celebrating public shcws, which were of a superb The Emperor erowned by Vietor_v.—PBlNCiPI
description. Compcllcd to quit the capital and IVVENTVT. Carinus in military habit, with
its luxuries, in order to march against the go spear and globe.
vernor of Venetia, Sabinus Julianus, who, after S|I.vr:a.—It is supposed there are no coins of
the death of Numerianns, had assumed the im Carinus in this metal. Mionnet alludes to a
pcrial purple, Carinus gained a victory, near qzlilmrius, but only as “ doutcnx.”
Verona, over that usurper, who lost his life in Bnass i\1i:nAm.io:vs.—a'aan;crvs ave. Pre
the conflict. He was equally successful in Macsia torian galley.—SAEC\'Ll rrzmcrms. The four
against Diocletian, whom the legions of the Scasons.—-See Mionnet.
East, on the deccasc of Numerianus, had pro Tumn BRASS.-—1MP. cannrvs. Helnieted
claimed Emperor. It was after having defeated bust of Carinus, the right hand holding a. horse
that able commander in dilfcrcnt rencounters, by the bridle, a bueklcr on the left arm.-—Rev.
that Carinus gained the last battle he fought, MAGNIA VRBICA. Head of Magnia Urbica, wife
near the village of Murge, in Upper Mu:sia.— of Carinus.
At the sequel of that action, he was assassin CARISIA, gens plcbeia; a family little
ated by u tribune, whose wife he had violated, known. Its coins belong to the last age of the
and who had in consequence watched some time republic; and one of them is remarkable for
for an opportunity of destroying him. He died delineating, on its reverse, the instruments used
A. 1). 285, aged thirty-six years, having reigned in the coining of money. There are some silver
alone one year. pieces, struck by the mint-masters of Augustus,
In Carinns there was a rendezvous (so to and others by the colonists of 1-IMEBITA, in His
speak), a gathcring—of all vices, natural and pania Bmtica (now Merida). The brass are all
acquired. He was a man who bore on his comm colonial; and the whole, with one exception,
tenance the index of that pride and insolencc are common. The denarius of this family, with
which reigned within him. Ferocious in dispo MONETA for its legend, and the anvil, hammer,
sition, the slave of brutal passions, he rendered forceps, and pileus for its type of reverse, re
himself an object of exeeration and terror by stored by Trajan, is valued, for its very great
his avarice and his cxactions, by his acts of rarity, at l00' fr. by Mionnet.—See E)l.EBl1‘A§
hateful violence, and his career of abandoned see also noxrzra.
liccntiousness. He loaded his subjects with
taxes ; drove from his presence the honest coun
cillors assigned to him by his father, and in
their room filled his court with the associates of
his debaucheries, and the companions of his
crimes. According to Vopiscus, he had nine
wives, several of whom he is said to have
divorced, even whilst in a state of pregnancy
by him.
On his coins he is styled M. AVE. caamvs 0bv.——Hcad of o woman, adorned with flowels.
CAES.—CAB.IN\'S (or iuaiivvs) nos. CAES.—— Rev.-,—r. CARISIVS mvm. A sphinx, scdent.
Also um c. M. ave. caamvs P.F. AvG.—Cu1'inus This denarius was, amongst various others,
and his brother Numcriunus associated are called coined by Titus Carisius, one of Julius Cmsar's
CAR-INVS ET NVMERIANVS AVGG. monetal triumvirs, in 710 (B. c. 44).—See Splu'u.r.
On a marble, quoted by Gruter, Carinus is ARMO, an ancient city of Hispanis Boetica,
called Victarioaissirnus; because he overcame now Carmona, in Andalusia. Julius Caesar
the barbarous tribes on the Rhine, the Quudi, speaks of it-, as “by far the strongest of the
the Sarmates; and slew the usurper Julianna in Whole province." The name of this place does
battle with his own hand. not appear in the list of the colouia: or of the
The bust of this emperor appears sometimes rnnnicipia of the Romans in Spain. But its
laurcated, at others radiated, exhibiting either coins, with cunno on their reverses, are extant;
the Ioricu or the paluzlamenlum. The medallions two of which in the British Museum, will be
and other gold coins, as well as the silver, of found engraved from in Akerman, “ Coin: Q/'
Carinus, are extremely rare. His bronze me Cities,” pl. iii. Nos. 5 and 6.
dallions arc also for the must part of the highest
CARITAS MUTUA AUGG.—Two hands
rarity. The third brass are common. joined. Silver coins of the larger size, with this
The following arc amongst the rarest and legend and type, are ascribed to Bnlbinus, by
most remarkable of this cmperor’s mint :—— Vaillant; but Mionnet (ii. 389), says he had
Gonn l\ll-JDALLIONS.-—-R4?v.—VIRTVS AVGVS never seen one of them.
TORVM. Carus and Carinns, standing opposite CARPENTUM, n car or chariot. There Wm
each other, crowned by Hercules and the Sun. several kinds of these; some serving for ruml
Rev.—vicr0ai.\s AVGVSTX. Two Victories sup purposes; others for the public spcctncles.——
porting a bucklcr.—Sce these respective legends. Some had four wheels, others two. The Roniani
PAX .u-zrenns. Peace standing with olive at first used the cnrpentum for the ordinary puf
branch and the hasta pura.—(See wood-cut above). poses of travelling. Afterwards this appclll
 CARPEi\ITl7M. CARRII.-\E.—CARTElA. 185
tion was appropriated to those covered vehicles, be pronounced to have been struck A. D. 80, by
which were used by ladies of illustrious rank, Titus, in honour of his mother Domitilla, who
and even on certain occasions by the emperors died before his father's elevation to the em
themselves. At length the privilege of using pire. Yet Occo, Biragi, Miounet, and other
the carpentum was included amongst the prero mednllists, insist, that it commemorates Domi
gatives exclusively enjoyed by members of the tilla the sister of Titus, because the title Diva
imperial family. The pontitfs and the flamine: is omitted: but surely the sacred carpentnm is
were however accustomed to convey to the Capi sufllcient to stamp the consecration.” ,
tol, in this sort of tilted cart, those sacred ob On consecration coins of the two Faustinas,
jects, which it would have been deemed unbe and of Marciana, the sister of Trajan, the car
coming to expose before the prqfanum vuI_z/us. pentum in like manner appears:-See T/‘mesa.
Carriages of this description served to convey, CARPI, a barbarous people of European Sar
at funereal solemnities,.the images of deceased matia, near the Danube. In the reigns of
empresses ; whilst the currua was employed to Maximinus, and of Balbinus and Pnpicnus, they
carry those of defunct Augusli. The carpentum gave rise to the Scythian war. They were sub
moreover appeared in the pompre, or solemn sequently rcpulsed by Gordianus Pius; and finally
shews, of the Circus, and thence derived its routed by his successor Philip, one of whose
name of caqaentum pompaticum.——C-aligula coins, allusive to the event, bears the legend VIC
granted this distinction to the honour of his TORIA csnrrcs.
deceased mother's memory. Messalinn and CARRHAE, the most ancient city of Meso
Agrippina junior obtained it during their life
potamia, situate at no great distance from, and
time
to the south-east of Edessa. It is the Haran,
The Carpentum seems to have differed from
or (as St. Stephen calls it) Cbarrau, mentioned
the Tfienaa in this, that the former was covered
in Holy writ (Gen. c. xi), as the place whence
over, and placed on two wheels ; the latter was
Abraham sct out for the land of Canaan.
an open carriage, running on four wheels. Both
were decreed by the Senate for the Circensian
More than eighteen centuries nfiervvards it was
rendered memorable, in profane history, as the
processions. But the caqzentum, drawn by
spot where the so-called triumvir Crassus and
mules, was conceded to the imperial matrons;
his army were destroyed by the Parthians, 701
whilst the t/mica, to which elephants were har
(B. c. 53.) It was made a Roman colony under
nessed, was assigned to the gods and to the em
M. Aurelius and L. Verus, and from their reign
pCl'0P3. Some authors, index-d, regard carpen
down to that of Gordianus Pius, coins were
tum panqnzlicum and t/iensa as convertible
struck at Charrm, on which it is called Metro
terms. It sccms, however, that the former was
polis, and Pellerin shews (Mélange, i. p. 348)
not allowed to be used by women, how high so
that Carrhrc took on its medals the title of the
ever their rank and station, except on public
first metropolis of Mesopotamia. All the le
occasions of a religious or funcrenl kind. Seve
gends of these imperial colonials, as given
ral coins of consecrated empresses, or princesses, in Vaillant, Pellerin, the Museum Theupoli,
offer examples of this nature. On large brass and Haym, are (KAPPA2), and Mionuet’s list
dedicated respectively to Agrippina the wife of
coincides, being exclusively Greek. But M.
Germanicus, to Domitilla the wife of Vespa Hennin, in the nomenclature of his Manuel,
sian, _and to Julia the daughter of Titus, we says, that “some of these pieces are found bear
find the mulare carpenhun represented. The ing Latin inscriptions."--The types consist of a
subjoined cut, engraved from a. well-preserved star within a crescent moon, also a female head
specimen in the British Museum, is selected for turretcd, representing the genius of the city,
an illustration of the richly-ornamented car with a small half-moon over it. The inhabitants
penluav : of Carrhue, in common with most other eastern
nations, were greatly addicted to the worship of
heavenly bodies, especially of the moon, both as
I/una and Lunus—(sce the words.)
CARTEIA, ' a maritime town of Ilispania
Bmtica, near the Straits, formerly of Hercules,
no\v of Gibraltar. Originally culled Heraclca,
after its reputed founder, Curteia was created
a Roman rolrmy by the Senate, in the year 583
(B. 0. 171). lt now lies in ruins near Algezirss,
Andalusia. The coins of this colony are Latin
nutonomcs, in third brass. They are numerous,
and identify themselves with the place by the
legend CARTEIA on their reverses, many of which
usnomas DOMITILLAE s. P. Q. a. The car bear the names of the guatuorviri, who respec
pcntum, ornamented with statues, covered in tively caused them to be struck.-——-Mr. Akerniun,
with an arched roof, and drawn by two mules. in his Coins qf Ancient Cities (see p. 26, et seq.)
Rev.--mP. 1'. cass. nrvr. v_1-zsr. P. ave. P. M. has given a descriptive list of these from Florez,
TR. P. P. P. cos. vm. In the field s. c. and Mionuct, adding some from the British Mu
“ This (says Capt. Smyth), may very safely seum; others from Dr. J. Lee’s cabinet; and
2B
186 C.-’lR'I‘llA(‘rO.
has (5l1gl‘ll\'t‘l.l the two following, viz. :—Obv.
CARTEIA. 'l‘urr1'tedhend.—-R¢'v.—D.D. (Decreto
Decurionnm). Neptune standing, with his right
foot placed on a rock, a dolphin in his right
hand, and in his left a trident.—'l‘he second
‘exhibits a singular type. R¢>v.—c. MINIVS.
VIBI. unvm. A figure seated on a rock, hold
ing an angle, from which depends afish; by his
side, the basket with bait—(see No. l and No.
7, plate iii.)-—Other types of reverse present
heads of Jupiter, Pullas, and Neptune, also the
dolphin, prow of galley, cupid on a dolphin, a
caduceus, a thunderbolt, club, and how and
arrow.—See Miounet, Suppli. 1'. i. 21.
CARTHAGO (Anliqua, or Veins, Zeugitanze,
Africzn), caIonia.iOld Carthage: the most
celebrated city in all Africa, and for a long time
the formidable rival of Republican Bmne. It of the Vandals, one of which is thus described in
was a colony of the Tyrians, said to have been the great work of Mionnet, above quoted;
founded by Dido, 72 years before the building
of Rome. The metropolis of the Punie nation,
and a great maritime power, Carthage waged
three terrible wars with the Romans; and was
at length subdued by Scipio Africanus Minor,
A. u. c. 609 (n. o. 185); and the city itself, by
order of the Senate, was totally demolished.-~
It was afterwards made the scat of a Roman
P0/0ll_'I/, by Julius Czrsar, 710 (B. C. 44), and
afterwards, being rebuilt and augmented by Au
gustus, in 725 (11.0. 29), it again became the
capital of Zcugitana, and continued to be the
principal of the African cities, until it was de
strayed by the Arabs, towards the close of the
seventh century of the Christian era. lts ruins
are still to be distinguished near Tunis, the
ancient Tunehzm.
The earlier coins of this African colony are
classed by Miouuet, in his Descriptions lies
Jllirlailles Romainea, as follows :-—
1. Latin A1zta2zon1e.r.~—1<An'1"ruo0. Female
figure standing, holding the hasta.—Re*u.—A
horse’s head.-—Another reverse has VENERIS
Antony and Octavian. On some of the impcrini
KAR. and a temple with four colurnns. In second
and third brass. appear the initials, C. I. N. C. Colonia J"/54
2. Coins of Clodius Mneer, pro-pretor of Nova Curt/m_90. On others v. I. N. X. Vidfir
Africa; in silver.—Sce MACER.
3. Second brass coins of Augustus, Tiberius,
and Drnsus junior; assigned by different authors
to the colony of Carthage. (See Eckhel, 1). N.
Vet. iv. l39).—'l‘he following is an example :
me. c. n. r. P. M. r. P. Bare head of Au
gustus.—R0v.—0. I. c. (names of duumvirs); in
the middle of the field r. P. D. n. (Decrcto Dc
eurionum).
On the above cited coin the letters c. I. c. are
explained by Yaillunt, with whom agrees Bimard,
to mum Colonia Julia Carthage.
The first of the later emperors, who revived
the name of ancient Carthage on coins of Roman
die, appears to have been Se-ptimius Severus, who
was himself of African origin; and on a coin
struck in each metal, during his reign, is the
legend ll\'DVI.GI-INTIA ave. IN. c.urr. The type
being (‘~_ybele seated on a running lion, holding
in her right hand the tympauuni, and in hcr
left a st-optu-.—Scc I\'D\'I.Gl-Z.\"l‘lIt.
CARTHAGO NOVA.
See also FELIX KART}ia_qo on coins of Seve
rus, Caraealla, and Constantius Chl0l'l1S.—~CON
ssavaroans KART. SVAE. of Val. Maximianus,
and MaXentiUB.—SALVIS AVGG. avers mar. of
Diocletian; &c.
The last monetal record of Cart/iaga Vrtu;
is preserved on two silver coins of Hilderic, king
D. N. unmnnx (.i-ir.) aux. Beardless and
diademed head of Hilderic.
Rev.—ri~:r.ix mare. (1-iv.) Woman stand~
ing, with corn ears in each hand.
CARTHAGO NOVA, calonia : a city of
Hispania Tarraconensis, anciently the capital of
the Contestani, now the chief town of Murcia,
and an important port of Spain, well known by
the name of Carl/zagena, on the shore of the
Mediterranean. It was built by Hasdrubal,
“ and probably (says Mr. Akcrman) received its
name from the circumstance of its standing on a
peninsula like Old Carthage.”--From the Car
thaginians it was taken by Scipi0.——Julin§
Caesar, when he restored the African Carthage,
peopled this new city with colonists, and gave to
cach his name, and the right of striking money.
The coins of this early Roman settlement are
chiefly Latin imperial, in second and third brass,
beginning with the reign of Augustus and ending
with that of Caligula. Mionnet (Suppll. T. i. p.
70) gives an autonome, with the type of Pflilli
And also, from Florcz, a second brass of Mark
Julia Nara ]\'nrtlm_q0. The simiome of Julia re
fers to its founder Julius, and with it the epithet
Virlri: often eompanionizcs on colonial coins.
The word Nm:/z was added to distinguish it from
Carthage Vetus.-—The reverse types of this
colony (engraved in Vaillant) are 1. A te'niplr
2. a labyrinth. 3. A togated figure, holding 8
lustral vase, and an aspergillum, which Vaillunt
supposes to represent the censor of the eolony.——
The coin of Cuius et Lucius Czesarcs, ascribed by
Vaillant to Norba, in Spain, but assigned by
Pcllerin and Florez to Carthage Nova, is qncritd
by Mionnet. but included with the rest by
Akerinan (Ili.\-1m;/1'11, p. 79-80).-——'l‘lic remaining
type given by Vaillant as connected with the im
perial mint of New Carthage, is a second braI\=,_
struck undcr Caligula, on which the portrait Oi
Czrsonia, wife of Caligula, has been (hilt 4“
Eckhrl shcws erroneously) supposed to be rc
prcscuted under the name of SALr/.r MIG:/.r/1-—
(cngraved in ]iIv'/lni//us dc C/iria'!um, 1‘.\B.xxr.)
 CARVILIA. CARUS. 187
by the army of Pannonia and by the Senate.
lie avenged the death of Probns; sent his son
Carinus into Gaul (see p.133); and having
himself subdued the Sarmatians, he led his forces
against Varanes ll. King of Persia, whom
having conquered A. D. 283, he assumed the
surname of PERSicus, as his coins attest, some
of which also bear the snrnznne of PAR'1‘Hz'cu.1.
CARVILIA gens.—-Of the plcbeian order, but
Carus was the first among the emperors who
aspired, during his life-time, to be called and
of consular rank. this family distinguished itself
worshipped by the name of God. After a reign
as early as the Samnite wars. The first member
of scarcely more than two years, having besieged
of it, Sp. Carvilins, obtained the eonsulship 461
and taken Ctesiphon, a city of Assyria, he was
(B. c. 293), having L. Papirins Cursor as his killed by lightning, or died from a woimd, or
colleague, and received the name of IIAXXMUB, perished from disease, near that place (for writers
which was transmitted as a family cognomen to
difi'er on that point), the 20th December, A. n.
his descendants.—The above denarius, erro 232 —Of his wife .l[a_r/niiz Ur/aica, and his sons
neously inserted by Morel amongst the coins of Nzmieriauus and Cari/lax, see the respective
the Carisia gens, is rightly assigned to the
names.
Carvilii, by Perizoni. The titles of Cams on his coins are IMP. c. M.
058.-—-HB8ll of Jupiter Anxur, beardless and AVR. canvs.-—also lnr. canvs (or aaavs) P. 1-".
laureated, beneath which is the fnlmen. A\r'G.——DEVS. E1‘ oonmvs c1tavs.—Cur/is and
Rev.——CARviliu-2, OGVLuius, Vllllgilius, his son Carinus are together called canvs ET
(triumvirs of the mint). The some young CARlNVs AVGG. All the coins of Carus, gold,
Jupiter, holding a thunderbolt in his right hand, silver, and large brass, are rare ; some of them
stands guiding a. rapid quadriga. most rare. The third brass, with certain ex
For some notices of Jupiter A1.-ur, as inscribed
ceptions, are common.
on a coin of the Vibia gens, or Anxur, as for the
better sound sake, the word is spelt by the old The following are the rarest and most remark
writers—-see p. 117. able legends and types minted during this short
Perizoni, says Havereamp (in Morall. Fam. reign =——
Rom. p. 76), ascribes the coinage of this dcnarius Go1.n.—m:o er DOMINO c.\no. Head of
to Carvilins the Edile, son of Q. Maximus. But Curns.—Itev.-—vlc"ro1u.\ avo. Victory on globe
Vaillant refers it to Spnrius, the son of S . (valued by Mionnet at 150 t'r.) .——.\uvr;r~"rvs AVG.
Carvilius, whose age agrees with that of . Emperor on horseback (do. 100 fI'.)——\'ICT0ltlA
Ogulnius, and T. Vergilius, about the year U. 0. AVGG. FEL. Victory with garland and buckler
509 and 510 (13.0. 245 and 2-H). (do. 100 fr.)--vnrrvs cam. INVICTI. Hercules
But to whatever year after the commencement standing. KARV8 and KARINVS. Heads of
of the silver mint of Rome the above coin is re Camus and his son (valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.)
ferable, it is a very fine one, probably the work Basss i\1r.n.u.LioN.—Obv.-—Laurcated heads
of some Greek artist, for its style and fabric are of Carus and Cflflllllfi.-—-R¢’L‘.—SAl'2C\’Ll Fl-.‘.LlCl
strikingly Grecian; yet Riccio, who is enabled us. Personitication of the four seasons.
in his work to add new families to the old list, Sacoxn Baass.-nno ET nonmo caao. Two
takes no notice of Carvilia gens. The brass heads.—Reu.—Public Felicity (40 fr.)
money of this family are the aa, or some of its Tnlan Ba.ASS.—Same legend, and with type
divisions. of the Sun and Carns (30 fr.)
,6 "".°‘,"i-‘E3; The nuuiismntic head of 0(l)'ll-9 is either
'f w‘~:$5’/C"‘--
. . I lanreated, or radiated, with the puludamm
tum on the shoulders, or the lorica on the
-.1
I ‘ii ' breast; or helmeted and radiated at the same
|¥\) time. The same emperor is likewise seen with
lanreated head, and bust as far as the breast,
holding a sceptre in his right hand, a globe on
which stands u vicloriola, in his left. In other
coins he carries a spear on his right shoulder,
CARUS (Marcia Aurelius), born at Nar and on his left arm a shield of skilful workman
bonne, in Illyricum (or, as some authorities rc shi(I1)ASCA
. LONGUS.—On the obverse of a
present, at Milan), about the year of Rome 983
(.4. D. 230), of a family originally from Rome, denarius of the Servilia gens, bearing this legend,
in whose literature he was thoroughly versed. is the head of Neptune, laureated and bearded,
Having gone through various civil and military behind which is a trident.——Rev.——-BRVTVS IMP.
ottices, he was created Prctorian Prefect by Pro A Victory, winged, and clothed in a long vest
bns, who held him in the highest respect for his ment, walking on a broken seeptre; holds a
talents and probity. And so much had he ac palm-branch resting on her left shoulder, and
quired the love of the soldiers, that at the death displays in both hands two pieces of fillet,_or
of that prince (by the hands of his own troops), diademcd ribband, opened \vide.—-See Servllia
he alone was thought worthy of the empire, both gens.
2B2
188 CASCA LONGUS. CASSANDREA.
city, situate on the eastern shore of the Egean
sea, near the Sinus Thermaicus, now Gulf of
Salonica, stood at the entrance of a lesser gulf
tilled Sinus Toronaieus, now the Gulf of Cas
sandra, which name the town still bears, the
Greeks of the present day calling it Caaumdra
Capuri. The coins of this colony are in second
and third brass. The earliest has on its
Cains Casca, surnarned Longus, soon after Obv.——cAssANDR1-1, within a crown of laurel.
Julius Ctesar was murdered, left Rome for Asia, Rev.—A vexillum, on which we read .\vt;.—
with the rest of the conspirators and assassins. above a crescent; in the field, on each side, a
From this coin he appears to have been the military ensign.
questor, or the legalus, of Brutus; in other Other coins of Cassandrea bear on their oh
words, one of the two chief commanders. The verses the res 've efiigies, names, and titles
head of Neptune, and the Victory that spreads of Claudius, Nero, Vespasiau, Nerva, Hadrian,
out the diadem, and treads upon a fractured M. Aurelius, Commodus, Caraealla, Gets, Gor
sceptre, refer to some naval victory. These war dianus Pius, Philippus senior, and the Empress
like emblems allude, possibly, to the particular Plotina. On the reverses of all these coins
circumstance of Brntus’s success against the appears the name of the eolony—coI.. 1v1.. ave.
Berri (see p. 14-5), which obtained for him the csssszmnn. or cassnnnnan. (Calania Julia
imperatorial salutation from his army, and which Augusta l]auandrensi.r).—And the type, with
is indicated by the abbreviated word IMP. on all three exceptions, is uniformly the horned head
his coins. It is, however, more probable that of Ammon (see Cornnficia in this Dictionary),
the above described types bear allusion to the whose worship was borrowed by several of the
total defeat of the combined fleet of Octavian Grecian states, from Libya, and adopted after
and Mark Antony—an event which, by an nn wards by the Romans. The three exceptions
accouutable fatality of misfortune, remaining-for above alluded to, are Julia Doinna, Gordiauus
twenty days unknown to Brutus, led to the rout Pius, and Philippus senior. In the first, with
of Cassius, and subsequently to the total over legend of 001.. csssa. a woman stands with
throw of both at Philippi. With regard to that right hand raised to her head, and holding the
battle, it appears, that although there was a horn of plenty in her left. In the second the
Casea among the number of the slain, yet it was reverse reads COLONIA cssssunnns, with simi
not this Cains Cases, hut his brother Publius, lnr type. The third exhibits on its reverse con.
as Plutarch expressly afiirrns.-—See Riccio, pp. rvL. AVG. csssm. A man holding in his raised
119—20—see also nnvrvs me. and cases right hand a bunch of grapes; at his feet, on
LONGVS, with Trophy, p. 146 of this dictionary. one side a serpent, on the other side an eagle,
or some other bird.—See Pcllcrin, Jllilanyr, I
CASCANTUM (Ilispania: Tarraconensis, pl. xviii.—xx. No. 9——and xxi. N0. 1.
trans. Iberum) municipium, which the Itinerary Of n very rare second brass, ascribed to this
of Antonine places between Ctesar-Augusta and colony by Frtielich, and noticed also by Eckhel,
Calagurris. It is now called Cascante, near (Cat. i. p. 84), the reverse exhibits the word
Tndela, Spanish Navarre. The money of this CASSAl\'Dl1.: type a turreted female, holding a
city is Latin imperial, on small and middle brass, bunch of grapes, and offering something to n
rare, and limited to one reign, viz. that of seated child. On the obverse is IMP. PHILIPPS
Tiberius; whose titles and laureated bust ap flric.) and the radiated head of the elder Philip.
pear on the obverse——the reverse exhibiting CASSIA gens.—This Roman house, who-=8
mvmor cssounrvu, and the type of a bull coins exist in 37 varieties, was at first patricisn,
standing. There are four more specimens of afterwards plebeian. Ancient, consular, and sur
coins, given in Mionnet (Supplement, T. i. p. named Longinzu, this family figured eminently
74), with the portrait of 'l‘iberius on one side, in the republic. Its name of CASSIA appears to
and with mvn. cuseunrr. and a hull, on the re have been assumed from Cassia, that is ahehnvt
vcrse.—Engraved in Médailler de Christine, The original silver coins of this family are com
second brass, p. 306. See also Akerman, Coin: mon—thosc restored by Trajan are very ram
qf Hispania, p. 81. The brass are asses or parts of the as, struck by
Pliny (L. iii. c. 3) includes the Cuamnteme: the moncyers of Augustus, and by the Colonies.
among the old Latin colonists (inter populos —-Mionnet describes from Morel]. Tlzesa-u. the
Latinorum veterum) of Hispanic ulterior (north following denarius of this family :——
ern Spain). But the above cited coins give the Q. CASSIVS. A veiled head of Vesta, on the
title of m1mici]n'u-m to the town of Cascantum. side vssr.
The bull on the reverse, observes Vujllant, is Rev.—A circular temple, in which is a curulc
not intended to represent a victim sacrificed for chair; on the right is a vase, and there ison the
the health of Tiberius, as Hardonin seems to left a little tablet with the letters A. c. being the
think; but is typified there as the distinctive initials of the words absolve (I absolve); M
symbol of a municipium: bulls or oxen, referring dmmo (I condemn.)
to sacrifices, were adorned with the iqfula, or This bears reference, and is in conformity t0
the milm (see Boa, p. 133), which this is not. the Le: Tabelluria, relative to certain juidgtnfilili
CASSANDREA (Maeedoniar) ¢-olonia.-'I'his which Quiutus Cassius, an ancestor of this family.
 CASSIA.
had carried with great severity against two Vestals
charged with misconduct whilst he was tribune,
in the year of Rome 617 (a. c. 137). 'I‘he vase
is the urn destined to receive the tablets on
which one of these two letters was written.-——
See Eckhel, v. 166—sce also T.-\BI-ILL}!-J.
On another denarius of this family, the tem
ple, as in the preceding coin, appears on the re
verse; but instead of the head of Vesta, that of
Liberty (uar.ar.) is depictured on the obverse,
as a young female.
c. cassr. ma. LEIBERTAS. Head of Liberty,
with decorated hair, car-rings, and necklace.—
R!L'~.~—-LENTVLVS sruwnn. The lituus and the
przefericulum.—1\Iarked aaaa. by Riceio (p. 50)
who values it, in gold, at 30 piastres.
CASSIA. lS9
On a rare denarius of this family, the name
and military title of the same c. CASSIVS has '
for its obverse typo a tripod, with its coriimz
(or cauldron), and a little net-work placed upon
it. The reverse exhibits the lituus and przefcri
culum, with the legend LENTVLV5 SPINT. as in
the foregoing example.
These types have given rise to much imagina
tive speculation among numismatists of the
elder school, but it does not appear that they re
fer to any other subject than the initiation of C.
Cassius into some order of the Roman priesthood.
Obu.—Head of Vesta veiled; before it A, or
some isolated letter of the alphabet.
Rev.—I.0.\'snvvs mvia. A man, habited in
the toga, holding in his left hand a sceptre or
short statf, and in the right hand a tabella, or
voting billet, on which is inscribed the letter
V (as given in Morell. Tlzeaaur. Fam. Rom.
and in the following cut)-—before the man
is tlhe via-la, or basket for depositing the suffrage
tab ets.

This and several other coins were struck by

Cains Cassius Longiuus, commonly called Cas
.riu—named on coins of the Cassia, Cornelia,
and Servilia families, c. CASSI. IMP.——(‘.\SSl.
1.oxc1s.—cass1. PB. cos. (pro-consul). He was
born in what was always regarded as one of the Riceio considers the letter V on these ancient
most distinguished families of Rome; it is not coins to mean Veto, which was the word ut
said in what year. Having joined Pompey tered by the tribune of the pleba, in opposition
against Caesar, he fought under the orders of to some law proposed by the nobles, or by the
the former at the battle of Pharsalia, in the Senate, against the plebs, to prevent its taking
year of Rome 706 (B. c. 48).—-See a notice of effect. Lucius Cassius obtained this political
his further career below. ' privilege for the people of Rome, and in comme
The lituus and sacrificial vase on the reverse moration of the event, his descendants struck the
of this denarius, refer to the augural priesthood present coin, which exhibits the tribune about
of Lentulus Spinter, who, after the murder of to deposit the tabella of inhibition.—Cavedoni,
the Dictator, openly declared himself a partizan on the other hand, is of opinion, that the said
of the conspirators; and when Brutus and Cas type has reference to the lea: Iabularia, whereby
sius took the field, he joined them, and in their " the power and weight of votes was strengthen
name coined money, with the efligy nnd legend ed.” He regards the letter V as the initial of
of Liberty, as is seen by the denarius above V010, which formal word stood for the rogations,
engraved. By the augural insignia on silver 1:eliti.rjubeatz'.s- Quirilea, or at least of Uti, Royce
coins of Augustus, in which the name of Leu being nndertood. Or else it may refer to an
tnlus appears, it is also evident, not only that other law, viz. “the Lex Cassia, which confirmed
he escaped death after the civil conflict at Phi the sutfrages of the people on judicial questions.”
lippi, but that he was alive B.C. 2'7, when This Cassius Longinus is unknown. The coins
Octavian assumed the name of exclusive dis are contemporaneous with the last years of the
tinction and hon0ur.—See Dictionary of G. free republic. Eckhel, looking to the head of
an/I R. Biog. and llI_yt/iol. by Dr. Smith, ii. 731. Vesta on the obverse of this dcnarius, is dis
On a silver coin of this family, we see on one posed to assign its mintage to the Quintus Cas
side the bare head of a young man with long sius already mentioned; but the style of the
hair, and behind it a sceptre. On the other side coin brings it to moneyers of a different age.
an eagle standing on a. thunderbolt, between the c. CASSI inn. Female head laureated.—
lituus and the prazfericuliun, with legend of Q. R1.-v.—M. SERVILIYS LEG. The aplnstrum.—
cassrvs. In gold Rana. valued by Riccio at 20 piastres.
In opposition to far-fetched and less pro Same legend and type as the preceding.
bable opinions of the earlier antiquaries, Eckhel Rev.—1n. SERVILIVS LEG. A crab, which holds
points to the Jceplrum, the fulmen, and the the nplustrum in its claws; below it are a flower
aquila, as unquestionable and exclusive attri and a diadern.
butes of Jupiter; and shows other good reasons These and various other coins relate to Cnius
for concluding that this coin of Quintus Cassius Cassius, the chief conspirator against, and fore
was struck in honour of the young Jove.-—v. most in the murder of, Julius Caesar 710 (a. c.
p. 16?. 44). He received the title of Imperator after
l90 CASTOR. CASTRA.
the defeat of the Rhodians, friends of the trium horse, it has been deemed preferable to select
'virs, when he was but just returned with his for illustration of the subject the reverse of a
forces to Sardis. in combhntion with Brutus, brass medallion struck under M. Aurelius.
he levied a formidable army, and equipped a fine _ 0|§v.—A‘v'RELlVS carzsan avo. rn. PIL. Bare
fleet; but although he was conqueror by sea, head of Marcus Aureli_us.
the triumvirs totally defeated him by land ; and Rev.-—[rn. ro'r._1 vim. cos. 11. Castor, with
Cassius slew himself, or was killed by his own the ehlamys thrown back from the front, stands
freedman 712 (11.0. 42); notwithstanding the resting his right hand on the neck of his horse,
wing: of the army, which Brutus commanded at and holding a spear transversely in his left:
Philippi, had gained possession of the enemy’s The preceding cut is copied from an engraving
camp. published by n celebrated continental antiquary
The head of Liberty indicates that Cassius and and connoisseur, who states the original to have
the rest of the conspirators, had, from the been in the possession of Onorato Caetano, an
time of the assassination, dated the accession of Italian nobleman, and it is shewn to represent
liberty to the people of Rome. Castor in an attitude perfectly similar to that ex
The aplnstrum, that'winged-like ornament of hibited on a remarkably tine bar reliqf, preserved
a ship's stern, is the cognizance, or mark of the in the Capitol, at Rome.—See dlonumcns du
people of Rhodes, and, placed on this denarins, Musée C/ziaramonli, par P. A. Visconti, Milan
it alludes to the overthrow of the maritime power edition, 8vo. 1822, and compare TAB. a i. with
of that island by Cassius. ran. ix. a p. 84 et seq.
CASTOR, the son of Tyndarus, king of Vaillant (in Nam. Impp. Rom. Pmistant, '1'.
Laconia, or, according to fable, of Jupiter by iii. p. 136) was the first to notice this grand and
Leda, and twin brother of Pollux.——See Dioscuri. interesting coin; but he has inaccurately dc
CASTOR.—A male figure, half naked, stands seribed it.
holding a horse by a bridle, or halter, with his The head of Castor, with a star over it, ap
right hand, and in his left a spear. pears on denarii of the Sanquinia and Valeria
This legend and type appear on silver, and families. _
first and second brass, coins of Gcta, struck in C-AS'l‘RA.—A camp or entrenchment, iii
commemoration of the Circensiau games, cele which an army lodged.—-From whomsoever they
brated under S6V0rUS.—CAS'1‘0Il is a novel device learnt, or pcrfeetionatcd themselves in, thcart
in the imperial mint, though of very ancient of fortification, the Romans constructed their
date on Consular coins. On those in question camp in a square form; and at each face tliiire
the type alludes to the Princrps Jlwentatis, who, was a gate, so that there were only four, and
like Castor, presided over the equestrian sports each had a particular name. As soon as the
called Trojle, to which reference is elsewhere army arrived on the ground where the camp hail
made. That the exercise of horsemnnship was been marked out, the soldiers began by niaking
peculiar to Castor, as pugilism was to Pollux, an cntrenchmcnt; this precaution was invari
is accredited by no less early an authority than ably taken to guard ugtinst surprise. The 611'
that of Homer, who in the hymn to the Dioscuri, trenchment consisted of a fosse or ditch of liiifi
v. 3, says, “ Castor, the /lor-re tamer,” and feet wide and three deep, from which tile)’
more clearly in the Ody-r.re_1/, book xi. v. 298 threw up the earth on the side of the camp, "1
“ Both Castor the tamer of steeds, and Pollux order to form a kind of rampart, which they
expert with his fists.” covered with turf, and planted with palisfldw.
All the other poets have ascribed to Castor when the intention was to remain but anight
the characteristic of skilful cquitation.——Theo or two, which they called n lodgcment. But if
critus, In’;/I, xxvii. p. 138, thus expresses him they contemplated a longer stay, they dug 3
self: “Theo, Castor, I will sing, son of Tyndarus, ditch of about twelve feet in width and propiii"
an adroit rider of horses, and most dexterous in tionably deep, behind which n rampart W85
handling: the lance."-—llorace (ii. SAT. i. v. 26) raised, made of earth, with faseincs, and covered
says: Castor gaudct cquis, &c. with turf, flanked with towers at regular inter
As Gcta’s coin of cnsron presents but an vals of eighty feet distance from each otliflt
unclassieal and diminutive group of man and and accompanied with parapets, furnished Willi
loop-holes, in the same way as the walls of ii
town. This was called crrstra slzufica, or ii
pitched camp. Thence came the distinction of
eastra /tybemzz, or winter quarters, and estzwv
summer camps. Thence also the BXPIBSSIOII5
primis ens-Iris, secundi; cmrtria, to signify llifi
first or second day’s march, which was under
stood of camps formed for the night; 0i_‘_°i
summer camps, which were much less fofililfi-l
than those of winter, which were for residence
Aud as the conformation, dimensions, and 1n
terior
ways the
arrangements
same, so the
of soldiers
a summer knew
camp,
at WEN
oneeiii
what part their tent was to be pitched, Wliirii
was done under the inspection of the tribune!
 CASTRA. CELSA . 191
But, although the rules for forming the Ro DENTIAE AVG. Also see vurrvs aunrrvn of
man claim were such, doubtless, as we learn Diocletian; vrcronun SARMATICAE of Va].
from ancient writers, yet from examination of Maximianus, &c.——For the first representation
the remains of several which are yet traced, it of the pretorian gate on a coin see urmzn. ax
is proved, that the regular system of fortification CEPT. of Claudius.
was often departed from, and that the encamp CASTROR, or CASTRORUM Jllaf/=r.—~
monts were adapted to the localities. Faustino, the wife of M. Aurelius, and -lulin
For notices and details, full and particular, at Domna, wife of S. Severus, are thus called on
once curious and instructive, of all that relates to some rare specimens of their respective coins.—
this interesting military subject, see Du (lhoul, See MATER CASTROBVM.
Diacours .rur la Caatramelation, dc: Ro CATO, surname of the Porcia gens.
mains.——Sce also alearned and scientific illus CELEST.—-See Venus.
tration of the same subject, in the Dictionary
CELSA (Tnrraconensis) colonizz, no\v called
qf Greek and Roman Antiquities, edited by W. XELS.-\. It was a city of the Illergetes, whose
Smith, LL.D.
inhabitants were called Celscnses. This very
Ca-rfra Pr:/eI0ria.—Pretorian Ca1np.——This ancient place was situate ucar the Ebro. Its
was a large enclosure of buildings, which served
nnrnismatic designation is 0. or con. v. 1.
as barracks for the soldiers of the imperial guard. cuss (Colonia Viclri: Julia (.'e!saJ—'l‘he coins
It was quadrangular, fortified with walls, towers,
of this colony consist of Ccltibcriun and bilingual
and ditchcs—adorncd with a temple, baths, and
autonomes in brass; and of Latin imperial, in
fountains. “ In the conquered provinces (says
first, second, and third brass, of Augustus,
Millin, Dictiamuzire rlea Beau: Arm), the Ro
Agrippa, and Tiberius. Its name of Julia
mans were accustomed to have considerable indicates the founder to have been Julius Cmsar,
bodies of troops; and the garrisons which were in honour of whose victories, it probably (says
stationed in towns of importance, occupied build Vaillant), received the additional appellation of
ings called cartrum. Rome contained within its
Virlrir. Of those struck under Augustus one
walls many edifices of this kind, the recollection
(engraved in the Mézlaillcs lie Christine) bears
of which is still preserved by their existing re on its obverse the bare head of that emperor,
mains.” The Emperor Tiberius was, it is said,
within n crown of laurel, allusive (‘\"uillunt sup
the first who at the instigation of his minister poses) to the signal successes, achieved by the
Scjanus, caused these przctorian camps to be adopted heir and successor of Julius over the
constructed.—Livy, in alluding to the permanent Oanlabri and Aslllri, who then occupied that
camps of the Romans, uses the expression
northern part of llispnnia, now called the
adf/irarc /zybermz, in allusion to the architec Asturias. The reverses of the Cclsian impcrials
tural strength and mural grandeur of these exhibit for the most part n bull standing, the
stations.
usual sign of 11 Romano-Spanish colony, and arc
The noble remains at Richborough, Reculver,
inscribed, according to custom, with the names
and Lymne, in Kent, also at Burgh, near Great
of the Duuluviri, who caused them to be struck.
Yarmouth, are fine examples of the caslra pm»
-—Therc is, however, a reverse of Agrippu, with
Ioria or /ryberua. These frequently assumed
trophy and bucklcrs, and a Tiberius with the
the appearance of fortiticd towns; and a con
simpulum, securis, aspcrgillum, and upcx.—Mr.
siderable space outside the walls was often
Akcrman, in his Cains qf (lilies, &c. has given
covered with houses. an engraving of one of the autonomes, with a
hclmcd horseman bearing u palm branch, (pl. ix.
No. 3.)
CEN. or CENS.—Cen.r0r, as is frequently
read in tho imperial titles of Vcspasinn, Titus,
and Domitian. In the case of Yespasian we sec
this censorship joined with his third and fourth
consnlship, viz. mr. cars. vssmsmu AVG. P.
Accordingly we sec on various coins of the M. P. P. cos. 111. cr:1~:s(on)—cos. 11:1. onus.
lower empire (as on the above engraving from ' CENS. P. or PER. also PERP. also PER
a denarius of Constantius I.) the pretorinn camp PE"l‘.—(7en.sor Pm-prtuu.v.—lt appears that Do
typified as a castle with towers, and embattled mitian wns the first emperor on whose coins the
curtain walls, before the gate of which, generally perpetual assumption of the Cmaarial power is
(though often the figures are wanting) stand a recorded. This unprecedented title he took 841
group of soldiers, two on each side of a. tripod, (A. .n 87).-—Vespusian and Titus were indeed
sacrificing. Uensorea of the Roman People, but not decreed
The rrulra pnzloria is frequently represented to be Ccnsorcs I’z>rpetui.—c1-INS. P. P. P. Cen
on small brass coins of Constantinus Magnus sor Pcrpel:/as Pater Palrim, is another numis
and his family; and the resemblance of its nar mat-ic title of Domitinn.——ci:Ns. P01‘. Censorid
row gateway to a postcrn entrance, which Mr. 1’0Ic.1-tale. This likewise appears on the coins
Roach Smith discovered at Lymnc, is shewn in of Domitian, in every metal, nppendcd to the
p. 245] of his book on the Antiquities of that record of his lOth consulate; whereas the power
plar_-c.—For types of thc Porfa cr:.r!1-orzmz see itself was given to Augustus himself for five
Constantine the Great, with reverse of ruovi- K years only.
192 CENSORES. CENSORES.
CENSORES. Censors (ii ce1z.reneIa).—'l‘hese ducing the obverse, gives as the reverse of a
magistrates, two in number, were created in gold coin of Claudius, a type which, if it could
the year of Rome 311 (13.0. 443), when the be received as genuine, would in arcmarkablc
consuls, distracted by continual wars, were manner serve to attest the censorship of the
unable to attend to the census, or number Emperor Claudius, for it represents him seated
ing of the people. Their election was popular, on a curule chair, and before him is a male
and they had two principal functions. The figure standing, who holds a horse by the bridle
first consisted of registering the citizens and with the legend censoa. It is this perhaps
their property. The second was to take which in the T/aesaur. Ilfarell. has been engraved
care of the public buildings, for whose eon and inserted amongst the mintages of Claudius.
struction and repair they made terms with the Eckhel (vi. 242) more than suspects this device
contractors; also to levy taxes for the service to have beeujorgcd, especially after the account,
of the republic. Besides which it was their which Suetonius and Tacitus respectively giro,
peculiar province to censure and punish evil and of things appertaining to the censorship, as,
indecent manners, such as the law took no cog after many years, restored by Claudius. These
nizance of—by degrading the oflendcrs, if sena were connected with the inspection and passing
tors and knights; and by disfrauchising them, over of horsemen (ad equitum prohationem et
if common citizens. These magistrates had transvectiouem), which was one of the functions
moreover other duties to perform, such as to of the censorship. The Roman equilea, on
order the distribution of water to the inhabit some occasions, had their horses taken away
ants of the city according to their necessities; from them by the Ccnsors, or were compelled
to superintend the repairs of the public streets to sell them.—For an elucidation of this power,
and highways; and to keep luxury within cer as originally exercised by the Ccusors of ancient
tain bounds.—Scc Pitiscus, Lexicon Ant. Rom. Rome, see Spanheim and Le Beau.—-See also
A Censor is typified in his long robe of oflice, Adams, Rom. Anliq.
standing with vase in one hand and lustral But, although the numismatic testimony to
branch in the other, on a coin of the Postumia Claudius’s assumption of the Censorship may
gens, struck to commemorate the fact that Pos present itself in too questionable a shape to be
tumius Albinus and Camillus, were the first implicitly accepted; yet the fact of his having
elected Censors of Romc.—Sce Jlarell. Tltesaur. associated Lucius Vitellius with himself, in the
But the most important function exercised dur same dignity, is illustrated by three rare, and
ing the republican form of government at Rome, admittedly genuine coins, struck by order of the
by the Censor, was that of causing the cavalry Emperor \"itellins, son of the above-mentioned
to pass in review before him, every year. Lucius, whom they bring before us, as Consul for
Allusive to this ceremony, there is a denarius the third time, and (kvzsor; the latter the highest
which, with the reverse legend P. cnassvs 11.11. ofiicc to which a private individual among the
exhibits the figure of a soldier, standing with Romans could attain ; and such as not only con
face to the front, clothed in the military sagum; ferred distinction on himself, but also exercised
he holds with the right hand his horse by the an important influence on the fortunes of his son
bridle, and a spear in the left; on the ground Aldus, as regarded his ambitious aspirations for
are a shield and a cuirass. sovereignty.-—-See biographical notice of (L)
'l‘hc most correct as well vlrl-:1.|.l\-"s.
as the earliest interpretation Their metals, legends, and types, are as fol
csays Riceio, p. 124) given lows :—
to the reverse of this silver 1. Rev.—1..vrrs1.r.rvs cos. Ill. censor.
(oin, is that it represents Hend of Lucius Vitcllius laureated, and before
a Roman knight, furnished it a consular eaglc.—Obn.—A. vrrrznmvs osnx.
with all the equipments of mr. ave. Tn. P. Head of Vitcllius, thc cm
war (un cavaliere Romano, pcror.——In gold and silver.
fornito di tutti gli aruesi di guerm), in full pre On the reverse of this coin (engraved in
paration to be passed under the inspection of Akcrman, Desrript. Cat. i. pl. v. No. 5, p. 177)
the Censor.—Sce Liciuia gens. appears the head of the above-named Lucius
The emperors at first abstained from taking Vitellius, and what may appear an unusual
the name of Censor. To Julius Caesar, indeed, occurrence, in the instance of a private indi
as he was Dictator Perpefuiu, this honour was vidual, it is laureatcd after the manner of the
(as Dion informs us) decreed by the Senate, to emperors. (See Eckhel’s Treatise on the Head
gether, among others, with that of Pnefectua dresses of the Aziguati). Before the head ii
Morum. Augustus declined from policy the placed a sccptre, surmounted by an eagle, tht
preferred dignity of Perpetual Censor, but ac badge of Consular authority.
cepted it virtually under the name of Cenwria 2. Rev.-—z..vlr1~:u.1vs cos. III. csssoa L
Potesla-r, as the censorship was the summit of Vitellius, togated, sitting in a cnrule chair,
all honours. The ancient usage of investing with his right hand extended, and in his left I
two individuals of consular rank with this ofiice consular eagle——in the place of a foot-stool, the
was abolished under succeeding emperors, who prow of a vessel. Gold and silver.—Engm'ed ll!
either exercised its authority themselves, or de Morel]. T/wszm. Imp. TOM. ii. TAB. 2, No. 2.
legated it to others. On this coin, Lucius Vitellius is sitting in the
Spanheim (Pr. 1‘. ii. p. 101), without pro dress of a Censor. As regards that portion of
 CENSORES. CENSORES. 193
a ship, on which the feet of the figure rest, and opinion not much at variance with that of thosv
respecting which preceding commentators have writers, who consider this coin to belong to L.
given no explanation, Eckhel says, “My con Vitellius, the broflwr of Aulus Vitellius, the
jecture is, that it alludes to the roalra, in front
emperor; for he too, Schlegel says, was Censor.
of which the Senate erected a statue to this But, upon whose authority does he make this
Lucius; and probably that statue represented | assertion ? And, even if we admit that he held
him, in the samc garb, as does the figure in the that ofllce, is it also ascertained that he was
coin above described”—vi. p. 313. twice Censor, which, according to these writers,
the coin testifies ? Whatever may be the fact,
thus much is certain, that L. Vitellius was
Censor only in conjundion will: Claudius ; but
the latter, on the marbles given by Gruter and
Muratori, is called, indeed, Censor, yet with
no figures added to shew that the office was held
a second time; and, consequently, it is far from
probable, that L. Vitellius could ever be described
as Censor ll. If, therefore, this numeral really
occurs on the eoin, some method must be dis
covered of explaining it with a semblance of
‘ probability.-—'l‘acitus (dnnal. xi. 25), expressly
states, that Claudius closed the Iuatrum in the
ycar U. c. 801 (A. D. 48). And yet the same
3. Rea.-.—L. vrnznuvs cnnsoa II. (Lucius author shortly before (ch. 13), and Dion (lx.
Vitellius Censor Ilm-um). On the exergne s. c. 29), infonn us that Claudius held the ofiice of
-—The Jlayister Moi-um is seen, on a curule Censor in the year preceding, viz. 800 (A.D.
chair, placed on a tribunal, in the exercise of ‘ 47).And it is to this year that Pliny also
his otfiee. Opposite him is another sedenti refers the censorship of Claudius. Since, then,
figure holding a roll in his hands. Before him, all these writers agree in the statement that
standing below, are three Romans, one of whom Claudius discharged the otfice of Censor in
otfers his hand to the Censor; the whole are 800, and as Tacitus expressly records the closing
togated. of the luslrum in the year following, we must
In thus describing a specimen of this first conclude that this censorship commenced in the
brass in his own collection, Capt. Smyth (p. year of Rome 800, but was either interrupted, or
53) observes, “This was struck to flatter the negligently discharged, and, resumed in earnest
Emperor Vitellius, by recording the honours to 1 the year following, was closed with the solem
which his father was advanced. Suetonius in nity above alluded to.—Suctonins appears to in
forms us of Lncius having been three times timate the same explanation, when, mentioning
Consul, and once Censor; but the iterum which the Censorship of Claudius, he says—“ he also
is here shcwn, has never been properly accounted bore the otficc of Censor .... ..but this, too, un
for.” To shew, however, that the attempt at equally; with ineonstnncy of mind and variable
explanation has been made (whether successfully . ncss of success (“ scd hanc quoque inarqualiter,
or not the reader will judge for himself), and V vnrioque et animo et cventu." In Claud. lib. v.)
that by no las eminent a writer than the shrewd, It must therefore have been ostentation which
erudite, and searching Eckhel himself, reference induced Aulus Vitellius, the son, thus to double
has been made to a passage in the sixth volume the censorship of his father, L. Vitellius, whereas
of Dodz-ina——on Censor Vilellius; pp. Bl3—3l4. he really held the officc but once.”
It is to the following ctfect :—— It would seem from the tenour of his remarks,
"The legend of this third reverse occasions that Eckhel had not seen this remarkable first
difliculty on account of the numeral II. following brass; and was in some doubt of its existence
the word CENSOB. It should be observed, that as a genuine antique. But besides the one
this addition is not found on the coin published 1 q noted from Capt. Sm_vth’s cabinet, the above
by Patin (ed Sueton. in Vitcll. ch. 2). And - wood-cut is from a specimen in the British Mu
Spanheim also expressly testifies that such figures scum; and moreover both Mionnet and Alter
are absent on these coins (vol. ii. p. 475.) But ‘ man fully recognise its authenticity, in their
among more recent writers, it is added by Vail respective descriptions of Roman Imperial Coins.
lant (Num. Pra2st.), Pedrusi, Morel, Mezza After the time of Vcspasian and his sons, the
barba, Tlmzpali, and Pembroke, (part iii. ran., title of Censor is not found in the imperial
! series. The Ceuaoria Polestaa, however, con
12.) If it be true that this mark exists on these
coins, it was the duty of those who published Y tinued in the hands of the emperors. Thus,
them, to assign the reason for its addition. Valerianus, whilst as yet a private citizen, had
Schlegel is the only one of those who briefly that otfice delegated to him by Trajanus Decius.
adverts to it. “ Here the second Censorship of , Theodosius the Great attempted to re-establish
the same individual is brought to our notice," ‘ the Censorship, with its old functions of Magis
(in Jlore//. Imp. vol. ii. p. 236), but he omits to ‘ ter lllorum ; but the Senate were opposed to its
mention the authority, that establishes the fact , revival; and it remained tacitly merged in the
of L. Vitellius having been twice Censor. And, ‘ Augustal dignity.
moreover, in the same passage he intimates an CENSO.—CENSOR.—CENSORIN.—CEN
2C
194 CENSORINVS.—CENSL'S. CENTAURI.
SORIN\'S.—This Surname either abbreviated or as the Vulgate expresses it, “ at describerctnr
or written in full, appears on coins of the universus orbis.”—See Censor.
Marcia gens. It had originally been forbid CEN’l‘AURI.—The Centaurs were inhabitants
den, for any one to fill the oflice of Censor of Thessaly, famous for their great courage and
more than once in his life, until the year of address, in taming and training horses. The
Rome 4-88 (B. c. 266), when a law abrogating figment of the ancient poets ascribed to them a
the old restriction was carried by C. Martins monstrous origin; and Greek artists sculptured
Rutilus, whom the people wished to elect Censor them as combining, in their form, the upper
a second time, and to whom in consequence was part of the human figure, with the body and
given the surname of Censorinus. lower extremities of a horse.
On a rare first brass of the same gens, the On some coins, the eentaur is figured as
reverse has for legend c. MARC! csrvso. nous, standing alone, armed with a bow and arrow,
with tl1e type of two prows of ships, on the fur or with a statt‘ ; on others drawing the chariot
ther one of which is a small column, sur of some pagan divinity. On a dcnarius of the
mounted by a Victory, with palm branch and Aurelia gens (see p. lll), Hercules standing in a
crown. The obverse legend and type of the car is drawn at full speed by two centaurs, each
coin are NVMA romuu. ANCVS nuncr. and the of whom uplifts a branch in his right hand.
jugated heads of Nnma Pompilius, bearded and
with diadem, and of Aneus Marcius, without
beard.

This is classed with other coins, considered

to have been struck by Marcius Censorinus, The above is engraved from a fine brass me
quarter urbanue el provincialia, of the year 663 dallion ot' Antoninus Pius, in the Cabinet dz
(B. c. 9]), and a little before that time a. mone France. The subject is one of the combats
tal trinmvir. The noble family of Marcia traced of Hercules; and represents him in the act of
their descent from the two kings Numa and avcnging on the centanrs the rape of Halcyone,
Aneus; and C. Marcius Censorinus thus takes sister of Eurystheus, to whom the cents"!
occasion to perpetuate the remembrance of his Homadus had ofi'cred violence, and was in coa
ancestral greatness and antiqnity.—See Marcia sequence killed by Hercules. In this cl-15510
gens. design, the grcatA1cides has already slain one
CENSUS—the numbering, which the Cen ceutuur, who is stretched on the ground. lie
sors made of every Roman citizen, the valuation presses his knee on a second whom he is about
of his estate, together with the registering of to crush with his club, although another eentam‘
himself, his years, tribe, family, profession, comes to his assistance, armed like his cornpam°l1
wife, children, and servants. This process, with a branch of a tree. Meanwhile, Homadui
instituted by King Servius Tullius, was gone is seen carrying away Ilalcyone, Whom Herclllts
through every five years; and the interval of afterwards rescued. It is related to have bwl
time was called Lu-strum, on account of an ex at the sequel of a Bacchanalian festival, “mi
piatory sacrifice, denominated lastratio, which these horse-men, under the excitement of inton
the Ceusors performed as a purification of the cation, to which they had the character of being
people. This took place after the registration addicted, outraged hospitality, and ravished U16
was finished ; and was termed Luctrum Condere, womeu.—Diodorus Siculus describes the centauti
closing the Lustre. Snch was the order of things as having employed trunks of trees, as the"
during the existence of the republic. But, when weapons in the fight; and speaks of the ooatvfif
Augustus attained the empire, and changed the as “ worthy of the early renown of this hero
form of government, he suppressed the ancient The temple in the back-ground is meant T91’
method of collecting tributes, which had become that of Hercules Victor, built at Rome; “ifs
an instrument of avarice in the hands of Pretors indicated by an eagle in the perlimeut, which
and Pro-consuls, ruling in the provinces. For Ant-onine caused to be represented, as th0“5h
the old imposts, he substituted poll and land Hercules, for this exploit alone, had d€$¢"'¢\l
taxes; and in order to secure their equal exaction, worship and a Numis.
(7an1pc. Selecl. temple.——See D. Vaillant,
p. 25—see also llllllmr
he ordered the numerical registration of the
whole empire. It is this census of which men Gal. ]|I_1/I/1. ii. 437.
tion is made in St. Luke's Gospel, c. ii. v. l, There is a splendid brass medallion of M
" There went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, Aurelius, bearing for its type of reverse, Hfl"
that all the world should be taxed" [or enrolled], cules standing on a car, drawn by four centaufl.
 CEREALIA.
having each ditferent attributes.—Engraved in
Mionnet, Rm-etc’ des Médailler, and in Alter
man, Descfiplive (lalaloyue, vol. i.
Several coins of Gallienns exhibit a centaur
holding a how and arrow: some as the accom
panying mark of a legion, as LEG. II. PART
kicm. On other coins of the same emperor, the
same device appears in connection with the name
of Apollo. APOLLIN I CONSer-vafori AVGu.sli.
—-Erastosthcnes states, that the centaur Chiron
was numbered amongst the stars, as the con
stellation called Sagittarius, or the archer; and
according to Hyginus and Pliny, he was the first seeds. Ceres appears on a great number both
to introduce the art of healing by the use of of consular and imperial coins. The empresses
herbs. Such are the reasons assigned for select
ing the cent-aur, as in this instance, to personate
Apollo, whether that god was regarded as pre
siding over the muses, or as the tutclary of the
medical art. Why the centaur is made to hold a
globe and a rudder in his hand, remains unex
plained.——We find the bow-bearing ccntaur also
on a coin of Tetricus the younger, with the
legend SULI COi\'SERvaI0ri; for Chiron, the
Sagittarius, was the tutor of Apollo and Diana.
CERBERUS—the canine guard of the in
fernal regions, whom Hercules dragged forth
from his dread abode, and forced to see the light
of day. The three heads of this monster were
said to signify the power of Pluto over the
three elements of water, earth, and air.—A sil
ver medallion of Hadrian has the figure of Pluto,
with Cerberus at his feet. But on a small brass
of Postumus, “the dot; of bell” is represented
as conquered by Hercules. The legend of this
rare coin is HERCVLI XMMORTALI, and the type
shews the fabled son of Jupiter and Alcmene
perfonning his twelfth and last labour, the en
chainmcnt of Ccrberus.—See Revue Numisma
tique, 1‘. vii. Amrée 1844, pl. viii.
CEREALIA.—Fensts instituted in honour of in praise of his ancestral house, the moneyer
Ceres, at which the Roman matrons, holding
torches in their hands, and hurrying about by
night, represented the grief of Ceres seeking
for Proserpine, whom Pluto had carried oil‘.
Thcy were celebrated in the month of April,
and lasted eight days ; during the ceremonies of .sta1zdz'n_q, sometimes before an altar, with corn
which a rigorous silence was observed, especially ears, torch, serpent, poppies, coruucopisc, or
at the sacrifices performed in honour of the hasta, on coins of Nero, Julia Titi, Domitian,
goddess, at Eleusis, in Attica, whence the Ro
mans had borrowed the mysteries of Ceres.
Memmius, a Curulc Edile, was the first who esta
blished these feasts nt Rome—feasts which were
always accompanied with sports, as is shown by
a dcnnrius of the Memmin family, on which ap
pears Ceres with three ears of corn, and a torch
(or d.istatl'), a serpent at her feet, and the in
scription ME1\li\iIVS AEDiIi,r CEREALIA
PREIM VS FECIT. Engraved in Akerman,
ii. p. 63, pl. ii. No. 8.-—Sec Memmin gens.
CERES, daughter of Saturn and Cybcle, was
the Goddess of A_2riculture.—'l‘he abode usu
ally assigned to her by the poets was in a deli
cious district of Sicily, denominated Erma. She
was called Leyjfera, or the legislatrix, as being
the iustructress of mankind in the salutary art
of tillage, which made it needful to enforce laws
for the demarcation of fields. Ceres appears
2C2
CERES. 195
generally, on coins and other ancient monuments’
as a vigorous woman, crowned with corn ears»
and holding in her hand n bunch of poppies‘
a circumstance allusive to her arrival in Greece,
when some grains of that narcotic plant were
given to procure her the repose, which she had
not enjoyed since her daughter Proserpine had
been carried away by Plato; and because the
poppy is extremely fertile. The first fruits of
the earth were oflered to this goddess: at her
altars sheep were sacrificed, and above all the
sow, because that animal is very destructive to
are often represented under the type of that
divinity.—See p. 99 of this dictionary.
Ceres and a CaIoni.sl.—On a denarius of the
Maria gens, the obverse legend, CAPITO
XXXXIII. has for its accompanying type the
head of Ceres crowned with corn ears, and with
ear-pendents. One of the various arbitrary
mint--marks to these coins of Cnpito, being in
this instance a trident before the face of Ceres.
On the reverse we read Caius MARIuc Caii.
Filius. Senatus Cansullo. The type is a man
driving two oxen, with a goad in his hand.
It will readily be agreed by nuniisinatists,
that the head of Ceres alludes to abundance ;
and that the yoke of oxen, guided by a cultiva.
tor, indicates the planting of a. colony. Perhaps,
who struck this coin refers to some colonv esta
blished in Gaul, or elsewhere, by the famous
C. l\Iarius.—See Riccio, on the Maria gens,
p. 141.
Ceres, the symbol of fertility, is exhibit-ed
Trajan, Hadrian, &e.
Ceres appears sitting (sometimes on the vista),
with the same attributes, on coins of Vespasian,
Ncrva, Trajan, Faustina senior and junior, and
also Crispina, and Julia Scveri.-—She is also
present with Armona.
Ceres walking, with a lighted torch in each
hand, as if in the act of searching for her daugh
ter Proserpine, and hence called taed§/‘era, is
seen on dennrii of the Claudia. and Manlin fami
lies, accompanied by a. hog; or with a plough
before her, in the Vibia gens.—See the respec
tive notices of those families in this dictionary.
Ceres drawn in a biga by dragons or serpents,
sometimes winged, at others not, in which the
goddess stands with a lighted torch in each
hand, or with corn ears and poppies, appears on
denarii of the Vibia, Vipsania, and Volteia fami
lies.—Sce them mi-I Iacir.
196 CERES. CERES.
The head of Ceres, crowned with corn ears, |\ torch ; and hence, at the present day also, a torch
is also found on the family coins of those Ediles is employed in the sacred rites of Ceres].
who had the care of Annona, or distribution of And this gave rise to the expression of Lae
wheat and other amongst the people-such tantius—“ On that account, during the celebra
as Cassia, Critonia, Flaminia, Furia, Jnnia, tion of her rites, torches are carried about-.”——
Manlia, Memmia, Mussidia, &c. in which de And in memory of this practice, not only the
narii, however, Ceres does not always designate attendant, but also the other ofliciating persons,
the edileship, but occasionally seine province shook torches as they ran, as Statius tells us,
fertile in produce, to which a pretor was ap (silvar 4) :-—
pointed. (Spanheim).—See head of Ceres, adorn “ Tuqne Act:-en Ceres, cursn cni semper anhelo
ed with corn ears, on a denarius of the Fannin “ Volivnm taciti qnassmnus lsmpada Mystic :"
gens, engraved in p. 12 of this dictionary. [And thon, Actaean Ceres, in whose honour we,
CERES AVG. AVGVS. AVGVST. AV your silent priests, ever brandish the votive torch,
GVSTI, and Al/G\"STA.——-These several le as we hurry on our panting course].
gends, with the ditferent images and attributes And Fnlgentius says, the “ on this account
of the goddess above described, appear on coins a {lay qf torches was held sacred to Ceres.”
of the series from Claudius to Commodns. By what ceremonial empresses were enrolled
An interesting example of an Empress repre among the deities, we learn from the Commen
sented nnder the type of this divinity, appears taries of Panvinins on the second book of the
on a fine brass medallion of Gnleria Fnu.~tina, in Fasti ; to which account may be added, that the
the Cabinet de France, from a cast of which the emperors at length adopted the practice of ap
subjoined cut is engraved. propriating the names of other goddesses to
Faustino senior, the wife of Antoninns Pius, their deified consorts, as Prudentius thus inti
died in the third year of his reign; and by n mates (lib. i. contra Symmac/1) :-—
decree of the Senate was numbered among the
divinities. As during life she had been styled “ Adjicerc sacrum, fieret qno Livia Juno.”
on her coins czar-:s .\vovs'rs, so, after her de Notwithstanding all the leaning employed by
eease, the same monuments shew that she was the above quoted numismatist of the elder school,
worshipped under the personification of that to fortify himself in his determination to regard
goddess. On the present medal we see a minia the larger female figure, not as an image of the
ture image on a cippm, standing in a chariot goddess herself but, as an ofliciating priestess
drawn by two serpents, and holding a torch in at her altar, there really does not appear any
each hand. In the field is alargcr figure, sto sudicient reason to doubt that on this, as on
lated and veiled, also holding two lighted torches. other coins of Fanstina senior, with similar
types, struck after her death and consecration,
it was designed to apply the ordinance by virtue
of which that faithless wife could be made a
Ceres, as Livia before her had become a Juno.
CERER. FRVGIF. Cvreri 1"ru_:]§fera. (To
the fruit-bearing Ceres).—The goddess, holding
corn-ears and a torch.—On silver of S. Severus.
CERERI FRVGIF.—-The goddess seated,
holding cars of corn in the right hand, and the
lzaala pura in her 1cft.—On silver of Julia Sc
veri. See nouns.
CERERI AVG. Cereri Auguatar. (To the
august Cercs).~—The goddess seated, with her
attributes.——On a silver coin of Salonina.—-The
above type and legend occur for the first time
on this very rare coin.
Two distinct representations appear to be here CERERI REDVCI.—Silver of Julia Domna.
given of the search for Proserpine by Ceres CERES.—The goddess sitting, with the usual
viz. 1. The lighting of the torches; and 2. The attributes.—This epigraph and type appear on
higa of snakes carrying Ceres with the torches. coins of Tiberius, Faustino senior and junior,
D.Vaillant, in his commentary on this remark Lllcilla, Crispinn, Severus, and Julia Domnu.
able type, expresses an opinion that the figure CERES ANNONA AVG. or AVG\"'STA.—
of _thc veiled female, in the field of the coin, Sec ANNONA, p. 49 of this dictionary.
was intended to represent the AaBo6xos—the CERERI 1"R\-'GIFERAE.—Ccres standing.
attendant or priestess—of Ceres, who with her Silver of Pescennius Niger.— Same legend, Ceres
right hand is lighting a torch at the sacred fire seated. Silver of S. S0\’Cl'U8.—CERERl rnverr.
of the altar, whilst in her left she carries one Same type. Silver of Julia Domna.
already lighted, in preparation for the rites of CERES S. C.—A female figure seated, with
the goddess. On this subject, Ovid (Fast.-1), two corn-ears in the right hand, and a torch
thus speaks :— resting on the left arm. On first brass of Tibe
" Illic ncccndit geminas pro lampade pinns; rius. Valued by Mionnet at 150 fr.—Eug'raved
“ Hinc Cersris sacris nnne quoquc taeda datnr 1” in Morel]. Tlremur. Impp. Rom. vol. iii. TAB. v.
[There she lights two pine branches tn servo as No. 5 ; and in Dr. King's Plates.
 CERTAMEN.
CERES AVGVSTA, with similar type, on
second brass of Claudius.—Engraved in Morell.
Tlsemur. Impp. vol. iii. TAB. vi. No. 2.
_ CERES AVGVSTA. S. C.-—-Female figure
1n the stola, standing, with corn-ears and the
basta pura. On second brass of Julia ’I‘iti.—
Engmved in 23.
ran. xv. No. T/mes-aur. Morell. Impp. vol.
CER. (CERTA. CERTAM) QUINQ. ROM.
Q-Q .. _ CO. (CON.) S. C.-—A table,
on which are an urn and s
o ?.\
_a.‘i‘-.,. crown, and within (or under
neath) the table a disarm,
and two griffins: in the field
of some coins the letter S.—
S G 0lw.—m:no car:s.ave.1m>.
A laureated head.—'l‘hird brass of Nero.
(British Museum).
The fifflflmffl quinquennale was instituted at
Rome in the year u. c. 813 (a. n. 60), in re
ference to which ancient writers have made
many observatious.-Suetonius thus mentions
it :—“ He (Nero) was the first to institute at
Rome the certamrn quinguermale, after the
Greek fashion, a triple entertainment, consisting serts on I/re au!/mril_1/ of coins, was entrusted
of music, gymnastics, and cqnestrianism; to the privilege of striking money; for l\-lunatius
which he gave the appellation of ivnnoivls.”
(chap. l2).——Contests took place likewise,
as the same author states, in oratory and an
cient poetry.——Tacitus writes to the same pur
pose (Ann. xiv. 20). The motive of its esta
blishment is declared by Dion (lxi. 21) to be
“the safety and prolongation of his own reign ;”
and he adds, that Nero in this contest bore oif
the prize for harp-playing, all other competitors
being adjudged unworthy of it. That this cer
tamen was repeated after the interval of five that the types go, with singular coincidence, to
years, we have the testimony of Tacitus (Ann. bcar out this vicw of the ease.
xvi. 2, 4). It is alluded to also by Victor
Schotti, in the following notice of Gordian Ill.
-—-“And in that year of the lualrum, after cele
brating on a. grander scale and re-establishing
the certamen, which Nero introduced into Rome,
he set out on his expedition against the Per
sians."—Therc are grounds of probability for
supposing that it was continued to the age of
Constantine.—See Docl. Nam. Vet. vi. 264.
C. E. S.—'l‘hese letters on a silver coin of Gal
lienns—1uP. c. 1:. s. inscribed on a pedestal on
which Jupiter stands, are by Banduri, and also
by Bimard, the annotator of Jobert, inter
preted thns :— Cum Es-crcito Sue.
CEST.—Cestianu.r, a surname of adoption
into the tribe Plaztoria from the Cestia family.
CESTIA gcns.—This was a plebeian family.
Its coins comprise six varieties. The gold are
of the highest degree of rarity. There are two
remarkable specimens in that metal belonging
to it :-—
1. c. xoanawvs L. cnsrivs P. n. A woman’s
head, with the hair confined by a diadcm.
Rev.——s. c. Cybcle, with turreted head, in
a biga of lions, her left hand resting on the
iympanum. Gold.—;Engraved in Marell. Fam.
Rom
2.. A woman's head, covered with the slrin of
an elephant.
CESTIA. 197
Rev.—-L. CESTIVS c. nouns. en. s. 0. A
cnrule chair, on which is a helmet. Gold.
Vaillant, and some other writers of the elder
school, have ascribed these coins to Lucius Ces
tins and C. Norbanus, whilst holding the office
of Ediles, and when both were acting as Pre
tors, in 660 (B.c. 94). But Eekhel (see v.
169), and the more modern numismatists, seem
disposed to adopt in preference the opinion of
Havcrcamp, founded on the historical fact, that
Julius Caesar, in 708 (B.c. 46), meditating a
campaign against the sons of Pompey in Spain,
established, before his departure, n magistracy ex
traordinary, composed of six or eight lieuten
ants or pmfecfi, under Lepidus (as Dion re
lates, xliii. ch. 28). 'l‘o these, llavercamp as
Plancus, and Liviueius Regulus, do actually in
scribe themselves on coins PRAI-IF. vnn.; Clo
vius, simply PRAEF.; Hirtius, Cestius, Nor
bunus, and Oppius, only PR. which, accordingly,
is to be expanded into Pllzrfeclus, and not
Plizeior. Consequently, the six individuals
mentioned on the coins, will be those prafecti
alluded to by Dion, and to whose names Haver
cunip (in Ruhria gens) also adds that of L.
Rubrius Dossenus. And it must be admitted,
The head, on one coin, covered with the cle
phant's skin and proboscis, alludes to Csesar’s
African victory; whilst the head of Venus on
the other, points also indubitably to the reputed
origin of the Julia family. The srlla curulis,
says Riccio (p. 5]), denotes the power of the
Dictator himself, and not of the Ill‘6ftCtS, who
certainly usurped the fa-sacs, and chair of cnrule
oilice. (See Livincin gens). The helmet, which
Havercamp looks upon as symholising the
velour of Caesar, bears reference, as Cavedoni
thinks, to Venus, whose name of Vietr-i.r, was
given by the Dictator, as a countersign to the
soldiers. The appearance of the S. C. is 9,9.
eribed to the circumstance that these prefects of
Caesar had the power granted them of inscrib
ing their names on the coinage; “and lastly
(concludes Eckhel), Cybele indicates the games
called ]l[e_qale:i|z,” celebrated in honour of that
goddess.
C. F. (laii Filiu.r.—C. F. C. N. Caii Elim,
Caii Nep0.!.—-—C. F. Q. Caii Filiua Qu¢stor.—
C. F. Q. N. Caii Filii Quinli Nqms.
C. F. Caius Fabiu.r.—Surnamc and name.
C. F. or C. FLAV. Colonia Flavia.
C. F. L. R. M. Cuiuc Flaviua I/uoius
Rupiliua Quinta: Marciua.-—Akerman, Numis
matic Manual.
198 CIIIMASRA. CHORTIUM PRAET.
CHIM}ER.A——a mountain of Lycia, in Asia of his troops in the following terms; “ And that
Minor, the top of which abounded with lions, if no one else should follow him, he would
the sides with goats, and the bottom with scr go with only the tenth legion, of whose
pents. Thence the Greek fable of the above fidelity he had no fears, and that'that legion
named monster with a lion's head, a goat’s head should theuceforth be his pretorian cohort.”—
-...-..
A%°\ Bl] a BBC k t <1"
PTO I'll lllg Oll t r
O And in this sense Cicero (in Cafil. ii. ch. 10)
. its back, and a serpent for attributes to Catiline also a pretorian cohort,
(‘©\ itstail. Othcrsinterpret it but one composed of the merest rabble (e:
¢\\ to mean the piratical ship scarlia conflalam.) To the pretorian cohort
4 taken by Bellerophon, the of Antony there is more than one allusion
Corinthian hero, andwhich in Appian. In the year u.c. 710 (11.0. 44)
vessel had a lion at its when already meditating a civil war, hc drafted
prow, and a. dragon at its every man distinguished for personal and other
stern.‘ There are indeed qualities to form a pretorian cohort, to which
various types on coins of the Corinthians which, Cicero subsequently applied the invidious title
in memory of his victory, bear the image of of collar: regia, or 0'-irelpa Ba.<nAum.—Appia.n
the Chimzera, as well as to shew the antiquity also elsewhere states, that Octavian and Antony
of their city. Thus also that enigmatical non enrolled the soldiers, who had served their time
dcscript appears on colonial medals of Domitian, (emeritus), in the pretorian cohort.—-Octavia,
M. Aurelius, and L. Verus, struck at Corinth. in order to ingratiate herself with Antony, when
—-Sometimes the monster stands by itself; but setting out to join her husband, took with her
more frequently appea.rs as attacked by Belle “ an escort of two thousand picked men, fully
rophon, mounted on the winged horse Pegasus, accoutred as a pretorian cohort.”--(Plutarch in
with legend eon. IVL. ave. con. (Colonia Julia Am. p. 940.) '
Augusta Oorintlma), as in the above cut.—See The pretorian cohort of Antony, on the
BELLEROPHON (p. 125); also sec PEGASUS. denarius above described, has the legionary
[A superb tesselated pavement, found in eagle; but we have just seen that this cohort
France, bears this subject, wrought in the was also called a le_r/ion by Dion and Cmsar.
highest style of art]. The denarius exhibits the ancient mode of spell
CHLAMYS, a short military cloak, as worn ing the word, cnoarrvx instead of cononrinl,
by the Greeks. Amongst the Romans this was which is also employed on the marble pub
the same as the paludanzmllum. The latter was lished by Grater (p. 538 8), where Marcianns
in fact a part of the military dress of the em is called a soldier of CHOB1‘. XlI.—Aud thus,
perors, though sometimes worn by private in on coins of the legions, struck uudcr Gal
dividuals. Those who have undertaken to make lienus, we find COHH. rnasr. VI. P. vi. r.—
a distinction between the two habiliments assert The collar, with which the eagle of the cohorts is
that the paludamentum was longer and larger decorated on this denarins, has not yet been ex
than the vlzlamg,/a. The Romans made it of plained. It is quite certain that the legionary
coarse and thick woollen for the common eagles do not exhibit such an ornament.—See
soldiers, and of finer wool for the officers. Eckhel, vi. 52, et seq.—-See also AoLocv'r.
The emperors v\'orc it of purple silk, orna con. p. 6 of this dictionary.
mented with gold and precious stones. This CHORS.—Sce conons.
great cont, or pelisse, was put on over the CHORTIS SPECULATORUM.—Three mili
cuirass, and fastened with a buckle on the right tary ensigns (or, more properly speaking, spears),
shoulder, so as to leave the movement of the ornamented with crowns, and fixed in the prows
arm perfectly free; and in fighting they wrap of vessels.—On the obverse ANToniua A\"Gur
ped the left arm in the folds of the chlamys,IIIVIR. Rei P145/tat Constituend¢. A pre
employing it as a defence to that part of the torian vessel.-—Gold.—-Briti.slt Museum.
body.—See Paludamenlum.
CHORTIUM PRAETORlARUM.—A le
gionary eagle, decorated with a necklace or
collar, between two military cnsigns.—0bv.—
ANT. AVG. mvm. a. P. c. A pretorian vessel.
Gold and Silver. (Engraved in Pellerin, Jlel.
i. p. 165, plate v. No. 6.)
In reference to the pretorian cohort, Pomponius
Festus remarks, “ It was so named, from its being These legends and types appear on gold and
constantly attached to the person of the pretor. silver of the Antonia family, struck by order of
For Scipio Africanus was the first who made a Mark Antony, during his triumvirate.—On the
selection of all the bravest soldiers, with orders subject of the ancient Speculators: Eckhel gives,
never to leave his sidein action, &c.” And this in an abridged form, the result of Christian
custom was retained by the Roman commanders Schwart's industrious and admirable researches,
of armies who succeeded him. Julius Caesar (ac to the following purport -—
cording to Dion, xxxviii. § 47) made choice of “The functions of the apeculalores, and the
the tenth legion as his pretorian cohort, a fact meanings of the term, were very various. They
confirmed by himself in his commentaries (Bell. corresponded to ezplorers, called by the Greeks
Gall. i. ch. 40), whilst rebuking the cowardice ' drraxomr-rai and brosr-rat (ear and eye-witncssc.=,\.
 COHORTIS SPECULATORU“. CILICIA. 199
and their services were in requisition, not only supplies from his ships, and, in the way of spies,
for military purposes in the discovery of an to discover their approach or designs. Lest,
enemy's designs, but also in civil matters, however, these exploring vessels should betray
when they‘difi'ered in no respect from the themselves by their light colour, their sails and
dc/alorn, or informers.—Varro says: “A specu rigging are painted with Venetian blue, which
lalor is one whom we send before us, to note resembles the colour of the sea, and the wax
such particulars as we wish to ascertain.” For with which ships are usually smeared, is tinged
a similar reason, the word was applied to per with the same colour. Thc sailors also, or
sons of a curious and prying disposition. In soldiers, are attired in blue clothes, that by day,
military atfairs those also were called speculalores, as well as night, they may the more readily
who, stationed on towers or other elevated posi escape observation, when engaged in their work
tions, watchcd the movements and approaches of as spies.” According to Polybius (iii. ch. 96),
an enemy, and kept a vigilant look out ߢpeeu1a Scipio, when about to attack the Carthaginians
bantur), giving intelligence by beacon-fires. in Spain, “ sent forward two fast sailing vessels,
The Greeks termed them Kc-nisxmrai and Brow belonging to the Massilienses (people of Mar
-rnpcs, and as it was part of their business to seilles), on l/L8 look-0ut."—Plutarch informs us,
convey important information post haste, they that Cu. Pompey collected vessels of this de
were also called nnepdbponai, that is to say, scription for the civil war (in Calorie Nim. ch.
runners ovcr a certain distance in a day, as .54). “There were not less than five hundred
Livy informs us (xxxi.cl1. 24.)—Again, to use ships of war, and of Liburnian, spying (rura
the words of Festus (in Erplorare) : “ A specu o'x61ru<a—speculatori2e), and open-decked vessels,
Iator ditfcrs from an explornlor (spy) in this an immense number.” To this branch of the
respect, that the former silerztly observes the service belonged M. Staberius, who on a marble
movements of an enemy in war, whilst the latter given by Muratori is called a centurion COH0rti.:
loudly proclaims the doings of others in time of VI. SPEC\’LATorum CLAS4-is l\lISENen.ri.s.
peace.” During the imperial government, the And thus, as Antony made a selection of all
Jpeculnlores were a kind of apparitors and body the best soldiers to form his pretarian whorl,
guard; from which circlunstance Tacitus joined so it is likewise probable, that he chose from the
together the two corps of prctorian cohorts and ablcst naval soldiers (milite: clauiarii) a cohort,
speculalorea (Hist. ii. ch. 33); and Suidas ex to attend him in his maritime expeditions, and
plains Zirexovlta-rwp, by 6 Bopfnpopor (the spear perform the part of a marine prctorian cohort, as
man or body-guard.) Hence we often observe, on being calculated, from its experience in nautical
marbles, the speculatores mixed up with the pre matters, to be serviceable in the manifold perils
torian cohorts, as for example spi-zc. con. nu. PR. of a life at sea. And as both these kinds of
See also srnc. LEG. 11. Col. Antigua, i. p. 127. cohort, the pretorian and that of the specula
Sperulalores was also the name applied to those, Iarea, were held in high repute, from his hav
whose oflice it was to execute capital punish ing entrusted to their charge his own personal
ment, a famous instance of which is afforded by safety, he paid them the compliment of inscrib
Seneca (de Ini, i. ch. l6). And thus, in the iug their names on this class of his coins. The
Grzeeo-barbarian languages, the spz-cu/afor is three prows of ships, which are seen, on these
identical with carnf/‘ex, in Greek called 6 81'1p.ios, aurei, aflixed to spears, are without beaks, as we
&1rmre4>a.Afcr1'-ns, the public executioner, the find from Livy was actually the case with the
headsmnn. Of this description, unless indeed naves speculalorim (xxxvi. ch. 42.)-—Livius
he was a royal spparitor, must have been the crossed over to Delos, with eighty-one bea/ted
individual whom Mark the Evangelist relates to vessels, and many others of smaller size, either
have been sent to bchead John the Baptist; open and beukcd, or speculalorirz without
ital €v9r'ws fiirddreihas d Bamhsur o'1rs|cou)\a'.1'wpa beak:-i.”——See Daclrina, vol. v. p. 53, 54, 55.
x. -r. A. “And immediately the king sent an CHRISTI MONOGRAM A.—See Mono
executioner, &c.” (Mark, vi. 27.) The Latin gramma.
Vulgate renders it .rp1'culaf0r, as though the C. I. C. A. P. Colonia Julia Cari/Iago
word were to be derived from the spiriclizm or Auguala I’ia.—A galley with rowers. On a 3rd
javelin, which this functionary bears. But this brass of Trebonianus Gallus.—Banduri.
is incorrect, since as yet no difference of opinion CICERO.—Sec Tullia gens.
(or reading) has been found in the Codices on CIDARIS, a royal turban.—See Tiara.
the subject of the word a1'exovMt'rwpd.. CILICIA, now Caramania, or Turcomania,
That the C0/I01‘-1 Speculalorum, which this a country of Asia Minor, extending along the
denarius presents, was employed in naval affairs, Mediterranean, opposite Cyprus. It was for
is sufliciently indicated by the prows of ships. merly one of the most opulent provinces of the
These marine speculators’: exercised the same Roman republic, and is memorable as the scene
ofiice at sea, which on land was performed by of Cicero's pro-consulship.
the speculalores posted on lofty situations, as The large brass coins of Hadrian, bearing re
look-outs, and /lemeradomi, as already explained. spectively the legends ADVENTVS AVG. CILICIAE,
—Vegetius (iv. ch. 37) furnishes a remarkable and RESTITVTORI crucrss, record the visit paid
testimony on this point :—— and allude to the benefits conferred, by that em
" Exploring (or spying) boats accompany the peror on the province. Of the former (viz.
larger Liburnian vessels. Their use is ocea Adrentui Auguati Cilicia) the reverse type ex
sionally, to surprise an enemy, or to cut off _ hibits the emperor and a galeated female, who
200 CII‘IA.—CIPPUS. CIRCUS.
bears the labarum, standing with an altar be Rufus, one of the monetary triumvirs of that em
tween them, and a victim ready for sacrifice.— peror, dcdicated a coin to him with the vote from
This typifies a general rejoicing on Hadrian’s s. P. Q. B. inscribed on a eippus. In like man
safe arrival in Cilicia. From the attire and at ner we read on another coin of the ,same empe
titude of this female, it is evident that the pro ror, on a eippus, urr. cans. AVG. conn. cores.
vince was deemed warlike ; but the Cilicians Imperatori Caz-sari Auguslo Communi Cuzzsensu.
were despised by the Greeks as being prone to —See p. 108 of this dictionary.
knavery, cruelty, and mendacity—whencc the On another eippus, above which stands a hel
proverb, “ Cilix hand facile verum dicit.”— meted Mars, with spear and pararnnium, is in
Capt. Smyth, Dercr. Oat. p. 105——Sec ass'rrrv scribed s. P. Q. 11. v. P. arm. cans. Senrzlus Pa
roar CILICIAE. pulu-sque Romanua Volum Pro Reziitu Caesaris.
CIPIA gens.——The same family as Gispia, was On another, PRO SALule ET RE Dilu Al.'GuaIi.
of plebeiau rank, and figures little in history. —A third reads, nur. cans. AVG. Lvn. sssc. Im
There are four varieties, viz. :— peraiar Cmsar Augustus Ludo; Srecularcs. The
1. Obv.—M. ctr. M. P. Marmaa Oipius, Marci manncr in which all these cippi were erected by
Filius, who struck silver money with the usual Mescinius Rufus, to preserve the memory of
types of Roman denarii, viz. the winged head of events, under Augustus, is to be seen on the coins
Minerva, and the mark x behind it; on the re of that emperor, and of the Mescinia family.
verse Victory in a biga, and soars. Mint mark_ So also those cippi which commemorate the
n rudder. Secular Games are observed, not only on Augus
tus's coins, but also on those of Domitian and
of Severus. Thus an anreus of Domitian exhi
bits a eippus, with nvo. sane. rec. cos. xun.
within a laurel wreath. Silver and brass coins
of the two Philips, and Otacilia Severe, have
cilqni with inscriptions allusive to the Games
celebrated by the elder Philip, in the year of
Rome 1000 (A. 1). 248).———Scs sascvunns
2. Same legend. Head of Jupiter laureated, AVGG.
behind it S.—-Rr,'v.—ROMA on the exerguc. To CIRCLE——a radiated ornament, or sacred
the rights. Prow of a ship. A small brass symbol of distinction, to he seen on certain R0
Semis.—Engravc/d in Morel]. Tbe.mur.—Rare, man coins, as surrounding the heads of Anto
3. Same legend and type.——Rev.—aona ninus Pius, and some other emperors.-—See
above, ll. CIPI. M. 1'. below. Type simply a rud. NIMBUS.
der in the middle of the coin, which is also a CIRCUS.—This description of edifice, for the
third brass Semis. exhibition of horse, foot, and chariot racing,
4. Head of young Hercules, with lion's skin. and for other popular sports, was peculiar to
R60.-—llOMA above. 1|. CIPI. &c. below. Ship’s the Romans. lts form, like the stadion of the
rudder with its handle, in the field of the coin. Greeks, was that of a long square, one of the
“A very rare small brass guadrana, of magnificent extremities of which was rounded; the other
preservation,” says Riccio, “ in my possession.” end much less so. The principal parts of the
This Marcus Cipius was tribune of the plcbs, circus were—-—the area, or space in which the
afterwards qucstor in 691 (B.C. 63); and in sports took place; the seats for the spectatori
previous year, a monetal triinnvir. lining three sides of the area; the carcem,
The workmanship of the silver, and of the or starting posts, which formed the fourth side
small brass of this family, carry them to the of the area; a. wall called spina, from its
latest times of the republic. similitudc (says Bnonarotti) to the spine or
CIPPUS, a raised stone, on which was placed back-bone in fishes or other animals; and at
an inscription to preserve the memory of some each extremity a meta, or conical pillar, sewing
event. The eippus differed from the column, as a goal.
inasmuch as it was smaller, and of a. square The area was the space appropriated to the
form, whilst the column was round, large, and games and races. It consisted of earth rm
lofty. These cippi served_ for many purposes, dered perfectly hard, and covered with a layer
both religions and secular, sometimes marking of fine sand, to facilitate the career of the horses
a place of family sepultnrc, at others standing and cars. Hence this place also took the name
as irrmini or boundary stones. The form and of arena. The area was surrounded by a ditch
ornaments of some of these, particularly as called euripzu, which terminated at a point
represented on coins, have caused them often where the crzrmres began. At the ditfcrcnt en
to be mistaken for altars. They are placed some trances of the circus there was a bridge to cross
times alone in the field of a medal, charged with this em-zpus.
an inscription; in others they are placed ncar a The apina was a broad but not a lofty 111889
deity, who generally rests him or herself against of masonry, which commenced at a sufliciently
it. On the occasion of the civic crown having ample distance from the carceres, and finished
been voted by the Senate of Rome to be placed at a less distance from the triumphal gate. This
before the portal of Augu.stus’s palace, in comi spina, dividing nearly the whole length of till!
memoration of his services as the great pre area, served conveniently to separate those tW0
server and pacificator of the state, L. Mescinius portions of the circus in which the races
 CIRCUS. CIRCUS. 201
place, and to prevent the chariots from passing i images of Cybcle, Victory, Fortune, &c. At
from one part to the other, without turning each end of the apina were small structures, con
round the mrlre. Before the race could be won, sisting of four columns, united by an archi
it was indispcnsably requisite to have gone round trave. Ouc of these edifices supported seven
the meta seven times: such a course was called dolphins consecrated to Neptune; the other,
7lHJIl(8 sevcn eggs consecrated to Castor and Pollux.—
The area was divided longitudinally by the: These referred to the seven courses of the cha
spina, which however did not occupy the exact i riots round the mehe, and served also to shew
middle of that space, but ranged nearer the left l the number of races which had been run; for
than the right side. This right hand part of I after the completion of‘ each race, a dolphin and
the area wrm thus wider than the left, so that l an egg were taken away. Each of the two
the chariots, which at a given signal, started all ‘ metre already alluded to, stood at a distance from
at the same time from their cameras, had room = each end of the spina. That which stood nearest
enough to run abreast during the first part of the careerea was called the first; that which
the race. For the same reason, the wall of en- , stood opposite the porllu triump/udi: was called
closure on the right side of the circus did not 1 the second. Each meta consisted of three cones,
form a right line, but had an oblique direction. placed on a high pedestal, and surmounted by an
Neither was the spina parallel with the walls of ‘ egg. It was because the cars turned round
enclosure, but was so planned and laid down as the two goals, in describing dilfcrent circles,
to give more width at the commencement of that these races were latterly called ludi circen
the right side of the area, near the first mehv, , ses (sports of the circus). And how passion
than at the other extremity of the same side; 1 ately addicted the Roman people were to them,
and, in like manner, more width at the extre is sutficiently indicated by Juvenal’s allusion to
nuty of the left side, placed close to that of the pauem at circen-res (doles of bread and shows
which mention has just been made, than at that of the circus) as the only two things which they
which was situated near the starting point. thought of or desired.
The ground, appointed to be run over by the Three sides of the area were surrounded with
racing cans, was on the whole of a conicall a structure which supported the aezlilia for the
figure. spectators: these seats were placed in reced
ing rows, one above another, like those in the
theatres. This building consisted of walls, in
which there were passages or galleries, and of
porticoes on the outside. Between the walls
and the porticoes were staircases, which con
ducted to the spectators’ seats. These stair
cases abutted upon a podium or walk, raised
several feet above the level of the area. It was
there that the seats were placed for the pontilfs,
magistrates, and other distinguished pcrsonages.
This podium was separated from the area by an
iron railing, which served as a support to the
persons who were placed there, and to guard
them from wild beasts, when combats of such
ferocious animals were given in the circus.
To see the games, the emperors occupied a
[The above engraving, from a contorniate particular place in the edifice, called the pul
medal, dedicated to Trajan, is here introduced ' uinar, and from thence all that took place
for the purpose of shewing the idea of Cir throughout the whole extent of the circus was
ceasian charioteering, meant to be conveyed, completely visible. This was on the left side of
by numismatic artists, who lived in times the circus, in front of the first melrz: a place
when such sights continued to be of frequent better adapted than any other to observe the
Ocfllrreuce; when such diversions were as popu order of the course; to distinguish the fortunate
larasever; and when the buildings in which auriga who first reached the goal; and to see
they were exhibited, before countless spectators, the gymnastic, athletic, and other exercises,
still retained their uudiminished cxtensiveness, sometimes given in the area. This position was
and their undilapidated grandeur. The spina, moreover the best suited for the imperial box,
flth meta, at each extremity, and the obelisk because it enabled the competitors for victory
In its centre, are here well defined. The “start” easily to see the signal which the emperor gave
and the " coming in” are clearly marked; whilst with the mappa, or napkin, for the start.
the “ break down” of one competitor, and the From this point too, could be viewed to the
"Owning of “ the winner,” are scarcely less re greatest advantage the mélée of the chariots,
cognizable in this curious and rare antique]. and the dexterity with which the drivers rounded
The spina was, so to speak, the sanctuary of the second meta.
the circus, it was decorated with altars, statues, In the exterior walls of the circus were dif
and other consecrated objects. The middle of ferent entrances which led into thc arm. That
it was occupied not only by the grand obelisk, situated in the semi-circular portion of the en
Y-Ogether with a small temple, but likewise by closure was tcrmcd the trinmphal gate, because
ill)
~i-_..i-at -. -
202 CIRCUS MAXIMUS.
those who carried oil‘ the prizes proceeded in
state, after the sports, through that outlet.
Two other portals were situated at the spot
where the carceres began. One of these open
ings probably served as an entrance from the
city into the circus, for the pompa circensis,
that is to say, the procession which it was the
custom to make in honour of the gods, previous
to the conimencciuent of the games; and it is
equally probable that the other was used for the
exit of the same procession, after sacrifice had
been ofi'ered.-—Circusses were principally dedi
cated to the god Consus or the equestrian Nep
tune. They werc also consecrated to the Sun,
to Castor and Pollux, and to other divinities.—
See l\Iillin‘s Dz'r:liomm1're des Beau: Arts, from
which the foregoing account is abridged. See
also an article, illustrated by ground plans, in
Dr. Smith’s ]')ir.'l1'0nar_y Q/' Roman Anliquifirs.
CIRCUS MA.\'lMUS was the name of the
place which Tarquin the Ancient, after his vic
tory over the Latins, was the first to assign in
Rome, as a fixed spot, for the celebration of
those chariot races, of which the institution is
dated so far back as the age of Romulus. The
site chosen for that purpose was in the valley
Marcia, between the Aveutine and Palatine hills,
in thc llth region of the city. And in process
of years, it was known by no other name than
that of Ma.rimu.r, that is to say the Greafert,
because it was in fact built on a scale of more
grandeur and extent than the other rirci,
which were successively constructed at Rome.
ln Tarquin’s time and during the earlier ages of
the republic, the length of this circus was 437
fcct. The population of Home having consider
ably augmeutcd, Czcsar caused the Circus Maxi
mus to be enlarged, and a deep and broad fossé
to be dug quite round the area, separating it
from the seats, in order that the spectators
might no more be alfrightened by the elephants
employed in the games, as had repeatedly been
the case before; on which occasions those stu
pendous animals exerted all their strcngth to
throw down the gratings of iron with which the
area was surrounded. After the new arrange
ment, the area of the circus was edged with
three porticoes on the outside of the fossé.—
The first portico scrvcd to support the stone
seats; the second, which rose behind the first,
sustained the wooden seats; the third surrounded
the whole of the extensive edifice, not only
serving for ornament, but containing also pas
sages which led to the seats of the spectators.
\ These porticoes were so disposed, that each divi
sion ol‘ seats had their respective entrances and
outlets, with a vicw to prevent cvcry kind of
disorder which, without such architectural ar
rangements, would, necessarily have been liable
to occur from the crowd of comers and goers.
Tiberius rebuilt a part of the circus which
had been destroyed by fire. Claudius caused
marble to be used in the construction of the
mrceres, which had before been built of sand
stone; by his orders also the wooden meta! were
gilt, and he appropriated particular seats for the
senators. The Circus Maximus having been
CIRCUS MAXIMIIS.
consumed in the fatal Ncronian conflagration of
the city, it was restored either by Vcspasian
or by Domitian. In 'I‘rajan’s time the Grand
Circus had fallen into n very ruinous condition.
—'l'he population having however greatly in
creased, that emperor still further enlarged its
dimensions; and so magnificent was the scale
of his re-constructions as to establish for this
Circus a claim to be ranked amongst the fore
most of Rome’a splendid public edifices. Under
Antoninus Pius, the Circus Maximus underwent
the repairs of which it again stood in need.
Some of the succeeding emperors likewise con
tributed to its maintenance and embellishment.
But fcw relics even of its ruins at present re
main.
The numbers which the Circus Maximus was
capable of holding are computed at 150,000 by
Dionysius, 260,000 by Pliny, and 385,000 by
P. Victor; all of which are probably correct,
but have reference to different periods of its
history.
Besides the Great Circus, Rome contained
eight edifices assigned to like purposes of popu
lar entertainment.
The C'ircu.: 1lIa.rimu.r is typified on Roman
coins, in some instances with a variety of orna
ments, and with a distinction of games cele
brated, as we learn from different representa
tions, which Havercamp and other writers have
collected together.
Thus on two contorniate (not contempora
neous but still ancient) medals, bearing on their
respective obvcrses the portraits of Augustus,
with lcgcud of nlvvs A\’G\'ST\‘S rarer, exterior
views and internal decorations of the circus
plainly ofl'er themselves, exhibiting the portals
and arcades of entrance; the spinn, with an obe
lisk in the middle; and the metre at each alre
mity; and the ascending rows of seats for the
spectators.—Sce jllorrll. T/mmur. Impp. vol. iii.
TAB. 23, Nos. 12 and 16.
On a contorniate with the laurcatcd head of
Nero for its obverse type, the reverse (without
legend) exhibits the area of the Circus M nximus,
with its great centre obelisk, on one side of which
are two columns supporting an entablatnre, on
which are statues, and on the other side is a
small circular temple; the conical meta: stand
ing on lofty pedestals at each cud of the spina,
round which six qnadrigae are running at full
speed, some of them in opposite directions, u
if their chariotecrs were reckless of collision.
See Morel]. Impp. Rom. vol. iii. pl. vi. No 18.
 CIRCUS MAXIMUS. CIRCUS MAXIMUS. 203
Nerva’s coinage includes a reference to this The most remarkable grouping of figures and
subject.—See NEPTUNO CIBCENS (in the Roach = other objects, illustrative of the Judi circen-res,
Smith cabinet). appears, however, on an elegant brass medal
On s large brass of Trajan we find the Circus lion of Gordianus III. from a specimen of which
Ma.rimu.: minutely dcpictured :— in the Cabinet de France, the subjoined out has
0bv.—nu>. ones. uanvan TRAIANO. Lau been executed :
reatcd head of Trajan.——Rev.-—s. P. Q. n. orn
no. ramcrrr. s. o. 'l‘he Circus.
For an engraving of this reverse from a speci
men in the British Museum, see preceding page.
It is recorded by Dion (lxviii. § 7) that Trajan
expended large sums on the Circus Maxirnus :—
“ He inscribed on the Hippodrome, that he had
made it perfect, for the gratification of the
Roman people. For, after it had been partially
destroyed, he repaired it on a larger scale, and
with greater splendour.”—Pausanias also num
bers amongst the magnificent works of Trajan,
the Hippodrome of two stadia (t'u.rl0ngs) in
length (v. ch. 12). Dion, again, informs us,
that this Prince delighted in a variety of spec
tacles. And Pliny says, that he was devoted to Here we have a representation of various
the sports of the chase.—It was in memory of diversions going on, in the area of the great
what that emperor had done toenlarge, improve, structure in question. We see the metae, whose
and beautify so favourite a place of public resort conical terminations are surmounted by an egg
at Rome, that this interesting and valuable coin like form, symbolical of the ovum (,'a.vtori.r—
was expressly struck, by order of the Senate. Castor being patron of the de-rullorer, or horse
Nor is it to be imagined that, at a later ago, riders of the circus. A lofty obelisk (one of
so many of the medals, called eontorniati, and those brought from Egypt, and dedicated to the
on which the racing and hunting feats of the Sun) rises in the centre of the rpina; on the
Circus are represented, would have been dedi further side of which a biga and a quadriga are
cated to him, unless it had been the universal running. Still further in the distance, to the
belief of posterity, that for recreation sake, this left, are three togaied figures bearing palm
emperor indulged the people, and even personally branches, the foremost of which is holding up
took part, in diversions of this kind.—[lte his right hand. On the right is a figure in
specting Trajan’s victories (merita) in the Circus imperial habiliments, crowned by a Victory from
Maximus, Eckhel directs his readers to consult behind, and standing in a triumphal car drawn
the brief notice of Morccllus, de Stile imcrip. by six horses; whilst in the foreground a troop
p. 69.]—A fine representation of this building, of gladiators, wrestlers, and other ai/1./elm, are
corresponding with the foregoing wood-cut, ap in divers ways contesting with each other. The
pears on a brass medallion of Trajan, engraved whole number of figures crowded into the narrow
in the Numis-mata of the Imperial Museum at round of the medallion is seventeen. The re
Vienna, p. 16. verse legend of this most rare and interesting
That rare first brass of Hadrian, with the relic is P. M. TR. P. vn. cos. II. P. P.; showing
legend ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. NAT. VRB. the coin to have been struck A. D. 244, the year
P. ClRcenses CON. (see page 46), and having of the young emperor's death.
for its reverse type a figure holding a wheel, The learned Buonarotti, among other his
recumbent at the base of three obelisks, has an torical and descriptive remarks on this unique
obvious reference to the circus and chariot races. reverse, of which he has given an accurate en
On a gold eoin, of beautiful workmanship, graving, says: Gordian, who according to Ense
struck under S. Severus, cos. Ill. is a represen bius reigned six entire years, was assassinated in
tation of the Circus.—See savem mom-zra. Mesopotamia, in the spring of A. D. 24-1. Hence
A first brass of Caracalla, struck A. D. 213, the festival here represented must have been
presents a type of the Circus Maximus, exhi given in honour of the victories gained over the
biting architectural details in every material Persians in 242 and 243. These victories are
point similar to those on the above reverse of recorded by Capitolinus, who referring to the
Trajan (see an engraving of it in p. 174). This, letters of Gordian to the Senate, adds—“ His in
among other coins of that emperor, attests Seuatu lectis quadrigre clephantoram Gordiano
his extravagant devotion to the sports of the decretm aunt, utpote qui Persas vicisset, ut
circus, a passion which historians inform us triumpho Persico triumpharet.”
took possession of him at a very early age. Circumstances however occurred, not only to
According to Dion (lxxvii. § 10), he himself prevent the youthful prince from enjoying the
professed to emulate the Sun, in his chariot honours due to his military successes, but soon
driving. I-le is believed to have been the after, thro’ the wicked contrivances of the proto
builder of a Circus, the vast ruins of which still rian prefect Philip, to cause his death at a distance
exist in Rome, but with which no monetal deli from the frontiers of the empire. Meanwhile in
ucation has yet been identified. pursuance of the decree of the Senate, although
2-D2
 204 CISTOPHORL CISTOPHORI.
there was little hope of his arrival at Rome, bur of which was very considerable, and which
feasts and games were suddenly got up to treat were in use throughout all Asia, were struck for
the people with; and on this occasion of re the common welfare of the cities of that country,
joicing, the image of the emperor was conveyed whose fruitful territory and extended commerce,
on a car, being attired in imperial robes and rendered necessary the nsc of a coinage of known
adorned with ornaments, similar to those destined type, and uniform weight, which should inspire
for the celebration of a triumph, but on a scale confidence and facilitate mercantile transactions.
of loss magnificence, as is indicated in the —M. Du r\Iersan adopts Er-.khel’s opinion, think
above reverse, whcrcon is the statue of Gordian, ing with him that a coinage relating to the
drawn by six horses, not by elephants as decreed worship of Bacchus would naturally be adopted
for the Persian triumph. And, as it is certain by a country in which that pagan divinity was
that the emperor was far away at the time, and peculiarly honoured.
returned no more to Rome, so by this medallion 'l'he time when ciclqzleori were first struck
the manner is particularly shown of celebrating can hardly be determined with accuracy. Cer
games, and feasts, on the news of victories, with tain it is, however, that this kind of money was
the statues of emperors dressed in the same already known in Asia about the year of Rome
triumphal costume, in which those emperors 564 (B. c. l90.)—The number of ciatophori,
assisted in person on occasions of public sports collected in the Asiatic wars of the Romans,
celebrated, and of triumphs enjoyed. and in countries subjected to Antiochus the
Respecting the bi and the quadriga, which Great, was prodigious ; and it shews how enor
are here represen racing, Buonarotti adds, mously vast the whole aggregate quantity of the
(“ credo, per esprimcre le due sorta pin principali coinage must have been. Nevertheless cislopfiori
dc’ cocchi, ehe adopravano,") these figures shew are now amongst the number of rare coins.
the two principal kinds of chariots made use of The ordinary types of the cistophori are on
on the circensian course. 'l‘heir direction, ac the obverse a halt’-opened chest, or basket, with
cording to the statements of learned writers, and a serpent issuing from it, the whole surrounded
as we see by this medallion, was from the right by a crown of ivy and vine lcnves.—'l‘he reverse
to the left, that being the more natural move presents a quiver, near which is seen a bow,
ment. Amongst the little figures in the back surrounded by two serpents, with their tails
ground, there is one who with its uplifled hand interlaced.-——See the word SERPEXT.
would seem to be givin the signal to start, The coinage of rislop/Iori continued in the
perhaps by shewing or t rowing the napkin or principal cities of the Asiatic provinces, after
handkerchief (gettare la mappa). This function the Roman conquest. At a latcr pcriod, the
was customarily performed by the consul, pretor, names of Roman magistrates arc found on them,
emperor, or other person presiding at the games. conjointly with those of Greek magistrates;
As to the group of gladiators, wrestlers, &c., and, according to all accounts, the districts
who were wont to exercise their vocations at under the authority of these tribunals, furnished
trinmphal as well as other fétes, in the Circus each its proportion of silver for the coinage
.l1a.:imu.r, it appears from the words of a Greek of thc cislop/mri, and this was taken in pay
author, cited by Bnonarotti, that it was not until 1 incnt of the tribute exacted of them in that coin
the auriga: had finished their scvcn rounds, and by the Romans.
the victors at the chariot races had been crowned, As serving further to prove the connection
that what were regarded as a lower grade of of Roman namcs and oflicial titles under the re
combatants came forward to entertain the public, with the mintages of Asiatic cistoplzori,
populace; and then “ the higher class of spec it will not be irrelevant here to note three re
tators began to converse with each other, and to markable coins of this class—one struck by
eat sugar plums flllanyiare Ia ireygea), bccausc Appius Clodins Pulcher, pro-consul of Cilicia,
they took no pleasure in seeing contests of 699 (B. c. 55), and the two others by his suc
wrestlers and other atl:letrc.”——See OSSERVAZIONI cessor in the government of that province, M.
ISTORICHE copra alcuui Jlledaglioni, p. 226 et Tullius Cicero, the celebrated orator.
seq.—[Mionnet values this medallion at only l. 'l'he first of these has on its obverse in
300 t°r.] Intin characters ar. PVLCIIER ar. 1*. PRO-('05.
CISTOPHORI.-—Coins were thus denomin Appiua Pulc/zer Appii Filius Pro-rorwule. The
atcd, from the cislte, or mystical baskets, used rest of the legend is in Greek, showing the cit
in the worship of Bacchus, and which were toplaonu to have been coined at Laodiccn, under
always found figured upon them. In its original the magistracy of Apollonins and Zosimus. The
sense the term of cialop/lorus and ciatop/zera accompanying types arc, as usual, two serpents
were applied to him or her who, in the mysteries and cista mystica, bow, quiver, and caduceus,
of Bacchus, or of Ceres and of Proserpine, within ivy and vine leaves. (Engraved in Sc
guin, p. 82, and in .-llorcll. T/Iesaur. Claudia
carried the cirta, which enclosed the sacred ser
pent. Amongst the Grecks it was tho custom gens).—Pulcher was pro-consul in Asia about
for young girls of high rank to bear this mystic 700 (B. c. 54-) : he is mentioned by Cicero, but
chest at public festivals. The medals called only as pretor.
ciatoplrori were coined by authority in reference 2. The second has on its reverse st. c1cr.Ro
' to the feasts of Bacchus, and became the peculiar eao cos. and ars(1u:s), where it was struck,
symbol of Asia. with the same type as the preceding. On the
Eckhcl contends, that the cistophori, the mun obverse the vista and serpent, without legend.
 CISTOPHORI. CIVIBVS. 205
—Cicero here is styled pro-consul. But on the grains, paid; dc Paris, intrinsic value two livres
following (which is engraved in Seguin, p. 83, 14 sous.
and in Morel]. Fam. Rom. Tullia gens), he has See Eckhel, De Ci.stop7rori.r——sec generally
that of Imperafor, viz. :— hiillin, Diclionnaire dc: Beau: Arl.1—scc par
3. 0év.—n. rvr.1.. nn>.; the rest of the ticularly “ a memoir on coins called Cistophori,”
legend, in Greek, records it to have been struck from the pen of M. Du Mersan, prenlicr ]'}ruplu_1/e’
at Laodicea, by Labas, son of Pyrrlius. an Calwinet (lee Anliqlmr lie la Bibliuf/réque
Pev.—\\'ithout legend. Serpent gliding out Nationals, translated by the Editor of the
of the half-opened cis-fa. Numismatic Chronicle, and inserted in that
.\larcus Tullius succeeded Pulchcr as pro-con periodical, 1846.
sul of Cilicia, in 703 (B. c. 51). With regard C[TlIARA—the harp or lyre. The term is
to the title of isle. the following is what he applied to designate the harp of Apollo, to whom
states of himself ;—“ Thus named Imperator its invention is ascribed: it was furnished with
after the victory near lssus-, in the same place, seven strings, in correspondence (say mytho
where as I have often heard you say, Clitarchus logists) with the number of the planets. The
relates, that Alexander vanquished Darius.”— cit/Iara, as a symbol of Apollo, on a gold coin
Ad. Famil. lib. ii. ep. 10. of Augustus, struck by the monetary triumvir
4». There is a fourth Roman cistoplwrus, con Turpilianus, on the occasion of that empcror’s
temporaneous with and similar to the above.— having erected on Mount Palatine atemple to
lt was struck at Apamea, in Syria, and records the God of Music. (Vaillant, Pr. ii. p. 24).
Eugraved in Morel]. Fam. Rom. Petronia gens.
on its reverse, at full length, the name and title
-——See the Citbara, supported by Victory and
of P. Ll-"..\"I‘\'LVS, lMPEBATOB.—-Ellgrllvtltl in Mo
rel/. Fam. Rom. Cornelia gens. the Palatine Apollo, on n medallion of Commo
This Publius Cornelius Lentulus, surnamed dus, engraved in p. 66 of this volume.
Spinther, was a friend of Cicero's. He served CITHAROEDVS APOLLO. The lyre-strik
the ollice of consul B. c. 57, and was the pre ing Apollo.—In this character Nero is repre
decessor of Pulcher and Marcus Tullius in the sented on one of his first brass coins. “ Another
pro-consulship of Cilicin, whither he went B. C. Apollo (as Suetonius observes), habited like the
56. He was saluted Imperalor for a campaign robed statues of the god, he appears walking,
inthe Amanus; but did not obtain triumphal with the cit/mra in his left hand, and playing
honours until B. (1. 51, when Cicero was himself on it with his right.—Engravod in Dr. King's
in Ciliciu. plates.
On the reverse of one of the cialop/mri of CIVIB. ET SIGN. MILIT. A. PART. RE
Pergamos, appears the name of the Caecilia CVPER. sometimes RESTITVT. Civibur at
gens, as follows :—Q. nsrr;1.r.vs PIVS BCIPIO Si_qm'.v Militaribus d Partlii: recuperatin
lnrrn. The Roman eagle between two inter (Citizcus and military cnsigns restored by the
twined serpents. The legend betokens the son Parthians).-—A triumphal
of Pro-consul Scipio Nasica, who was adopted arch, with three portals; on
by Q. Metellus Pius, and which son was after its summit is a figure in a
wards pro-consul of Asia, about T05 (11.0. 49). > quadrign; on each side of
—See Czecilia gens, p. 151 of this dictionary. " 3" the quadriga stands a male
Next in the Roman series of vista]:/lori come _.[ " figure, the one oifering a
those struck in Asia for Mark Antony, who, ' military ensign, the other a
following the example of Mithridntes, and other legionary eagle.—Gold and
oriental princes, took the title of Baeehus.—See silver medals of Augustus, bearing this legend
p. 59 of this dictionary—scc also the Familie and type, refer to a memorable blot On the mili
Romania of Morel, and of Riccio, Antonia gens. tary reputation of the Romans, namely, the
On one of the coins of Augustus, which bears defeat of M. Crassus, in Mesopotamia, in 701
on the reverse the figures of two serpents, we (a. c. 53). See Carr/ue.——That rash and in
read ASIA svnnern. On n quiuarius of the same capable commander had, to gratify his insa
emperor, we find Victory standing on the mystical tiate avarice, brought on a war with the Par
cista, on each side of which appear two serpents, thians; but the result proved disastrous in the
and the legend ASIA RECEPTA (see p. 8‘.-).)—The extreme. It not only cost him his own worth
salne type is found on a gold coin of Vcspusian. less life, but the lives of thousands of his un
The cistophori of all ages are uniform in type, fortunate soldiers, leaving in the power of the
except those of later times, when the Romans enemy a great number of prisoners, who, with
altered the primitive type. There was, how their eagles and ensigna, remained in the hands
ever, no change but in those bearing the name , of the Parthinns . . for n space of thi"Y".l"°°
of the Roman Magistrates. years, to the indelible shame of the Republ|e.——
“ The ordinary weight of a cilrtoplionu," ac At length, however, Phraatea, King of the Par
cording to M. Du Mersau, “ is 12 grammes and thiuns, yielding to the threats of Augustus, and
two or three decigrammes, more or less. The fearing that that prince would take measures to
draehm containing four grammes and five deci- ‘ force a surrender of those captives and spoils
grammes, the cistophori must therefore be tri of war, preferred sending them back to Rome;
draehms.”—According to the Abbé Belleye, as and the emperor received them, 734 (B. c. 20),
cited by Millin, the uniform weight of these with more yoyons exultation than if he had van
medals, which are all of pure silver, is 2-L0 quished the Parthians in n pitched battle. Au
206 CIVIS. LIYIS.
gustus built in the capitol a temple which hehad unlimited power over their children: 5th’
dedicated to Mars Ultor (the Avenger), where they possessed the right of adoption, and that of
the military ensigns were consecrated. wearing the toga, which was likewise a dis
It was on this restoration of the captured tinctive mark of the Roman citizen: 6th, they
standards by the Pnrthians, that Augustus, ac were the sole heir of rt citizen, and foreigners
cording to Dion, was honoured by the Senate were excluded from all succession.
and People with an ovation, he entering the Give-1 were divided into two sorts—-old and
city on horseback, and also with a trinmphal new. The first were those who were born
arch. Moreover they paid him the homage of Roman citizens, and whose whole family enjoyed
a votive shield, in commemoration of the some the right of the city. Under the distinction of
_1]/orinmr event. There are coins in which this new, were reckoned the allies of Latin name,
buekler is represented with a legend, recording and those who owed their citizenship to the
the restitution of military ensigns.—See c. L. V. favour of the emperor. The condition of the
and BIGNIS BECEPTIS. latter was inferior to that of the former class,
CIVIBV5 SERVATIS CAESAR, COS. VII. inasmuch as they conld- not claim succession of
Bare head of Augustus.—Rew.—svovsrvs. s. c. relatives on the paternal side; a privilege which
An eagle, with wings displayed, holds in its the old citizens possessed, by virtue of a Law of
claws o crown of oak leaves, behind his wings the Twelve Tables.
are two laurel branehes.—See Eayle. At the commencement of the Roman state, the
Augustus having established the peace of the people were composed but of hm orders——the
empire abroad, and secured protection to the Patricians and the Plebcians. The first order
lives of citizens by the restoration of internal included all the nobility. But after the Grncchi,
order and peace, the Senate ordered that become tribuncs of the people, had carried the
laurels should be planted before his palace, in law which took away Lrom the Senators the
order to rccal the memory of his victories, and cognizance of certain causes, in order to give
that a crown of oak leaves should be placed in that privilege to the Knights, the latter formed
the midst, as a symbol of the preservation of a second order amongst the nobility, and thence
citizens. forth the ltoman people became divided into
CIVIS. A citizen.—~—.»\t Rome they dis t/tree orders, the last of which comprised the
tinguished by the name of citizens (Give-Q), those Burgcsscs (dlunicipesj. This third order was
who not only had their abode in the city, but itself composed of three sorts of persons; viz. of
were incorporated in n. tribe, or ward, and were those who were born free, and who were called
eligible to the oflices of the republic. The union Inyenui; of the children of freeman, called
of these three qualifications was necessary to Libertini ,- and of the freedmen themselves who
constitute citizenship in full right, plmo jure from having been slaves were set at liberty by
civer; and neither strangers who had obtained their masters: for so long as they remained slaves
residence, nor frcedmen to whom the rights of they could not be numbered among the people.
the tribes had been granted, were ranked as Still, there was to be distinguished amongst the
citizens. Every Roman citizen was one of three Roman citizens three different classes; viz. l.
orders in the state, either of the Senate, or of Those who were of the city itself, and who en
the Knights (Equestres), or of the people fplebs). joyed the following prerogatives: to be com
A person did not deprive himself of the title of prised in the census, to give their votes, to take
citizen, when his affairs required him to reside ofiice, to pay the capitation tax, to be enrolled
some time out of Rome; but he did forfeit it, in the legions, to sacrifice according to the cus
when he caused himself to be enrolled amongst tom of Rome; and those were called Quirilu,
the citizens of another town. “ Ncque enim (says Populurque Romanur.--2. The second class
Cicero), jure Quiritium, idem dnarum civitatnm were municipals, who had in common, with the
civis ease potuit." first mentioned kind, only to be included in the
During the existence of the republic, the census, to give their suffrage, to take part in
rights of Roman citizenship were accorded to public situations, to pay tribute, whilst they
no other nation—to no other people. Under were deprived of the other advantages. Finally,
Augustus, however, and his imperial successors, the third class was composed of those who pos
this restriction was more and more relaxed. sessed the Ju-r Latii, that is to say, those not
The privileges of this title, which kings t'hem natives of Rome, but, who having exercised
selves had not disdained to hold, consisted lst, some magistracy in their own country, had ac
of being incorporated in a tribe and a century, quired the right of Roman burgcsship, together
exercising the electoral franchise, and filling with that of voting, and of eligibility to public
public ollices. 2nd, in exemption from the oflice, as Pliny represents it—“ His quoque
punishment by rods, trom that of imprisonment, quibus per Latinm civitas Romans patuisset.”—
and even from that of death, at least in cases Thus Strabo remarks, that such of the inha
where sentence of condemnation was passed by bitants of Nismes, in Gaul, who had exercised
the people. The first of these punishments was the prctorship, or the edileship, became thence
reserved for slaves; the Porcian and Sempronian forward Roman citizens.—-See Pitiscus, Lericon
laws having emancipated the citizens from it: A/dig. Rom.
Brd, Roman citizens alone were enrolled in the Soldiers also who had served a long time
legions; they alone shared in the rewards dis hononrably, received a diploma admitting them
tributed among the beneficiary soldiers ; 4th, they ' to the rights of citizenship.
 CIVITAS. CIVITATIBVS ASIAE. 207
clvls as in the Augustan medal (on olvls l nations beyond that region ; and especially the
sravnos). Civic is often used for Gives, and thel principal cities throughout the whole extent of
long syllable is mostly expressed by a taller the empire. Lastly, n constitutional law, in
character. The ancients terminated nominatives stituted by the Emperor Autoninns Pius, cou
and nccusatives in is. [It was long that the fcrred that title on all freemen within the im
veneration existed towards the memory of Au perinl dominions. This municipal franchise, or
gustus, of which the indication is to be found Jus Szgfragium, was in the first instance granted
on the first brass coins of Tiberius, inscribed by the people. In course of time the emperors
mvo AVGVSPO s. P. Q. n. on CIVXS (or CIVES) rendered themselves masters of this, as of every
ssnvyros, and which display two eapricorns, other power of the state, and some of them
with a globe, sustaining an ouken crown]. made it a matter of pecuniary trafiic. There
Cirzim, or quernea coronn.——-The civic or were cities which received from the emperors a
oaken crown or wreath, was thus called, from certain portion of land, the cultivation of which
the oak leaves and acorns of which it was com assisted them in paying the taxes, in defraying
posed, and from the custom of honouring with the expenses of sacrifices, and in repairing the
it those who protected the lives of the citizens. public buildings; and when the prince had cause
-—See Corona. of displeasure against them, he took away their
ClVI\-'M.—See AMPLIATOBI CIVIVM, on a privilegcs.—Sec Pitiscus, Lexicon Antiq. Rom.
coin of Antoninus Pius, noticed in p. 43. CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVTIS. (The
CIVITAS.-—-This word, in its origin, signi
vi/2'0: of Asia re-eatablis/zerl.)—A scdcut figure,
fied, not what we call ncity, but a nation; n
laureatcd and togated, its feet resting on a foot
society of men living in the same place, go stool; in the right hand apntera; in the left
verned by the same magistrates, and under the
the /zasta ]2ura.—Obv.—TI. CAESAR mvi AVG.
power of the same laws. Thus (livilao had the r. avovsr. P. nr. TB. POT. xxrm. (Tiberius
same meaning as Res Publica. The Romans at
Caesar, Divi Augusti Filius, Augustus, Pontifex
first took the word in this sense. But after Maximus, Tribnnititc Potestatis 24-.) In the
wards it was made to designate the principal
field a large S. C.
placc, the capital of a nation, the centre of a
republic, the scat of thc laws, of the magistrates,
and of all authority, and at length it was em
ployed to signify every town—~urbs—oppidum.
Civilas also signified the same thing as Jus
Quirilium, the right of Roman citizenship.—
No one was able to acquire that right, if he
bad not previously attained the second Jua
Latii, which was very inferior to the other.—
The Jua Quirilimn necessarily implied the
J11: Civilatis, but it was not all those who
possessed the latter that enjoyed the former.
For instance, frccdmcn had the Civilas, with
out having the Jus Quir1'lium_.- they were
reckoned among the citizens, but not among the The large brass of Tiberius, on the reverse
Quiriles. From the moment they regained of which this remarkable legend appears, was
their liberty they, the former slaves, were re struck in the year of Rome 775 (A. D. 22), and re.
garded as citizens ; but they had still to ask for cords the munificeuce of this emperor, who had
the Jur Quiritimn, which, once granted, gave caused to be re-built, at his own expense, certain
them admission into the Trz'6u.r of the country, cities in Asia Minor, which in one night had
and facilitated their attainment of oflices; and been overthrown nnd ruined by nu earthquake
this right was reserved to the atfranchised Ro A. D. 17. The Senate, grateful for a benefit,
mans; for as to the foreign frecdmcn, they were thus bestowed on one of the most important
qualified for aspiring only to the right of citizen provinces of the empire, raised u statue to
ship, without any pretensions to enter into the his honour; and the coin above engraved from,
country tribes, or to hold any offices. Those serves still more lastingly to record an not of
who quittcd their native country to go and live generous humanity, hardly to be credited of so
at Reine, enjoyed all the privileges of Roman selfish, avarieions, nnd cruQa man, had not the
citizens. fact been so well authenticated as to leave no
After the city was bnmt by the Gauls, mca- ‘ doubt or difiiculty concerning it.—-On this coin,
sures were taken to induce individuals to esta equally deserving of notice as a remarkably fine
blish themselves at Rome, by securing to them, specimen of monetal workmanship, and as an
as residents, the rights of citizenship. This interesting historical monument, Eckhel (vi.
condition was indispensable for enjoying the pri 192-3) animndvcrts to the following effect :—
vileges of a Roman citizen to their fullest ex We learn from Tacitus, when treating of the
tent ; but it was accorded also, with certain re year u. c. 770 (A. 1). 17), that twelve cities of
ntrictions, to people who were not domiciliated Asia, which had suffered severely from the
at Rome, and this was called Municipium. At etfects of a violent earthquake, were rc~built by
first the Latins nlonc were allowed to partake of the munificenec of Tiberius. This liberal act is
this honour; then all Italy; afterwards some recorded by many other writers, whose ex
208 CIVITATIBVS ASIAE. CI\'l'l‘ATIBVS ASIAE.
pressions are quoted by Schlegel, in his explana Certain it is, that in the year following he
tion of this coin. flllorell. Impp. i. p. 578). allowed a temple to be dedicated to himself and
As regards the number of these cities, Pliny his mother Livia, at Smyrna; indccd, the latter
coincides with Tacitus (Plin. ii. § 86). He is represented with all the attributes of a goddess
enumerates Sardis, Magnesia under Mount on her coins.
Sipylus, Temnos, Philadelphia, ./Egea, Apollonia, This colossal statue of Tiberius appears to
the Mosteni, the Hyrcani, Hierociesarea, Myrina, have been completed and dedicated in the year
Cymen, and Tmolus. Others mention 13, 14, U. c. 775 (A. D. 21), and afterwards represented
and 15 cities, including no doubt those, which, on coins.—In Belleye, Mediobarbus, and other
having at a subsequent period suffered the like catalogues, however, mention is made of his Trib.
calamity, experienced the beneficent care of poteat. xxi. inscribed on coins of similar subject;
Tiberius; and such we find from Tacitus to have from which circumstance Eckhcl infers, that the
been the case with Ego: in Achia, and Cibyra mouuiucnt in question was dedicated two years
in Phrygia, in the year 776 (A.D. 23). Indeed, after the calamity to which it alludes.
the famous marble, dug up at Puteoli, at the Dr. Cardwcll makes this brass of Tiberius a
end of the last century, which was dedicated to subject of one of his lectures, and in his inquiry
Tiberius Caesar, exhibits fourteen female figures, respecting the cause to which it was owing that
having inscribed under them the names of the the medal, clearly intended to commemorate the
same number of Asiatic cities, identical with mnnificence of the emperor, was not minted till
those, which are enumerated by Tacitus, with five yczu-s afterwards, observes, that such inquiry
the addition of Ephesus and Cibyra. is the more necessary, “as we have another
In order to explain the type of the reverse, medal of similar inscription, which was minted
reference must be had to the account given by only two years after the disaster had occurred,
Phlegon Trallianus (dc reb. mirab. c. 13), who, and when the bounty of Tiberius was fresh in
quoting Apollonius, states, that in the time of every one's memory. Now (says the learned
Tiberius many cities of renown were overthrown Lecturer), it might be a sutlicicnt answer to
by an earthquake, and that the Emperor Tiberius observe, that some few years must necessarily
afterwards restored them at his own cost; in have elapsed before these towns could be again
consequence of which a colossal statue was dedi inhabited; and that five years, as we learn from
cated to him at Rome, in the forum, near the Tacitus, was the term actually allowed, in the
temple of Venus, with other statues near it, re cases in which the emperor granted a remission
presenting the several cities. What Phlcgon of their taxes. We may also observe that, in
thus describes, the above-mentioned marble dis addition to the cities already noticed, Ephesus
covered at Puteoli brings before our eyes, hav appears to have suffered severely in the following
ing beyond doubt been sculptured in imitation of ycur, and the continuance of the danger would
the Roman original, and dedicated at Puteoli to naturally retard the work of I‘t>Sl;0I‘$lti0l1. But
perpetuate the memory of 'l‘ibcrius's liberality. this is not all.”-—The Rev. Doctor then refers
There appears, however, to be no question, that to Phlcgon, who probably lived in the days of
the colossal figure alluded to by Phlegon, pre Hadrian, and whom Eckhel had previously
sented the sume appearance as docs Tiberius on quoted as an authority; and after referring to
the coin before us. The Pntcoliou marble does the fragment of inscribed and sculptured mar
not contribute to our information on this point, ble above alluded to, and discovered in 1693,
as only its base remains, the statue, which in all at Pozzuoli, he comes to a similar conclu
probability surmounted it, having been destroyed sion with the Author of Doctrine .-—“ Within
by the effects of timc.—Whocvcr wishes to ob two years after the great earthquake (observes
tain further particulars respecting this monu Dr. Cardwell), it appears that the Senate had
ment of Pnteoli, its form, and inscription, will determined to erect a statue to Tiberius, and
find them in the lengthy dissertation of Lauren had issued n new mintage, as a memorial of his
tins Gronovins, inserted in the 7th vol. of An bounty; that within five years after the same
tiquities, by Gronovins, and also Belleye (B. L. event, the statue was completed, and a new die
xxiv. p. 128.) was cut from whence the medal in question was
In the figure itself, as presented on the coin, minted, and that finally in the year 783 (A. n.
nothing is wanting to express the present and 30), when Tiberius had withdrawn himself from
actual deity. We see the patera, the spear, Rome, and was living in the neighbourhood of
and the footstool.' When, therefore, it is Puteoli, the inhabitants of that town erected
asserted by Tacitus and Suetonius, that Tiberius another statue, after the model exhibited at
declined divine honours, such may really have Rome; thereby expressing their sorrow for a
been the case at the commencement of his reign, calamity, for which their own volcanic country
whilst his government was not firmly established; would teach them to feel compassion, and honour
at alater period, however, he may have enter ing at the same time the emperor's repeated sets
tained loftier thoughts of his own dignity, or at of generosity. We may infer, that the seated
least, though never exacting from his subjects figure on the reverse of the medal was intended
the adoration due to a god, he may so faintly to resemble that colossal statue of Tiberius,
have opposed its tender, as to permit it; just which we have traced from the time when the
as, without positively assuming the title of Au plan of it was first adopted by the Senate, to the
gustus, he with complacency endured to hear it time when it was finally erected at Putco '."—
uttered or see it written. (Dion, lvii. § 8.) Lerture, viii. p. 195.
 CLAUDIA. CLA UDIA. 209
Capt. Smyth, after describing a specimen of the coins (comprising 43 varieties) which refer
this first brass in his own collection, says,—— to this family are the three following :—
"Tiberius, to do him justice, behaved on this, 1. 0bv.—1uAncELL|1\'vs. Male head, beard
as in other public calamities, with a generosity less, to the right. Behind it the lriquelru.
worthy of his high station—for he not only re Rev.——MABCli‘.l,l.VS. cos. QVINQ. J[llI'Ct.'/[III
mitted the taxes of the mined cities for five consul quinquiea. A figure togated and veiled,
years; but also presented them with large sums bearing a warlike trophy, as if about to mount
for re-building. A few other such deeds faintly the steps of a temple.
illume the dark picture of the tyrant’s reign-—
his liberality, as Tacitus remarks, being re
tained after he had abandoned all other virtues.
This medal countenanees the historic record of
Tiberius having been popular in the provinces,
for he declined laying new taxes on them; say
ing that a good shepherd may shear, but not flay
his flock.”
The above is amongst the Res-tiluliones, or
restored coins. That by Domitian is rarer than The head on the obverse of this dcnarius is
the one by Titus. that of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who, in his
CLARA.-—Sce mom ci..uza. fifth consulate, 506 (B. C. 208), made the con
CLARITAS AVGuati.—The brightness of the quest of Syracuse, and, it may be said, of
Emperor.—-This legend, with heads of the Sun Sicily. This Roman was the contemporary of
and the _\Ioon, and also with an upright figure Fabius lllaxiinus, and of Scipio. llc was one of
of the Sun, radiated, standing with right hand the Consular Generals who distinguished them
elevated, and globe in left hand, appears on gold selves in the second Puuic war, and had already
and third brass coins of Postumns, Diocletian, acquired a high reputation at the epoch of Han
and Val. Maximianus. CLAKITAS REIPVBLICAE nibal’s invasion. His active character and intrepid
appears on silver and third brass of Constantinns courage were conspicuouly displayed in single
jun., Constans, Licinius sen., and Crispus. combats. Even in his first consulate the qualities
The heads of the Sun and Moon indicate eternity of a daring valour made him triumph over Vir
(see p. 23). There is apparently some analogy llomarua, or Viromarus, a Gaulish chief, who,
between this Clarita: of an Emperor and the at the head of an army of his nation, had come
name of Clara Dm, or the brilliant goddess, as to the succour of his fellow-countrymen, settled
applied to lsis.—See Akerman, vol. 1, p. 256, for some centuries, in the north of Italy, and
Constantinus jun. then at war with the Romans. Virdomarus,
who had advanced towards Clastidium (a city of
CLASSICAE; of the Fleet.-—Snrname of the Liguria, between Placentia and Tortona, now
17th Legion, inscribed on a dennrius of M. An
Cliiasleza), with numerous troops, fell beneath
ton_v.——Sce LEG. xvii CLASSICAE.
the blows of the consul, who had darted forth
CLAVD. Claudius, (7laudii.—Nnno. cnavn. from the ranks to fight him.
mvr. cnavu. P.——See the mintagcs of Nero, who The portrait on this denarins is without beard,
styled himself Filiu: Claudii, by adoption, in as usual with the Romans of that period, when they
stead of using his family name of Doinitins. had attained a certain age. The triquelm (or three
CLAUDIA gens—a duplex family, i. e. of patri human legs united to each other by the hips), a
cian as well as plebeiau rank, sprung from the Sa well-known symbol of Sicily, was placed behind
bines.—Atta Clausus, the head of this house, a the head to designate its victor.—The legend
man of distinction, having been driven from Ro Marcellinua refers to the magistrate who minted
gillus by n seditious faction, came to Rome, fol the coin—one Claudius Marcellus, who, being
lowed by all his clients, to whom the republic adopted into the family of the Cornelii Lentuli,
granted the rights of citizenship. Clausus, who had taken the surname of Marcellinus, and pro
afterwards took the name of Appiu: Claudius, bably transmittcd it to his descendnnts.—On the
was admitted into the order of Patricinus and to reverse we read the name of Marccllns, as having
the rank of Senator. Afterwards, having been been five times consul. The type represents him
made consul, he left an illustrious name to his bearing to the temple of Jupiter Feretrins, the
descendants, who sustained it with honour. The rpalia opima oi Virdomarus. Jupiter was called
surnames of this family were Cenllm, Uranus, Ferelrius, because the triumpher went to his
Glieia, Marcellus, Nero, Pulclzer. The surname temple, carrying thither as a trophy the armour,
of Nero follows the prenomen of Drusus. The Pa offensive and defensive, of the general whom he
tricians formed four branches, of whom coins are ' had killed with his own hand in battle, and
extant. The most distinguished members of the which were for that reason denominated npima
Plebeian branch were surnamed Marcellus. Each (great or most honourable). To accomplish this
produced great men who rendered good service religious observance, the conqueror mvcred his
to the state. The Emperor Nero was the last head with one of the lnppcts of his toga, accord
and certainly the least worthy of its public cha ing to the rites prescribed in the Roman worship.
racti-rs. The prenomen of Ap]/iu.r was the one Romulus was the first to perform this ceremony,
which the Claudia family appropriated to itself; in consecrating the armour of Aaron, King of
whilst it repudiated that of Lucius. Amongst the Ceninians; which act was repeated only by
2E
 210 CLAUDIA. CLAVA HERCULEA .
A. Comclius Cossus, and sfierwards by M. in next page).—0n this point Borghai, cited b_v
Claudius Marcellus. Virgil thus celebrates this Riccio, says—“ Observing that this figure, al
action in his J'Ineia' .-— though holding the simpulum, is seated; a pos
Aspicc, nt insignia spoliis Marcellus opimis ture in which sacrifice was not performed, there
Ingreditur, victorque virus supereminet omnes ! appears to me ground for suspecting, rather that
llic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, it was intended, in this type, to represent a
Sistet cques; sternet Poznoa, Gallumque rebcllem; statue (che qui piuttosto, sicsi voluto etiigiare
Tertia arms patri suspendel. capta Quirino. una stalun). And supposing this to have been
Lib. vi. v. 855 et seq. the case, a reason is further afforded for recog
See great Marcellus! how, untir’d in toils, nising in this image the statue erected to Quinta
lie moves with manly grace, how rich with regal Clnudia."—-Engraved in M01-ell. Fan. Rom.
spoilsl Riccio, p. 54, classes it amongst the nuns in
He, when his country (tl|reaten'd with alarms)
Re uim his courage, and his conquering urms, gold. A fine specimen of it brought £13 at the
Sh l more than once the Punic bands affright: Thomas sale.—See VESTALIS.
Shall kill the Gaulish King in single fight: Obv.—A juvenile head laureated, with hair
Then to the capitol in triumph move, tied in a knot, and with ringlets, and ear-pen
And the third spoils shall grace Feretrian Jove. dnnts. Behind it a lyre.
Dryden’s Translation. Rev.—r. caomvs. M. r. Diana standing,
This Marcellus was the very man who shevved with a bow and quiver on her shoulders, holding
the Romans that Hannibal was not only to be rc a long lighted torch in each hand.
sistcd, as Fabius had done before him, but also
to be attacked and defeated. Indccd he beat
the Carthaginian general ncar Nola, in a daring
sortie. And after the conquest of Sicily, he
assailed him several times with varied success.
But his boldness, too often bordering on rash
ness, led him to expose himself near Venusia
(now Venosa) to a snare which the sagacity of
Hannibal had prepared for him. He fell into If the head on the obverse of this coin be that
an ambuscade of the Carthaginians, and died de of Apollo, as notwithstanding its cntircly femi
fending himself with the greatest valour. The nine appearance, is still to be inferred from the
victor nobly rendered the funeral honours due to sister of that pagan deity, represented on the
his heroic antagonist.-—Scc Eckhel, v. p. 188 reverse, the whole together may be considered
and l87—sce also Visconti, Iconographie R0 as referring to the Apollinarian games, which
mninv, T. i. p. 85, 8vo. edit. were splendidly celebrated in 715 (B. c. 39), in
2. O6v.—C. CLODIUS. C. F. (CaiusClaudius, rejoicings at Rome, for the victory gained by
son of Caius.)—Head of Flora, crowned with Vcntidius over the Parthisns, P. Clodius being
flowers, and with a corolla behind her.—Rev.— monetal triumvir 716. Riccio marks the above
VI-ISTALIS, a female seated, holding n rinipulum. in gold nuns, and values it at 80 piastres.
Gold and silver. There arc pieces of this family restored by
'l‘his dcnarius was at first ascribed to Cains Trajan. Its name appears on some of the Cir
Claudius Pulcher, edile in 656 (B. C. 98), and lopllori. The brass coins of this house were
consul in 662 (B. c. 92). But according to struck by the moneyers of Augustus.
Borghesi, with whom Cavedoni agrees, it be CLAVA Ha-rculea.--A long round club, headed
longs to Cains Claudius, a legalus of Brutus with a knob; it was one of the peculiar insignia
and lzlortcnsius, in Macedonia, 71l (B. c. 43) ; of Hercules, as that which this hero used instead
the same who caused Cains Antonius (brother of a sword, spear, or other arms, and with which
of the triumvir), to be put to death, lest he he conquered and slew monsters throughout the
should make his escape. world. On coins, this knotty club of Hercules,
The female head on the obverse recalls to sometimes upright, sometimes reversed, and at
' memory the splendid celebration of the Floralia, others in a transverse position, indicates that
or feasts in honour of the goddess Flora, by C. the worship of that deity prevailed amongst the
(‘landius Ceutho, consul in 514 (B. C. 24-0), in people, by whom the coin was struck.
collengueship with Scmpronius Tuditauus. 'l‘hc club of Hercules is seen alone on u
\\'ith regard to the reverse type, it is matter silver coin of Augustus, inscribed BALBVS PRO
of dispute nmongst numismatists, whether the PB.(AlITORE). The club erect bears reference to
figure of the vestal he meant for the daughter the origin of this Cornelius Balbus, who de
of Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 611 (B. scendcd from a family of Cadiz, in Spain, where
c. 14-3), who placed herself in front of her Hercules was worshipped with distinguished
father, and defended him when a tribune of the honours. The same massive weapon also appears
plebs would have dragged hirn out of his tri by itself, on coins of Commodus, who ordered
umphal car; or whether it was intended to re himself to be called Hercules the son of Jupiter,
present Quinta Claudia, niece of blind Appius; and to whom the coin is accordingly inscribed
that damsel, whom the Roman figment describes by its legend HERCVL. ROMANO.
to have drawn, with her girdle, through the The Clam Hercll/ea appears on the field of
Tiber into Rome, the ship which bore from Pes other coins, in the imperial series, amongst those
sinuuta, the sacred image of Cybele. (See cut of Trajan, Gordianus Pius, Maximianus. It is
 CLAUDIA. CLAUDIUS I. 211
seen in the band Qf Hercules himself, sometimes I CLAUDIUS I.—'I‘his empe ror, the sou of
the right, at others the left, or by his side, in I (Nero Claudius) Drusus the elder, and of Anto
coins of the Antia (see Restio), Emilia, Csecilia, t nia, was the younger brother of Germanic-us.
Comclia, Eppia, Poblicia, Pomponia, Vibia, 8tc., | Born at Lugduuum (Lyon), in Gaul, A. u. c.
families; and on coins of the Emperors Trajan, 1 744 (B. c. 10), on the lrnlends of August, he
Hadrian, Antonine, Aurelius, L. Verus, Com ‘ was named 'l‘m1mIus Cnsunws Dausus. (Dion,
modus, Pertinux, Albinas, Severus, Caracalla, \ Ix. § 5.) Brought up from infancy amidst the
Gets, Gordianus Pius, Aemilian, Gallienns, Pos I baueful influences of a feeble constitution, terror,
turnus, Victorians, Claud. Gothicus, Tacitus, and the society of debased preccptors, he dis
Prohus, Carus, Carinns, Numerianus, Diocle l played so extraordinary an amount of obtuseness
tiauus, Maxirnianns, Constautinus Chlorns, Va- , and stupidity, that his mother used to speak of
lerius, Severus, Galerius, Maxentius, Gal. Maxi ' him as a monster, a being only half-fashioned by
minus, Ooustantinus M. ‘ nature, and when wishing to charge any person
The Garza at the head of Hercules appears on l with seusclessness, she said he was more dull
a denarius of M. Antony, who pretended to than her son Claudius. (Suetou ch. 3.) Being
descend from the son of Alcmena; also on coins on this account neglected by Augustus himself, he
of Lepidus, Trajan, Probus, Maximianus. received no distinction except that of the Augur
The Clam and a Bow, with quiver, lion I ship, and was left as heir only among those of
skin, dtc. is seen on a coin of Gallienus. the third class, and almost as an alien to the
The Olava of Hercules, with bow and quiver, family. (Sueton, c. 4.) On the death of Au
displays itself on the well-known coin of Com gustus, he was nominated Soda/is Augaslali;
modus. The same symbols of the mouster-kill (Tacitus, Arm. i. 54) ; but, excluded by his uncle
ing hero are struck on n coin of Postumus. Tiberius from all the oflices of state which he
And the Herculean Club, with an Eagle, like solicited, he abandoned every hope of acquiring
wise exhibits itself on coins of Trajan, Maxi dignity, and surrendered himself to ease, drunken
mianns, Constantine the Great, &,c.—See HER ness, and companionship of the most degraded
cvu BOMANO. ‘ kind.
Caligula, who in the first year of his reign,
lavished honours upon all the members of his
family, alive or dead, raised his uncle Claudius
also from his obscm-ity, and in 790 (s.c. 37),
when he was himself comm! anllfevtua, appointed
him as his colleague for two months, from the
kalends of July, and designated him consul
iterum for the fourth year from that time. In
793, Caligula styled himself Jupiter Latiulis,
and gave Claudius the title of Iris priest (sneer
- dos). In spite of this, however, he was despised
by the people even under Caligula for his dul
ncss; but the low estimation in which he was
held, in the long run, proved his safeguard.
For, when almost all the males of his family
CLAUDIA, avestal virgin, who, being sus were put to death, though he had a narrow
of unchastity, cleared herself from that p escape for his own life, the mental deficiencies of
imputation in the following extraordinary Illllll- y his character stood him in great stead, and he
ncr:—The image of Cybele or Vesta, being was treated only as a laughing-stock. Caligula
brought from Phrygia to Rome in a galley, and having been slain on the 9th kalcnds of February,
it happening to stick so fast in the shallows of 794 (B-c.'4l), Claudius, terrified at the circum
the Tiber as not to be removable even by the , stance, conccalcd himself in the palace; but being
strength of a thousand men, she tied her girdle . discovered by a soldier passing that way, and rc
to the vessel, and drew it along to the city, in ‘ cognised, hc was saluted I/nperafor, and being led
triumph ovcr her calumniators l-—This story is , to the camp, he passed the night amidst the
illustrated by a brass medallion (in the French , bivonacs of the soldiers. Thc Consuls and Con
cabinet) above engraved from, struck in honour ‘ script Fathers assembled in the capitol to dc
of the elder 1"au.rtina.- of whom, though rumour lliberate on the means of re-establishing the
had spread reports unfavourable to her mstrouly l government; and, coming to no agreement among
character, yet there were not wanting Roman themselves, on the following day the S0l(ll0l‘8
flatterers to praise her as a ivondcrful pattern of ‘ took the oaths in the name of Claudius, and
correctness and modest-_v.-—Sce CYBELE. i compelled acquiescence by force of arms.
CLAUDIA, daughter of the emperor Nero, v In this manner elevated to the throne in
by Poppea, born at Antium, in the year of his 49th year, Claudius immediately received
Rome 816 (A. D. 64). She died an infant; and all the honours decreed to him, except the
third brass coins (still extant and of extreme titles of Imperalor and Palcr Patriw; but
rarity) were struck in honour of her memory, even the latter he soon aftcr permitted to be
under the style of CLAVD(l.\) avovs'r.\——mva applied to him. lle ordered Cassius Chacrea to
cnavou rum. F. On the reverse of one is DIVA be put to death, not from regret for the murder
POPPAI-IA AVG. round a temple.—Miounet. , of Caligula, but for fear of a plot against his own
2E2
212 CLAUDIUS I. CLAUDIUS I.
safety. He restored to Autiochns, Commagenc, 798 and 799 (.\.n. 45 and 46). No occur
which had been taken from him by Caligula. rence of note took place during these two years,
-2 with the exception of the vile intrigues of
Mcssalina and the frcedmcu; not to omit men
tioning the Jinx-lions which he gave respecting
the mode in which statues were to be erected.
800 (A. D. 47). He celebrated the 800th
anniversary of the building of Rome with the
exhibition of secular games, 64 years after their
celebration by Augustus. He appointed as King
over the Chcrusci, Italiens, son of Flavius, the
brother of Arminins. (Tacitus, Ann. xi. 16).
Corbulo continued to command the Roman army
in Lower Germania, and reduced the Frisii to '
submission—whilst Vespasian, with his son
He sent back to Spain Mithridates, who had Titus, harrassed the Britons.
been detained in chains by Cains; and on another 801 (A. D. 48). As Censor, having for his
Milhridates he bmtowed the Bosporus, giving colleague L. Vitellius, the father of Aulus Vitel
Polcmon a part of Cilicia. For the benefit of lius, afterwards Emperor, he removed certain
the Jewish King Agrippa, who was then at members of the Senate, and filled up their places
Rome, and whose advice he had sought on enter with others. He conferred upon the inhabitants
ing upon his reign, he enlarged the kingdom of Gallia Transalpina the privileges of Senators at
of Judma, and to his brother Herod he gave Rome, and closed the lmtrunz this year. (Re
Chalcidene. In this the first year (s. D. 4-1) of specting the date of this censorship, see cnsson
Claudius’s reign, the Gennani were defeated by 1|. p. 193, also the mint of V'l‘I‘ELLIL'S.)—-DIll'
Galba and Gabinins. ing the absence of Claudius at Ostis, his wife
In 795 (A.D. 4-2). lle defeated the Mau Messalina publicly married C. Silius at Rome.
ritanians and the Numidians in various engage Being informed of the circumstance on his re
ments. He divided Mauritania into Tingitanis tnrn, he ordered her and her paramuur to be
and Cmsariensis. He constructed the port of put to death.—('I‘ac. Ann. xi.)
Qstia at an immense cost. Furius Camillus 802 (A.D. 49). At the beginning of this
Scribonianns, the prefect of Dalmatia, excited a year, he married his grand-daughter Agrippina.
seditious movement against Claudius, which was At the entrcaty of the Parthians, he sent buck
soon put down, its instigator being slain on the Meherdates [one of the Arsacidsc, i. e. of the line
island of Issa. of the kings of Parthia], who had been de
796 (.s.n. 43). He entered upon his third tained as a hostage at Rome, to become their
consulate, under novel circumstances for an em king.—Mithi-idates of the Bosporus, making
peror, viz., as substituted flrlgferrl/Ar) in the place fresh attempts against Cotys, was taken pri
of an individual deceased.—A. Plautius, having soner to Rome. The Iturnai and Judmi, on the
been sent forward into Britain, carried on the cam death of their kings Sohemius and Agrippa,
paign there strenuously ; but a still more serious were added to the province of Syria.
disturbance arising, he was superseded by Claudius S03 (A. D. 50). Claudius adopted L. Domi
himself, who, aiming at military fame, passed tius Ahcnobarbns (afterwards the emperor Nero)
over to the seat of war. Having excellent the son of Agrippina; who herself, the same
ollieers to do the fighting part, he vanquished year, received the title of Auyusla. A colony
the Britons, was declared Imperalor over and was sent out to the town of the Ubii, her birth
over again, and after remaining in the island not place, aud to which the name of Agrippina was
more than seventeen days, he returned to the given (now Colr)_q1u).—L. Pomponius subdued
continent. During his absence a triumph had the Catti.—Caraetacus, king of Britain, after a
been decreed to him by the abject Senate, also war of nine years, was defeated and taken pri
an arch, and the prefix of Britannicus for him soner.
self and his son.—(See Britannia and Brita-1:, 804 (A.D. 51). Nero prematurely assumed
pp. 137 and 140 of this dictionary.) the toga virilia, before he completed his four
“ Whilst speaking of British afiairs it may be teenth year, and was designated consul, upon
added, that he evinced generosity of heart, when, which oflice he would enter on reaching the age
charmed with the noble boldness of the captive of twenty; a pro-consular jurisdiction without
Caraetacus, he ordered the liberation of that thewalls of Rome was decreed to him, and he
prince and his family; an act, the merit of received the title of Princepa Juvmtutis-.—Bnr
which will be immediately felt, on calling to rus was appointed prefect of the pretoriaus,
mind the horrid fate too ofien reserved for royal through the influence of Agrippina.
captives.” Capt. Smyth, p. 33.] 805 (A. 1). 52). The Clitte, a wild race of
797 (A. n. 44). Returning to Rome he cele people in Cilicia, having revolted against their
brated his triumph over the Britons. He en Roman masters, were put down. The famous
larged the patrimonial dominion of M. Julius naumaclzia, or representation of a sea-fight,
Cottius, which he held in the district of the took place in the presence of the emperor, on
Alps, called by his name (Gillian), and gave the lake Fueinus, near Rome.-—Claudius com
him the title of King. pleted, with grunt inagniticencc, two aqucducts
 CLAUDIUS I. CLAUDIUS II. 213
of the purest water, one called AQua Claudia, abilities been cultivated by an education worthy
the other the New Anio, and dedicated them.— of a sovereign; a post for which, however, he
(See aqua-nucrus, p. 69 et seq. of this dic had never seemed to be destined till he had actu
tiouary).—In the succeeding year, Nero Caesar, ally reached it.—See Eckhel, vi. p. 233 et seq.
in his sixteenth year, married Octavia, the The coins of Claudius are not numerous, yet
daughter of Claudius. for the most part easily to be procured. Gold rare.
S07 (A. D. 54). Whilst confined to his bed Silver, with certain exceptions, common. Those
by illness, Claudius was put to death, on the of the three sizes in brass also, with few ex
12-th of October, by his wife Agrippina, who, ceptions, common. Some pieces representing
through the instrumcntality of Locusts, the him with Agrippina junior, and others restored
sorcercss, administered poison to him in a dish by Titus and Trajan are very rare. On the
of mushrooms. products of his mint (as on the first brass en
Thus perished in the 63rd year of his age, graved p. 212), he is styled TI. cnsvmvs cansan
and 1-tth of his reign, the Emperor Claudius; ave. P. n.»~'ra. P. 1MP.—On some obverses ap
one raised by a remarkable turn of fortune to a pears the surname of GERMANICUS, which he
position, which he had neither expected nor took in memory of his father and brother. But
coveted. The empire thus thrust upon him he that of Britannicua, although awarded him, is
administered much less at his own discretion not assumed amongst his numismatic appella
than that of his wives and his freedmen, acting tions.
in all measures as best suited their convenience “ This emperor (says Mionnct) constantly ab
or pleasure. It was, therefore, wittily observed stained from placing on any of his coins struck
of him by Seneca, that he celebrated the month at Rome, the title of lmperator us a preuomen ;
of Saturn the whole year through; the mouth, but he used, and repeated frequently, that very
that is to say, in which slaves used to lord it title as a surname.” In two instances only of
over their masters. The most notorious among colonial coins IMP. is found prefixed to the name
these freedmen were Narcissus, Pallas prefect CLAVDIVS. “It is a peculiarity (observes Capt.
of the exchequer, Callistus master of requests, Smyth) of this reign that the tribuuitian power
Felix the eunuch, afterwards procurator of is omitted in the legcnds.”——Amongst the rarest
Judsea, Mnmstor, the actor, a prime favourite of and most remarkable reverses on this empcror’s
“cssalina, Polybius, Posides. and Harpocrus; coinage are the following :—
all of whom, in influencing the conduct of the Sinvna. ltIi:na1.L1oNs.—coM. ASIA. Temple
emperor, availed themselves less of his duluess, and two figures Wltl1lXl.—DIANA EPHESIA, with
than of his timidity, which rendered him ab portraits of Claudius and Agrippina—(valued by
surdly superstitious. Thus it was fear which Mionuet at 80 fr.)
induced him to put his signature to the deed of GOLD.—CONS'I‘AN'1‘lAE avevsrr-—(restored by
settlement, by which the marriage of his own Trajan, priced at 120 fr. by Mionnct.)—m<:
wife Messalina with Silius was ratified; and BRITAN. 'l‘riumphal arch—(40 fr.)—r>r. onu
again, n new terror caused him to order the arams. A1-ch—(48 fr.)—mvvs CI.AVDlVS-—(l'B
execution of herself and her puramonr. And stored by Trajan, 120 fr.)—mran. ancarr.
hence it arose, that all who, during his reign, Pretorian camp—(4O fr.)——Young portrait of
stood in the way of othcr's cupidity, on a hint Nero (72 fr.)—Puan'ron B.ECEPT.—~(4-8 fr.)
from his wives or frcedmen of some plot against Su.vnn.—saci-zanos DIVI. AVG\’STl—TWO
himself, were forthwith put to death.—-Of stu torches—(3O f1'.)—Claudius in a quadriga—
pidity he gave numerous specimens, especially 34 fr.)--Peace preceded by a serpcut.—Sec
in the absurd laws which he introduced during PACI. avovsrae.
his censorship, and in his habit of inviting to Fins-r Buass.—nn esauams. Trophy
dinner, in a tit of forgetfuluess, those whom the (valued by Mionnet at 60 fr.)
day befafia he had commanded to be destroyed. SECOND BR.\5S.—CONSTANTIAE avcvs'r1.—
lie had, however, plenty of cruelty in his dis Helmeted figure.
position; for no spectacle gave him more de There are no Latin coins in honour of any of
light than that of gladiators laeerated by each the wives of Claudius, except of Agrippina.
othc-r's blows, or the attacks of beasts, and to Those of Messalina are Greek and coloniu1.—
gaze upon the ugonies of their last moments. This emperor established colonies in almost all
But this passion extended itself only to gladia parts of the Roman world.
tors, and the refuse of the people. Yet this
man was a fair scholar, and was no mean writer
of history; but even in this pursuit he could not
refrain from trifling, by either introducing new
letters into the alphabet, or by reviving anti
quated ones, and thus interfering with the public
convenience. Evidence of a loftier and more \s .
energetic spirit will be recognized in his pre
scnce during the campaign in Britain; the vast CLAUDIUS II. (M. AURELIUS, surnamed
works of the port of Ostia; and the aqueducts GOTIIICUS) was horn in Illyria, on the 10th
completed by him. From these it may be con of May, A. D. 214 or 215. His family descent
cluded that he would have proved himself far was so obscure that even the name of his father
I from incapable of noble deeds, had his natural remains unknown. But indebted for distinction
214 C-LAUDIUS II. CLAUDIUS ll.
to his own talents both as a soldier and a states jected to the greatest futigues and privations.
man, he acquired the confidence of Trajanus To believe his panegyrists, he was of all the em
Dceius, by whom he was entrusted with the de perors the most beloved during his reign, and
fence of Thermopylse against the northem in the most regretted after his death. There is no
vaders of Greece.—-Valerian gave him the rank of doubt, however, that he was a prince of great
military tribune, and in A. D. 259, made him go merit, and of splendid public qualities. The
vernor of Illyricum, and general in chief of all the Senate heaped honours of every description on
provinces on the Lower Danube. The fame of his memory; a golden bucklcr (sec clipeus vo
Claudius in the wars, which the indolent Gal livus) bearing his image, was placed in the
lienus had to sustain against the nsurpers who Uuria Romano; and a golden statue, six feet
rose under his distracted reign, induced the high, was erected to him in the capitol, at
Senate to honour him with a statue. Having Rome.
been summoned to assist at the siege of Milan, This empcroris styled on coins, at first simply
where Gallienus was engaged in suppressing the IMP. CLAVDWS cansan ave. or IMP. c. M. ave.
revolt of Aureolns, it was believed, but not on CLAVDIVS avo.—Aftcr his fictory over the
any assured authority, that he gave his assent to Alemanni, and his still greater victory over the
the plot, which resulted in the assassination Goths, we read round his portrait me. c. u.
of the prince, whom he succeeded about the Ave. cnsvmvs anal. nor!-ncvs.—After his
twentieth of March, A. n. 268. The choice of death nivvs cnavmvs GOTHICVS and nivvs
the army was enthusiastically confinned by the cmvn. om‘. nrr.
Senate. Claudius fulfilled, with a character un The following are amongst the rarest and
changed, and a reputation undiminished, the ex most remarkable reverses in the coinage of
pectations and wishes of the Romans. He Claudius Gothieus.
seemed to have only one wish, that of restoring
to the republic its ancient liberty and its original
splendour. After having destroyed Aureolus,
and gained a decisive victory over a large body
of the Alemanni, on the shores of the Lego di
Garda, near Verona, he commenced the arduous
task of re-establishing order and discipline. It
was to this end that he decreed laws, which had
they been followed out and obeyed, would have GOLD.—CONCOkD EXERCI. A woman with
ensured the welfare and happiness of the empire. two ensigns; one of which she holds erect in
In A. D. 269, Claudius took the consnlship, and her right hand, and the other under her lefl
the same year marched to the encounter of a arn1—u singular feature in such a type.
more formidable enemy than had, up to that mvicrvs ave. Helmed head of Claudius.
pcriod, menaced the power of Rome. The MF.MORl.\E AETERNAE. Rome within a temple.
difl'erent tribes of barbarians, known undcr»thc The above two are valued at 300 fr. each by
general appellation of Goths, having collected u Mionnct.
fleet of more than two thousand vessels, at the PAX Exnac. Peacc. Brought £15 15s. at
mouth of the Dniester, embarked on board of it the Thomas sale.
no less, it is said, than 320,000 men, who vinrvs enavrm. Emperor on horseback,
were landed on the shores of Macedonia; and riding over prostrate figures.
thence advanced to meet Claudius, who after a Engraved in Akermau. Deter. Cat. ii. pl. 10,
terrible battle fought near Naissus, in Dnrdnnia, No. 2. A finely preserved specimen of this very
(A.D. 269), gained a great victory; 50,000 of rare aureus brought £14 10s. at the Thomas sale.
them having been slain in one day. The follow vicronla ave. A Victory standing; at her
ing year the emperor succeeded in either destroy feet are two captives; one kneels, and is raising
ing or dispersing the remainder: these achieve up his hands -, the other is seated.—[This beau
ments, gained for him the title of GOTHICUS. tiful and extra rare coin brought £27 10s. at the
He then prepared to turn his arms against Queen Thomas sale. It is now in the British Museum.
Zenobia, and the usurper Tetricus; but at that See an accurate engraving of it, prefixed to the
moment, a pestilence which the Goths had foregoing biographical notice of this emperor].
brought with them into the confines of the em Bnass MEDALLIONS.-—-ADVEN'l‘v8 ave. Em
pire, proved fatal to their conqueror. He was peror on horseback, with Victory and soldiers.
attacked by this widely spread epidemic at Sir Valued by Mionnet at 50 tr.
mium (Sirmich), in Pannonin, and died there in consncnzmo. Altar lighted.—1uns vrron.
the month of May, A.D. 270, aged 56, after a marching with trophy.—.\I.uzr! PACIF. With
reign of about two years, recommending with his olive branch.—The above three are valued by
parting breath, his general Aurelianus as the Mionnet at 40 fr. each.
worthiest candidate for the purple. This heroic CONSECRATIO. Square altar.—Valued at 60 fr.
prince is described to have had a tall and robust FIRST Baass.—1ov1 vrcroni. Jupiter stand
person, a broad countenance, and eye full of fire. ing.—60 fr.
He was dignified in his manners, calm in dis Sncozvn Basss.-—vnn-vs ave. Military
position, temperate in his habits. A foe to figure.
elfeminacy, he delighted in warlike exercises; Tuian BRASS.——DEO CABIRO. One of the
and set an example to his soldiers of a life sub Cabiri.
 CLEMEN'l‘IA. CLEMENTIA. 215
m-‘.0! ARTIS. Vulcan standing. Voillant illustrates the signification of this.
VIE. avo. Minerva and one of the Cabiri. coin, by adducing the historical fact, that Vitel
xaqvn-zs OPTDIORVM MERIT. Figure veiled lius eagerly received the surname of Germanicus
and seated. awarded to him by the army of Upper Germany.
CLAUDIUS TACl'l‘US.—-See racrrus. On the death of Otho, he spared the life of
C. L. DOM. Omar Lucius D0mzt£u.r.——See that emperor's brother Titia.nus, whom he ex
AURELIANITS. cused on the ground of fraternal piety. He
CLEMENTIAE.-—Clemency-—whom the Ro served the consulate with Marius Celsus, Otho’s
mans worshipped as a goddess, and for the most general, 822 (a.D. 69): nor did he act with
part set at naught as a virtue—had ate-mple severity either towards the persons or property
erected to her honour, as in memory of the of revolters against his govcmmcnt, which makes
mercy which Julius C8358!‘ exercised towards his Tacitus say~—“ Vitellius victor clernentiw gloriam
enemies after the victories he had gained. On tulit.”——(Pr(/esfzmi. vol. ii. p. 80).
a dennrius of the Emilia gens (engraved in CLEl\-IENTIA AUG.—(Clemcncy of the Em
Jforell. Tfiesaur. Fain. Rom.) the obverse hears peror). COS. II. also COS. III.—On silver and
i>avi.i.vs LEPIDVS ooucoan. A veiled female second brass of Albinua, who in this legend con
h&\d.——Rev.—CLl~;MENTIAE. s. c. Head of a trasts his own clemency with the cruel harsh
female in the middle of an ornamented buckler. ness of Severus, who had behaved with great
L. Pnulus is said to have given liberty, in barbarity towards such of the Senators as he
stead of servitude, to the Macedonians, whom suspected of being hostile to him, and especially
he had fought with and subdued. The memory towards those who followed the fortunes of
of this good action was handed down to pos Pcscennius Niger.—(Ecl£hcl, vii. 163).
terity, through thc durable medium of a coin, CLEMENTIA TEMP. or TEMPORI-'M.—
by a descendant of his.-—Sce Morel]. T/zeaaur. Two figures, representing Jupiter and the em
Familia, 'r. i. p. 644. Engraved in 'r. ii. TAB. peror, supporting a globe in their joined hands,
1, P.——\'alued at 40 fr. by Mionnet. or u woman standing by a column, accompany
A denarius of L. Buca, a moneyer of Julius this legend on third brass of Florianus, Tacitus,
Caesar, exhibits on its reverse the legend CLE Probus, and other Au_qu.sIi of the lower empire.
MENTIA, and the head of that goddess, with a CLEMENTIAE. To Clemency. S. O.——'l‘his
inure branch before it. dedicntory inscription occurs on a second brass
CL 1l\IEN'l‘lAE CAESARIS. A tetrastyle of Tiberius, over a shield, of which the design
temple.—On a silver coin of Julius Caesar this is evidently borrowed from the C/emmlia of the
legend and type appear. The latter represents the xEmilia family already described. The full-faced
temple of Clemency which was erected at Rome, bust in the centre is, in some specimens of this
in memory of Julius, and in honour of that vir rare coin, that of a female (perhaps personify
tue, so rare in conquerors, yet which no one cver ing Clemency); on others that of a man (pro
exercised more uobly than hc, by the concurrent bably meant for Tiberius himselt')—immedi
voice of all historic Writers, is allowed to have atcly surrounded by a laurel crown, with double
done on every occasion.—Du Chou], in his outer circle of a highly ornamented pattern.
quaint but honest style, says—“ And as from See PATEBA.
piety come pity and clemency, in which Julius
(I-sesar surpassed all other princes, I have accom
panied this medal with a sentence worthy to be
emzraved in letters of gold, taken from an an
tique marble, and which says—1\'|1m. 1-:31‘ QVOD
HAGIS DEC]-ZAT PRINCIPEM QVAM LIBERALITAS
1;-r ci.EMem"iA——that is to say, there is nothing
which more becomes n prince than clemency and
libcrnlity. And, in truth, there is nothing in
this world more graceful than mercy.”-—-See La
Religion rlrs Romaine, p. 26.—See also Tile
mur. Morell. Impp. '1‘. iii. TAB. v. No. 8.
CLEMENTIA IMP. GERMAN. Clementia The praise of clemency, admitted by all an
Imperatoris Germanici.—On coins of Vitellius cient historians to have been justly bestowed on
- (rare in gold, but not so in Julius Cmsar, was afterwards prostituted to the
silver), this legend accompa flattery of the most cruel emperors. Thus not
nies a female figure, in the only the clernenry but the moderation of Tibe
stola, seated, holding a small ' rius is celebrated on his coins; and the Roman
branch in one hand, and the Senate commanded sacrifices to be made in ac
kaata pum in the other. knowledgment of the same god-like quality in-—
On this and other impe Caligula.l—The mark of Senatorial sanction on
rial coins, the goddess is re this coin seems by implication to indicate the
presented both standing and seated, sometimes wish of that obsequious body, that the emperor
holding a branch of olive, as marking pence and should in future be merciful, which for along
gentleness, or a laurel branch, because (says time previous he had not bccn.—'l‘he above re
Jobert, citing Pliny’s authority), “ it was used verse is engraved from a. specimen, in the pos.
to cxpiate the guilt of Criminals." session of Goddard Johnson, Esq. Norwich.
216 CLEOPATRA.
CLEOPATRA, the 7th (or 8th) and last
Queen of Egypt, was born towards the end
of 685 (B. c. 69).—This celebrated woman was
the daughter of Ptolemy Auletcs, and the sis
ter and wife of Ptolemy (XII.) Dionysins
Neoterus, who was slain at the battle of
Alexandria, fighting against Julius Csesar, in
the year 797 (11.0. 47). Caesar, being ena
mourcd of Cleopatra, gave her Ptolemy XIII.
(her brother), for a husband, to cover his own
designs. But young Ptolemy was taken ofl’ by
poison, or drowned in the Nile, and Cleopatra the head of Cleopatra, bcsidc which is the prow
began to reign alone in the year 712 (B. 0. 42). of a ship, or alituus. The obverse of this re
The next year Arsiniie, sister of Cleopatra, was
assassinated by command of Mark Antony, who
had in turn become, after C:esar’s death, the
paramour of Cleopatra; and it was “for love”
of hcr that this vain ambitious Roman acted as
if he deemed “the world well lost.” Antony
having at length divorced his wife Octavia, the
sister of Augustus, a quarrel and a war ensued
between those two unscrupulous men of clash
ing iutercsts.—ln 723 (11.0. 31), Cleopatra
accompanied her lover to Actium, with a fleet
superbly equipped; and after his defeat fled to
Alexandria, where she put an end to her life in
724 (B. c. 30), by the bite of an asp, in an
unfinished Mausoleum (which had already served
for the tomb of Antony), that she might not
be led in triumph to Rome by the conqueror.
Augustus, however, determined at least to chain
he_r golden image to his car; and after his
triumph, he deposited it in the temple of Venus,
of which, according to Dion, it was a principal
ornament.
Thus died one of the most captivating but
most unpnncipled of sovereign princesses, at the
age of 39 years, of which she reigned seventeen.
With her fcll the dynasty of the Ptolemics in
Egypt, and indeed the Egyptian monarchy.
Cleopatra had a son by Julius Cmsar, Caasarion,
called Ptolemy; and three children by Mark
Antony, viz., a son called Alexander, a daughter
named after herself, who was afterwards be
trothed to Juba the younger (see IVBA sax),
and Ptolemy, surnamed Philadclphus.
“ The leading points of Cleopatra’s character
were ambition and volnptuousness. But in all
the stories of her luxury and lavish expense,
there is a splendour and a grandeur that some
what refincs them. In the days of her prosperity
her arrogance was unbounded. She was avaricious
to supply her extravagance, and cruel, or at least
had no regard for human life, when her own this folly till he came to the city of Alexandiia,
obyects were concerned. Her talents were great
and varied: hcr knowledge of different languages
was peculiarly remarkable ; and in the midst of
her most luxurious scenes, proofs are to be
traced of a love for literature and for critical re
search. She added the library of Pcrgamos to
that of Alexandria. Her ready and versatilg tertained by many numismatists, some of whom
wit; her knowledge of human nature, and power
of using it; her attractive manners, and her ex
quisitely musical and flexible voice, compared
by Plutarch to a many-stringed instrument, are
also the subject of well-attested praise. The
higher points in her character are admirably
CLEOPATRA.
touched by Horace in the Ode (i. 37), on her
defeat at Actium."—Dicti0na1y Q/‘ Greek and
Roman Biography, edited by W. Smith, LL. D.
There are coins of this Queen, both silver and
brass, with both Latin and Greek legends, exhi
biting her hcad, either alone or jugated with
that of Mark Antony. Amongst these are the
two followiug:—
CLEOPATRAE, REGXNAE neovil, lrimoavai
BEGVM.—-This legend appears on the reverse of
adenarius of M. Antony, which also exhibits
markable coin bears the head of Antony, behind
which is the Armenian tiara, and round it ll.
ANTONI. ARMENIA IIEVICTA.
Antony, having contrived to euveigle into
his power Artavasdes, king of Armenia, deposed
him and gave his crown and domiaions to the
son whom he (Antony) had by Cleopatra; to
whom, in sacrifice of all justice and true policy,
the infatuated trinmvir staniped this reverse
with her portrait, which has the appearance of
neither youth nor beauty to recommend it. He
also gave her the title of (Iteyina regain, at
filiorum regum, the word mater being under
stood) the queen of kings and the mother of the
sons of kings.—For an engraving of this coin
(not of Roman die)-——see page 81 of this dic
tionary. ,
The testimony of Dion Cassius supports the
fact, that, in a speech to the people of Alexandria,
Mark Antony commanded that Cleopatra should
be styled Queen of Kings, with right and title
to Egypt and Cyprus. It is also recorded that,
of his sons by Cleopatra, he bestowed Syria on
Ptolemy, with all the territories bordering on
the Hellespont; on Alexander Armenia, and
whatever countries he might subdue beyond the
Euphrates; and on his daughter Cleopatra the
district of Cyrene.
2. 0bv.—M. ANTONIVS inr. cos. m:sio. rraa
er rear. Heads of a man and woman side by side.
Rev.—iii. via. R. P. 0. Bacchus standing on
the cista between two serpents. Silver of Mark
Antouy.—Sec Cisloplivri, p. 204 of this volume.
After having conquered Brutus, Antony made
his entry into Ephesus, with a procession of
men, women, and children, clothed as bac
chantes and satyrs; crowned with ivy and bear
ing thyrsi. Plut-arch relates an account of
these orgia, in which Mark Antony was ho
noured as a second Bacchus.-—Antony repeated
into which he made the same kind of entry, as
Velleius Puterculus relates. Antony’s cistophori
struck in Asia, were probably coined at Ephesus,
which, added to the others, this superior mark
of adulation.
Eckhel has not pronounced on the doubt en
have attributed the female head to Octavia, and
others to Cleopatra. However, he thinks that
the latter would have been figured with a
crowned head, if it had been meant for her.
It was in 720 (B. 0. 34), that Antony united
the finest provinces of Asia and Africa to his
 C. L. CAESARES. C. L. CAESARES. 217
other conquests; and the coinage of Cleopatra account. As according to the record of the same
ermld not be associated with his own till the marble, the same course was pursued with refer
year 722, when peace was broken between the ence to his brother Lucius, nnd as he was born
triurnviri. He was named consul for the third 737 (B. C. l7), it follows that he was designated
time, in 720. The woman’s head on the cista consul A. v. c. 751 (a.c. 3), or as Cardinal
may therefore be that of Octavia , and the dia Noris fixes it, 752; and in order that on the
demed head joined to his, that of Cleopatra. same analogy he might enter upon olfice in 757
(See Dual. Num. vol. iv. p. 66, ct seq.)—-See (a.n. 4), but this was prevented by his death
also Biographical Summary of M. Antonius, occurring in the interim.
and notice of his mintages, pp. 57, 58, 59, of Principe: Juvenluti.:.—That this distinction
this Dictionary. was conferred upon them, is abundantly testified
C. L. CAESARES AVGVSTI F. by historians, coins, and marbles. In the case
COS. DESIG. PRINC. of Cains, the time is fixed by Zonnras, viz.
IVVENT. (Cain: at Lu in 749 (B. C. 5), and as he also records, that
cius (,'a>.rare.r Augusli Filii Lucius obtained the same honours in the year
Consules Desigrtali Prin following, it appears that this title was shared
cipe: Juvenlutzk). Two by him also in the year U. c. 750 (B. 0. 4).
figures veiled and togaterl, On the first coin both Caesars stand veiled and
stauding—each holds in tognted, no doubt a religious costume; above
his hand a spear, with a them, on one side, is a lituus, on the other a
buckler resting on the capmfrtncula (or ewcr) ; though the position of
ground ; above is a capeduncula and liluur. these instruments varies, according to Pedrusi
2. Rev.—C. L. CAESARES PRINC. IV\"EN (Mus. Farnese), on different coins, so that some
TV'I‘lS.—Each Caesar on present the liluue on the right, others on the left
horseback, going at aquick side. The capeduncula certainly belongs to Caius,
rate, lifts up his right for Dion tells us that he entered the priesthood
hand.—These two silver flsaaerdalimn) U. c. 748 (B. 0. 6). The pon
coins of Roman die, each tifieate of Cains is further confirmed by a coin
having a head of Augustus above quoted under his separate coinage, on
on its obverse, being, in which he is described as PONT. cos. and also by
the opinion of Eckhel, in an inscription given by Gruter (p. 234.4).
valuable, as serving to c. CAESARI. AVGVSTI. r.
illustrate the history of both Cmsars (see p. 159) PONTIPICI. cos.
he has given the following detailed account (it DESIGNATO.
were superfluous to add, accurate explanation) Pamclrr. IVVENTVTIS.
of them :-— The litumr is the appropriate symbol of Lucius,
C0nsu1e.rDesignalt'.—On this point Tacitus as being that of an augur. That he held this
says——(Annal. i. ch. 3)—“ For he had intro oflice is proved by a marble published in the
duced the sons of Agrippa, Cains and Lucius, same place by Grater :—
into the family of the Cwsnrs, before they had 1.. caasam. AVGVSTI. r.
laid aside their youthful pm*!e.rta,- and, under A v o v a I. c 0 s.
an alfectation of declining those honours, had DESIGNATO.
concealed a vehement desire that they should be PRINCIPI. IVVENTVTIS.
entitled Principe: Juvenlutis, and nominated To which may be added other marbles, dis
(desiynari) Consuls."—Again, Suetonius (in played in the same work, and exhibiting the
Aug. ch. 64)—“ And while still mere chil same titles.
dren he put them forward in ofiices of state, and Both Caesars hold the luzsta and clipeua.
as consulea deaignali sent them forth among the Each of these arms they received from the
provinces and the armies of the empire.”—'l'he Equestrian Order to which they belonged, as a
year in which they became consules de.si_qnali is gift on the occasion of being chosen Principe:
fixed by an inscribed marble found at Ancyra, Juventuli.r.—Dion informs us (Lv. § 12), that
thus—“To do mc honour, the Roman Senate “the golden bucklcrs and spears of Cains and
and people designated them (Cains and Lucius) Lucius, which they received from the equites
in their 15th year, consuls, that they might cuter on assuming the toga viri/is, were after their
upon that ofiice after a lapse of five years.”—— deaths suspended in the Senate-house.”—But
According to these words, Cains, who was born on the marble of Ancyra, which has greater
T34 (B. 0. 20), and in 74-8 (B. c. 6) would be 15 claims to credit, they are said to have been of
years of age, was then made consul dedgnatus. si/ver—“ The Roman equit-es in a body gave'
On a marble which Cardinal Noris quotes from them each the title of Princtpzs Juventulis, pre
Panvinius we read respecting the same Cains senting them at the same time with bucklers
" Whom the people created consul in his XIVth and spears of silver."-—A coin of Nero shews
year;” and consequently on this latter marble that he also was presented, as Princeps Juven
the completed years only are reckoned. And,
tutia, with a similar buckler by the equestrian
indeed, Cains did actually, as the marble of ordel'.—Sec EQVEST. oan.
Ancyrn has it, after the interval of five years, These coins were struck between the years
enter upon his consulship in the year U. c. 754 U. c. 752 and 753 (B. c. 2 and 1) not before;
(A. n. 1); the year 748 not being taken into for Augustus, who is styled on them paler
2F
218 CLIPEUS. CLIPEUS.
[ratri¢, received this app ellation for the first with the head of an elephant in it, on denarii
time in the year 752 (B. c. 2) nor laier ; for in of the Csncilia family, struck by 1|. XETl-:L
the year 754 (A.D.l) Cains was no longer consul 1.vs, Q. r. in memory of his ancestor Cinci
designatru, but actually r.-ansul. No imperial lius Metellus, who for his victory over the Car
coins have been more frequently imitated by thaginiaus, was the first to enjoy the honours
foreign moneyers (barbane qflicim m0rletario of a triumph in a chariot drawn by elephants.
rum), than these we have been describing; so But it is on account of the triumph of his grand
great is the number which has come down to father for Macedonia that the Macedonian shield
us, of most unfinished, and, indced,lndicrously bad was assumed in this coin.—-See p. 149 of this
workma.nship.—Doct. Nam. Vet. vi. 171-172. Dictionary.
Mionnet values No.1, in gold, at 135 fr.; CL. V. Olipeus Votivus. The votive shield.
and No. 2, in silver, at 50 fr. Many of these appear on the gold and silver
C. L. I. COR.—See coumrnus. mintages of Augustus. Amongst the rest the
CLIO, one of the Muses, so called from two following :——
nxeos, Gloria, because glory is derived to the 1. Rev.—cL. v. within a circular bnckicr, st
poets from their verses. /"“ each corner the initials S. P.
On s. denarius of Q,. Pomponius the laureated \ Q. R. On one side of this
head of a female appears as the obverse type. ‘, '-‘_,'»_'S/ P ‘ round huckler is a legionsry
On the reverse is the legend Q. POMPONIVS ,; pm, ‘ . l eagle, on the other a military
xvsa, and the figure of a woman standing. 1. _‘\ /B’ ;eusign. Above and below
This is supposed to represent Clio, and the lyre \,p'{E¢;,>T}"5T the shield SIGNIS RECEPTIS.
which she holds in her left band, and on which \/' —2. Rev.-—0n. clvls sna
she is in the attitude of playing, bears allusion vxros. A bnckler, on which
to her reputed invention of that musical instru is inscribed s. P. Q. 11. c. L. v. encircled by an
ment, with which she sang the praises of heroes. oakeu crown.
CLIPEUS-—a bnckler, or shield-—one of the These CLf])ei Votivi (for so the abbreviation
most ancient pieces of defensive armour. The is to be expanded), are represented in various
Romans at first made use of the round shield of ways, which may he seen in Morel, or in the
the Argaaans, which they called Clipeua. After catalogue of the Imperial Museum, p. ii. p. 86.
the anion of the Subines with the Romans, the The custom of dedicating shields is :1 very ancient
latter adopted the scutum of the Sabines, which one. Thus, Virgil (/En. v. 286) tells, that
had the form of an oblong square, sometimes fiat, /Eueas dedicated a shield to Apollo Actius (or at
concave inside, sometimes convex outside. And Actimn) with the inscription, “:Eneas haac de
this at length became part of the defensive armour Dannis victoribus arma.”—Pliny records the
of the Roman infantry. The round buckler of instances of the practice in Rome itself, and
the cavalry was called par-ma. The shields of adds, that the ancient Trojans, and the Cartha
the lcgionaries appear to have been ornamented ginians, were in the habit of engraving their
with designs not unlike heraldic bearings-such portraits on shields (xxxv. ch. 8.) As regards
s.s a thunderbolt, an anchor, n lion, a wild-boar, the Carthagininns, the statement is confirmed by
aserpent, or some other symbol. And these, Livy (xxv. 39), who says, that among the spoil
being also painted of a particular colour, served was a silver shield 138 pounds in weight, with a
to distinguish each legion, and each cohort, likeness of Barcinus Hasdrubal. In like manner
from others, and gave rise to the surnames, the Senate dedicated, in the curia, to Claudius
by which the legions were often designated. Gothicus, a golden shield; on which “ was re
Distinctive signs were also added to mark presented a likeness of his countenance as far as
the bucklcr of each soldier, because in camp the throat," according to Trebellius Pollio ; and
the bucklcrs were all deposited in a tent or so there is on a coin of Mescinins, struck in the
magazine. A soldier was dishonourcd, if he year 738 (n. c. 16), the head of Augustus in a
abandoned his shield. Warriors, frequently shield; and heads of Clementia and Zllorleratio
after having despoiled their enemy of his buckler, are similarly exhibited on the coins of Tiberius.
otfered it in some temple to s deity: hence the The joke of Cicero given by .\-[acrobius is well
appellation of votive shields (see c. L. v. below). known= seeing in pro-consular Asia a likeness
They were soon fabricated of metals; and were of his brother Quintus on a shield, painted in
even made of marble, when placed on monu~ immense proportions as fur as the chest (whereas
ments; but in these instances they enter into Quintus was of small stature), he exclaimed, my
the composition of trophies. On coins, Victory hrother’s half length is greater than his whole.
is often seen inscribing the date of some great The use, then, of these shields was, that by
military exploit on these bucklcrs. There is a being suspended in public or private localities,
brass medallion of Antoninus, the reverse type they might either presesent s likeness of an indi
of which forms a remarkably fine record of vidual, and that either in painting or alto-relieve,
triumph over the Parthians, by inscription on a of which kind were the shields of Homer and
shield.—See vlc. PARTHICAE. Virgil, the work of Vulcan, and spoken of by
Olipeua Macedonirus——the Macedonian shield, Pliny (xxxv. ch. 2) ; or that, by means of an in
of a round form, was manufactured of gold or scription, the remembrance of some illustrious
silver, or both, with ingenious workmanship, exploit might be transmitted to posterit_v.—
conspicuous for its various embellishments.— The latter mode is very frequently observed
The representation of such a shield is seen, on the coins of Emperors. Philo Judmus has
 CLIPEUS.
in one passage mentioned both kinds, where
he says, that Pilate, the prefect of Judma,
“ dedicated, in the palace of Herod, which
stands in the sacred city, gilded shields, exhi
biting, indeed, no portrait or other device for
bidden by the laws, but only the barely neces
sary inscription, by which two things might be
understood, viz. the name of the person who
dedicated them, and of the person to gratify
whom the dedication was made.” The shields
of Domitian, which the Sennte, on hearing of
his death, caused to be pulled down from the
walls of the curia, and thrown upon the ground,
as Suetonius relates (in Domit. ch. 23), were
doubtless distinguished with either the portrait
or the names of that tyrant. To the foregoing
may be added the information, which the learned
interpreters of the Herculaueum Antiquities
have lately gathered respecting these clipei.
CLIPEUS.—In p. 45 of this dictionary,
article ANCILIA, reference has been made to the
word Clipeur, with a view to some further re
marks being ofl'ered, respecting the form of those
Jcula sarwla of the Romans. Since that portion
of the present work was committed to press, the
compiler, through the kindness of Messrs. Tay
lor, Walton, and 1\Iabberly, finds himself here
enabled to insert a valuable illustration, employed
in one of the most useful of their classical
publications. By means of the subjoined cut,
an opportunity is afforded for comparing the
shape of an Ancile, as engraved on the antique
gem in the Florentine Museum, with those re
presentations of the same thing which appear on
coins of Augustus and of Antoninus Pius. The
two monctal specimens will be found to agree in
most points with each other; but to differ
materially firom the delineation of the shields on
the relic from which the suhjoined is engraved.
And now, it is left with the reader to judge,
which corresponds the more closely with the
description of those “sacred bucklers,” given
by Festus and by Plutarch :
__-____
=;}
This group exhibits the figures of two Salian
priests, with heads veiled, and wearing the lrabea.
On the short cloak of one a liippocanzpus (or
sea-horse), is figured; on that of the other a
tr-Eton. They carry six ancilian bucklers on
their shoulders, suspended from a pole. Above
is inscribed snmvs, and below ALCE, in old
'2 F 2
CLOACIN. 219
italiot characters, perhaps in allusion to the Salii
of Aléso, a city which, in the ancient language
of the country, was named A1.re.—See LANZI,
Sagyio ii. cited by Millin, Gal. Mytli. i. pl.
xxxviii. No. 148.
It was the twelve priests of Mars Gradivus,
who were appointed, under the denomination of
Salii, to the otiice of preserving the twelve
aneilin. The feast of the god was annually
observed during several days; when the Salli
carried their shields about the city, singing songs
in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Vetu
rius (the armourer whom N uma ordered to make
eleven other shields, exactly like the “heaven
descended” one). In performing their dnnce, the
Snlii struck the shields with rods (virgin, so as
to keep time with their voices, and with the
movements of their dance. The above cut shews
one of these rods, as represented on the tomb of
a pontifaz aalius, or chief of the salii (Gruter,
Inatrip.) Its form, as here exhibited, illus
trates the manner of using it.—Virgil, describing
the attire of Picus, a mythical king of Latium,
says, he held the ancile in his left hand (lmvaque
ancile gerebal, En. vii. 187.) Other authors
represent the snlii as hearing the ancilia on their
necks, or on their shoulders. These accounts
may be reconciled on the supposition, that
the shield was suspended by a leathern band
florum, Juv. ii. 1 25), proceeding from the right
shoulder, and passing round the neck. 'l‘hnt the
weight of the ancile (mode of bronze) was con
siderable, and that the use of it, in the sacred
dance, required no sinnll exertion, is apparent
from Juvenal’s expression (ii. 126), “.91:/lizvit
clypeis ancilibus.”—See Dictionary of Grre/c
and Roman Altfiqllililfl, edited by Dr. W.
Smith.
CLOACIN. Cloaci/m.—F1'om some clarwa,
or common-sewer, at Rome, in which a statue
of Venus was found; and, as all events con
tributed to furnish the Romans with occasions
for giving new names to their divinities, so that
of Cloncina was from this alleged circumstance
assigned by them to Venus herself. On two
denarii of the Mussidia gens, we sec this abbre
viated name at the bottom of the reverse, as
follows :—
1. Obv.—Radinted head of the Sun, full
faccd.—R0v. Q. MVSSIDIVS
LONGYS. A structure in
form like a galley; upon it
stand two figures. On the
lower part of it we read the
word cI.o.\ciN.—2. Obv.—
CONCORDIA. Veiled head of
Concord, with sometimes a
star, sometimes a crescent before it.—Rev.—
Same legend and type.
The Comifium, or Comitia, one of two places,
where assemblies oi the people were held, is
here represented, with its stair-case, and its
canrelli or lattice work. The figures upon it
are a distributor of electoral tickets, and acitizen
in the act of giving his vote, for either the
making of some law, or the election of o consul,
or other public functionary. With regard to the
220 CLOVIA. CLOULI A.
legend cnoscm, Eckhel says 1 this word denotes families, whom Tullius Hostilius, after the ruin
the Comitium itself; for T. Tatius, king of the of Alba, attracted to Rome, and united to the
Sabines, in consequence of a statue of Venus patricians. Its coins present the two following
having been found in a cloaca, named it Cloacina, types, in silver; engraved in Morell. Fem. Rom.
and dedicated it at a Comitiunz. l. Obi).-——R.OMA. Galeated head of Rome:
The cloacre, or common sewers, at Rome, behind it a crown.
were begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and finished Rev.——r. cnovu. Victory in a biga of rear
by Tarquinius Superbus. They extended under ing horses. Below are two corn-cars.
the whole area of the city. Their construction 2. O/1v.—Hcad of Jupiter; and I. or some
was so strong, and the stones with which they varying letter of the alphabet.
were built were so large and so firmly cemented, Rev.—r. cL0v1.I. Victory crowning atrophy,
that though flushed perpetually by rapid torrents, at the foot of which a naked captive is seated.
they remained in a perfect state for 700 years In the cxergue Q. A quinarins.
and upwai-ds.—See cnncnnm COMITIOBUM (p. The nnmismatists of the elder school have
69), also CO.\H'l.‘IVM, and Mussidia gens. attributed these coins to Titus Cloulius, qruulor
CLODIUS MACEIt.—See MACI-IR. urbanus, in 507 (B. c. 24,7), remarking, that
CLOVIA gens.—'l‘his Roman family (also they bear allusion to the victories gained in
called Cluvia for both modes of denomination are Sicily by the consuls, Lucius Czecilius Metcllus
found on ancient monuments), derives its origin and N. Fabius Buteo, over the Carthaginians;
from the (Jlnvii Sexuli, brothers, who were tri and that the corn ears in the first reverse refer
buncs of the pleas in 572 and 576 (13.0. 18!? and to the fertility of that island. But numisma
178) ; whence it is inferred, that it was plebcian. tists of the present day, and Borghesi especially,
It was, however, of consular rank. The extant maintain, that the circumstance of none of these
coins solely in brass (with the exception of one denarii having been found amongst the trou- -
in lead), were struck by the moneyers of Julius vnilles of Fiesole, forms a good reason for car
Caesar. Riccio gives six of these having on rying them down to the date of 667 (B. C. 87),
their obverse type the marks of the as and its and thence to the times of C. Marius; and he
divisions, with sax. c. sax. and non. for their is inclined to believe that they may be assigned
legends of reverse. These coins are ascribed to to the moncyership of T. Cloulins, of whom
Cains Clovius Sarula, pretor in 581 (n. c. 173), Cicero speaks (Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino, c. 23),
and a little while before one of the mint-masters previous to the year 674 (B. c. 80). He after
—the same who in 586 (168) was the legatus-, wards became one of Ca:sar’s Senntom.—See
in Macedonia, of Emilius Paulus. For a eut of Riccio, p. 57.
the following second brass, see p. 153 of this CLU. or CLUS. Cl/:4-ii ; the same as C-'Iau.n'l.
dictionary. -—lAN. CLU. or CLUS. Janum (!lu:it.—The
0bv.—ci\nsnn mo. rnn. Bust of a winged temple of Janus was opened in time of war, and
Victory. shut during peace. Augustus shut this temple
Rev.—~c. CLOVI PRAEI. Minerva helmeted at Rome three times: the third time, indeed,
and walking. The goddess carries in her right was in 751 (B. c. 3), and in the 42nd year Of
hand a trophy rested on her shoulder, and in her his reign, peace being then established through
left an oval shield, on which is figured the out the Roman world.—cLvsrr appears on brass
head of Medusa. She is preceded by a serpent, coins of Nero.—See race P. n. &c.
erect on its tail. CLUNIA—a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.
Cains Clovius, entitled pretor on this coin, now Corunna del Conte, in Old Castile, situate
was one of the eight prefccts of the city, left on the river Dnrius (Douro).—-—Clunia was B
by Julius Caesar for the government of Rome city of the Arevaci, according to Pliny. And
during his third dictatorship, when with a by Ptolemy it. is called a colony. Dion (I-- 3,
great army and fleet he went to Spain on his p. 115), mentions Clunia, “in an attack on
expedition against the sons of Pompey. It which city (he states) Metcllus overthrew the
must therefore have been minted, in the year of revoltcd Hispani.” Clunia was also the city
Rome 708 (13. c. 46), in which recurred Czesar’s where Galba, pro-consul of Spain in the latter
dictatorship for the third time; and his rnoneyer part of Nero’s reign, commenced his PMC665
here prophecies, by the head of Victory and by ings for resisting the tyranny of that empvrflf.
Belligerent Minerva, typified on this coin, a and for assuming himself the imperial title.
prosperous result to Caesar’s enterprise.—Eckhel, power, and authority.
with whom Cavedoni accords, expresses an There is an autonomous small brass (see Alter
opinion that this finely designed coin was not man, Coins qf Iliapania, p. 85), which bee-Pi
struck in Rome, and by the urban prefect; but on its obverse a male head, with a dolphin ht?
by a prefect of the Dictat0r’s fleet, stationed in fore it; and on its reverse crovivioq, v-"uh H
the ports of Lycia, or of Rhodes, and who horseman. The other coins of this place aw
assuming the ju: cudendi, engraved it in the second brass, having on their obverses the hwl
same way as the prefects of Mark Antony’s fleet of Tiberius, and on their reverses the legend
afterwards did; namely, to pay the troops and CLVNIA, together with the names of the mone
seamen with. tary gualuorviri, by whom they were struck
CLOULI1\.—Aceording to Festns, this gens under that emperor. The type on all. nth
had for its primogenitor, Cloelius, the com varieties, is a hull standing; the usual syruhfll
psnion of .Eneas. It was one of the Alban of Romano-Spanish colonies and munu'11”‘"
 COCCEIA.
although Clunia itself is not designated on any
of them as either the one or the othcr.—See en
ruving in lllédailles de Clmlrtine, p. 306, xlviii.
also in Morell. Impp. vol. iii. ran. ix.
Rasche (in Lez. Nam. vol. i. part2), places
amongst the coinage of Clunia, the celebrated
first brass of Galbs, inscribed HISPANIA. CLVNIA
SVL(PlClA). But that is of Roman die, struck
Senalus Concullo, and belongs to the imperial
series, properly so called.—See Hispania.
COCCEIA gens.—Respecting this family, it
is uncertain whether it was patrician or plebcian.
It gave consuls to Rome; but its chief title to
distinction was that the Emperor Nerve belonged
to it. Only two types are exhibited in its coin
age: they are in silver, as follow :—
1. 0bv.—:u. ANT. nae. ave. mvin. n. P. c.
ll. NERVA PRO. Q. P. Bare head of .\I. Antony.
Rev.—L. AN.TONl\'S cos. (Lucius Antonius
[brother of the triumvir] Consul). Bare head
of Lucius. This coin, rare in silver, is of the
highest rarity in gold, and valued by Mionnet
at 1200 fr. See a specimen of it engraved in p.
60 of this volume.
2. Obv.—Same legend and type as the fore
going.
R€U.—-CAESAR mr. PONT. IIIVIR. 11. r. c.—
Bare head of Octavianus Caesar, behind it the
Iituus. Very rare in gold, valued by Mionnet
at 150 fr.
.\Iarcus Nerva, whose name appears on both the
above denarii, was provincial pro-questor of the
Antoaii, in the Italian campaign of 713 (B. 0.
41), that is to say in the war of Perusia (noware several versions of the story, and these
versions differ from each other in points of no
Perugia), waged by that party against Octavian:
small importance. According to Polybius, Ho
this is manifest from the title of Consul given to
Lucius Antonius. The second coin with the ratius defended the bridge alone, and perished
head of Octavian (possessed and published for in the waters. Whilst according to the Chroni
the first time by Borghcsi), “must have been
minted in the beginning of the year, which fol
lowed the reconciliation of the two parties. But
they having, from infringement made on the
compact between them, come to blows, it is
clear that the portrait of u foe must soon have
ceased to appear on a coinage, which, as the
sinews wherewith to carry on that renewed
civil war, had been struck by the partizans of
Lucius Antonius.” Afterwards, this same pro
qnestor (Marcus Ncrva) having obtained his
pardon from Octavianus Caesar, became twice
the peace-maker bet\vecn l\Ia.rk Antony and his
powerful rival.——See Riccio, p. 57.
COCLES, a word which signifies deprived of
one eye. It was the surname of the Horatio
gens; and llorotius Cocles was the name of that
hero of Old Rome, \vho, according to the well
known legend or tradition, had the courage,
either alone, or in conjunction with Spurins
Lartius and Titus Herminius, to oppose the
assault made by the army under Porsena, on the
Pans Sublicizu, defending it, whilst his com
rules were employed in breaking it down behind
him. When this work of demolition was nearly
accomplished, Cocles, all armed as he was,
threw himself into the Tiber, after invoking the
god of that river; and notwithstanding he re
ceived a wound in the hip from the enemy’s mis
COCLES. 221
siles, he succeeded in his object, by swimming
across the stream, and rejoining his countrymen.
As a testimony of admiration for his valour, and
in grateful remembrance of the eminent service
he had rendered the state, by thus preventing the
Etnuian forces from entering Rome, as they
had designed to do by a sudden and unexpected
attack, the Senate and People raised a bronze
statue to his honour in the Comitium; and al
lowed him as much laud as he could plough
round in one day. The citizens too, it is added,
when a famine was raging, deprived themselves
of food to support him.
Mr. Macauley, in his Lays of Ancient Rome,
observes, “that among those parts of early Ro
man history, which had a poetical origin, was
doubtless the legend of Horatius Cocles. There
cles which Livy and Dionysius followed, Hora
tius had two companions, swam safe to shore,
and was loaded with honours and rewards.”
The distinguished author of “ The Lays," re
gards these discrcpancies as capable of easy ex
planation; and points to the literature of our
own country, as furnishing what he considers
to be an exact pumllel to what may have taken
place in Rome. He thinks it highly probable
that the memory of the war of Porsena was pre
served by compositions much resembling the
two ballads which relate to the fight at Otter
borne, between the English under Percy and the
Scots commanded by Douglas. They too ditfer
in narrating several particulars of the bloody
“ frsye ;” yet both relate to the same event.-—
And it is (adds Mr. llrlamuley), “ by no means
unlikely that there were two old Roman stories
about the defence of the bridge; and that while
the story which Livy has transmitted to us, was
preferred by the multitude; the other, which
ascribed the whole glory to Horatius alone, may
have been the favourite with the Horatian
house."
No one, however youthful or however aged,
who has read (and who has not read P) the Ro
man story, will ever forget the impression made
on his mind by the stirring incidents of this
valiant deed of patriotic devotedness, to which,
222 COCLES. bonus.
as well as to the gallant bearing of its re uted the lectislemium, or banquet for the gods, in
hero, Mr. Macaulay, in his ingenious and u allusion to which, on the table, is inscribed
tiful work, has done the greatest poetical jus L. c.u.nvs vn. via. 1-:rvL(o:\'L'M). Beneath is
tice. The ballad is supposed to have been made csauvs mv1n.—See the word EPULONES, under
about a hundred and twenty years after the war which head an engraved specimen of this re
which it celebrates, and just before the taking markable denarius is given.
of Rome by the Gauls. Nor is it difiicult to This silver coin was minted by the monetary
enter into the nationally proud feelings of some trinmvir, Coelius Caldus, in 703 (a. c. 51),
honest citizen of the early republic, whilst re before the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, when
citing, with due solcmnity of cadence and in the moncyers of the republic were increased from
tonation, his staple of archaic verse, to an at three to four, though reduced again by Augustus
tentive group of domestic listeners :— to the old number.—Borghesi and Cavedoni (as
cited by Riccio), believe C. Caldus to have been
" When young and old in circle
“ Around the firebrands close ; Cicero's questor in the year 703, and monetary
“ When the girls are weaving b:\.~‘l<ets, triumvir about 696 (B. c. 58). This man,
“ And the lads are shaping bows; besides his own name, had evidently in view to
“ When the good man meuds his armour, recall on these coins the memory of the most
“ And trims his hel|net's plume; famous members of his family, viz. :—
“ When the good wife's shuttle merrily Cains Caalins Caldus, tribune of the plebs,
“ Goes flashing through the loom; and consul in 660 (B. c. 94), whose striking
“ With weeping and with laughter physiognomy appears on the obverse of this
“ Still is the story told, denarius. After his consulship, he obtained
“ How well lloratius kept the bridge
“ In the brave days ot old.” Spain for his pro-consular province, as is usually
inferred from the coins of this gens, bearing his
On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius the name, the word HlS(PANIA), and the figure of a
reverse boars for its legend COCLES—n\1d its boar, which Eckhel refers to the town of Clunia.
type represents Horatius in the act of swim To Cains Oaldus, imperalor, augur, and de
ming, in his armour, across the Tiber. Five cemvir (viz., one of a commission appointed to
military figures are seen standing on the bridge, supcrintend the distribution of lands), belong
which is partly broken down. On one side a the two trophies represented on the reverse.
warrior, helmeted, is striking at the timbers of The subject is known solely through this mone
the bridge with an axe; and on the other side, tal remembrance of the grandson (or great
a soldier appears in the attitude of hurling n nephew). As to whom he gained these warlike
juvelin at Coclcs in the water.—-See the wood spoils from ; when and on what occasion he was
cut at the head of this article, accurately en proclaimed irnperator ,- at what time he filled
graved after a cast from the original coin in the the oflices recorded on the coin, that coin alone
Ca/linet de France. shews, but in so laconic a manner, as to leave
The name of cocuzs, with the gsleated head the meaning very obscure.
of Rome, (not the head of that valiant Roman, Lucius Coelius Caldus, perhaps the son of the
as erroneously described in the list of illustra consul, and the father of the mint-master; hue
tions to the L131; qf Rome, above quoted from, styled Septem vir Epulon um, is he, to whom apper
p. 207), appears on a dcnarius of the Horatia tains the veiled priest that sits or stands at the
gens.—See the word. lectistcrnium. The epulones were members of the
COELESTIS-CAELES'l‘IS—CELEST.— sacerdotal order, whose duty it was to assist the
The Celestial; an epithet of Venus found on poutitfs in preparing all things necessary to rites
coins of Domna, Soazmias, Urbica, &c. The and sacrifices. In the earlier times of the re
goddess in these stands, with an apple in the public there were only three of them.—See s1-:P
right and the luuta in her lett hand. On a first Tmlvla EPULONUM.
brass of Sosemias, a small figure, most probably 2. c. (JOEL. oamvs cos. Head of the Con
meant for Cupid, stands at the feet of Venus. sul Caius Caldus; behind it L. D. in a labe/Ia.
COELIA, or Cailia (for anciently the dip Rev.—c.u.nvs ruvnz. Head of the sun ra
thong oe was Written for oi) was a plcbcian gens, diated, to the right; before it is a round shield
but of consular rank. Some assert that the ornamented; behind is an oblong shield, charged
head of this family was Coelius Vibulo Etruscus, with the fulmen. Sometimes behind the head
who came to the aid of Romulus against the there appears an isolated S.—This in gold is
Sabines, and g-ave his name to the Coelian annn. valued at 40 pisstres by Riccio, and at
Mount at Rome. There are twenty-one varieties. 300 fr. by Mionnet.
Silver common, Gold of the highest rarity. On this coin, the same moneyer repeats the
Thc two following are its rarest coins, as dc portrait of his grandfather or great grandfather,
scribed by Riccio, p. 58 and 59. Cains Coelius Culdus, consul 670 (B. C. 84).
1. 0bv.—c. COEL. csanvs cos. A bare and The two letters L. D. behind the head, signify
beardless male bead to the right, between a Libero—Damno. I absolve—I eondemn—bcar
vexillnm inscribed HIS(PANlA], and a boar. ing reference to the law which he carried during
R¢v.—-c. cannvs mp. A. x. (lmperzllor augur his year of oflice, 647 (B. o. 107), as tribune of
Ivir agria dividendi-r), written in two per the plebs, and by which the right of secret vot
pendicular lines. Two trophies, between which ing (by bnllot) was conceded to the people; this
is a table, or altar, where a priest is preparing Ir: tabellaria was also extended to the courts of
 COELA. COGNOMEN. 223
justice, in cases of high treason.—Cicero (De /pg. by Mionnet, the reverse
iii. 16), states that Caldns regretted, through legend is AELI. nvmcr.
out his life, having proposed this law, as it did C01-IL. and the accompa
injury to the republic. _ nying type n temple of
The head of the sun has been considered by ~ four columns, in which
some nnmisinatie writers to allude to the name a figure, in a short dress,
of the monelarimr hiinself—namely Coelim, be stands, holding an idol
cause in the heaven, or firmament, that greater in her right hand, and
star holds his course; and Caldua, from the heat a comucopia: in her left.
which the sun produces.—Borghesi, on the other If the figure be meant
hand, contends that the head of the sun, and for that of Astarte, its appearance on this
the shields, are emblems of the East, and have coin indicates, that the Syrian goddess had
reference to the victories won by the Imperator latterly its worshippers amongst the Roman in
Coelius Caldus in the East, probably in the Mith habitants of the Thracian Chersonesus.
ridatic war, about the year 680 (B. c. 74), and COGN. otherwise COGNAT. Co_qnalu:.—
not later than 696 (B. c. 58), the presumed A kinsman, properly by blood, n consin.—nIvo
dnte of the coin in question. Borghesi more CONSTANTIO coon. MAXENTIVS avo. on a com
over recognizes in the consul of 660 (B. c. 94), of Constantine Chlorus.
the father of the Septemvir Epulonum; and this COGNOMEN, or snrname.—-The third name
father or brother of the Imperator, from whom of the three (nomen, and pmnomen, being the
might have sprung the triumvir of 696, and two first) which the Romans were for the most
qnestor in 703 (s.c. 51). part accustomed to bear.—In his brief but
lucid exposition “ De cognomine st agnomine,”
COELA or COILA: Chersonesi Thraciae the learned Eckhcl (vol. v. p. 58) observes that,
1|umicipium~—(aow province of Rumilia, 'l‘nr as the Roman families (familia) were distin
key, in Europe). The following Latin imperial guished by the prmwmina, so were the races
coins, in second and third brass, are regarded (genln) by the cagnomina. It of course oc
as correctly assigned to this place, viz. : curred that the descendants, by marriage, of
Antonina: Piu.r.—1[VNIClPI corn. Prow of each house, founded separate families; and these
a vessel, above which is a, coruncopim. again it was necessary to distinguish by some
Co/nmoa'u.r.—.u:L. uvnrc. c01L. (/Elium particular name. Livy relates that in the year
Municipium (k;iln).—Same type as preceding, U. C. 442 (B. c. 312), there were in the Potitia
with addition of a dolphin below. gens, twelve families, and amongst these were
0aracalla.—Same legend. Diana Venatrix branches to the number of 30.
vvalliing. On coins are to be found the names of many
M/zcrinus-.——<ame legend. Prow of a vessel. different families, springing from one race,
Gorrliamu Piu.r.-an-21.. MVNIC. COEL. an. whose root divided itself into extensive ramifi
Sileuus walking, with the wine-skin on his left cations; as in the !ElIllllB gens (according to
shoulder; and his right hand raised. Vaillant), those of Bnca, Lepidns, Panllns, Re
Tbebonianru Gallu.r.—Same legend. Romulus gillus, Scaurns.—In Cmcilia gens, the family
and Remus suckled by the Wolf. of Metcllns; and these again are distinguished
V ' lant, in his erudite work on the Colonies by seven or eight surnames on their respective
of Rome, had ascribed their mintage to a city denarii. As for example, those of Balearicus,
in Numidia, at the month of the river Amp Macedonicns, Crcticns, Delmaticns, Numidicns,
sagus, called Cullu by Pliny and Ptolemy, and Calvus, Pius, Cornntus.—ln Claudia gens, the
C/aulli _Muni1'ipium, in the Itinerary of Anto Ceuthones, the Marcelli, and the Pulchri.—In
nine. And in this opinion he is supported by Cauidia and Licinia yenles, the Crassi.——In Cor
no less judicious a numismatist of the elder nelia gens, the Lentnli, and Scipioues; and these
school than Bimard. On the other hand Pel with others hitherto used assurnames; for instance
lerin, sustaining himself with the corresponding the appellntions Asina, Asiagenes, Africanns, &c.
sentiments of the Abbé Belleye, confidently as Moreover the Cethegi, in the same gens (Cornelia)
serts (Mélange, i. p. 276), that the coins which with the Dolabellze, the Snllaa, and others,
bear on their reverses AEL. MVNICIP. cont. and indicate on their coins, not only individuals,
any other similar legend, and which are referred but so many different stocks, or families of the
by Vaillant to Gullu, in Africa, “belong all of same race. It likewise sometimes happened that
them to the city of (Coeln, or) Coelum, in the nhmes sprang from surnames, as the respective
Chersonesns of Thrace, which city was a port, coins of Roman families serve to illustrate, in
and also called Culla.” Moreover, it is to be which Agrippa, Ahala, Atratinns, Brutus, Cmsar,
observed, that neither Eckhel nor Mionnet has Carbo, Cato, Crnssus, Messalla, Metellus, Nerve,
thought fit to include Coellu Numidia, in his Scipio, Silanns, Snlla, Torqnatns, and other
respective lists of Roman Colonies, but they do illustrious Quirifes, frequently occur, without
enumerate Foela C/iersonesi Tfiracia among the the nomen gentilicium, or family name, and even
umnicipia. without the first name. Besides which, some less
On a coin of Volnsianus, first published and commonly known, as Nntta, in Pinaria gens;
engraved by Pcllerin (lllélange, i. p. 325, pl. Tnrdus, in Papiria; Ascisculus, in Valeria;
nil. No. 2), to supply an omission of Vail without any prenomen to either, and without the
lant’s, but which seems to have been overlooked family name of Pinaria, Papiria, or Valeria.
224- COGNOMEN. COGNOMEN.
To these are to be added some surnames, scarcely Asinia, Bestia, Caecinn, Capella, Glicia, hlurena,
known through any other than numismatic Musa, Sura, Vaala, Vatia, &c.
sources—at any rate by no means common-— Cognomina (says Eckhel), “ were derived
which, from the addition we find on coins, from various causes, as well of a base as of a
of the family name of Roman houses, at once virtnons kind.” Many of these may be traced
indicate whereto they belong; as in Accolcia and illustrated from the dcnarii of Roman
gens, Lariscolus; in Cauidia, Crassns; in Luria families. Some of these surnames owe their
Agrippa; in Antestia Reginus; in Claudio, origin to wisdom, as Sempronius Sop/zus; Laaiius
Glicia; in Considia, Paatus ; in Furia, Brocchus ; Srrpieus, or from the contrary quality, as
in Julia, Bnrsio; in Maria, Cupito and Trogus; Junins Brutus. From moral disposition, as
in Naavia, Capella and Surdinns; in Scmprspia, Tarquinins Superlzus, Fabius Guryes, (a riotous
Pitio. spendthrift), Aufizlius Lurco, (ag1utton.) From
Some surnames are common to many families Art, as Fubius Pictor. From devotcdness to
of dilfcrent ymtes, as appears from their coins, rural pursuits, as Cornelius Lenlulus (the lentil),
such as, amongst others, those of Balbns, Cras Tnllius Cicero (the vetch), Licinius Stolo (a.
sus, Flaccus, Gallus, Libo, Longus, Magnus, scion or shoot) From a conquered kingdom, or
Maximus, Rufus, Varus. There are also ex a captured city, Servilius Isauricua, Marcius
tant on this class of Roman coins other sur Curio/anus.
names peculiar, as it wcrc, to certain gentea, Some surnames are derived from parts of the
such as the Lepidi, to that of Emilia; the human frame; from some corporeal deformity
Mctelli, to Czecilia; the Ceuthones, the Pulchri, or infirmity, as is shewn on that silver coin of the
the Mnrcelli, to Claudia; the Cethegi, Dela Furia gens (see p. 12), where the human foot,
bellse, Lentnli, Snllse, to Cornelia; the Bruti placed behind a female head on the obverse, evi
and Silani, to Jnnia; the Scipiones, to Caccilia; dently alludes to the word CRASSIPES (splay-foot)
the Ca,-piones, to Servilia ; the Gulbm, to Sul inscribed on its reverse. So in the Pinaria gens
picia; the Messallse, to Valeria—except in cases we see the surname of SCARPUS, otherwise car
where the individuals who bore those surnames pua, a wrist—the palm of a human hand ap
passed by adoption into another gens.—See pearing in the field of the coin. A singular
Rasche, Cognomina Romanarum. circumstance is exhibited in these coins of Ro
It has already been observed that some Ro man families, namely, that they exhibit not only
man families had evidently no surnames, the honourable appcllations, and those which allude
praanomcn and ancestral appellation (gentile to no vice or defect either of body or of mind;
nomen) alone being designated on their coins. but also those which bespeak defects of each
Thus, in the denarii extant of the gens Antonia, kind, yet without being intended to derogate in
the surname of Merenda is omitted, though any respect from the signal reputation enjoyed
Livy teaches us that both were formerly by those families.
borne by the Anlonii; one, however, occurs The surnames of the Strabones (V0llz'ia) and
with the cognomen of Balbua, viz. Q. ANTO. of the Paeti (Consiz/irz) are expressly derived
BALE. Pa. Quintua, Antonius, Balbiu, Przztor. from terms signifying diseased or defective eyes‘.
But on their coins, the following families are [S!ml10, goggle-cycd—Pret:1s, squint or hearing
found to want surnames, viz. Carisia, Cornuficia, eycd]. The Corliirs, from cocles, one that is born
Herennia, Hortensia, Nnmitoria, Rustia, Saufein, with one eye only, are read on coins of the Pom
Trebania, Vargunteia, Vatinia; also Plnztoria peia, Aclia, and Horatia gentes. Moreover, from
(unless the last with the adopted name of Ces natural or other mar/is of the human body, the
tianus be an exception.) Romans took some of their family surnames, as
As L. Sulla was snrnamed Felix, and his son appears by coins of the Albini, Atratini, Xigri,
Fauslu-1; so Sextus, the son of Pompeins Ruti, Pulchri, Celsi, Longi, Longini, Graechi,
Magnus, is distinguished on his coins, not only Macri, Crassi, Galbae. It was also from sini
by the surnames of Jliaynua, but by that of litudes of no dignified kind, that the Scipiones
Piua also. Some surnames are verbs, as (Yaepio; (walking sticks), Lentnli Spintheres (from spin
for on the coins of Brutus this verb stands ther a buckle), &c. took their appellatives.—
for a name, as is shewn by the inscription— From employments and offioes of a low and
Q. CAEP10 Bavrvs.--Most Roman mint-mas~ sordid description, and even from vile ani
ters gave their surnames only on their coins, as mals, as we find as well from coins as from
did historians to them in their books, because, authors and from the calendars, the Catulli
during their life-time, they were known by other (Erom catulus, a whelp), &c. took their names :
names in their capacity of magistrates: thus for so likewise the Caprarii (goat-herds), the Cer
example Ania-s, on his coins is called simply concs (marmosets), the Vespillones (bearers
NASO. at burials). The name itself of the Fabia
For an Index of the Names, Surnames, and gens came, according to Pliny, from faba (a
Adopted Names, which occur on Consular coins, bean); that of the Pisones, from pi;-enda
with the Families to which they belong.—See (pounding or stamping of oorn in s mortar) —
Eckhel, Doct. Num. vol. v. ; Mionnct, Rarelé From habits and manners, or Erom the afl'ec
des Jlédaillea Romainer; and Akermnn, De tions and virtues of the mind, denarii, in the
scriptive Catalogue Q/'Roman Coins; also Rasche, Calpurnia, Csccilis, R-ubellia, Antonia fami
Lexicon Nrunismat. r. i. part. ii. lies, take such inscriptions as the Frugi (thrifty),
Some surnames of men are feminine, as the Lepidi (witty or agreeable), the Blandi (kind
 COGNOMEN. COHORS. 225
and gentle), the Pii; nay they are even marked called Judaieus, in memory of the vanquished
with the very name of PIETAS. Jews. That surname appears, to have been rc
Taken from the names of brute animals, we pudiated by Vespasian, on account of the hatred
find on consular coins the words Asinia, Bestia, in which the nation itself was held by the Ro
Brutus, Capella, Lupus, Murena, Taurus, Vitu mans, although on his and his son Titus’s mint
lns, which were surnames of no less illustrious ages we read the inscription-—1vnsr,s earn.
Roman houses, than thew of Cornelia, Calpurnia, COH. COHORT. C0/lortis, C0/wrtium—
Cnecilia, Fabio, Emilia, Nmvia, ltutilia, ‘ of the Cohort, or of the Cohorts.—See snnocvr.
Licinia, Mamilia, Pomponia, Voeonia, &c. So con. p. 6 of this dictionary.
likewise, from the greatness of a man’s actions, COHORS, Cohort, a battalion of Roman foot
attended with good fortune, as indicated by soldiers, as Turma, was a squadron of cavalry.
the epithets Faustus, Felix, Magnus, Maximus; Each cohort was composed of three manipuli,
or from an extraordinary manifestation of zeal or companies, and these of two centuries or of
for the interests and liberties of the Roman‘ two hundred men; thus forming abody of six
people, as in the use of the surname Poplicolahundred men, of which under the emperors
(Publicola, 8. popular person). Thus it is abun ten were required to compose the legion.—
dantly clear from the evidence of coins, that Equestrian cohorts (Cohorts: Equitatw) were
these were not only the true tiths of the Memmii, bodies of foot and horse together. There were
the Scipiones, the Metelli, the Sullae, the also cavalry to the number of 130, armed with
Pompeii, the Fabii, the Valcrii, the Gelii, to euirasses, in the first Cohort of the Legion.-—
whom they were ascribed; but also their cog Thc C0/wr: Peditata was wholly composed of
nomina or surnames; a fact moreover shewn in infantry, in the beginning, and was so called
Roman authors, and by the Fasti Capitolz'ni.— in contra-distinction to the Collars Equilala.—
See Rasche, Ler. Num. T. i. pars. 2. See LEGIO.
Old writers, observes Eekhcl (vol. v. p. 56), Golmrs .Prreforia.—-The Pretorian cohort, was
have afiirmcd, that the coynomen was synonymous a corps zl’e'Iite of infantry and cavalry, which
with the agnomen. Of this, he adds, we have under the republic belonged to the Pretor, and
an example in the ease of L. Calpurnius Piso never quitted him on service—in fact a portion
Frugi, respecting whom Cicero (pro M. Fonteio, of the Roman army whose duty it was to act as
e. 13), says, “But against what a man! in the body guard of the consul, or commander in
whom there was such virtue and integrity that chief. Julius Ctcsar and Mark Antony succes
even in those best of times (optimis temporibus). sively employed many such cohorts. (See enou
when you could scarcely find a dishonest man, TIVN PRAETORIARVM, p. 198.) Augustus estab
he in particular should have been termed Frugi. lished nine, each composed of a thousand men,
For when Gracchus summoned him to attend an and taught the people to regard them, under the
msembly of the people, and the messenger above appellation, as a force similar to the old
(viator) asked which Piso? there being more guard of Roman Generals. By succeeding cm
than one, he answercd—you compel me to name perors, these troops were rendered a powerful
my enemy, Frugi. It was this man to whom host. Galba augmented them to twelve, which
not even his enemy could give an appellation number they are computed by Dion to have
sutliciently distinguishing, without first praising reached, in the reign of Severus. That cm
him, whose single coynamm not only marked peror, in further augmenting them, added not
the identity, but also indicated the character of only draughts from the Italian legions, but also
the iadin'dnal," &c. This custom prevailed the bravest soldiers from the provinces.
during the flourishing sera of the republic. It Destined exclusively to serve as guards to the
was different, however, both under the kings of 1 emperor’s person, they were, at his command,
Rome, and at the beginning of the republic. It employed to scort and protect the members of
was again ditferent under the emperors; and the Imperial family. But it was not customary
the alteration began to be made even during the for the Pretorian guard to perform that duty for
reign of Augustus himself. any but those of princely rank. They were
For a similar purpose to that of the cognomen,
commanded by the Pretorian Prefect, who had
the agnomen (says Eekhcl) was invented, viz., ‘ under him Tribunes and Ccnturions. Their pay
to distinguish one family from another. And was double. Instead of one dcnarius, worth ten
it was given Without any design to convey! asses, which was the ordinary pay of other sol
thereby to the individual who bore it, either diers, this select body of troops received two,
honour on the one hand, or reproach on the _ and privileges not assigned to others. The en
other; as Calpurnius Piso Frngi; Cornelius signs of the Pretorian Cohorts had a crown or
Scipio Afriranzu ; Cornelius Lcntulus Spintlier; wreath on the top of the stall‘, and besides the
Czecilius llletellus l’iu.:.—Sce Agnomen. usual military standards each of these “regi
The Emperors took surnames from conquered , ments” displayed its eagle.
naliom or from victories, as those of Germanicus, In process of time the Pretorians, abusing
Britannicus, Dacicus, Sarmaticus, Adiabenicus, the power which they had been suffered to usurp,
Parthieus, Armenieus, Gothicus, Persicus; and carried their insolencc to such a pitch as to elect
indeed now and then with the super-added title and to dcthrone, on their own authority, many
of Maximus. Lastly, they are found assuming emperors, in spite of the senate, whom they
not only the cognomcn of Victor, but also that compelled to accept and confirm in the possession
of lnvir,-rm. No one, however, aspired to be E of the purple, those they had thus proclaimed.
2 G
226 (JOIN MOULDS. COLLEGIUM.
Tiberius built them near Rome a walled-in camp, ledges, were placed one upon the other, so
like a fortress, where they were constantly sta that, with the exception of the first and last,
tioned. (Sce mstra pm-toria, p. 191). The they received on each face the impression of the
Emperor Constantine destroyed this camp, after obverse and reverse of a piece. 'l‘he dies were
having entirely broken the military force of the then notched in order to form a for the
prctorians, whose arrogance and excessive power fused metal; and after being hardened in the
had occasioned so many revolutions in the em fire, were replaced one on another, notch over
pire.—See Pitiscus, Le.ric0n. Ant. Rom. notch, and lutcd with clay, so as to form a
COHORS SI’ECULA'[‘ORUM.——For an ex cylinder, and thus three, or even four piles of
planation of this legend, sec p. 198. moulds, might be filled with one jet. As re
gards the localities in which moulds of this des
COHH. (sic) PRAET. VI. (or VII.) P. VI. F. cription were prepared, it has been discovered
—On a billon of Gallienus, this legend, allusive by microscopic examination of the clay of which
to the pretorian cohorts of his time, is accom those found at Lingwcll gate were formed, that
panied by the type of a lion walking. On another it contains a species of fossil infusaria which
billon denarius, and also on a gold coin, toge abounds in the clay of that neighbourhood at
ther with a first brass of the same emperor, the this time. With regard to the debasement of
respective legends PIDEI. PRAET; rm. PRAE the Roman silver, see the “ assay or ns..vs1m,"
TORIANORVM, and cononr. PRAET. PRINCIPI. prefixed to the De.wriptive Catalogue of Roman
svo. with military standards, legionary eagles, Coins, vol. i. p. 14, by J. Y. Akerman, Esq.
and a garland, combine to designate the con F.S.A. Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries.
fidence which he was wil/in_q to repose in the
precarious loyalty of those formidable troops. COL. CoIIe_qium.—-Sec coor. IN mm. cor._
Coop!/zinc in Omnia Collqqia. On a coin of Nero_
COIN MOULDS.—-There have been dis COLIiEGIUi\I.—A name given to an assem
covered, from time to time, in England, as bly or body of many persons who have the same
well as in France, clay moulds of circular form, functions. The Romans had various commu
bearing the impressions of Roman dcnarii, of a nities who took the names of Colleges. The
period contemporary with, and subsequent to, four principal ones were those of the Augurs,
the Antonines. The last discovery in England the Pontitfs, the Aruspices, and the Quindecem
was at Lingwell Gate, near Wakefield, Yorkshire. virs. Besides these four colleges, which were
It is well known, that in the decline of the empire, those of the four great saeerdotal diguitics, there
the Roman silver was debased considerably; and were several other bodies known by the same
this of course paved the way to the adoption of, name, as Col/rgium Arti/icum and Opgficum, in
or the occasional recurrence to, a dilferent kind stituted by Numa, and each of which had a prefect
of mintage. Up to this time Roman coins were at its head. These workmen, who at first ex
produced from dies struck with tho hammer; but ercised their skill and industry only at Rome,
in the reign of Severus, casting in moulds, though soon spread themselves over all Italy, and after
not exclusively, was very generally resorted to. Wards into the various provinces of the empire,
The thickness of the Roman denarii did not which they furnished with every thing necessary
admit of the usual modern test of ringing; and for the armies, such u arrows, machines, ar
nothing but a very minute examination, or the mour, clothes, &c.—See Pitiscus.
more tedious process of assay, could have detected
the spurious coin. Whether these east coins were COLISE.UM.—'l‘he Coliseum—a corruption
minted by imperial authority, or are the work of calomeum, the name given to the famous
of forgcrs, remain still questions for discussion ; amphitheatre which Vespasian commenced at
but it appears highly probable that such a pro Rome, and which Titus finished. The building
cess was authorised by the despot whose efiigies, was so named on account of the colossal statue
and those of his sons Caracalla and Geta, they of Nero, that stood on the spot where was
more frequently bear. There are, it is true, erected that magnificent edifice, whose stupen
some cast coins of earlier reigns, but their num dous ruins exist to this day. It is represented on
ber is comparativcly few, and it is extremely coins of Titus, &c. Sec Arnpllillieatrum, p. 41.
probable that this was permitted in order that, COLONIA.—A colony, called by the Greeks
in the event of detection, it might be cited as a Euroucla, is a portion of n people, which, for
precedent for such n practice. various reasons leaving its native soil, has gone
In Mr. Akerman’s “ Coins of the Romans in search of a settlement and a home, in dis
relating to Britain," as well as in the Revue tant lands. Velleius Patercnlus, at the com
Numirmatique, are plates shewing the mode mencement of his first book, enumerates many
of casting the base coins, a process which migrations of this nature, which took place in
often led to the fabrication of blundered piece: the earliest times of Greece, and statm the
that have frequently perplexed nnmismatists. causes which gave rise to them. But besides
Thus a. coin of Julia Soaemias has on the re that they have been largely discussed both by
verse PONT. TB. P. &c. titles which belong to ancient and modern authors, and are suflicicntly
some denarius of Severus or Caracalln. An ex familiar to all who are interested in the subject,
planation of the mode of casting will shew how it is beyond the purpose of the present work to
this may be produced. The moulds being take note of any other settlements than those of
formed by pressing the coins between dies of the Romans, whether called by the name of
plastic clay of large diameter, in ordcr to form colaml/a or of nzrmicipia.
 COLONIAE ROMANAE.
COLONIAE ROMA.\lAE.—Colonies, in the
Roman ucceptatiou of the word, were towns or
lands inhabited by citizens sent thither on the
authority of the Senate and People, and allowed,
on certain conditions, their respective portions
of those territories, for the purposes of habi
tation and tillage.—It is a well established
fact, that £rom the earliest period of their
existence as a nation, the custom prevailed
among the Romans of transplanting colonies
into the country of their conquered enemies;
and that it continued as long as their power
lasted. The practice was productive of great
benefits to Rome. For by its means, ache-ck
was provided against the undue increase of a
poor population, prone to change; and the
colonies of Roman citizens thus distributed over
the world were so many outworks of the city;
whilst the soldiery, in the apportionment of the
land, received the reward of hard service. The
colonies of the last mentioned kind, were called
mi!ilar_y.—It is further to be observed, that seve
ml cities acquired the rights of a colony, though
still occupied by their original inhabitants, and
without the intcrmixture of foreign colonists.
It was in this manner that Julius Caesar, after
his victory over the Pompeys in Spain, bestowed
upon the various towns, by whose fidelity and
co-operation he had profited, either freedom, or
the rights of citizenship, or the privileges of
Roman colonies. Asconius, in allusion to Pom
pcy, the father of Pompey the Great, and the
colonies beyond the river Po (Trar1.rpa1(au1'.s),
has the following exprcssious:—“ For Pompey
did not establish them with fresh colonists, but,
allowing the original inhabitants to remain, con
ferred upon them the Jur Latii.” In other
cases, new colonists were associated with the
native occupants, as at Emporire, in Spain, or
at Agrigcntum, according to Cicero, and at Car
teia.——Indeed it sometimes occurred, that a
colony was composed partly of soldiers, and
partly of s multitude drawn together from all
sources and classes. Thus we learn, both from
coins and from the authority of Strabo, that a
military colony was planted by Augustus at
Pstrse, in Achaia. And Pausauias further tells us,
that the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns
were by the same emperor ordered to migrate to
that colony.
According to the ancient law, it was held a
profauation to introduce a new colony into any
2G2
COLONIAE ROMANAE. 227
city already occupied by one. Cicero eloquently
expresses his disapprobation of such a measure,
when speaking against M. Antony, who settled
a colony at Casilinum =—“ I have asserted,” he
says, "that no new colony can legally be in
troduoed into one already settled with the due
ceremonies, provided the latter be in u prosper
ous condition; I deny that new colonists can be
enrolled therein. You, however, carried away
by your arrogance, have, in defiance of all the
rules of auspices (or auyur]/), sent out a colony
to Casilinum, a place already colonized but s
few years ago.”—But whatever the law on this
subject might have been, in later times it be
came obsolete; for Augustus, and after him
Nero, sent a fresh colony to Puteoli, which, ac
cording to Livy, was one in the year U. c. 560
(B. c. 194).—Hyginus has supplied the cause of
this proceeding in an allusion to Augustus :—
“ He made colonists of the troops which had
served under Antony or Lepidus, equally with
the soldiers of his own legions, distributing
them through Italy and the provinces; destroy
ing certain cities of the enemy, he established
new ones; some he planted in the old towns,
and gave them the title of colonists. And
moreover, to those cities, which had been set
tlcd by the kings or the dictators, but exhausted
by the events of the civil wars, he again gave
the name of a colony, and increased the num
bers of their citizens; in some instances extend
ing their boundaries.”
The forcgoing information furnishes us with
the various causes which led to the planting of
colonies, after the commonwealth had fallen
into decay. But, what a difference between
these and the colonies sent out during the flou
rishing period of the statel It is worth while
to note how it is described in the severe lan.
gunge of Tacitus, when speaking of the times
of Nero :—“ For not, as in former times, were
legions sent out, with their tribunes and cen
turious, and soldiers of every rank, that by their
union and attachment they might form a com
munity; but individuals, unknown to each
other, in straggling bands, with no recognized
leader, without the bond of mutual goodwill,
gathered together suddenly, as it wcre, from a
foreign race of beings; a motley crowd, rather
than a colony.”
The constitution of the colonies was not the
same in all cases. For some were composed of
Roman citizens; upon some the Jus Lalimmz,
on others the Jus Ilalicum was conferred, doubt
less according to the humour of the Senate and
People, and afterwards of the Caesars. “In
what, however, consisted the distinction of
these their various conditions ; what greater ad
vantages accrued to one over another; what
was the stamp and character of each ;—has
(adds Eckhel) continued to furnish the most emi
nent authors with a bone of contention, and the
usual results, namely, that they differ oven in
essentials, and that we are left to this very day
with the skein of the controversy still tangled.”
 228 COLONIAE ROMAN.-\E. COLON IAE ROMANAE.

CATALOGUE OF ROMAN COLONIES AND MUNICIPIA.

i (Acconnme T0 Ecxm-2:. mm Mlonmrr).

Abdera in Bmtica. Heliopolis in Caale Syria.

Acci in 'l‘:n'rnconensis. Iconium in Lycaonia.
ZElia Capitolina in Judaaa. Ilcrcavonia (mmz.) in Tarraconensis.
Agrigentum in Sicily. llerda (mzm.) in Tarraconensis.
Agrippina in Germania Inferior. Iliei in Tarraconensis.
Alexandria in Troas. Italica (mun.) in Bctica.
Antiochia in Pisidin. Julin in Bmtica.
Antiochia in Syria. Laodicea in Syria.
Apamea (municipium) in Bithynia. Leptis in Syrtica.
Arva in Bmtiea. Ncapolis in Samaria.
Asta in Boetica. Nemausus in Narboneasis.
Asturiea in Tarraconensis. Nisibi in Mesopotamia.
Babba in Maurctania. Obulco in Burtica.
Berytus (mun) in Phmnicia. Ocea in Syrtica.
Bilbilis in Tarraconensis. Olbasa (mum) in Pisidia.
Bostra in Arabia. Osca in Tsrraconensis.
Brundusium in Calabria. Osicerda in Tarraconensis.
Buthrotum in Epirus. Psestum in Lueania.
Cabellio in Narbonensis. Panornms in Sicilia.
Czesar-augusta in Tarraconensis. Parade in Zengitana.
Czesarea ad Libanmn in Phomicia. Parium in Mysia.
Caesarea (mum) in Samaria. Parlais in Lyeaonim
Calagurris (mun) in Tsrraconensis. Patraz in Achaia.
Carrhze in Mesopotamia. Pax Julia in Lusitania.
Carteia in Bmtica. Pella in Macedonia.
Carthage Nova in Tarraconensis. Philippi in Macedonia.
Curthago Vetns (m:m.) in Zeugitana. Philippopolis in Thrace.
Cuscantum in Tarraconensis. Ptolemais in Galilee.
Cassandrca in Macedonia. Rhesmna in Mesopotamia.
Cclsa in Tarraeonensis. Roma in Latinm (according la the Roman
Clnnia (mun) in Tarraconensis. Coins qf Cammodu-1).
Coela in the Thracian Chersonesus. Romnla in Bcctica.
Comana in Pontus. Ruscino (mum) in Narbonensis.
Copia in Lugduncnsis. Saguntum (mzm.) in Tarraconcnsis.
Corduba Patricia in Bcetica. Sebaste in Samaria.
Corinthns in Achaia. Segobriga in Tarraconensis.
Cremna in Pisidia. Sidon in Phmnieia.
Damascus in Cmle Syria. Singara in Mesopotamia.
Dertosa in 'l‘a.rraconcnsis. Sinope (mum) in Paphlagonia.
Deultnm in Thracia. Stobi (mum) in Macedonia.
Dium (mun) in Macedonia. Tarraco in 'l‘arraconensis.
Ebom in Lusitania. Thcssalonica in Macedonia.
Edessa in Mesopotamia. Tradncta (m1m.) in Bmtica.
Emerita in Lusitania. Turiaso (nmn.) in Tarraconensis.
Emisa (mum) in Syria. Tyana in Cappadocia.
Emporiae in Tarraconensis. Tyrus in Phccnieia.
Enna in Sicilia. Valentia of the Bruttii.
Ercavica in Tarraconensis. Vienna in Narbonensis.
Gades (m1m.) in Bmtica. Viminacium in himsia Superior.
Germe (mum) in Galatia. Visontium (mum) in Tarraconensis.
Graccurris (mum) in Tarraconensis. Utiea in Zeugitana.
The following authentic and valuable informa this practice, that scarcely one of their coins is
tion respecting the titles, magistraeies, cus to be found on which it is omitted. But, not
tomary observances, peculiar privileges, and re unfrequently, it was rejected by the Spanish
].iQons ceremonies, of Roman Colonies, as illus colonies, and came to be constantly so by the
trated by the inscriptions and types found on Italian and Sicilian, as may be learnt from the
their Latin coins, is compiled from Eckhel’s coins of the colonies of Agrigentum, Brando
Dissertation De Colaniia Rourmzis, in the fourth sium, Copia, Paestnm, Panormus, &c. In the
volume of his truly great Work :-— Latin inscriptions, it is indicated by the initial
1. Colonial Cains, in.rr.'r1'pIions an.-Cities letter c. or the abbreviation co1.. rarely by the
which were in the condition of colonies, added entire word COLONIA.—Il‘l the Greek, by KOA.
the word “ C0lonia;" and indeed those which or KOAQNIA, the word having been adopted
were situated eastward, so invariably adhered to . into the Greek language ; for the genuine Greek
 COLONIAE ROMANAE. COLONIAE ROM.=tNAJ:1. 229
term A1r0xm'a is found on only n single coin Scribes, &c. so likewise did the Roman colonies
of Panormus, and that regarded as a doubtful and municipia. Spartianus, whilst enumerating
one. the different otfices served by Hadrian in several
As a general rule, the Roman colonies used cities, says, “throughout the Latin towns he
the Latin tongue on their coins; as indeed did was styled Dictator, and Edile, and Duumvir;
even Corinth, although situated in the very in his own country, a Quinqnennalis." On
heart of Greece; and also the colonies planted coins connected with the present subject appear
in Phmnician or Arabian cities. But the Greek the following as local magistrates, viz.= Ediles,
language was preferred by Phillipopolis of Decurioncs, Duumviri, Quinquennales, Prefccti,
Thrace, and Thcssalonica of Macedonia, in Eu Quatuorviri, Triumviri. Of all these brief no
rope; by Tyana of Cappadocia, Antioch of tices will he found under their respective alpha
Syria, and the .\‘Iesopotamian colonies in Asia. betical heads.
Aelin Capitolinn, in Judzea, used both tongues. Colonial E(lile.1.—As at Rome, the Edilcs
The nzunicipizz used only the Latin, and they (see p. 12) were reckoned among the magistrates
indicate their condition by the inscription M. or of the highest rank, their oiiice being to super
nvs. or MVNICIP. &c. On some appear the intcnd the management of the commerce, pro
word vnBs.—Sec those words suia locic. visions, and public games of the city, so also
2. Colonies, additional titles q/'.———Besides the colonies, which were, so to speak, small
thc above mentioned words, expressive of the imitations of Rome, had their Ediles, subject to
standing, or constitution, of a town, we find the authority of the chief magistrate. The coins
the addition of epithetical names on coins of of Calagurris, Celsa, Leptis, Parium, Saguntnm,
colonies and of rmmicipia, together with other and Turiaso, shew that those colonies had their
notifications: which are to be explained as fol Duumviri; those of Carteia and Clnnia, their
lows :— Quatuorviri; and all of them their Ediles.—
In bestowing on any city the privileges of a Cardinal Noris records further examples be
colony, or of :1 municipium, it rarely occurred, sides those on coins.—Morcover it is certain
that the Romans adopted the plan, so often pur that therc were some colonies and municipia
sued by other cities, viz. that of abolishing the in which Ediles uctod as chief magistrates. A
old name of the place, and substituting a new proof of this may he found on reference to an
one. Indeed they even went so far as to restore oft-quoted passage of Spartianus, according to
the ancient name to cities, which they had re which Iladrian “ was Dictator, and Edile, and
suscitated from utter ruin, and peopled with Dunmvir, throughout the Latin towns :” nor is
their colonists—a circumstance which is known it by any means to be imagined that any honour
to have taken place in the cases of Carthage and would have been conferred by the colonies on an
Corinth. _ emperor, which was not held in the highest
Amongst the colonies that lost their nn estimation by themselves. Another clear testi
cieut appellation, were Sulduba, in Spain, which mony is furnished from Cicero, speaking of
was named Caesar-augnsta-, Hierosolymm (Jeru Arpinnm :—“ For,” he says, “ in order to esta
salem), afterwards coiled :Elin Capitolina (see blish n m1micipium it has this your been my
p. 15), and some others. Whilst the old names wish that my son, my brother’s son, and M.
of the colonies (and mzmicipia) were thus ten Cassius, should be elected Edilcs ; for that is the
derly treated, the colonists were in the habit of only magistrary which it is the custom to cruate
adding various titles, or laudatory epithets, in our nmnicipium.” This passage further shows,
either on their own authority, or by permission that there were colonies, and municipia, which
of the Senate, or of the Emperors; and setting were governed by three Ediles. Coins do not
them forth on their public monuments.—So on record more than two. There is frequent mention
a brass tablet published by Gruter, the Hadru of the Edilcs of municipia, on ancient marbles.
metini B_:/:m:ene.r arc stylcd colonies of “Con Calugnrris, Celsa, and other coloniw had their
cordia, Ulpia, Trojans, Augusta, Frugifera, and Duumviri, and yet these were not always ox
lIadruinctina.”—Nor arc coins free from this hibited on their coins, but in their stead some
display of vanity. Among others the Apame timcs the Ediles, a magistracy of an inferior
uisus of Bithynia used the legend con. IVL. grade. Eckhcl’s mode of accounting for this is,
coxc. AVG. APAH. (See p. 61 of this diction that “the Colonial Ediles had their names in
ary). The opinion of Vaillant, that Apamea scribed on coins, for the same, or a similar
was called Concordia, in allusion to its alliance reason as that which led to the names of the
with the neighbouring Prusa, has been correctly Curule and Plebeian Ediles being inscribed
refuted by llclleyc, who asserts that the titles on the Roman denurii. For, as at Rome, tho
bestowed on colonies did not at ull rcfcr to business of striking money was entrusted to the
their ancient but to their actual condition. Pretors, Qnestors, and Ediles, on which occa
Eckhel, in citing the lcarncd Abbé’s authority sions their namcs were introduced on the coins,
on this point, adds, that hc had, however, him so, in the colonies likewise, whether the pur
self found in Fl. Josephus, a certain place on pose might be to provide corn, or celebrate pub
the borders of Galilee, which is really named lic games, unstampcd brass was given to the
‘Opdrouz, i. 0. Concordia. Ediles, which they were then to mint for imme
3. Colonial llltq/zlrtrate.1.—As the Grecian diate use, with thc insertion of their own names,
cities recorded on their coins their magistrates for a similar reason.”
of various ranks, such in Archons, Prctors, Coloniarum Decurionalua.——Dccurionutc of
 . ii no —--._

230 COLONIAE ROl\L\N.»\E. COLONIAE ROMAN.-\E.

the Colonies.—-See nEovnIoNns—-See also the latter did not receive the impression of the
Municipal Jlzzgistracics. plough, because through them would be carried
Colouiarmu Duumviratu.x.—Scc Duumviratc the bodies of the dead and other impurities."
of the Colonies. Thus far Hcineccius who quotes his authorities,
Coloniarunz et Jlizmicipiarum 7}/pi.——-The with whom Florez may be compared-Eckhcl
coins of Colonies have either certain parti adds a passage from Cato’s “ Origincs," quoted
cular types, from which they rarely deviate, by Scrvius, in which the type of similar coins is
or such as vary without any fixed system. Of exactly described; “ For the founders of a city
the former class, e. y. are a woman standing used to yoke a bull on the off and a cow on the
with military ensigns, peculiar to Viminacium ; near side, and dressed in the Gabinian fashion,
a head of (Jupiter) Axnmon, to Cassandrea; (i. e. using part of the toga as a veil for the
a woman sitting on a rock, with a river flowing hcnd, and girding up the rest of it,) held in
from beneath it, to Antioch in Syria, &c. Coins their hands the curved plough-tail,” Etc. To
of the second class have types of a changeable the same purport is the statement of Dion, that
and common character, throwing light on the a golden statue of great weight, with figures of
period in which they were struck; or in some a bull and a cow, was erected in honour of Com
cases, more elaborate ones, founded doubtless modus, as founder of the Colony of Rome. (See
on traditions preserved amongst themselves and coL. coxmonutn,\.)—Thc coins of that emperor
traceable to a remote period of the history of of about the date U. c. 943, (A. D. 190) serve to
the colony; though there might be nothing in elucidate this point of the subject.
them any longer applicable to the circumstances The religious obligation of tracing with a
of the foreign settlers in those cities. To ad plough the boundaries of a colony was observed
duce some examples, a common type of the not only in the case of those, which were raised
colony of Corinth, is the fable of Melicerta, from the very foundation, but also of those,
also of Bcllerophon, Chimu-zra, Pegasus, Szc. On which, having already the external form of a
the coins of the Tyrians, and colonies founded city, obtained through the importation of foreign
by them, we sec the pclne arnbrocitz, and the colonists, or even merely by the libcrality of the
mare.r, a shell fish used for dying wool purple, Romans, the rights and privileges of a colony.
&e.—See coamruus and TYRUS.
The following are the types which only R0
man colonies adopted, except in eases where in
dependent cities assumed them :—
I. A l\I.m, onssseo IN ms: roux, mo
vr,i1.i-:n, DRIVES (so/nelime: wit/1, s0melime'.r
wit/rout, a whip), A PAIR or oxen romzn T0
A PLOUGH.
This type, of which an Antiochian specimen,
in large brass (CAFm¢ria ANTlOClIia COL As a monctal illustration of the fact here as
ouia Sonatua R0man.u.r), will be found engraved serted by Eekhel, the above reverse of a beauti
in p. 227, is presented exclusively on coins of Ro ful gold coin struck by c. MARIV8 TROGVS, one
man Colonies, as the sacred rite alluded to by it, of the moncycrs of Augustus, has been engraved
was not observed except on the occasion of found after Mionnct’s fine plate, 1‘. i. p. 109. The
ing a colony by the Romans. It is described type of this very rare aureus (valued by the
everywhere by philologists, and among them by French Numismatist at 600 fr.) represents a
Ilcineccius in the following brief and clear colonist driving two oxen harnessed to a plough,
manner: “Whenever either a new city was to before Hm walls Q/' a town. On the obverse is
be built, or a colony planted, the founder or the bare head of Augustus, with simpulzun and
Triumvir of the colony, attired in the Gabinian lituua behind it, and the legend caessn av
garb, fixed a brazen plough-share into a plough, GVST. Allusion is doubtless in this instance
and yoking to it a pair of oxen, male and female, made to some colony planted by the first em
in person turned up n deep furrow around the peror, where a city already existed, but round
boundaries. The colonists followed and sho which the sacred ceremonial peculiar to Roman
vclled back into the furrow the clods raised by colonization had still to be performed.
the plough. At the spot which they fixed upon Casilinum was an example of a city of long
for a gate, they took out the plough-share, lifted standing, and already constituted a colony with
the plough, and left a space. The furrow com the due rites; and yet when M. Antony sent
pletcd, these oxen with other victims, were sa thither a reinforcement of colonists, he did not
crificed to the Dii nediozumi, (Gods of the neglect the ceremony of the plough, as Cicero
earth, as middle between heaven and the infernal informs us, in the following invective:--“ You
regions?) and lastly they betook themselves to have
that you
led over
mighta colony
raise the
tostandard
Casilinum,
(vexillum) and
building the walls. Other ceremonies were
added to these, for good omen’s sake, as drive the plough round (the walls).” Hence, it
Fcstus shews under the word Qmulraia; but is by no means surprising, that the figure of
of the nature of these we are as yet ignorant. a plough should be found on the coins of colonies
From what has already been described, the fact of remote foundation, such as Berytus, Sidon,
can easily be accounted for, that the walls and Tyre, and Patrac. According to Cicero, how
not the gates of a city were held sacred. For ever, the limits, not merely of the city, but of
 COLONIAE ROMANAE.
the land assigned to the colony, were traced “For not at this period, as in a former one,
out by the plough. For he thus continues the were whole legions led forth, with their tri
sentence above quoted: “With the coultcr of bunes and centurions, and soldiers of every
which (i. e. Arutrnm) you nearly grazed the
gate of Capua, that the territory of that flourish
ing colony might be curtailed.”
lt ought further to be observed, that the type
of a plough is not found on the coins of any
mzlnicipirzl/1, and with good reason, for, those
places were not under the same regulations as
the colonies (see article Mvulcrrivn), the lat
ter, as the off-shoots of Rome, using the laws
and institutions of that people, and appearing
to have bccn, as it were, imitations of Rome on
a small scale. Hence, as Romulus, when found
ing Rome (to use Ovid’s expression), grasping
the plonghshnre, marked out the walls with a
furrow, a white bull and n white cow bearing
the yoke; so, in planting colonies, a similar
rite was practised. And this also, fully accounts
for the fact, that, on the coins of Greclc colo
nies, whose custom it was, by various types, to
indicate their connexion with the metropolis,
there never appears a priest ploughing, because
this ceremony was peculiar to the Romans alone,
and ncvcr extended to the Grceks.—D. N. V. confutcd by both authors and coins.
vol. iv. 490.
II. l\rllLlTAIlY ENSIGNS, AND THE Laorons.
These frequently occur on colonial coins, but
not on them alone. There are various modes
in which they were represented, and the follow
ing is Eckhcl’s enumeration of them :-—
Jlililary Eusiyna a/one ; as they are seen on
coins of Acci, Caesar-augusts, Emerita, Bery
tus, &c.
filililary Erzsigm, with the names of the
Legion: affixed. See Coins of Acci (p. 3),
and Caesar-augusta (p. 161 of this dictionary).
See also Berytus, Patric, &c.
dliliiary Ensfgnc, with a Priest pl0u_qlzin_q.-—
On coins of [Elia Capitolina, and Ptolcmais;
also on some of Antioch in Pisidia, and of
Patric, the priest is ploughing; but instead of
his holding the customary whip, n vexillum, or
one or two military stan/Iarzla, appear behind
his oxcn.—Scc p. 15 & p. 227 of this dictionary.
On a coin of Caesar-augnsta, military cnsigns
occupy the obverse; and a priest ploughing, the
reverse.
On the coins of Viminacium, s woman stand
ing, holding an ensign in each hand, is the com
mon type.
Military ensign: on colonial coins, undoubtedly
for the most part indicate military colonies. For
soldiers were sent out into the colonies, partly
because they had served their time, partly as n.
reward for eminent services (which was fre
quently the case under the Trinmviratc), partly
for the protection of the frontiers of the empire.
That, however, may with much greater cer
tainty be pronounced a military colony, whose
coins exhibit the legions and their numbers
added to the verilla, as LEG. xl.—But the num
bers are not unfrequcntly omitted. It is well
known that soldiers, transferred to colonies, pro
ceedcd thither with their ensigns, and by troops.
Tacitus, in a passage already quoted, says:
COLON I AE ROMANAE. 231
rank.”—And also Hyginus——“ It was the lot of
many legions, after successful campaigns, to
arrive, by the first act of their warlike appren
ticeship, at the laborious case of a farming life.
For they were led out with their cnsigns and
eagle, their oflicers of rank and tribuncs."-
Sulla is said to have been the originator of
military colonies, and his example was followed
by the Cmsars.
Fubretti is of opinion, that by the help of the
types already described, viz. of a priest plough
ing, and of verilla, a distinction might be
established between plcbcian sud military colo
nies. For, he says, the plebeians were dis
tinguished by the plough; the military, by the
eagles and ensigns; whilst those, which on
various coins exhibit the plough or the ensigns
indiscriminately, and sometimes in combination,
indicate a derivation in the first instance from
the civilians, reinforced subsequently by veteran
soldiers. Fabretti is cntircly followed by Vaillant.
Eckhcl, however, shows that this opinion is
He begins
by comparing with it Vclleius Paterculus, who
says-—“ I could not easily recall to memory an
instance of any colony sent out qfler this period,
which Wm not 9. milita-r_1/ one.” The period
alluded to, he marks by the sixth consulate of
Marius, which occurred U. c. 654 (B. 0. 100).
If, therefore, his testimony may be relied on,
Bcrytus, Caesar-angnsta, Corinth, Emerita,
Patric, Sinope, were also military colonies, be
ing all planted by Julius Caesar, or Augustus,
and consequently 1;/‘(er the time mentioned by
Vellcius; and yet all these colonies exhibit on
their coins n mun ploughing. Nor could Fa
brctti defend his ploughman by the assertion,
that the first planting by the civilians was de
noted by this type ; for it is certain, that none
of the cities just enumerated were colonies bqfnrc
the colonization set on foot by the two Caesars
above named; and, therefore, that they were
made at the same time colonies, and, according
to Velleins, rnilitary colonies; as, indeed is
proved by the name Enierila itself, which, ac
cording to authors, was applied to it from sol
diers who had served their time (emeriti).—
Again to adducc Cicero’s declamation against
M. Antony——“ You have lcd forth a colony to
Casilinum, that you might raise your standard
(vexillum), and drive your plough round its
wal.ls.”—-'l‘hat it was a miliMr_1/ colony is clear
from the expressions of Vcllcius, and yet the
custom of ploughing was observed at its founda
tion. ln like manner, the vex-illum, though the
symbol of inilitary colonies, yet did not dis
prove them to be plebeian. For even when ple
bcian colonies were sent out, the colonists
marched under military ensigns.—-This we learn
from Plutarch, when he says, that the principal
verillum was broken ofi' by the wind, when a
colony was led by C. Grucchns to Carthage.—
But this colony was composed, not of soldiers,
but of poor civilians.
232 COLONIAE ROi\1AN.=\E.
The foregoing statements go to prove that
the type of a plough is applicable equally to
plebeiuu and to military colonies; and the same
may be maintained respecting the verilla; al
though, as fur as the present purpose is con
cerned, it would appear an idle inquiry, how far
military ensigns denote a military colony. For
those colonies of which coins are extant, with
one or two exceptions, were all military, doubt
less planted by the Cmsnrs: so that it may,
without hesitation, he pronounced that the vex
illa typified on coins of Roman colcuies have re
ference to the soldiers who settled in them, in the
same manner as the ve.n'Ila on the coins of cities,
which were not colonies, have reference to the
cohorts stationed as a guard near them.—
On coins of Italim a. Spanish rnunicipiunz, there
appear vezilla ,- also on those of Niema and
Juliopolis in Bithynia, and Hieropolis in Cyr
hestica, none of which were colonies; and though
Egypt had no colonies whatever, the coins of
Alexandria, struck during the reigns of Nume
rianus and Carinus, bear the mark of Leyio. II.
Yhzjana, with the type of s legionary eagle.
Dant. Num. Vet. vol. iv. p. 492.
COLONIA E ROM.-\NAE.
of attachment, or of adulation, appear also to
have recommended this type to foreign cities,
as it is found on a coin of Thyatira, in Lydia,
given by Spon. Connected with the allusion to
Rome as an original, is n type, in which tlilneas
is represented, carrying Anchises and accompa
nied by Ascanius, used by the colonies of Apn
mea in Bithyuin, and Bcrytus, in Syria.--See
Pcllerin, Jlélange, i. '1‘. i. pl. l8.
IV. A Bonn, s'r.\Nmrze.—0n the coins of
Calngurris, Cclsa, in Hispania, and of other colo
nies, this type appears in allusion to Agricul
ture, to promote which colonists were sent from
Rome, and of which a bull was the customary
s_vmbol.—-Tacitus says, “therefore from the
cattle mnrkct, where we see the brazen statue
of a bul.l, because that species of animal is used
in ploughing," &c.—=§ee Akerrnan, Ancient
Coins of (lilies, p. 78, pl. viii. No.6-—also
Havercanip, Mézlailles dc Christine, p. 285,
ran. xliv.

V. SILENUS standing, lrolds out Iris rig/N

/land, and with his hffl supports n wine-.xl‘i:1
tlu-awn over Iii: .rlwuIdere.—(co1.. moo. narro
rouzos.)
III. A snr: wo1.r SUCKLING rwo CHILDREN. This device, copied from o first brass of
The following colonies otler this type on their Laodicen, occurs on coins of the following colo
coins, viz. :—A/e./mndria in the Trond; Anti nies, viz. :—-—.dle.trmdria Troadis; Bm-_r/lur Plim
oclzia in Pisidin; Apamea in Bithynia; Coela nicize; Boat;-a Arabise; Coela (:mm.) Thraci-'6;
(munieipium) in the Thracian Chersonesus; Damascw Coelesyrire; Deullum Thracim; L40
Damarcm in Coele Syrias; Deultum in Thrace; dicea Syrire ; Neapoli: Samaria: , Pm-ium, My
Germs in Galatia; Iconium in Lycaonia; Ila sise; Patna Aehsise; Sivlou Pll(DIllClfl2; Ty.-W
lica (municipium) in Bmtica (Hispania); Lao Phosnicire.
dicea in Syria; Neapolia in Samaria; Parizzm That the above type is peculiar to coins of
in Mysia ; Palm in Achaia; P/zilippi in Mace this class, is rendered probable by the fact, not
donia. only that it is found on the coinage of so mall)‘
The above cut is after a cast from a coin of colonies, but also that it is found on them nlonr.
Laodicea, in the British Museum. The obverse for Silenus is not represented in the attitude
bears the head and titles of Mucrinus; the above described on any coins of cities, whivll
legend of the reverse is nosur. FI-JL(ICI). were not colonies.-—Eckhel, without hesitation,
That the tradition of Romulus and Remus pronounces this type to be strictly a colonial
having been brought up by a. she wolf, was the one; and as a sole exceptional instance, he re
constant symbol of the origin of the Roman fers to the Silenus which appears, in a similar
state, is evident from innumerable monuments. attitude, on a denarius of the C-ensorini (W
It was on this account that the colonies parti Marcia gens), although for what reason adopted
cularly affected the above described type, in thereon, is not known.
order to declare themselves sprung as it were Vaillant regards this type, as having referenffi
from a common parent; just as Probus struck to abundant vintages, in which Silenus is H1}
coins, in third brass, with the legend OBIGINI. derstood to have delighted. And, in this 0_|J1
AVG. and the type of the wolf and twins; no nion, that celebrated writer on Colonial Com!
doubt in order to proclaim himself a Roman is followed by Belleye, in his dissertation on the
by birth. Mania-ipia-, though but rarely, used this coins of Bostra.—Eckhel, on the other hand.
type, as they might, by a species of adoption, considers it to indicate the jus Italicum; Ind
be considered the daughters of Rome. Motives he asks “ how is it that we do not also find the
 COLON l .~\E ROMA NAE. COLONIAE ROMANAE. 233
figure of Silenus on the coins of Greek cities of all the other privileges of Tyre, by order of
cities which were so fond of boasting the ex Elsgabalus."
cellence of their wine, in so many various ways?” By way of support to his conjecture, Eckhel
He then commences an inquiry into the reason adds, that out of all the numerous coins of Tyre,
why the Silenus in question appears almost exSilenus appears on those only which declare
clusively on Roman coins, and to throw light that city to be a colony. On the withdrawal
on this enigma, quotes two passages from Ser of its colonial rights, by Elagabalus, it inti
rius. That ancient grammarian, in the first mated its forlorn condition by the legend Trai
place, refers to Silenus under the name of Mar onvx, whilst Silenus was banished from its
syas, as is to be inferred from his asserting that
coinage. To this instance may be conjoined
this Marsyas was under the guardianship of Patrse, in Achaia, on which, as Pausanias informs
Liter Pater (Bacchus), and pcrfonncd the part us, Augustus conferred all the advantages which
of his attendant, as is mythologically predi were usually allowed to n colony; and if all, no
doubt amongst them was included the jus Itali
cated of Silenus ; and in the next place, Servius
states, that the image of Marsyas (meaning cum. Consequently out of twelve cities, seven
Silenus), was customarily placed in the forum are seen to have enjoyed that right, and used
of the Italian cities, as the symbol of Liberty, the type of Silenus.
with uplifted hand, proclaiming that the city was This view of the subject, taken by the ac
under the amplest protection (nihil urbi dccsse) ; knowledged prince of numismstists, is materially
confirmed by the fact, that on the coins of those
thus pointing out the very posture of the statue,
resembling that of the figure on their c0ius.— colonies, to which the jurists Ulpian, Paulus,
The learned, acute, and judicious Author of and other learned authors, deny the 'u.r Itali
Dorlr-ina next observes, that no colonies appear cum, viz. Ptolemais, Czcsarea in Sam ia, Elia
to have used this type but those which had the Capitolina, and Antioch in Syria, not the least
ju: Ilalicum granted to them by the emperors. vestige of the Silenus type is to be found; al
This privilege fins), the most ample of all those though their coins are extant in abundance.
which the Romans were accustomed to confer Of Ptolemais, Ulpian says, “It has nothing
on cities, involved immunity from capitation beyond the name of a colony ;" and of Cresarea
and land taxes; and it was termed Italioum, and Aelia, the same writer says, “Neither of
because Augustus wished that this advantage them possesses the jus Italicum.” Antioch in
should extend to the whole of Italy. Syria is not only passed over entirely by Ulpian;
Eckhel then proceeds to the following effect: but Paulus has merely this brief notice of it
—“ It must be evident to every one, that the “ Divns Antoninus constituted the Antiochians
cities which were distinguished by this eminent colonists, but without exemption from tribute
privilege, could, without undue assumption, (salvis tributis) .—“ From the circumstance how
though not strictly in accordance with the Ro ever that the above named writers do not enn
man sense of the term, be called free, and make mcrate among the Urbu Italian, Bostra, Coela,
that boast, which Servius supposes to be inti Damascus, Deultnm, Neapolis, Patric, and Sidon,
mated by the attitude of Silenus—namely that all of which exhibit the type of Silenus in their
theneeforward they had no further privilege to mintages, let it not (says Eckhel in conclusion)
wish for. If, then, as may reasonably be con be supposed that I would have any one infer,
jectured, it was in order to make a display of that those cities did not possess the jua Italic-um ;
this their liberty, that the Italian cities so con for there is no doubt that some colonies were
stantly represcntcd Silenus as the symbol of admitted to the privilege in question at a later
freedom, Servius, himself a Roman, and one period."--See Dad. Num. Vet. iv. 4-93, et seq.
who had been an eye-witness of this custom of Colonial Coins—melal employed in.—N0 colo
the Italian cities, could with propriety state nial coin has yet been found in gold. Ncmausus
the figure of this demi-god to denote the liberty has given several in silver, with the inscription
of cities, notwithstanding his having, as a COL. Florcz saw only one of Carthago Nova,
writer, made use of expressions not quite cor and one of Ilicum, and has pronounced them to
rect (as when he substitutes Marsyas for Sile be the greatest rarities. There are very rare
nus, and the term liberty for that of immunity, silver coins of Agrigcntnm, in Sicily, without
derived from the jue Iialicum). Moreover, if the con. and inscribed only AGBIGENTVM, but
the Italian cities declared their freedom, by the which, Eckhcl has no doubt, were struck at
erection of a statue of Silenus in their forum, Agrigentnm, after the planting of n colony
it is not surprising that the colonies abroad there. With these exceptions, the whole of the
should have been fond of testifying, in a similar colonial coinage is in brass. It appears that the
manner, that the same privileges had been ex use of silver was not forbidden to the colonies
tended to themselves. And, indeed, of the planted under the republic; but that sub
twelve cities which have employed the type of sequently, brass nlone was permitted, from the
Silenus on their coins (see the list given above), time that August-us, and his successors, re
there are five which it is certain enjoyed the served to themselves the gold and silver mints.
flu Italicum, that is to say, Alexandria, Bery Colonial minlage.9—~ce.uali0n qf'.—The latest
tus, Laodicca, Parium, and Tyre. To these time of striking coins in the colonies of His
may safely be added Sidon, on which no doubt pania does not extend beyond the reign of
the jus Ifalizmm, which 'l‘yre possessed, was Caligula. In the Gallic provinces they hnd
be-towed siinultnncously with the transfer to it l ceased even under Augustus, and earlier still,
2H
23% COLONIAE R().\i.»\NAE. COLONUS.
on the continent of Italy-, as there is no coin of fortunate (Felivem) Colony of the world ;” so
an Italian colony, exhibiting s head of Cresar, intent was he on the city’s being considered as
or of Augustus. The coins of the Sicilian his own colony. But this new “settb.-meat"
colonies, Agrigentum and Panorrnus, furnish the had a very narrow escape from destruction, by
portrait of Augustus alone. The colonies of old the hands of the very person who planted it:
Africa gave up the minting-mallet, under Tibe for he would have sct fire to the city, says
rius; and Babba alone, in New Africa, continued Lampridius (ch. 15), had he not been prevenkxi
till the reign of Galba. But these limits apply by Lietns.
not only to the coinage of the colonies, and The type of a priest veiled, ploughing, with
municipia of those provinces, but also to that a yoke of oxen, admirably confirms the testimony
of their free cities. As regards the provinces of historians, for (as has been fully demonstrated
situated eastward of the Adriatic, their colonies in the preceding pages), it is a common one on
present examples of the same course, adopted in coins of cities which were planted as colonies.
reference to money, by their free cities. For The golden statue erected to him, with the figures
both equally abstained from striking money of a bull and u cow, has reference to this foolish
during the reign of Gallienus, with the exception attempt of Comlnodus, in his pretended capa
of a very few, which exhibit the portraits of city of founder of u colony. The legend,
some of the emperors immediately succeeding also, perfectly agrees with the type of this re
him. And this cessation was owing, either to markable coiu, as it gives the word CO].-zmia.
the universal feeling of satiety, or to the glut of “ The Whole inscription (adds Eckhel) no doubt
Roman money, in the provinces; or to the should be thus intcrpreted—COLonia Imcia
fact, that about this time, mints were in the ANt0niniana COM0dirma, just as Diospolis in
course 0' establishment, for the coining of Samaritis, and Eleuthcropolis in Judzca, styled
money, which should he common to all the pro themselves on coins Lucia Sepfimia Severi4l1ll'
vinces of the empire. Still, it is remarkable, that the pnenomcn of
Coloniarum cudendi permi/m'0.—Permission Lucia should have been given to Rome, at 11
to strike money in the colonies.—-See ream. time, when Commodus himself constantly used
.\vovs'r1, and PERMISSV czu-zsaars-—(ruia locis.) that of Marcus, unless, perhaps, he had ill
his mind the revival of the old and long disused
name of Lucius, which he really adopted W0
yeu.rs afterwa.rds.”—Sec vii. 122. _
The same subject is alluded to on coins in
scribed mane. non. c0Nn.—Among Vailllmfi
Selcciiora Numinnala from the De Camps collec
tion, now in the Cabinet de France, thereis out
which exhibits this emperor indulging his insane
fancy of guiding the colonial plough, but attrmrl
in the lion’s skin like Hercules. And the nu’
personation is completed by a club which ‘llfi
carries in his right hand. For Lamprldllli
COL. L. AN. COM. P. M. TR. P. XV. records, tha “ He caused himself to be styled
IMP. VIII. COS. VI. S. C.-——A priest veiled, Romanu: Hen-ule:”—adding the reason for that
driving a. plough, to which oxen are yoked. designation, viz. “because he had slough?-@1911
First and second brass of Commodus. wild beasts in the amphitheatre at Lanuvium." If
On this reverse, we have the monetal proof was in memory of his converting the eternal city’
of Rome having been called Colonic Commo into a colony bearing his own name, and to his
diana, by command of Commodus. Lampri own lzonour, as “ Hercules Romanus Comlitor,"
dius (chap. 8) informs us that this emperor that the medallion in question was struck, It
reached such a pitch of madness as to desire that the beginning of his 7th consulate, in collea|_rfl6
the city of Rome should be called the Commodi ship with Helvius Pertinax, 945 (A. D. 192)»
and during
anian colony; an act of folly which is said to bunitiau his 17th investiture
power.—-See comuonus,with the
biogmphllfll
have been brought about, by the fascinations of
Marcia, his Amazonian mistress. The some his summary of (p. 2AO).——Eugraved in Akermnlh
torian adds that, at the time when he introduced i. 312, pl. D.
to the Senate his scheme for turning Rome into COLONUS--a term obviously derived fwlfl
Comrnodiana, that degenerate body not only re cola, to till or cultivate the soil—mcans an
ceived it readily, but even gave itself the title of inhabitant of a colony, who was nominally 8
(Senatua) Commodianus. Thus the absurdity citizen of Rome; because he had the rights of
was fortified even by a Senatus romulfum, us is citizenship, though not in all their extent; nor dill
shewn by the coin from which the above is an the to/oni possess what was called Optimum 1!-1
accurate cut, and which is marked with the s. c. cit-em has given it detail of the privileg¢$_°l
which a colonist was deprived. Addrrswlfi
To show how obstinately Commodus had set his
mind on this object, it is stated by Dion himself to the Roman people, the great omtvr
(lxxii. § 15), that the people were commanded says,-—Vos verb, Quiritcs, retincte istam [>95
to call Rome itself Commodiana, and the armies scssionem grstizc, libertatis, siilfragiorum, 5'?‘
Cmmnodiani. And further, that Rome was uitatis, Urbis, fori, ludorum, festorunl, M"
styled by the emperor himself the “eternal ‘ Of whatever rank they were, the mlvni \\'\‘\‘~'

5
 COLOSSUS. COLUl\lNA. 235
eligible to be enrolled among the rural tribes, of a body called the sluzfl, of a head termed the
so that they became equal, by the right of clopilal, and of a foot denominated the 6a.re.—
sulfrages, to the richest and most distinguished The Romans had epithets to designate different
citizens-—-Those who wished to become members insulated columns, used for public purposes.
of a new colony were accustomed to give in their Those noticeable on their coins were the rostrated
names to the triumvirs charged as commissioners and the triumpluzl.-—'1‘he following are well
with the duty of forming such settlement. And known examples of each :
thus persons bnrthened with the pressure ot
domestic circumstances, obtained with their
families new and gratuitous means of support.-—
Sce Pitiscus, Dictionnaire dec Anliquités Ro
.-namer.
CoIom'sl.r were frequently sent out by the
Romans into the metropolis, or capital city of
a nation or a province. And this was done with
a politic view, in order by the allegiance of one
city the more easily to secure the adherence of
the other towns in the some province or nation.
llcnce we find the united dignities of C-blonia
and Metropolis are marked on coins of C/l(l7‘)'!1?,
Edeua, &c. The legends being sometimes in COLUMNA ANTONINIANA.—A magnifi
the vernacular tongue of those places; at other cent pillar, which still “lifts its head” in one
times in the Latin language, as introduced by of the finest squares (or piazza) in Rome, is
the colonists themselves. thus called, as having been raised, according to
general belief, by the Senate and People to the
COLOSSUS—-a statue of prodigious grandeur, memory of Antoninus Pius. And there are in
far beyond the size of life. At first they were scriptions on it which countenance and support
made thus large and lofty only in honour of the this belief. But inasmuch as certain details of
gods, in order to indicate the extent of their the war against the Marcomanni arc recorded
power by the vastness of their stature. After on this column—n war conducted by his succes
wards, however, when human rulers alfeetcd sor Marcus Aurelius—it has been therefrom in
divine honours, they readily allowed themselves ferred that this famous monument was not
to receive ahomage which had till then been finished till the reign of Commodus. It appears,
reserved to their deities. The Asiatics and however, more likely to have been erected during
Egyptians had a remarkable fondness for gigantic the reign of Marcus Aurelius. That prince
figures. The Greeks also possessed many Co having occasionally been called Divns Antoni
lossi, among which was the celebrated one of nus, or Marcus Antoninus, has perhaps given
Rhodes, executed by Chares Lindius, a disciple rise to the ambiguity. At any rate, the name
of Lysippus, and which was 70 cubits high.—— of Antoninus remains attached to the column,
The Romans adorned their cities with similar which is 116 French fect in height, and ll in
monuments, which at first they brought thither diameter. It is entirely of marble, and is sur
from the countries they had conquered. At a rounded with bani relievi, which form twenty
lntcr period the pride and ambition of the em spirals around the shaft.
perors added colossal magnitude to the other at Silver and large brass coins, bearing the por
tributes of their power. Nero caused his colos trait of Antoninus Pius, and judging from the
sal statue to be erected in the via sacra at Rome legend of consecration, evidently struck qfler
(near the spot afterwards occupied by Vcspasian’s that empcror’s death, exhibit a typification of
amphitheatre); and on a large brass of that the column, with a colossal statue of the Im
emperor there is a triumph-'11 arch (sec p. 77),
pmztor standing on its summit, holding a spear
in one of the sides of which we see a figure of in his right hand. The base of the pillar is
extraordinary proportions, compared with the surrounded with a railing. The above out is
other statues that adorn it, and which, \vith engraved from a well-preserved 1argcbra.ss.—
probability, is regarded by Oiselius and others See Divo P10.
to represent Nero. Sec also a colossal figure In describing a choice specimen of this in
of that emperor on the large brass of Pour. teresting type in his own collection, Captain
osru. Domitian and Hadrian also erected Smyth (p. 126) observes—“ This celebrated
colossal statues.—Haym has published a coin, column, erected by Marcus Aurelius, in the field
on which is a colossus between two tem of Mars, in imitation of that of Trajan, was
ples dedicated to Caracalla and Geta, or to inferior to it in all respects except that of
>1-verns and Caracalla. Millingcn has also given height. The dimensions of this monument are
a colonial second brass dedicated to Antoninus thus given by Pnblius Victor :—“ Templum Divi,
Pius, on the reverse of which, in the middle of cum coclide columnh, quze est alta pedcs 175,
a harbour with ships in it (supposed to he meant habet intus gradus 206, ct fcncstellas (small
for that of Cenckrea), stands a colossal image windows) 56.” It still exists in silu, although
of Ni-ptunc.—See coumrnus. it has been greatly damaged by tire; and Pope
(‘()].l'.\INA.—A column or pillar~—rouud in Sixtus Vth lm\'i|\g placed St. Peter on 'l‘r:\jnu’s
fwnn, aiul roniposcd (in nrcliituctiirul la\|1g|\:\1,n-l, pillar, scl up St. Paul on this."
. 2ll2
236 COLUMNA. COLUMNA.
COLUMNA ROS'I‘RA'l‘A.—This was a pil his name. This noble pillar remained uninjured
lar which the Senate and the Roman People by the wear and tear of ages, except that the
raised on the occasion of some naval successes, statue of the emperor had disappeared from its
and adorned with the roslra, or prows of con summit, and that abalustrade of brass, which
quered squadrons. The first rostrated or beaked originally surrounded the top, existed no longer.
columns were erected in the forum, to comme Pope Sixtns V. undertook to repair these losses,
morntc a victory gained by the Roman fleet and employed the Cavaliers Fontana in supply
under the consul C. Dnillius over that of the ing a balustrade of iron; but instead of raising
Carthaginians, B. c. 261. It was a marble pil another statue of Trajan, copied as it might
lar, found in 1560, and is-to be seen in the have been from his coins, His Holiness prefer
capitol at Rome.—Engraved in Dr. W. Smith’s red to see the vacant place filled up with a
Dicliormry qf Roman Antiquities, p. 267. brazen figure of St. Peter, “who (ms Eckhel says,
On a silver coin of Augustus, the reverse with classical sarcasm on pontifical taste),
type presents a column, ornamented with beaks “marvels no doubt what connection there can
and anchors of ships, on which stands a figure be between himself and the relieve: of the
of the emperor, in a military habit, with a spear column, which exhibit the horrors of war
in the right hand, and n short sword, or the and the ceremonies of paganism—thus trans
parazonium, in the other. mr. cans. inscribed forming this renowned work into a contemptible
on the field of the coin. hybrid.”
This type bears reference to a circumstance Several ancient historians have made allusion
recorded by Appian (B. c. lib. v. ch. 130), that to this magnificent object, and state its dimen
on Octavianus Csesor's return from the cam sions, ench utter his own calculations.-Dion
paign in Sicily against Pompey, a. u. c. 718 says, inter alia, “'l‘rajan’s column in the forum
(n. c. 36), amongst other honours decreed to is of vast hcight."—Eutropius aflirms, that it was
Augustus was the following—that a gold statue l4-t feet high.—-Cassiodorus 140 fect.—P. Victor
of him, in the trinmphal attire in which he en says, “It was 128 fcct in height."--Modern
tered the city, should be erected to him in the writers, on more minute admeasurement, esti
forum, on a column to which were atiixed the mate its diameter at 12 feet and § (French), and
beaks of ships, and inscribed, OB. racen. DIV. its height at 100 feet, including the base and
TVRBATAM. 'l‘F.ERA. HABIQVE. RES'l‘l'l‘VTAM.— capital. The summit of the column is attained
It is to this that Virgil also alludcs, when by means of an interior staircase, cut round in
amongst the famous monuments of Augustus, the marble. This staircase receives the light by
he mentions, “ navali snrgentes acre columnns,”4.3 openings pierced in the shaft. The sculptured
“columns soaring aloft, made of, or adorned work with which the whole exterior of the column
with, naval brass.” (Geory. iii. 29). To which is decorated, makes a spiral ascent of 23 turns
Servius adds, “Augustus becoming the con round the pillar like o shell (whence its appella
queror of nll Egypt, part of which Csesar had tion cav/tli.s). It represents in a series of
reduced, brought away from the naval engage tableau: the exploits of Trajan, throughout
ment many beaks of ships, which he meltcd both the Dacion campaigns They arc ex
down and made into four columns, aflerwards tremely curious as regards both art and history,
placed by Domitian in the capitol.”—Eckhcl, exhibiting as they do, settings out on marches,
vi. 86. forms of encampment, passages of rivers, sacri
A rostrated column, as represented in the fices, battles, victories, and trophies. These
annexed cut, surmounted by a male figure, with pictures are all of fine workmanship, and dc
radiated head, holding the ficient in a graphic sense only as to perspective,
lrasta, appears on gold and the rules of which the ancients seldom if ever
silver coins of Vespnsian.— appcar to have understood. As a means, how
The statue on the top of the ever, of retracing the most memorable incidents
column seems (says Vail of the Decian war, and of presenting many
lant), to be that of Vespe interesting details relative to mili antiquities,
siun, and the coin which the such sculptured relics are of the greatest value.
legend of reverse, cos. vm.
TR. ror. X. shows to have been minted A. D.
77, refers to some victory; perhaps that naval
engagement in which he defeated the Jews on the
lake of Genesaret, as related by Josephus. There
is a similar coin and type of Titus, struck in
remembrance of his naval victories, and on which
his image, with radiated head, surmounts the
rostral column.
COLUMNA TRAJANA.—The superb mo
nument bearing this appellation, and existing at
this moment in the Eternal City, was erected
by the Senate and the Roman People to the
honour of Trajan, in the forum which that cm Coins in gold and silver, also in first and second
peror had caused to be built at Rome (by Apol bras, minted A. D. 113, in memory of the time
odorus of Athens), and which was called after when this triumphal pillar was coustrm.-tml,
 COLl.71\I.\‘.\. COM. ASIAE. 237
exhibit the statue (of brass gilt) by which it a two-columned temple;
was originally surmounted. It represented within which is the figure
'lh'ajan in the garb of war, holding in one hand of n mun in a military
a spear, and in the other a globe. On the habit, crowned by a fe
pedestal, close to the base of the column, stands male figure who holds n
an eagle on each side. The emperor, however, cornucopire.—Thc abbre
never beheld the column thus raised to record viated words nosr. ET
and perpetuate his military fume: for, returning ave. are inscribed on the
irorn Persia, he died in the East on his way to frieze of the temple -,
Rome, »a. D. 117. His ashes, inclosed in a whilst com. AS]. appears
golden urn, were interred under the column on the field of the coin, the temple being be
being the first buried within the city. tween them. On the obverse is 'rr. cravnrvs
The legend on the coin in each metal dis csasaa AVG. with the bare head of Claudius.——
playing this interesting type of reverse, is This medallion was struck at Pergsmus, in
s. P. Q, a. orrmo rnrncrrr. (on the brass s. c. Mysia, about 807 (A. D. 54).—Eckhel, vi. 245.
is added.) “ It seems,” says Tristan, (Commeniaires His
The date (observes Eckhel) of the completion loriquea, '1‘. i. 183) “ that the medal was minted
and dedication of this surprising monument is in honour of Claudius, immediately after his
almost sntficiently defined by the inscription accession to the empire; the Asiatics wishing
above the door of the column, viz. :- to signify that Claudius was elevated to the Roman
monarchy on account of the love borne him by the
SENATVS. POPVLVSQ, ROMANVS.
Romans, inspired thereto by the divine genius
IMP. CAESARI. DIVI. NERVAE. F.
of the city of Itomc.” Havercamp, on the other
NERVAE. TRAIANO. AVG. GERM.
hand (see Morell. T/remur. Impp. vol. ii. p. 15),
DACICO. PONTIF. MAXIMO. TRI.
expresses the more probable opinion that the
POT. XVII. IMP. VI. COS. VI. P. P.
temple thus typified is one which the Alaban
AD. DECLARANDVM. QVANTAE.
denscs of Carin, or some other province of the
ALTITVDINIS. MONS. ET. LOCVS.
Commzmilas Aries, had built in honour of Roma
’TAN"l‘ia ope:-iBVS SIT. EGE. and A/1_¢7u.9lu.r, and that the coin was struck
STVS.
simply in congratulation to Claudius, on his
‘ So Fabretti contends it should be read; rcccnt attainment of the supreme power formerly
others fill up the lacurue dilferentlyz thus possessed by Augustus, whom they were then
'l‘ANTi: e:c0lliBVS SIT. EGESTVS. worshipping as a God.
According to this inscription, the column, Similar medallions, in silver, were coined
among other purposes, answered that of n under Nerva nnd Trajan. Vaillnnt, who gives
measure to indicate the depth (that is to say the fonner (in Nam. Pmat. Impp. p. 113), does -
its height corresponding to the depth) of soil re not consider that the temple relers to either of
moved from the Quirinal Mount, to make room these emperors, as the AVG-uatua of the in
for the foundations of the immense Forum scription ; although its type seems to have been
Ykajani. The inscription also records the com considered worthy of being renewed in honour
pletion of the column to have been when Trajan of each respectively, by the community of
had entered upon his X\'lIth1‘ribunitiaPolesta.r, Asiatic provinces, comprised under the pro
which occurred in the autumn of the year V. C. consular government of Rome.
866 (A. D. 113). Its dedication, therefore, Eckhel, whilst treating of the coinage of Au
cannot be assigned to an earlier period, nor gustus, under the year of Rome 735 (n. e. 19)
indeed to one much later than the beginning of proves, that tbcse and similar coins of Claudius
the following year; for this emperor, in the year and Nerva were struck at Pergamus, in Mysia.
following (867) adopted, amongst his titles, that COM. ASIAE.—A temple of six columns,
of orrnrvs; and as the inscription above quoted on the frieze of which is inscribed non. 1-:1‘ av
dcm not give that title, it follows that the work ovs'r.-—On a silver medallion of Augustus, in
was completed, and the inscription cut within the imperial museum at Vienna.
the interval already pointed out.——See D. N. V. Eckhel, by the subjoined animadversions on
vol. vi. p. 429-30. this coin, shews how its legend and type com
The Columna Trrljanu has been frequently en bine to throw light on the meaning of those
graved. An accurate series of plates from the bearing similar inscriptions, struck under Clau
original designs, with the observations of Gori, dius, and Nerve, as above described :—
are to be found in More/I. Tlresau. Impp. T. iii. Suetonius (cap. 52) says of Augustus,
COM. Communiias. “ Though he was aware that temples used to be
decreed even to pro-consuls, would permit none
COM. ASI. Communitaa A:i¢s.—Under the to be dedicated in any of the provinces, except
pro-consular province of Asia were comprised jointly to himself and Roma. For in Rome it
Lydia, Iconia, Carin, Mysia, Phrygiu, and Hel self he most resolutely abstained from the dis
lespontus, which were in consequence called the tinction of a sale dedication."—Schlegel is fur
Community of Asia. from happy in his conjecture, that the temple
COM. ASI. ROM. ET. AVG.—A silver on this coin represents that of Jupiter Olympi
medallion of Claudius has on its rcversc the fore cus, which stood in Athens, and was erected at
going legend; and for the accompanying type, the common cost of all the kings of Asia.
 238 COMANA. COMMODUS.
From other sources we have indisputable evi (Culonia Julia Augusta Commwrmn.) The type
dence, that this is the temple at Perganius, in presents a temple of two columns, within which
Asia. The first testimony is that of Tacitus stands a woman, clothed in a tunic, and a large
(Annal. vi. 37)——“ Divas Augustus did not for veil, which she spreads out with her extended
bid the erection of a temple at Pcrgamus, in arms.—-Engraved in Vaillant, vol. ii. p. 82.
the joint names of himself and the city ROMA.” COMES, a word which means companion, in
—'I‘o the same purport also are certain Greek the proper and natural sense, was used under
coins of Pcrgnmus, which, struck not only after the princes of the lower empire, to designate
the deceasc of Augustus, but also during his those who were of the household, and in the
life-time, exhibit that emperor standing within train of the sovereign, and who had some pe
a temple, with a spear in his hand, and the in culiar functions. " Comes Imperii signifies a col
scription 61-ION. ZEBAZTON. And again, on league in government, and is, perhaps, in this
other coins, struck in the same city in the time sense to be taken, when the word is found on
of Augustus, we see a turreted head of Roma, coins of the imperial series, whereon it serves as
with the legend 61-IAN. PQMI-IN. And further, a species of flattery to the reigning emperor,
on a coin of Pergamus, in the imperial cabinet, with whose name are associated the names of eer
struck in the reign of Trajan, is found the in tain deities, such as Hercules, Sol, Victoria, Sic.
scription POM]-I. KAI. 21-ZBAETQ. with the COMITI.—See Ilencum Cosnrr Auo.—
type of a temple, within which Augustus, stand Sou INVICTO Conrri, 8w.
ing and holding a spear in his right hand, is COMITATUS AUGG.—-(The train or rctinuc
crowned by Roma, who stands beside him, with of the emperors.) Two horsemen with right
cornucopile in her lefi hand; and if with this hands raised, and a sccptre or spear in their left
we compare the silver medallions bearing heads hands.
of Claudius, Nerva, and Trajan, and inscribed This legend and type, the latter of which is
con. Asi. non. 1-:r Avo. with a similar type, it evidently borrowed from the 0. at L. Gtsurrs,
will become sufliciently evident, that coins or the Nero et Drus-us Closures of Augustus,
agreeing thus in legend and type, and differing are given by Banduri as those of a very rare
only in tongue, must have been struck in one gold coin of Constantine Chlorus, which he re
and the same city, viz. Pergamns.——Sti1l more fers to the date of A. 1). 292, when Constantins
to the purpose of the coin before us, Dion Cas and Galerius were in colleagumship.—Khell (p.
sius (li. c. 20), after stating that Cmsar Augus 215) gives an engraving of a gold coin, of the
tus permitted temples to be erected at Ephesus highest rarity, bearing on its obverse the head
and Nicrea, in honour of Rome and his father and legend of DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTV5, with the
Julius, adds—“To foreigners, however, whom same legend and type on its reverse as that
he used to term Greeks, he gave permission to above described, and which he assigns to about
creet temples to liimaeff also, viz. to the Asiatics A. D. 286, when Diocletian and Maximininn
at Pergamus, and to the Bithynians at Nico Hercules were joint Augusti.—See Eckbel also
media.” These, therefore, were the same Asi relative to these coins, viii. 5.
alica who style themselves on this coin COM CO.\IlTIUM.—'l‘his place of public assembly,
mmu'!a.r ASIAE, thereby indicating, that the to which reference has already been made under
temple there represented was raised in honour the head of CLOACIN (see p. 219), was situate
of ROMA and AVGVS'l‘1u' by their contribu in thcformn, beginning, according to Martianus,
tioas.——D0ct. Nam. Vet. vi. 245. from the gate of the palace, and finishing at the
COM. BIT. (Commune Bill1_1,m1'¢z).—A tem spot now occupied by the church of S. Maris
ple, on the frieze of which is inscribed sou. S. Nova. Though surrounded by a wall, the co
P. Avo.—Silver medallion of Hadrian. mitinm was without a roof in the early days of
COM. BIT. S. P. R.—-Inscribed on a silver Rome. It was covered in during that year so
medallion of the same emperor, on the reverse memorable in Roman annals, when Hannibal
of which is atemplc of four columns, with a entered Italy; and it was afterwards ornamented
military figure standing in it.—For an explana with pictures and statues.—On a denarius of the
tory notice of both these coins, see non. ET AVG. Silia gens, two figures are seen ascending by
COM. Common’:/s. steps to the bridge, or platfomi of the comitiuin,
COM. C'0me.r.—COM. IMP. AVG. Comes to cast their votes into baskets, having taken
Imperaloris Azzyus-ti. their tickets for that purpose from the diribitorvs,
CO.\l.-\NA in .P0ltIll<$‘, Co/o/1ia.——This city or scnitineers, below.-—'I‘ho comitium is like
(now Al Bostnn) was, according to Vaillant, wise seen on coins of llostilia, Licinia, and
made a colony by Julius Ciesar, after the over Mussidia families.—See Morell. T/leaaur. Fan.
throw of Phnrnaces, son of Mithridntes ; hence Rum.
its title of Julia. It was afterwards re-peopled COMM. or COMMOD. Commodu.r.—com|.
with veterans by Augustus, and for that reason ANT. AVG. BRIT.
also called Auyusl/z.—'l‘he imperial coins of this C‘O.\li\'IODUS (L1u'iu.r 1141"!’/iuc) AN‘l‘0NK1\'L‘s,
city are in large and small brass. They belong who on his coins is also called Msucus, was the
to only three reigns, viz.: Antoninus Pius and son of M. Aurelius and of Faustina junior ; and
Caracalla, with Latin legends, and Alexander was born at Lannvium, in Latium, 914 (A. n.
h‘evci-us, with a (:'1'L’¢'/l'lc;£c|nl. .\ first brass of lfil), the year in which his father cutcrcd on
this colony, dedicated to Czunculla, bears for its his third consulate, and su<'c(*v<led Antouinus in
lL'[.’L‘ll\l of 1'c\‘cl'.~.<(', COL. 1v|.. .\\'u. (.‘0l\I.\N(Il(V. . the so\'ervi§_rul_v—~\"iz. the (lll_\ before the calcnils
 COM.\IODl'S. CO.\l.\IODUS. 239
of September. llis mother gave birth at tlu' of victories gained, associated him with himself
samc time to another son, named Anloniuua, ' us IMPERATOB ll.
931 (A. D. 178). On the 5th of August, he
set out with his father for the war in Germonia.
932 (A. D. 179). Cominodus was present in
the German campaign. A bloody victory was
gained over the Mareomanni, the llermanduri,
and the Sarmatte, in consequence of which Au
relius was styled inr. x. nnd Coinmodns inr. iii.
933 (A. ii. 180). Marcus Aurelius dying on
the 17th March, Corumodus succeeded to the
sole sovereignty. Leaving the wnr still un
finished, aiid concluding a peace with the bar
barians, for which, as it would appear, he rc
ceived the victorious title of IMP. Iv. he returned
to Rome, and celebrated :1 triumph.
935 (A. D. 182). Nothing of importance is
and, in reference to the event, _GL'mir:us; but recorded to have taken place, under this reign,
that child died at the age of four years. Capito during the preceding year. But in the latter
linus, however, gives it as his opinion, that part. of this year, Cominodus was declared l.\l
Commodus was the son, not of Aurelius, but of Pi-:nA'roa v. by ueclamation, according to the
some gladiator. Whichever of the two may be testimony of coins, although in reward of what
the correct version, it is certain that Aurelius victory is not known; for historians record
constantly acknowledged him as his own child; several wars, conducted by his lieutenants, with
and was much attached to him, frequently carry out specifying dates.
ing him in his arms, and showing him to the 936 (A. D. 183). Sewing the consulate (iv.)
soldiers; and not only endeavoured himself to with Aufidius Victorianus for his colleague,
instil virtuous principles into his mind, but also Commodus was styled IMP. vi. at the close of
committed his education to the care of men rc this year, though it is uncertain for what vic
marksble for their moral and intellectual quali tory. Tillcmont expresses his opinion that it
fications; with how little benefit was shcwn was for one over the Britons. Commodus
throughout theivhole of his atrocious career. escaped a dangerous conspiracy sct on foot by
In 919 (A.n. 166), Commodus received the his sister Lucilla, whom, as well as his wife, he
title of CAr.sAn, in conjunction with his brother caused to be put to death. This year the agno
Annius Verus, at the request of L. Verus, on men of PIVS is added to his titles.
the occasion of the triumph celebrated by both 937 (A. D. 184). The title PONT. MAX. be
emperors, over the Parthians. gins. This year the Caledoniuns having crossed
925 (A. n. 172). He was styled GERMANICVS. the wall, an important war was waged with
928 (A. n. 175). Admitted as a priest into them by the Roman forces in Britain, under the
all the sacerdotal colleges, he went the same year generalship of Ulpins Marcellus, a man of the
from Rome into Gcrmania, by order of his highest military renown; in consequence of
father, who there conferred on him the toga whose victories, Commodus gained first the title
ririlir, at the time of the revolt of Avidius of nli>. vii. and afterwards of BRlTlI1micu.r.
Cassius, i. e. the 7th of July. On that occasion 938 (A. D. 185). The soldiers demanded that
he was also styled PKINCEPS IVVENTVTIS, and Perennis, the pretorian prefect, should be given
before the customary time nominated consul. up to execution. Terrified by their threats,
Same year, he set out with his futhcr for the Coinmodus surrendered him to their fury; and
Fast, in order to put an end to the disturbances they put him to death, with his whole family.
still resulting from the revolt of Cassius. The After this, Commodus received the title of FELIX.
title of sAnsi.\'ricvs, which Aurelius assumed 930 (A. D. 186). In his fifth consulate, Coin
this year, was also shared by Comniodus. modus was declared HIPERATOR viii. by accla
929. (A. D. 176). Towards the closc of this mation, but for what victory is doubtful. It is
year, he returned with his father £rom the East. also uncertain what occurrences are to be as
and received, in conjunction with Aurelius, the signed to the succeeding year.
title of isiri-'.nA'roii, on the 27th of November. 9-L1 (A. D. 188) On pretence of an expedi
The honours of a triumph for victories over the tion to Africa, he levied a vast stun of money.
Geruiani, and Sarmatie, were conferred by a And in April v0TA were entered into for his
Seuatus Consultum upon his father and himself success. Detained, however, at Rome, by his
on the 23rd of December. Shortly afterwards fail/gful Senate and _Peoplc, he applied the cash
he was associated by Aurelius in the Tribrmitia to feasting and gaming.
PoIe.s!a.r,- on which occasion a c0n_1;iarium was 942 (A. D. 189). To this year Tillcmont as
distributed to the people. signs auother cowardly abandonment of a public
930 (A. n. 177). In January of this year, he functionary to the vengeance of a mutinous sol
prov/wled Consul; about this time he married diery. Cleandcr, the pretoriun prefect, like his
Crispius. The same your Aurelius conferred the predecessor Perennis, was given up by this base
title of Auoesrus and also that of PATER. PA emperor at the first summons, and with his
riti 1-: on his unworthy son; and in consequence whole family was slaughtered.
240 COMMODIYS.
943 (A. D. 190). In his sixth consulship, M.
Pctronius Septimianus being his colleague, Com
modus named Rome after himself, Colonia Com
modiaua, adding the prenmnina of LUCIA AN
TONINIANA.
944 (.s.n. 191). In this, or the following
year, the magnificent temple of PAX was de
stroyed by a terrible contlagmtion.
945 (a. n. 192). In his seventh consulate,
Helvius Pertinax being his colleague, ou the
day before the calends of January, in the dead
of night, Commodus perished by a violent death,
aged 31 years and 4 months.—Eekhel, vii. 102.
For cruelty and protligacy he is to be classed
with the worst of the many bad princes who
swayed the affairs of Rome; and by the pro
ficiency hc displayed in gladiatorial exercises, he
gave a colour to the prevalent rumour of his
having owed his birth, not to Marcus Aurelius,
but to the criminal intimacy of Faustina with
some gladiator. Alike insensible to the influ
ence of good example, and incapable of profit
ing from the advantages of education, he, soon
after the death of his imperial predecessor, de
veloped the whole wickedness of his disposition.
He ordained himself to be worshipped as Jupiter
and as Hercules, whose attributes he assumed.
Abandoning himself to the grossest intcmper
anee, and to the most odious vices, palaces and
temples became, imder his reign, the scenes of
riot, debauchery, and crime. Pestilence, famine,
and incendiary eonflagrations, visited the wide
spread dominions of which he was at once the
sovereign and the scourge.
That during his reign, the empire maintained
its ascendency, in spite of the disatfcctiou of so
many provinces-—the Mauritauians, the Dacinns,
the Pannonians, the Britons, and the Germans
is to be attributed solely to the valour and fide
lity of his distinguished generals, Pcrtinax, Seve
rus, Pescennins Niger, and Albinus. llis own
time was passed at Rome in cowardly inaction;
if we except the fact of his there directing his
arms not merely against brutcs, both wild and the most learned.
tame, but also against human beings, provided
they were wealthy, or ever so lightly suspected This legend round the young head (without a
of designs against himself: nay, he declared war
even against the months of the year, to which,
instead of the old and received nppellations, ne
cording to the testimony of Dion, his contem
porary, he gave the following :—Amazonius,
Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, zldlius, Aurelius,
Commodus, Augustus, Hcrculcus, Romanus,
Exuperatorius. At length, having signalized his
government by deeds of monstrous folly and of
unspeakable infamy, of which many of his coins
furnish the proof, and after having escaped from
repeated attempts upon his life, this execrable
tyrant perished at last by a conspiracy of his
favourite coucubinc Marcia. This woman, seeing
in the hands of 8 boy, to whom Cominodus was
much attached, a tablet which he had taken in
play from his sleeping master, and on which she
discovered her own name in a list of intended
victims, on that very evening, which was the
last in the year, first attempted to administer
poison to Commodus, and when he oflcrcd rc
COMMODII S.
sistance, called in the aid of a gladiator, by
whom he was strangled. Thus Commodns, as
he resembled Domitian in his life, met also a
similar fate, the cruel designs of both becoming
fatal to themselves, by being betrayed unwit
tingly by a boy. On the report of his death,
the Senate and the People with one voice de
manded that his eorpsc should be dragged thro'
the streets with a hook, and thrown into the
Tiber.—And here, without acquitting Commo
dus and other bad emperors, whose just doom
for their crimes is in the hands of Eternal Jus
tice—it may with truth be said, that it was the
corrupt and pusillanimous conduct of the Senate,
coupled with the wretched weakness of parents,
and the blandishments of base and selfish flat
terers, that mainly contributed to ruin them—
by making them bad, and keeping them so.
MINTAGES OF COMMODUS.
The names and titles are infinitely varied on
his coins. Sometimes he takes the prenomen of
Lucius; sometimes that of usncus. His other
names were AELIUS suunuus ANTONINUS PIUS
FELIX, to which he added BRlTannicua.
The legends on the coins of Commodus are
thus classed by Mionnet, aficr arranging them
as Eckhel has done, in chronological order, viz.:
Those struck from the time that he was created
Caesar, to the year of Rome 933 (A. D. 180),
bear the names of LVCIYS svnnmvs cosmo
nvs. Those struck from the end of the year
983, to the year 94-4, bear the names of Man
cvs conuonvs ANTONINVS. And sometimes
MABCVS avneuvs comuonvs AN'l‘0NlNVS.——
From that period to his death, the name AI-ILIYS
is added to the others.
It is to be observed, that this prince obtained
from his father only, in succession, though at
short intervals, all the dignitics which consti
tuted the sovereignty. As to the tribuuitiau
powers of Commodus, both their series and their
chronology offer ditfieulties which have wearied
cosmono. cans. AVG. rm. or-zusr. sAn1\r.—
crown) of Commodus, on a large brass of that
emperor, sbews him to us as “ Caesar, sou of
Augustus” (meaning Marcus Aurelius), and al
ready distinguished by the surnames of Germani
cus and Sarmaticus.
On another large brass coin we sec his
young head crowned with laurel, and this legend
nur. L. AVIIEL. comronvs GER. san. Herc the
title Impcrator, which (as shewn by TR. P. H.)
had just been granted to him, is put before all
his names. When Commodus had been named
Am//u,rtu.!, and wished to designate the number
of his “victories,” or his “libcra.lities," the
same title IMP. then followed by some number,
appeared only at the end of, or rather amongst,
the other titles: as for example, sl. comronvs
ANT. rnmx svo. BRIT. P. M. TR. r. x1. nn>. vii.
cos. v. r. P.—Sec Nu111£.rma!iqm- Romaine.
The Latin coins of this cmpc-ror—from his
boyhood to his death—are found in every form
and metal; all the gold coins and most of the
 CU.\l.\lODUS.
brass medallions, are of tine workmanship, and
very rare ; the quinurii, and the small brass, are
the rarest—snd there is nu abundance of them
that were struck in Greece and the colonies.
The following are amongst the rarest and most
remarkable reverses, minted under this reign :—
Go1.o M r:n.i1.tions.—Rm-.—rouT. ran. For
tune standing.—PAci AETER. Pence seated.
(These are valued by Mionuet at 1000 fr. each).
Go1.o.—Rev.-—-snvnmvs svo. Emperor on
horseback.—c0nc. MIL. Emperor and four sol
die.rs.—DE onmu. (Brought £9 15s. at the
Thomas sn1e).—Dr: sau:un1s.—r1n. nxeuc.——
HERO. com. Emperor sacrificing to Hercules.
(Thomas, £7).—m:nc. noremo. AVG. (Thomas,
£6 17s. 6d.)—nr:nc. non. COND. Commodus
as Hercules, and two oxen. (Mionnet, 150 fr.)
I.IBERAL(lTAS) V. Emperor and 3 other figures.
(Thomas, £10 15s.)
Rev.—snn. svo. P. M. rn. P. xvi. cos. vi.
.\Iiuerva hclmeted, with branch in right hand,
and spear and shield in left, walking and looking
hack.——0&v.—s1. cont. ANT. P. FEL. AVG. Ban‘.
Bust of Commodus, bearded, laureated, and pa
ludatcd. (Pembroke sale, £7 10s. for British
Museum).
NOBlLI('l‘AS) ave. (Mionnet, 120 fr.)—Pa1Ne.
IVVIIZNT. Commodus and trophy. (Thomas, £5
65.)-——PllOVlDENTIAE svo. Commodus, as Her
cules, and Africa. (Thomas, B10 8s.)—sx-:cv
mras rvaucs. Female seated. (Thomas, E9).
SEEAPIDI cons!-:nv. AVG.—-'l.‘B. P. vim. Jupi
ter Victor seated. (Thomas, £10 l5s.)—v1c
"roars AVG. Victory standing.—v1n'r. AETI-LR.
Mars wnlking.—\'oT. svsc. DEC. Emperor sacri
ficing.
SILVER.-—C()N'SECR.~\T[0. Eagle and globe.
(50 fl'.)——L1BER.ALl'l‘AS. A congiarium of four
figllIC5.—MA'l‘l1l. mzvn. Cybele on a lion.
Buass l\Ir;nALL|ons.——R1m.——aroi.. PALA
TINO. Apollo and Victory. (Sec p. 6ti).——BRIT
TANIA. (See p. 136).—PORTVNAE REDVCI. For
tune seated. (Thomas, £8 5s.)——rInns EXERCIT.
An a]_locution.—nnac. COMMODIANO. Hercules
sacrificing.-111-zuc. non. CONUITORI. Hercules
at plough. (Thomas, £5 7s. 6d.)—ni;ncvLi
noauuvo AVG. Bow, club, and quiver. (Brought
at the Thomas sale, £13.)
[The above seven, and three or four more,
having on their obverses the bearded head of right hands joined is a frequent symbol of Con
Commodus, covered with the li0n’s skin, in
imitation of that of llerculcs, are valued by
Mionuet at from 200 to 120 fr. each.] plenty.—Two right hands joined, holding a
Iovr ivvnxl. Cmnmodus and Jupitcr. (200 winged caduceus, may be seen on coins of An
l'r.)——M. AVREL. mronmvs and the infant Com tonia and other families, either denoting concord
rnodus. (400 fr.)—MINEB. VICT. Minerva Vic and peace between the Triumviri Rcipublieze
trix near atrophy. (Thomas, only £6 12s.)—
uo.\'1-:'rA—and PIETAS. (150 fr. cach).—Pn0.
21
CONCORDIA. 241
IMP. OMNIA PELICIA. Neptune and Emperor.
'l‘ELI.VS s'n\nu.. The earth personified.-Oév.
Janiform bust of Commodus. (Thomas, £19 5s.)
—SAL\'S. (150 fl'.)—V0’l‘A rvnucn. Emperor
and many figures sacrificing. (150 fr.)—vorls.
Fl-ILICIBVS. Remarkable type. (150 Er.)
[Many other brass medallions of great value,
without legend of reverse].
FIRST BRASS.—Rl.’1!.—ANNlVS vi-znvs.-—Obv.
cosmoovs. (600 fl‘.)--—APOL. HONETA. _(See
p. 66).—coL. 1.. AN. con. &,c. Priest at plough.
(See p. 234).—-Dina DINA (s-ic.) rm AVGVSTA.
Emperor, Serapis, and Isis.—rsvsri:u svc.
Pll PEL. avo. llcnd of Faustino jun. (160 fr.)
FELICIA TEMPORA. Four Seasons.—’rnuPonv1u
PELlClTAS.——VOTA. SOLV. Pno. ssn. Emperor
and five figures sacrificing.
Seconn Baass.—vo"rs svscerm. Temple
and eight sacrificial figures.
COMOB.—See OB.
COMPITALIA.—Feasts, in cross streets and
ways, celebrated the second day of January, by
the Romans, in honour of their rural gods,
hence called Lures, or Compitalitia. They are
alluded to in the reverse type of a family dena
rius.—See Cassia gens, p. 163.
CON.—C0ns'lanlin0p0/i.
CONC.—-CONCO.—-CONCOR.—(7oncardia.
CONCORDI A.——Thc Goddess of Concord was
an object of religious faith and worship with the
Romans, because through her authority and in
tluence “ small things were rendered great.”
As Sallust expresses it, “ Concordia parvae res
crescunt, discordifi. verb dilabuntur.”
A magnificent temple was erected to her ho
nour at Rome, which, having been consumed
by s fire, was rebuilt by the Senate and People.
Tiberius added some splendid embellishments to
that edifice, and consecrated it to nlvvs AVGVS
TVS. There were also temples of Concord in
other quarters of the city. The feast of this
deity was celebrated on the 16th of January, the
day when her principal temple was dedicated.
Concord was worshipped under the form of n
stork, either because that bird was held sacred
to Concord, or because it was accustomed to
shew much agreement with, and attachment
towards, its parents. On other coins she is sym
bolised under the figure of a dove. See CON
COBDIA of Faustino jun. On a silver coin of
Julia Titi, “the Concord of the Empress" is
accompanied with a peacock.
Co/word’: more common types (particularly
the conconnm /rvovs-rr, or ave-vsroavm), are
those in which she is represented under the
figure of a woman, either seated or standing by
herself, holding in one handa peters, or a branch,
and in the other a hastn, or a cornucopize. Two
cord. These sometimes hold n caduceus, to
which are now and then united two horns of
Constituendie, or as indicating the concord and
harmony of Caesar with the Senate.
 2-L2 CONCORDI.-\.
Concord holds forth her patcra over the altar,
that she may be strengthened and confirmed by
religious rites. On these occasions she displays
a double cornueopise, and sometimes a star is
placed near hcr.
CONCORDIA. S. C.—Concord stands with
patera and double cornucopisc, near a lighted
altar.—See AQVILIA snvana, p. 71.
CONCORDlA.——The head of the goddess
veiled, appears on coins of the ZEmilin and
Scribonin families, to shcw the concord subsist
ing between Paulns Lcpidus and Scrihonius Libo;
or Paulus adopts this legend and type to denote
his state of good understanding with his adopted
brother .\[. Lepidus.—See TI.-IR. ravtvs.
CONCORDIAE. S. C.—Antoninus, holding
in his left hand a figure of Concordia, and Faus
tina, with a sceptre in her left hand, standing
on a pedestal, join their right hands; below are
two smaller figures, also joining their right
hands; between them an altar. First brass of
Antoninus Pius. (British Museum).
This coin elegantly typifies the concord sub
sisting bctween the imperial consorts, viz. Anto
ninus and Fanstina senior; and at the same
time, by means of the smaller figures, it alludes
to the matrimonial alliance which had been re
cently formed between M. Aurelius and their
daughter, Fnustina juni0r.—Eckhel, vii. p. 14.
CONCORDIA.—-On a gold coin of Faustino
junior, a Dove is typified as the symbol of Con
cord. On other coins of the same empress,
with the same legend, in gold, silver, and first
brass, the type is a woman standing, who draws
her cloak closer with her right hand, and in her
left holds a cornucopiae. On others, a woman is
seated, with a flower in her right hand. Gold,
and first and second brass.
Eckhel (vii. 77), noting all these from the
imperial cabinet, observes, that a Dove is a
novel type of Concordia, but one appropriately
adopted in allusion to that bird’s nature, the
idea having been long . no expressed by Horace,
where he says of himself and his friend Fuscus
Aristius (Ejnlvt. x. v. -1) :
Fraternis animis, qnidquid negnt alter, et alter:
Annuimns pnritcr, vetuli, uotique columbi.
Like twin-born brothers, are our souls allied ;
And, as a pair of fondly constant doz-es,
What one dislikes the other disnpp roves.
Fniwcis.
Ancient historians have in more than one in
stance alluded to the concord \vhich existed be
tween Faustina and her husband (Aurelius) -
though, considering the opposite nature of their
CONCORDIA .
dispositions, it must have been due to the philo
sophy and inherent forbearance of the latter. _
In the Pembroke collection was a gold com
of Crispina, bearing for its reverse legend VI-'.1\'V8
FELIX, and for type the Empress, as Venus»
seated on a throne; a winged Cupid, with 50".
on her extended right hand, and a sceptre in her
left: a dove under the throne.
[This coin, in very good preservation, and of
great rarity, sold for £7 7s. See Sale Catalogue,
p. 157, lot 733].
Whilst touching on the Colmn//us, or Colmnba,
as a bird consecrated in mythology to "Venus, we
may not irrelevantly refer to p. 72, in Whl(3.l'l,'1l3
illustrative of the article ABA, a wood-cut is III
troduced, which had been carefully copied from
a. first brass of Faustina senior. The reverse
type of this coin, in perfect preservation (with
legend PIETAS AVG.) is a high square altar, and
flame in the centre: a. device sufficiently rom
mon. But there are besides, at each end, two ob
jects, similar to each other, yet both so different
in conformation from the usual horns of a Rmnan
altar, and so decidedly bird-like, as to induce
the compiler (in whose possession the specimen
remains), to class, in his own mind, their ap
pearance there, with the foregoing examples
of dove: delineated on coins of empresses.—
His friend Mr. Goddard Johnson has another
good specimen of this first brass of the same
empress, and is fully impressed with the belief
that the two little objects alluded to, are the
figures of birds, and probably meant for dores.»
—See Faosrma junior.
CONCORDIAE AVGG. S. C.—Ca1-aealla
and Geta, both in military dress, with spears,
stand joining hands. Hercules from behind
crowns Caracalla, and Bacchus, Geta.—-On first
brass of Geta.
This coin (above engraved from a well pre
served specimen in the British Museum) is
admirably explained by Dion (lxxvii. § 1.) It ap
pears that, when the disscnsions of the brothers,
destined to be so fatal to the interests of Rome,
became matter of observation, “it was decreed
by the Senate, that for their mutual concord
sacrifices should be offered up to the immortal
gods, and especially to CONCORDIA. But even,
at that very moment, praq/' was given that all
such prayers were in vain; for the worst of
omens made its appearance, at the time of
sacrifice, in the shape of two wolves, which were
seen to ascend the capitol. The Greek cities
followed the example of Rome, in celebration:
everywhere games culled 11>:/\a3eA<pua., as their
 CONCORDIA.
coins abundantly testify. Hercules and Bacchus
are presented on the above eoin, as the adopted
deities of Severus the father, and the national
gods of Caraealla and Geta, as though they were
charged with bringing about that unanimity
between the brothers, which was the first object
of a nation's prayers.—Eckhel, vii. 231.
CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM. S. C.—The
Emperor Alexander Severus, and the Empress
Barbia Orbiana, standing, and giving each the
right hand to the other. First brass of Alexander
Severus, and first and second brass of Orbiana.
Other coihs of Orbiana, in gold and silver,
exhibit Concord seated.—See oamana.
The state of domestic harmony subsisting be
tween an emperor and his A11gu.sla, or rather
that which their subjects were supposed to wish but one heart and spirit, and it is to this that
them, was represented, sometimes by one, some
times by the other, of these types.
CONCORDIAE AETERNAE.iBusta of
Severus and Julia Domna, side by side. On gold
of Caracalla.—-I’This very rare coin, in fine con
dition, brought £6 8s. 6d. at the Trattle, and
£10 10s. at the Thomas sale].
CONCORD. AVGVSTOR. TR. P. COS. II.
S. C.—M. Aurelius and L. Verna standing, ha
bited in the toga, extend the right hand to each
other. First brass of Verus—also in gold, with
ra. P. xv. cos. 111.
CONCORDIA. AVGVST. TR. P. XV. COS.
Ill.——Aurelius and Verus standing, togated, join
their right hands. Gold, and first and second
brass of M. Aurelius.
These fine coins contribute to prove what
historians affirm, that on the death of his father,
Aurelius immediately associated L. Verus with
himself in the sovereignty, assigning to him all
the honours of an emperor, excepting only the title CONCORDIA EXERClTVV.\l.——Two right
of Ponlffez Ma.z-imus; though, as Capitolinus hands joined hold a legionary eagle, fixed lIll0
expressly informs us, the Senate, aflcr Antonine’s
deeeasc, had conferred the empire upon Aurelius
alone. And thus, for the first time, the Romans
beheld two Augusli at the head of the State,
invested with equal authority; and as it acci
dentally happened that both of them were hold
ing the oflice of consul for the third time in 914
(A. D. 161), the year itself was afterwards dis
tinguished in the public records as the Couaulale
qf I/re lwo Auyuati. That the Concord, which
this coin indicates, should at the commencement
of their colleagueship have existed between the
two princes, is by no means surprising; but
that it should have remained unimpaired till the
death of Verus, a period of nine years, in spite
2l2
CONCORDIA. 243
of the great difference of their characters, is to
be ascribed to the noble disposition and well
regulated mind of Aurelius, who bore with
equanimity the pretensions of a rival, endea
voured to screen the faults of a brother, and
above all by his influence and high example
imposed a wholesome restraint on his excesses.
Eckhel, vii. 48.
CONCORD. AVGG. S. C.——Concord seated.
Two hands joined. Both large brass of Balbinus.
Balbinus and Pupicnus (of the latter there is
an exactly similar medal) were the two first em
perors elected with rights absolutely equal-, even
the grand pontificatc was equally divided between
the two. It was therefore still more necessary
that the two princes should, in a manner, have
their coins make continual allusion.
Concordia ('onju_9aIis.——Ilarniony in wedded
life is marked on coins of the imperial series;
but generally by the “ rule of contrarics ;" as in
Julia Cornelia Paula, first wife of Elagubalus,
who repudiated her before she had been married
to him a twelvemonth-, on this (gold) medal,
the goddess is seen joining the hands of the em
peror and empress, with the words coxconma
arm-:n1\'.\ !—Sce JULIA PAULA.
Coins of Aqnilia Sevcra, second and quickly
divorced wife of the same fickle and infamous
emperor, exhibit coxcouma, sacrificing at an
altar.—Sec AQUILIA sr.v1~.n.\, p. Tl.
And Annia Faustino, his third and equally
unfortunate spouse, appears on a very rare first
brass, joining hands with him, in Concord, to
be as speedily cust oil‘ with contempt and
ncglcct.——Sce FAUSTINA ANNIA.
the prow of a vcsscl. Gold and silver, and with
S. C. first brass, of Nervn.
The type of this reverse alludes to the con
currence and union of the forces, both on land
and at sea, during the reign of this good prince.
CONCORDIA l*‘ELIX.—Caracalla, Plautilln,
and Domna, standing. Gold of Cnracalla.——
(Brought £11 at the Thomas sale).
CONCORDIA AVG. Two hands joined.
Silver.—See H1-IIIENNIUS 1.-."I‘ltUSCUS, who though
only Caesar, still shares on this coin the honours
of his father, Trajan Decins.
CONCORDIA A\'GG.—-Tranquillina and
Gordianus Pius, joining hands. Silver.—l<)n
gravcd in Akcrluan, i. 476, pl. viii. No. ~l-.—
 244 CONCORDIA. CONGIARIUM.
[Brought £25 at the Henderson sale].—'I'here ated, but sometimes inscribed at full. The word
is the same legend and type in first brass. comes from con;/ins (a measure of liquids, as
CONCORDIA AVGG. Concord seated.— modiua was a measure of solids); because ori
Silver of Tranqnillina; very rare. ginally the gifts distributed to the people con
CONCORDIA AVGG. D.D. NN.—C'0n00rrlia sisted of oil and wine, which was measured by
Augualorum Daminorum Noatror-um.——On coins congii. The imperial presents, on the other
of Liciuius senior and junior, and of Constantins hand, consisted of silver, of spices, of corn, as
Chlorus, we see two figures in military dress things more suitable to the occasion; but the
(representing the two emperors) each with spears name remained the same.—On the reverse of
in the left hand, and with the right sustaining coins recording these largesses, as a Congiarium
n globe, on which is a Victoriola. With the datum Populo, the emperor is usually depic
same legends we ace a gsleatcd Rome, sitting tured, seated on a curule chair, which is placed
with globe and hasta, or with the right foot on a aiiggestum, or raised platform, in the midst
placed on a ship’s prow-—or holding a banner of several figures, several of whom appear in the
with the monogram of Christ, as in Honorius, act of delivering, others in that of receiving,
Valcntinian, and others of the lower empire. the benefaction. When the reigning prince
Concordia Militarie.——~The Concord of the thought proper to grant a second, or a third,
armies, or of the soldiers comprising those &c. we read on the coin Oangiarium Sccunzlizli/,
armies, is generally symbolised by legionary Tertium, 80c. Sometimes we see, standing on
eagles and joined hands, or by a female figure the same esirade with the emperor, the personi
holding two military ensigns, accompanied either fication of Liberalitaa, under the figure of n
by the legends CONCQRDIA EXERCITVVM, as on woman, having a tersera, or sort of square tab
the preceding coin of Nerve, or by the legends let, in her right hand; and, occasionally, a
CONC. MIL. or conconn mi.1'r. or CONCORDIA cornucopim resting on her lcfi arm. It is fur
IILXT. or by the words at full lcngth—coN ther to be observed, that the Congiarium was a
CORDIA MXLITVM. On a gold coin of Didius present from the emperor to the people. His
gifts to the soldiery were called, not congiaria
Julianus (so rare that it brought £27 10s 0d.
at the Thomas sale), we see the above de but, donaiiva.—Thus it was said—Congiarium
scribed type and legend, also on a coin of populo dedit, militibus donativnm addidit.—Sec
Vetranio.-See JULIANUS r. and VETRANIO, in Kolb, finite’ E/émenlaire, vol. i. p. 248.
this dictionary. Nero is the first emperor whose conyiaria are
CONCORDia MILlTum FELICitaa ROMA recorded on coins; and he carried the practice
I\'ORum. Hercules stands holding his club, itself of distributing gifts to the people, or
and joining hands with a veiled figure, who rather the populace, to the most preposterous
holds the hasta pura.—Gold of Maximianus excess. He frequently established aspecies of
llercules, engraved in Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. lottery, for which the teareriz served as tickets,
141, pl. ll, No. l. (£4 16s. Thomas). and of which the numbers entitled the bearer to
CONCardia Mllxitum. P. M. TR. P. XI. gifts of from the lowest to the highest value.—
- IMP. VII. COS. V. P. P. (Sce below).-—After the reign of M. Aurelius,
On a very rare gold coin of the word congiarium disappears from numis
Commodus, from which the matic legends, and the term Liberalitaa is alone
annexed out is engraved, the employed. Indeed, considering the ancient sim
legend is accompanied by the - plicity of such distributions, the original phrase
type of the Emperor, in the no longer corresponded with the munificencc
paludamentum, standing in which the emperors afterwards displayed. '
an elevated position between
four soldiers, two of whom join hands before
him. This particular device, for a military cou
cord, is to be found in the mint of no other
em ror.
ONCORDIA PROVINCIARUM.—
A female standing, with a branch in her right
hand, and a cornucopia: in her left. Gold and
silver oi Galbn. [Engraved in Morell. T/zeaaur.
Impp. "roar. iii. tab. iii. No. 11.]—-A remark
able coin, from which we learn, that in the first
instance, at the instigation of Vindex, and sub
sequently, with the sanction of the Senate, the
provinces, one after another, gave in their alle
giance to Galba. CONGIAR. PR. (C'0ngiari-um .Primum).—
COND. and CONDl'I‘0Rl'.—Sce HER. non. On a first brass of Nerva, the emperor togated,
cormrroni of Commodus. sits on a raised tribunal, the base of which is
CON.~—CONG.-—CONGIAR.— Conyiariiun. marked S. C.—Before him sits another togatcd
CONGIARlUM.—A gift made to the people figure, in the attitude of making distribution.
by the emperors, and the presentation of which 'l‘lic statue of Libcrality stands near, holding a
is often exhibited on Roman coins, accompanied tessera; whilst it togatcd citizen is ascending the
by the legend above named, generally abbrevi- p steps of the platform.—See wood-cut above.
 CONGIARIIJ M. CONGIARIUM. 24-5
This coin, an interesting product of the Ro Minerva in any of the congiaria of Nero, en
man imperial brass mint is sufficiently known; graved in either the Harell. Tlreszmr. Inlpp. or
but there is no mention by the ancient histo the dlédaillea de Christine. The figure in both
rians of the largess to which it refers, and but plates holds a victory in right hand and spear in
for this coin, posterity would have been entirely the left].
ignorant of such an expensive act of liberality CONGIAR. PRIMVM. P. R. DAT.-First
on the part of this prudent emperor. brass of Titus.
CONG. DAT. POP. S. C.—The Emperor This coin bears testimony to the first eon
sitting on a raised seat or tribune; near him a giarium given to the Roman people by the em
statue of Minerva, holding in her extended right peror above named. At his side is the image of
hand an owl, and in her lett a spear; and Libe Minerva. Below the tribunal on which Titns is
ralitas standing with a tesaera in her right seated, stands an otficer, holding in his hand the
hand; in front of the emperor sits a togated tern-ra, which authorised those who received it,
figure, which offers something to a citizen, or to to go for their assignment of corn to the public
a woman, who is ascending the steps, followed by grauaries. A Roman citizen approaches this
the figure of a child. First brass of Nero. man in the posture of an applicant for a share
Imperial Museum. of these liberalities.——Engraved in the Cabinet
GONG. II. DAT. POP. S. C.—The Emperor de: Médailles /ta Christine, TAB. vi. p. 40.
on a raised seat; near him a statue of Minerva; CON G. I I. COS. II. S. C.—Domiti.-in,
and above him another figure standing; below a togated, sitting on an estrade, with Libcrnlitas
man standing and holding out a teaser-a to a standing by his side, holding tessera and cornu
citizen, who receives the gift; behind is a build copia: ; and below a figure holding up the dress
ing supported by cohuuns. First brass of Nero, to receive a congiarium. Second brass of Domi
ciigmved in the Cabinet de C/zristine, TAB. iv. tian.——Engrnved in lllarell. Impp. vol. iii. TAB.
Antiquaries have discovered that there are xiv. No. I6.
three donations (eongiariaj made by Nero, con The above is a. remarkable coin, and of the
memorated on coins. The first is mentioned by greatest rarity. Snetonins informs us (ch. 9),
the authors above cited (i. e. Morel and Haver that whilst still in private rank, and during the
carnp); the second is frequently seen recorded first years of his reign, Domitian displayed ex
on coins; and the third is alluded to only by cessive libernlity : studying with great assiduity
Vaillant, and that quite en pa-scant, without any and expense by means of congiaries and largesses,
statement of the legend or type, but with the as well as by military donatives, to conciliate
remark that it is exceedingly rare (Vaill. Num. the Roman public, and to render them well
Pnzal. i. p. 22.) There is nothing satisfactory atfected towards himselt'.—Eckhel, vi. 370.
in the statements of antiquaries respecting the CONG. PR. COS. II. P. P. S. C.-—The
dates of these largesscs. Suetonius (Nero, c. ii.) empcror togated, sits intent on the distribution
informs us that a congiarium was given by Nero of a c0n_r/iariurn ; other figures attending on
' at the games, which he exhibited pro aternitate him. First brass of Trajan. (Vnillant, Imp.
imperii, when, he says, “there were scattered Mu.v)—Pliny expressly records, that on his re
among the people, as long as the games lasted, turn to the city, Trajan “enriched the tribes,
every day a thousand vninilea of all kinds of and gave a congiarium to the people." (ln
articles. A vast store of all species of birds, Fancy. ch. 25), the same writer adds, that “the
tickets for com, clothing, gold, silver, jewels, whole surplus was given to the people, after the
pearls, painting, slaves, beasts of burden, and soldiers had received their share” (et datum
even tamed wild beasts, and last of all ships, totum, chm donativi partcm milites accepissent.)
islands, and fields.” These games were the same —Thc letters PR. are doubtless explained by
as that which was denominated the eertamen Primmn, as they are not separated by a stop;
quinquennale. See the observations made by otherwise they might be understood to mean
Eckhel on the mintage of Nero, under the year Populi Rmnaui. It is under the year 857 (A. D.
U. C. 813 (a. D. 60.)~'I‘acitns mentions another 104) that we see the second congiarium (CON
ronyiarium in the year 810 (A. D. 57)--He GIAR. sncvun.) of 'I‘rajan,—See D.N. V. vi. 418.
says, " And a congiarinm was given to the peo
ple, of four hundred sesterees (numij to each
man.” (Ami. xiii. 31.) But these writers do
not record the number of the congiarium ; and
the other largessas, which they say Nero
bestowed, bore reference only to the pretorian
guards, and not to the people; so that we have
only the vaguest conjecture to rest upon in
assigning to certain years the conyiaria men
tioned on coins.—“I have not (adds Eckhcl) as
vet been able to discover the allusion intended
by the statue of Minerva; for that it is lien, is
proved by the owl in the right hand, presented
by all the coins of this subject in the Imperial
Mu§Qum,"—-I). N. V. Vi. 27I. CONGIARIVM TERTIVM. S. C.—First
[This o\vl docs not appear in the hand of brass of Trajan. The emperor, as on the pre
 246 CONGIARIUM. CONSECRATION.
ceding coin, is seated on a suggestum, super- I that turbulent state of hum‘: atfairs, in which
intending one of the largesscs to the people. i she and her husband lived.—See Ant. Augnstino,
The grouping and workmanship of this reverse Dialog. p. 163.
render it one of the finest among the eongiaria ; ’ CONS.-—C0n.rtantin0pali.v.
and what claims remark, as something cxtraordi- . CONSECRATION.—'l‘he custom in ancient
nary in the type, is a high and singularly formed times of paying divine honours to individuals,
tripod placed near the emperor, instead, as on who had acquired renown from various cir
similar coins of Nero and Domitian, of the figure cumstances, was of frequent occurrence amongst
of Minerva with an owl. “ W hether (says ll aver - the Greeks, by whom it was called A1|'096'epa'|s.
camp in his notes sur lea Médaillzs dc Cltriatine) It was their favourite superstition to include in
this refers to the place where the congiarium was the number of their gods, men whom they re
given, as if one largess was distributed before l garded as heroes, and as the founders of colonies
the temple of Minerva, and another before the and cities. Afterwards the name of God was
temple of Apollo; or whether some other assumed by living princes on coins and other
mystery is concealed under these respective monuments. This, however, is not the place
symbols,—Lect0r judicet.” The tripod may even to touch upon the origin of this observance,
certainly be held to denote some sacerdotal or the ceremonies used on such occasions by
ofiicc.—Eckhel (vi. 426) is unable to decide various nations of antiquity. Information re
when this third congiary was bestowed by Trajan specting thcse and other branches of the subject
on the people. may be gathered from various treatises both by
From his own cabinet of large brass, Capt. the old writers and in works of modern date.
Smyth quotes a Consul guintum, Oongiarium The object of the following notice is limited to
Secundum of Trajan, with exactly the same type the customs of the Romans, who during many
as the foregoing.—De.rc. Oat. p. 81. years had contented themselves with rendering
Mr. Roach Smith thinks it probable, that to Romulus alone the honours of the apotheosis,
and who did not begin to imitate the Greeks, in
these distributions took place, for the most part,
in or near the temple of Minerva, as the god this respect, until the extinction of the iree re
dess of justice and fair dealing—an opinion with public. It was from the period of the Caesars,
which our own coincides. whom universal flattery and their own ambition
CONG. AVG. III. TR. POT. XX. IMP. raised above the condition of mortality, that the
III. COS. Ill. practice was introduced and continued as long as
Rome was governed by princes attached to
GONG. AVG. IIII. TR. P. XXI. IMP.
aganism, and even by the first succession of
llll. COS. III. so-called Christian Emperors.
Two togatcd figures sitting together on an
Eckhel divides his masterly observations re
estradc, the impersonation of Liberality with
lative to this subject into two parts, thefirat of
terrera and cornucopizc, standing before them; which treats of the consecration of individuals
a male figure is ascending the stairs, spreading
during their life-time; and the second of the
his garment for the reception of the imperial consecration of the dead.
bounty.
The reverse types, on the two large brass coins I.—CONSECRA1‘l0N or run Lrvnvo.
of which the foregoing are the respective legends,
Ancient history records the names of many,
represent two different congiuries given by M.
who, either of their own accord aspired to divine
Aurelius and L. Verus; being (says Havercamp)
honours, or on whom popular consent, actuated
the third and fourth of this kind of presentations by motives of flattery or fear, conferred such dis
which the above-named princes jointly made to tinction, even when there was no expectation of
the Roman people; and they were distributed their death. This consecration of the living had
during the 20th and 21st years of their Tri its gradations, so to speak; but, to pass over
bunitian power, as is marked on the coins in
that lowest grade which was confined to oral de
question. The only difference in their types is
monstrations and the impulse of enthusiasm,
that on the former the prefect, or commander, and of which nnmismatics furnish no examples
of the pretorian guard, stands behind the two
-—there is a middle rank, in which may be enu
emperors.-—Engraved in the Cabinet de Christine, merated, the names, attributes, and marks, com
TAB. xviii. Jllédaillea de M. Aurelius. monly appropriated by heathen votaries to their
“ These libcralities (says Eckhel, vii. 53) were deities; but which sovereign princes assumed,
the more acceptable and pleasing to the people, or allowed to be conferred upon them, with
because about this time, they were afilicted with
out, as they professed to think, irreverence to
a grievous famine, as Capitolinus relates. The wards the gods, but so as to make it appear
congiaria were therefore distributed at Rome, in that they participated in certain of their quali
the presence of the two emperors. ties, which were denied to private individuals.
CONOB.—Sce OB. Among the appellntions, that of Numeu, is the
CONS. S. Comervatari -!u0.—CAl-IS. ave. first to be observed, not only as a mark of
cons. s. on s coin of Augustus. heavenly power, but one which was on all ocea
CONS.—C0n.mvatrici ; on coins of Salonina. sions permitted continuously to be given to
See Dianne, Jnnoni, &c. For whilst Gallienus the sovereign princes as well of the lower as of
invoked the greater male deities, as Oonaervatores, the earlier empire, much like that of sacred
his wife also invoked the principal goddesses, in majesty to kings of the present day.
 CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION. 247
desired to be called pads, yet the dignity of the
In the number oi the divine attributes which
the emperors borrowed from the gods, ETERNI Moneta Romano kept this disgrace at a distance.
TAS claims the first place. For some of the Nero was, on coins vn'th Greek legends, styled
most remarkable types, by which the Romans Apollo; yet this name of Apollo is not to be
represented Eternity, the reader is referred to found on those very coins, struck at Rome, on
pp. 22, 23, 24, and 25 of this work; particu which that emperor is represented in the garb
larly those of coins struck under Trajan, during of a harp-player (cit/zaraedua). Commodus was
his fifth consulate, 856 (A. D. 103); and under the first who blazoned his impudence on the
Severus, of the year u. o. 955 (A. 1). 202). coinage of the city, when he vaunted himself as
The GENWS AVGVSTI, so frequent on imperial the Roman Hercules, indicated by the head
coins, was also a species of divinity, whether it covered with the lion's skin.—Not less memor
be understood as the soul of the emperor, and his able was the arrogance of Aurelian, who in
divine spirit, or some celestial being of an infe scribed himself on his coins deus, ac dominus
rior order, such as in their superstition the an nosler ,- an example followed by Carus.
cients believed to have been attached to every It was but consistent in the ancients to ho
mortal.—Scc the word GENIUS. nour with altars, shrines, sacrifices, and every
Other less direct indications of assumed divi other superstitious device, the individual whom
nity, on coins of the Angusti, were tho radi they declared to be u god. The commencement
aled crown, an explanation of which will be of this mania was, indeed, identical with that
found uudcr the coinage of Nero, hearing the of the empire itself. This fact is attested by
legend of nvovsrvs orznusmcvs. (See p. 109). the well-known coins inscribed ROMae ET
There is also the bright cloudy circlct on the AUGust0, minted throughout the various pro
heads of both emperors and cmprcsscs, found vinces, with the type of an altar or a tem
on coins of the lower empire. See Ni:/zbus.—— ple; also the altar dedicated to Augustus, on
Likewise the chariot drawn by two mules. See coins of Tarraco. It is however to be observed,
coins of Livia. that no altar, or temple, was consecrated to
The lziglmst degree of Consccration during Augustus, in Rome itself, during his life-time;
life is placed, by Eckhcl (vi. p. ll), partly in nor indeed to CIESM‘, the Dictator, although the
divine nppcllations, partly in divine honours, people overwhelmed him with honours almost
which latter consist in solemn games, ultu-rs, divine. Some of his successors, however, were
temples, and sacrifices, all of which were con not so forbcaring.—Suetonius informs us, that
ferred either ut the instance of the emperors Caligula wished to be styled Oplimus Jlfazimus,
themselves, or were decreed to thcm in adulation, the title of Jupiter; and that he exhibited him
by their subjects. Examples of the custom were self in the temple of Castor and Pollux, between
set, not only in the most remote period of the statues of those deities, to share the adorn
Greece, but also in epochas of more recent tion of the worshippers. The some writer adds
date, such as the instance of Alexander the that “he (Caligula) erected a temple devoted
Great, styled at his own desire Jupiter Ammon. to his own divinity, and instituted priests and
--Habitnated to pay such honours to foreign elaborate sacrificial ceremonies. In the temple
princes, it was an easy matter for the Greeks,there stood a. gold statue in his likeness, dressed
in the fashion he was accustomed to adopt.-—
familiar with acts of servility, to_trausfer the
same honours to the magistrates set over them The wealthiest individuals eagerly canvassed, and
by the Romans, and then to tho emperors, who outbid each other, for their turn in tho higher
were the arbitcrs of the world. Even during otfices of this priesthood! The victims were
the government of the republic, sacred and an parrots, peacocks, busturds, turkies, guinea fowls,
nual games, altars, temples, and the titles of pheasants, &c. The several species of which
divinity, were dedicated to pro-consols, pro-pre were sacrificed every day.”—Domitian also de
tors, and other individuals of high station, desired to be styled dominus et dens; and ac
either in recompense of signal benefits conferred cording to Pliny the orator, “ the vile image of
by them, or from motives of fear. In after that most cruel prince was worshipped with as
times these honours were bestowed still more profuse an effusion of the blood of beasts, as he
rofnsely upon thc emperors and their families. himself used to shed of man's." But these dis
t may snflice here to adduco the following few plays of impious presumption (with the excep
instances of divine appellations, invented by the tion of Commodus in the character of Hercules,
fertile imagination, and prompted by the base and the gods Aurelinnus and Carus), never dis
syeophancy,-of the Greeks; on whose coins graced the Romnn coinage, doubtless because,
Livia, the wife of Augustus, is styled 61-IA. to the very perpetrators themselves, it appeared
AIBIA, AIBIAN. HPAN. (Liuiam Junonem); matter of reproach, that honours above the
the daughter of Augustus, IOTAIAN. A<l>POAI mortal condition, whether sought for or decreed
Tl-IN (/uliam Venerem); Drnsus, the son of to them, should be exhibited throughout the
Tiberius, and Germauicns Caesar, were called by empire.
the Greeks NEOI. 91-‘.01. ~MAAAEA¢I>Ol (n-ovi Seneca, in his satire on the death of Claudius,
dei, fratres se mulub amantes). and Lucian, in his treatise on the assembly of
The actual mint of Rome admitted these deifi the gods, both laugh (says Spauhcim) pleasantly
cations of her living princes more sparingly, and enough, at thcsc prctendcd dcitications, and at
at a much later period. For example, although the /leap of new gods to which this absurd cus
it be well known that Caligula and Domitian tom gave rise.—Plutarch likewise, in the life of
 248 CONSECRATION . CONSECRATION.
Romulus, judiciously censures this practicc.—— is the act of a god," says Pliny the elder, “when
As to Augustus and other emperors (adds the one mortal kelp: or does good to another, and
translator and annotator of Julian’: (bears, this is the high road to immortal fame. By it
p. 275), it is well known, that policy and an have passed the great ones of Rome; and by it
interested regard, not for the dead but, for the now, with heavenly tread, walks the greatest
living prince, or his destined successor, had most sovereign of any age, Vespasian Augustus, ad
to do with this multiplication of divinities. vancing to the rescue of a tottering state. It is
the most ancient mode of recompensing a bene
- II.—CONSECRA'1‘ION or run Dnan. factor, to enrol his name among the deities.”
The succeeding age, however, produced judges
unfairly biassed in their bestowal of such ho
nours. Pliny the younger asserted, that “ Tibe
rius promoted Augustus to heaven. Nun did
the same for Claudius, but merely to ridicule
him -, Titus to Vespasian, and Domitian to Titus;
but the former that he might be regarded as the
son, the latter as the brother, of a god.”-—
What_would have been Pliny’s indignation bad
he lived to see Faustino junior, Commodus, and
Caraealla thus raised to the skies? Pausanias,
after remarking that in former times men were
numbered among the gods on reasonable grounds,
as Hercules, the Dioscuri, &c. adds, that in his
own age, when fraud and audacity usurped the
lt was at a comparatively late period, that place of worthy deeds, none were received into
the mania for tranforming men into deities dis the celestial ranks, but through the acclnmations
honourcd the annals of Rome. In his peculiar and outrageous flattery of their fellow men.-—
position as the founder of the nation, Romulus Pliny the elder lashes the absurdity of his con
had indeed been apatkeo-n’-red under the name of temporaries, “ for paying adoration to the lrluiaes,
Quirinus. But neither L. Brutus, nor Camil and making a god of one, who had ceased to be
lus, nor the Scipios, though eminent benefactors even a man.” Jnvenal too, appropriately calls
oi‘ their country, were distinguished with divine the emperors “ rivals of the gods,” on account
honours. This contempt for the laws of mor of this same system of apotheosis.
tality was reserved for the last days of the com The consecration of a deceased emperor wu
monwealth and the beginning of the empire. usually urged by his successor, from motives
Caesar the Dictator was the first, on whom the either of piety and gratitude, or of ambition, or
sulfrages of the people conferred both the title some other anticipated advantage. Thus piety
and the honours of divinity. Dazzled no doubt and gratitude may naturally be supposed to be
by the prodigies of his valour and the acquire the feelings which induced Titus to transfer Ves
mcnts of his lofty intellect, and already won pasian to Olympus; which prompted Trajan to
by the attractions of the newly-risen supersti pay the same honours to Nerva; Hadrian to
tion, they readily surrendered themselves to the Trajan; Antoninus to Hadrian ; M. Aurelius to
belief that in such a man a soul of more than L. Verna; each, indeed, in the case of his own
mortal nature had fixed its abode. The Senate father or brother. Ditferent motives produced
had already decreed to him during his life-time, the same result in different cases; as for in
the Mensa, theferculum, a pulvinar, n flamen, stance, the wish to have a deity for a father or
and luperci ; all of them honours exclusively a near relation, or to avoid the suspicion of foul
attached to the ceremonial worship of a god.—~ play, in the death of an individual, was the
But after his death, during the shews which reason for Domitian’s deification of Titus. The
Augustus gave in celebration of his memory, consecration of Commodus, whose real deserts
there appeared a comet, which the people looked entitled him to the same quarter with Sysiphus
upon as a sign that Caesar had been admitted and Tantalus, took place under unwanted cir
into heaven. Augustus gave him the name of cumstances. Condemned to everlasting infamy
Diuur, and caused divine honours to be assigned by the Senate, he was placed amongst the im
to him. mortal gods by Sept. Severus; whose probable
With this precedent before their eyes, the Ro reasons for so doing are attempted to be ex
mans found no difiicnlty in unanimously accord plained under the head of mvvs conuonvs.
’ ing the honours of consecration to Augustus, un If any during their life time had incurred
der whom they experienced not only a lengthened public hatred, like Tiberius, Caligula, and Do
reign, but one marked with moderation and mitian, they were lcft to pass an obscure exist
equity. And indeed, if in this rite of conse ence amongst the maner. Others, as Caracalln,
crntiou regard had always been had to a real, were indebted to their popularity with the army.
not a couuterfcited, gratitude for services con There are instances of emperors to whom the
ferred on mankind, the institution might at least honours of divinity were accorded, not imme
have been productive of one beneficial result, diately atter death but, at a subsequent period.
namely that of inducing princes to act virtu Accordingly, Livia was at length consecrated by
ously, by the prospect of such cxaltution. “ It Claudius, Commodus by Severus, Donina by
 CONSECR.»\TIOi\'. CONSECRATION. 249
Elagabalus. But it is remarkable, that the writers, as well as by coins and other monu
piety of some of the Augusti induced them to ments. Tertullian sa_vs—" It was an old esta
thrust into heaven their parents, though in a blished custom, that no emperor should be dei
private station, and deceased bcfore they were fied without the concurrence of the Senate”-——a
themselves elevated to the throne. 'I‘hus did statement repeated by Orosius, and confirmed
Vespasian in the case of his mother Domitilla, by Prudentius.
and Trajan in that of his father Trajan; and
the honour thus conferred they exhibited on i
their coins; nay, Vespasian, not content with
this, bestowed on his mother the title of Au
gusto.
Eckhcl has collected from coins the following
names of persons consecrated after the Roman
custom :-—
Julius Caesar.
Augustus.
Julia, wife of Augustus.
Claudius.
Po , wife of Nero.
c1=ilhi:, daughter of Nero. The Senate long opposed the petition of An
Vespasian. toninus Pius that they would decree the honours
Domitilla, wife of Vespasian. ' of consecration on his father by adopt-ion, Ha
Titus. drian. M. Aurelius earnestly besought the same
Julia, daughter of 'I‘itus. distinction from the Senate for his wife Faus
Caesar (anonymous), son of Domitian. tino. The fact is also clearly proved by the
Nerve. coins of Claudius and Vespasian, both gold and
Trajan, the father. silver, bearing the type of consecration, and on
Trajan, the emperor. which we read Bx s. c. and more fully on s.
Plotina, wife of Trajan. coin of Marciana, EX snrwrvs c0NsvL'ro.—
Marciana, sister of Trajan. Nor does the rule appear at all disproved by the
Matidia, grand daughter of Trajan. fact, that sometimes the emperors or the sol
Hadrian. diers forcibly extorted a consecration from the
Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Scnnte.—See Mscnrnns and Goanuuvus Pius.
Autoninus Pius. Coin: relating to Can.wcrati0n.—These had
Paustina, wife of Antoninus Pius. their peculiar legends and types. By the ex
M. Aurelius. pression, coins of consecration, however, are to
Faustina, wife of M. Aurelius. be understood, only those which were struck
L. \'crus. on the occasion of the ceremony, and for the
Commodus. purpose of publishing it to the world; and such
Pertiuax. as exhibit, on the reverse, types which invari
Severus. ably represent this ritc, and the soul received
Julia Domna, wife of Severus. into heaven. For there are not a few coins,
Caracalla. whose obverse, indeed, gives the title Dlvvs to
Julia Muesa. the emperor, but whose reverse ofl'ers nothing
Alexander Severus. at all connected with consecration. Of this
Paulina, wifc of Maximinus I. kind, for instance, is a coin of Divns Augustus,
Mariniana, wife of Valerian. on the reverse of which we read slams uncar
Gallienus (identity uncertain). TIS; and so, on the reverse of coins of Divns
Saloninus. Vespasianus, csans avovs1'.—v1c'roam AVGVSTI
Victorians. —-to which may be added coins of Domitilla, the
Tctricus (probably). Fanstinar, &c. the execution of which was dic
Claudius Gothicus. tated by atfcction, to preserve the memory of
Carus. ancestors, parents, and wives.
Numerinnus. In bringing forward first the inscriptions, and
Nigrinianus. then the types, of the coins which are properly
Maximianus Herculcns. to be connected with the subject of consecra
Coustnntius Chlorus. tion, Eckhel (vol. vi.) observes that, “in the
Gal. Maximiauus. times of the first emperors, consecration was
Romulus, son of Maxentius. indicated more by types, than by verbal formulic.
Constantine the Great. The word CONSECRATIO (which an Alexandrina
Some particulars respecting the rites and cere coin of Carus renders Aquepwms), was intro
monies observed in the consecration of princes, duced at a later period. I do not find it (says
as illustrating the types of coins, are given under he), inserted on any genuine coins heforc Plotina.
the head of Funeral Pile, p. 251. Marciano, and Matidia. In after times, nothing
That the apotheosis of emperors was sauc was more common than the use of this \\'l)l‘Ll."
tioncd by the authority of the Senate, and usu For some observations on mvvs and nnvs as
ally decreed by that body, is testified by ancient titles of consecration, and also with regard to
2l\'
251) C(JNSECRATION. Cl).\ISECR.-\'l‘IOl\'.
the legend uaxoaum, see those words, suia type of the consecrations restored (resiitutm)
lacis. in the time of Trebouianns Gallns.
Oonsecration 7ype.r.—Thc various legends
having thus been enumerated, the next subject
for inquiry is into the types usually employed
to indicate a Consecration.
The obverse exhibits the portrait of the per
son to whom the honour was decreed, but is
variable in the style of the head-dress. On his
coins Julius Caesar appears with a star over his
head, which denoted a comet, popularly behaved
to have been the soul of Cmsar after his recep
tion into heaven. This type, therefore, as being
peculiar to him alone, did not occur in the case
of his successors. The radiated head of Au
gustus is a sure sign of consecration; for before An Eagle, b/,=ariu_/; alqfl the mul of an Em
Nero, no prince adopted the radiated crown press, appears on coins of Sabina, both the
during his life-time. On those coins, in which Faustinie, and Julia i\lzcsa. On the celebrated
Trebonianus or some other emperor immediately base of the column of Antoninus Pius, on which
preceding him, restored a consecration (i. e. de is represented that emperor, and his wife Fans
creed divine lmuourr wliicli liad been neylected tina, carried aloft by a winged Genius, an eagle
before), we always find a radiated head. Ves accompanies both Antonino and Faustina.—
pasian, Titus, Nerva, and Autoninus Pius, have According to Artemidorus, “It is an ancient
the l!llH‘t.’(llL’!l liead after their consecration, practice, to represent deceased princes as borne
though they also exhibit the radiated crown.-— on high upon the wings of eagles.”
The bare liead (caput nudum) was introduced 2. A Peacock, on the coins of Emprcsws
by Nerve, and this fashion prevailed long after only; as for example, both the Faustiuie, Julia
wards. Divus Salouinus appears on most of his Domna, and Mariniana. In these are clearly to
coins with a razliatnrl head. Divas Claudius be recognised new rivals of Juno; the peacock
Gothicus exhibits sometimes the laurel crown, being the bird of Juno, as the eagle was that of
sometimes the radii; and he is, moreover, the first Jupiter.—See Pavo.
on whose coins the vvilell /lead occurs, which A Peacock, camping aloft Hie soul of an
2\ftern'ards appears in Constantine Chlorus, and Empre.x.r.—Sce MARINIANA.
Gal. Maximinnns, though both these emperors 3. A Victory, beaririy aloft tlze soul qf M
have occasionally the bare or the lrmrealed head. EI)l])T€J8, appears on coins of both the Fanstinzc.
The head also of Divus Constantinus Magnns is -—see the AETERNPPAS type of consecration en
veiled, and frequently laureafed, on the same graved in p. 24 of this dictionary.
coin. The veil was generally regarded as a reli 4. A Funeral Pile (Rogus).~—From the time
gious dress; the pontifl's were veiled when en of Antoninus Pius this is the common type oi
gaged in sacred functions; so were the angurs, consecration, on the coins of both emperors and
and the vestals; and artists frequently repre empresses.—See next page.
sented the souls of men with veils, as when 5. An Alfar is not an unfrequent type, and
they were escorted hy hlercury. In the case of it is chiefly observable on coins recording the _
consecrated Empresses, there is often no pecu eonseerations, awarded probably at the instance
liar attire to distinguish them, as for instance, of Trebonianus. At any rate it is self-evident
in those of Domitilla, Julia. the daughter of that the altar is that of a consecrated prince.
Titus, Plotina, Marcians, Matidia, Sabina, and 6. A Cluzriot, drawn by/I100 orfour élijlllflflll.
Faustino senior. But Sabina, and both the This also is no nnfrequent type. See the coins
Faustinaz, not unfrequently added the veil to of Augustus, Vespasian, Julia the wife of Titus,
their ordinary head-dress. Afterwards, Marsa and Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, and
Mariniana used the veil. Diva Julia, the wife Pertinax, and the explanation of the type them
of Augustus, has a head crowned with ears of given.——See Tlieusn.
corn, alter the manner of Ceres. A Chariot and four liorse:.—-Vespasian.
The reverse presents various types, as will be A Cluzriol (carpentum) drawn by two or three
seen by the following list, from which, be it female mules, on coins of Julia, wife of Titus, n
observed, are excluded those which are in reality sacred type, and one not unfrequent on the coins
unconnected with, and indeed irrelevant to, the of women. Examples of these appear on coins
subject of consecration. of Livia, Agrippina sen. and Domitilla—for the
1. The Eagle is common on coins of the early latter see p. 185.
consecrated emperors and empresscs; such as 7. A Plus-ni.r, the symbol of Eternity. p- 33
those of Plotina, Mareiana, Matidia, Hadrianus, 8. A Leolialerniilm lo Juno, on coins of
Sabina, M. Aurelius, L. Verns. (See preceding Faustino junior, now, as it were, another Juno.
cut). The reason for the introduction of this 9. A Temple, on coins of Divus Augustus,
bird is, that in the ceremonies attending conse and Romulus Caesar. Nevertheless, tcmplesncre
cration, a funeral pile was lighted, and an ea;/le privatcly erected in honour of illustrious peisorli.
let loose from its summit, as if to bear the soul who had not been consecrated, as exemplified 0!!
to heaven. This eagle is the more frequent coins of Domitianus Aug.
 CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION. 251
Other types of inferior notc are passed over. mented with statues.” Hcrodian describes it as
—'l‘hose used by princes calling themselves a mass of quadrangular shape, filled at the bot
Christians, at their consecration, may be learned
from coins of Constantine the Great and his
family.
The coins hitherto treated of are those which
were struck soon afier the consecration of the
princes or princesses, whose portraits they bear,
and for the purpose of giving publicity to the
event. But there is another class of coins,
which on the obverse present the eflig ' of some
emperor; and on the reverse the legend CON
SF.(.‘R..-\Tl0, with the type of an eagle, on a lighted
altar.—Y0r a list of these, with observations
thereupon, see the words mvo and nrvus.
With regard to the remaining subject of in tom with combustibles, on which again a second
quiry—namely, how long the custom of con tier was placed of similar form and appearance,
secrating emperors prevailed amongst the Ro but narrower and furnished with openings;
mans, Eckhel says—“ So long as the worship of to this a third and a fourth were added, each
the gods was in force, it is by no means sur gradually diminishing in size, till the whole re
prising that this absurd system should have eon sexnblcd a watch-tower.”—'l‘he ceremony of con
tinued. But it is extraordinary that Christian secration was very solemn and imposing. After
princes should have followed the example of the the body hud been clothed in the habiliments of
heathen. Besides Constantine the Great, Entro death, it was placed on n bed of ivory; young
pius has told us that his son Constantine, and men, chosen from the equestrian order, bore it
Jovianns, were deified; and that the same on their shoulders to the pile. The corpse be
honour was paid to Valentinian by his son ing then introduced into the second layer or
Gratian is recorded by Ansonius in these words: story, it was surrounded with aromatics and
‘ The most abundant testimony of his merit, is precious balms. The usual ceremonies being
his father connected with divine honours.’ completed, a torch was applied, and the mass
Meanwhile, it cannot be doubted, that in these was consumed. After this apothcosis, the dc
latter consecrations, the ceremonial ditfcrcd ceased emperor or empress had temples, altars,
greatly from that of former days, and was such and priests dedicated to his or her honour, and
as could easily ['9] be blended with the Christian the same worship was paid to the defunct, as
rites. For the ceremonies observed by the agnnism rendered to its gods and goddesses;
Christians at the funcral of Constantine the whilst the Augnsti, or Angustw, were thence
Great, were quite compatible with the regula forth called nivl and DIVAE. The form of the
tions of the Christian religion [P] Sec a de rogua, described as above by ancient writers, is
scription of them by Ensebius. Nor is a ditferent brought to our view, with remarkable clearncss,
light thrown on the subject by the coins, which on numerous coins. “ Amongst these,” adds
were dedicated to his honour after death. But Eckhcl, “there is one which I am told, stands
they were the last which were struck in memory conspicuous. This is a Julia Mwsn, discovered
of a deceased emperor.” at Rome; respecting which its then possessor,
[On the two points against which a note of Viscount Ennius, arcnowned antiquary, wrote
interrogation has been placed, the compiler of to Garampi, papal nuncio at Vienna, that it is
this dictionary is not disposed to acquiesce in so well executed, and in such high preservation,
the conclusion drawn by the transcendent author that in the second layer of the funeral pile, the
of Doclrina.——However the old ecclesiastical corpse of the empress is seen recumbent on a
writers may describe the ceremonies which actu bed; a minute particular, never before distin
ally took place, the legends and types on the guished in the monetal representation of these
consecration coins of Constantine and his suc funeral structures."
cessors are far too clearly those of unmitigated CONSECRATIO. S. C.—There are two other
paganism, to be “ easily blended” with any cor large brass consecrations, struck by authority
rect ideas of pure and scriptural Christianity] of the Senate, in memory of Marcus Aurelius
CONSECRA'l‘IO.—On the reverse of a first (mvvs), which exhibit further examples of the
brass struck in honour of M. Aurelius, after histypes that represent the dcification of this
death, A. D. 180, the type is a funeral pile of prince, and bear reference to its various cere
four stories, the basement ornamented with fes monies—~namcly: 1. An eagle, as if about to
toons; the upper tiers adorned with statues, take flight from the top of an altar decorated
and at the summit an imperialquadriga. On with a fcstoon of 1-ibbands.—2. A cur, convey
the obverse the head of that emperor is repre ing the defunct emperor's statue, drawn by four
sented under the features of an old man, with elephants, each mounted by its drivcr—a device
this legcnd,—DIVVS Marcus ANTONINVS which serves to represent those preliminary dis
PIVS. plays of funeral pomp, in which the new em
The Reyna, or Funeral Pile, is described by peror, or the surviving husband of an empress,
Dion, as “ a structure in the form of a turret, made an ostentatious exhibition of costly mag
with three stories, of ivory and gold, and orna nificence.
2K2
252 CONSECRATION. CONSENSVS.
CONSE()RATIO.—The emperor seated on CONSECRATIO.——Eagle with expanded
an eagle, holds a sceptre. Below, in a re wings. Small brass.—See Nigrinianns.
cumbent posture, is a female figure, personifying CONSESVS (tic) EXERClT.——Two mili
the Earth. This elegant, remarkable, and very - tary figures, joining right
rare type, appears on a brass medallion of hands with each other, and
Antoninns Pius, edited by Venuti, from the holding in their left a
Jlu-r. A/bani, I. 26, i.—Sce an engraving of it legionary eagle. Gold and
p. 2-118. silver of \’espasian.—This
CONSECRA'l‘IO.—An eagle, with expanded very rare coin refers to the
wings, standing on a globe, which is ornamented unanimity (bonsesiu being
with stars. a blunder of the moneyer
This very finely executed large brass coin, of for con-senma) of the Roman armies of Judoza,
which the above described forms the legend and Syria, and Egypt, in raising Vcspasian to the
empire. There is a similar legend in the mint
type of reverse, was struck to celebrate the eon
secration of Lucius Verus, associate in the empire
of Vitellius, viz.:
with Marcus Aurelius, whose own benignity of CONSENSVS EXERClTVVM.—Mars hel
disposition was so great (says the historian meted, and marching, bears in his right hand a
Capitolinus), that he always concealed and ex spear, and in his left a military ensign, or [aba
cused, so far as he was able, tho vices of Vcrus, rum, or trophy, resting on his shoulders.—
although they extremely displeased him; and Gold, silvcr, and second brass of Vitellius.
that he caused him, after death, to be called These coins, says Vznllant, were struck by
Divua, and to be honoured with all the marks of Vitcllius, before the death of Otho. They exhi
worship usually decreed to consecrated cmpcrors. bit Mars, as grazlivus, that is, in his attri
See an engraving of this inserted in p. 249. buted eapacity of a warrior, to drive away the
CONSECRATIO. S. C.—-Eagle on a globe. foe. This deity Vitcllius invoked by a favour
()bv.—mvo. amoumo. xAo.\'o.—Barc head of able omcn, when some one brought to him the
(Jaracalla. On silver and large brass. sword of Julius Ctcsar, taken from the temple of
“These coins (observes the author of Leyons Mars, according to Tacitus, after he had, by the
de JV/mnkmatique Romaine) may well excite consent and agreement of both armies of Ger
astonishment. What! (he exclaims) were the many, been elected emperor.
honours of consecration and the title of “Great” (‘O.\'SENSV. SENA'l‘u.: ET EQuestrie OR
conferred upon a monster, abhorred by all honest DlNi.r P0111!/i Que Rmrumi. Statue of Augustus
and good men? But it must be borne in mind, seated, holding in the right hand a branch, and
that his death was regretted by the soldiers; and u globe, or patera, in the left. On the obverse
to make friends of t/mm, the Senate and .\Ia1:ri of this second brass coin is mvvs svovsrvs,
nus both stooped to this base flattery. Caracalln s. 0. Bare head of the emperor.
had foolishly presumed to compare himself with Augustus dining his life-time had, in the
Alexander the Great.” provinces, already been admitted to the rank of
CONSECRATIO.-—Empress in a quadriga, a the gods; and this coin represents the statue
female guides the horses at full speed.-0611. which was decreed to him as Divas Azlgizrtus,
mva AVUVSTA FAVSTINA.—F0l‘ an engraving of by the unanimous votes of all the orders of the
this beautiful and rare gold coin, see Fauclina state. Many of these statues, Dion informs
507110!‘ as, were erected in his honour after his deeease.
CON'SECRATIO.—Engle standing with ex Such is the subject of the coin here described,
panded wings, on a sceptre. Gold and first brass respecting which Eckhcl (vi. 126), observes,
of Marciano. The former engraved in Alter the three orders, into which the Romans were
mnn, i. 226, pl. vi. No.1. divided, are here inscribed according to their
CONSECRATIO.—Eagle with expanded scale of rank, viz. Senate, Knights, and People.
wings. Silver.—See Matidia. —Pliny has given the order differently (xxxiii.
CONSECRATIO. S. C.—A carpcutum drawn § 8)—From that period (i. e. the consulate of
by two mules; and the same legend, with the Cicero), this (i. e. the equilesj, was distinctly
statue of the empress on a thensa drawn by two made a third body in the republic, and the
clcphants—both first brass of Marciaua; cn Eqmetrian Order began to be added to the
graved in Havercamp, cabinet of Christina. Senate and to the Roman People. Whence it
CONSECRATIO:-Hadrian holding n sceptre, arises, that even now-a-days it is inscribed afler
borne by an eagle in full flight. Gold.—En the Pcoplc, as having been the most recently
gravcd in Akerman, i. p. 231, pl. vi. No. 3. added.” In the writings of the poets, this order
CON SECRATIO.lSabina on an cagle.— of dignity has been either inverted or otherwise
First brass. Engraved in p. 250. disturbed by the requirements of the metre, as
CONSECRATIO. S. C.—Ceres seated on a for example in Martial (1.. viii. Ep. 15) :—
modius, near a lighted altar, with pntera and Dat populns, dat grain: aqua, dat thurn Senatus.
torch. First brass of Faustino senior.
[The people, the grateful knights, the Senate, all
CONSECRATIO, S. C.—l"unerul pile. First give frnnkincense].—Also in Ovid, Fusli, ii. 193.
brass of Pcrtinax.—Engraved in Mionnct, i. 269.
CONSECRATIO.—Emprcss on a peacock. CONSER. CONSERV. C'0n.!cr1'1(l0r or (‘ou
Silver.—See Mariniana. sermlrir. Con.wrrr1!0ri or (‘0nserratrici.
CONSECRATIO.—Do. Silver. Sec Paulina. C().\'Sl‘JR\'.»\'l‘Oll. Prcserver, Protector, or
 CONSERV.»\'l‘OR. ()O.\' SERVATORES. 253
Defender. This term frequently occurs on Ro- ' CONSERV.-\TOREb' KART. SVAE.——.-\
man coins; and has reference, in the first place, temple of six columns, in which a woman stands,
to those deities whom the emperors honoured with a branch in each hand. Second brass of
as their favourite tntclnries, in professed acknow Maximian llercules.
ledgment either of their general protection, or The same remarks apply to this as to the pre
of some particular favours. (Jobert, i. 231). ceding coin. Alike reverse is frequent on the
'I'he attributes of a CONSERVATOR are an coins of Maxentius and Constantine.
nexed on coins, to the names of Jupiter, Apollo CONSERV. or CONSERVATORES Vltllia
(or Sol), Neptune, Mars, Hercules, and also of SVAE.-—A temple of six columns, in which is
Bacchus, under the appellation of Liber Pater. seated Rome, galeated, with a globe in her right
In the next place, it refers to the Emperors hand, and a spear in her left hand. Second
brass of Maximian Hercules.
themselves, some of whom were so called on their
coins; as in the CONSERVATOR PIETati.r of Why the above specimen should be reckoned
Gallienus. The emperor standing with spear in in this class of coins, notwithstanding the ab
left hand, holds his right extended above the sence of the word SEN. (Senimj in the legend
head of a kneeling figure. Also CONSERVal0r of the obverse—is a point which Eekhel regards
S.\Luli.r, PA'l‘.Rl.-\E, VRBIS SVAE (Roma), as of easy explanation. That this distinctive
AFRICAE, K.-\R'l.'/laginia, EXERCl'l'VV.\I, and title was not always added in the mintages of
Ml LITV M. Maximian Hercules, is shewn by the fact,
CONSERVATOR AVG.—A quadriga, con that coins inscribed cousaav. Vl1B.S\'AE, &c.
veying a conical-shaped stone, together with an are found only with the head of Maximian
eagle, spreading its wings. In the field a star. Hercules, Maxentius, or Constantine, who were
Gold of Elagabalus. contemporaneous emperors (sync/1r0niAu_gu.vti),’
The stone fashioned in a cone-like form repre and none with the head of Diocletian. And it
sents the Syrian deity whose worship Elagabnlus would be very singular, whilst they are common
introduced into Rome. See this remarkable re in the case of Maximian, if, supposing any to
verse, engraved and annotated in Akerman, have been struck during the colleagueship of
vol. i. 414, pl. vii. No. 7.—See also samer. Diocletian, none were forthcoming which bore
neo sou ELAGABAL. bearing allusion to the his portrait, when it is well known, that they
same object of that emperor’s oriental idolatry. almost invariably used the same reverses. Similar
CONSERVAT. AVGG.-—A naked Apollo, reverses, which Banduri has connected with the
standing with a branch in the right hand, and heads of other emperors, Eckhel considers un
the left resting on a lyre. Diana stands beside worthy of notice, since they are derived solely
him, in a dress closely girdccl, drawing an arrow from Mediobarbus. No doubt, aftcrbeing harassed
from a quiver with her right hand, and holding by the factions of Maxentius and Severus, Rome
a bow in her left. Silver of Valerianus. welcomed Maximianus, on his return from Luca
Coins exhibiting Apollo alone, with this in nia. and re-assumption of the purple, as a regener
se-ription, are well known; but till this instance, ator, and, as the coins call him, n conservalar ,
none have been discovered which associate with and his services to the city are oratorically
him his sister Diana. For the reason why both lauded by the unknown author of a panegyric
those deities were worshipped, especially during dedicated to Maximian and Constantine, chap.
the period from the reign of Trebonianus Gallas X. and xi.—Sec D001. N/tm. Vet. viii. 25.
to that of Valerianus, sec Apollo, p. 65 et seq.
of this dictionary. Khcll, who, in his supple
ment to Yaillant (p. 175), has gdvcn an engrav
ing of this elegant and extremely rare denarius,
alludes to the plague which raged throughout
the empire, from A. n. 251 to A. D. 260, both
years inclusive; and pertincntly remarks, in re
fcreuce to this coin, that just as the sad bereave
ment of Niobe, so also any grievous pestilence
mm attributed by the superstition of those times
to the wrath of both Apollo and Diana.
CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE. A
woman standing, her head covered with an CONSERV. or CONSERVATORES VRB.
elephant’s proboscis , at her feet a lion and a ball S\"AE.—A temple of four columns, in the pedi
lying down. Second brass (Imperial Museum). meat of which are the wolf and twins; and at
Maximian Hercules. each end of the catablature stand two victories
An almost similar type appears on coins of holding crowns. Within the temple, Rome,
Diocletian and Maximian, inscribed FELIX AD gnleated, sits on a buckler, resting hcr right
VENT AVGG. NN. The latter emperor defeated the hand on the hasta, and with her left hand offers
Qninquegcntiani in Africa, A. D. 297 ; and hence a globe to a military figure, who stands before
his popularity with thc Africans and Cartha her, with spear in the right hand, and planting
ginians, which he now endeavoured to revive, his right foot on a captive. In the exergue A.
in order to strenghen his hold on the empire. P. Q. On second brass of Maxentius, whence
The some reverse occurs on coins of “aren this reverse, so replete with iIltt'resti|\,'1 details
tins, and also on Constantine's. of typitication, is engraved as above. llellerin has
 254» CONSERVATORES. CONSIDIA.
published an exactly similar coin of the same Auclor Pielatis, and Gallienus as her Conserva
usurper of the purple, described to be of pure lur. From the type of a boy in a suppliant pos
silver, and of the medallion size.—JIr:l. i. 191. ture, it may be inferred, that by this reverse allu
CONSERVATOR. AFRICAE S\'AE.——~A sion is made to the piety (or benevolence) shewn
woman treading on a crocodile, in her right towards the children maintained by the state
hand a military standard, in her left the tusk of (pueris alimentariis), many instances of which
an elephant. Maxcntius. Second brass. are recorded from the time of Trajan. The same
The coin (says Eckhel), must have been reverse occurs on a coin of Claudius.——vii. 406.
struck at the commencement of this man's CONSIDIA, an ancient gens of plcbeian rank.
assumption of imperial rank and authority, to Its surnames Noniazms and l’¢tu.r. Its coins
conciliate the good will of so rich a province; have eight varieties. The following alone pos
on which subject see further remarks under the sesses interest :—
next coin,—c0Ns1~:nvA'ronr-:s xanr. SVAI-].—
He barbarously harassed the same province at
a later period, viz. about A. D. 308. Whether
the animal, on which the woman treads, be
really n crocodile, though Banduri aflirms it, one
may be pardoned for doubting. The crocodile
was not a symbol of Africa, but of Egypt,
which being under the dominion of Maximinus
Daza, never had any connexion with Maxentins. 0bv.—c.coNs1m. NONIANX. s. c.—Hesd of
Qn coins of Diocletian, inscribed r1:L. ADVENT. Venus, laureated and adorned with a mitre,
AVG. a lion and a bull are represented at the feet necklace, and ear-rings. Before it s. c.
of a figure of Africa. The author of the 1l[llJt’lt7!l Rev.—Envc. A small temple on the top of
T/zeupali Catalogue, in describing a similar coin, a steep rock, surrounded by walls: in the front
has not ventured to determine the species of the of which, above the gate, is inscribed the above
animal representr-d.—viii. 57. abbreviation for Erucina, or Erycina.
CONSERVATORES KART. SVAE.—-A tem The head and the temple of this coin apper
ple of six columns, in which a woman, stand tain to Venus Erycina, so called from Eryx, in
ing, holds in each hand extended a branch or Sicily. The rnoneycr who coined the denurius,
some kind of fruit. Second brass of Mason named Cains Cousidius Nonianus, was rt pro
tius. (Imperial Museum). vincial quexstor, and a kinsman, if not the son,
Banduri asserts, that the two princes, whom according to Borghesi, of M. Considius, prewr
Carthage acknowledges as her corzwrvatores, ap of the year 702 (B. c. 52), destined successor
pear to be Maxentius and Maximiunus. But of Caesar in the government of Gallia Citerior,
Eckhel considers it beyond n doubt, that this and who was with Cicero at Capua, at the time
title pertained to I/tree princes, Maximianus of Pompey’s flight. By a decree of the Senate,
Herculius, Maxentius, and Constnntinus, since this Considius had the honour of exhibiting these
it occurs on the coins of them all individually. types on his mihtage, either because his family
From these coins, then (he adds), it is proved belonged to the city of Eryx, or from having
incontestably, that Africa and Carthage gave in by gifts and liberalities glorified the temple of
their adhesion to Maximianus when he became Venus there——oue of the most ancient and
emperor a second time, and to his son Maren famous edifices raised in honour of the goddess,
tius, in gratitude, probably, for benefits con and which was accustomed to be visited and en
ferred by him on that province during the reign riched by consuls, pretors, and every one en
of Diocletian (of which also coins inform us) ; trusted by the Roman government with power
and that Constantine was invited to a share of and authority in Sicily.——_See Riccio, del!efamig
this honour, as they considered his friendship lie di Roma, p. 59.
essential to their interests. Consequently, as is That mythical personage Daedalus, amongst
shewn by the coins of Maxentius, whilst still numerous works of sculpture and architec
Caesar, Africa soon attached herself to his ture ascribed to him by the Greek writers, is
side, and also espoused the cause of his father, said to have “enlarged the summit of mount
on his recovery of the empire.-—It is matter of Eryx by u wall, so as to make a firm foundation
certainty, that Mnxcntius did not for the first for the temple of Aphrodite. For this same
time receive the submission of Africa when his temple he made a honeycomb of gold, which
father died, and Alexander, the usurper of that could scarcely be distinguished from n real
province had been vanquished, as some have houcycomb.”—Sce Dr. Smith's Dictionary of
understood from the imperfect narrative of Zo Greek and Roman Bioy. i. 927.
simns, though the error has since been entirely Riecio gives a silver sestcrce, with c. CONSIDI.
confuted by Tillcmont with arguments drawn and the head of Cupid on its obverse; and a
from history.—D. N. V. viii. 58. globe, surmounted by a cornncopise, with fillet,
(JONSl<}ltVA'l‘. PlE'l‘A'1‘.——'l‘he Emperor, on its reverse. The Cains Considius by whom,
standing, with his right hand extended, in his as moneyer of the republic, this very rare mo
left a spear, and before him n small figure, on netal specimen of the gens was struck in T05
bended knee, raising its hands. Silver and 3rd (B. C. 69), belonged to the Ponipeian party.
brass of Gallienns. (Banduri. Imp. Mus.) CONS. PRINC. AVG.—Emperor standing,
Commodus proclaimed himself on coins as places his right hand on n trophy, at the foot
 CONSTANS.
of which are two captives. In his left he holds
a spear. Billon of Aurelian. (Banduri).
The cpigraph of this reverse is unusual.
The word Priurepa is here used as an augmen
tation of that of Augustus. Amminn calls Au
relius “ Marcus Princeps.”
CONSTANS (Flavius Julius) Caesar and
Augustus; youngest son of Constantine the
Great and Fausta; born about A. D. 320, he
was declared Caesar by his father in 333; and
obtained two years afterwards the government
of Italy, Illyria, and Africa. He shared in the
partition of the empire, after the death of Con
stnntine, .\.D. 337. And his elder brother,
Constantine the younger, being slain in 340,
near Aquileia, whilst treacheronsly invading his
territory, he became master of the whole West,
as Constantine was of the East. In the follow
ing year he undertook an expedition against the
Franks, who had passed the Rhine in order to
ravage Gaul. He conducted this war in person
with vigour; and having first defeated, he formed
an alliance with, the invaders, whom he obliged
to return in peace to their own country. Pass
ing afterwards into Britain, he restored that
important province of the empire to a degree of
tranquillity, to which it had long been a stranger.
Before he qnitted the island on his return to
Gaul, Constans established such laws there,
as whilst they caused the Roman name to be
respected, were acredit to his own judgment
and policy. The remainder of his reign pro
mised to be undisturbed and prosperous, but his
passion for the chase, and his indulgence in a
false security, afforded the opportunity to Mar
cellinus, his financial minister, and (Jhreste, one
of his military otlicers, to form a conspiracy
against his life. These two wretches came to a
secret understanding with Magnentius, whom on
the lStli January, 350, during the night, they
invested with the purple, at the finish of a
banquet in the city of Autnn, where the Imperial
Court then was. Magnentius, after having been
saluted emperor by the conspirators, sent Gaison,
a Gaulish otlicer, with some soldiers, to murder
Constans. But that prince apprised of what
had just occurred, had taken horse to save him
self in Spain. Gaison, with his band of assassins,
followed and overtook him at Elue, in the
Pyrenees, where, having dragged him out of a
church into which he had fled for refuge, they
put him to death with their daggers. Thus
perished Constans, in the 30th year of his age,
on the 27th of February, 350, after having
reigned, from the period of his father's death,
twelve years, nine months, and five days.
This prince protected the Christians, and was
a good warrior; but cruel, debauched, and
COI\'S'l‘.~\NS. 255
avaricious, he allowed his ministers to render his
government, by their exaetions, odious to the
people, and disliked even by the soldiery. He
had, however, courage and activity enough to
preserve his dominions with a glory not inferior
to any of his predecessors.
HINTAGES OF CONSTANS.
His brass coins are common: his gold and
silver, rare. His style and titles as emperor
are FL. CONSTANS Pius Felix AVG.-—D. N.
CONSTANS PERP. AVG.
The coins of Constans exhibit the head of
that emperor with diadem ornamented with pre
cious stones, and with the paludamentum, and
sometimes the lorica, on the breast; in the
right hand a javelin, in the left a buckler. On
some of the coins the head is lanreated, on
others bound with o diadem of gems.
Amongst. the more rare and curious reverses
are the following :——
Gone l\lEDALLlONS.—I-‘ELICIA DECENNALIA.
Two cupids supporting n crown. (Valued by
.\~Iionnet at 400 fr.)
GLORIA llEPV'BLICAE.TWO figures. (150 fr.)
TBIVMFATOB. GENTIVM BABBARARVM. Emperor
withlnburum, and monogram of Christ. (500 fr.)
SILVER l\lEDALLl0NS.—PELIClTAS PERPETVA.
Three figures seated. (lllionuet, 150 fr.)
TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BABBARARVM (£6 12s.
Pembroke sale.)
vnvrvs EXERCITVM flrie). Four military en
signs, Alp/za and Omega. (Engraved in p. 118.)
GOLD.—SECVRl'l‘AS PERPETVA. (Mt. 50 fr.)
VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Victory marching
with garland and tr0phy.—Obv.—PI.. IVL. con
sraus. P. r. AVG. Diademed head of the cm
peror. (See engraving above.)
on VICTORIAX 'ru1vMr.u.r;M. Two victories
and a buckler.-—v1c'ros.u\ on. NN. ave. Two
Victories. (B2 3s. Pembroke sale.)—vlcTo1i.
omvrvu Gl-JNTIVM. Emperor with Iabarum. (50
fr.)—v1r.'rvs EXEBCITVS GALL. Mars. (4.0 fr.)
Bnsss l\rI1-:n1iLLio1~'s. BONONIA OCEANEN.
(Engraved in p. 132.)
DEBELLATORI omrrr. BARBARR. Emperor
on horseback.—(Mionnet, 30 fr.)
GLORIA noarauonvu. Emperor standing.
osvnrvu rorvm ROMANI, &c. &c.
sECDNDBRASS.—'1‘RlVMFVS flsic.) CAESARVI.
Full-faced Victory in a quadriga.
CONSTANS, son of Constantinus Tyrannus,
and styled on his very rare coin, in silver, D. N.
CONSTANS P. r. AVG. was associated in the
usurpation of government with his father, A. n.
408. He was assassinated at Vienne, in the
Narbonnuisc Gaul, by Gerontius, his father’s
general (who had quarrclled with his master),
A. D. 41], a short time after the tragical end of
Constantinus himself. The quinarii bear on
their reverse VICTORIA AAAVGGG. A helmeted
female seated, holding aVictory and the haste
pura. In the erergue eon. Small brass, sens
AVG. with the gate of a cash-um.
CONSTAN'l'lA.—Constnncy, the symbol of
the Emperor Claudius; though it was an attribute
not always prominent in him. For his bio
256 CO.\'STAN'[‘lA. CONSTA NTINOPOLIS.
grapher Suetonius says of him, “In the faculties 00/1-slallcy (or perseverance, or endurance), he
of reflection and discernment, his mind was proved himself superior. This opinion is sup
remarkably variable and contrasted, he being ported by the gesture of both figures, female and
sometimes circumspect and sagacious ; at others male (2 & 3), which appear to be imposing silence
inconsiderate and hasty, often frivolous and as on themselves, a quality which constitutes the
though he were out of his Wits.”—Thc following main part of camtantia. The Roman mythology
three are examples of this legend :— contains two female deities who presided over
l. CONSTANTIAE avovsrr. A woman stand silence, viz. Angerona and Taeita, respecting
ing, with a long torch in her right hand, and a which I long ago trcatcd copiously. (SylIoge, i.
cornucopizc in her left. On gold and silver of p. 71). I am not aware, whether the same
Antonia—-Engraved in p. 55 of this dictionary. source supplies a male being of the same cha
The torch is to be referred to the cere racter, such as Harpocrates was reckoned in
monial of the priesthood of Augustus (Antonia Egypt.”
was called SACEBDOS nrvr avevsrr), and that CONSTANTINI AVG.—Two victories stand
in the hand of the woman on the present ing, hold together a crown, within which we
coin, intended no doubt for Antonia, appears read vorr. xxx. Gold medallion of Constantinus
to have been added in allusion to the same Magnus, engraved in Steinbiichel, Notice rur
oflice. But the ditficulty is to reconcile the lea Jllédaillons en or du Mueée Imperial, N0. 3.
legend with the type. Havercamp thinks The subjects of typification most frequent in
that the constancy of Antonia is alluded to, this age of the empire were those which record
which she displayed in adhering to widowhood, vota dccennalia, vicennalizg tricennalia (vows
and compelling her daughter Livilla to suffer lasting ten, twenty, thirty years).
death. But if such constancy really ahewed CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE.—A woman
itself in Antonia, why is the merit, according trampling on a captive, and holding in each
to the sense of the legend attributed to Augustus? hand a palm branch. On one side a trophy.
For it should have been written svovsras, not In the exergue CONS. This epigraph occurs on
avovsrr. To this may be added, that the legend a gold and a silver and on a third brass coin of
is a common one on the coins of her son Clau Constantinus M. Various have been the opi
dius, and appears to be peculiar to him, as will nions expressed by tho learned respecting it.—
be seen below. But if the legend refers to Eekhel (viii. 81), in citing them all, considers
Claudius, and the type to Antonia, it is diflicult that interpretation to be decidedly the most pm
to assign the reason for such an anomaly. bable, which Gretser and Spanheim drew from
D. N. V. sixth vol. p. 179. Procopins, viz. that by Conslantiniana Dafne
2. CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI. A woman seated, is to be understood the castle or camp (caatrnm)
touches her face with her right haud.—0bv. Dqfne, constructed by Constantine on the bank
Laureated head of Claudius.—On gold and silver of the Danube.
of that emperor; engraved in Caylus, Num. CONSTANTINO P. AVG. B. R. P. l\'_~\'l‘.
Aur. Impp. Rom. No. 92. —The Emperor in a military habit, stands
3. CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI. s. c. A youth, holding a globe and spear. Second brass of Con
wearing a helmet, and attired in a thin garment stantine the Great.
reaching to the knees, and with a clcke flowing For along time the inscription on this coin
behind him; holds up his right hand, and with was read by antiquaries BAP. NAT. for BRP.
the fore-finger touches his face; his left hand NAT. and hence they were induced to regard it
grasps aspear.-—Obv. Bare head of Claudius. us a sure and genuine memorial of the Baptism
Second brass. Engraved in Havcrcamp, Me' of Constantine. Hardouin was the first to detect
dailies dc (JIm'.:tine., "ran. 4.9. Restored by this inveterate error, which he felicitously re
Vespasiau. moved by restoring (as Eckhel observes), the
Respecting the second coin, Eckhel (vi. 236), true reading Bono Rei Publicar Nata, which is
makes the following observations :-—“ I find the supported by inscriptions on marbles, cited in
type variously described by antiquarics. The Gruter. Besides, Magnus Maximus and his
one which I have here produced, is selected from son Fl. Victor are, on a coin of his, called BOND
five, in the most perfect state of preservation, nnrrvsnrcn NATL See p. 132.
in the imperial museum. The same legend (as CONSTANTINOPOLIS, formerly Byzan
above shown), is found on coins of Antonia, lizmz, the most celebrated city of Thrace, derives
mother of Claudius, struck during the reign of its name from Constantine the Great, by whom
that emperor; but in these there is a differenceit was enlarged with new buildings, and rendered
in the type, which consists of a woman stand almost equal to Old Rome; in order that Cou
ing, with a long torch in her right hand, and a stantiuoplc should be the capital of the empire
cornueopim in her left (see No. 1). It is difficult in the cast, as Rome was in the west. It was
taken by the Turks in the year 1453, by whom
to reconcile the legend with the type, but that the
legend undoubtedly refers to Claudius is an opi it is now called Stambul, and in whose posses
nion confirmed by the coins now before us.—— sion it still remains a great metropolitan and
Yet even in these, there is the same difliculty, royal city. The coins which niakc mention of
though there appears to be no doubt, that the it, were struck either by Constantine or by his
moneyers had in view the life of Claudius, passed sons.
from infancy amidst contempt, ridicule, and CONSTANTlNOPOLIS.—This legend ap
fear; to allwhich disadvantages, by his invincible , pears on the obverse of several brass medallions,
 (.‘ONS'l‘AN"l‘lNUS. CONS'l‘AN'l‘l NUS. 2257
accompanied by the belmetcd bust of the city of ' coins began forthwith to be struck with his
Constantinople, personified; the basta pura on name under that title.
her shoulders: on the reverses are the several A. o. 306. His father-‘s provinces, Gaul and
legends of IEL. rune. RI-‘.PAR.\Tl0—BESTl’l'VTOR Britain, were assigned to Constantine. Gale
BEIP.—\'ICTORlA A\'G\‘STl.—-VICT. AVGG. Sac. rius nominated Severus Caesar as Augustus, in
all allusivc to the reparations, restorations, and the room of Constantine I. deceased. Soon after
military successes, claimed to have been achieved wards Maxcntius also assumed the imperial title
for the empire, by Constantine and the princes at Rome, and restored the purple to his father
of his family.—Engraved in Ilavcrcamp, Cabinet Maximianns Hereulcus, recalling him from Lu
de (,’Im'.rlim.-, TAB. xl. cania. Constantine gained a victory over the
Conalanlinople, in n later age, was one amongst Franci and the Bructeri, and commenced the
the numher of those cities to which the right building of a bridge over the Rhine, near Ag'rip
of coining money was granted. Hence on so pina (Col0_r]ne).
many coins, we read, at the bottom, cox. 307. Constantine this year entered on his
cor-'s'r. &c. first consulate, according to the records of
the Fasti, confused as they are at this pcriod.-
The same year Severus blockaded Maxentins in
Rome, but being compelled to raise the siege,
and taken prisoner at Ravcnua, he was put to
death by order of Herculeus Maxiniianus. Her
;-nlens, dreading the vengeance of Galcrius for
this act, went into Gaul, and there, in order to
win him over to his cause, gave Constantine the
title of Augustus, and his daughter Fausta in
marriage. Galerius attempted to take Rome,
but being repulsed by Maxcntius, and driven out
of Italy, created Licinius emperor in the room
of Severus. In the same year also Constantine
and Mariminus Daza each received from Galerius
the title of Filius Awqpzstorztm (riuvs svoo.)
308. Maximinus Daza assumed the title
CONSTANTINUS (F/avius Galerius Vale of Augustus, at first against the wishes of
riauua), surnamcd lllngnua or Mzu-imus, was Galerius, but afterwards with his assent, Con
the son of Constantius Chlorus, and of Helena, stantine being admitted to a participation of the
first wife of that prince, son in law of Maxi some honour. In this year, accordingly, Con
lT|l3IlllS llercnleus, and brother in law of Lici stantine began to be acknowledged as emperor
aius. He was born at Naissus, in Dardanin, throughout the entire empire. And thus there
A.U.C. 1U27 (A. D. 274). His birth-day is were at the same time, in addition to Maximia
fixed by the calendar of Dionysius Philocalus, nus Herculeus, five Augusti, viz. Galcrius Maxi
on the 3rd before the calcnds of March. When mianns, Constantine, Maximiuus, Licinius, and
Diocletian, A. D. 292, sent his father with the ;\Iaxentius.—Constantine, being informed of the
title of Cxcsur into Gaul, he detained Constan plots organized against-himself by Hereuleus,
tine as u kind of pledge, and became greatly at besieged him in Massilia (Marseilles), and re
tached to him on account of his amiability and duced him to a surrender, and the condition of
integrity of disposition. On the abdication of a private citizen.
Diocletian and Maximian, A.D. 305, Constan 310. Maximianus llercnleus having been
tine, iu the midst of his satisfaction at seeing convicted of fresh plots, Constantine put him
his father raised from the Cmsarinn to the Im to death. The same year he proceeded with
perial dignity, still found himself placed in a the war against the Alemanni.
most precarious position, since Gal. Maximianus, 311. Gal. Maximianus dying, Lieinius and
who succeeded to Diocletian, not only opposed his Maximianns took possession of his provinces.
joining his father, but openly plotted against his Constantine, on hearing that Maxentius had
life. He therefore made his escape from Nico caused his statues to be thrown down at Rome,
media, after disabling the public horses in order and was preparing hostilities against him in re
to delay pursuit, and reached his father in Bri taliation for his father's death, prepared for war.
tain about the beginning of A. D. 306; and ——Undcr these circumstances, from motives of
on the death of Constantius, which happened policy, he betrothed his sister Constantia to
shortly afterwards at York, on the 25th of July, Licinius. According to Eusebius, having seen
Constantine himself was on tho same day pro in the heavens the figure of the cross, with the
claimed Augustus by the unanimous voice of the words, “ In hoe signo victor eris,” he openly
army. This choice, not daring openly to dia adopted the Christian religion, and caused the
pnte, Gal. Maxiniianus (who in consequence of sign of the cross to be displayed on the imperial
his being the successor of Diocletian, had arro standards and shields.
gated to himself the supreme authority over 312. lle defeated the Generals of Mnxentius,
the empire and even over its rulers), found him first at Tanrinus (Turin), and afterwards at Ve
self compelled to acknowledge Constantine at rona; and, in a final action at the I’ons Milvins,
least as Crcsar, though with reluctance; and near Rome, vanquished Maxentius himself, and
'2L
258 CONS'l‘AN'l‘lNUS. CONSTANTINUS.
thus put an end to a bloody war. Immediately -—The Vota tricennalia (of paganism) were dis
after this victory, Constantine entered Rome in charged this year.
triumph.—3 l3. Licinius defeated Maximinus A. D. 337. In his eighth consulate, and
Daza, who died shortly after at Tnrsus, and Lici amidst preparations for a war, into which he
nius succeeded to the entire dominion of the East. had been provoked, against Sapor the Persian,
314. A war arose this year between Constan Constantine fell sick and died, near Nicomedia,
tine and Licinius, on what grounds is uncertain. in Bithynia, on the 22nd of May, in the 32nd
but probably on account of mutual envy and mis year of his reign, and the 64th of his age.
trust. Aftcr various engagements in Pannonin In estimating the character and deeds of so
and Thrace, a peace was concluded with such great a prince (says the judicious Eckhcl), much
a division of the empire between them, that the caution is requisite, lest, by relying wholly on
East, Thrace, and part of Maesia fell to the the testimony of Christian writers, we should be
share of Licinius, while Constantine held all the led to regard Constantine less in the light of ii
rest. On the calends of March, Crispus and mortal inan than of a god; or by following, on
Constantius, the sons of Constantine the Great, the other hand, the aspcrsioiis of the enemies
and Licinius, received the title of Cmmr. From of the Christian faith, such as Zosiinus and
A. D. 318 to A. D. 321, both inclusive, no record Julian, we should picture him to ourselves as s
of any important transactions appears in the man disgraced by the foulcst vices. It is snfli
annals of this reign.—322. To this year is re ciently evident that the former class of writers
ferred the war with the Sarmntae, of which men were not in all instances unbiased judges of the
tion is made also on coins. quality of his life and morals, from n fear of ud
323. Another furious war with Licinius com mittiug the imperfections of the champion of
menced, from no other cause, apparently, than their faith. The preferable plan is to follow the
rivalry. Constantine was victorious over him, accounts of Eutropius, who steers a middle
first near Ilndriuuopolis, on the 3rd of July, course, giving way neither to pariiality nor_to
then in a naval engagement under Crispus, and hostility, and who has asserted that Constantine
lastly near Chalcedon, on the lSth of September, displayed surpassing excellcncies of mind nnd
Licinius having surrendered at Nicoinedia, Con body; that he was eager in the extreme for
stantine sent him to Thessulonica, but shortly military distinction, and fortunate in his warlike
afterwards (as some say contrary to his pledged enterprizes; that he was also devoted to the arts
word), ordered him to be put to death. of peace and the pursuits of literature; andim
325. Having now got rid of all his rivals at ardent candidate for ii well founded popularity,
honie, subdued his foreign enemies, and attained which he endeavoured to conciliate by his liberal
a state of sole responsibility, Constantine directed acts and affable demcnnour. Others, witlwlli
his attention to the suppression of paganism; denying him these merits say that he We-5,
razed the temples, and erected in their stead nevertheless, immodernte in his ambition, which
places of Christian worship. He assisted at the brooked no rival, and embroiled him in civil
Council of Nice; entered into n discussion with war; that he paid too much attention to his
the Bishops on the subjects of the divinity of personal adornment ; that he was profuse in his
our Saviour, and the proper time for the celebra expenditure on the building and decoration of
tion of Easter; and at the some time, according the different cities, to meet which he was in tb!
to Eusebius, aolemnized his Vicennalia. habit of recruiting his treasury by unjustitiable
326. Constantine this year went to Rome, and acts of spolintion. That prosperity had a dete
remaining there n few months, proceeded into riorating effect upon his character, Eutropnlfl
Pnnnonia, destined never again to re-visit the hesitates not to assert, comparing him in the
“eternal city.” He ordered his son Crispus, earlier period of his reign with the best of bl!
and his wife Fausta, to be put to death, as is predecessors, and at its close with the worst:
generally thought most unadvisedly, and much and Victor says, that had he but shewn morn
to his discredit. The same year he commenced self-control in some particulars, he would, ll!
the building of Constantinople. the opinion of all who were wont to extol him to
A. D. 330. Constantine, with magnificent the skies, have been little less than a god. By
solemnitics, dedicated the city of Constantinople, taking the lives of his amiable son Crispus, find
the building of which was begun four years of his wife Fnustu, though in her case at least
before.—332. He conducted a campaign against he acted justifiably, yet it was not surprising
the Goths, who were hnrrn=.sing the Sarmatic; that he gained a cliarzictcr for cruelty, or fol‘
and afterwards against the Sarinntac themselves, hasty judgment, and that an unfavourable coin
whom he reduced to submission. parison was drawn between him and i\[. Aurelius,
335. This year Constantine divided the who bore with the profligacy of his son, and the
empire amongst his sons and nephews (nepoter conduct of an abandoned wife. With regard Y-°
ezfratre, says Eckhel), so as to give his eldest his relinquishing the religion of his ancest0_l'5.
son, Constantine, the territory held by Con and embracing Christianity, as it was n step 111‘
stantine Chlorus; to Constantius, the East; to tolerable to the adherents of the ancient sup?!
Constans, Illyricum, Italy, and Africa; to his stition, so with the professors of the new faith
nephew Dclmatius, whom he had this year it became matter of the highest cnromium.—
created Caesar, Thrace, Macedon, and Achaia; But he lost the credit thus acquired, when in tl_1B
to his brother Hannibiillianus, Armenia Minor, later years of his reign, he exhibited hiinsclf H1
Cappadocia, and Pontns, with the title of king. the capacity rather of a theological dispntllli,
 CONSTA NTINUS.
than of a sovereign prince But Constantine exceptions, common. Brass medallions rare;
struck a severe blow at the welfare of the empire, some very rare.
both in building a New Itomrr on the shores of
the Propontis, and in dividing his dominions,
unwnrned \'._v recent fatal examples, among his
three sons and two nephews, destined thence
forth to be so many exasperated rivals, bent on
each others destl'I1cti0n.—See Doct. Nam. Vet.
viii. 17, et seq.
Nicbuhr makes the following just remarks on
Constantine's belief.-—-“ The religion which he
had in his head must have been a strange com
pound indeed. The man who had on his coins
the inscription Sol invictus, who worshipped
pagan divinities, consulted haruspices, indulged
in a number of pagan superstitions ; and on the
other hand, built churches, shut up pagan tem
ples, and interfered with the council of Nicsea,
must have been a repulsive phccnomenon, and
was certainly not a Christian. He did not
allow himself to be baptized till the last mo
ments of his lite; and those who praise him for
this, do not know what they are doing. To
speak of him as a saint (which some oriental
writers do), is a profnnation of the word.”——~
Hzltlory qf Rome, vol. v.
MINTAGES of CONSTANTINE the GREAT.
Conalanliue, on his coins, after .\.o. 305,
is styled Gesar and Prizirmps Juvenlutia. FL.
CL. CONSTANTINVS NOB. C.\ES.—CONS'l‘ANTlNVS
rn.. avcoo. Filius Auyustarum, a mere titular
distinction received by Constantine from Gulcrius
Maxiiiiianns, who refused him at first that of
Augustus).-—Fr0m and after A.D. 308, he is
styled .du_qu:lu.r.—In A.D. 315, his coins re
cord his fourth, and in 320, his sixth consulate.
His full style and titles are IMP. c. PL. van.
co.\'s'raz<rmvs. r. r. avo.—The types of his
obverses sometimes exhibit a galented, at others
a laureated, head. His monetal portraiture also
appears as a bust, with helmet or laurel, and
with either the paludammztum, or a coat of
armour, on his shoulders and breast—h0lding in
his right hand a spear, in his left a shield. On
other coins a sccptre surmounted by an eagle in
his right hand, also with a diadcmed head-dress,
enriched with jewellery, a globe with Victory
in his hand. On the coins struck after his
death the hcad is veiled, and the legend ntvo
CONST»\NTl.\'0.—Tl1cI'€ are coins of this emperor,
in gold as well as silver, on which his head is
encircled with the diudem, but without legend.
In these the countenance is looking upward, as,
according to Ensebius, it would seem, beholding
the heavcns.——Sce Diadem.
The coins of this cmperor are rare in gold and
in silver—the medallions in both these metals
vcry rare. Second and third brass, with certain
2L2
(TONSTANTINYS. 259
The following are amongst the most rarc and
remarkable legends and types of reverse in each
metal :—
GOLD i\I£n.aLi.Io1vs.—AnvENrvs avo. N.-—
Emperor on horseback, and Victory.
CONSTANTINI AVG. Two Victories supporting
a Cl‘0WI!.—PELIClTAS PERPETVA. AVG]-DAT. REM.
nn. 1~m.—o.wn1vn AVGYSTI. NOSTRI. Two
winged Genii.—oL01u.\ RODLANORVM. Rome
seated.—P1r/ras AVGVSTI NOSTRI. The emperor
between two fignrcs.—[The above five valued by
Mionnet at 150 francs each.]
SALVS ET srrzs. REIPVBLICAE. The emperor
seated between two military figures. (Mt. 600 fr.)
EQVXS firic.) nonams. (£4 12s. Thomas sale.)
—~GLORIA CONSTANTINI avo. (£13 Thomas
sale.)—sEiu'rvs. Full length figure of Con
stantine (brought £38 at the Thomas sale.)
SILVER MF.n.u.i.1oNs.——Rev.—-cansan. in a
crown.—0bv.—Head of Constantine, with legend
.\vovs'rvs. (Mionnet, 60 fr.)—cot\'s'raN'rlN\'s
AVG. Four military ensigns.—rnLtc1'ms no
MANORVM. Three military figures under an
arch.—m.urrI. PATR1. co:~'sr.nv.\r0n|. Mars
standing.—Pu1sctPI lVVE.\lT\"TIS. Figure and
two ensigns.—\'0'1‘a ORBIS ET vanls. sex. E1‘ PB.
GOI.D.—ADVENTVS A\'ovs'r1. (Mt. 120 t'r.)—
CONSTAN'I‘lNlA.\'i\ DAPNE. (£5 17s. 6d. Thomas).
—co.\'svL. no. rm. Emperor standing in the
toga. (ML 90 fr.)—co.vsrsnrmvs ET CRISPVS.
(120 fr.)—co.\'svx. PP. rnoconsvn. Same type.
-—DEBELL.\T0ltl or.i~:'1-ivn BARBARARVM. Seve
ral figures. GOTlIlA.—FELlCIA TEMPOBA. The
four Seasons. (Mt. 100 fl'.)—I-‘ELICITAS RElPVB
moan. (£4 12s. 6d. Thomas, £5 Pembrokc).—
FELIX rnocrzssvs cos. un.——o.\vn1vs1 nonna
onvu. (£3 16s. Thoinas).—GLORIA nxnncrrvs
GALL. (£4 Thomas).—rn.-:'rAs AVGVSTI NOSTBI.
Emperor crowned by Victory. (£6 2s. 6d. 'l‘hos.)
RESTITVTORI L|nr:a'r.\rts.—sa1.vs BEIP. DANV
aivs. Bridge of three arches. (Mt. 100 fr.)
—so1.1. COMITI. .\vc.—vm1.vn vlcron. (Pem
broke, £3 6s.)—vniQvr-: VICTOBES. A qninarius.
(£3 -ts. Tll0ln1\S).—-VICTOIHA CONSTANTINI avo.
(£7. Thomas).
VICTOIUA AVGVSTORVM. Victory crowning
the Emperor, who holds a globe in the right
hand, and a spear reversed in the left; on the
exerguc sn. 1's.—On the obverse the laureatcd
head of the Emperor, with legend of CONSTAN
TINVS. P. r. AVG.—(See cut, left-hand column).
VICTORIA CONSTANTINI ave. (£3 ls. Thomas,
£3 5s. Peinbi-oke).—v|irrvs exmtcirvs oi\LL.
(£4 4s. Th0ma.s).—-VICTOBIAE LAX-JTAE rnuvc.
PERP. (Q4, Thomas; £8, Pembroke).—vlC'1‘0
aioso snnrnn. (200 t'r.)—vo'm PVBLICA.
SlLVER.—DELliAT]\'S NOB. cansan. (60 fr.
Mionnet.)—Lmrn1troa ORBIS. (50 t‘r.)—v1c
Tonia nn. rm. A\'GG.—-VIRTVS MILITVM. (Bl
Gs. Thomas).
Bnass i\11-:n1u.L1oxs.—coNs'mNTiN\'s MAX.
AVG. Bust of Constantine, with diadem. For
the reverse of this medallion (which brought
£3 5s. at the Thomas sale), see ononu 81-:cv1.l
VHITVS CAESS.
0
260 CONSTANTINUS ll.
UONSTANTINOPOLXS ran. TEMP. BEPARATIO.
IPEBELLATORI osxr. n.\uaAan.—Emperor on
horseback, charging an cnei:ny.——Obu.—c0N
srsxrmvs MAX. AVG. Diademcd head of Con
stantine.-—See engraving at the head of the fell into an ambuscade, where his army was cut to
biographical summary, p. 257. pieces; and he himself being mortally wounded,
nxvrnmvron OMNIVM GENTIVM. Emperor
scnted between two captives. (l 00 fr. Mionnet).
IN noc. SIN. flric.) vie. Monogram of Christ.
-—SALVS ET sri-zs. REIPVBLICAE. Constantine
between his two sons. (120 fr. each, Mionnet.)
sanvs amr. DANVBIYS. Emperor and Vic
tory on a bridge. (150 fl‘.——\’lC‘1‘ORIA GOTHICA.
Home and Vict0ry.—vItBs ROMA. (llontorzzirzle).
Sncoxo BKASS.—-GENIO r|1.. AVGG.—-VIBTYS
rsarmvs ave.
THIRD BRASS.——PLVRA. NATAL. rr.1..—necv
PERATOI7. vanis SVA.E.--SAPlE.\'TIAE PRINCIPIS.
Owl on Cl[lpD5.-—-SPES PVBLICA. Labaruin and
monogram of Christ, on a serpent.—v1n.'r. EX
ERCIT. o.u.1.nus.—v0'rs PVBLICA. Isis Pharia.
CONSTANTINUS (Flaviua Claudiu.rJuIiu.r).
Constantine II. or junior, eldest son of Constan
tine the Great, and the first whom the emperor
had by his second wife, Fansta, was born at
Arelutum, now Arles, in France, the l-ith May,
or according to some authors the Tth of August,
A.D. 316. As early as the following year he we can refer to the younger Constantine, as
was named Cu-sar, at Snrdis, by his father and Augustus, so like are all his to those of Con
by Licinius, who at the same time gave him for
colleagues in that dignity, Crispus and Licinius,
jun.——Constantine declared him consul four times
during his youth; and sent him at the age of
sixteen years, on a campaign against the Goths,
who had invaded Mrcsia and Thrace, A. D. 332,
In this war he greatly distinguished himself.
defeating King Aluric, who, in the action, and in
the retreat, according to contemporary writers,
lost nearly a hundred thousand of his barbaric
host. In 335, the government of Gaul, Britain,
and Spain was entrusted to him. And, in cun
forinity to the division of the Empire so fatally
made by his father, he received after that em
peror's death, the same provinces of which he
had had the administration under Constantine,
and also n part of Africa. In 337, this young
prince was acknowledged Auymtus by both
Senate and Army. The death of Delmatius and
of llanniballianus caused n new division of ter
ritorics between Constantine junior and his
brothers; but impelled by a restless spirit, and
besides being dissatisfied with the territorial
treaty he had made, he demanded of Constans
to be put in possession of the African provinces.
--Constnns, who reigned in Italy, refused. And
the eldest son of Constantine declared war against
his own brother. With n largo military and naval
force, he invaded Italy, and his army advanced
a< fur as the city of Aqnilria. There, however,
Q
CONSTANTINUS ll.
he was encountered by Constans, who had re
turned from Dacia to defend his Italian domi
nions. Constantine, proceeding in the confi
dence of victory, but without due precaution,
fell from his horse, and was dispatched on the
spot. His body was thrown into the river Also
(now Ansa) ; but was afterwards found, and in
t/erred at Constantinople with imperial honours.
Thus perished, A. D. 340, Constantinns junior,
in his 25th year, and the third of his reign,
“regretted,” (says Beauvais), “ for his piety,
his mildness of character, and his love for his
subjects.” lt is not known whether he left
children by the two Princesses whom he mar
ried, and whose names are not known.
MINT.-\GES of CON STANTINE the Younger.
This prince from the year 317 to 337, is on
his coins styled Cesar and Princi.-p.1 Juventutis ;
and from 337 to 340 Au_qu.rtu.r. llis style, as
Cresar, is nu. rt. iv1.. consrsxrmvs IVNIOR.
nos. or NOBILXSS. csr:s.u2.—1~lis style as An~
gustus, is FL. CL. CONs'l‘A1\‘TIY\'S PIVS Pl-‘.L1X
AVG.
That to him, as Augustus, coins were struck,
even during the life time of his father appears
not to be doubted. And many of these which
are assigned to Constantine the Great most pro
bably belonged to this prince, although destitute
of the proper criterion. For this reason Eckhel
(Cat. ii., p. 488), subscribes to the opinion of
llnnduri, who says (T. ii. p. 333.) “We are
hitherto enabled to find- no other coin, which
stantinus Magnns."
Corroborative of the above observations, is
the following note of Mionnet (ii. p. 24-'1»). “The
coins which give to Constantine the younger, the
title of Augustus are diilicult to distinguish from
those, which belong to Constantine the Great.
They are therefore generally classed amongst
those of the latter. We must, however, except
from this arrangement, those coins on which we
read the name of Claudius. These coins are to
be assigned to the son, because the name of
Claudius is not found on any genuine coin of
the father's mint, whilst we find it on indubit
able coins of the son.”
The coins of this emperor are of high rarity
in gold; medallions especially. Silver medal
lions are even more rarc. Of pure silver scarcely
any are to be found. Putin and Lilla» are rare.
Brass medallions very rare, and some few ex
cecdingly so. Third brass very common.
The following are among the most remarkable
reverses :
GOLD M.EDALLlOi\’S.—-1“ELICI‘l‘AS Pl-IRP]-.“l'V.-\.
Emperor seated between two military figures.—
SALVS er SPES. (Valued by Miounet at 500
francs each.)
rnmciri IVVENT. Emperor standing, with
labarum. (200 fr.)--vnvrvs (.‘0Nh'l‘ANTll\'l c.u-rs.
(100 fr.)
G0l.l).—(‘LAR|'!‘A§ ItEII’\‘BI.ICAE.—-COS5TA$
 CONSTANTINUS TYRANNUS. COl\‘S’l‘ANTlNL'S'l‘YR.-\NNUS. 261
rmvs c.u-zsan, or IVN. NOB. CAES.—-FELIX PRO great importance in the history of Britain (as is
cessvs. cos. ll.—-GAVDIVM non. SARXATlA.—— justly observed by a writer in Dr. Smith’s Dic
vlcronta cassan. uu.»—v1c1'oruA CONSTANTINI tionary of Roman Biography, i. 331), since, in
cAr:s.—(The above six valued by 1\Iionnet from consequence of it, and the rebellion of the inha
IOU to 150 £r.)—Pn|1vciP1 IVVENTVTIS. Empe bitants against the otlicers of Constantine, the
ror standing, with labarum, &'.c.—O6v.—-ivxion Emperor Honorius gave up all hopes of restor
in the legend. (£415. Thomas). ing his authority over that country, and re
Bnsss MEnaLLioNs.—no.\'e'r.\ vnnis VES cognized its independence of Romc—a. circum
'l‘B.\E.—SACB._\ uoxnra VRBlS.—\'l(."l‘0RlA AVG. stance that led to the conquest of Britain by
Emperor in a ga11cy.—vlcronrA BEA'1‘lSSlMO the Saxons.”
BT31 casss. On a gold coin published by Banduri, the
Tulnn B]1ASS.—FELlCl’l‘.\S l101IANOR\'M.—— only one which gives the pre/lamina of this
Constantine between his two sons.—v1nT. nxsnc. usurpcr, he is styled PL. CL. cons-ranrmvs avo.
The Sun standing on the plan of a camp.— On others the legend round the head is I). N.
vors vlcr-:N.\'.u.1on (via) Emperor holding in cousraivrlxvs P. r. AVG.
his hand n human head. “ The coins of this Constantine (says Mien
uet, ii. 354), have often been confounded with
those of Constantine the Great, or with those
of Constantine junior. It is, however, easy to
distinguish them.”
“ It is now agreed (says Akerman, ii. 349),
that those coins which, with the name of Con
stantinus, bear AYGGG. or AVGGGG. belong to
this usurper, as legends of this description were
not used so early as the reigns of the two pre
ceding emperors of the same name. Those,
C O N S TA N T I N U S (Flaviu: Claudius}, therefore, which are assigned by Beger to Con
usurp,-_r dining the reign of Honorius (com stnntinus the youngcr, and others given by Ban
monly called Constantine III.) A soldier from duri to Constantinus Maguus, are restored to
the ranks, he was proclaimed Augustus by the Constantiuus Ill. Those also which are similar
lemons in Britain, .\.n. 407. This mun, who to the denarius with VICTORIA avoooo. although
owed his elevation to the venerated name which difi'cring from it in the legend of the obverse,
he bore, rather than to his talents, passed over and having on the reverse the same type of the
into Gaul, at the head of the troops who had female sedeut figure, are appropriated to this
elected him, and caused himself to be acknow usurper, as they resemble in fabric the coins of
ledged as Emperor from Boulogne to the Alps. Constans II. his son. Eckhcl is of this opinion.”
On his march through the country, which for The following are reverses of the coins as
the most part had been left undefended, he was cribed to the usurper called Constantine the
defeated by Surus, general of Honorius, who 'l'hird:—
besieged him in Viennc (Dauphiné); but assisted VICTORIA A.\Avooo.—The Emperor standing,
by Gerontius, an able commander but a treacher clothed in the paludamenlum, holds the labs
ous ally, he compelled Sarus to fall back beyond rurn in his right hand, and a globe surmounted
the Alps. Constantine then established his re by a victory in his left. On the ground is a
sidence at Arles (Arelatum); and sent into prostrated captive, whom he treads under foot.
Spain his son Constans, who soon established his ln the exergue co1uon.—0bv.—n. u. consumm
father’s authority there, for which he was recom rmvs P. r. AVG. Diademcd bust of Constanti
pensed with the title of Augustus. Master of nus Tyrannus.——Engrnved above from n gold coin.
Spain, of a large portion of Gaul, and of Bri vicronm aveo. Same type. In the exergue
tain, Constantine forced Honorius to send him moss or TROBS. In gold.
the purple, and to acknowledge him as emperor, VICTORIA AVGGGG. Same type. In gold.
on condition that he should assist in defending VICTORIA AAAVGGG. or sssvoooo. A galo
the empire against the Goths. A shdrt time ated female seated, bearing on the right hand a
afterwards Gcrontius, his own general, revolted small victory; in her left she holds the /meta
against him in Spain, drove his son Constans pura. In silver.
out of that country, and caused him to be as [Mionnet values the gold at 30 francs and the
sassinated in Gaul. The next stcp of Gcrontius silver at 6 francs each].
was to besiege Constantine in Arles. But Con Tuinn B11/lss.—0bv.—n. N. CONSTANTIN\'S
stantius, the general of Honorius, compelled P. P. ave. Diademed head of the Emperor.
Gcrontius to raise the siege, and took the place Rev.—vic'r0nu AVGGG. Same type as on the
himself. Constantinus became a priest, in the gold and silver. See preceding cut.
hope of saving his life. This, however, did not [The coins struck by Constans, son of the
deter Constautius from sending him and his above (commonly called Constans Il.) are some
second son Julianus to llonorius, who, contrary times confounded with those of Constans, the
to the promise which had been made on their son of Constantine the Great.——See p. 255.]
surrender, caused thcm both to be decapitated, CON.S'l‘AN'I‘INUS.——There were fourteen
near Ravcnna. princes of this name, from Constantine the
“ The revolt of (‘onslantinus [Tyrannus] is of _ Great, A.D. 323, to ('oustantinus Palmologus,
262 CONSTANTIUS I.
the able and heroic defender of Constantinople
against its Turkish hesicgers, by whom, in the
general assault on that unfortunate city, he was
slain, A.D.1453. With the exception of the
three first Constantines already noticed, the coins
CONSTAl\"I‘lUS I.
of the Emperors, so called, belong to what is
called the B3/zanline series, with Greek legends.
Thcy consequently do not come within the notice
ot' this dictionary, which is confined to such
ancient coins as bear Latin legends.

CONSTANTIUS I. (Fhzvius Valerianus), cognised as Auguati, and reigned as co-empe

snr-named Chlorus, from the alleged paleness of rors with Maximinus Daza and Fl. Scverus.—
his countcnance—thc father of Constantine the Another partition of the empire was then made
Grcat-was son of Eutropins, a Dardanian noble between the four princes. Constantius remained
man, and of Claudia, niece of Claudius Gothicus, in his old dominions of Gaul and Britain, where
born in Upper Mzcsia, about a. D. 282. Little he governed with the title of senior Augustus
enough addicted to literary pursuits, but de during the space of fifteen months, at the ex
cidedly iucliued for a military life, he entered piration of which (July 25th, 306), he died at
early into the service of the pretorian guards, Eboracum, now York, aged 56. This event
and attained to the rank of tribune in that corps. took place, just as he was returned from a suc
He distinguished himself under Aurelianus and cessful expedition against the Picts in Caledonia,
Probus, against the Sarmntians and Gcrrnnns.——in which he was accompanied by his son Con
In 282, he was appointed governor of Dalmatia, stantine. His remains were interred at York;
under Carus, who held him in such high esteem, and his memory continued long to be held in
as to have intended to appoint Constautius as veneration by the Romans; who placed him by
his successor, instead of his own unworthy son consecration in the rank of the gods.
Cnrinus. But the death of Carus, unhappily This prince was worthy of being compared
for the empire, prcvcntcd this design from being with the best sovereigns that ever held the im
carried into exccution.—Iu 292, he was adopted, perial sceptre. It had been well for the Roman
and declared Ca-sar, by Maximian Hercules; world had he been permitted to govern it alone.
Diocletian at the same time proclaiming Gale In person well made, of axnsjestic demeanor,
rius Maximian as the first of the two. Both and great benignity of countenance; calmness
Caesars received their appointment at Nicomedia. of temper, mildness of disposition, modesty
-—-In the apportionment of the empire between and temperance, are described to have been
the four princes, Constantius had assigned to amongst his most distinguishing characteristics.
him the government of Gaul, Spain, and Bri Humane, benevolent, true to his word of pro
tain. This island had been taken possession of mise, just and equitable in his dealings, he en
by Carausius, who soon rendered himself inde tertained for his subjects n tenderness of regard,
endent of Diocletian and Marimian. Allectus, which made him always studious to promote
aving murdered, succccdcd, Carausius, in 293. their happiness. Although he never openly pro
But Constantius rcsolvcd that this usurpation fessed Christianity, he exhibited not only toler
should not much longer continue. After the ance, but a pious sympathy towards the per
re-establishment of tranquillity in Gaul, this secuted mcmbers of that religion. Convinced
energetic prince brought Britain into subjection, of their fidelity, he afibrded them an asylum in
and re-united it to the empire. (Sec canavsws his own palace, entrusted them with important
and l\LLr.c'rus).—In 298, he returned to Gaul, atl'airs, and confided the safety of his person to
which the Alemanni had invaded, and into their guardianship.
which they had advanced as far as Lingones, in Constantius was twice married. His first wife
Luqduneusis Prlmn, now Laugrcs. There, after was lleleua, whom he repudiated at the require
a great battle, in which the Romans were on the ment of Maximian Hercules, whose daughter
oint of being utterly defeated, Constnntius re Theodora became his second wife. By the for
stored the fortune of the day, and the barbarians mcr he had Constantine; by the second he had
were slaughtered by tcus of thousands. He was six children.
not less successful against the Hclvetians, whom
he is said not only to have driven out of Gaul, MINTAGES OF CONSTANTIUS I.
but, following up, to have vanquished them in On coins of Constantine Chlorus, published
the heart of their country. by Banduri, with the inscription of NOB. C. or
On the lst of May, 305, Diocletian and Nobilicsimi Cwsaris, his head is for the most
Maximian Hercules having abdicated, Constan part seen adorned with a crown of laurel, except
tius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus were re two coins in which the radiated crown appears.
 C0l\'STA.\'TIUS I. CONSTANTIUS II. 263
A similar crown of laurel is usually found on ‘ whom that emperor had by his second wife
some coins of Constantinus Magnus, and like ‘ Fausta, was horn at Sirmium, capital of Pau
wise of his sons, Crispns, Constantine, and Con nonia (now Sirmich, in Sclnvonin, between the
utantius, whilst as yet they were only Czcsnrs. Drave and the Suave), on the 7th or 13th
The coins of the emperor are common in
bras: ; they are rare in silver ; but in gold most
rare. He is styled C¢.rar, and Princepa Juven
Mir, from A.D. 292, as far as 305. And in
the same year 305, and following, 306, he is
designated Augustus; when the numismatic
titles rnn—1MP. c. rn. van. CONSTANTIVS P. 1'.
AVG.—Dl\'VS CONSTANTIVS PIVS rumours.
mvvs consraurrvs. anrmxs. or coon. (or
COGNATMJ), perhaps of Mnxentius. (see p. 5.) of August, A. 1). 317. He was declared
The subjoinod are amongst the rarest reverses : C¢;ar, and Prim-ops Juventulia on the 8th
Suvsn. MEDALLlONS.—GENIO POPVLI. no of November, 323; and being created Con
nam. (Mt. 40 fr.)—uo1vsra avoo. (20 fr.) sul in 326, he was entrusted by his father,
Gonn.-—conr.s avo. Female with helmet at the age of l5 years, with the adminis
and armed. (Unpublished type, brought £5 7s. tration of affairs in Gaul. In the "partition
6d. at the Thomas sale). I which that emperor made of his dominion 335,
conrrarvs AVG.-—CONCORDIA avoo. ET Asia, Syria, and Egypt were assigned to Con
c4Ess.—(.€4 13s. Thomas). stantius. At the death of his celebrated father in
covsccnxrro. Funeral pile.-—(Va1ued at 200 337, he immediately quittcd the eastern pro
fr. by Mionnet). vinces of which he was holding the government,
CONSVL c.uzs.-—(:o.vs'-'1, v. P. P. Pnocos.-— and hastening to Constantinople, was there ac
nsncvu. cons. cans. Hercules. Engraved in knowledged as Augustus, at the same time with
Akerman, ii. pl. ll, No. 3. (£5 5s. Thomas). his brothers (Constantino jun. and Constans).
xovi rvLocaa'ronI.—v1n'rvs avo. l'lcrcnles.~— In the arrangements afterwards made, he kc t
vlnrvs nnncvu. causal-zls. Emperor on horse the East for himself. The army had already
baBl(.—('l‘he above six valued by Mionnet at proclaimed their determination, that none should
150 francs each). reign but the sous of Constantine; thus ex
marl. PBOPVGNATORI. Mars comhatting.— cluding Delmatius and Hanniballianus from the
(200 fr. Miounct).—VlCT. cousranr. avo.— sovereignty of those provinces which their uncle
(£4 4-s. Pembroke sale). had assigned to them. So far from evincing any
Su.vr;iz.——r|-2. .¢.ovr..\"r. avo. N. N. displeasure at this instance of military dictation,
vicronu sansrar. Four soldiers. (80 fr.) it was he who, according to general belief, in
PROVIDENTIAE AVGG. Four figures sacri stigatcd the soldiers to massacre the male de
ficing before a pretorian camp.——O6v.—c01v sccndants of his grand-father Constantius Chlo
STANTIVS cans. Laureatcd head of Constan rus, with the exception only of Gullns and
tius.—See engraving, p. 191. Julianna. After implicating himself in this
Brass Mso.\Luous.—Rev.—m:noRm DWI atrocious act of perfidy and bloodshed, Con
co.vs-ranrr. Round temp1c.—0bv.—orvo cou stantius met his brothers at Sirmium, in 337, for
snrmo avo. Veiled head of the e|nperor.— the purpose of dividing the empire anew; and
sacna nos!-:'ra AVGG. ET canss. NOSTR.-——$AL three youths of twenty-one, twenty, and seven
PIS avoo. ET car-zss. aver. KAI?-T.—VICTORIA teen ycars of age, partitioned out between them
BEATISSIMORVM cm-;ss.—(_'l‘he above four valued selves the government of the Roman world.
by Mionnct at 50 fr. each). But scarcely had Constantius taken possession of
0bu.—co:vs'ram"1vs :~:osu.. o. Head of Con his share of the spoil (which share comprised
stantius.—~R/»v. MAXIMIANVS NOB. c. Head Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, the Asiatic pro
ot Gal. l\Inxi|nianus.—(200 fr. Mionnet). vinccs, and Egypt), when he found himself
Secouo Baass.—an1.ocv'r1o AVG. N. Allo engaged in a war with Sapor the Second, King
cution t)'p8.—AETl-;RNA nnnonta. Round tem of
andPersia, a warfrontier,
the Syrian chiefly waged in Mesopotamia
nndiwhich, with brief
ple.—cous"raN'r1vs 1-:1‘ MAXIMIANVS. Heads of
K intervals, continued during the whole of this
Constantius Chlorus and Gal. Maximiun.
nmroma rnux. A lighted altar, between ‘ r,rince’s reign. He was accustomed to pass the
two eagles, with wings expanded. In the ex wintcrs at Antioch, and to employ thchummers
ergue P. TR. On the obverse is the veiled head in ravaging the Persian territories. In these
of Constantino Chlorus, with this legend——n1v0 campaigns Constantius fought the enemy, some
coxsrazvrro P10. times with glory, but frequently with dishonour.
[A specimen of this not rare but interesting Amongst the many battles which turned to his
coin has been engraved from awell-preserved disadvantage, was that of Singarn, in 843, when
coin, and appears at the head of the foregoing - he commanded in person; and, after having been
biographical summary, p. 262-]. victorious during the day, he was defeated in the
‘Pump Bl{ASS.—PRAI-ISIDIA REIPVBLIC.——RE succeeding night, with immense loss to his army.
Qvlcs OPTl.\{0R\'M nEiu1'oavn.—-vniqvs vrc. ln 350, having left Persia to oppose Mag
CON'S'I‘AN'l‘IUS II. (F/avius Julius), third nentius, who, after causing Constans to be mur
son of Constantine the Great, and the second dered, had succeeded in his attempt to become
264 CON STANTIUS II. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.
master of the western empire, Constantius was CONS’I‘ANTIVS.—-As Augustus, it is IMP.
for some time under the necessity of tolerating FL/wiu; IVLiu: GONSTANTIVS MAXinm.r
a colleagueship with Vetrauio, who commanded A\'Gu.:tu.:. Also D. N. FL. CONSTANTIVS
the Illyrian legions, and who, h'ke Magnentius, P. F. PERPetuus AVG1at|u'.
had assumed the purple, and the title of Au Gonn MEDALLl0NS.—CONSTANTINV5 vicroa
gustus. Constautius at length, however, having snnrrzn AVG. Emperor in triumphs] car.—
compelled Vetranio to renounce his imperial (Valued by Mionuet at 600 francs.)
rank and government, proceeded, A. 1). 351, in GAVDIVM BOHANORVI. Constantine between
search of l\I.<rncntius, whom he defeated at Constantine jun. and Constans. (Mionnet, 600 fr.)
Mursu, now Essck, a town on the banks of the GA\'DI‘v'M aoinuvoavir. Four figures. (Eu
Drnve, in Hungary.—Magnentins fled into graved in Steinbfichel, No. 4. Valued by
Gaul, and being again routed in two consecu Mionnet at 2000 franca]
tive engagements by the armies of the emperor, Same le_qend.—Female seated. (Mionnet, 600
this usurper put an end to his own life at Lyon, francs). Engraved in Steinbiichel, L. c. No. 5.
A. D. 853; his brother Decentius following his GLORIA nouauoavu. Unique medallion.-——
tragical example. Constautius thus became Engraved in Akcrmau, vol. ii. pl. G. No. 2.
master of the whole west. Meanwhile he had Brought £17 10s. at the Thomas sale. Lot 3006.
given the title of Caesar to his cousin Gallus; oa. vrcroaiur TRIVMPHALEM. (Mt. 100 fr.)
but the crimes to which that young prince aban PRINCIPI ivvau-rv'rIs. Unique medallion.
doned himself, were such that, by the emperor's Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. pl. G. No. l.
order, he was beheaded, after a reign of about Brought E14 14s_ at the Thomas sale. Lot 3007.
fonr years. (See co.\'s1‘.\N'r1us ca1.u:s.)—-On sanvs er srns REIPVBLICAE. (Mt. 600 fr.)
the sixth of November, 355, Coustantius con SECVRITAS rsararvan (:i¢).——20O fir.
ferred the title of Csesar on Julian, the brother vuvrvs CONSTANT] ave. Unique medallion.
of Gallus, to whom he gave his sister Helena in Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. p. F. No. 5.—
marriage, investing him, at the same time, with Brought Qll at the Thomas sale. Lot 3008.
the government of the Gauls, Spain, and Britain. Sitvna MEDALLIONS.——GAVDIV! rorvu
Having obtained peace for the empire, Con uousm. (Mt. 100 fr.) -—TRIV){l'.\TO‘R GBN'l‘l\"!l
stantius made preparations to visit Rome, which BABBARARVLI. (Mt. 100 fr.)—vm'rvs axes
he had not yet seen. He made his entry there crrvs. (Mt. 50 fr.)—vm'rvs n. N. svo. (£1,
on the 28th of April, 357, in the habiliments Thomas.)—o1.oaui BEIPVBLICAE. (Pembroke,
of a Triumpher, although no captives followed £1 l.58.)—VIC'l‘0B.IA ave. uosrm. (Valued by
his chariot, and he was surrounded by none but Mionnet at 50 fr.)
his courticrs and a detachment of his troops.-— GoLn.—rsL1crrAs rEa1>1zrv.\.-—oi\vr>|vir
Astonished and enraptured at the magnificence rorvm aoiumi.--secvnrras anirvm.icu:.—
of the city, he ordered the great obelisk, which VIC'l‘0'|1IA cousr1uv'ri.—vmrvs exnucn-vs GALL.
his father had caused to be brought from Helio —('l‘he foregoing five valued by Mionnet at 30
polis, in Egypt, and which was remaining at francs each).
Alexandria, to be transported to Rome, where PIHNCIPI IVV‘EN’1'V’l‘IS.-—(P0lIll)l‘0li6, £1 Ss.)
it was erected in the Circus Maximus. Re Sn.vr.a.—coasrsNrws svo.—o1.o1us REI
turned to Mesopotamia, in 359, to meet the in rvuuc,\r.. Two women seated.—PAX .avovs
vading armies of Sapor, he received the tidings 'roavsr.—(Valucd by Mionnet at 20 fr. each).
that Julian had been proclaimed Emperor of the Buass Usn,u.uoys.-—naaz1.LAroai or:.v'rr.
West. This event induced Constantius to rc naunank. (Mionnet, 20 fr.)—rx-:L. 1'1-214?. 1u-:
trace his steps: and in 360, having rc-n.ssem PAR.-\TlO. (24 fr.)—L.uzomo. (50 fr.)—s.\
bled nearly all the legions of the East, he anus. (50 fr.)--vm'rvs AVG. NOSTRI. (24 fr.)
marched with them to encounter his relation and Saccmn Basss.—uoc sumo vrcroa Ears.
rival. But agitation and excitement, added to Emperor with labarum, charged with the mono
thc fatigue of the expedition, threw him into n. gram of Chl'lSt.—MONE'l‘A ave. The 3 Moneta.
fever. He halted at Mopsocrene, a small town
situated at the foot of Mount Taurus; and after
having declared Julian his successor and sole
master of the empire, he died on the third of
November, A. D. 361, in the 25th year of his
reign, and 4-5th of his age.-—Jnlian caused his
remains to be conveyed to Constantinople; rc
ceived the body at the gates of that city, amidst
his soldiers nndcr arms; and interred it in the
tomb of Constantine the Great. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.-—It is after this
appellation that one of the nephews of Constan
MINTAGES OF CONSTANTIUS II.
tius lI., and the eldest brother of Jnlianns,
Many of his gold and silver medallions are afterwards emperor, is commonly called by his
of the highest rarity; gold of the usual size torians, altholuzh on coins he is named simply
common ; silver of nsual size rare; brass medal Coustautius.—Gnllus, born A.D. 325, was the
lions rare; second and third brass vcry com sou of Julius Constantius, youngest son of Cou
mon.—'I‘he style of this emperor, on the ob stantius Chlorus, and of Galla. At the age of
vcrses of his coins, as Caesar, is DOMi)l1L! Noster 12 years, he was, with Julian, spared from the
 C()NS'l‘.\N'Tl lib‘ GALLUS.
sweeping massacre which their ambitious uncle
Constantins perfidionsly connived at, and which
deprived their father of life. In 351, that
very kinsman created him Caesar; associated
him in the imperial government; and caused
him to add to his own the name of Con
stantins. llnving also given him for wife his
sister Constantina, the widow of Hannibal
lisnus, the artful emperor assigned to Gallus
the defence of the eastern provinces against
the Persians, and sent him to reside at Au
tioch. The young prince was gifted with
a well formed person, and a prcpossessing share the same fate with him.
countenance: he had also an imposing air of
grandeur in his dcportmcut. His brother Julian
and himself had passed their youth together, in a
kind of exile, and their education had been cou
fiatxl to the study of ecclesiastical literature, and
to the practices of ascetic piety. This course of
instruction had attached Gallus to the Christian
Church, but it had not taught him to repress
his passions, which were of such a haughty, in
soleut, and savage description, as to rcnder him
an object of dread and hatred during the whole
period of his residence in Syria. It was there
that he showed himself in the undisguised vio
lence and brutality of his natural character. He
perpetrated, hoth out of his own vicious dispo
sition, and at the instigation of his wife who
was not less guilty than himself, acts of the
most flagrant injustice, and of the most revolt
ing cruelty. At once the spy upon, and the
accuser of, his subjects, he caused all, of whose
wealth he was covctons, to be put to death with Gal]us.—Engravcd in preceding page, from a
out any form of legal procedure. The death of finely preserved silver specimen in the British
Theophilns, governor of Syria, whom he aban Museum.
doned to the merciless fury of an Autiochian Bnass l\lEDALI.IONS.—GLORIA nosumoavn.
populace; and the atrocious barbarity with which
he delivered numerous other pcrsonages of dis
tinguishcd rank, into the hands of the public
executioner, roused a general spirit of resistance
to his tyranny; and he was denounced to the
cmpei-or.—Constantius II. sent Domitianus pre
toriau prefect of the East, and Montius questor
of the palace, to his residence at Antioch, for the
purpose of inquiring into his conduct. Justly
charged with mal-administration, disobedience,
and cruelty, in his government of the East, he
enormously increased his guilt by putting the
above-named imperial commissioners to death.
it appears that these servants of Constantius,
instead of ensnaring him with gentle persuasions,
in conformity with their instructions, had the
imprudencc to adopt towards Gallus the language
of menace and defiance; and the consequence
Was, they were torn to pieces by an infuriated
multitude, whom Gallus had excited to destroy
them. The emperor fearing that, after this, his
nephew would, in desperation, be led to add
open rebellion to his other offences, had recourse
to new promises, with the vicw of drawing him
away from Antioch; fully resolved to punish him
afterwards. Accordingly he wrote to him let
ters full of professed affection, deceived by which
Gallns set out to meet his uncle at Milan.
At Petovio (Pettau) in Pannouia, however, he
was arrested, and sent to Pola, in Istria. Gallus
2.\l
(.JON5’l‘.\NT1lJS III. 265
t.hcrc underwent a sort of trial for the crimes he
had committed, and was convicted of thcm all.
His judges, after receiving orders from Constan
tius, condemned him to death; and having been
conducted to the place of execution, with his
hands tied behind him, like a culprit of the
lowest class, hc was beheaded, at th'c close of
the year 354, when he was in his second con
sulate. Ilc was then only 29 years old, and had
reigned, as Caesar, but three years and eight
months.—-Most of those who had participated
in his crimes were doomed by Constantius to
MINTAGES of CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.
On his coins, which are all very rare, in each
metal, except second and third brass, he is styled
consrazrrrvs CAES.—-PL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS nos.
car-:s.—n1v. CONSTANTIVS son. ca1~:s.——n:v.
CONSTANTIVS IVN. NOB. e.
Gonn .\Isn.\1.1.1oivs.—eLoun\ ROMANORVM.
Two types. (Valued by Mionnct at 200 fr. each.)
S11.v1-zn 1\IEI)ALLl0NS.~—FELICITAS nonwo
RV)l.—-GLORIA sxEac1rvs.—-v1n1'vs nuan
c1rvs.—(200 francs each.)
GOLD.——FELICITAS non/monvn. (100 fr.)
GLORIA BEIPVBLICAE. (80 fr.)-——v1c'ronu
avovsronvn. (50 fr.)
SlLVER.——PRlNCIPIA ivvsxrvrls. ThcCzcsar
stands between two military cnsigns, to one of
which he extends his left hand, whilst he holds
a sceptrc or baton in his right.—O6v.—rL. IVL.
c0xs'rai\'r1vs NOB. cans. Diademed head of
—vnns ROMA.——VlCTORlA AVGVSTORVM (Mien
net, 40 fr. each).-—vmrvs avc.—v1n'rvs AV
GVSTORVI. (4-8 fr. each).
Tnlan Br..iss.—-l~'ELi.v TEMPorum REPA
RATIO. Military figure pierces with his spear
a prostrate horse and its rider.—0bo.—-D. N.
CONSTANTIVS son. cans. Diadcmed head of
Constantius Gallus; as is seen in the above
engraving.
(JONSTANTIUS III. surnnmcd Patrieius,
was born at Naissus, in Illyria; his family
unknown. He was the husband of the sister of
Honorins, and A. D. 411 was appointed by that
emperor to be the general of his armies. In
421, he was declared Augustus, and associated
in the government of the western empire. lle
died the same year at Ravenna, having borne
the title of Augustus only seven months. The
coins of this last of the name stand in the highest
degree of rarity. On these he is styled D. N.
CONSTANTIVS P. r. AVG.-—Tll0 reverses are as
follow, viz. :—
f
 206 CUi\'SULATl]S. CONSL'L.\'l‘l'S.
Gor.n.—-v1c'roala avoo. The emperor hold the elucidation of the medallie science. But so
ing the labarum. (Valued by Mionnet at 400 far as the otlicc of Consul, exercised under the
fr.)—vIc'romA AVGVSTORVI. Victory march Czesnrs and Emperors, is referred to in nionctal
ing. Aquinarins. (300 fr) legends and types, the following analysis of
S[LVEll.—VICTOBIA aonanoavn.—vo'rrs ‘v. Eckhel's learned dissertation on the subject will
MVLTIS.-—(l00 fr. each.) be found replete with useful information, and
can hardly prove otherwise than acceptable to
CONSULATUS, the consulate or otlicc of ' the numismatic student.
CONSUL. This, the highest of the Roman ma Since, from the time of Julius Csesar, to the
gistracies conferred, as is well known, upon him lower empire, the practice prevailed of princes
who held it, the possession of sovereign autho inscribing on their coins their own consulates,
rity during his term of oflicc, which was for and the repetitions of them, an acquaintance
only one year. The consulate was established with the Ciesariun consulates is unquestionably
immediately after the abolition of royalty, in the of the greatest importance to a right under
year of Rome 244 (B. c. 510), at the first form standing of the chronological history of the cm
ation of the republic. It was then that the perors and their times. After having, in op
people, instead of any longer submitting to the position to the published opinions of certain
rule of a king, began to confide their government learned authors, expressed his o\vn firm convic
to two persons, whom they called Consuls, tion, that in the assumption of the consulate,
Pitiseus says, 12 connclendo, from the act of con the emperors observed no fixed rules, but, as in
sulting, because they gave their care and their most other matters, followed their own inclina
counsel to their country.—-J. W. D. in Smith's tion,—Eckhel proceeds to explain the condi
l)ictionary, on the other hand says, “Without tions of the otlice in question, as established
doubt the name canrzcles means nothing more from the time of Julius Czesnr, and continuing
than simply col10n_quec.” As these annually in force through subsequent reigns, up to the
elected magistrates were substituted in the place period of its abolition, arranging under separate
of a monarch, so were they invested with all the heads, the various branches of the subject, as
prerogatives and powers of royalty, together with follows :
all the exterior marks of regal dignity. The I.—CONSULES CON'l‘Il\‘Ul.—FirSt on the list
consuls, so long as they remained in Rome, had appear the continued consulates, which were
under their eontroul every thing that related to either conferred upon princes or assumed by
public affairs. The other magistrates, with the thcm.—lt had been provided by a decree of the
exception of the tribunes, came under their people fplebiwito) that no one should be rc
cognizance. The consulate, however, even at elected consul till after an interval of ten years
an early period of the republic, began to descend But, at the close of the republic, when the laws
from its high estate, when tribnncs of the people no longer ruled, but were over-ruled, the an
were established with the right of opposing all cient statutc was infringed. The seven consu
the acts of the consuls. The only remedy in lates of Marius are well known ; and soon after,
pressing times for the evils arising out of a I L. Sulla suffered only eight years to elapse be
factions exercise of the tribunitian veto, was one fore hc was chosen consul for the second timc,
as dangerous as the disease to the state itself, l and also at the same moment dictator; and his
viz., the dictatorship, So great, however, was example was followed by Julius Cmsar, Wlw
the legal weight of the consulate—so prominent “ received n renewed (co-ntimmm) consulate and
a place did its occupiers retain in the veneration a perpetual dietatorshipf’ and the fact of this
and attachment of the people; and such were renewal of ofliec is confirmed also by his coins.
the external attributes of supreme grandeur with When Artaxuta was taken by Corbulo, in the
which the persons of the consuls themselves year of Rome 811 (B. c. 58), the Senate dc
were gifted and surrounded, that the ofiice never crccd to Nero a continuous (or renewed) consu
lost its political importance, nor its popular late. But the Faati and coins prove that he did
influence, so long as the republic lasted. Nor not accept the honour. Vitellius nominated
did this magistracy cease when the government himself a perpetual consul, but his intentions
fell into the hands of a single individual. The were frustrated. In the case of some of the
two consuls continued to be annually named; Auyuali, the assumed consulates differed little
the consulnrfaali verified, as before, the chrono from the continuous. Vespasian, during arcigll
logical series of all the years; and these ofliccs of ten years, renewed the consulate eight times;
were solicited, from the favour of the prince, as and Titus also was much inclined for this iii‘
they had before been asked at the sutfrages of tinction ; still more Domitian, whose consulates
the citizens. The emperors distinguished their numbered seventeen. To these may be adlifii
favourites and their relations with this title, Elagabalus. All preceding emperors were sill‘
already become purely of an honorary kind, and passed by Theodosius ll. on whose Futi (W3
they likewise frequently took it for themselves. perhaps his coins also), there appear eightu’-11
'l‘o describe at large the origin, the dignity, consulates.
and changes of the ltoman consulate, docs not II.—Consu1.s APPOINTED nr run Euri
come within the plan of this compilation. Such aons.—'l‘hat, under the imperial government.
particulars are fully understood by those who the power of appointing consuls rested with tlu
are conversant with the history of Rome in her reigning princes, is shewn by the entire history
free state, whilst they contribute but little to l of the augustal age; nor can the fact be callfll
 CONSULATUS. CON SULATUS. 267
in question, considering the unlimited authority or had not despised the ofiice after their becom
of the emperors. The Augusli, indeed, took ing emperors, this circumstance must be at
upon themselves the otlice of consul, though tended to, in order to reconcile apparent con
they at all times combined the consular with the tradictions, which may sometimes present them
imperial authority ; either to throw in the teeth selves on a comparison of the consulates with
of the disaffected a certain resemblance to the the tribunitian powers.
old commonwealth, following, as Appian sup
poses, the example of Sulla; or to render still
more famous, by their consulate, u your in which
some extraordinary festival was to occur; or
from vanity, or from the desire of outvying
others, which Ausouius cleverly attacks in the
came of Domitian; or from some other motive.
For, from the circumstance that there was not
one even of the most rational and moderate
amongst them, who did not several times renew
to himself that distinction, it may be inferred
that the consulship was n post most gratifying
to the emperors.
Il1.—-Co.vsu1.es surr1=.cr1.—This term (from Consular 0rdi1zari1'.—'I‘hose who entered upon
rrgflicio to put in the place of another) was used office on the culends of January, were called
to denote substituted or added consuls. They orlli/mrii; and it was they who gave a name to
were unknown in Free Rome, except in the case the year, and consequently enjoyed a higher
of one of them dying, during his year of oflice, authority than the ugfecti consulcs, who were
when it became necessary that some person scarcely known beyond the bounds of Rome and
should be dcputed to fill his place for the re Italy, and were therefore styled consular minores.
mainder of the period. Julius Caesar set the Consuls by substitution, when they afterwards
lirst example of a consul sz§fec!us.—ln the year obtained the regular (ordinariumj cousulship,
T09 (B. c. 45), according to Dion, “He entered were in the habit of reckoning the substituted
upon the consulate immediately, and before his one. Octuvianus was chosen in the place of the
arrival in Rome. He did not, however, retain consuls who fell in battle, a.u.c. 711 (s. o.
it for n whole year, but after his return to Rome, 43); and when in the year 721 (e. c. 33), he
he resigned the office, and conferred it upon Q. again became consul, he was on all records
l-'abius and C. Trebouius. And as Fabius ex styled can-ml iterum. Caligula being consul
pired on the last day of his consulship, he ngfcclue from the calends of July, 790 (A. p,
(Caesar) deputed to it C. Caninius for the few 37), proceeded consul iterum (consul for the
remaining hours.” second time), on the ealends of January, 792.
Cicero, in recording this same fact, wittily —Domitian numbered five .4-ufccti consulatm,
ndds—“ So, you must know, that during the which he had passed before his acccssion.—
whole consulshjp of Coninius not u soul dined. Many other instances are recorded in the annals
Nevertheless, whilst he was consul, no mischief of his reign. “ Nevertheless (adds Eekhel), in
took place. For so marvellous was his vigilance, the mintage of Domitian, under date of 832
that he slept not once all the time he was con (A. D. 79), there is a coin on which no mention
sul." After the precedent thus established, it is made of his live consulates by substitution.”
rarely happened that thcindividuuls who entered IV.—Co1vsur.1-:s Dr:s1orur1.—-Consuls elect
upon office on the calends of January, retained (from designers), a term used to distinguish
it for the whole year; as the emperors, in return those who were appointed to fill that and other
for services performed, used to invite others to public oflices. Magistrates were first desiynali,
:1 participation in this honour. And there and some months after that formality, they en
was a time, when this licence was curried beyond tered upon the exercise of their authority.
all bormds; as Cleandcr, who from the position During the times of the common-wealth, con
of u slave, had risen to be the all powerful suls were not considered as elect, except in rela
ehambcrlnin of Commodus, is related to have ap tion to the year immediately following. But even
pointed twenty-five consuls in one yenr. There that custom began very early to be disregarded.
are also instances of emperors, but those only of In the year 715 (15.0. 39), during the sove
u weak capacity, who deposed the legitimate reignty of the ’1‘riumvirs Itei Publim Consti
consuls, and thrust themselves into their places. tucnda, consuls were styled elect for eight years,
And in this manner Caligula and Elagsbalus of which .1. U. c. 720 and 723 were assigned to
held their first consulates by substitution, Mark Antony. He is culled, therefore, on his
(sagfeclum commlalum), and Nero his lust, as coins, simply cos. from the year 710, when he
their respective coins attest. was first made consul, tlll the year 715 above
The names of these substituted consuls were mentioned. And from that date to 720 (B. 0.
written on the consular 1"a§li, but the year was 34), cos. DESIG. man. ma rear. From 720
reckoned by the name of the Commie: ordinarii to 723, cos. n1~:s1o.111. From 723, when he
(see next column). Now, as many princes, before actually entered upon his third consulate, cos.
their accession to the imperial throne, had been 111.; and this order is plainly to be recognised
invested with this kind of honorary consulship, on his coins. The same regulation was observed
2M2
268 CONSULi\'l‘L'S. CONSULATUS.
by Octavianus, who was, in the samc year 715, their consulate, when they subsequently entered
de-rignalus consul for the years 721 and 723. upon oflicc in the regular way. Dion negatives
Augustus made his daughter's sons, Cains and this, in his life of Octavianus. For when this
Lucius, consuls elect, but on the condition of emperor first assumed consular honours, and
their taking otfice in five years’ time (see p. 217 shortly afier, the consulate itself, he did not
of this dict-ionary).——Nero was consul elect at ambitiously call it his second. Indeed, the
the age of fourteen, intending to enter upon the author above quoted, immediately adds, that the
consulate at twenty ; whence he is styled on his practice was observed from that period to his
coins cos. ni-:s1oi\'. own times, in all similar cases, and that Seve
And this prc-appointment the emperors were rus was the first to alter it ; inasmuch as, when
not backward in notifying on coins and other he had first bestowed these honours, and after
public monuments, when they felt a desire to wards the oifice of consul itself, upon Planti
enrol themselves as consuls. Whcnce it is usual anus, he commanded him to be proclaimed as
to read on them, amongst other inscriptions, consul (iterum) for the second time; and that
008. III. DES. 1lIl.—Sometimes consulates sim this example was followed by others. Never
ply promised, or designated, seem to have been theless, he was averse to this rule being observed
confounded with consulates really acquired and in his own ease.
held, or at least the word DESiynatu.r has been "I.—l\iO'l‘lVES or Pnmcas roa ASSUHIKG
omitted. But instances of this sort are very THE Corzsunxri-:.—Having assigned some of the
rare; and it would even appear that the greater reasons which usually actuated the emperors in
part of the medals cited as examples of the case, either undertaking or multiplying their consul
have been incorrectly read: the error being ships, Eckhel proceeds to explain with greater
doubtless caused by the numbers expressed hav distinctness their various inducements to as
ing been ctfaced by the lapse of time or by fric sume the officc in some particular year.—
tion. It is, however, to be remarked that, Without denying, that many princes were in the
although the consulate existed until the reign of habit of being inaugurated consuls on the first
Justinian, who united this dignity to the im calends of January after their accession to em
perial crown, yet long before that epocha, and pire, Eckhel shews that as a rule, it fails in the
indeed from the commencement of what is called majority of instances. The custom appears to
the lower empire, the emperors, for the most have been derived from Nero. At any rate, his
part, neglected to mention it on their money, immediate successors, Galba, \"espasia.n, Titus,
where it appears only at very wide intervals. Domitian, and Nerva, followed his example, by
v.-—ORNAMENTA Consui.anu.——By this entering upon their consulate on the next calends
term was meant those consular honours which, of January after their accession.—When Trajan
decreed to any individual by the emperors, were was averse to this practice, Pliny thus expresed
a kind of semblance of the consulate. Dion hiinself—“You refused at the commencement
Cassius, indeed, tells us that, as early as the of your reign the consulate, which all new cm
year of Rome 687 (13.0. l47), and consequently pcrors used to transfer to themselves, though it
whilst the common-wealth was still in existence, was destined for others." From these very
C. Garbo, though as yet he had discharged only words of Pliny, therefore, it is sutficiently evi
the tribuncship of the plebs, received the dis dent, that the custom was, even at that time,
tinction of the ornamenla c0n.ru/aria. It is observed by the emperors, and it is confirmed
not, however, sulficiently understood in what by Spartian, in speaking of Elias Cwsa.r—“ He
these honours consisted. Their rcal origin is was soon created consul, and having been de
doubtless to be traced to Julius Caesar, who, putcd to hold the reins of government, he was
when in his endeavour to confer favours on a styled consul for the second time.”—Aftcr Tra
number of persons, he found himself unable to jan, not a few departed from the practice. They
give to all either the regular (ordinarium) or have been collected by Mazzoleni, and may be
the substituted (.r1g[}‘ectum) consulate, invented seen in the Fasti. It must therefore be con
this fictitious distinction. He admitted many, cluded, that the custom was approved of by
says Dion, into the patrician and consular ranks. many of the emperors, but that the rule did not
And Suetonius also observes, “he bestowed hold universally.
consular honours on ten individuals who had It also occurred, that the emperors assumed
been Pretors (ciria pr¢etorii.r).”—When Octa the consulate on account of public solemnities
vianus, after the deaths of the consuls Hirtius of various kinds. Suetonins has observed of
and Pansa, _was aiming at the consulate, the Augustus, that he was desirous of entering upon
Senate, unwilling to confer so high a post upon his thirteenth and last consulate, in order that
a mere boy, nevertheless decreed to him, in its he might, in that high capacity, attend upon
stead, consular honours. Several instances in his so_ns Cains and Lucius, when they were in
which this dignity was awarded afterwards occur, troduced into the forum, on the occasion of their
and that too even to foreigners; as for example, first public appearance (tyrocinio). The princes
Claudius procured it for Agrippa, the grandson of the lower empire—at least those who were
of Herod the Great; the Senate having before, called consuls of the‘ East--according to The
during the reign of Caligula, decreed him pre mistius, always took great pains to prevent other
torian honours. individuals from holding this otfiee on the re
It is n question, whether those, who were thus currence of the quinquennial or decennial pe
distinguislicd. raised tlicrcby the number of riod, when it gave a name to the year.-—
 CON S ULATUS. CONSULATLTS. 269
Whcnce, he says, it seemed a remarkable cir pirc, the inscription on public records ran thus :
cumstance, that Theodosius Magnus should, at —“ The consuls being N. and whosoever shall
the quinquennalia, have ceded this honour to be hereafter deelared;” or, “The consuls, one
Salurninns, a private individual. In general of whom is Aristaanetus, for the name of his
terms it may be affirmed, that, as in most other colleague is not known."
matters, so in the assumption and repetition of “Post C'on.rulatum,” formuIa.—Whenever,
the consulate, the will and pleasure of the either from quarrels among the ruling powers,
emperors were their sole motive and guide. or from wars, or the assassination of emperors,
VII.-—-CoNsuLsnlP UNDER run EMPIRE or other causes, the year was deficient in its
ONLY Il0NORARY.—Fl'0lI1 the time when the consuls, at least the regular and legitimate ones,
emperors had brought every species of authority it not nnfrequently occurred, that this vacant
under their own control, it no longer came year or years received its name from the regular
within the province of the consuls to conduct consul of the preceding year, the inscription
foreign wars, or to watch over the safety of the running thus, e. g. Basilio V. C. consule, A/mo
state ; but, distinguished only by their robes of secundo post C. Basilii, Anno iertio port C.
office, they were compelled to lead a life of Basilii ; such being the designation of the years
ignoble ease at Rome, instead of attending to A.D. 541, 542, and 543. This formlda first
the weighty concerns of government. Truly, appears A. 1). 307, when the consuls of the pre
therefore, did Mamertinus speak of the cou ceding year had been Constantius Chlorins (VI.)
sulntcs of the imperial agc.~—“In the adminis and Gal. Maximianus (VI.); and it was more
tration of state affairs (in adminiatrationibuc), frequent in the latter periods of the emperors,
labour is conjoined with honour; but in the con when the regulations were various and often
sulate honour only is involved, without the confused.
lnbour.”—Cassiodorus is still more severe upon X.-—CoNsu1.Anm INSIGNIA.-——Tl10 marks
the slothfulness of consuls. The only advantage and badges of office by which the consuls were
which this ofliec conferred from that time for distinguished.—Florus says of Tarquinius Pris
ward, has been explained by the Emperor eus—-“ By constant warfare, he subdued the
Julian :—“ To private individuals (he says) it is twelve nations of Etruria, and from thence were
a sort of recompense of virtue, or of fidelity and derived the fascer, the trabcre, the curnlc chairs,
zeal in the service of the emperors, or for some the rings, trappings, paluzlamenla, prwiexla,
the practice of being carried in triumph on a
deed of renown; whilst in the case of the princes
themselves, it is a kind of decoration and golden chariot, drawn by four horses, the embroi
embellishment, added to the advantage they dercd loqa, the tunic covered with broad golden
already possess." ornaments (palmata), in short all the decora
VllI.—CONSULA'l‘US D1ninius.——-Amongst tions and insignia for which the imperial dig
other particulars connected with the consulate nity is conspicuous.”—Dionysius of Halicar
previous to the final abolition of the office, the nassns, among the badges of sovereignty, which
otlicc of Consulatua Dimidiu: is to be briefly Priscus at that time transferred to Rome, men
noticed. It seems that this “half consulship” tions “the crown of gold, and the staff sur
consisted of but one consul; that is to say, a mounted by the figure of an eagle, the purple
consul without a colleague. The first instance tunic, ornamented with gold, and the purple
of this occurred in the year of Rome 702 (B. c. embroidered toga (or that of many colours, loyu
52), in the third consulate of Pompey the Great, pic'fa).” He adds, that on the expulsion of
who was elected sole consul by the Comilia. the kings, these insignia were pemiittcd to the
As this ease arose during the republic in con consuls, with the exception of the crown and
sequence of dissensions among the citizens, so, the embroidered toga, though, when they ap
at a much later period, namely, in the reign of in a triumph, they wore these also.
Constantine the Great, it was occasioned by a The Family Coins give us but little infome
disagreement among a plurality of reigning tion as to the number of the badges that were
powc-rs.—-Several, indeed, of the ancient Faati allowed to the consuls whilst Rome remained
have marked the year A. D. 310 and 313, with free. On coins of the Junia gens we find rc
the consulate of Mnxentius alone. prescuted the elder Brutus, who was also the
IX.—Co.\'suLArus Onnzwaus er OCCIT)EN first who held the otlice of consul, between two
ra1.1s.—Constantine the Great, on the division lictors formidable from their fasces and axes.
of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and —But it was already established from other
Western, determined that of the two annual sources, that the consuls used to be preceded
consuls, the one should be appointed at Rome, by the twelve fusccs.
the other at Constantinople. This practice came On the denarii of Sulln (see Cornelia gens),
into operation A. n. 338, on the calends of which exhibit the names of two consuls, Sulla
January ; in which year, Constantine having just and Pompeius Rufus, as also on a denarius of
before died; and the empire, according to his Valerins Mcssaln, inscribed PATRE cos. the sella
desire, being divided amongst his three sons, the curulis is attributed to the C0l'lSlllS; but this
first consuls under this new arrangement were distinction was enjoyed by other officers of in
elected; l'rsus in the West, and Polemius in the ferior rank to the consuls.
East. In consequence of this, when it hap In a dennrius of Augustus, struck in the year
pened that there was any uncertainty rcspecti||_u' of Rome 752 (sec ranenr. cons. svo.) thcrc
the consul of onc or other portion of the cm appeal‘ the stall‘ with the eagle, the embroidered
270 CONSUL.\'l‘L'S. CONSULATUS.
toga, and the laurel chaplct; all of which, how 5. The reverse of a gold coin struck under
ever, may more probably be considered astri Constantine the younger, exhibits the togated
umphal rather than as consular decorations. and laureatcd figure of the imperial consul, with
On this subject, the subsequent age, viz that globe and sceptre, accompanied with the ex
of the empire, supplies more abundant and planatory legend of raux PROCESSVS cos. n.
trust-worthy information.-—In Vopiscus, the Avo.—[Numbers 2, 3, and 5, are engraved in
Emperor Valerian thus addresses Aurelian :— ]\'hell’s Supplement to Vaillant.]
“Take, therefore, in recompense for your ex Xl.—CONSULABIS Paocnssus.—The con
ploits, the toga prsetcxta, the sular procession, as it is represented on coins,
palmated tunic, the embroidered toga, the chair still remains to be explained. Consuls were said
inlaid with ivory. For I this day nominate procedere (to go in state) when, having been
you consul, and am about to write directions to consuls elect in the year immediately preceding,
the Senate, that it confer upon you the staff, they entered upon the otfice, on the calends of
and the fasccs.”—Cassiodorus gives a similar January, with the customary pomp and retinue;
account, inveighing bitterly against those whom and this solemn occasion was commonly termed
the _/luyucli, for no adequate merits, decorated proaessus comzalamlr, as coins prove.—~Sce the
with the consular insiguia—“ But now you legend reux rnoci-zssua CONSVL AVG. N.
assume these distinctions under more fortunate But there are also examples which shew that
auspices, whilst we sustain the toils of the con ancient authors used the word process-14.! alone,
sulate, and you enjoy the delights of dignity. omitting all mention of the consul, to indicate
—Picture to yourself, your broad shoulders the canrularia proceasua.-—-When, however, the
adorned with the varied colours of the palmated emperor is represented on coins in a quadrigs,
tunic; your strong hand grasping the stafl' of either of horses or elephants, and carrying the
victory; approach your own fire-side with even stall‘ surmounted by an eagle, it is diflicult at
your shoes glittering with gold; ascend by many times to determine whether by this type is to
steps your lofty eurule chair, that by lying at be understood a triumph, or a consular proces
your ease, you may earn that which wc assume sion; because from all that has hitherto been
by the severest labour in the administration of seen, this eagle is common both to those who
atl'airs.”—And indeed, on the coins of the Au enjoyed a triumph, and to those who proceeded
_1;/uli, from the time when the empire began to as consuls. Still it not unfrequently happens,
decline, there frequently occurs a half-length that the coin itself suggests aplan by which
bust (protome) of the emperor, with the pal the one may be distinguished from the other
niated robe, and carrying in his hand the stud‘ solemnity.
surmounted by an eagle, from which is to be When a similar type is found on a coin of
inferred an emperor serving the otficc of consul. that year in which it is certain that the em
The following five examples are selected to peror entered upon his consulate, and especially
shew the accordance of legend and type in eon if history records no triumph performed during
nection with the consulate, on certain coins of that year, there can be no doubt that a consular
the lower empire :— procession is intended, and that it is exhibited
1. On a gold coin of Maximinns Daza (see on the coins in the same way as all other events
the annexed engraving, eo of importance were so handed down.
pied firom Pellerin, Mé/ange, Amongst the first brass in Queen Christina's
1, pl. vi.) the reverse type cabinet is one of Antoninus Pius (see the reverse
represents the emperor, to engraved in p. 267), which Havcrcamp, with
gutcd and laurcated, standing great probability, describes as recording one of
' globe, or an aurum the consular processions made by that good em
coronarium, in his left hand, peror. Thc prince is typified with the (ivory)
and a seeptre reversed in his sceptre in his left hand, and with his right hand
right—surr0unded by the legend CONSVL P. P. stretched forth and open, standing in a chariot
PRO-coNsvL. drawn by four horses. In the exergue of this
2. On gold of Maximianus Hercnleus, given reverse is the legend cos. nu. s. c. (Consul
in Banduri, the emperor stands in the toga, and for the 4th time by decree of the Senate), A. D.
laureated, holding a globe, the symbol of the 145.
Roman world, in his right hand, whilst with his For further remarks and additional engravings
left he gathers up his robe and holds a roll or illustrative of this branch of the subject, sec
volume. The legend of reverse is consvr. rm. rnocrzssus.
P. P. Pao-cos. Some notice of the custom of scattering
3. On gold of Galerius Maximianns, with money amongst the people by consuls, during
legend of cozvsvr. caass. the Caesar stands with their procession, will be found stfixcd to the
globe and sccptrc. legend PETRONIUS sulxsmus n. c. cons.
4. On s gold medallion of Constantine the XlI.—-Tns Consumers AFTER A run: vsnr
Great, the reverse presents a remarkably fine snnnon INSCRIBED on Coms.—Thongh the
whole-lcn h figure of an emperor, standing with consulates were recorded on monuments of vari
laureatcd cad, full-dressed in the consular in ous kinds, a.nd in private chronicles, especially
signia, consisting of the palmated tunic, and the when the occurrence of some particular event
embroidered toga——holding a globe in the right was to be established, yet they at length ceased
hand, and a sceptre in the left.—Scc snnarvs. l to be inscribed on coins. l"rom the time of
 CO1\‘TORNl.»\'l‘E COIXS.
Constantine the Great, and his sons, the Caesars,
a long interval elapsed till the time of Theodo
sins II. who inscribed on his coins his 17th and
lSth consulates. The last were Hcraclius ll.
(Constantinus) son of Heraclius l. on whose
unique coin is inscribed 1-:n.\c.\1o coNsv.\.
At length this venerable oflice, retaining now
nothing of its ancient splendor, began to sink
so low in general estimation, that Leo Vlth,
S./q2ien.r, who came to the empire A. D. 886, or
dered to be struck out of the catalogue of laws,
with other useless matter, the Novella cv. of nogram, as exhibited on the foregoing cnt,together
Justinian, which treats of the consulate, and with various small figures, placed beside the por
contains the law, which no longer bore any re trait of the obverse, among which the most fre
ference to the existing state of things. And it qnent is the palm branch. When this, and the
became thenceforth the practice in the East, for monogram are both present, the coin may assur
the purpose of distinguishing the years, to use edly bc regarded as a contorniatc. There are
the epoch of the creation of the world (epocluz
orbis condilz), which by the calculation of the
Septuagint translators, whether truly or falsely,
was fixed on the first day of September, in the
5508th year, the third month, and 25th day
before the birth of Christ.—On this subject
consult the chronologists, and Gibbons’ Com
pendium, chap. 40, at the end.
CONSULAR COINS.—-See Numi Consulares.
CONTORNIATE COINS.-—Both for abun
dance and for superiority of curious interest, the
wan C0.\'TOR..\'IA'l'I, as they are termed in
Latin works, hold the foremost place amongst
the pseudo monetu of ancient times. It is pro
bablc that this word is derived from the Italian
eonlorno, or from the French contour, signify
ing the outline of anything; since most of these
coins actually exhibit, on the outer edge of both
obverse and reverse, a circular line deeply en
graved. The subject is treated of, with his
usual mastery and with his accustomed justice
to thc labours of others, by Eckhcl, who (in
Doclrina, viii. 277) has divided it into six
heads, viz. the characteristics, the types, the
date, the use, and the merit, of Contorniatcs.
The following is a summary :—
l.—PECULIA]l CHARACTERISTICS.-—-Tll€86 are
of a kind readily to strike the eye, and to dis
tinguish this class of medals from the genuine
coinage. _ dence of a rough and unskilful hand.
Fir.1t.—Thc line on the edge of the com, on
both sides, marked circularly, and in the mode
of a furrow; generally deep, in the place usu
ally occupied, on the regular products of the
CONTORNI.~\'l‘E COINS. 271
Roman mint, by u ring of globules, which is
rarely found on the coins now in the course of
being described. This is the most certain token
of a contorniatc, and it is the circumstance,
which, as already observed, probably gave risc
to the term. There appears to be no doubt,
that this line was made with a graving tool,
qfter the coin was struck ; for, on many speci
mens, the heads of the letters are divided by the
instrument.
Second/_1/.—The next characteristic is the mo
other figures, though more rarely to be seen, such
as a star, an ivy leaf, a bow and quiver, and a
flying victory.—'l‘here are contorniates, however,
which display none of these marks. It is to
be noted, that neither the monogram, nor the
figures are in relief, but out into the coin, and
frequently filled up with silver. The monogram,
which is resolved into 1-31>. or PE. no one has yet
been found to explain with any degree of pro
bubility. This identical EP. has, however, been
seen inscribed on contorniutcs, near the mono
gram of Christ and the palm branch, on a brass
plate, published by Pignori Consequently,
(adds Eckhel), as these letters I-ZP. or PE. are on
this monument found conjoined with the palm
branch, and as on many contoruiates they sup
ply the place of that branch, it may fairly be
conjectnred, that they signify something con
nected with victory.
T/zira'l_1/.—A.ll contorniatcs are of brass. Gold
and silver of this class are unknown.
Fourtlzlj/.——Their size is the same as that of
medallions, but not so their weight, for they
are of thinner brass. There are some, how
ever, though vcry rare, of smaller size, and
somewhat thicker metal, like the coins called in
Italian medaglioncini. Of this kind is a coin
of Constantine the Great, in the imperial cabi
net, but which is clearly proved to be a contor
niate by the monogram EP. cngraven on it.—
llavereamp (Num. 56), has published one of
unusual size, with the head of Placidius Valen
tinianus, from the cabinet of Queen Christina.
Fifi/zI_I/.—Contorniates exhibit u workman
ship peculiar to themselves, with the figures
fiat, and very little raised from the surface, no
doubt because, as above stated, they are of thin
metal. Occasionally the whole of the figures
arc engraved info the coin. Of this kind are
those classed among the decurriones, under the
heads of roxxorss, cosmvs, and ssmvcvs;
silver being also run into the cavities, as before
described. In these specimens the style of
h
workmanship, at the best, does not surpass
mediocrity. In many instances they afford evi
II.—Or Conronnmrn Trrns cnnsnarnv.
—-The obverscs of this class of coins, as well as
others, present for the most part some head or
bust. The types of the reverses are generally
 CONTORN IATE COINS. C().\'T()llNl.\TE COINS.
borrowed from the Cireensian games and other ' exclusion of individuals of equal renown among
spectacles, though there are not wanting sub both Greeks and Romans.
jects derived from mythic and heroic tradition, III.-—SrEcrric Exsnrnns or COXTOBNIATF.
whilst some are abstrusc or altogether unin Tvri-".s.—Havercamp, in his elaborate standard
tclligible. work on this peculiar class of medals, has
Contorniate medals present this peculiarity, given the heads of emperors and illustrious in
that there is scarcely ever any apparent con dividuals; but in so doing has been under the
nexion between the obverse and the reverse.-~ necessity of frequently repeating the same rc
For no one will find it easy to reconcile the verses, in consequence of their being common
portrait of Alexander the Great with a repre to several princes. Eckhel (viii. p. 283 ct seq.)
sentation of the Roman Circus, Scylla, or the properly regarding the reverses as of greater
Rape of the Sabincs;—or again, Horace, Apol interest than the imperial portraits, already
lonius of Tyana, or Sailust, with the chariotcers sufiicicntly known from other and better sources,
of the circus, wrestlers, and mouutebanks;—or has, in enumerating and describing these con
Nero with Faustino junior. The arbitrary prin torniates, confined himself principally to the
ciple, on which the obvcrses and reverses are reverses. His arrangement, as most to the pur
joined, will appear the more strikingly, when it pose, has been adopted in the snbjoined no
is observed, that the same types are presented tices. And as these types are of various kinds,
with different portraits, Thus we have the fable they will be found arranged according to Eck
of Seylla connected with the heads of Alexan hel‘s classification, under distinct heads. The
der the Great, of Nero, of Trajan, and of Roma; lst embraces Mythology; 2nd History; 3rd
Cybele and her Atys, in company with the head Illustrious Persons, such as heroes and hcroium,
of Homer, of Nero, of Vespasian, and oi kings, and men renowned for their learning;
'I‘rajan.—-To how little pinpose the learned 4th Spectacles, subdivided into decurriouez,
Hsvcrcamp laboured, in the endeavour to recon venationes (or huntings), pugilistic encounters,
cile, in every instance, the obverse and reverse and dramatic exhibitions.
of contornintes, is clearly proved in every page The different works which contain engraving:
of the most laborious attempt cvcr made to de of Contorniate types, and to which particular
scribe and illustrate Contorniate Coins.--See references will in each instance be found, are as
Disrerlatiorles de Ale.ran/lri ll. Nlmnlmzai. &c. follow :—-.7l[0rnll. T/Lemur. Familiarum Roman
The portraits, which occupy the obverscs, are arum, and Imperalorum Ramanarum ; Numis
those of men of various fortunes, ranks, and mata Oimelii Auslriaci Vindobonensir (Coins
professions, both high and low. But no un of the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, by Froelich) ;
doubted representation of deity has ever yet Havereamp, vie Numi: Contorniatir; Pedrusi,
been discovered on these coins. On some, how Cabinet du Mueée 1"rzr11e.:e ,- Coins of the Pem
ever, there appears the head, with the legend broke Collection, &c.
of norm, or INVICTA ROMA FELIX ssivarvs. 1.~—I\[Y'rnoI.ooicAL.
The majority of them present the portraits of Rev.—Cybele and Atys in a quadrign of lions,
Roman emperors, and frequently that of Alex going at a rapid pace.-—O6v.—A head of Homer.
ander the Great, as also of such celebrated indi (Engraved in Cabinet of Vienna).
viduals as Homer, Terence, Horace, and others. A head of Augustus. Do. of Nero. (Mo
And, lastly, not a few of them exhibit a figure, rell. Impp.)—Do. of Vcspasian and Tmjnn.——
holding a whip in the right hand, and with. the (Pcdrusi, Mus. Farnese, and Havercamp).—On
left leading a horse by the bridle, by which type a coin of Vespasian, above the quadriga, are two
some suppose is intended the portrait of various shields, on one of which appears a lion, on the
emperors, but Eckhcl shews, in his remarks on ; other a crab; below, a woman seated on the
the coutorniate dscurrionea, that they are the ground. (Mus. Farncse).
figures of charioteers. A;/rippina and Faurtimz senior.-—)lA'rRI.
The following is a list of all the emperors DEVM. SALV'l‘ARl.—A temple, before the cn
and Auyustre whose names and portraits are trance of which is seated Cybele between two
found on contorniates, according to trust-worthy lions, with the I_:/nzpauum in her left hand;
authorities, viz. :—Jnlius Caesar, Mark Antony, outside stands Atys, with the pedum, or sheep
Augustus, Agrippina senior, Caligula, Nero hook, in the right hand, and touching apine tree
(whose enntorniatcs are common), Galba, Ves with the left.—(Morcll. Thesaur. Impp. vol. iii.
pasian, Domitian, Trajan (common), Antoninns ran. xiv. No. 12: also in Imperial Cabinet
Pius, Faustino senior, M. Aurelius, Faustina at Vienna.
junior, Lucilla, Caracalla, Constantine the Great, Julius &0.rar.—Without legend. Jupiter sit
Honorius, Theodosius II. Plaeidius Valentinianus, ting on a rock, with an eagle watching near
and Anthemius. him; a military figure stands close at hand
To some of the emperors no cbntorniates were holding-in a horse by the bridle.-——(.\"[orell.
dedicated; to others only every few; but to Impp. and in Fain. Julian).
Nero and Trajan a large number.-—Eckhel ex Ar1gu.r!u:.—With0ut legend. The emperor
presses his decided opinion, that in their total laurcatcd, cuirassed, and paludated, is standing,
neglect, or rare introduction of others, those with both hands raised, between two seated
who struck them were guided solely by caprice ; figures-—onc a veiled woman, holding a palm
and that the same cause may be assigned for branch in her left hand——-the other a man, semi
their selection of Homer, Horace, &c. to the nude, holding the hasta pura in right and a
 (,‘O.\'TOR.\'I.\'I‘E COINS. CONTORNI.-ITE COINS. 273
globe in left hand—at the foot of the emperor of Messina, is here typified, at the moment
stands an eagle with expanded wings, and a when, according to the Homeric narration, she
small figu re of Victory offering u lain-el crown’ made her trngical imsanlt on the ship and
to the emperor. Below are two recumbent companions of the son of Laertes. The upper
females, as if river deities, one resting her left part of her body is that of a gigantic female,
band on a lion, and the other her right hand on her waist is girdled with ravenous dogs; the
a ship’s prow, both with cornucopia. (llorell. lower extremity terminates in a fish’s tail. In
Thesanr. lmpp.)—A similar type of reverse her right hand, she holds n rudder; with her
appears also on a contorniate, with the name of left she has seized by the huir of his head one
Homer and his portrait on the obverse, in Pe of the crew, as if about to drag him out of the
drusi, Mus. Farnese, TAB. i. vessel. A man standing close by, armed with a
Trajan.—A naked Bacchus stands, holding shield and javelin, is vsjnly attempting to de
out a cluster of grapes to a panther, and with fend his unfortunate comrade. A third holds
the thyrsus in the left hand; around him are up his hands, as if paralysed with fear and hor
dancing a female flute-player, and another female ror, at beholding such a spectacle. On one
brandishing a thyrsns; also a boy with s sheep side of Scylla is n huge fish, with head down
hook, and another with a branch. (Imp. Mus.) ward, and tail broadly spread and erect. Two
D0. of Cnracnlla. (Imp. Hus. and Hnvercamp.) human figures are seen struggling in the trou
Nero.-—Bacehns riding in a biga of panthcrs, bled waves, the previous victims of the mon
with a satyr going before him, and a fiite-player ster’s resistless attack. Behind the whole group
in attendance. (Engraved in Havereamp and rises a tree, allusive probably to the immense
in More].)—Same type of reverse with head of fig tree, which grew over a rocky cavern, where
Trajan. (In Hnvercamp, n. 20 and 70). another traditionary monster named Charybdis,
Nero.—-A naked Mars, with his left foot on whose whirlpool, on the Sicilian coast, was
the prow of a ship, is hurrying onward with equally the dread of ancient mariners, held his
spear and scaling ladder. or her dark abode.—Sec Sc;/Ila. .
Ve.ipa.rian.—Same type. (In Morel]. Impp.) [The same type is found on reverses of con
1'04-pas-ian.—l\Inrs walking, with spear in torniates, of which the respective ob\-erses bear
right hand, and trophy in left, trampling on a the heads of Alexander the Great, in the Vienna
prostrate foe. (M us. Theupoli). Cabinet, and Hnvercamp, No. 64; of Nero, in
Nero.—Diann sitting opposite the sleeping Morel]. Impp.; and of Trajan, in the Imp. Mu
Endymion, beside whom a dog is watching, seum, and Havercamp, and Museum Farnese.]
whilst overhead a Cupid is hovering. (Pedrnsi). Bcllcrophon, on Pegasus, fighting with the
Trajrm.—Sa1nc reverse. (Havercamp). Chima:ra.—06v.—IIead of Alexander the Great.
Hercules fighting with the eentaur Nessns. —See Pe_qa.m.r, in this dictionary.
Ilercules head of, behind which is n club. Tmjan,—Amphion and Zethus, carrying oil‘
Hercules struggling with a lion. (Imp. Mus.) their stepmother Dirce, tied to a bull. (Mus.
Com. Vitzai).
sou nvvic'ro.-—The Sun, with his face turned
towards yon, in a qundriga.—06v.-—-Head of
Alexander the Great. (Havercamp, p. 38).
H0n0riu:.—~SAPIENTIA. Pullns standing, with
branch of laurel or olive in the right hand.
(Tanini, Supplement to Bandnri)
2.—IIlS'l‘ORICAL.
Eekhel remarks, that he has discovered only
one example of this class, viz. :——
SABINAE. The Roman soldiers engaged in
the rape of the Sabine women; behind, three
obelisks, composing one of the Circensian metre.
0bv.——IIead of Alexander the Great. (Haver
eamp, p. 1.)-—Do. of Nero (Morell. Impp.)
Obv.—.\r.r:x.\xm~:n. Head covered with lion’s Do. of Constantius II. (Banduri, 1'. ii. p. 378,
skin. Before it the usual eontorniate monogram Mus. Florcnt. TAB. c.)—.\lso head of Agrippina
(see engraving, p. 27l).—Rev.——lJlysscs, on
senior, with the legend AGRIPPINA u.r.1u1\r.
hoard his vessel, passing before Scylla. CAESARIS AVGVSTI. (Mus. Prince dc Waldcck).
One of the most striking, though not the 3.—TYri-:s RELATING ro ILLUSTRIOUS Psnsoszs,
most rare, amongst the various subjects on this Heaoss, lIenou\'r:s, AND Kmos.
class of ancient medals, is that which, having ACIIILLIS PENTESIIAA. Achilles armed, raises
the head of Alexander the Great, oi; the from the ground the prostrate Penthesilea; be
head of Trajan, for the type of its obverse, hind is a horse also lying on the gronnd.—0bv.
as indicated by the legend expressing his Head of Divus Trajan. (Pedrnsi, Mus. Fern.)
name, represents on its reverse, without le AI-INEAS. 1Eneas, bearing Anchises on his
gend, the fable of Scylla.—'I‘his formidable shoulder, and leading Ascsnius by the hand.-—
sea-monster, pcrsonifying a dangerous rock and 0/1z-.—llead of Nero. (In l\I0l'l‘ll. Impp.)-l)o_
whirlpool on the Italian side of the straits ‘ of 'l‘i'nj:in. (Imperial Cabinet and llavercamp)
2.\i
‘.!7l (.‘ON'l‘()l{_i\‘l.-\'l‘l*l COINS. CONTO RNIATE COINS.
Ilero, watching from a tower the approach of Socratea.—'I‘here are two eontorniates of this
Leander swimming in the sea; a cupid flying philosopher. One of them has been taken by
above. On another coin, Hero standing on a Havcrcanip, from Ursinus: cniuwrne. Bare
tower, holds out a torch in her right hand, head, with beard. Reverse not given. The
whilst Leander is swimming below; on the shore other has been taken from the Farnese Cabinet,
is a fisherman casting a hook into the sea.-— by Pedrusi, ran. i. on which is a bearded head,
Obv.— Head of Vespasian. (Morell. Iinpp. and without legend. Eekhel does not understand
Mus. Farnese.) why it should have been attributed to Socrates.
Laoeoon and his two sons, entwined in the TEBENTIV8. Bare head, without beard.
folds of serpents.—O6v.——Hend of Nero. (Imp. - - - IVS. A man leading a horse by the
Mus.) D0. of Vespasian. (Morcll. Imp.) bridle. (Morell. Fam. Rom. Terentia gens; also
PEN'l’ESlLEA.——-SOC above, Achilles. in Pembroke Museum, and in Liebe Goths
son‘. srn. 'rEsi-:vs.——Thcseus, galeated and Nnmaria, p. 449.
naked, standing with spear and shield, is forcing SALVSTIVS svroa. A bare head, bearded; on
a eentanr to kneel who holds a lyre, by placing other coins beard1ess.—Rev.—r1:rnoi~:1 1-1..\c1-:ss.
his hand on his neek.—0bv.—Head of Nero. Three men in the toga, standing, &c. (Morell.
(Morell. Impp.) _ Fam. Rom. Salustia gens.) See the rest below,
srsrsnss. A victor in the games, in a in dramatic types.
quadriga, with crown in right hand and palm IIORATIVS. A bare head, beardless.
branch in left. (Mus. Theupoli.) aassw. A man leading a horse by the bridle.
Without legend. Head of Alexander the (Havercamp, p. 152); also Morell. Fam. Ilom.
Great, diadenied, looking up to heaven. Horatia gen.s—and in Pembroke, 1'. ii. 24-t—245.
ALEXANDER. MAG. MAenDon.—Alexander on AYOLONIVS rrmsvs. Lanreated and bearded
horseback, hurling a spear at a prostrate bar l18fld.—STEPAN. urns. Stephanus the charioteer,
barian. (Imperial Cabinet.) in n quadriga. (l-Iavercamp, p. I52).
ALEXANDER msonvs MACEDON. Diadcmed APVLI-IIVS. A juvenile head, with the hair
head, looking up to heaven.—Ren.—-Rape of the bound backward with a ribbon. (Morell. Fani.
Sabines, as above. (Havereamp, p. 1.) Rom. Apulcia gens.)—A bearded soldier, stand
Without legend. Diademed head of Alexander ing and looking up at a temple of two columns,
the Great, with a ram’s horn, looking up to on the summit of which are fixed three human
heaven.—A naked man, standing, with a whip heads. (Morelli Specimen, p. 45).
in his right hand, and with his left grasping a 5.—PuBr.ic Sraeracass.
serpent about to spring. (Imperial Cabinet.)
snsxsxnsa. Head of Alexander M. with 1. Decureianea, or Chariot and Horse Racing.
lion’s skin. A circus. (Havercamp, n. 48). Circus Maximus, with all its apparatus, and
Bellerophon fighting with the chimaara. (Ibid. quadrigie in motion.—Head of Alexander the
n. 49.) Scylla, as before. (Imp. Mus.) Great, Nero, Trajan, Cnraealla, &c.
ALEXANDER. Head with lion’s skin.—n. N. sassy. A man leading by the bridle a horse
IHS. xrs. mar. 1-luvs. An ass, with head erect, decorated with a palm braneh.——Head of Horace.
suckling her foal. (liavcreamp, Morel, and Pembroke).
OLYMPIAS (on most specimens OLIMPIAS) ARTEMIVS vmess IHPERATOR. PLENA. A
REGINA. Olympias veiled, and lying on a bed, victor in a quadriga, with whip and crown in
stretches out her right hand towards a serpent the right hand, and palm branch in the lcl't.—
raising itself; her left hand rests on a dolphin. Head of Honorius. (Theupoli, but not engraved).
Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) Do. of Trajan. AVRELIANVS. A victor in the games stand
(Havcrcamp, nnm. 68.) ing in a chariot, which is drawn at a slow pace
Without legend, The same type, except that by four horses, ornamented with palm branches ;
instead of the dolphin, there is simply the sup in the i'igl1t hand is n crown and a whip, and in
port (or leg) of the bed.—06v.—Head of Nero. the left a palm branch; the figure is looking
(Imp. Mus. and elsewhere.) behind him. Beneath is inserted Puic1:as.—
PETRONIVS amxsnavs flric.) v. c. coxs. Pe Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet). Do. of
tronins sitting, clothed in the consular garb, Trajan. (Prince de Waldcek).
with a roll in the right hand, in the left a dagger BABVLVS. A victor in the games, with whip
with an eagle; at the bottom are two bags in right hand, and holding-in a horse by the
stufl'ed with coins, one of which is open and ex bridle with the left; behind him is his cap.
poses the money. BONIFATIVS. A victor in the games, with
Ilead of Valentinian III. (Banduri.) See crown and whip in the right hand, and palm
an engraving of this coin in Tanini, TAB. viii. branch in the left, is coining towards you in a
qnadriga, at a slow pace; the lower part of the
4i.—TYPES RELATING TO MEN RENOWNED ron coin is occupied by four monograms, each con
THEIR LEARNING, on any OTHFR cause. taining several lctters.—Head of Placidius Ta
nnnnoc. Bare head of llomer, with beard. lBIll.ill.l!'l.I1tl$. (Ducangc, Bandnri, Ilavercarnp.)
A man leading a horse by the bridle. (Imp. esnvonrivs. A victor in the games, borne
Mus.) Cyhele and Atys in a qu:alri;;a of lions. in a chariot drawn by four horses at full speed,
A man, galeatcd and paludatcd, standing, See. stands looking behind hiin ; in the right hand a
See Pembroke l\Iusenm, T. ii. pl. 234, and crown and whip, in the left u palm branch.——
llavereauip, fig. I. p. llb‘. llead of Carnealla. (llavereamp).
 CONTORNIATE COINS. CONTORNIATE COINS. 275
cnnrsoronvs. Eckhel says, “I find a coin palm branches.-——06v.—Head of 'l‘rnjnn. (Ha
mentioning this name among the medallions of vercamp, num. 30).
the Museum 'I‘henpoli, with the following de LISIPONVS. A victor with whip and crown
scription :”—c. cnasan AVG. GERM-.\NIC\'S ron. in righthand, and palm branch in left, borne in
M. TR. P. A head of Caligula lnurcated ; before a qnadriga of palm-bearing horses going slowly.
which is the name CHB.YSOPOLY5.—Rev.—A vic —Laureatcd hcad of Divus Augustus Pater.—
tor in a quadriga, with crown in right hand, (Morcll. Impp. in Aug. TAB. xxiii.)
and palm branch in left. OLIMPIVS. Himself standing, in a coat of
cosnrvs. A Victor standing, with whip in mail, with whip in right hand, and palm branch
right hand, and spear in left. in 1et’t.—-Galeatcd and beardless head of Con
SERACYSVS. A winning horse, with palm stantine the Great, as Ilavercamp thinks, n. 51.
branch on his head. (Theupoli.) OLYMPI. NIKA. A victor standing naked in a
DESID. NC. The bust of a man, with bare biga going rapidly, and looking behind him
head and bearded, in his left hand holding a with whip in right hand, and crown in let't.—
horse by the rein, and in his right a whip. 0bv.—Head of Nero. (Havcrcnmp, num. 14.)
miccouuo. A mnn sitting on a rock, lean PANNONI. NIKA. A victor in a slow-going
ing his head on his left hand, and looking be quadrign of palm-bearing horses, looking behind
hind him. (Havcrcamp, num. 72). him, with whip and crown in right hand, and
nonnnnvs. A victor in the games, holding palm branch in the lcft.—A bust with bare and
the reins in his right hand, and palm branch in bearded head, with whip in right hand, and
his lefl, is borne in a qnadriga oi‘ horses, orna holding a horse by the rein with the lcft.. (Ila
mented with palm, going at a slow pace. Head vercamp, num. 71).———Hcad of Honorius.—
of Trajan. (Imperial Cabinet). (Tanin. Suppl. ad Banduri.)
nonuwvs ruinoconrvs. A victor in the games, sau-zvcvs. A victor standing, with whip in
with whip in right hand, and palm branch in right hand, and palm branch in left; at his fcct
left, advances towards you in a quadriga, at n on either side an altar, with palm branches rising
slow pace.—Obv.—Hcad of Severus. (Haver out of it.—A victor iu a bign going rapidly.
camp, num. 63). (Pembroke, p. iii. ran. 118).
ELIANVS. A victor in the games standing in STEFANVS. A victor in a q11adriga.—A head
a chariot, drawn by four horses, with palm of Alexander M. ('l‘heupo1i).——Do. of Nero.
branches, and looking behind him, with whip in (I-Iavercamp, Morcll. Impp.)
the right hand, and palm branch in the left. srnranvs. A victor naked, with whip in
Bust of a man, with bare head, holding a right hand, and palm branch in left, borne in a
whip in the right hand, and restraining a horse quadriga of palm-bearing h0rscs.—-—lIcad of
with the left; around are the letters MVP. 11. Divns '1‘rajan. (Mus. Farnese).
cut in has rclicf, and filled up with silver. S'1‘EFAN.N1KA. A victor in quadriga going
(.\Iu.s. Prince de Waldeck, and of C. Vitzai). slowly, is coming towards you, with whip in
EVGENIVS. A victor in the games, with right hand, and palm branch in left.——Obv.—
crown in right hand, and palm branch in left, Ilcnd of Apollonius Tyancnsis. (llaverczunp).
is coming towards you in a slow-going qnndriga vasr. VINCAS. A naked man standing, with
of four palm-bearing horses, near which are whip in his elevated right hand, and a palm
inscribed their names, SPESCIOSVS mouvs. branch in the left, which hangs down.—Bust
acmnn. m:su>r.iar.vs.—Obz*.—-—Hcnd of Hono with bare head, spear (or more correctly, a
rius. (Havcrcnmp, num. 54). whip) in the right hand, and holding-in a horse
r-:v'rm'.nivs, or EVTVMIVS, or rzvmnvs. A with the left; behind, a palm branch. (Haver
victor, with whip and crown in right hand, and camp, num. 50).
pnlm branch in left, is coming towards you in a ETERNIT. P. 12. A victor with crown and
slow-going quadriga of palm-bearing horses.— whip in the right hand, and palm branch in thc
Head of Nero, or Trajan, or Honorins. (Haver left, comes towards you in a chariot at a slow
camp, fig. 31, p. 55; Imperial Cabinet; and pace, drawn by four palm-bearing horscs.—1)|v0
Pcdrusi, Mus.Farnese, rav. iv.) rvmo. Head of Julius Cmsar 1.-iureatcd. (Mo
EVTIMI. vmcas. Bust of a man with bare rell. Impp.) _ _
head and bearded, holds-in a horse with left Toxxorns. A horse walking, with a mark on
hand, and carries a whip in the right; behind, the thigh; in front of him a palm branch.-—
a helmet.-—0bv.—An emperor on horseback, go anon. A horse standing, with a similar mark,
ing at speed, with right hand elevated; on the and a palm branch. Both horses are in bas-rc
ground, n. lion transfixed by a spear. (Imperial lief, and filled up with silver. (Morell. Speci
Museum). men, p. 43).
r".vr1.\u. VINICAS (1-in.) A chnrioteer coming 2. Vcnationes (or @202‘!-9 Qf the C/laszj.
towards you in a quadriga at a slow pace, with A hunting of stags and hares in an amphi
crown in right hand and palm branch in left; theatro.—A head of Divus Augustus. (Imperial
at the bottom MVSALLIGER. (sit-.)—0l1v.—Head Cabinet, and Morell. Impp.)—Do. of Nero.
and legend of Theodosius M. On another coin, (Morell. Impp.)—Do. of Trojan. (llavercamp,
a hcnd of llonorius. (Tanini, Supplement ad num. 67).
Hnnduri). comaunvs. A hunter on horseback is pur
r.v-rnnvs—be.low, TYRIEI. car. - - -. A vic suing a stag and a harc with drawn bow, in an
tor standing between two horses, decorated with amphitheatre.--llcad of Trajan. (Fariicsc Col.)
2N2
276 CONTORNI.»\'[‘l'1 COlXS. (,‘()_\ITOltNI.\'l‘E COINS.
A hunter attacking a boar with a hunting RENTIN Ave.—-Morell. LAVBENTIRVS. (Impp.
spcar, whilst a dog also leaps at it.—l'lead of in Nerone).-—'l‘ristrun, 1..\vns1\'T11\'vx.]
Nero. (Havercamp, n. 5, Morcll. Inipp.)-— rm-noxx. rnacsss. Three togated figures
Do. of Vespasian. (Imp. and Farncsc Cabinets). standing, of which the middle one holds a very
Two hunters, one of whom is on horseback, small hydraulic machine, another a flute, and
attacking abear, the other n boar, on foot.— the third is gcsticulating like a person engaged
Odv.—Hcad of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) in convcrsation.—-Head and legend of Saline
A hunter is defending himself against the tius. (Mus. In1p.; Havercamp, p. 150-, and
charge of a bear with some instrument, whilst others).
above, five spectators arc awaiting with alarm PLACEAS Pnrni. An hydraulic machine, on
the issue of the combat.—Obv.—Head of Nero. either side of which stands a figure, apparently
(lliorell. Impp. and Mus. Farncse). engaged in animating it; near it a terminus of
A single man is holding two savage bulls by the Sun.—0bv.—Iiead of Pla. \'alentinian.—
the horus.—Head of Nero. (M orell. Impp.) This is a coin of extraordinary size, originally
An emperor on horseback, striking a lion with in the collection of Queen Christina.
njavelin.—Hcad of Ncro. (Morell. Impp.)— M.-\l'(GARl'l‘A vnvcas. A woman standing, with
Do. of Trajan. (Havercamp, num. 21).-Bust crown in uplifted right hand, gathering up her
of Eutimius the charioteer. dress with the left; a small \"ictor_v flying to
A man riding on a bull and combatting with wards her, offers a crown; below arc two palm
a bca.r.—l-lead of Nero. (Morell. lmpp.) branches.—llead of Pla. Valentinian. (Tunini
A besliarius standing, with a spear in his Suppl. ad Band. TAB. xviii. Pembroke, p.'3,
right hand, and in his left something resembling ran. 102).
n globe; at his feet a prostrate panther; on one lV.—-CoN'roanrA'ris wrru wsu.-nxow_\'
side of the field three metae, and on the other TYPES or rm: Roman l\1lN‘l‘.—These consist of
something that looks like a cave.—0bv.—-Bust the MEMORIAE aoarrrmsn, with a carpentum.
of a charioteer, with a whip in right hand, and —PACE P. B. 81:. Temple of Janus, of Nero.——
with the left holding-in ahorse. (Imp. Mus. noun, Rome seated, of l\'ero.—n1-zcvusio,
and Pcllerin, Suppl. ii. ran. 7). l{orsemen.—L1BEn.'rss PVBLICA, Liberty stand
III-IPARATIO. MVNI-IRIS. IELICITER. A hunter ing, of Galba..—a1~moNs AVGVSTA crass, C-ens
receiving the charge of a bear, with spear pre and Annona, of Trajan.——nrva PAVSTINA no.
sentcd.—0bv.——mvrc'rA sons rsux senxrvs. Faustina jun. standing at an altar, of Nero.—~
Galeated head of Rome. (Morell. nnm. fam. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI, Victory writing on n
TAB. i. nous.) shield, of Constantine the Great.-—'l‘hesc will
3. Puyilirlic Encounters. be found engraved in Morel]. Impp. and in the
rlnmvs. A naked atlaleta, with a crown in Imperial Cabinet at Vienna.—vo'r.\ xx. A circus
his elevated right hand, and palm branch in his in which two quadrigte are careering, and hunters
left, stands between two tog-sled figures, of are fighting with wild bcasts.—0bv.—Hutd of
which the one on the right holds aloft u dagger, Pla. Valentininnus.-—C-ataloguc D’Ennery.
and the other a flute.—A head of Trajan. (Mus. Eckhel devotes a concluding section to twelve
Fnrnese, and Havercamp, nnm. 69). Contorniatea, "the explanation of which is
IOHANNES mess. Au athlete and an anointer doubtful." Engravings of most of them are
(or trainer) standing. Head of Pla. Valentinian. given in Havcreamp, Morel, and Pedrusi. But,
A naked pugilist seated on the ground, presses as the author of Doctriua himself docs not
to the earth the head of an antagonist with his venture to do more than simply describe the
feet, and masters his hand with his own. (Morell. respective types of these “inexplicable” coins,
Impp.) 1). N. consmrrrmvs max. svo. Figure it would be useless to quote the list in question.
of an emperor as far us the middle, with a gem —See viii. 305, D. N. V.
mcd crown; a sccptre in the right hand, and a V.-—Ds'r1-: or C0m"0n.\'lA'rr.s.—Rcspecting
globe in the left. (Mus. Princ. dc Waldcck). the age, in which the use of such coins begin,
various opinions have been held by the learned.
4|. Dramatic Exhibitions. Some have thought, that those contorniates,
A naked man, carrying in either hand an im which bear the heads of emperors, are C0('\‘i\l
mense theatrical mask; behind, a troe.—llcad with such emperors respectively. Among other
of Nero. (Mus. Farncse). writers of the elder numismntic school is that
An hydraulic machine, with a figure on either erudite and ingenious antiquary Spanheim, who
side, of which the one to the right exhibits in explains n coin of Nero, as though it had been
his uplifted hand an instrument resembling a . struck during the reign of that prince. Ducange
fan.—Obv.—Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet and Pinkerton, in their respective works, enter
and Havercamp, num. ll).—Do. of Trajan. tain the same idea. But Eckhel refutes this no
(llavercamp, num. 27). tion, in the first place, by referring to the work
mvnsurr NICA. An hydraulic machine, on manship, which is of great assistance, in deter
one side of which stands a figure with some mining the date of other descriptions of coins.
thing resembling a fan; there are also two vases “Experience (says he) teaches us, that each
standing near; on the other side leaves scat age of the emperors had its own style of art.
tered on the ground.—Hcad of Nero. (Imperial And if in this respect alone there be a wide
Cabinet). difference between the coins of Augustus and
[Havel-camp, on a similar coin, reads, LAV Trajan, how much wider must it be between
 CON'l‘OltN [ATE COINS. CONTORNl.\'l‘E COINS. 277
those of Augustus and of PlacidiusValentiuianus? on the reverse of which arc two horscnicn
And yet we soc that the same tone and style (eques) going at speed, spears in hand, with
pervades all the contorniatcs—a convincing S. C. inscribed beneath. But it is not from
proof, that the times at which they were severally these initials, he observes, for any one to
struck could not be far distant from each other ; suppose that the coin in question was minted by
and we are, therefore, certain, that the coins a Senatue Cwwultum, but rather that such types
bearing portraits of Julius Caesar, of Augustus, of the Decurriones were copied from coins of
and the immediately succeeding princes, must, Nero, even to the insertion of the lcttcrs S. C.
on account of this similarity to the coins of Lastly, with respect to the opinion of several
Honorius and Vslcntinian, bc connected \vith learned writers that contorniates werc intended
them also in point of time; and consequently, for the purposes of the circus and the arena
that the eontorniatcs of Julius Caesar and Au an opinion founded by them on the fact that
gustus are not contemporaneous with those em athletic and Circcnsian exercises constituted the
pcrors. For the same reason, antiquaries have usual subjects of these types—Ecl-thel remarks
long ago agreed, that certain imperial coins of as follows :—“Assuredl_\' the games of the circus
Consccration,,f:om their being all of the some are pointed at in the figures of successful cha
workmanship, and \vith the satnc adrnixture of riotcers in their quadrigzc, frequently with their
bad silver, were also struck at the same date. names inscribed, or their busts, “ winning horses,”
On this at-count, it is necessary to lay it down pngilists, beast-fighters, U€II(Ili07t£’J, and palms
as a rule, that all contorniates arc to be assigned as the prizes of victory. Besides which, such for
to an age subsequent to the emperors, whose mulae as VBSE. \'INCi\S.-—OL\'MPl. NlKA.—-PE'l‘
portraits they bear. We see, on these coins, RONI. PLACEAS.—11Illl the like, are the very
many attributes appropriated to the earlier em words of good omen and encouragement, which
perors, which were really either unknown or in the spectators used to shout out to their favour
disuse in their days. The head of Julius Caesar, ites from the cmzei. The fact, moreover, of
e. y. is adorned, not only with the laurel crown, Nero and Trajan being more frequently intro
but also with the diadcm, which, for well-known duced on these coins than any other emperors,
reasons, docs not appear on his contemporaneous is a satisfactory evidence that they were struck
coins.—-Trajan, on a coin in the Imperial for Circcnsian purposes. Not that I agree with
Cabinet at Vienna, is styled Pius Felur, which the Frenchman Mahudcl, that those princes
titles conjoined were unknown before the time were selected who were most addicted to the
of Commodus. On another, in the same col sports of the circus. For most writers say that
lcction, Trajan is called Pro-consul, a title the preference was given to Nero, on account of
never read except on coins of the lower empire. his well-known infatuation, in adorning vic
lloubtless, the persons who struck these coins, torious and worn-out steeds with the stala, and
accommodated their style and legends to the usiguing them rations; whilst during his reign
times in which they lived.—Lastly, even that chariotcers reached such a pitch of arrogance,
unique coin, bearing on its obverse the head of as to oppose the authority of consuls nnd pre
Nero, and on its reverse Faustina junior, of tors. If this, however, were the correct view,
itself sntliciently proves, that it could not have why (to omit mention of others) did not Com
been struck during the reign of Nero.—Jobert’s modus come in for his share of such honour?
opinion, that coatomiatcs were struck as early ‘For his devotion to the circus was not a whit
as the reign of Gallienus, has been refuted by interior, considering that hc himself drove quad
his annotator Bimard, and requires no further rigze, and publicly slew beasts in the arena; and
notice.—The sounder view is that of i\Iorcl and yet but one contorniate of this emperor has ever
Mahudel, who pronounce this class of medals bccn discovered. And again, Why load Trajan
to have begun to be minted about thc time of with such numbers of these medals, when no
Constantine the Great, and to have been con historian records of that emperor any violent
tinued under his immediate successors down to attachment to the circensian scenes? Some
Pla. Valentinian, when eortorniates almost other reason, therefore, must be sought for the
wholly ceasc."——D. N. V. viii. 310. frequent appearance of Nero and Trajan on con
VI.—Or run usl-1 or CONTORNIATES.—All torniates; and this is to be found in the fact,
writers on this branch of the subject appear to that the former instituted the quinquennale cer
agree in considering, that contorniates were not lamen at Rome, whilst in honour of the latter,
of the nature and value of money, in con after his deccasc, there were celebrated /udi Par
sequence of their differing so entirely from the lliici, or triumphal games. Add to this, that
ordinary coinage. It is also universally ad Trajan expended vast sums on the embellish
mitted, that they were not struck by public ment and enlargement of the Circus Maximus.
authority, but by private individuals, and those The directors, therefore, of similar spectacles,
of an uneducated class, siucc the types are gene in after ages, would naturally revive the me
rally borrowed from humble life, objects the mory of those emperors more frequently, who
most incongruous placed in juxta-position, and had furnished them with such abundant material
mistakes committed in orthography, which pre for victory and its rewards. That the memory
clude the inference of their proceeding from of Nero, in consequence of this his predilection,
public authority. was not only cherished for many succeeding
Eckhel informs us that, in the cabinet of the centuries by the votarics of the Roman circus,
Prince of Waldcclr, there is a contorniatc, but was also hailed with gratitude by the arena
 -----_-_

278 CONTORNIATE COINS. CONTORNIATE COINS.

of Constantinople, is remarkably evidenced by be useful in various respects. Others, however,
a cameo, published by Caylus. (Rec. d’A1ziiq. have entertained a lower opinion of them; no
'1'. i. TAB. 86). It represents Nero, with radi doubt in consequence of the want of connection
ated head, borne in a quadriga, with the face between the obverse and reverse; the unskilful
turned towards you, as is usual on contomiates; grouping of the figures; and the subjects being
in his right hand he holds a napkin (the mappa, for the most part derived from the feats of
see Circus, pp. 2034), in the lefi; a consular eharioteers and wrestlers; and seldom aifording
seeptre, with the legend Nel"L)‘N. nI‘0Tc'1‘e flric.) any gratification to the mind or to the eye. The
'l‘he scene, and its accompaniments, together fastidious take alarm also at the errors in spell
with the faulty inscription, clearly prove, that ing, such as 'r1-zsavs, Parrrnsims, s'r1:r.\.\zvs,
this gem was the work of a later age of the OLIMPIAS, SALVS'l‘l\’S, sronomvs, ETERNITAS,
lower empire, and, from the Greek legend, not and the like; together with the pcrpctual1nis
belonging to Italy, but doubtless to Constanti take of QIIHROC for onriroc—the surest proof
nople, where it is well known that the rage for that these contorniates were put forth in an
the sports of the Circus reached s. greater height ignorant age, by people of an inferior class, and
than even in the metropolis of Rome.” under no sanction of the state. -
As to what was the actual use for which the “ lt might be supposed (observes Eckhcl) that
Contorniatcs were designed, in connexion with they would be of service to portraiture, as pro
the ludi Circensea; this is a question which, in fessedly exhibiting the heads of various eminent
the absence of historical, and in the paucity of individuals sought for in vain on other monu
numismatic, testimony, cannot be answered with ments of antiquity. But it is easy to imagine,
confidence. 'l‘he opinions of writers on the sub what slight reliance can be placed on likenesses
ject rest on the merest conjecture. Morel sus engraved many centuries after the death of the
pects that they were struck for the purpose of pcrsonages, in an age inimical to the arts, and
being given as prizes for the athletic games. for the most part by unskilful hands.”
linvercamp (in his elaborate description of, and It is, however, in the face of this remark of
commentary on, Contorniates), supposes they the illustrious Gennnn, that n scarcely less illus
were coined by the leaders and victors of the trious Italian antiquary, professes to regard as
circus, who wished thus to celebrate the praises authentic, up to a certain point, some portraits
of their conquering steeds. But this can apply which are found only on contorniate medals-.——
only to those coins on which horses appear. “Thcse heads (says M. Visconti), were struck
llcnry Cannegictcr, one of the latest writers at the epocha when the arts had declined—that
on the subject (in his Jlfiac. Observat. Grit. is to say, in the fourth and fifth centuries of the
Nevis, T. i. anni 1740), takes a remarkable Christian era. And although reproduced by the
view: viz. that these medals were distributed hand of art, after an interval of several cen
among the spectators by the partizans of the turies, are not to be considered as imaginary
chariotcers, in order that their success might be portraits. Collections of monuments of every
favoured by the words of good omen with which kind, which exist at this day at Constantinople
they were inscribed, and the figures portrayed and at Rome, present models, from which the
upon them. For it was the popular belief, that engravers of the carztorn-fates had the oppor
the spccd of the horses could be increased or tunity of copying. And, in fact, they directed
retarded by the arts of magic. And, to put in their entire attention to them, as may be proved
force or to counteract such influences, these con by n comparison of the portraits in question
torniatc medals were struck, bearing expressions with those which are preserved to us on monu
of good omen; and the same virtue was believed ments of greater antiquity. The only material
to reside in the likenesses of Alexander the difference to be remarked, is that which results
Great, of Olympias, Nero, Virgil, Apollonius from the nnskilfnlncss of the contorniate die
of Tyana, Apuleius, Anchises, ilélneas, Sac. be sinkcrs. (Sec Iconograp/s. Grec. TAB. i. Disc.
cause it was matter of tradition that those wor preliminaire, p. 15, 8vo. edition).
thics were either addicted to the practice of Pellerin confesses his aversion to this descrip
magic, or at any rate skilled in it. The same tion of coins; and though some would include
power also was attributed to the dragons often them, others would as resolutely exclude them
seen on these coins; and lastly, to the sign of from the list of true medallions-.—“ In this
the cross found inscribed on a quadriga in a coin diversity of opinion (concludes the Author of
given by Havercamp. But, as Eckhel observes, Doctrine), the middle is the safer course. For
in citing the above opinion, it is deserving only although so little reliance can be placed on con
of the praise which is due to n learned and in torniates, they are still useful, as witnesses of
gcnious conjecture. Of alater day, Pinkerton their age, and its manners; and of the notorious
has supposed that they were used as lessens‘, or fondness of the Roman people for public sports
tickets, and were distributed among the people and spectacles. Some interest is also to be dc
before the commencement of the games, en rived from their lively representations of the
Circus and its equipages, the chnriotcering, the
titling each individual to a “ reserved scat” on
the benches. huntiugs, the dress and “turn-out" of the cha
V1I.—O1s run manrr or CONTORNIATES.~— rioteers, the names of themselves and of their
Whatever may be its real merits, this class of horses, together with the acclamations of ap
coins has its patrons, to whom it has appeared plause and encouragement, with which they
worthy of being diligently sought after, and to were greeted by the speetatoi's.—Lustly, on cer
 CO _\'TORNI.»\'l‘E COINS. COPIA.-—(,‘OPONIA. 270
tain specimens of them may be seen subjects by by profession.”—On the other hand, M. Ch
nu mums deficient in elegance and classicality ; Lenormant, after comparing the Marquis’s con
some of which cannot be found on other antique torniate with that in the French National cabi
monuments; nay, in a very few instances, a net, proves by evidence derived from three me
worlnnnuship worthy of a better age." dals of the Antoninian mint, that the seated
U.\'norrr.n C0.\rrou1vi1i'rzs.—In vol. iii. of figure, with bristled hair on end, above described,
“ Pemzc Nzmlismalique, annéc 18410,” there are can be no other than the skilful and robust, but
three papers on Contorniate medals. Two are slovenly Vulcan. He further suggests that the
from the pen of the Abbé Greppo (author of circular object, having the twelve celestial signs
a nuinismatic Memaire our ls: V0]/age: rle l’Em round its outer compartment, and the sun and
pereur Hadrien), and the third is by that dis moon in the centre, is the shield of Achilles,
tinguished French antiquary M. Ch. Lenormant. on which the god of all artists who worked
1. The former of these pieces is thus described metals, is employed in the rescnce of Minerva,
(p. 89) :-ANTONINVS PIVS. Bust of Autoninus and that the tripod on w ich it is placed, is
Pius, to the right, bare head, the shoulders co probably one of those famous tripods which
vered with the paludamentum. Vulcan was occupied in fabricating when Thctis
Rev.—s.\Lvs ave. (as it would seem, for the entered his dwe.lling.—Sec M. Lenormant's brief
deep circular furrow on the outer edge of the but judicious and classical remarks on this sub -
inolal, peculiar to eontornintes, has obliterated ject, p.309, in the excellent French periodical
much of the lettering). Type, a rum, turned to above namcd.—See also, in this dictionary, the
the right, standing near a tree, feeding out of a word vuncanus.
crib standing on feet. Under the belly of the COOP. C'ooptatus.—Associated, elected.
animal hangs a man, with the pileus on his head, See Sacm-dos.
holding on by his hands to the front of the COPIA (I/ucaniazj colonic; an opulent town
ram’s fleece, and throwing up his feet on the of Magna Grsccia, originally called S5/baris,
rump of the animal. afterwards Tlzurium ; and lastly by the Romans
This curious reverse, in a learned and ingenious named Copia (now Sibari Rovinata, Southern
dissertation, the Abbe’ interprets, with great shew Italy). Of this place, under the name of Sy
of probability, to adumbrate a passage in the baris and Thorium, there are, according to
(H_I/ssey (ix. v. 434), where Ulysses, in order to Mionnet and Hennin, autonomous coins, in small
clleet his own and his companions’ rescue from brass, of considerable rarity, with the legends
the sangninary crucltics of Polyphemus, suspends coma and LCC. coma, and the types of Minerva,
liiinaelf, according to Homer‘s recital, under the Hercules, and Mercury; but none to indicate
belly of a large ram; and by this means, the that it was a colony under the emperors.
King of Ithaca and all his men, who adopted the COPIA LUGDUNENSlS.—-See Lugdimum
same stratagcm with others of the cyelops’ flock, Cvpia.
succeeded in accomplishing their escape from the COPONIA gens—a plebcian family but of
rm-crn of the giant, whom they had already noble origin. There are two varieties of coin
deprived of sight. The following silver is rare :——
The second medal is thus described :—06v.—
nrvo TEAIANO avavsro. Bust of Trajan to the
right, with the paludamenlum, head laurcated.
Rev.—\\"ithout legend. A bearded man, seated
on a chair, to the right, clothed in a short gar
ment, that leaves the breast and lower extre
initiu bare: the muscles of the arms and legs
strongly marked ; hair bristled up on the top of
the In-ad. He seems occupied in contemplating 06v.—Q. sicmivs. nr. vnz. Head of Apollo,
acircular object placed on a tripod (much re diademated ; beneath it a star.
sembling the zodiacal type on an Alexandrina Reu.—c. COPONIVS. rn. s. c.—Spoils of the
medallion of Antoninus Pius, in Zoega), placed lion raised on a club. In the field a bow and
before him. In tho field of the coin, above, is an arrow.
afigure of Pallas hclmeted, holding the hasta “It is certain (says Borghcsi), that the mo
and resting on a bnckler. Behind the principal netal triumvirs of 705 a. c. 4-9), although exiles,
figure is a parazonium with its baldrielr. caused coins to be minted, there being a mani
There are, it seems, two specimens of this fest proof of this fact, in the present example
contomiate, one in the Cabinet National dc of Q. Siciniria, who was assuredly one of them.
France, the other in the possession of the Mar And these denarii were in all probability coined
quis dc Pine. They are from different dies, and in some city recommended to the protection of
vary in some particulars, though they corres the Pretor 0. Coponiu.!.”—And Cavcdoni adds,
pond in general. The Abbé Greppo writes his “ We learn from Cicero, that C. Cuponius com
dissertation with M. dc l’inn’s coin before him, manded a fleet at Rhodes, pmtorio imperia.
and he inclines to the opinion that the type rc And, considering that the very singular type of
lates to judicial astrology, that the seated figure one of his denarii, the club, or upriy/it post,
is,“ that of a charioteer of the circus, or at from I/re lop Q/' which is :u.rpe1m’cd I/re lion’:
least of some other person employed at public skin, appears to have been taken from one of
spectacles, rather than of a judicial astrologer the coins of Alinda in Caria (or some other
 280 CORDU BA.— CORD! .-\. CORIN'l‘llUS.
city in that neighbourhood), it seems evident
that the triumvir C. Sicinius struck part at least
of his monies at or near Alinda, or seine town
nearer the Carina coast, opposite to the island
of Rhodes, then under the government of the
Prctor Coponius.”—-Cited by Riccio, p. 60.
Eckhcl has no doubt but that the arms and
attributes of llercules, on the reverse of this
silver coin, refer to the origin of Coponius, at the hnsta pura in her left, with a cupid hung
Tihur (a town of the Sabincs, about 20 miles to her neck behind. 7
from Rome), where great honours were paid to There is a deuurius of this gens, on which a
that dcmi-god. Whilst Riccio says—“ The bow Cupid appears dancing, with crown and palm
and arrow may refer as much to Hercules as to branch in his hands; and another with Cupid
Apollo, whose diademated head is on the ob riding on a dolphin.
verse; and this may possibly point to the go These coins are ascribed to Manins Cordius
vernment of the Pretor, in the island of Rhodes, Rufus, monetary triumvir under Julius Czrsar,
where Apollo was peculiarly the object of wor before or after the dictatorship. The type of
shi .” Venus, with the balance, refers to the origin of
CORDUBA, Hispanic Bmliaz, colonia (now Ciesur, and to his justice; that of the owl to
Cordova, in Southern Spain). This city was his prudence and wisdom; the warlike helmet
founded by Unrcellus; and made a colony in and the Egis to his valour; lastly, the palm and
the time of the republic. But its colonists hav crown borne by the dancing Cupid, alludes to
ing been diminished by war, Augustus, as soon the triumphs of Julius.
as he had pacificated Spain, gave it, according The heads of the Dioscuri connect themselves
to Pliny, the name of Patricia, and granted it with the worship paid to those dcmi-gods in
the privilege of striking money. (Vaillant).-~ Etruria, the native country of the moncyer,
The coins of this city, says Mionnet (Supplt. Cordius Rufus, who was pretor and pro-consul
TAB. l), consist of a Latin antonomc in small under Augustus, according to a marble dis
brass, and of imperial Latin colonials in first covered at Tusculum by the Abate l\mati.—See
and second brass, struck only under Augustus, further remarks on the types of the Cordin gens,
whose portrait, without laurel, they bear on cited from Cavedoni, by Riccio, p. 61.
their obverses. The legends of their reverses CORINTHUS, colonic, now Korilo, or Co
are comma PATRICIA, within a laurel wreath, rinI0.—Coriutl1 was the most celebrated city of
or accompanied with types, some representing Achaiu, situate at the end, and on the southem
pontillcal instruments, others military eusigns shore, of the Sinus Corinthiacus (Gulf of Le
and the names of legions. The following three puuto), near the isthmus which bears its name.
are specimens of the imperial class, viz. : For its beauty and elegance, its riches and luxu
1. rsninssv csnssms AVGVSTI. Bare head rious abundance, Cicero terms Corinth the light
of the Emperor. of all Greece (feline Gm-via lumen). lts more
Rev.—coL. PATH. LEG. v. x. (COI0nia Patri ancient appellation was Ep/I_1/rrz. From its local
cia Lrryiones Quinta et dz,-cima). A lcgionary position, between the two seas, this place was
eagle between two military cnsigns.—Eugravcd called Bimaris by the poets: in reference to
in Vaillant, Colonies, 1‘. i. p. 42. See that which, says Pellcrin, it is also several times re
writer’s learned remarks on this historical coin. presented on coins, under the emblem of a naked
2. PER. cans. avovsrr. Bare head of Augus figurc—that is to say, the Genius of the City,
tl15.—-Ilev.—-COLONIA rxrnrcu, within a civic who holds an oar in each hand, as in Elagabalins.
garland.—Engraved in Akerman, Ancient Coim Corinth had two ports, Leehanim on the Sinus
Q/' Cities, p. 30, pl. iii. No.11. Corinthiucus, and Ccnchrea on the Sinus Sam
If0v.—COLON. PATH. Pontifical instruments. nicus (Gulf of Egina). It had also a citadel on
Ibid. pl. iv. No. 1. u lofty rock, called Acrocorinthus. This far
3. Latin Aut0n0me.—0N. rvm. 1.. r. Q.— famed city was taken and destroyed by the con
Hcnd of Venus. sul Mliiilmius, general of the invading army of
Rev.—c0anvna. Cupid standing with torch the Romans, A. U. e. 609 (B. C. 145), who made
and cornucopia2.—~Engraved in the same work, its territories tributary to the republic. It was
p. 29, plate iii. No. 10. restored by Julius Cmsar, who also in 710 (s. c.
CORDIA gens, of Tuscan origin, and of ple 4-4) made it a colony, and afler whom it re
beian rank; its surname Rqfu.s.—This family ceived the denominatiou of Laws Ju/ii. In the
has tive varieties in its coins. The following are civil war, Corinth sided with Mark Antony
its two rarest denarii :— against Octavianus.
1. nvrvs. An owl on n helmet-.—-Rev.——Tho The coins of this city consist (besidm Greek
ZEgis of Minerva, with the words M AN1'14; COR autonomes) of Latin colonial autonomes, and of
DIVS around it.—Engraved in Morel]. Fam. Latin colonial imperial, in first, second, and
Rom. third brass. Corinth struck money by permis
2. nvrvs m. vin. The conjoined heads of sion, and to the honour, of the following per
the Dioacuri, with diademed bonnets, and stars sonages, viz.:—-Tulius Caesar, M. Antony, An
above each.—Rev.--MAN. coamvs. Venus stand gustus, Livia, M. Agrippa, Cains and Lucius,
ing, holding the balance in her right hand, and Agrippajuuior, ‘Tiberius, Antonia, Gertnnnicus,
 CORINTHIIS. C()R1N'l‘llUS. 281
Drusus Caesar, Caligula, Agrippina senior, Clau and Hygeia, Bacchus, Diana, Hercules, Jupiter,
dius, Domitian, 'l‘1'njan, Plotina, Hadrian, Sa Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Neptune, and Venus.
bina, Antoninus Pius, Faustina senior, M. Au The annexed wood-cut represents the type of
relius, L. Verus, Lucilla, Commodus, S. Seve a second brass, which Eckhel places among the
rus, Domna, Caracalla, Geta, Plautilla, Maori Latin autonomes.
uus, Elagabalus, Gordianns Pius.
In fact, no colony struck more imperial coins
than Corinth, especially from the commence
ment of Nero’s reign. When, indeed, that
prince visited Corinth, at the celebration of the
Isthmian games, the citizens recorded his arrival
on various coins, having already dedicated their
mouetal flattery to him, whilst he was yet but
ayouth, during the life-time of his father by
adoption, the Emperor Claudius. It will be re
marked, from the foregoing list, that no coins
of the Corinthians were consecrated to either o0RlN'rnvs1.—Bellerophon taming Pegasus
Vespasian or Titus. But the great number before one of the gates of Corinth.
struck under Domitian seems to indicate s resti Subjoiued is an alphabetical notice of some of
tution of liberties, or a remission of taxation, the principal types, which appear on the re
by the last named prince to this colony, which verses of the Latin imperial coins of this colony :
it had not enjoyed during the reigns of his Altar, with a tree upon it.—On coins of M.
father and brother. The coins minted at Corinth Aurelius and L. Vcrus this type appears. It is
with the respective etfigies of Antoniuus Pius, considered by Putin, with whom Vaillant agrees,
.\[. Aurelius, and L. Verna, are very numerous to be the altar of Melicerta, whose body, accord
and varied in their types, particularly those of ing to that most foolish and confused of Greek
the latter emperor, who lingered a. long time in myths, was found near a pinc-tree, and an altar
that seat of abandoned voluptnonsness, on his erected there.—See the Word lllelicerta.
way to wage war against the Parthians. Very Allocution.——-The emperor addressing his
considerable issues from the Latin colonial mint soldiers, as in Nero.
of Corinth took place under Commodus and Arc/r., with statues on it, as in Augustus, to
Septimins Severus.—See Mionnet, Supplt. 'r. iv. whose honour as victor at Actium, a trinmphal
The legends on the colonial imperial coins~ of arch was erected at Corinth.—Engrnved in
Corinth are as follow, viz.:-——C. COB. Colonia Vaillant’s Colonies, vol. i.
Con'nMu.:.—c.1..1.coa. and 001.. navs. ivL. Advmtus Augusti. c. C0n.—This legend, re
con. Colonia Lam Julia C'orinilms.—cor.. 1vL. ferring to the arrival of Nero at Corinth, has
arc. con. Colonia Julia Au_9u.rta Corinll:us.— for its accompanying types, the togated figure
It also, in flattery of Domitian, took the surname of the emperor, and the pretorian galley.
of his family: con. rmv. ave. con. Colonia Of this journey made by Nero into Greece,
Flavia Augusta C0n'nI/ma; thus leaving out the Dion Cassius (lib. 63, p. 719) observes, that he
name of Julius, who founded the colony.—The went thither, “ not as his warlike ancestors and
legend of a coin struck at Corinth under the predecessors (Flaminius Mummius, Agrippa,
same emperor, is con. PERM. nus. Corz'ntlu'1’er and Augustus) had done; but that he might
miuu Inzperatoris ; alluding to the privilege of drive the chariot, sing to his own playing on the
coining money, conceded by the emperors to harp, fill the oflice of herald at public games,
this and other colonies. and perform in tragedies."
The series of Corinthian money, both auto Belle:-opho1a.—'l'his favourite hero of the
nomous and imperial, are extremely interesting, Corinthians appears on their coins, sometimes
from the great number of types which refer mounted on the horse Pegasus and fighting the
either to the history of their city, in its earlier Chimaera, as in Julius Caesar; sometimes on
ages, or which offer views of temples and other horseback without the Chima.-ra, as in Domitian,
public edifices.—Thc Corinthians were great L. Verus, and S. Severus. The some destroyer
lovers of the fabulous; and whatever at of the triple monster appears on foot, holding
tached itself to their traditions and annals, Pegasus by the bridle (see the above cut). All
whether true or false—probable or absiu-d, pro these types were intended to indicate the remote
vided it served to augment their celebrity, was antiquity of the city.—See p. 125, and p. 198
alluded to on their monuments. As Roman of this dictionary—see also cussu'r1a, and the
colonists, but in the servile spirit of Greek word rrzoasus.
adulation, they sometimes represented the em Cains and Lm-ius, 0¢2.mre:.—These two young
perors in their mintages, under the form and princes (p. 217) are named together on coins
with the attributes of gods. They were also of Augustus struck at Rome, but their portraits
accustomed to strike on their money the names placed opposite to each other are found only on
of one of, or both, the duumviri, by whom as a a few colonial pieces, amongst which are thosc
colony they were governed. of Corinth. On the obverse of these is the bare
Amongst the divinities worshipped, and to head of Augustus, with legend czu-zsan CORINT.
whom temples were dedicated and coins minted —Eugravcd in Vaillant, '1‘. i.
with their images, at Corinth, were Esculapius Colonist (ll-iving oxen at ploug/z.—T'he only
20
282 CORlN'l‘lll'S. CORINTIIUS.
piece struck by the Roman colony of Corinth, ‘
which bears the common colonial symbol, is a
second brass dedicated to Augustus, who re
inforced, with his disbanded veterans, the too
scanty population originally planted there by
ulius.
Crown of Parsley (corona ex apio), within
which is the word ISTHMIA, as in Nero, alluding
to the Isthmian games (certamina Isthmiaea),
celebrated near Corinth, on the isthmus, every
fifth year.——Engraved in Vaillant, i. p. 118. made of scales, nllusivc to the divine rites paid
O/iimawa (see p. l98).—Thc Corinthians to Melicerta.—The same figure of a child is on
struck this enigmatical object on their coins, in another coin recumbent on a dolphin, near a tree,
remembrance of their champion Bellerophou, as on the opposite side of which is Sis-_:/p/m.r under
in Domitian, M. Aurelius, and L. Verus. the figure of a naked man, holding in his right
Emperors in lriumplzal quadrigm, and on hand a vicloriola, and in his left a palm branch.
horseback, appear on first and second brass of This type, which appears on a coin of M.
this colony, dedicated to Domitian, and L. Verus. Aurelius, is supposed by Vaillant to refer to the
Engraved in Vaillant, i. p. 201. Isthmian games instituted in honour of Meli
Genius of the Colony qf Corinth. (can. con. certs.
C0a.)—'l'lus appears under the form of a half Nqitune is a frequent type on the coins of the
naked man, holding a patera and cornucopirc, Roman colony, as being the tutclary deity of the
on a second brass of Nero, who in the charac Corinthians. He had a temple at Lechmum.
teristic spirit of adulation to that tyrant, is ex And on coins of Augustus, Octavia Neronis,
hibited hy the Corinthians, just as the Genius and Autoninus Pius, he is typified, holding the
Populi Ifomani was customarily depicted on trident, and drawn in a shell-formed car by two
coins of Roman die.~—Engraved in Vaillant, i. sea-horses.—On a first brass of Domitian, the
Pellcrin, in Mélange, vol. i. pl. xvi. p. 264, god appears sitting on a rock, on which his
gives a Corinthian coin of Agrippina Claudii, right hand rests, his left being extended towards
which, with GEN. COL. for its legend, exhibits a a woman who stands before him, holding an
woman habited in the stola, standing with paters infant in her arms.-—[This refers to Ino, the
and cornucopiae. There is a similar dedication unhappy wife of Athamss, imploriug the assist
of a second brass coin, by the Corinthians, to ance of Neptune to save her newly born son,
M. Aurelius.-—Soe the word GENIUS. Melicerta (in Ovid, Jllefam. 4.) The rock is
Ino.—On a second brass, bearing on one side that of Moluris, and the dolphin reeals to rc
the head and titles of Sept. Severus, and on the collcction the fish on which the boy was carried.
other c. 1.. 1. cos. The type is a woman stand —Sce the word mo.
ing, with one foot on a rock, and the other sus On coins of Domitian, Hadrian, and .\I.
pended, her right arm holds out an infant: at Aurelius, Neptune sits, or stands, with trident
the bottom of the rock is a dolphin. This wo and dolphin ; on some his left foot is planted on
man is Ino, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, the prow of avessel, as in Commodus; on a
wife of Athainas, king of Thebes. She was the second brass of which last-named emperor, the
mother of Mcliccrta, and regarded as a goddess god of the Sea stands holding his right hand
by the Grecks.—Engraved in Vaillant, ii. p. 9. over an altar, on the other side of which is a
J|lelz'certa.——Types connected with this le trce.—On a first brass dedicated to M. Aurelius,
gendary “ nothing" about which, the Corin the Corinthians have figured Neptune, standing
thians made so “much ado,” upon their coins in atriumphal car, atrident in his right, and
and other monuments, appears on second brass an image of Victory in his left hand, which
dedicated by this colony to Sabina, Antoninus obviously refers to the honours of the Triumph
Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Vcrus, Commodus, Sept. conferred on the Emperor by the Senate at
Severus, and Caracalla. Rome, for some signal success which he had
The son of Ino is represented under the figure just gained, and he is here displayed as Neptune
of a naked boy on a dolphin, sometimes sitting himself.-—Thc above are engraved in Vaillant’s
astride the fish, on other reverses he stands Colonial work, vol. i. pp. 14-0, 181.—Pellex-in
upright on its back; in a third typification he gives a coin of this colony, dedicated to Julia
lies stretched out at length, with his face down Domna, on which is Neptune with his right foot
wards, on the dolphin which is placed on a placed on the head of a bull, and holding in his
table. On some of these there is a tree behind right hand the aplmrlrrzm. (Mel. 'r. i. pl. xviii.
the boy and the dolphin. This alludes to a pine No. 5, p. 289.)
tree, near which was found the dead body of Obelisk, on which is a naked image, with a
Melicerta, in memory of whom the victors at spear in the left hand. On each side of the obe
the Isthmian games were crowned with pine lisk is an equestrian figure, in a military dress,
leaves. as if galloping.
On a well known and elegant coin of Corinth, This appears on a coin of Corinth, dedicated
struck in honour of M. Aurelius and L. Vcrus, to M. Aurelius, and which Vnillnnt thinks was
the boy, the dolphin, and the pine tree, are ex intended to represent statues raised in honour of
hibited within a round temple, having a dome M. Aurelius and L. Verus; the obelisk itself be
 CORINTHUS. CORIN'l‘llUS. 283
ing one on which were inscribed their warlike ‘ of the port is doubtless meant to signify the
exploits respectively achieved against the Par pine, near which Sisyphus found the body of
thiaus and other enemies of Rome.—Eugrnved Meliccrta; and where Theseus compelled Sinis
in Vaillant, i. 187. to undergo the same fate to which he had sub
Peyaxu, the winged horse of Apollo, is re jected those wretched people who fell into his
presented flying, on Corinthian coins of An hands. Although this tree was near Crommyon,
gustus, Caligula, and Domitian, he is figured and at s great distance from Cenchrea, yet by a
standing on coins of M. Aurelius, L. Verns, and license which ancient artists often allowed them
Commodns, also on the summit of the Aero-Corin selves, it is represented close to this port." On
thus in a medal of Claudius. For other types of another rare Corinthian eoin this same tree
this fabulous animal, in association with the is found transported to the foot of the Acro
traditions of Corinth, sec wood-cuts in this Corinthus; probably intended to indicate the
8l'Tll.'lL‘—S€-C also the word PEGASUS. Isthmian games, about which such great pains
Pireue.—On a third brass of Sept. Severus were taken to cause their frequent re-celebration.
is the figure of a young woman, sitting on a The head of the Emperor Antonine, which ap
rock, on which her left hand rests; with her pears on the obverse of this remarkable speci
right hand she supports a vase on her knee.—— men, may warrant the inference that the port
Vafllant (ii. 10) regards this to represent the of Cenchrea underwent certain reparations and
nymph Pirene, who in consequence of Diana embellishments, under the orders of that prince,
having rashly slain her son, is said to have shed of which history furnishes no record.—See Re
tears so abundantly, that she was changed into cueil, &c. p. 48.
the fountain which bears her name, and which
is situate near the Acro-Corinthns.
In his “ Ifecueil dc quelques Jlédaillex Grec
gua Ins'dilaa,” the late M. Millingcn (p. 46),
has given the following second brass of L. Verus :

This antique delineation of the port of Cen

nrr. cans. avnnn. vravs ave. Bare head
of the Emperor Verus to the right.
1ieu.—co1.. 1. con. A woinzui seated, hold
ing a vase on her knees, at the foot of the Acro
Corinthus ; before her stands a winged horse,
drinking.
This type, as the learned numisrnatist above
named reinarks, has evident allusion to the myth
of Pegasus, captured whilst quenching his thirst
at the fountain of Pirene, by Bellerophon, with
the aid of Minerva.
Port of Cenclu'ea.—On a second brass of this dedicated by this colony to M. Aurelius and L.
colony, struck under Antoninus Pius, with the
legend c. L. 1. con. the reverse type exhibits a
port of semi-circular form, at each extremity of
which is a temple, and in the centre of the har
bour is a statue of Neptune. Before it are three
vessels; and to the left is the trunk of n tree.
M. Millingen, in publishing an engraving of
this perhaps unique coin, (an accurate copy of
which appears in the right-hand column, observes,
that “the port here represented must, accord
ing to_the description of Pausanias, be that of
Cem.-/zrea. Its form was semi-circular, and at
each extremity was a temple ; that to the right
was probably dedicated to ZEsculapius and Isis ;
that on the opposite side, to Venus. A colossal
bronze statue of Neptune was placed on a rock,
or a massive foundation of masonry, raised in
the midst of the current. The tree on the side
202
chrea derives additional interest from the circum
stance of its local connection with the apostolic
labours of St. Paul at Corinth, and of its hav
ing been the place of embarkation on his voy
age to Ephesus, and thence to Cmsarea, in his
way to Jerusalem. (Acts, c. xviii.)
S0l.—On a small brass of M. Aurelius, with
the legend of Colonia Laua Iulia Carin!/I-us, ap
pears the head of the Sun, ornamented with
rays.—A second brass of Nero exhibits the Sun,
under the figure of a young man, with radiated
head, and with a whip in his right hand, driv
ing a quadriga. at fu.ll speed.—Sol is also repre
sented under the type of a male figure, clothed
in a tunic, and crowned with rays, on coins
Vcrus.
Apollo, in quality of the god of day, was re
garded, next to Ne-ptunus, as the tutelary deity
of the Corinthians. For, according to Pausanius,
Neptunus and Sol competed with each other for
the otfice of protector to their city; and Briarens
being appointed to arbitrate between them,
awarded the isthmus to Neptune; and the pro
montory which commands the city, viz. the Acro
Corinthus, to the Sun's especial guardianship.
In the case of L. Verna, it probably associates
itself with the successful result of his eastern
expedition, the flattery of the Achnians appro
priating to imperial princes the form and fashion
of the very gods they worshipped.—'l‘hese types
are engraved by Vnillnnt, in Coloniis, i. 199;
and in Havercamp, Cabinet de C/zrinina, second
brass series.
284 CORINTHUS. CORNELIA.
TempIe.r.—Types of this description, under licentitl vitm liberioris, sed etiam adulteriis et
several varieties, appear on many coins conse juventutis umoribus infamatus est."
crated to the Roman Emperors and their Au Venue’, standing undressed in a marine car,
guatar by this colony, such as Augustus, Octavia, drawn by a triton and a ncreid, with legend 0011.
Tiberius, Nero, Galba, L. Vcrns, &c.; some are and the names of the dumrwiri of Corinth at the
of four, others of six, columns; some with, time : n most elegant coin in second brass,
others without, flights of steps to them. struck in honour of Agrippina, wife of Claudius,
Temple qf Venu.v.—A second brass, which and also another of the same type, dedicated to
offers on one side the name, titles, and portrait Nero.—Engraved in Vaillnnt, i. p. 1l3.—On is
of the Emperor Lucius Verus, exhibits on its coin of Antoniuns Pius, the same goddess is re
reverse the legend o. 1.. 1. con. and the type of presented as a young woman clothed in the
the Acro-Coriutlms, or citadel of Corinth, stols, and holding the apple awarded to her by
with the temple of Venus on its summit. From Paris as the prize of beauty.—On a second brass
the extremity of the rock, the horse Pegasus of L. Vcrus she holds a shield in both hands,
takes his flight into the air, seemingly ascending and Cupid stands before hcr feet.-—On second
towards the heavens, as if there to take a place brass of M. Aurelius, Lucillu, and Plautilla, the
amongst the constellations. At the foot of the image of this grossly cherished deity of the Co
mountain is an edifice and a grotto, on the left rinthians, stands within a temple placed on s. high
is s tree. summit.——-It was to Venus that the sensual peo
ple of this colony raised temples, under various
names, and erected statues, not only on the
summit of the Acro-Corinthus, but also in the
suburbs and in the port of Ccnchrea.—Sec the
word vexus.
Viclar;/.—The Corinthians, like the inha
bitants of the Greek cities, were accustomed to
flatter their imperial masters, with this symbol
of military success and triumph on their coins.
Types of Victory, with palm branch and laurel
wreath, standing on the ground, or in a gallop
ing quadriga, appear on coins dedicated to
It is very difiicult to determine what are the Commodus, Sept. Severus, Julia Domna, and
two architectural objects, in the lower part of Caracalla.—Pcllcrin givm us an engraving
the reverse. It is believed that the one on the (Jllé/ange, i. pl. xvi.) of a Corinthian small
right hand is meant for the temple of Neptune, brass of Galba, whose coins struck in the colo
and that on the opposite side is the grotto where nies are rare, on the reverse of which is Viola:-_y
Sisyphus deposited the body of Mclicerta. The standing with garland and palm branch. Also
tree on the left hand side is probably the same another of the same emperor, with type of two
of which mention has already been made. hands joined, not given in Vaillant.
This type of a temple on the top of a rock, CORNELIA gens.—This was of plebeian as
with an edifice and a grotto at the base of the well an pstrician rank; Sabine in origin, and
same perpendicular ecclivity, is by no means divided into various branches. In its patrician
rare; but the additional feature of Pegasus, stem, the highest and most noble of all the Ro
springing up from the summit, has never dis man families, it gave many remarkable and
played itself on s coin of Corinth, until published illustrious subjects to the republic. Amongst
by Millingen, from whose “Recueil,” TAB. ii. its numerous surnames, those which appear on
No. 20, the above is copied. coins are Balbus, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinns, Cos
On a second brass of this colony, struck sus, Faustus, Lentulus, Scipio, Sisenna, Spin
under L. Verus, is the side view of a four ther, Sulla, &c.—No less than 121 varieties are
columned temple, with steps to its portieo. ascribed by Morel, confirmed by Mionnet, to the
This temple, namely that of Venus, on the coins of Cornelia gens, whose name is also read
summit of the Acro-Corinthian rock, Pausanias, on the cisiophori. The brass pieces are the Ar,
confirmed by Strsbo, stamps with an infamous or some of its parts, or they were struck by
celebrity, in the following terms, which Vuillant the moneyers of Augustus.
(i. 203), quoting from the Greek, gives in a The following are some of the rarest and most
Latin dress :— interesting of the Cornelian mintages :
“ Et fanum Vcneris Corinthi fuit loeuples, nt 1. BLASIO. cu. r. llelmeted head of n sol
plnres qnam C13. habuerit sncrorum famulas dier, uithout bea.rd.—Ren.—A male figure,
meretrices, quas Dose viri mulieresque dedica
rnut. Ob haec igitur ct magma hominum multi
tudo ea in urbe et divitise fucrunt.
The Corinthians seem to have chosen this -
temple of Venus, as a fit type for a medal dedi
cated to L. Vcrus, because he was an especial
worshipper of that goddess ; for Capitolinns, his
biographer, states him to hnvc been so cntirc s
slave to lust, that when in Syria, “ non solum
 CORNELIA. CORNELIA. 285
naked, with haste in the right, and arrows or same name, and consul himself in 753 (B. c. 1).
the fulmeu in the left hnnd, stands between two They were both minted about the year 731 (B. c.
clothed female figures, one of them galeated, 23), certainly not beyond 742 (B. c. 12), in
and who holds a crown over the central figure. which year Agrippa died.—Riecio, 67.
In the exergue RODIA. In the former of the two most probably is
The head on the obverse of this dcnarius has represented the statue of Augustus, erected on
all the appearance of being a portrait. Viscouti the occasion of his victory at Actium, to which
and Borghesi agree in attributing it to the first the ship’s prow refers that adorns the base of
Scipio Africanus, as struck by the moneyer the statue.
Cneus Cornelius Blnsio, in honour and praise of On the second reverse is the head of Agrippa,
his own family. Its likeness to the bust of that general and afterwards son-in-law of Augus
great man, preserved in the capitol, seems to tus, who greatly contributed by his counsels
warrant the supposition. and by his military velour to advance the
Eckhel (v. p. 180), treats the reverse of this fortunes and to embellish the life of the first
coin as representing Dionysus (Bacchus), with Roman emperor. (See p. 27 of this dictionary.)
Pallas on his left hand, in the act of crowning —The rostral crown was awarded to victors in
him; the other female figure he leaves uniden naval engagements, and that which is seen on
tified.~Sce his remarks on the group as quoted the head of Agrippa is referable to the above
in p. 120 of this dictionary.—Mionnet gives a mentioned battle of Actium, gained by him
similar description of the reverse, viz. :—“ Bac whilst in command of Oetavian’s fleet against
chus debout entre Pallas et une famine.” that of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
Riccio, on the other hand, pronounces the 5. EX. s. c. Female head with a helmet,
three figures to be “Jove standing with /uuta terminated with the hcnd of a g1'ifi'1n.—Rev.—
and fulmen, Juno on his right, and Pallas on cm-nnavs or cnrnovs (rz'c.) A naked man,
his left hand," adding that “ the type is conse with Phrygian bonnet, riding on a goat at full
crated to the three principal deities of paganism, speed. Below ROMA, all within n crown of ivy.
to which the Romans paid the highest worship, —Valned by Mionnet at 200 fr.—Engraved in
and which were the objects of peculiar adora Morel]. Fam. Rom. Cornelia.
tion in the interior recess of the Capitoline tem In the mintsges of the Fonteia family Eckhel
ple, where Scipio paid his devotions (facendosi recognises the genius of Apollo Vcjovis riding
snpporre figlio di Giove), affecting to be the son on the goat, which was held sacred to him.-—
of Jupiter. By the same rule, Cavedoui is disposed to view,
2. aannvs rao PR. A club.-—Rev.——Hea.d in the above reverse, the genius of Juno Laun
of Octavian. c. caasaan III. VIR. n. P. c.— vina, and to suppose that it alludes to a passage
Engravcd in Morell. Fem. Rom. Cornelia. in the life of Cains Cornelius Cethegus, consul
This coin belongs to Lucius Balbus, provin in 557 (13. c. 197) who, at a battle with the
cial pro-pretor in 712 (B. C. 42), and afterwards Inrubre: (people of Iiomlmrdy), made the vow
consul, although of Spanish origin. lie was of a temple to the goddess; and that the goat
one of the early adherents of Octavianus, whose and ivy crown refers to the cognomen of Callie
head he has stamped on this coin; and the club yus, which in the Greek language corresponds
on the reverse may perhaps refer to the worship with edera and capra. The workmanship of
of Hercules by the Gaditani (people of Cadiz), this denarius, of classic rarity, carries it to the
of whom he was a fellow countryman.-Riccio, latest age of the republic.—Riccio, p. 63.
p. 67, who gives an engraving.—-See also Morell. 6. L. SCIP. ASIAG. Jupiter in a quadriga at
3. L. 1.1-:.~z-rv1.vs rnam-zn. mnr1aLrs.—Sce full speed, holding a sceptre and the reins in his
Flamen. right hand.—Obv.—Head of Jupiter Capitolinus.
4. cossvs on‘. r. LENTVLVS.-—Al1 equestrian
statue, holds on his left shoulder a trophy, and
has for pedestal the prow of a ship.—06v.
avcvsrvs DIVI. 1'. Laureated head of Augustus.
A rare denarius from the original mintagc
under Augustus, but of the highest rarity, as
restored by Trajan.—Engraved in Caylus, and
in Morel.
M. AGBIPPA cos. rear. cossvs LEN‘l‘VLVS.—
Head of A 'ppa, with the mural and rostrated This deuarius, Eckhel, agreeing with preced
crown.—0 v.—avovs'rvs cos. XI. Laureated ing numismatists, considers to have been coined
head of Augustus. in reference to Lucius Cornelius Scipio, consul in
This is of great rarity, as contemporaneous the year of Rome 564 (B. 0. 190), to whom the
with the mintagcs of Augustus, but the resti people then and not before, decreed the govern
tution by Trajan, especially in gold, is rare in the
ment of Greece, and the carrying on of the war
highest degree.-—See an engraving from a well with Antiochus the Great. He was the eldest
preserved specimen of this coin, under the head brother of Pnblius Scipio. And as Publius Scipio
of conons nosrmvra at nuaiuns. took the name of Afiicanua, for his conquests in
The above two coins were struck by Cnens Afiica, so Lucius Scipio, having subdued the
Cornelius Lcntulns, called Cossus, one of the Syrian monarch and restored peace in Asia, rc
iuoneycrs of Augustus, son of the consul of the ceivcd the name of Asia]/erzcr, or A.rialicu.r.
286 COltNELl.~\. CORNELIA.
On the other hand, Borghesi contends that in the above reverse, that it was not with im
this denarius does not belong to the consul of punity that the power of the Roman people
564, but to another Lucius posterior to 600 could be disparaged or insulted; and that as the
(B. c. 154), and Cavedoni refers it to the consul daring Titans were destroyed by the extermin
of 671, viz. L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (B. c. ating thundcrbolts of Jupiter, so the enemies of
83). The head of Jupiter on the obverse, and Rome were pulverised and dispersed by the Ro
the same deity in the qnadriga of the reverse, man sword.——Eckhe1 himself regards it as a
appears to allude to the protection extended by symbolical representation :—qni ceterum sim
that deity to the Romnns.—See Riccio, p. 68. bolicus totus videtur, et notare seditionem ali
7. Laurcated and bearded head of Jupiter. quam Roma: fcliciter sopitam. (v. p. 189).
Rev.—c. N. LENTVLM. Eagle on a thunderbolt. Cavedoni, cited by Riccio (p. 68), says, “I
In g0ld.—Valned by Mionnet at 150 fr. by Rio am inclined to think that the busts of the Sun
cio at 30 piastres. and the crescent Moon are introduced here by
Borghesi ascribes this to Cu. Lcntulus Clo way of allusion to the name of Cornelius, com
dinnus consul in 682 (B. C. 72), probably qucstor posed of Cor-nu and ./Elias.” A far-fetched and
in 670 (B. e. 84), and two or three years previ unsatisfactory conjecture. The appearance of
ously one of the monetal triumvirs. these two planets is more likely to connect it
8. mar. Q. vita. Bearded male head.-Rev. self with some incident relating to the giants’
1.. Ll-INT. e. rune. cos. A legionary eagle be war.
tween two standards. On one H. on the other 11. c. CASS! me. LEIBEBTAS. Head of
P.—See NERIA family. Liberty diademed.—Rev.—LEN'1‘\-'L\'s SPINT.-—
9. L. LEI\'T\'l.VS c. MARC. cos. Statue of The prefericulum and the lit1m.r.—See this coin,
Diana of Ephesus, with a prop, or support in rare in gold, engraved in p. 139 of this volume.
each hand.—Obv.—Head with bushy hair and 12. Bavrvs. 'l‘he s-impulum, axe, and the
beard. .rece.1pita.——Iiev.—1.nN'rv1.vs SPINT.——R.i0Oi0
The obverse type represents Jupiter Plavius; values this in gold at 30 piastre.
and the Ephesian Diana, mummgfera, on the 13. c. CASSI me. Tripod with cortim:.—
reverse, designates the place where this rare Re»-.—Lnxrv1.vs SPINTEB. Prcfericulum and
deuarius was coincd. In fact towards the close litnus.-—See rmeos.
of 705 (B. e. 4-9), Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. These coins were struck in Asia by Publius
and his colleague in the consulate, Cains Clau Cornelius Lentulus Spiuther, son of P. Cornelius
dius Marcellus were residing at Ephesus.—Ric Lentulus Spiuther, consul in 697 (B. c. 5T).———
cio, p. 65. Ilc was augur, and opposed to Caesar in the civil
10. SISENA. ROMA. Galeated head of Rome, war, in which he lost his father. After the
before it x.—R¢-o.—ew. eo112~'e1.. L. r. Jupiter battle of Pharsalia he fled to Alexandria, and
in a rapid quadriga strikes Titan with a thun was pardoned by Julius. On the death of the
dcrbolt, whilst his horses gallop over the rebel Dictator, he followed the party of the conspira
lious giant. Above are the heads of tho sun tors, and held military command under them,
and moon, and two stars. with rank of pro-pretor and pro-questor.—Aftv.r
the battle of Philippi he was put to death by
order of Mark Antony and Octavian. It was
in 711 or 712 (B. e. 43 or 42), that as pro
questor of Brutus and Cassius, in Asia, he caused
these coins to be struck, the types of which
shew him to have been appointed to the augnrate
and also to the priesthood.—See Riecio, p. 65.
14. L. sv1.1.a.-—l’lead of Venus Victrix, much
ornamented; before it stands Cupid, with n bow
Almost every one is acquainted with the myth and long palm branch in his hands.—Reu.——
of the Titans, who attempted to invade the IMPEB. rrrznvu. Prefericulum and litnus be
throne of -Tove, and were all destroyed by the tween two trophics.—In gold, brought £7 7s.
Thnnderer, in punishment of their impious at the sale of the Pembroke collection.
audacity. What object the moncyer may have
contemplated in borrowing such a fabulous inci
dent, is not to be deciphered by any help that
history supplies. But an endeavour may be
made to interpret the meaning, by resorting to
the assistance of proximate and contempora
neous events.
Cncus Cornelius Sisenna, son of Lucius, was
quawlor urbauus, some year previous to 623
(B. e. 131), in which year he occupied the pre This coin bears on its obverse the head of
torship. At that time the consul Perpennn hav Venus, because, according to Plutarch, Sulla in
ing defeated and taken prisoner Aristonieus (who scribed Mars, Fortuna, Venus, on n tr0phy.—
in Asia attempted to throw off the Roman yoke), Cupid with a palm branch obviously denotes
was rewarded in consequence with triumphal Venus Vic!ri.1. The two trophies on the reverse
honours. Siscnna wished perhaps to indicate, allude to two victories which, in the year 66?
 (‘OR.\'ELI.“i. CORNELIA. 287
(B. c. 87), he gained over Archelaiis, the general Rufus, son of Quintus, that is to say, a nephew
of Mithridates, on Mount Thurius, and in the descendant of the consul, and maternal nephew
field of Chcronea, on which account two tro of Sulla, because born of Fansta his daughter;
phies were erected. And for this twofold mea and thus he re-commemorated his ancestors both
sure of success he was called IMPe1-aior ITE paternal and maternal. The cnrule chairs recal
R\'.\I (General in Chief for the second time).— to mind the insignia of the two consuls. The
According to universal admission, this coin, in branch and the crown of laurel allude to the
gold and silver, was struck in Sulla’s life-time. triumphs of Sulla; or, according to Cavedoni,
The yutlu: and lifuus, sure signs of the augural they are introduced here, perhaps, to indicate
office, shew Sulla to have been Augur, as was that Sulla was one of the Decemviri sacris
also Faustus his son.-—Appian aftirms that the facizmdis. The lituus attests the fact of his
former was also invested with the Priesthood. augurate. The arrow refers to the Apollinarian
See Dadrina, vol. v. p. 190. games, the celebration of which belonged to the
15. L. MANLI. PROQu12.s'I0r. Head of Pal prctor, an oilice certainly held by those two
las, with winged helmet.—Iteu.-—L. SVLLA IMP. consuls. Sulla ed'ectivel_v Obtained the pro-pre
Sulla in a triumphal quadriga, a flying Victory torship in 660 (n. c. 94), prior to his being
holding out a crown over him. sent on his Asiatic expedition against Mithri
A highly-preserved specimen of this very rare dates and Ariobarzanes.
coin, in gold, brought £22 10s. at the Thomas 19. rermx. A heroic head diademed, with
sale; and a somewhat less perfect specimen of small beard, and the skin of a lion tied to the
the same obtained £15 10s. at the Pembroke shoulders.—Rev.—rsvsrvs. Diana in a biga
sale. at full speed, with whip or litnus in her right
This type of reverse seems to shadow forth hand, and three stars in the field of the coin.
one or more of the signal triumphs which the 20. ravsrvs. Head of Diana, surmounted
Dictator achieved, and enjoyed the honours of, by a half moon, behind it the lituus.—1t4.>v.
over Mithridates, King of Pontus.——For an en rr-zmx. Sulla in the toga, seated on an elevated
graving of this dcnarius sec the word svana. platform; behind him, below, is an old man
Lucius llanlins, who caused the above coin kneeling on one knee, with his hands tied behind‘
to be minted. was pro-questor in 673 (B. o. 81). him. Before him kneels another figure, who
He was allied to the family of the Ibrquati, presents to Sulla a branch of laurel.—For an
according to Cavedoni. engraving of this coin see the words FAUS’l‘US—
16. The head of Pallas helmetcd, on which rnux.
a small figure of Victory behind is placing a The above and other money with these legends,
garland.—Rev.—Sulla in military dress, stand were coined by Faustus the son of Sulla, in the
ing with parazouium in his left hand, joins his time of Pompey the Great, of whom he was the
right to that of another military figure, who son in law, and in the year 700 (n. c. 54), when
holds a short javclin. Behind is o ship, whence he was urban questor.
Sulla appears to have disembarked.—See this 21. L. LA IMP. Figure on horseback, in
extremely rare coin engraved under the head of the garb o pacificator, or ambassador.—0bv.
smma. —s. MANL1. A. 1*. Q. Head of Rome or of
17. SVLLA cos. Beardlcsa head of n man. Minerva.—In gold, valued by Mionnct at 200 fr.
Rt-r.—-Q. rou. avri. avrvs cos. Another bare
and beardless head.—See the word SVLLA.
18. svL1.A cos. Q. roirrnl. nvr. A cnrule
chair, between a lituus and n. crown.—Rev.——Q.
Pournr. Q. P. nvrvs cos. A cnrule chair, be
tween an arrow and a branch of laurel.

22. 1.. svnm ri-:(r.Ix). Same type of reverse.

—0bu.—SaJnc legend and type.—[Vnlued by
Mionnet at 300 fr.——A specimen of this almost
unique gold coin brought £19 10s. at the Pem
broke sale].
These two aurei seem to borrow light from a
passage in Cicero, wherein he mentions a gilt
Lucius Comclius Sulla (Felix), and Quintus equestrian statue raised to the honour of Sulla.
Pornpcius Rufus were both consuls contempora Eckhel considers either that the equestrian figure
neously in 666 (B. c. 88). It is contended by represents a statue which was dedicated to Sulla,
the old numismatists, that Faustus, son of the or that it refers to the peace obtained for the
consul and dictator Sulla, born of Cecilia Me republic by means of his famous victories.
tella, his fourth wife, wished to celebrate such A. Manlius, whose name is inscribed on these
consulate on this medal by typifying the sym coins, appears to be the same person who was
bols of two consuls. But this, says Riecio, is lieutenant to C. Marius, in the war against
contrary to the reading of the legend both on Jugurtha, and was sent, together with Sulla, to
the obverse and reverse, which shews it to have the Numidian, Bocehus, when that artful king
been minted by a certain Quintus Pompeius was desirous of peace with the Romans. After
 288 CORNELIA. CORNU.—CORNUCOPlAE.
wards, Manlius appears to have adhered to Snlla. CORNU. A horn.—This was the symbol of
Eckhel further remarks, that the two gold coins power and strength, by which men in ancient
above mentioned, much exceed the usual and times sought to imitate that “ glory of the fore
prescribed weight of the aurei. And Barthe head,” which nature has given to certain ani
lemy regards them as being of that kind which mals. The ram’s horn decorates the head of
was struck in the Peloponnessus, during Sull.a’s Alexander the Great and his successors. But
government in Greece, through the instrumen that token most frequently designates Jupiter
tality of Lucullus; for which reason they were Ammon himself, on coins of Alexandria, Bostra,
called pecunia Lucullea.—See Nmn. Vet. v. 191. Cassandrea, Laodicaza, and other Egyptian and
23. Head of Venus, and aglobe.—1iev.—A Greek cities. Moreover it appears on denarii
figure reclining between Diana and Victory.—In and aurei of the Cornuficia and Piuaria families.
silver, valued by Mionnet at 30 fr.-—See an en Lastly on imperial coins of Augustus, M. Anto
graving of this rare reverse from a denarins of nius, Trajanus, Hadrianus, M. Aurelius, and S.
the Emilia gens, L. BUCA, p. 146 of this dic Severus. (See Amman, p. 40).—Serrzpi.r with
tionary.—Sec also the word SULLA. horns is seen on coins of Trajanus, Hadrianus,
24. Head of Venus, behind it a sccptre and Antoninus, M. Aurelius, struck in Egypt.
s. c.—Rev.—ravs1‘. in monogram. Three tro Juno having her head covered with horns of the
phies, between the prq/ericulum and the lituua. goat, appears on coins of the Papia, Procilia,
—See the word SULLA. Boscia, and Tituris families, and of the Empe
25. nvsr. Beardless head of the young Her rors Antoninus and Commodns.
cules, covered with the spoils of the lion; be Carnua Fluviorum.——Horns on the heads of
hind it s. c.—Rev.—-A globe in the midst of four river-gods are metaphorically exhibited from
crowns ; below it an acrostolium and a corn-ear. bulls, whose chief strength is in their homs.——
The trophies on No. 24 allude to those of The ancients depicted the heads of personified
Sulla, that is to say, two gained against Arche rivers as adorned with horns, to indicate the
laus and Dorilaus, the generals in chief of Mith violence of waters, with which the earth Wns
ridates ; and the third against Fimbria, general torn up as with the horns of a bull.—Spauheim,
-of the Marian faction. Eckhel believes that Pr. i. 39-§.—Scc Fluviru.
they refer to the entire successes of Sulla in the Coma Amalf/uza.—See Amaltllea, p. 4-0.
Mithridatic war; that is to say, the battles of CORNUCOPlAE.——This well-known, and,
Chcronea, '.l‘hurins, and Orcomenes. on coins, often recurring symbol of abundance,
The last, with the crowns, alludes, according fecundity, fertility, and happiness, is by some
to the general opinion of numismutic antiqua mythological writers identified with the horn of
ries, rather to the victorious achievements of Amalt/1-ea, the nurse of Jupiter, and from which
Pompeius Maguus than to those of Sulla. The horn fruits and flowers, and all the richm of
acrostalium refers to the destruction of the nature and of art, are represented as issuing.—
pirates, and the ear of corn to the victualliug Others pretend that it was the horn which Her
of Rome through commerce proifid by the cules tore from the head of Archeloiis, in his
restored freedom of the seas.—See cio, p. 74. encounter with that protean monster, and which
26. The triuacrin; in the centre Mcdusa’s the nymphs picked up and converted into the
head; three cars of corn, one in each augle.—— lwm qfplenlg/.—'I‘l1is ornament appears on a
Rev.—LENTulu.v MARC. COS. Jupiter stand variety of antique monuments, both sculptuml
ing; in his left hand an eagle, in his right the and numismatic. “ It is (says Millin, Dit.‘li!m
_fuImen.—Engraved in Morcll. Fam. Rom. and naire ties Beau: Arts), the characteristic attri
in Riccio. bute of Eu!/wmia, a goddess of the Greeks;
The trinacria or triquetra, well known as a Abundantia of the Romans; to mark the fer
symbol of Sicily, obviously refers to the place tility which they produce.”
where this and other denarii classed to the Cor Cornucopiaz, filled with fruits, or inclosed
nelia family, were minted, by Lucius Leutulus within a wreath, formed of corn-ears and flowers,
and Cains Marcellus, consuls in 705 (B. c. 49), appear either as the symbol of the monetal
but exiles from Rome, in consequence of the triumvirs, denoting the abundance of all things,
civil war between Caesar and Pompey having to be supplied by means of money, or as the
then commenced. Moreover the head of Medusa symbol of the curule ediles, and are found on
in the centre of the triuacria, sufliciently indi coins of the Emilia, Annia, Carisia, Claudia,
cates the mint of Syracuse. The Syracusans, Fabio, Livineia, Mussidia, Julia, and Statilia
colonists of Sicily from Corinth, were fond of families. It is also displayed on coins of Inspi
allusions to the Corinthian fable of Perseus, who dus, Domitian, Hadrian, and others. It is like
cut the throat of the snake-haired Gorgon, from wise secn on a denarius of Augustus, placed on
whose blood sprang Pegasus, of whom Belle the back of a Capricorn, which holds between
rophon availed himself to combat and vanquish its fore fcct a globe and rudder (sec p. 172).—
the Chinucra. This winged horse is common to Also on a littlc pillar, as in M. Aurelius. The
the money of Corinth and its colonies, amongst horn is filled with money, which awoman is
which was S_vracuse.—Sec Riecio, p. 65. pouring out, as in Abzuzd/mtia, Liberalitzu, 821.2
CORNELIA SUPERA, wife of the Emperor Cornucopia and balance appear on a coin of
Emilius.——See sursns. Hadrian. It is seen on the curulc c/uzir, as in
CORNELIA SALONINA, wife of Gallicuus. Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Titus: also with
—Sec SALONINA. the caduceus, rudder, globe, and apex, as on
 COR.\'UCOPl.~\E. CORNUFICIA. 289
silver of Julius C:esar.—For a cornucopia, with as in Galba, Vespusian, and many of the suc
thunderbolt at the back of it, see Fabia gens.-— ceeding Emperors to Constantine the Great—of
The horn of plenty in the hands of Abundantia Fide: Publicrl, on coins of Vespasian, Volusianus,
appears on coins of Julia Mamaaa, Trujanus Carnusius-—of a recumbent River God, as in
Decius, Gallienns, Salouiua, Tetricus senior and Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, 1Elius Czesar, Com
junior (see pp. 2, 3, of this dictionary). modus, &c.—of the goddess Fortune, on im
(brnucopia: is seen in the hands of /Equilas, perial medals from Augustus to Constantine
or of Jlonela, on coins of the imperial series, Chlorus.
from Vitellius to Honorius. In those of /Eter The cornucopia appears in the left hand of
nitas on a coin of Titus——-of Africa, as in Ha the personified Genii of the Roman People, Em
drian and Constantine the Great—of Annona, perors, and Colonies, on numerous coins, as well
as in Nero, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, An consular as impcrial—such as those of Cor
tonine, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Severus, Cara nelia gens; and of Nero, Hadrian, Antoninus
calla, Alexander Severus, &c. It is an attribute Pius, Commodus, Albinus, Severus, Licinius
of Aria, as in Claudius—of Ceres, as in Faus senior, Domitius Domitianus, Coustuntinus Mag
tina and Domna—in those of Concordia, nus, &c. &e.—See GI-ZNIO rorvm BOMANI.-—
as in denarii of the /Emilia family, and of Mark GENIO AVGVSTI, &c. in this volume.
Antony, Caligula, Nero, Galba, Vitellius, Titus, The Cornucopia appears in the hands of Gal
Domitian, Trajan, Sabina, and many others of lia, personified on coins of Gallienus and Pos
the Arzgruti and Augusta, as far down as the tumns—of H0110: (the God of Honour), as in
age of Constantine and his family. Galba, Vitellius, Vespnsinn, Titus, Antonino,
and .\I. Aurelius—-of Italia, as in the Fusia and
Mueia families, and on the imperials of Ves
pasiau, Titus, Hadrian, Antonino, &e.—of Lee
Iitia, as in Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Faustina jun.
t
o
Lncilla, Commodus, 8:0.-—of Liberalilas, as in
e Hadrian, Antoniue, M. Aurelius, L. Vcrus, Ste.
Qo
E‘ —of Felicitaa Temporum and of Libertas, as in
P Vespa.siau, Autoniuus, Severus, &c.—of Par, as
1‘
in Augustus, Galba, Vespnsian, &e.—of Pietm,
as in Mark Antony, Trajan, the Fuustinie, &e.
—of P1-ovidentia, as in M. Aurelius, and other
emperors as far as Constantine M.—of Roma,
as in Hadrian, Commodus, Probus, &e.—of
Two Oommropire, with a caduceus between Salua, as in M. Aurelius, Valerian, &e.—-of
them, form a symbolieal type on u coin of Securifaa, as in Trajan, Hadrian, Decius, Gal
Drusus junior, elegantly allusive to the fecun lienus—-of Utilitas Publica, on a coin of Con
dity, and consequent happiness, of the imperial stantine the Great.
family. The heads of the two infnnts—repre CORNUFICIA gens, of the pleheian order,
sented on the large brass from which the above but of consular rank.—-Morel assigns five varie
cut is engraved, and which, instead of the usual ties to the coins of this family; and Mionnet
issue of corn-cars, fruits, and flowers, surmount gives a fine engraving from the gold specimen
each horn typified on this c0in—are those of the of one described as follows :—
twin children, to whom young Livia, wife of
Drusus, sou of Tiberius, gave birth in the year
of Rome 776 (A. D. 23), to the exceeding great
joy of that emperor, who notified the auspi
cious event, in rapturous terms, to the Senate;
and by their ordinance the piece was struck,
Drusus Caesar then exercising the tribunitian
power for the second time, as the legend of re
verse sets forth. 1. Head of Jupiter Ammon, horned and
Double ('ormu:opi¢r fastened together, most crowned. Without legend.—Rev.—q. conNv
commonly hrimful of fruits, exhibit themselves rici. AVGVB IMP. A figure, in the augural habit,
on Latin coins of Julius Caesar, Livia, Tiberius, holding in the right hand the /iluua, is crowned
Domitian, Antonina. by Juno Sispita, who stands behind him, and
Two Cornncopior, with a winged caduceus be who holds on her left arm a shield.
tween them, appear on medals of Augustus, M. 2. Head of Ceres, crowned with corn-ears.
Antony, Tiberius, Claudius, Titus, Domitian, Same reverse and legend as the first.
&c.—.»\ duplex horn of plenty, on which a wo 3. Head of Africa, personified as that of u
man is seated, presents itself on a coin of Tra woman covered with an elephant’s proboscis.
jan, and on another of Autouinus Pius. All these are of the highesb rarity both in
'l‘he 0omm,,ia.- held by Conslantia is found silver and gold, especially No. 2, restored by
on coins of Caligula, Antonia minor, and Clau Trajan.
dius—in the hands of Fecun/limo, on medals of Quintus Cornifieins, to whom these coins
the Emprcsses Julia hlzesa, Orhinna, Mamrea, belong, was an adherent of Julius Caesar, under
Etruscilla, Salonina, and Severina—0f Felicitas, whom he served as pro-prctor in lllyria 705
2P
290 C()ROLL.\.——CORONAE.
(B. 0. 48), and perhaps, says Eckhel, through that
cause obtained the title of I.\lPeralor, stamped
on the reverse of coin N0. 1; or according
to others, he acquired it at a later date in Africa.
—After Caesar-’s death, and disliking the san
guinary government of the triumvirate, he seceded
to the opposite party, at the time when the
proscribed conspirators made their retreat into
Asia, under the leadership of Brutus and Cassius,
and he went as their appointed lieutenant into
old Africa. These coins, it appears probable,
were struck in Africa in 711 (13.0. 43). For
African Ceres, Jupiter Ammon, and the head
itself of Africa, covered with the elcphnnt’s skin,
allude to the place, and its principal deities, notices on the subject are exclusively limited to
where Cornificius held for a short period the such corona: as are represented on coins :—
chief command.
From the type of Juno Sispita (see the word),
it is inferred that this Quintus Corniticius was a
native of Lanuvium, where the worship of the
goddess was specially observed.——Thc inscription
AVGVR shews not only that he was an augur,
whilst the type represents him in his augural
dress, but also designates one whom Cicero,
himself an augur, salutes in many letters, as a
colleague (conlega), and speaks of (n. 0. 45) as a
man of literary judgment, habits, and tastes.
COROLLA, a diminutive from corona-—a
little crown, or garland, either composed of
flowers, or formed of thin plates of brass lightly
gilt. This ornament appears on coins of Faus
tinn jun. Commodus, Crispina, Pcrtinax, and
several others of the imperial series. It also
surrounds the Puieal Libunis on a denarius of
the 1Einilia. and Scribonia family; and is seen in
the hand of Letitia.
CORONAE.—Crowns were employed from a
remote period of antiquity, either to ornament
the statues of deities, in reference to their attri
butes, or to decorate the heads of great men in
recompense of their ascribed virtues. They also
came into use amongst the people at spectacles
during days of public rejoicing, and amongst
private individuals at banquets and festivals; in
the one case they were regarded as rewards of
valoazr and as proofs of merit, in the other as
sources of amusement and as pledges of con
viviality.——See Pitiscus.
Crowns were not indiscriminately bestowed
by the ancients; each god and each hero
had his distinctive embellishment of this
kind. Olympian Jupiter appears crowned with
laurel; Dodonian Jove with oak; Jupiter Oli
varius with olive; Ceres has a crown of corn
cars ; Apollo a crown of laurel; Cybele and the
deified personificutions of cities wear turrcted
coronets; Venus wears the golden crown given
to her by the Hours, or a crown of myrtle;
Minerva a crown of olive leaves; that of Flora
is of roses; that of Bacchus and his followers is
composed of vine leaves, or of ivy; the crown
of Hercules is of poplar, because he carried that
tree into Greece; Sylvanus and the woodland
gods were crowned with pine; whilst Arcthusa,
and the divinitics of the water, bound their
brows with reeds.—-Millin, Dic. des Beau: Ar!-r.
C/‘/11071.: were made of different materials, ac
(JOItO.\'AE.
cording to the purpose for which they were
intended. Thus the crown of gold, corona
aurm, was an extraordinary recompense of
bravery as well amongst the Romans as the
Greeks. Those who obtained it, were privileged
to wear it at theatres and other public plac<s.——
Crowns of gold were also consecrated to various
deities, especially to Jupiter.—Crowus of the
same precious metal were likewise presented by
different provinces of the empire to the reigning
prince.——See Aurum. Coronarium, p. ll5.
The Romans gave Crowns to those whose
military exploits and civil services entitled them
to distinction and rcward.—'l‘he subjoined
1. coaona CIVICA (or Corona Querluz or
Quercea). 'l‘hc civic crown.—This was, with
the Romans, the greatest military recompense,
the most distinguished personal ornament. It
was awarded to him who had saved the_life of a
citizen in battle. The emperors themselves dis
tributed this high reward of valour and merit,
and even decked their own heads there\vith.—
It was formed, or after the appearance, of oak
leaves with the acorns. For this reason it was
called quercu; civilis, or oak of cilizcnshjp.——
And the decoration was esteemed so honourable
that, at Rome, when he who had received it
went to the public shows, the spectators rose at
his entrance; and a conspicuous place was ss
signed to him near that of the Senators. He
was also exempted from the obligation of serving
public olficcs.—In the case of Augustus, the
Senate granted to him the peculiar and unpre
codented honour of a civic crown suspended £1-om
the summit of his palace.—Sec the word Eagle.
During the calcnds of March, 727 (B. C. 2}"),
and yearly thereafter, a gold crown formed of
leaves in imitation of oak, was tendered by the
Senate to Augustus. Accordingly we see on
these coins the oaken crown (corona guerreu),
and read o. c. s. or on. civi-Js sr.i<v.u-os, with,
or without, s. c. for having saved the lives of
citizens, being an allusion to the peace which
that prince had restored to the empire (see p.
lO6). In like manner, the silver and large brass
coins of Claudius exhibit on their reverses s. P.
Q. n. cs. C. s. or nx. s. c. on. CIVES SERVATOS,
within n crown of oak leaves.—(Sec the above
engraving from a well-preseiwcd first brass spe
cimen of Claudius).
 CORONAE. CORONAE. 291
The civic crown of oak leaves, with inscrip~ the Tribunitia Pole-rfaa, and associated with his
tions or figures, appears on coins of the Aelia, father in the empire; but what right to the
Aquilia, Durmia, Licinia, and other families; laurel crown could Domitian possess, when yet
and (besides those above mentioned) on coins of only Caesar, and deficient in all these other
Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Galba, Vcspasian, titles?
Titus, Domitian, Ncrva, Trajan, and several It is evident, therefore, that the Iaurea did
others. not, at that period, denote the highest post in
2. conoua LAV'REA.—Thelnl1t‘€8.t€tl crown was the realm. Was it then an arbitrary distinc
the most ancient head-dress of the emperors, as tion? Far from it. For it could be conferred
it began to be used as early as the time of Julius as a reward for great exploits in war, of which
Cmsar. This honour was publicly decreed, and species of merit the laurel has at all times been
was moreover particularly gratifying to him, the symbol. Victory always carries it in her
as a means of concealing, on public occasions, hand, and letters bearing news of a victory
that baldness of the hard, which some time before were always bound with laurel. We know, that
his death had come on to his great annoyance. Drusus, on account of his tried valour in battle,
This Iaurea of Julius Cmsar, as plainly appears not only received the title of Imperator, but
fromhis coins (see pp. 152, 154, 155, 156), was also statues and a triumphal arch. L. Vitellius
a simple one, whereas that, which Octavianus too, for bringing back to his allegiance the
and his successors wore, was bound with a Parthian Artabnnus, gained no small credit.——
diadem, or fillet, which was tied in a knot at the And as for the warlike deeds of Titus, and the
back of the head, the two ends descending to honours heaped upon him in consequence, who
the shoulders. does not remember them? lt is, indeed, more
Eckhel, in an inquiry which he enters into ditlicult to associate with such men Domitian.
(viii. 360-61, et aeq.), as to whether the Yet it is highly probable, that, by the indul
corona laurea was a badge of sovereignty, makes gence of Vespasiau and Titus, when they en
the following instructive remarks :—— joyed their Jewish triumph, some of the out
Here is nu involved question, since the sig ward distinctions of military renown were per
nification of this crown, as of many other things, mitted to Domitian. Indeed, it is well known,
no doubt varied at ditferent periods. That that he was present at that triumph on horse
which was at the first decreed to Julius Caesar, back, and on the coins of that year, viz. 824
and afterwards to Oetavinnus, was but a part of (A. D. 7]), he appears, hahited in the paIuda
those distinctions so liberally showered by menlum, and holding a short sword in his left
flattery upon both those individuals; though it, hand, and that it is only from that time that he
nevertheless, by the manner in which it was is represented with a laurel crown, having always
conferred, carried with it a peculiar mark of before been given bare headed.
dignity and superiority. It is now a well That in after times it passed into a law, that
cstablished fact, that neither Julius Czesar, nor no one but an emperor should be crowned with
Octavianus (afierwards Augustus), bore any laurel, is distinctly proved by coins. In the case
honours but such as were publicly decreed of Commodus alone this honour was anticipated,
to thcm. And M. Agrippa, accordingly, does and even there only under the circumstances of
not appear on coins with a laureated head, his being associated with his father in the cm
because the laurel was never decreed to him. pire, as Titus was, though the title of emperor
For the same reason Tiberius also abstained from had not been actually conferred. From that
its use, being always represented with bare head, period, then, all the Caesars, at least on coins
as long as Augustus was alive, and he himself struck in Rome, were represented with bare
was only Czrsar. On the death of Augustus he heads; the radiated crown being afterwards per
immediately assumed it, and indeed all the other mitted, but never the laurel. The laurel, how
honours and privileges of his father by adoption, ever, was considered one of the insignia of sove
as his own by right. In like manner, Nero, till reignty in other parts of the world, as well as
he became emperor, declined the laurel crown. at Rome. According to Herodian (vii. ch. 6),
From all which instances we might infer, that when Gordianus Africanus senior entered Car
this badge belonged properly to the emperors thage, on the occasion of the Africans declaring
only, unless the cases of Drusus Senior, Titus and him, who was their pro-consul, emperor, out of
Domitian, be considered as invalidating such a hatred to hlaximinus, “laureated fasccs were
rule. And yct the elder Drusus was not even borne before him, which was the sign to dis
Carsar, though he is generally seen on coins tinguish the fasces of sovereigns from those of
with a laurcated head; and notwithstanding it private individuals.” From the time of Diocle
is well-known that his coins were not struck till tian, all the Cicsnrs admitted as associates of
after his death, yet the laurel could not havethe Angusti (Lbaarea v0lIe_qre), in opposition
been given to him, had it been the proper and to long received custom, assumed the laurel, viz.
ulinr mark of sovereignty. To his instance Constantius Chlorus, Gal. Marimianus, “axi
may be added that of L. Vitellius, the father of minus Daza, Fl. Severus, and Constantine the
the Emperor Aulus Vitellius, who, though he Great. The reason for this may have been, that
died in a private rank of life, yet appears with a each of them ruled his own province with almost
lnureatcd head on the coins struck by his son. plenary powers. Their example was afterwards
l would not be severe upon Titus, though he followed by the Cu-sars Crispus, Dclmntius,
was at the same time Cu-sar, ya-t endowed with , and the sons of (Inustautinc the Great. But
2P2
 292 C-ORONAE. CORONAE.
the king Hauniballianus, Decentins, Constantius scnting the vivid irradiations of his light. An
Gallus, and Julianus, as Caesars, being held in illustration of this presents itself on a silver coin
less repute, appear with bare head. After the of the Mussidia gens (engraved in Morell. Fmn.
._.'
_.__'.._
._“.'
._..._.-._L sons of Constantine the Great, the laurel began R1)m.), the obverse of which exhibits a youthful
to fall into disuse, and the preference was given male head, [rom around which sharp-pointed
to the diadem. ra_vs diverge as from the centre, personifying
The crown of laurel appears on the reverse of Apollo, in his quality of the God of Day.—
many coins of families, and on nurnbcrlcss coins In like manner are some of Jupiter’s statues
of emperors, either by itself, or hcld by some adorned. (See p. 1l7).—Serapis also has the
figure over the head of another figure. head radiated The Sun of the Egyptian pan
For a fine engraved specimen of the laurel theon, he was regarded as the eternal benefac
crown, see Czesarea 1’lu'lippi, p. 162. tor of mankind, and his attribute of the rays be
Representations of the laurel crown on the came the symbol of eternity and beneficence.
heads of emperors, engraved from well-prc Amongst the Romans, Julius Caesar was the
served specimens in large brass and medallions, first who obtained the radiated crown. It is,
are given in pages 104, 112, 155, 168,173,157, however, only on coins which were struck after
207, 212, 239, &c. of this dictionary. his death, that the head of Cmsar appears with
this dccoration.—Augustus is represented with a
radiated head on several coins, struck after his
dccease.—The radiated crown, as the ornament
of an emperor's head during his life-tirne, was
introduced in the first instance by Nero. (See
Augustus Augusta, p. 108; and Auquatus
Germanicua, . 109).—Vespasian afterwards
adopted it. But for a long period it made its
appearance only on second brass.
As excinplificd on coins of S. Severus, struck
in 955 (A. 1). 202), the radiated portraits of
emperors, and a head of the moon placed on the
coins of their wives, denote the Sun and the
Moon; and by such devices is shadowed forth
the Eternity attributed to Princes by the
3. coaoru LAUREATA ET nosraxra.-A crown ancients. (See p. 23—24).—Undcr Caracalla
composed of laurel leaves and berries, inter the radiated crown is seen on brass coins of the
laced with the prows and stcrns of gnllics, second size ; and also on the silver, but only on
placed alternately, in the centre of which is in those, which as a novelty, he caused to be struck
scribed the word avovsrvs, appears on a brass of a larger size; an example followed by his
medallion and on a large brass of that emperor. immediate successors. In later tiuies the use
The above engraving of this reverse is from a of it was various and fluctuating, as may be
specimen in the British Museum. It was struck observed on reference to the coins themselves.
in commemoration of the decisive naval victory Though the lanreated crown was for a long time
gained by Octavian over Mark Antony at Actium. withheld from those who were only Czrsars, yet
4. CORONA MVRALIS.—Tll8 mural crown was the radiated one began to be permitted them as
of gold or of silver, made in the form of a wall early as the time of Dindumenianus. On the
with towers and curtains. It was given by the other hand, coins give the laureatul crown to
general to him who had been the first to scale Domitian, whilst still Cresar; but never the
the ramparts of an enemy's town, or who had radiated, though his brother Titus, in the same
entered by the breach. These turrcted crowns station, wears both indiscriminately. The ra
are frequently seen on Roman coins ornamcnting diated crown was afterwards in less cstcem than
the heads of Gcnii, and of Divinities, to whom the laurcated. This is proved by a silver coin,
the guardianship of cities was supposed to be exhibiting the heads of Balbiuus and Pupicnus
committed. Hence Cybele, goddess of the earth, A113’!-'» and Gordianus Czesar, the two former
and the rest of those tutelary deities who pre lanreated, the latter radiated. The crovm of
sided over provinces and colonies, are repre rays was also a symbol of consecration. And
sented on coins, with mural crowns on their that it was the peculiarly appropriated badge
heads.—See p. 12 (Fnria gens) ; p. 171 (Cappu "of the emperors, or at least of those of the
docia) ; also see Corona Itoafrata ei Muralia, in lower empire, is clearly shewn, by the panc
the next page. gyric of Mamertinus on Maximianus Augustus
5. conona PAMPINEA.-—O1l a silver medallion (chap. iii.) ; where, besides “the triumphal
of Mark Antony, the triumvir’s head appears, robes, the consular fasces, the cnrule chairs,
within a crown of mingled vine and ivy leaves. the rctinue of courtiers, and the glittering
6. CORONA R.ADlATA.—-Tile radiated crown, pageant,” which he says were the usual accom
that is to say, a crown composed of rays, is of fre paniments of an emperor’s presence; he also
quent occurrencc on coins. It owes its origin to mcntions—“that light which encircled his god
the nim/ma (sec the word), with which the like head with a bright halo _;" by which ex
ancients decorated the heads oi‘ theirgods. 'l‘he pression was doubtlcss meant the radiated crown,
statues of the Sun were thus crowned, as repre as illustrated by certain types of coins, mintal
 CORONAE. COItVUS.—COS. 293
under Constantine the Great.—See Eckhel, vi. ‘ is also distinguished by the same ornament.-—
270, and viii. 362. See p. 12.
For representations of the radiated crown on On a coin, having for its obverse legend
the head of an emperor, sec pages 89, 105, 109, AGRIPPINAE svovsrm, there is a female head
1S1, 187.—See also mvvs svsvsrvs PATEB, crowned with corn ears. Agrippina was the
and NERO. first of the wives of Claudius, whose portrait
7. conoxzi aosrnsrs, nlunsms.--The rostral that emperor permitted to be stamped on coins,
crown, so called irom its ornaments, which in the same manner as his own; from which
imitated the prows and stcrns of ships, was the very fact it is evident, how much influence she
peculiar mark of honour conferred upon the assumed in public affairs. The corona apical,
maritime prefect (or naval commander in chief), is seen also on the heads of Livia and Antonia,
who had gained some great victory at sea; in in imitation of Ceres.—On a very rare coin,
contra-distinction to the naval crown (corona with obverse legend seams svovsrs, we see
ruu=a!i.r), which was given to him who had first Sabina’s head crowned with ears of corn, as re
boarded an enemy's vessel. Illustrative of this presenting Cercs.—Sec Eckhel, vi. 257 and 522.
point, there is extant a gold coin of the highest 9. conona TBIUMl’l-IALIS.--—~Tl1€ triumphs!
rarity, which bears on it crown was of two kinds. One was given by the
AVGVSTVS ('03. XI. and the head of Augustus, army to its general, and he wore it during the
lsureated.-—R1»v.——M. AGRIPPA cos. TERT. trinmphal procession. It was composed of laurel
cossvs. 1.i:x'rvI.vs. lleiul of Agrippa, encircled branches, or of gold fashioned after the form of
with a crown, on which the turreted pecu laurel leaves. The other was that presented by
liarities of the mural, are commingled with the foreign cities, or conquered provinces, to a Ru
naval attributes of the rostrul crown. ' man general, to grace the triumphs which he
was about to celebrate at Rome, and in which
they were carried before them, with great parade,
as Livy frequently records.—1"est-us on this sub
ject says—“ Triumpllal crowns are those which
are carried before a victorious general, and made
of gold; though in earlier times, for lack of
means, they used to be of laurel.”—-Julius Cmsur
is stated, by Appianus, to have had carried be
The first particular to be noted (says Eckhel, fore him, in his triumphs, 2822 of these crowns.
vi. 164) in the nbovc coin, is the crown in part —See Aurum Coronarium, or crown-gold, p.
composed of the beaks of ships, which the ]l5—also a symbol of it in the hands of ASIA,
ancients used to term the (corona) navalis, on a first brass of Antoninus Pius, p. 90.
t‘l(IJ‘8lt'(l, or ro:trala.—Octavianus conferred this CORVUS.—'I'he crow was sacred to Apollo
on Agripps after his naval victory over Sextus (see p. 64), because, as Ovid writes, the god
Pompeius; and that he was the only Roman changed himself into that bird. The crow ap
who was so honoured, we have the testimony pears standing on n branch of laurel, in a coin
of various writ.crs—a.mong whom are Velleius of Domitian, and beneath n tripod on a denarius
(ii. ch. 81), Livy (in epitome cxxxix), Seneca ot’ Vitcllius.—Scc xvvuz. sac. mo.
(dc benflic. ch. 32), and Dion Cassius (xlix. Q 3), COS. Con.rul.—PA'I‘RE COS. Patre Con
who further states that the crown was of gold. aule, on a denarius of Valerius Msssala.
Pliny, however, (xvi. § 3), says, that a corona COS. DES. or DESIG. C'0r!.rul Derignalua.
rodrata was given to M. Varro, by Pompey the —Consnl Elect, that is to say, before he entered
Great, after the piratic war. This crown of upon his first consnlate.——See CONSULATUS, p.
Agrippa is celebrated by Virgil (see pp. 27 and 267.
2-‘§).—And Ovid also speaks allusively to the COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TERT. Consul
same valiant and successful commander (in arte, Desiynalzw, Ilernrn at 7'erlium.—C'onsul Elect
iii. 392.) for the second and third time. On s coin of
Mark Antony.
“ Navnlique gener eiuctus honors caput."
COS. ITER. DESIG. 'l‘ER’1‘.—Consul a
[And (his) son-in-law, having his brows second time, elected for a third time. On s
adorned with the naval decoration] dennrius of Augustus.
The author of Daclrina next briefly directs COS. ll. Comul Sr'mmdum.—DESIGN. III.
attention to the mural or lurrelvd crown; Desigziatus Tcrlimn, as in Nervn.
observing, however, that he had not been able to COS. III. Consul Tertinm.—Consul for the
discover, from ancient writers, at what time third time.
Agrippa earned this distinction.--For the name COS. IIII. Consul Quarlum.—Consu1 for
of Lentulus, the moncycr who struck the above the fourth time.
engraved coin, see Cornelia gens, p. 285 of this COS. LUD. SAEC. FEC. Consul, Ludo:
dictionary. - Saecularea 1"ecit.—See Ludi Smculares.
8. CORONA SPICEA, from Spica, ears of corn, COS. PREIVER. CAPTU.—-Caiua Plaulius
the token of Annona, or of provisions (chiefly Hypmua in mo Con.rulatu.—-Privernum taken
corn), procured for the public use by the Curnle in the consulate of C. P. Hypsaeus. On a de
Ediles, to whom that cure a pertained, as is nnrius ot'_ the Plautin gens.—See HYPSAE (P)
shewn on their family coins. The head of Ceres AED. cva.

r"“
294 COSCO.\'lA.—COSSUTlA.
COS. V. or QUINQ.-—C0n.ml Quinquies.
COS. TER. DICT. ITER. Consul Tertium,
Dictator Iterum.—Julius Caesar, contrary to
ancient usage and law, was both consul and
dictator; for, before him no one was consul
and dictator, at the same time. _ her right hand, and in her left a buckler resting
COS. VI. VII. Consul Szu.-tun: and Sqwlimum.
-—Cousul for the sixth and 7th time, as on
coins of Vcspasian, Titus, and Commodus.
COS. OCTAVO DESIG. IX. Consul elect
for the eighth timc.—Augustus.—(See Eckhel,
vi. 89).
COS. XIII. and XIIII. Consul for the 13th
and 14-th time.—Domitian.
COSS. Cmwules or Conaulil/u:.—Consuls.
COS. ITERO.—lladrian.
AVG. oisn. nac. PAR. P. M. TR. P. cos. rrnno.
flric.) s. P. Q. n.—A military figure, standing,
with a spear in the right hand, and a short
sword in the left. (Imperial Museum.)-—“I
published this coin (says Eckhcl), some time
ago (Sylloye, i. p. 101), not only because in
many respects it ditfers from all the coins of
Hadrian hitherto discovered, but also on ac
count of the singular substitution of ITERO for
the customary ITERVM. The coin, however, is
of elegant workmanship, as is most of this em
peror’s coinage, and its genuineness is indis
putable.” vi. 477.
COSCONIA appears to have been gm: ple
beia ,- for a member of it is recorded as having
held the tribuneship of the people. There is only
one coin of this family, a deuarins, on which is
read 1.. eosco. m. 1'. Lucius Cosconins, Marci
Filius. Winged head of Miuerva.——Rev.—L. LIC.
cu. non. Lucius Licinius, CneusDon1itius. Mars
standing in a biga at full speed, brandishes a
spear in the right hand, and holds a shield and
a military lituus in the lefi:.—Sce Litazu Mili
taria.
The reverse. of this silver coin is unifonn in
type with that of one belonging to the Aurelia
gens (Seaurus), hereto subjoined:—
A similar type presents itself on denarii of
the Domitia, Pomponia, Poblicia, and Porcia
gcntes.-—The deuarii in question were each of
them struck in commemoration of the monetal
triumvirs, in the four years of the censorship of
Lucius Licinius Crassus, and Cnens Domitius
Aheuobarbus.———Lucius Coseonius struck his,
from 658 (B. 0. 96) to 66:2, according to Eek
hel’s opinion. It seems that he never figured
in more conspicuous employmcuts.-—Riceio, 75.
C()SSUTlA.—An opulent gens of the eques
trian order. The surnames arc ]l[ari(limm.s
and Sabula. Its coins are contemporaneous with
the dictatorship of Julius Cxesar, when the re
public was extinct. There are three varieties.
COI.'.\'TEltFEIT COINS.
—The two following have historical references,
viz. =—
1. CAESAR DICT. rsnrl-:'rvo. Head of Julius
Caesar, veiled and laurcatcd.—Rev.—c. alani
DIANVS. Venus Victrix, holding a Victory in
on a globe. Of the highest rarity in gold.
2. cassan ranans. PATRIAE. The head of
Cresar.——Rev. c. cossvrlvs MARIDIANVS, in
two lines crosswise, round it A. A. .\. r. r.-——En
graved in p. 157.
3. sauvna. Head of Medusa, winged and
hair braided with serpcnts.—-Ren.—L. cossvri.
0. r. Bellerophon on Pegasus, brandishing a
spear in his raised right hand.
It seems, from the respective legends and
types of the above coins, that the two first were
struck by Cains Cossutius Maridiauus, one of
Julius C1csur’s moneyers, just before the dicta
tat0r’s death, viz. in 710 (B. 0.44); and that the
same Cains Cossutius Maridianus continued for
some time to take part in the direction of the
public mint, under the Triumviri Reipu/)lica,= Cau
.ytitucna'<!; and that the coin of L. Cossutius,
the son perhaps of the preceding, might be dated
711, because it commemorates the foundation
of the Roman colony at Corinth, with the em
blems of A\[O(lUSB, and of Pegasus mounted by
Bellerophon—the planting of that colony having
been accomplished by Julius Caesar in the before
mentioned year 710.
Venus the victorious is well known to have
been the favourite symbol of Julius, allusive to
the assumed origin of his family. The position
of the legend in No. 2, crosswise and round
about combined, is unique amongst the family
class of Roman coins.
COSTA, surname of the Pedania i'nmily.—
COSTA LEG. Costa was one of Brutus's
Legati, or lieutenant-generals.
COUNTERFEIT COlNS.—Theac are of two
distinct kinds, namely :—
I. Those which are of unquestionable anti
quity, fabricated to impose as the current money
of the country or district, and those which are
the productions of forgcrs in modern times, to
deceive the amateur and collector. Of the for
mer, examples are known which are almost
coeval with the coinage of stamped money.
In the Roman series ancient forgeries are of very
common occurrence, both in the consular and
the imperial money. They consist of casts, ap
parently from the true coins, in copper, most
ingeniously plated with silver, so that they are
only to be detected by an experienced eye. In
many specimens this coating of silver has been
worn away in circulation, and the copper or
 COUN'l‘ERFEI’l‘S.—CRE)INA. CREPUSI.-\.—CltlSPlNA. 295
anima of the ancient forgery is easily perceived; now called Kebrinaz, in Anatolia.—-The coins of
hut in those which have not been subjected to , this city are Latin. imperial in brass, dedicated
wear, the deception is only to be detected by 3 to Caracalla, Gets, Elagabalus, Etruscilla, and
very close examination. Pliny mentions that i Tranqnillina. Their legends are con. ca. rno.
in his time these false pieces were prized for the t P. (Colonic Crenma Provincioe PiJidi¢t)—COL.
ingenuity of their fabrication, and states that ‘I rvn. ave. rn. canama. (Colonic Julia Augusta
many true denarii were often exchanged for a Q I"eli.z Oremna).-—'l‘he accompanying types are
forged example; an assertion which it is diflicult a Cupid standing, drawing a bow—and a legion
to reconcile with the fact, that ancient forgeries ary eagle between two military ensigns—als0
of both consular and imperial denarii are eon Bacchus and Mercury, with their respective at
stantly to be met with in our times, and that ' tributes.—'l‘here is a first brass of great rarity
some typcs,—the denarius of Claudius with DE , and elegance, struck at Cremna, in honour of
BRITAXN. for example,—are almost invariably Etruscilla, wife of Decius, which has
found to be plated. for its reverse type the radiated head of Decius
II. The forgerics of ancient coins, in modern between that of Herennius and Hostilianus, his
times, date probably from the latter half of the two sons, above which is an eagle with wings
16th century, when the productions of ancient spread.—Engraved in Vaillant, ii. 202.
medullic art had begun to excite attention and CREPEREIA gens.—A family of the eques
invite the study of the learned, who, destitute of t trian order, respecting whom little, if anything,
practical knowledge, were doubtless easily de is known. Its surname on coins is Rocus.—
ceived in those days; hence we find spurious There are six varieties. The rarest denarius is
coins of Julius Csesar with vaxr. VXDI. VICI. inscribed Q. cnarsn. M. r. nocvs, and has for
and .sm'Pro ca1rra.—Also the etfigies of Priam, the type of its reverse, Neptunus or Portunus,
Dido, Eneas, Plato, Artemisia, Alcibiades, and standing in a car drawn by two sea-horses, and
other personages of antiquity, specimens of a brandishing the trident in his right hand. On
nefarious art, which would not in our times de | the obverse is a female bust, probably intended
mive the merest tyro in numismatics.—lllodern to represent some marine deity; behind it is a
counterfeit coins have been arranged under sere fish. Eckhel regards this coin as referring to
ral classes, viz :-— the colony of Corinth, founded by Julius Caesar.
l. (Joins well-known to be modern imitations, —'l‘l1is Quintus Crepereius is not known.
chiefly in large brass, the work of the Paduan CREPUSIA gens.—Ancient but little known
artists, perhaps not originally designed to impose —-even its order is uncertain. There are only
upon the ignorant or unwary, but simply exe two types, but many varieties, on its coins =
cnted in rivalry of the ancient examples. Of 1. cansonm. Female bust, well adorned,
these many specimens still exist, and are now with veiled hcsd.—Rev.—L. LIMETA. P. CREPVSI.
little valued. Woman seated in a biga, with left shoulder to
2. Coins east from the former. wards the horses; guides them at full speed,
3. Coins, or rather casts, taken from moulds with both hands holding the reins.
formed from ancient specimens. 2. A young head, probably that of Apollo,
4. Retouched ancient coins which have been with a shell before and a sceptre behind.—Rev.
expertly altered with the graving tool. P. car-zrvsr. A man on horseback, galloping,
5. Spurious pieces formed by the union of ' brandishing a juvelin in his right hand-—in the
two faces of different coins, namely by placing the \ round of the coin various numerals or symbols.
head of Elias as the reverse of a coin of Ha The former of these denarii informs us that
drian, or a head of Aurelius to a reverse of An Publius Crcpusius was monetal triumvir with
touinus Pius. The last type occurs as a true Lucius Ceusorinus. Beyond the record of this
coin, and has been often imitated in this way. . fact nothing can be positively atllnned respect
The above described fraud, when dexterously ing them. Cavedoni is of opinion that the year
executed, is diflicult to detect. Bcauvais, who 660 (13.0. 94), is to he assigned as the date of
has written an elaborate treatise on this subject, 3 these silver coins.
enters into many details which may be perused
with advantage; but it is very obvious that no
written instructions can be sutficient to guard the
collector against an ingenious forgery, and that
nothing but the constant examination of well
authcnticated coins, of which there are abun
dant examples, cau afi'ord him the means of
judging of the integrity of any rare specimen
that may be offered to him. CRISPINA (Brutlia), daughter of Bruttius
On this subject the reader is referred to that Pnesens, a man of consular rank.——She 'was a
section of Mr. Akern1an’s “ Introduction to the woman of great beauty, and was married to the
Study of Ancient and Modern Coins,” which Emperor Commodus, in the year of Rome 930
treats of “ F0/'_r/cries of PI/b/to Ilfozuy/"—an , (A.D. 177). On account of adultery she was
essay, which like the other contents of that in- ' divorced, a few years after his accession to the
structivc little volume, will amply repay perusal. throne, by her infinitely more profiigute and aban
S1-e also ALT!-LIKED MEDALS, p. 39. doned husband; and, having been exiled to
Clll'l.\[.\'_\ (i’isidi:e—Asia Minor) colonic, Cuprerc, was there, by his orders, put to death
 296 CRISPUS. CRITON IA .—CROCODILE.
. by strangulation, at an early age (A. D. lS3).—— --rnnvciri rvvnurvris. (Brought £14 10s. at
Her coins in brass and silver are common; gold the Thomas sale).
and brass medallions very rare. On Latin coins Bnass Mr:miL1.1oNs.—1v\'nnrvs.—iuom;ra
she is styled CRISPINA .\vo(vs"ra) nn>. COM CAESAR-VI.—SALVS er srss XRPVBLICAE. (sir.
MODI. ave. Some pieces represent her with 150 fr.)
Commodus. SMALL BRASS.—ALA!t£ANNIA DEVICTA (see p.
The rarest reverses amongst the coins struck 32).—-nears TRANQVILLITAS vorrs xx. r. T. R
in honour of this empress nre—— (see p. 125).
GOLD.-—CER.ES.—DIS. GENITALIBVS. (Value CRITONIA, gens plebeia, of which the fol
150 and 300 fr. according to Mionnet).—DlS. lowing is the only coin :
CONIVGALIBVS. (Brought £10 10s. 0d. at the Al-ID. PL. Head of Ceres, crowned with corn
Thomas sale).—rvmcIrra. (£11 at the same). ears.--Rev.-—M. ran. L. can-. T\vo togatcd
—-VIZNVS r1.-:Llx. (£16 at do.) men, seated. To their fight are the letters
Baass MnnaLLrous.—Diana standing, hold P. A. and to their lcfi a corn-ear. Silver, rare.
ing a bow and an arrow (see DIANA.)-—COM!0 —See a cut of this dcnarius in p. 12.
nvs and cmsrnva, with reverse of coucoama. That Lucius Critonius was Al'lDilis PL;-zlrk is
——VOTA PVBLICA. (300 fr. each). (observes Eekhel, v. 199) sufiieiently evidenced
LARGE BRASS.-—-B0.\(AE AETERl\'AI-I. (24 fr.) by the obverse legend and the reverse type of
this denarius; for the latter represents him
seated, with his colleague Marcus Fannius, each
on a common sedile; whereas the curule edilcs
used a curule chair, from which circumstance of
honour they derived their name of ofiice—a dis
tinction exhibited with the greatest clearness, on
the denarii of Furius Crassipes, eurule edile (see
p. 12). The two ediles are here represented,
CRISPUS (Flrwius Julius), eldest of the sons in the act of distributing corn among the
of Constantine the Great, by Minervina, born, Roman people, as is indicated by the apica
some say, in the East, others, at Aries, about before them; and by the head of Com, on the
A. D. 300. He derived his name from his great obverse, symholising the divinity who presided
grandfather Crispus, brother of Claudius Go over the culture of wheat. The letters P. A.
thieus. According to St. Jerome he received his on the reverse, have been variously interpreted.
education under Lactantius. Be that as it may, Eekhel believes them, and with apparent pro
certain it is his father made him Caasar on the lst bability, to signify the same thing that, in a
of March, A. n. 317, together with his brother greater number of letters—-viz. ARK}. P\'B.——i.s in
Coustantinus, and Licinius junior; and he was scribed on coins of the Sentia family. And he
nominated consul the following year. A prince considers it to shew, that the cost of providing
of great talents and virtues, Crispus distin corn for the population of Rome was defrayed
guished himself at an early age by his military out of the public money (2.2: argento pu6lico).—
skill and valonr. In the war carried on by his See Amvona, p. 48, et seq.
imperial father in Gaul, he turned the tide of According to Riccio (p. 77) referring to the
victory against the incursive Franks, A. D. 320. authority of Cavedoni, it seems that to the
The following year he served the oflice of con father of that Critonius, stated by Appianus to
sul for the second time, with Constantinns have been edile in 710 (B. c. 44), this coin
Caesar for his colleague. In 323 he destroyed should be ascribed.
the fleet of the Emperor Licinins at Gallipoli.— CROCODILE, the usual symbol of Egypt
By a rash and cruel order of his father, in 326, and the Nile, especially on coins; because that
Crispus was put to death, before he had com amphibious quadruped is indigenous to the Egyp
pleted his thirtieth year, on a false accusation tian soil, and to the other regions which are
brought against him by his mother-in-law Fausta, watered by the Nile. The Romans placed this
whose criminal love, it is said, he had repelled; formidable animal amongst the number of those
and to whose revenge or jealousy he fell a victim. wild beasts, about which they were so curious in
His numismatic style is n.1v. PL. IvL. cmsrvs their triumphal pageants and theatric exhibi
NOB. cAr.s.—Crispus and his brother Constan tions.-—Pitiseus.
tine the younger, associated on coins, are called On the medals of the Nemansensian colony
CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB. ciu-zss. (Nismes) struck under Augustus, a crocodile
chained to a palm tree is the sign of Egypt sub
MINTAGES OF CRISPUS. dued to the power of Rome. It is also con
The gold are of great, some of extreme, spicuous, with open mouth, on silver and gold
rarity. There are no silver. Small brass mostly medals of Augustus, accompanied by the his
common. torical legend of Egypt capturea'.——Ou gold and
The following are amongst the rarest reverses: silver coins of Hadrian, and on first brass of M.
GOLD.—-—COI\'CORDIA Avoo.——c1usi>vs son. Aurelius, we also see the rrumdile and hippo
CAES.——-GLORIA ROMANORVM. (Valor-.d by i\Ii()'n_ potamns at the feet of the recumbent personi
net at 120 fr. eacI1).—oavmvsr nounzoavn. ticution of the Nile.—Mionnet.—Sce APIGYPIO
—ALaMAN1vm. (130 fr. cae-h).—vniQvE VIC cams (p. 13), NILUS, and nnm. coL.
TORE5.——VICTOR omvrvx Gl-INT. (150 fr. each). The crocodile was worshipped in many cities
 CROTALL'l\I.—-CRUBIENA. CRUX. 297
of ancient Egypt, amongst others in Thebes, at Christian monuments, especially from the period
Arsinoe, called on that account Crocodilopolis, when Constantine the Great issued his commands
at Coptos, Ste. whilst in other countries it was for putting it on the labarum and other mili
regarded as a noxious animal, and treated as such tary cnsigns. Thenccforward he also prohibited
by the inhabitants.—Millin, de Beau: Aria. the punishment of death by crucifixion, through
CRO'I‘ALU.\I.—This instrument, which is out the whole extent of the Roman empire.—
And from the time of that prince, it does not
seen on coins, in the left hand, or by the side, of
the goddess Cybéle, was a species of castanets appear ever to have been inflicted again. But
made of thin brass plates, which were struck one from having been an instrument of horror and
against the other with different movements of of ignominy, the Cross was converted into a
the fingers, and from which was produced a mark of reverence and honour, which figured
sound like that which a stork makes with its not only on imperial coins and sculptures, but
beak. Players on this rude music were admitted on the standards, and even on the arms of the
to feasts, to rcgale the ears and eyes of the soldiers.—Pitiscus.—Millin.
guests, with the tone of their crolala, and with Crucir .ri_qnum.—Cross on a globe; frequent
their gestures, not always the most decent. on coins of the lower empirc.—A globe was
Pitiscus.—See CYBELE. considered as the type of dominion over the
CRUMENA.—'l‘he purse was one of the in world, from as early a date as the reign of Au
signia of Mercury, who (says Snidas) was the gustus. Afterwards a figure of Victory was
author of trade, and presided over commerce: placed upon the globe, inasmuch as to her was
for which reason in statues and on coins he is ascribed not only the conquest, but the reten
seen holding the money-bag. Mercury appears tion, of such dominion. And when, in later
with the crumena in his hand, in the mintngcs times, Christian emperors were inclined to attri
of M. Aurelius, Trajanus Deeiua, Herennius, bute their successes to the sign of the cross, they
llostilianus, Vuleriuuus, father and son, Gallieuus, substituted it in the place of Victory.—A globe
Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, Numcrianus, and and cross appear, first, on coins of Jovianns,
Curiuns.—See also a medal of Colonia Helio in the hand of Victory: subsequently, it is
politana, inscribed to Philip senior.—Mcrcury often seen in the empcror’s hand.—See VICTO
has the purse in his right hand, on a coin am avovsronvn, gold of Jovianus (Bunduri),
of Sinopc colonia, in Pcllcrin, Illélanye, i. pl. and VICTORIA nozuauoavn, brass medallion and
xix. No. 3.—Also sec the word MERCURIUS in second brass of Joviauus (Tanini).
this volume. On a second brass of Constantius II. with
The Orumvna is likewise the symbol of Abun legend noc. sumo. vicroa sins, Victory is
dance, and appears in the right hand of a female seen crowning the emperor, who stands habitcd
figure, who has the cornucopia: in her left, with in the paludamentum, and holds in his right
the epigraph vnenrras or vnnnras, on coins of hand the labarum, on which is the monogram
Dceius, Gallus, Gallienua, Postumns, Claudius of Chi-iat.—See n1-:cnN'rrvs for this monogram.
II. Tacitus, &c. By which mouetal type is in Some account of the “ Holy Cross,” as
dicated that Plenty holds a full purse, because figured by order of Constantine the Great on
all things are obtainable by money.—Raschc. the imperial standard, when about to engage
The Crnmena is likewise an attribute of Lafi with Maxentius, will be found under the legend
lia, nnd of Set-urilaa, as is seen on coins of S. srss. PVBLICA. It was borne on that occasion
Severus and of Trajauus Decius. amidst the ranks of his army, where the conflict
CRUX.—Thc Cross, an instrument of unish appeared to be sharpest; and, according to
mcnt amongst the Romans and scv other Eusebius and his transcribers, this new ensign
nations of antiquity. Cicero calls it crudelia:i was invariably accompanied by decisive vic
mum, teterimumque. In fact none but slaves, tory. Hcucc it began to be looked upon as
and malefactors of the lowest description, were alone sufiicient to ensure success-, and hence also
subjected to it. The word rrzur was applied by the force of the legend H01: Signo Victor eris,
the Romans to every species of punishment, which no doubt was also inscribed on the stand
whether it was a tree, or simply a stake, to ard. By some writers this reverse is referred to
which the criminal was bound or nailed. Hence the cross, which Constantine boldly asserted that
it was designated under the names of arbor in he beheld in the heavens, accompanied by the
f/.>!i.r, z':g"amc /iynum, crucialna .:ervili.r.——Gene words EN. '1‘0VTwI. NIKA. in lmc (rigno) uince
rally speaking, however, it is usual to under —See Eckhel, viii. 117-—and 505.
stand by the appellation Cross, a long beam Cruz.—The cross by itself, or within a laurel
traversed at its upper end by a much shorter crown, appears on coins of Valentinian I. Victor,
piece of wood, whereon to fasten the arms of Arcadius, Thcodosius, Honorius, Justininnus,
the sufferer, whilst the body is placed on the Leo I. and other emperors, professing Chris
beam. Such was tllti “ aeenrsed tree” on which tianity.—See JULIUS NEP05 in this dictionary
the Jews, in the re"gn of Tiberius (786, A. D. for a specimen of the type.
33), “hanged" the‘ living Body of OUR DI A cross, with one or two stars, is found on
VINE AND EYE] -BL]-LSSED SAVIOUlt— coins of Eudoeia, wife of Arcadius, Eudocia,
and the instrument f HIS death has become wife of Theodosius II. and others.
the revered sign of Christianity. From the A rroar in the hand of an emperor, or of
establishment of ti c Religion of Jesus of Victory, or placed on a globe, appears on coins
Nazareth, that sacr symbol is found on all of Valeutinian, Valcns, Theodosius I. and II.
2Q
298 CRUX.—CUL'l‘ER. CUPID.-—CUItIA'I'1A.
Flncilla, Maximus, Mm'cian11.s and Mauricims Jumping, dancing, toying, playing, climbing
(see the names), also Zeno, Leo, Illajorianus trees, or plunging into water; sometimes seated
(see the name), and other princes, to almost on animals; at others riding in aehariot. In
the end of the Byzantine nge.—'l‘hc some sign short he is made to perform all sorts of parts ;
appears either by itself, or with a globe, in the and he is most frequently depictured gambolling
hand of Victory, on coins of Vnlentininn I. with his beautiful mother.—l\lillin, Diction
Theodosins, Arcadius, Honorius, and Zeno, down naire de la Fable.
to Phocas and Leontiua II. It is also exhibited on
gold coins of Gulla Plncidia, and Elia Flncilla, a
female figure with wings, holding the cross in her
right hand. Likewise, with or without a globe,
in the hands of a female, seated, as in the
instances of the Vnlentiniani, the Theodosii, 8:0.
The eras: upon a graduated pedestal is seen on
medals of Justinian I. Justin II. and other On a denarius of the Egnatia gens, as in the
Byzantine Emperors. above cut, the naked bust of Cupid, with bow
A erou, surmounting a globe placed on a gra and arrow on his shoulders, appears as the ob
duated pedestal, with the legend of nsvs ADIVTA verse type.--On another silver coin of the some
aonams is stamped on the reverse of a silver family, a winged Cupid is seen clinging to the
medallion of Heraclius I. who undertook an back of a bust of Venus.——On a dcnnrius of the
expedition against Cosracs, King of the Persians, Julia family, two Cupids are drawing the chu
“ nt crueis signum ab co Hicrosolymis auctum riot of Venus.
repeterct.—Spanheim, Pr. ii. 638.-Mion. ii. 434. On coins of the Cordia and Lucretia families,
CUDENDAE zerew monetw jua, eel permissio. he is seen sitting on a dolphin, which he guides
-—'l‘he privilege, or permission, of coining brass with reins; an elegant type.—See Lucretia gens.
money. That this was granted to, and exercised On a coin of the Julia family, Cupid appears
by, the Roman colonies, may be gathered, in protruding from the breast of Venus.
most instances, from the coins themselves, In the imperial series, he stands on the hand
especially from the Hispanian and Corinthian, on of Venus, as in Faustino junior. And there is
which the duplex D. or DD. explained as Decrelo a brass medallion of Lucille, with var-‘vs for its
Decurionum, is usually understood to indicate reverse legend, in which he is represented of
the right of stamping coins. Nay, even the adolescent stature, standing opposite the figure
special permission of Augmstus appears on cer of the goddcss.—This type is finely engraved in
tain products of the colonial mint.——See COLO 100110]/rapllie (la-.1 Empev-eur.r Romaim, by M.
NIAE aomuvaa, p. 233——see also PERM. ave. Ch. Lenormant».
and INDVLGENTIAE avo. mom-‘.1'a. Cupid also appears on coins of Julia Domna
C. V. Consul Quinlum.-—C. V. P. P. Con (Venus Gcnctrix), Julia Mumzna, and Salonina.
sul for the fifth time, Father of the Country, on On a colonial imperial of Crcmna, struck
a silver coin of Commodus. under Geta, he stands with bended bow ready to
C. V. Clipeua V0lz'vu.r.—-A votive buclcler.— discharge an arrow. On a small brass colonial
See p. 2l8.—See also De-dication of Bucklen. of Cordoba, he stands, winged, holding a torch
CULLA or CULLU.——See COELA, p. 223. and a cornucopiae, a diademcd head of Venus
CULTER Vizviimarim or -S'acr§f1'c-us, also being the obverse type.——Sec Akerman, (-‘oius of
called SECESPITA (E: .9000). The appellation Hirpania, pl. No. 10, p. 29.
given to the knife which the flamines, flaminian
virgins, and pontitfs, used at sacrifices. This CUI’lENNIA.—Of this family, whose very
instrument had a long blade, with a round solid order is uncertain, Eckhel laconically says “ gens
handle, of either ivory or bronze, bound at the pnrum cognita.” Its coins consist of three dif
hilt with gold or silver. It was with this that ferent types, which have nothing in them to in
the assistant cut the throat of the victim, and terest. The brass pieces are divisions of the At.
the saccrdo: afterwards examined its entrails.—— The silver has the galeatcd head of Rome, with
This sacrificial knife is seen, by itself, on a coin the mark x before, and a cornucopia: behind,
of Julius Caesar (engraved in Morcll. Impp. p. it.—Rev.—L. cvr. The dioscuri on horseback.
72).——It appears, with the aecunl: or axe, and Below ROMA. .
the sirnpulum, on a denarius of the Cornelia CUR. Curulis, as AED.i CUR. Aedilzlr Caru
gens, with the word nnvrvs below it.—En h.r.——See annrans, p. 12.)
graved in l\Iorel and Riccio. CURIATIA, a very anchent gens of the ple
CUM EXER. SUO. Gum Ezercita mo.-— beian order. It was origi ly from Alba, and
See coinage of Gallicnus. admitted, with others of its inhabitants, into
CUNICULUS-—rabbit. A symbol of His citizenship at ltonie, after the destruction of the
pania.—See coinage of Hadrian. former city, under Tullus Hostilius (B. c. 673
CUPID, god of love and plcasure.—lt is to 641). The family is f mous chiefly for the
diflicult to trace the true mythological origin of association of its name w th that of the three
him whom the Greeks called Eros, and the brothers who fought wit the three Horutii;
Latins (’:'1n'zl0. The opinion most generally the well-known result of '
followed is that he was the son of Mars and of bat was the annexation d subjection of the
Venus. He is represented as a boy with Wings; Albnn to the Roman p ple. its coins huh‘
 CURIATIA.—CYBELE. CYBELE. 299
four varieties. The brass pieces are parts of the worship was adopt-ed from the oriental regions
.41. The following is the only one in silver : of ancient superstition into the pantheistic sys
tem of the Romans, is replete with contradic
tion, obscurity, and confusion.-Nevertheless,
“ It would," as M. Lenormant observes, “ be to
call in question the universal testimonies of an
tiquity, to refuse a recognition of the primitive
nltinities which have united the religion of Q1//'3’/e
to that of Itlxea (the wife of Saturn), in Crete
and in Arcadia; of Ops and of Jllrria, in the
Italian peninsula. But, without speaking of the
raie. or TBJGE. Galcated head of Rome.-— dilferences which may have existed between
Rev.—c. evn. r. A woman, habited in the Cybéle, Ops, and Rhea, the continued worship
tunic, guides o quadriga at full speed, holding of the first-named of these goddesses, its more
in the left hand a long sceptre, and crowned by and more flourishing state in Asia Minor, must
Victory standing behind her. have contributed to throw back the worship of
Eekhcl observes, that to Cains Curiatius [who the two other remaining divinities, in Greece
was tribune of the plebs in 616 (B C. 138), under and in Italy, among religions recollections, rather
the consuls Decius Brutus and Scipio Nasica], than add it to the number of deities of whom
or to a son of his, this denarius probably be the worship had been maintained with fervour.
longs; and that, in adopting the surname of From this last fact it results that the monuments
Trig/enziriua, and causing it to be inscribed on of Ops and of Rhea must be rare, whilst the
this and other coins of the family, he doubtless number of those which relate to Cybéle must
wished to appear as having descended from the have increased in a large proportion, and that
Curiatii of Alba. “Tergeminos (says Pliny, to an epoch comparatively recent.”
l. vii. § 2), nosci ccrtum (st Horatiornm, Curia Admitting the almost insurmountable dith
tiornmque cxemplo.”—-Who the female deity is, culties which oppose themselves to affording
with the long sreptre or Meta pura, in the anything like a satisfactory explanation of the
quadriga, or to what the type refers, docs not mysterious attributes of Oybéle, through the
appear to have met with any satisfactory explan medium of graphic illustrations, the distin
ation from numismatic antiqaaries, either of the guished French writer refers the reader to his
elder or of the modern school.—See Riccio’s work, sur la Religion Plnygienne de C3/déle,
remarks, p. 78. whilst in LaN0uvclla Galerielllyllw/ogique (p. l0
CURRUS.—-See Car, p. 176.—-—Also see et seq.) he directs his sole attention to the exte
QUADBIGA, and rniunrn. rior and to the matériel of the Phrygian worship.
CURSUS PUBLICUS.—Public conveyance, With regard to the parents of Cybele we are
O1‘ posting.-—Sce VEHICULATIO. in reality left ignorant ofthcm ; unless she may be
CURTIA gens, known only by its name agree considered as the daughter of Uranus (Heaven),
ing with that of the Roman knight who, for his and of Gma (Earth). Amongst the surnames
country's sake, precipitated himself into a gulf of this goddess there are some which refer to
in the Forum. That it was of the plebeian localities of Asia Minor, such as those of the
order is shewn by the tribuneship of a Quinlms Irlwzm, of Dim/_ymZ'ne, of god:/are of I’e.rsinu.s,
CUR.Tius, whose coins, as connected with that or of Berecynt/lia, &c. Other surnames of
family, are still extant, in four varieties of type, the Phrygian goddess are drawn from qualifica
none of which, however, make the least allu tions simply titular, which have often, how
sion to the self-devoting patriot of the Roman ever, the isolated and independent quality of a
legend.-—'I'hc brass pieces are Trientes and Sc proper name. Such are the names of Mayne
misses. The following is the only dcnarins; but Miller, of Jllater D211/11, &c. For the more
it is common :—- ' perspicuous but less becoming incidents of the
Q. cvnr. Galeated head of Rome.—R¢-v.-—n. great and god-bearing l\lother's history, re
SIL.-\. Jupiter Tonans in a quadriga at speed, ference may be had to arrs (p. 94), her youthful
holding the sceptre in his left band. Above is priest and lover. (See also MATRI nsvn s.u.v
the lituzw, below nous. TARI).-—-Nllme1‘0uS coins arc extant which prove
This silver coin records the name of Quintus how extensively the worship of Cybele prevailed
Curtius and of Marcus Junius Silanus, monetol among the cities of Asia Minor.
triu1nvirs.——Riecio (p. 79), from its fabric, con C1/lzéle is uniformly represented on Roman,
siders it to have been struck about the middle as well as on Greek coins, as a dignified matron,
of the seventh century of Rome. robed and veiled. having her head ornamented
CURULE EDlLES.—See AEDILES cununes, with a crown of towers. She holds sometimes
p_ 12, Sec also muons, p. 48. the cralalum, but more usiudly the tympzmum,
CUSTODES DII, or DEAE, with the type in one hand, and a sceptre, or sometimes a
of Fortune.-Sec ms cusromaus. branch of pine, in the other. Her chariot is
(JUSTOS, an epithet of Jupitcr.—iovrs cvs drawn by lions, or lions couch by her side, or
ros is read on coins of Titus and Caraca1la.— she herself is seated on a lion (see p. lBfi).—
In like manner rvrrrna (or I\'PPI'l‘F.R) cvsros More rarely she carries ears of corn as designat
appears on coins of Nero and Hadrian. ing the fertility and abundance with which the
CY B ELE.—'l‘he myth of this goddess, whose earth brings forth all things.
2Q2
300 CYBELE. CYBELE.
The turreted crown, such as coins display on standing with his face towards the goddess; his
the head of Cybele, forms the most common head covered with the Phrygian cap. I-le holds
attribute of personified cities. in his left hand the pedum, or crooked stick,
’l‘he pine was the tree of Cybele, being that and in his right the syrizu, or flute of reeds.
into which Atys was changed (Ovid, llleiam. x. This fine medallion presents to us the united
104). The oak was also sacred to the mother personifications of Cybéle and Atys, under the
of the gods. most frequently recurring form in the domain
The tympanum, as the attribute of Cybele, of figured antiquity.—“'I‘he resinous pine, con
is not designed solely to retrace the furious secrated to Atys, reminds us," says M. Lenor
running of the Galli (priests of Cybele), and mant, “ of the myrrh tree, into which the
t-he noise which they made with their drums. mother of Adonis was transformed, and of the
The l_r/mpanum, from its round form, and the bark, from which the young god was drawn by
manner in which the sound was obtained (by the women of Arabia, when the moment of his
sliding the finger, and by pressing it on the birth was come (Ovid, Melam. x. 4-90, seq.
exterior surface of the skin, which was stretched 512, et seq.) * * * * The pine of Atys, and
at the bottom of the tambourine), belonged the tree of Adonis, are forms of the same idea
to all the mysteries of antiquity. It is found appropriated to the productions of two dilferent
to have been regarded as n sacred object at climates.”—'l‘hese approximations, M. Lenor
Elcusis—that mystical centre from which the maut considers to be, in the Phrygian rcli 'on,
excesses, similar to those practised by the representations of the doctrine of the A 70:,
Galli, had been carefully excluded. To the from which, conformably to the genius of the
idea of the circle already expressed by the the reform of Zoroaster, every anthropomor
crenelated crown, and the modius, the £3/mpamun phiquc appearance had been banished.”-See
joined that of the circular movement equally ex Nouvelle Galerie Myllwl. p. 14-.
pressed by thc r/mmbu: of Eleusis. It is this On a first brass of Faustino senior, the
circular movement, and this perpetual course mother of the gods (0ybi-le), with a crown of
round the same which, according to Plato (in towers, seated on a throne, holds the Iympanum
the Dialogue of the Cratylus) constitute the on her knee—on each side the throne is a lion.
essence of the gods. p. 12, Nmlvelle Galerie —See mum navnr SALVTARI.
1lI_r/I/10!0_r;i11ue. On a large brass of Faustino junior, there is a
The lion consecrated to Cybele has not yet re similar type of (Jybcle.—See BIATRI nuomu.-1.
ceived a satisfactory elucidation. The respective On a brass medallion of the elder Fanstina,
explanations which Lucretius, Fulgentius, Ser with veiled portrait, the great Pcssinuntian god
vius, &c. have given in reference to the lions of dess, of whom King Attalus had made a pre
that goddess, savour, more or less, of the spirit sent to the Romans, is represented as brought
of the allegorical school, which it is necessary to to Rome, in a ship drawn by the vestal Claudia
avoid confounding with the symbolic school. Quinta, who gives a proof of her virtue by
At any rate these explanations belong to that causing the vessel to advance by means of her
epocha, when, under the name of natural Urea girdle which she attaches to it. Many matrons,
loyy, the aim was to open a way to the pro with torches in their hands, are near the vestal.
gress of the sciences, in a religion based on a —Scc cmvnm, p. 211.
complete ignorance of the laws of physics and On a brass medallion of Hadrian, Cybéle hold
of astronomy.—Ibid, p. 13. ing the tympanum, is seated on a car drawn by
Cybéleis, in the Roman mint, for the most four lions. Cybele also appears on medallions
part typified on coins of Empresses :— and first brass coins of Sabina, Antoninus Pius,
Lucilla, Commodus, Julia Domnn, &c.
On a brass medallion of Hadrian, Cybele,
holding the lyinpanum in her left hand, rested
on her knees, is seated on a car drawn by four
lions. On the exergue of this reverse is COu
Sul Ill.
The figure of Cybele, in the qnadriga, re
calls in a striking manner the verse of Lucre
tius (De Nat. Rer. ii. 600—604):—
Hanc veteres Graitlm docti cecinere poetae
Sublimcm in curru bijugos ugitare leones :
Aerie in sputio magnum pendere docentes
Tellurem ; neque posse in terra sistere ttrram.
[She it is, whom the ancient and skilled bards
of Greece have sung, as guiding aloft two lions
yoked to her car; maintaining, that this vast
On a brass medallion of the younger Fanstina, world hangs poised in mid air; and that earth
Cybele is represented seated on a throne with a cannot rest on earth.]
foot-stool, holding with one hand the I]/mpanum “There is,” says M. Lenormant, in aptly
and in the other a branch of pine. On each side citing this illustrative passage from the Latin
of the throne is a lion. Crolala are suspended poet, “ no other difference offered by Lucretius,
near her from a pine tree. On the left is Atys, , and the type of the medal in question, than the
 CYBELE. DACIA. 301
number of lions, which is two in Lucretius and D. Diclator.—c.u-;s.sa n. Psnrnrvo, on a
four on the coin. The last verse of the poet is silver coin of Julius Caesar.
remarkable; inasmuch as it seems to unite a DAC. Dacicua.
knowledge proceeding from a physical science DAT. Dalum.—See Congiarium, p. 2-M.
(d’une physique) already sutficicntly advanced, DACIA, a region of European Seythia, now
that of the rotatory movement of the earth on comprehending the modern countries of Hungary,
itself, and the application of this notion to the Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia.—L'ndcr
primitive belief already quoted, following which Augustus, the Dacians first came into warlike
the gods, or the world (which is the same thing collision with the Romans, and were driven back
with the ancients), would have been drawn into beyond the Danube by Lentulus. A hundred
a perpetual movement of concentric rotation. years afterwards, Trajan, at the head of his
'l‘his movement, by its constancy and regularity, cohorts, penetrated into the interior of Dacia,
explains the apparently contrary idea of a per diflicult as it was of access, being closed up and
fect stability. Accordingly, we have no hesita fortified by narrow gorges of mountains. That
tion in comparing this medallion of Hadrian prince, in two successive wars, met with a
with another of the same prince, on which we vigorous resistance; but at length, having con
read, TELLVS srsnrarra, and medals in gold and quered Decebalus, whose dcath shortly followed,
silver, also of Hadrian, with the same legend. he converted the Daci-an lring’s dominions into a
The meaning of these last mentioned pieces has Roman proviucc.——Hadrinu at first, it is said,
been very justly considered by Eckhcl (D. N. was inclined to abandon these hard-earned con
vi. 509), as an allegory of order and of peace, quests of his great predecessor; but continued to
rc-established by Hadrian throughout the Roman occupy the province with a powerful army.
world. In following the indication of Lucre Decius ('l‘raja.nus), about A. D. 2-1-9 struggled suc
tius, the medallion above described would ex cessfully, but with great difficulty, to defend
press the same idea in a more indirect manner. the province against repeated incursions of the
ln each case, this concentration of the person Goths. But at his death, it soon became an
of Cyhelc in the personification of the Earth, object of assault, and n scene of devastation, for _
appears to us conformable to the principles of fresh hordes of northern barbarians.—Dacia, at ‘
natural theology, and consequently to agree with length lost to Rome under Gallienus, was re
a learned period like that of Hadrian.” "‘ "‘ "‘ covered by Aureliauus; but he, despairing of
“ As to the rest," adds the learned and ingenious being able to retain it permanently as a pos
author of LaN0uvelle Galerie (p. 13), “it is session of the empire, transported the inhabitants
possible that this reverse alludes only to the into Maesia, which (according to Vopiscus) then
translation of the Boys DEA from one temple took the name of Dacia Ci:-Islrensis, or Dacia
to another, which, according t0 Spartiau, took on this side the Danube. Although eventually
place at Rome, during Hadrian's reign.” compelled to give way before the strategic skill
A contorniatc, bearing on its obverse the head and superior discipline of the imperial legion
of Nero, typifies Cybcle and Atys together in a arics, the Dacian people, both before and after
car drawn by four running lions. The goddess their subjection to the Romans, shcwed them
has a crown of towers, and holds a sceptre.— selves to be
Atys wears the Phrygian cap, and bcars the pas Prodiga gens animae, studiisque asperrima belli.
toral crook in his left hand.-—[The contorniates
belong to the lower empire. They were pieces
distributed at the Circensian games.—See p. 271
ct seq. of this dictionary]
On a dcuarius of the Cestia gens (p. l97),
Cybéle is seated in a biga of lions. For a type
of that goddess, as an emblem of Elcrnily, or
rather Faustina senior represented, after death,
under Cybi-lc’s image, see p. 23, left hand col.
D.
D. fourth letter in the alphabet of the Romans.
—Amongst numerals it signifies five hundred DACIA. S. C.—Ou a first brass of Hadrian,
(quin!/enii.) hearing on the excrgue this simple legend, with
D. as an initial letter indicates Dacia, D. 1'. the mark of senatorizd authority in the field of
Dacia Fe/i.r, occurs on the vex-illum, or stand the reverse, the province is personified under
ard, on coins of the province of Dacia. the figure of a young man, barcheadcd, habitcd
D. Da¢:icu.r.—o. n. mare. Germanicus, in a short dress, a military cloak thrown across
Dacicus, Parthicus, on coins of Trajan, whose his shoulders, and half-boots with ornamented
surnames as Emperor, are derived from the tops. This figure is seated on a rock, with a
names of conquered nations. lcgionary eagle in the right hand, and a palm
D. Damno. I condemn.-—See Coelia gens, branch in the left: his right foot rests on an
p. 222. _ oval-formed stone.
D. Derret0.—!>. D. Dacreto Deczmormm. The above is engraved from a well-pr_cscrvcd
D. Decimua, Divas, Dcsiynatu-r. specimen in the British Musciun. It is thus
302 DACIA.
also that the coin is delineated in Queen Chris
tina’s and the Farnesc cabinets; and Captain
Smyth notes a similar type of Hadrian in his
own collection. It is however to be observed,
that Eckhcl describes the first and second brass
Dacia of lladrian’s mint, as personified by a
woman, who holds in her left hand a curved
sword fglazliuru incurvmn). But all numismatic
descriptions agree as to the military cnsigns be
ing put into the right hand of the conquered
province, seated on a rock——the last feature of
typification denoting the peculiar situation and
national habitudes of the Dacians, allusive to
which L. Florianns (lib. 4), says, the Ducians
cleave to their mountains (Daci montibus inim
rent).—It appears from Spartian, that, before he
ascended the throne, Hadrian was twice in
Dacia, and took part as an officer in Trajan's
two expeditions against that country. At the
period of the second war he commanded the lst
legion, surnamed ./‘llinervia.
We learn distinctly from Eutropius (lib. 8),
that as lladrian, on at best a doubtful policy,
had given up possession of Syria, Mesopotamia,
Armenia, and other conquests of Trajan in the
East, so if left to himself, he would have re
nounced even Dacia; but that he was otherwise
persuaded by his friends, who remonstrated with
him against such a withdrawal of the legions,
ne mu/ti clues Romani darbarzlv 1razleremfur.—
For, immediately after the annexation of Dacia
to the empire by Trajan, many Roman colonies
were established there, which would all have
been immediately exposed to, and in subsequent
reigns were actually ravaged by, the inroads of vagueness of all allegory, and I have an aversion
fierce enemies, without the means of defending to the troubled sea of conjecture. Instead of
themselves. He was therefore induced to make the ass’s head, Engelius sees on these coins the
no change in this quarter, except the dis
creditable one of causing 'l‘rajan’s celebrated
bridge over the Danube to be thrown down ;
lest (according to Dion, 68, s. 16), the bar
barians should overpower the guard of the bridge,
and enter Mzesia. Historians make no mention
of any journey by Hadrian in that country when
emperor.—-But from his geographical coins it is
to be inferred that he visited the Dacian province
also. One of these, inscribed solely with the name
DACIA, presents its type of personification, as
given in the above and other examples. Others,
purely military, repeat the usual type of an
emperor addressing his soldiers, with a corres
pending lcgcnd.—See nxuucrrvs DACICVS.
The Abbe Greppo, in his wor , “ s-ur ies Voy
ages d ’I1adrien,” observes, that there are seve
ral inscriptions of Dacia which connect them
selves with the history of Hadrian. One de
serves to be cited in this place. Although it be
of a date posterior to the probable period of that
prince’s advent in the province, yet the public
works which it mentions may be regarded as a
result of that journey. It relates to water con
veyed (aqvs movers) into the ancient capital
of Decebalns, which, having become a Roman
colony, is recorded on ancient marbles—COLO
Nia VLPia TRAIANA AVGuaIa DACICA
SARMIZ.-—'l'he inscription is given in Grater,
Corpus Iruerip. Anliq. vol. 1, elxxvii. 3 M.
DACIA.
DACIA. S. C.——A woman, clothed in the
stola, stands, holding in her right hand a stafi‘
surmounted by an ass's head. This legend, and
very singular type, present themselves on gold
and silver, as well as on first and second brass, of
Trajanus Dccius.
On coins of Trajan (with legend of Provincia
Dacia Augllsli), the genius of the Daeian pro
vince, is seated on a rock, holding a military
standard-, and on coins struck in the province
itself, under Philip senior (with Provincia Dacia
for their reverse legend) the same personifica
tion of the province carries the bent sword of
her country. On the present second bmss of
Trajanus Decius, both the above mentioned
attributes are omitted; and in their place is
clearly displayed the veritable head of an ass.
“ What may be the meaning of this symbol,
I shall not (says Eckhcl) in the absence of any
ancient testimony, attempt to pronounce. For
if, as some suppose, an allegory is concealed
under it, the risk of error is in the ratio of the
head of the Daeian dragon, fixed on n pole, the
body and tail being left out, either by the carc
lessness of the moneyer, or to shorten his
labour, or for want of space in the coin. (Eu
yel. Comment. de Eqwed. Traj. p. 201). We
know, indeed, from the relievos on T1-ajan's
column, that dragons supported on ,
served the Dacians as military stan s. I
would readily give in my adhesion to this view
of the subject, as we should then have a tangible
point to start from, without being reduced to
the uncertainties of allegory. But, on the most
perfect of these coins, so long are the earsof
the animal, as to leave no doubt on the mind
that they represent those of an ass."
Among the mintages of Philip senior there is
a coin inscribed TR-ANQVILLITAS avoo. on which
is a woman standing, with a dragon in her right
hand, by which type is probably intended one
of the dragons, which, among the Romans, quite
as much as among the barbarian nations, used to
be carried, suspended from a pole, in the front
ranks of an army.-—“ If this head (observe;
Eekhel), be compared with that which appears
on the coin before us, the difference between the
two instantly strikes the eye. Whoever is in
clined to refer this type to the religion of the
Dacians, may suppose that it alludes to the ass,
which, among the Scythians, is one of Apollo's
victims, according to Clemens Alexnndrinns
 D.-\CIA FELIX. DA CICVS. 303
(Pr0lrepfir0.!, p. 25, Edit. Oxon.)—“ Phmbus is incursions of the barbarians, by whom that tract
worshipped with the Hyperborean sacrifice of of country was, during his reign, most grievously
asses. ’ harrassed. And hence, in an inscription pre
D;\Cia C.-\Pla (conquest of Dacia).—~On a served by Muratori (page 1101, 3), he is styled
silver coin of Trajan, having for the legend of RESTITVTOR. DACIAB.Vll.—Tl16 legend DACIA
its reverse nae. car. cos. v. rnux explains the letters D. P. found on so
r.r. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. many of the coins of Dacia, inscribed on a
appears a captive, with his standard.
hands tied behind him, seated DACIA PROVINCIA.—Sce PROVINCIA
on three bucklers; behind DAOIA.
him are two swords, bent in DACIA PROVINCIA AVGVST.—See PRO
the Dacian fashion, and be VINCIA DACIA AVG-V-ST. '
fore him are two javclins.-— DACl(l\"S.—It was not without having fairly
Obv.—rMP. TRAIANO AVG. Gl-JR. DAC. P.M. 'l‘R.P. earned it, as a victorious commander, that
Laureatcd head of Trajan. Trajan was honoured with this surname, after
Trajan having finished the construction of his first contest with the Dacians. At almost
that stupendous work, his bridge over the Da the beginning of his reign, when that warlike
nube, entered Dacia a second time (A. D. 105), people again invaded the Roman provinces, he
and again attacked Decebaliis its king, who had immediately took the field against them with a
been the terror of the Romans under Domitian. powerful force, and compelled Deccbalus, who was
That emperor declared war against the Dacians, feared at the time like another Hannibal, to an -
but the result proving seriously uiifavourublc to plicatc peace, by his ambassadors, at the han s
the Roman arms, he soon gave up the enter of the Roman Senate. Thereupon the title of
prise, and settled affairs by submitting to pay Dacicus was conferred upon Trajan, together with
an annual tribute. Trajan, incapable of any the most signal honours of the triumph. Hence
longer enduring such n national humiliation, we find him styled on his coins iin>. N!-IRVA
marched his army into the territories of Dece TRAIANVS AVG. GER. mcicvs, &c. This dis
balus, and compelled him to sue for peace, which, tinguished appellation was not given to him,
however, was granted only on very hard condi however, till about the autumn of the year U. c.
tions. But the king not having fulfilled his 856 (A. D. 103), and the end of the sixth year
promise, it became necessary for Trajan to re of his tribunitian power, to which date it is
commence hostilities. Having sustained a total sufficiently agreed upon, amongst historical anti
defeat, and being deprived of every thing, Dece quaries, that this Dacinn victory is to be re
balus slew himself. The emperor found the ferred; and the fact is confirmed by the non
treasures of the unfortunate monarch either in appearance of the word Dacicus on the coins of
the river Sargetia, or buried in caves. This this emperor until the year above-mentioned.
took place in the year of Rome 859 (A. D. 106). It is in the following year, namely A.D. 104,
It was then that Dacia became a Roman pro that the title of Optima: Princqn begins to ap
vince; and Trajan, returning to Rome, triumph pear on the mintages of Trajan. See nac. car.
ed for thus ending the Dacian wars. Other coins Dacfrm! gIadiu.9.—-The curved sword of the
of this prince relate to this important event. Dacians, on Roman coins, is held in the right
Eckhel remarks that “ the coins struck after hand of the personified province. It was called
Trnja.n's first war with the Dacians, do not bear lipvr-r;, falx (a falchion, or short crooked sword),
the inscriptive record of I)AC(IA) CAP(‘l'A); be such as the Thracinns first used.—[It may not
cause Dcccbalus was still permitted to retain be irrelevant to remark, that the descendants of
possession of his kingdom, though on very dis those who inhabited a part of ancient Dacia
advantageous and degrading terms. But now namely, Hungary {bat new ia,~—have long been
we read (‘ll]Il!l, as, according to Dion and others, famous for military prowess, and for skill in the
it was a conquest in reality (capta revera).” use of their favourite weapon, the Jab;-e.]
The above reverse is copied from pl. iv. fig. In his Collectanea Antigua, vol. Mr.
12, of Kolb’s Trait! de Numiemaligle Anvienne, Roach Smith fully describes, and by etchings
the illustrative engravings of whic elementary illustrates, several specimens of Saxon and
work are remarkable for their artistic fidelity to Frankish short, knife-shaped swords, amongst
the originals; and have evidently been selected which is a very remarkable example of one,
from genuine specimens. It is also engraved in found in the bed of the Thames, and now in his
M. Lenormant’s Iconograpl/ie lies Empereurs. own possession. On this subject, our observant
This explanation seems the more requisite, and discriminating Archzeologist makes the fol
bewnse neither Mionnet, nor Akerman, includes lowing observations =
that important historical legend mo. car. in “ In ancient representations of the arms of
their respective Catalogues. the Germans, swords slightly curved are almost
DACIA FELIX. S. C.—-A woman standing, always introduced. It would-be easy to cite
with a military ensign in her right hand. On numerous instances; but the sculptures on Tra
gold, silver, and first and second brass of jnn’s column, of scenes in the Dacian wars, and
Trajanns Decius. the coins of that emperor, afford types which,
The frequency with which Dacia is alluded to, allowing for a certain conventionality in the
on the coins of Decius, is attributable to the artistic treatment, are not very unlike some of
activity he displayed in protecting it from the these knife-swords.—The Dacians on the column
304 DACICVS. DAHASCUS.
of Trajan are almost always armed with this Empress Plotina, adopted him as his imperial
single-edged weapon, which curves slightly, some successor. This is rendered still more clear
times inwards, sometimes outwards, but in one by the coin of Hadrian himself.”—The Italian
or two instances the weapon is straight like antiquary then describes the portrait of Hadrian
those under consideration. And until we dis on the coin in question as that of a young man
cover ancient swords which are curved, we must, (which it is), and quotes the legend of the
as in the case of the double axe, and barbed obverse, as given in the preceding column.
javelin, consider the representations referred to, Angcloni concludes as follows :—-“ This coin rc
ashaving been influenced by the fancy of the presents, in my opinion, the above-mentioned
artist.” p. 46-47. adoption, and also Trajan’s admission of Hadrian
to share with him the government of the empire,
together with a concession, to his adopted son,
of the titles usually borne by the Emperors, and
especially those which the Senate and People
conferred on himself."-Eckhcl evidently takes
the same view; for in noticing a specimen, from
the Vienna collection (vi. 475), he describes the
type as “ Trajanm at Iladrianus [not zlllius]
I0;/ali stantea, glabum una tenant." But at the
same time observes, that this coin, and some
others of the same date (A. D. 117), in assigning
to Hadrian the appellation of Pater Palriat is
opposed to the oracle of historians (oramdu
DAC. PARTIIICO P. M. T. R. P. COS. /u'clorirorum).—See what the Author of Doc
P. P.——Two figures, clothed in the toga, sup lriua says on this point, in vii. p. 515 et seq.
porting a globe. First brass of Hadrian. Also consult his animadversions on the names
The above appears on the reverse of one of which Hadrian assumed by right of his adop
those coins, which, alike interesting from the tion. (vii. 518.)
beauty of their types, and from their connection DAMASCUS, colonic, now Damisk, or Da
with historical facts, exhibit all the various masco, as Europeans call it; Sciam or Chiam,
titles of honour bestowed, together with the as it is named by the Turks.—-The most ancient
imperial purple, by the Emperor Trajan on the city of Coele-Syria (the Hollow Syria), it is
fortunate Hadrian, his adopted successor.—The situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, at the
obverse of this coin bears the laureated head of foot of Mount Hermon, from which flow two
Hadrian, and the following legend : Il\'lPemt0ri rivers, the Abana and the 1’/uu;par. Of these
CAESari DIVI TRAIANI AVGu.rli Filio TRA mountain streams mention is made in Holy
IANO HADRIANO OPTimo AVG. GER. to Writ (Kinyr, bk. 2, ch. 5, v. 12)—-“Are not
which, in reading, is to be joined the legend Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, bet
of the reverse, namely, DACico PARTHICO ter than all the waters of Israel?” The former
Pomfiflci lilzuimo 'l‘Ribunili|i Poleatate C011 passes through the middle of the city; the other
Suli Putri Patriar. S. C. And the whole ex rolls its waters amidst gardens and orchards be
presses itself as follows :—To the Emperor, yond the walls; both afterwards unite, and form
Caesar, son of the Divine Trajanus Augustus, one river named the Chrysorrhoas, or golden
Trajanus Hadrianus the most excellent Augus river (now the Barrada). In more remote anti
tus-—the German—the Dacian, the Parthian, quity, the metropolis of Phmnicia, and in later
Sovereign Pontifl‘, exercising the Tribunitian ages, comprehended in the patriarchate of An
Power, Consul, Father of the Country. By dc tioch, Damascus is still, according to descrip
cree of the Senate. tion, the most agreeable, as it was once the
In his annotations on this coin (p. 56 Cabinet most celebrated, city in the East, on account of
dc Christine) Havereamp, after giving an the grandeur of its public edifices, and the cle
accurate copy of its inscription on both sides, gaace of its private habitations. Conflicting
states the type of the reverse to represent “ the opinions are entertained respecting the origin of
adoption of Elias Caesar made by Hadrian, in the word Damascus; amongst which Yaillant
like manner as he had himself been adopted by fin Caloniis-, i. 232) suggests, on the strength
'I‘rajan.” Having given this strau_izc interpreta of a frequent type on its coins, the derivation to
tion of what he admits to be a very curious coin,be “ Z1 Dama nutrice at Arm puero” (from the
Havercamp professes to recollect no author who boy Ascus nourished by a Doe). This city had
had spoken of it, unless it was Angeloni; to the at an early period from the foundation its own
125th page of whose work, he expressly refers kings. Josephus (Jnhq. 7, cap. 6), speaks of
and where indeed a delineation of the coin is to Adadus, in the time of David, as king of Da
be found. But, so far from bearing out the dictum mascus, and whose posterity retained that royal
of Havercamp, Angeloni adduces it as an ad title and authority to the tenth generation.
ditional tcstimony of the clearest kind to the Overthrown by the Assyrians, it became sub
truth of history, as to the fact of Trajan’s ject to the Sclcucidaz, whose mra dates from the
adoption of Hadrian :—“ Every author (says he) year of Rome 412, 312 years before Christ.-—
concurs in stating that Hadrian was cousin Thc Arabians subsequently gained possession of
to Trajan, who, through the influence of the it; and at length Pompey annexed it to the Ro
 DAMASCUS. DAM.-\S(,‘US. 305
man republic. It was not made a colony until origin of its reputed founder.-—Vaillaut quotes
the reign of the emperor Philippus senior. And, some of the interpretations put upon it; but
although on coins its title of colonic takes pre does not argue in favour of any of them. He
cedence of its dignity of metropolis, viz. con. simply remarks, that these, and other coins of
nuns an-:'rn0. 8tc. yet it had enjoyed the latter similar type, seem intended to preserve in re
prerogative long before it obtained its colonial membrance the tradition of Ascus, who having
character. On many coins, with Greek legends, been exposed in infancy, was suekled by a Damn,
from lladrian to Alexander Severus, is read or female deer, and afterwards, rising to emi
lldropolcoa, given to it as an honorary dis nence, laid the foundations of Damascus.
tinction, on account of the amplitude and im But here let this eminent numismatist of the
portance of the place. seventeenth century, speak his own sentiments
Besides Greek autonomcs, and Greek impe on this point, in his own way, if not indeed in
rials in brass, there are bilingual (viz. Greek his native tongue :-——
and Latin) brass coins of this colony, dedicated “Should we venture (says Vaillant, in Col.
consecutively to Philip senior, and to Otacilia, ii. p. 271), to regard this type of n boy sucking
Philip junior, llerennius Etruscus, Trajanus a doe, as referring to the origin of the city of
Decius, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, Amni Damascus; and should we further assert, that
lianus, Valerianns senior, Gallienus, and Salo
the name itself of that city is derived from the
uina. These coins are inscribed con. DADIAS. words dama (the doe) and Asm/.9 (the boy), the
METRO. or DAMASCO comma, or 001.. DAMA. whole host of the learned would he ready to cry
mars. or MET. out against us: let us, notwithstanding, pro
Bacchus and Silenus were the two tutelary pound our own conjectures. What is the im
deities of Damascus. Temples were erected to port of the boy suckled by a doc, who so fre
their worship in that city; and they arc typified quently appears on the coins of Damascus?—
on coins of Trcbonianus Gallus and Philip sen. Does not that type illustrate the history of some
'l'hc following are amongst the principal types boy nourished by a doe, just as that of the wolf
which appear on the reverses of coins struck in suckling Romulus and Remus, depicts the first
this city, with bilingual legends :— mode in which those infants were nourished;
1. Baa-lzus.—On second brass of Trebonianus and was not another boy, similarly brought up
Gallus.—Sce type described in p. l20. by a deer (6.115 nvos lluizpou) named, accord
2. Q1/press II'P{.'.—On a rare second brass, ingly, Te/epkua-? The animal dam, however,
struck in honour of Volusianus, with the legend derives its name from 8a;.u£(w (to lame), by the
of Colonia Danzmsvu; Metropolis, this tree figure autiphrasis. Stephens, in his T/res/zuru.r,
stands between a horse and a bull.—[The mean v. Aanaawds, states, that Damascus was so
ing of this singular type is far from having been called from Arcuc, a giant. Now, this giant
satisfactorily explained. Vaillant, who seems to might have been brought up by a deer; and it
reject the idea of any local allusion in the case, is a reasonable conjecture, that the name of the
puts it intcrrogatively whether this combined city, Aa,u.ao'm5s, was compounded of the two
group of the tree and the two quadrnpcds may words Ad,u.a and 'Ao'x6s;—but if this etymo
not have a mystic signification ?—For an inge logy does not meet with approbation, we take re
conjecture sec that author, in Coloniis, ii. fuge in another founder of the city, by name
‘ 1.2 . Damascz/.r, after whom Damascus, the noblest
On second and third brass of Philip senior, city in Syria, was culled, as Justin thus relates,
Silcnus stands before u cypress, which tree was xxxvi. 2-‘ The name was given to the city by
held in veneration by the Phrcnieians, being, its king Damrz.rcu.r, in whose honour the Syrians
according to Plutarch, dedicated to the Sun.— revcrcnced the sepulchre of his Wife Arathis as
Vaillant, ii. p. 161. a temple, and paid hcr the highest adoration as
a deity.’~—Perhaps this king had been exposed,
and tended by a deer, and so by the act of suck
ing that animal, he points to the memory of
the founder, and the origin of the city.”
In a learned Dissertation on certain coins of
Damascus, inserted in the Revue .NumLymntique
(vol. vii. year 1814, p. 1. et seq.) M. J. De
Witte, who has illustrated his subject with ap
propriate engravings, enters at great length into
the traditions, often as contradictory as they
3. Doe (DANA) giving suck to zz Iillle 603/.— are various, which have been furnished by my.
On first and second brass coiiis of this colony, thographers, but which (he observes), result in
minted under Philip senior, Otacilia his wife, showing only that the name of the city owes its
and Trebonianns Gallus. origin to one of thosejeuz ale mole in which the
This type, accompanied by the legend of re ancients, especially the Greeks, took delight.
verse con. onus. METB. occurs on coins of this “ .\l_\‘thol0gical legends (says in substance this
colony, during the above reigns; and has given living French numismntist), relate that a per
rise among the learned to a variety of conjec sonagc of the family of the earth-born Giants,
tures. It is generally regarded as bearing re bearing the name of A.s'cu.9 (who, from a unmis
ference to the name of the city, and to t-he matic type, is supposed to have been deserted
2R
 306 DAMA SCYS. D.\.\l.-\SCUS.
in his infancy, and sucklcd by a doe), pursued above advanced. The reverse of the piece,
Ill his manhood a heroic and successful career; which belongs to the reign of Philip the younger,
until, having cut down the vineyards which is described (in (70/. ii. p. 271) as follows :-—
Dionysus (Bacchus) had planted in Syria, that Rev.—-c01.. Dana. nnraor. A naked infant
god, in his wrath, flayed the offender; and of standing, crowns a woman whose head is tur
his skin was made a leathern bottle or sack, rcted.
which served to contain wine.” Vaillant recognises in this type Ascus ofi‘er
Vaillant, it will have been seen, in explaining ing a crown to the city which he had founded.
the type of the above reverse, recognises in the —But this jumbling together of boyhood and
infant sncklcd by an animal resembling a female manhood, at one time and in one action, offers
deer (Dama) the young Ascus ; and suggests a much more difiicult subject for interpretation
that the word Damn being prefixed to that of than the foregoing. And we must leave both
Areas, which assimilates with armor, signifying the text of the elder, and the coinciding animad
in Greek a wine skin, Au./.40. Amcos, abbreviated versions of the modern, commentator, to the
to Damascus, became the name of the city. criticism of the Revue Nzzmzlmzalique ('1'. vii. p.
Eckhel (1). N. V. iii. p. 332), refuses to ad 22), and to the judgment of its readers.
mit the explanation given, in this instance, by 4-. Genius of the Cil_1/ and Iliver Gods.
Vaillant, first of all, because the word Aapa, There is a first brass, inscribed to Hercnnius,
as used to designate a doe, is not Greek; and which Pellerin assigns to this colony, and which
secondly, because the doe appears by itself on is remarkable not only for its size and for the
pieces struck whilst Damascus enjoyed a govern manner in which the first characters of its re
ment and laws of is own, long before the epoch verse legend are formed, but also for the type
when that city was declared a Roman colony. which it presents, viz. :
M. Dc Witte combats both these objections, Rev.—aaasco. COLONIA.—Tl16 genius of the
first by pointing to the bilingual fcaturc of the city, under the figure of a woman, having
legends on the colonial imperial coins of Damas towers on her head, and holding corn-ears in her
cus, and next by a series of arguments founded right hand, is seated on rocks, between two
on philological, historical, and mythological data, rivers, which are represented, at her feet, by two
to which, as well as to tho entire dissertation, men who seem to throw themselves partly out
the numismatic student will be advantaged by of the water, as if in the act of swimming.
referring; for they throw light on other es Besides these two aquatic deities, there is also,
of the Damascene colonial mintages, with oth on each side of the seated female figure, n mili
Greek and Latin inscriptions. The following tary ensign, on one of which is the letter 5. and
are his concluding remarks on this disputed and on the other the letter 1‘. (Seeliecueil
point ~.— 11¢-.s Jllédaillea D’As-ie, tom. ii. title page of
“ Vnillaut, confining himself to the study of second part, p. vii.)
an isolated numismatic type, has not pushed his [Such is the description which Pellerin gives
investigations far enough. But his explanation of this singular reverse, and with which the
perfectly elucidates the play upon words con engraving he has furnished of it, from a specimen
cealed in the type of the infant A-was suckled in his own collection, perfectly corresponds. He
by the doe (dama). The animal, however, which pronounces the coin in question to belong to
nourishes Ascus does not figure in the tradition Damiu, in Syria, and shews that the legend,
ary legends of Damascus, at least in those with of which the first four letters are in Greek mo
which we are acquainted. On what ground has nogram, ought to be read AAMASCO coL0.\'1a.
n doe been given as a nurse for Ascus P Would The type (says he) marks the situation of Damas
this animal have been chosen for any other rea cus at the foot of Mount Hermon, whence the two
son than to complete the jeu de mots? These rivers Abamz and Pluupar flowing, passed round
are questions which we should wish to clear up. the city, and are on this coin symbolised under the
“The legends we have drawn from ancient figures of the two men emerging from the water.
sources teach us that Ascus was a giant, 'yf'yar. —'l‘he same practised numismatist of the elder
Now, all the giants appear to us in mythology school adds, that this particular coin differs
as sons of the Earth. Dama then would here from every other which had, up to his time,
represent the Earth rzozaris/ling the children, been published, inasmuch as thereon Damascus
1‘-T1 imupo-rpd4>os (Pausanias, i. 22-3). In etfect, takes the title of colony only, instead, as in all
we discover again in the word Edna the primi other instances, of assuming the additional title
tive Illa, whence comes Jlleter, Mater; as a of metropolis. With respect to the S. and the T.
consequence of this comparison, we arrive at on the ensigns, Pcllerin observes that “those
Aa;.ta'r1;p, Ceres, the nutritive Earth, the mother letters hold there the place of cyphers or nume
of the giant Ascus. Demeter is besides the rals, which are commonly inscribed on such re
same as Damfa, honoured with Auxésis, at presentations of military standards, in order to
Egina, at Epidaurus, at Trezen. The legend designate the legions, from which the vetemn
thus completes itself, and in the pun de soldiers were sent into the ditferent Roman
mole), we find again the mythological beings put colonies. Those legions, in their origin were
on the stage by the mythographers." pp. 22-23. distinguished solely by the name respectively of
M. De Witte, moreover, regards the com first, second, t/lird, and so on with the rest.
mentary of Vaillnnt on another coin of Damas As it happened, however, in the sequel, that
cus, as serving to sustain what he has himself there were many which wcie called first, second,
 DAMASCUS. DANUVIUS. 307
third, &c. so surnames, for their further designa Syrian superstition referred all things.—See eu
tion, and distinction one from another, were graving in Vaillant, ii. p. 100].
given them, either of deities, or of emperors, 9. Ve.n'llum.—A second brass, dedicated by
or of provinces, or other surnames, which cir Damascus to Trebonianus Gallus, exhibits on its
cumstances and events caused the Romans to reverse the above-named military standard, on
adopt. Conformnbly to this idea, he considers which is LEG. 111. osn. Legio Tertia Gallica:
it is the more probable interpretation, that the on each side is an eagle.
letter S. denotes the IIIIth ion, surnamed [Evidence is here adduced that the veterans of
Sc;/I/lica, and the letter T. points to the IInd the Third Gallic Legion, which at the time of
Legion, suruamed 1$"¢y'ana ; since ancient authors, Phi1ip’s assumption of the imperial power was
in speaking of lc ‘one, sometimes call them by in winter quarters in Phmnicia, were transplant
their surnames.” ed as colonists to Damascus, by that empcror——
5. Ram (Aries) on a second brass, inscribed a fact confirmed by the two eagles at the foot of
to Philip senior.—-[This type which refers to the vezi/lam].
thc Zodiacal sign of that name, frequently occurs 10. W0?/' and Twin:.—On first and second
on Syrian, Phcenician, and Coelc-Syrian coins. brass of Otacilia, this well known type appears,
The ancients ditfered, not only as to the number with the addition of the labarmn, on which is
and arrangement of the months composing the inscribed LEG. VI. F.—See Genius of the City,
solar year, but also as to its beginning. For No. 4.
with some nations it commenced under the vernal [The coins of Damascus, dedicated to Philip
equinox, when the Sun enters Aries. Others senior, shew, it was not until his murderous
made the year begin under the autumnal equinox, usurpation of the empire, that this celebrated
because they believed that the world was at that city became a Roman colony. And this medal,
season created, with its fruits ripc.-—Vaillant, ii. struck with others, in honour of his wife, points
p. 162.-—See M. De Witte’s observations in 11’: out from which legion, after the assassination of
one Numismatique, 'r. 11, on this type of Gordian III. the veterans were sent by Philip
the Ram]. to Damascus—namely, Leyia Sezla Ferrata.—
6. River God, in a recumbent posture, naked Vaillant, ii. p. 179].
to the waist, holding n small image on his right 11. Woman, with turrelcd head, sitting on
hand; a cornucopia: in his left, and his left a mount; before her stands Silenus, bearing the
elbow resting on an urn, out of which issues goat-skin on his shoulder. At the top of the
water——on a first brass dedicated to Philip sen. coin is Pegasus. Below the seated female are
[The figure denotes the site of Damascus, five other women, with turretcd heads, who stand
washed by two streams, whose confluence as has sacrificing at an altar. This curious type appears
already been noticed forms the Ghrysorrhoas on arare brass coin, dedicated by the citizens
(Barrada or Bardinés), which the river deity of Damascus to Otacilia, in compliment to hcr
seems to rcpresent.—Vail.l. ii. p. l62.—" The husband Philip.
little figure doubtless is an image of the young [The female figure seated represents the city;
Ascus.”—De Witto ; see Dissert. above quoted]. she is turreted as being a metropolis; she sits
7. Sl'lcnua—see Cypress, No. 3. on a mountain, as indicating the situation of
8. Temple.ZOu a first brass, struck in Damascus, whose territory cmbraced the spurs
Damascus to the honour of Otacilia, wife of the of Mount Hermon; she bears a cornncopizc to
emperor who made that city a Roman colony. denote the plenty which reigned within her bor
Bcsidcs the usual Latin legend c0L. Danna. ders. Above her is the flying horse Pegasus,
in-;'rn0. the Greek word UHFAI, 1"0zuz/nine, ap the city’s sign or token; before her stands
pears at thc bottom of the reverse. The type Sileuus, whom the Damascenes worshipped, as
is a temple of four columns, in which stands the has already been noticed. The five women at
iuizngc of Silenus. Below the base of the tem the bottom of the medal, in the act of perform
ple is an arch, beneath which rcclines a river ing sacrifice, pcrsonify the principal cities of
deity, without beard, holding in his right hand Csele-Syria, of which Damascus was the chief.
a brunch, his left arm resting on an urn; in his —Vaillant, ii. p. 178-9].
left hand is a horn of plenty. On one side a DANUVIUS and DANUBIUS, Donau or
star, on the other the moon; on the right side Danube ; the grandest river in Europe. A part
a small altar. of it was called lvter, but the differences of an
[The temple is that of Silenns, who was an cient writers render it uncertain through which
object of especial worship with the inhabitants regions of its course the name of Dnnubins, and
of Damascus, in common with all the people of which that of Ister, was appropriated to it.—
Phrenicin and Syria. The personified river under Xiphilinus atlirms that Trajan’s bridge was built
the arch refers to Damascus. It represents the over the Ister. The Danube was worshipped as a
plain where the stream of the Abona was dis divinity by the Getzc, the Dacians, Thracinns, Sac.
tributed in fountains through the whole city The Danube rises at Donauschingen, in the
(sec River-god above described). The river mountains of the Black Forest, territory of Ba
bears a cornucopine in indication of the abun den, in Suabia (“ Mons Abnoba’, of Tacitus);
dance that springs from the irrigation of its and after receiving more than 100 fine tributaries
waters. The altar belongs to Silenus’s temple. in its course of 2,100 miles, (ll5(‘lI<'ll'gCS its waters
——'l‘hc star and the crescent designate Sol and into the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), in Bos
Luna, to whom, as to presiding deities, the sarnbia.
2R2
808 DANUVIUS. DANUVIIIS.
In Mznsia Superior (now Servia), cast of Danube. Apollodorns Damascenus is named as
Viminiacum (near whose site is the small town the architect.
of Alt Golnubac), on the river’s bank was Tali Writers, however (Marsilius and Reimar
atis, or Taliata. Near this place was a ridge of among others), are not wanting, who have rigor
rocks, remarkable as thought to be the spot ously esamined that passage of Dion, in which
where the Danube changes its name, the eastern he describes the bridge; and these deny the
part of it being called lster by the ancients, as possibility of reconciling the measurements there
the western was termed Danubins. A little emit given with the rules of architecture. They say
of this place was Pons Trajani (now called that, so far as can be gathered from the remains
Trajan’s Rock), the bridge built by the Emperor which are extant at the present day, at the “ lron
Trajan to pass into /Ii: province of Dacia.-—See Gate" (pork: ferrea), between Servia and Wal
Bp. Butler, Gnoy. pp. l06—189—l95, whose laelria, the entire work could not have been so
account corroborates the assertion of Xiphilinns large as is represented ; and that the piles only
above cited, that 'l‘rajan’s bridge was built over of the bridge were of stone, whilst the arches
that part of the river anciently called the lstcr. were of wood. According to Procopius, at each
DANUVIUS COnSuli Patria: OPTIMO end of this bridge stood u castle (or fort).-Sec
l’ltlNCip£ (Consul for the fifth time, Father of Eckhel’s Commentary, vi. 413, ct seq.
the Country, ExcellentPrincc). The obverse of the coin exhibits the laureated
The Danube, under the form head of Trajan to the right, bearing the Egis;
of abcarded man, crowned with with the following legend :—1sll>. TR.-\IANO AVG.
reeds, in a recumbent pos era. me. P. 11. TR. P. To the Emperor Tra
ture. The right hand of the janus, Augustus, the Germanieus, the Dacicus,
personified river is extended Sovereign l’onti1'l' (invested) with the tribunitian
to a galley, the left rests upon power. The silver alone (from a specimen of
his urn: a drapery is placed which the above cnt is copied), is catalogued
under the arms of the god, a portion of which, by Mionnet and Akerman. The gold is beauti
filled by the wind, floats semi-circularly above fully engraved in Iconographie dc: Empereurs,
his head. par M. Ch. Lenormant, p. 47, No. 13.
This reverse, which appears on gold as well It was not to be expected that Hadrian would
as silver of Trajan, was struck in the 858th year have struck a coin allnsive to that mighty stream
of Rome (A.D. 105), after the passage of the whose name was associated with his predecessor's
Danube by the legionary troops. The famous conquests ; for Hadrian caused the Roman bridge
river whose name occupies the exerguc, was in over it to be destroyed. But it is singular that,
deed well worthy a place on coins, both on ac with the exception of the coin above described
count of its close proximity to the scene of con and commented upon, there should not, in the
flict in the Daeian wars, and also because it had fertile mints of Trajan, be any instance in which
to be crossed by the imperial forces, in order to the word DANVVXVS or nanvmvs forms part of
reach the cnc1ny’s territory. But the highest the legend on a contemporaneous coin of his.
glory was gained by Trajan on the river itself, There is indeed, a first brass of that emperor,
when he adorned it with n stone bn'dge—a work, bearing the date of his fifth consulate, on which
which, if credit may be given to Dion’s descrip the most intelligent numismatists, as well of the
tion (lxviii. § 13), fur surpassed all others ac present day as of the elder school, recognise one
complished by that prince, and which furnished arch of the bridge in question (see Pom), but it
proof that scarcely any enterprise is too vast for is only probable conjecture, not positive identifi
the genius, hnrdihood, and perseverance of man. cation. Another first brass of Trajan (common,
[It was 3325 English feet in length].—Lcnrned but of good design and workmanship), is gene
writers have imagined that they recognised the rally regarded as having been meant to symbo
architectural features on the colmnn of Tra lize the Danube, and to refer to thc first victories
jan, still seen at Rome (and indeed it is so given of imperial Rome over her brave Dacian foe, viz.:
in Table E, segment lxriv. No. 260, of a Ifev.—s. P. Q. R. orrmo PRINCIPI. s. e. A
series of engravings placed at the end of Morell. river-god, holding a reed in the left hand,
T/lesaurua Impp. Rom. Numirrnala). presses with the right knee on the thigh, and
Among other passages in Dion’s detailed ac with the right hand on the neck, of a recum
count of this gigantic structure, is the follow bent male figure, clothed in the Dacian habit.
ing :—“ Trajan caused that stone bridge to be But this is allegory, of which the meaning may
built on the Danube, of which I cannot sulfi be shrewdly guessed at, not the open record
cicntly express my admiration. For although and typification which might have been cr
there are many other magnificent works of his, pected, relative to an event so important as Tra
yet this bridge far surpasses them all.”—'l‘hc jan’s first successes on the Danube.—-See unma
same author enters into copious particulars on eon.
the subject, stating for example, how many pilcs “ The personification (says Eckhel, in his no
it was supported by, their heighth and breadth; tice of this coin, vi. 4.-18), as displayed on the
adding what distance those piles, conjoined by above coin, appears by the gesture of laying
arches, were from each other. It may be ima violent hands on the prostrate Dacian, to inti
gined how many and how great were the obsta mate that the river also had some share in the
cles to be overcome, in order to erect such a merit of reducing that nation. That a fleet
bridge over a river so broad and so deep as the . really had its station in Mtesia, and consequently
 DANUVIUS.
on the Danube to repress the incursions of the
barbarians, is proved by an inscription published
by Gruter (p. 575, i.), in which mention is
made of a class-is Flavia Illa?-visa.”
The following notice of a brass medallion, re
lates to another bridge over the Danube, said to
be the work of Constantine the Great :—
CONST.-\N'l‘IN\"S MAXimu.r AVGustus.—
Bust of Constantine the Great, to the right,
dilulemed.
Rev.——SALVS REIPu6lic¢2. A stone bridge
of three arches, over which Victory walking,
carries in her left hand a trophy resting on her
shoulder, and with her right hand points out
the way to the emperor, who follows with spear
sud buckler. At the extremity of the bridge, a
barbarian kneeling holds up his hands in an
attitude of supplication to both. Below is the
figure of a river-god in a recumbent posture,
with right hand uplifted. On the exerguc the Aud with respect to Pellcrin’s print of his own
word DANVBIVS.
A brass medallion corresponding in legends of nnmismatie engraving adopted by the artists
and types with the one above described, is in the employed to illustrate that eminent antiqnary’s
Cabinet of the Bibliothcque Natioualc at Paris. numerous volumes, will, we believe, be amongst
Our wood-cut is after a cast from that original.
Pcllerin (.’|[e'Ian_qe, 1, pl. xii. No. 3, p. 215), types of his coins are delineated with compara
published a specimen of it, which closely agrees
with that in the French Cabinet, to which grand
repertory it was probably, after his death, trans
ferred with numerous other medals, from his
own collection.
In referring his readers to this medallion,
Pellerin wys—“ It shcws by its type that Con
stantine had passed the Danube on a bridge, and
gained a victory in the country through which
it flows, either over the Sarmatiaus, or over
the Goths, or other barbarians with whom he
was at war. It is stated in the Chronicle of
Alexandria, and in the histories of both the
Victors, that this emperor built on the Danube
a stone bridge of three arches only, as that
seems to be which is represented on the medal
lion here given. Learned men have judged it
scarccly possible, from the width and depth of
the river, in that country, that a bridge of such
a kind should have been erected there, and hence employs from historical sources to support his
they have looked upon the medallion as suspi
cious (comme .m.rpec(). Ncvcrthclesshistorians
and coins of Trajan leave no room to doubt but
that that emperor built on the same river 0.
bridge, whi"" '“'\n has described, and cvcu given
DANUVIUS. 309
the dimensions of its various parts. It is very
possible, that the bridge built by Constantine had
more than three arches. There was no occasion
to represent them all in order to impart an idea
of its construction, and to convey a knowledge
of the military exploit, which it was intended
to designate by the same type.” (p. 215-16).
Eckhel, who treats with doubtless well-me
rited condemnation another medallion of the
largest size, in the Vienna cabinet, which bears
the sarue legend of reverse, but not the same,
though in some respects a similar, type, has
handled the claims of the present one to be re
garded as authentic, with very little more in
dulgence. He observes, that “the shape of the
letters upon it, provided Me copy be true lo Use
original, savours of the time of Nero or there
abouts, and that it does not belong to the age
of Constantine.” We should not venture to
dissent from the great master and highest autho
rity in nurnismatic science, did he not himself
plainly intimate that he had never seen the ori
ginal piece of which Pcl]erin’s work had fur
nished him with a copy. Neither has it fallen
to our lot to have seen the medallion itself; but
we now write with a skilfully-taken cast from it
before us; nnd after comparing the lettering, on
both obverse and reverse, with that of other
medallions of the same reign—(for example, the
sxvrensron oamlviu GENTIYM), we, with de
ference, but without hesitation, afiirm, that the
conformation of the letters exhibited on the
DANVBIVS medallion of the French museum, per
fectly assimilates, on both sides, with that of
the one just cited, as a well-known spccimen.—
coin, they who are most familiar with the style
the most ready to acknowledge that though the
tive truthfulness, yet no regard is paid in them to
those peculiarities of lettering which distinguish
the respective ages of the Roman coinage; but
that on the contrary, all his legends and inscrip
tions, whether Greek or Latin, exhibit a uniform
sameness of character.
Having thus endeavoured to meet those argu
ments agninst the recognition of this coin as a
genuine antique, which are derived, by the learned
Author of Doctrine, according to his supposi
tion, from its workmanship, it might sutlice for
us here to close with simply adding, that Mion
net, in his Recueil dea Jllédailles Romaine: ('1'.
ii. p. 230), describes the legend and type of this
remarkable reverse, nearly in the terms above
quoted, and gives his attestation to the genuine
ucss of the medallion, by affixing to it the value
of 150 francs.—But in justice to such argu
ments as the illustrious numismatist of Vienna
suspicions of Pelleriu’s coin, a luminous passage
from Eckhel's commentary (see viii. 86-87), is
hereto subjoincd; and the reader left to form his
own judgment on the subject -.—
“The vastness of such an undertaking as a
310 DANUVIUS. DARDANICI.
stone bridge over the Danube, where its stream the Danube. It‘, however, we allow these coins
is so wide as it is in Mmsin, prevents our accord to be authentic, Enmenius (vii. p. 409), has used
ing any credence to the Chronicon of Alexan most graphic language in accordance with their
dria, filled as it is with so many old woman's type :—‘ And above all, by building the bridge
tales. And, indeed, had it been constructed of at Agrippina, you trample upon the remnant of
cemented materials, there would of necccssity a wretched people, preventing their cver laying
have remained some vestiges of it even to the aside their terrors, but keeping them ever in
present day, as is the ease with the bridge of alarm, ever atretclling out I/teir /Lands in sup
Trajan, nearly two centuries older, though even plimtion.’ ”
these are not found to extend completely across DARDANICl.—This \vord, on a third brass
the bed of the river. I am aware, that Constan of Trajan, is accompanied by a type in which a
tine, A. D. 310, planned n stone bridge over the woman stands, with corn-ears in one hand, and
Rhine, at Agrippina (Cologne), of which fact there gathering her robe with the other.
can be no doubt, since Enmenius asserts it in Eckhcl classes this, not with the coins of Ro
the panegyrie which he delivered in the presence man fabric and of Senatorial authority, hut
of Constantine (Pane!/_r/r. vii. ch. 13). But at amongst what he terms Numi J1etaIlorum.—
the time when Eumenius used those expressions, He observcs—“ Dardnniu was n region situated
the bridge was only just begun; and that the in Upper Mmsin, over against Macedonia, and
work was interrupted, is inferred by learned often mentioned by ancient historians as well as
writers from the fact, that no rcrnnins of so vast geographers; and on a marble of the age of
n work are to be found on the spot in the river Trajan, L. Befius is called PEAEI. ALAE. nan
bed. And, that the design of a stone bridge n.\.\'onvn. This appellation of its district con
over the Danube was liable to greater obstacles tinued as long as the reign of Diocletian; for
than a like work over the Rhine, is evident from 'lh'cbellins Pollio states, that Dardnnia was the
the superiority of the former river, in Maesia, birth-place of Claudius Gothicns. Now it is
to the latter, in the volume of its waters.— certain that in this tract of country there were
The testimonies of both the Victors, which many mines, which having taken their name from that
quote on this subject, lead to no practical deci region, supplied metal; wherewith, like those
sion, as the one, in his Constantine, says—‘A of Dalmatia and Pannonia, coins were struck
with the epigraph simply of DARDAXICI, sup
bridge was built over the Danube ;’ and the other
—‘ He (i. e. Constantine) constructed a bridge pressing the word METALLI, by which PARSO
over the Danube-,’ but neither of them tell us mcr, nnmr(nrcr), and v1.1>Luvr, are preceded,
that it was of stone. It is more probable, there on other medals of a similar nature, which the
fore, that it was a bridge of boats, which, sup industry and avarice of the Romans established
posing it to have been put together at the point and circulated in va.rious provinces, and of which
where the river hastens to its outlet, and is there exist several inscribed with the name of
swelled to an immense volume by the combined Trajan and of Hadriau.”—See D. N. V. voL vi.
waters of central Europe, it must have been s p. 446.
work not inferior in magnitude to that of Xerxes DCCCLXXIIII.—The year of Rome 874
over the Hellespont, described at large by so (A. D. 121), appears on a coin of Hadrian, which,
many writers. lt was at about the same spot struck in the fifth year of his reign, remarkably
that Darius, the son of Hystaspes, in the inva illustrates the year of the city’s foundation, by
sion of Scythia, crossed the Danube with his the following inscription =—.-\sN. DCCCLXXIIII.
forces, by a bridge, as recorded by Herodotus, nu. vns. &e. (NataiiU1-bis).-—See ass. p. 46.
Strabo (vii. p. 409), and Trogus; but this also D. C. A.——Divu-1 Oaaar Augurtur.
was composed only of boats. Marsilius, speak D. D.-—-Deereto Dscuri0num.—'l‘his is usually
ing of this vaunted bridge of Constantine—— understood as referring to the liberty of striking
(Danub. ii. p. 37), says, that having searched coins in colonies, as S. C. Senalus (-‘uruul/r/,
the whole stream throughout this tract of coun denoted coins struck at Rome by authority of
try, without discovering the rernains of so great the Senate.
n work, he was informed by the inhabitants, that DD.—Domim', speaking of two, and DDD.
when the river subsides below n certain level, of three.
there appear above the surface some wooden DD. NN.——Domim' Noatri, or Daminorrnn
piles, a little higher up than the place \\'herc the Nastrm-um——Onr Lords, two Ns signify two,
Alnta mingles with the Danube. I can scarcely and NN N. three Lords or Ernperors.—See DO
credit the fact of the remains of a wooden mnus NOSTEB.
bridge being extant after a lapse of thirteen cen DE GER.—De Germ:mL!.—See GERMANI5.
turics and more; but let others inquire into the DE I\"D.—De Jud¢ei:.—Sce Inns:-us.
truth of this statement. It is suflieient for my DE SARr\I.—Da Sarmatia.-—-See snnnsrrs.
present purpose, to know, that Marsilius, after DEAE. or DH. are for the most part repre
a diligent investigation of the whole neighbour sented ou coins, with the body, or at least as
hood, and the course of the river, discovered no far as the breast, naked. For nudity, in an
vestiges of a done bridge built by Constantine. cient sculpture and painting, denoted beatitude
And, consequently, till I find such a coin as the and immortnlit-y.—Rasche.
one in question, approved by several numisma Dearum .simulncra.—-The images of goddesses
tists of acknowledged eminence, I must be al are distinguished on ancient coins by the fol
lowed to doubt the fact of a stone bridge over lowing attributcs:—BeIlon?r, by spear and
 DEA ltU.\l'.—DEBF.LL.\'I‘OR. DE(lEl\'NALl.\. 311
buclrler.-——(.'errs, by crown of corn ears, torch, pursuing his successes beyond the Danube, until
and car drawn by serpents.—C;:/bide, by turreted the fugitive remains of both these tribes were
r,-1-,;\\'n uud liousillirum, by hunting dress, almost extcrminated by the Roman sword.
bow, arrow, and quiver; also car drawn by Banduri, ii. p. 244, obs. 3.
stags, and by a small horned mo0n.——Diana On a brass medallion of Constantius II. in
E},/resia, by her many breasts, stags at her the Cabinet de France, afier a cast from which
fr-ct, and small basket filled with fruit on her the above reverse has been engraved, the follow
he,-\d.——F/ora, by flo\vcrs.——I.ris, the Egyptian ing legends and types appear =——
goddess, by star, sistrum, and flower on her CONSTANTIUS Pius Felix AUGu.rlu:.—
hegd_—-JIHIO, by veiled head and pcacock.— Bust, to the right, of Constantius the Second,
Juno Honeta, by the balance, because coins diademed.
were minted in the temple of Juno at Rome. Rev.——DEBELLATORI GENTIum BAIL
Juno .S'g-rpila or Sis]/ilrz, by the goat-skin and _BARum. The emperor, bare-headed, wen;-.
ho;-n5__fl[ine1va, by the owl, olive branch, ser mg the paludameut/un, mounted on s horse,
pent, hr-lmet, bucklcr, spear, and thunderbolt. which gutlops to the right, strikes with the point
Venus, by the apple, Cupid, rudder, and dove. of his lance a warrior, who meets the blow on
—Vmm.: Paplria, by the terminal or conical one knee; whilst another enemy lies under the
stQn¢_—Vesta, by veiled head, simpulum, palla horse.
Flattery here awards to the second son of
dium, and torch.——Rasche.
Denrum t1'mp1a.—The temples of goddesses, Constantine the Great n title which his father
as exhibited on coins, are not of the common had acquired for successive triumphs in many a
square-formed structure, but round; either as slaughterous battle, fought with “ barbarians."
on the medallion of Faustino senior, inscribed For the younger Constantius was heir, neither
M/zlri Deum Salulari (Cyhelc) ; or on the coin to the valour nor to the good fortune of the
of Trehouianus Gnllus, with legend of Junoni First Constantine, being ofizener vanquished than
Martiali ; or the temple of Vesta, as on the victorious, except in the civil wars with his
coin of Lucille, and on a denarins of the Cassia brothers and cousins.-—Sce Eckhcl, viii. 83
gens, with the letters A. c.—See Templum. 116.-—See also Biog. Notice, in p. 263 of this
IJEAE. SEGETIAE.-—On the reverse of gold dictionary.
and billon of Snlonina, wife of Gallienus, are this DEC.—Decius, Deceunalia, &c.
epigniph, and s temple supported by four co DEC. AN N .—-(Deeem. Annus) Decennnlis, of
lumns, within which the deity, wearing a cres ten years: Decennial.
.Decem.—The usual mark of the denarius
cent on her head, appears withuplifted hands.
It would seem by the testimony of this coin was thus stain ed X.—See nmvsnivs.
(see s.u.o>:i.\',\), that the empress had erected a DECEN. ECENNAL.-—Decem1alea ludi,
temple to the goddess Seyelia, who before that or Decermalia Fesia.-—Festivals celebrated under
had only an ultar in the Circus Maximus. She the Emperors, at Rome, every ten 3/ears. Their
was called Segriia, as being (prafecta segetibm) origin _was as follows ;—-Augustus, after having
a presiding divinity over the harvests when they tranquilliscd the empire, and enjoyed ten years
were sprung up from the soil. (See Eckhel, vii. of peaceful sovereignty, wearied with state fati
399-419).-—-ltlr. Akerninn, in u note on this gues, and failing in health, afi'ected to be desir
legend, observes—“ Some authors are of opinion, ous of sbdicating the government. Accordingly
he assembled the Senate, to whom he rendered
that Segetia was the same as Fortune, called
an account of his administration, and commu
also Sejana, to whom, as Pliny informs us, Nero
nicated his wish to resign. But the Senators
built 8. temple of transparent marble.”-—Deacr.
pressed upon him a continuance of his reign for
Cat. ii. 42. - four years longer, and he was not so obdnrate
DEBELLATOR GENTIUM BARBARA as to decline compliance with their importuni
RUM. The Vanquisher of Barbarian Nations. ties. At the expiration of this period, they
Constantine, called the Great, was rewarded with obliged him to loud himself with five years
more of imperial care; and st the end of that
term ten more were required of him : insomuch
that from one ten years’ end to mother this un
ambitious but yielding prince held sway for 1i[.,»_
(cf. Dion Cass. 53, 13). Some of his successors
made similar tenders every ten years; and after
the refusal to accept, which they were sure enough
to meet with from those to whom the offer was
made, they gave a public feast on such renewal
of power. The celebration consisted of sacrifices
to the gods, of donatives to the soldiers, and
of largesses to the people, accompanied with
shows and games on the most magnificent and
costly scale.
this title, when in the year 322 of the Chris DECENNALES PRIMI.—On gold and sil
tian era, he gained repeated victories over the ver, and with S. C. on second brass of Anto
Goths and Sarmatians, in lllyria and in Macsia, ninus Pius, we see Pnrm nscunrunns within
___ u-a-
312 DECENNALIA.
an oaken crown—with the addition, on some
specimens, of (:05. Illl.
'l‘he Decemzaler, and Vola (vows), either nn
dcrtakeu or accomplished, that is to say, for the
safety of the prince, make their appearance for
the first time on coins of Antoninus Pius;
although from the commencement of the em
pire, certain public vows were sometimes re
corded on them, and though destined thereafter,
and especially during the age of Constantine,
to form the constant subject of coins.
DECEM. ANNALES SECVND. COS. IIII.
S. C.—On a very rare first brass, the legend
of reverse reads as above, inscribed in s garland
of oak leaves.
The first Decmnale-r of Antonine closed on
the 10th of July, .A.D. 148; and the second
began, in which vows were fulfilled for the pros
perous issue of the past ten years, and fresh
ones undertaken for the like period to come.
That first-rate nnmismatist, the author of Lepmzs
do Nurnisrrmtique Romaine (p. 127), who cites
the above legend from a very rare first brass in
his own collection, observes—“ The Romans (a
people essentially of a religious disposition),
often addressed solemn vows to their deities:
in other words, prayers, accompanied with sacri
fices. It was thus that Augustus celebrated his
pretended re-acceptances of sovereign authority.
And it was with equally feigned, but not always
equally credited, modesty, that his successors
imitated him, in these decennial .racrg'fives,
offered up principally for the preservation of the
prince, and the welfare of the empire.”
DECENNALIA.—A gold medallion of Con
stans presents on its reverse the legend rmrcra
DECENNALIA ; and the elegant type of two young
genii, or Winged boys, supportinf; between them,
in their hands, a crown, in which are inscribed
voris x.nv1:r1s xx. that is to say, Voiis De
Mmzalibus, .Mu/tie Vicennalibua. In the ex
crgue 1'1-:s. signifying that it was minted at TES
sulonica (so spelt for TnEssa10nica).—-The above
cut is from a remarkably well preserved speci
men of this fine and very rare coin in the
Cabinet de Fr¢mce.—I<‘or some of Tristan’s re
marks on it (iii. 615) sec PI-ILICIA oncsmvants.
The fact that clecmmial vows were reckoned
as accomplished, not at the beginning but at the
termination of the tenth year of an emperor’s
reign, is shown by numismatic inscriptions, con and the medal on which the assertion founded
currently with the voice of antiquity. Amongst itself is suspicious.
DECENTIUS.
the examples to this effect, are vor. cos. IIII.
s. c. on first and second brass of Antoninus
Pins—the emperor sacrificing before a tripod—
VOTA svsosvm x. cos. nu. same reign and
type, in silver.—vo'r. or vorls x. ET xx. in a
crown, of Gallienus.—vo'r. x. ET xv. in a crown
of laurel, of Constantinus II.
In like manner the Vicrmnalia, or vo'r. xx.
were accomplished at the expiration of the twen
tieth year of a reign; and after each had, in a
happy manner, come to pass, it was usual to
record them thus:-—v0r1s VXCENNALIBVS (in a
laurel crown), as on gold and silver of Alexan
dcr Severus; and vor. x. SIC. xx. (in a crown).
as on silver of Constantius Chlorns.
On coins of Commodns, Severus, and Cara
calla, we read vor. svsc. nae. (Vela Siurepta
Decennalia), also vors SVSCEPTA x. and xx.
with figures sacrifieing.—These decennial vows
being SOLVTA (redeemed) by the fulfilment of
the term, others for another ten years were
undertaken (mscepta).
See Palm 111:0!-:rvi\'aI.i-ts; see also the system
of VOTA explained, in Eekhel’s treatise dedicated
to the subject, in vol. of D. N. V. p. 475
et seq.
DECENTIUS (Magnum), brother or cousin
of Magnentius, by whom, after the death of
Constans, he was named Caesar, at Milan, s. n.
351, and raised to the cousulship the following
year. Magnentins appointed him to command
in Gaul, for the purpose of keeping in check
the German tribes; but he was defeated by
Chnodomarins, leader of the Allemanni, and
other barbarians. On this, or some previous
occasion, the people of Treves revolting, cloud
the gates of their city against him. On being
apprised of the death of Magnentius, to whose
assistance he was hastening; apprehensive of
falling into the hands of Constantius Chlorus,
who had already defeated his brother ; and sur
rounded by foes without hope of escape, Decen
tins strangled himself at Scns, A. D. 353:-—His
brass coins are common, except medallions,
which are rare—silver very rare, especially me
dallions—-gold still rarer, one medallion in gold
is of extreme rarity. He is styled on these
Domimu Noster DECENTIVS FORTi.r.n'mr4.r
CAES1zr,- also D. N. MAGnu.r DECEN'FI\'S
NOBili.m'mua CAESar.——D. N. DECE.\"l‘I\'S
NOB. CAES. The head always bare. The rc
versc of second brass, bears generally the mo
nogram of Christ, with the letters A. and m.
It has been pretended (says Mionnet), that
Decentins had also the title of Augustus; but
no historian makes any mention of such a fact :
 DECIUS 'l‘R.~\J.\NL'S.
.\IIN'l‘AGES OF DECENTIUS.
Gouz M1:o.u.r.1o.v.-—e1.onla BOMANOBVII.
Roma Nicephorus seated. (Valued by Mionnet
at 200 fr.)—vic-roam ave. LXBERTAS nonran
on(vsr.) Published for the first time in Lenor
mant’s Ieanayraphic des E/npereltrr, 126, No. 5.
SILVER ltInnAu.1oN.—PulNciri IVVENTVTIS.
Mionnct 150 fr.) the ofllce of Censor, so many years disused, and,
Go1.n.—v1croa1.\ ave. Lin. no1n.—(Brougbt till this time, discharged almost universally by
at the Pembroke sale M 2s.)—-vin'rvs EXERCITX. the Emperor. Eutropins, ever liberal in award
(.\1ionnct 72 fr.)
Buss l\lEDALI.lONS.—VlC'l‘0llIA avoo. and
viarvs AVG. (30 fr. each).
SMALL Bnass.-—n. N. Dl-ICENTIVS NOB. cans.
Bust of Deccntius.—Reo.—s.\r.vs. no. NN. ave.
£1" CAES. The monogram of Christ, between
A. and w. In the exergue nic.—Sec the cut
in preceding page.
DECIUS (Cains, or C-nmus, Mersizts, Quin
la./.r, Trajanm).—This Emperor was born at
Bnbalia, a town of the Sirmienses, in Lower
Panuonia (near what is now Mieowitz, in lInn
gary), A. D. 201. Descended from an Illyrian
family of rank, he proved himself an able states
man and a great captain. But by what means
he acquired his earliest promotion is not re
corded. Whilst the Mzesian and Pannoniau
legions were in revolt, he was at Rome; in
favour with Philip, and free from all suspicion
on the score of his loyalty. Accordingly he
was selected by that prince for the task of set
tling the seditious tumult of the insurgent sol
diers, who had proclaimed Marines. But no
sooner did he appear in their sight, than, in
order to avoid the threatened chastisement, they,
without his consent, proclaimed him Imperalor.
Yielding, therefore, to the necessity of the mo
mcnt, he struck his tents, and hastened into
Italy; where in an engagement with Philip,
near Verona, he gained the victory, A.D. 249.
On the defeat and death of Philip, Decius was
acknowledged as Emperor at Rome, and dc
elared Augustus by the Senate at least as early
as the beginning of autumn. In the year 250
he conferred the dignity of Cresar, and the otlice
of Consul, on his son llerennius Etruscus, and
sent him against the Illyrians, who routed the
son, but were energetically repulsed by the
father. In a battle with the Goths, fought near
Abricinm, in Thrace, A. 1). 251, he was, thro’
the treachery of Trebonianus Gallus, lost in a
morass, his body never having been recovered for
burial. In the same engagement the young
llercnnins also perished. This occurred after
the month of October.
The historian, Victor (IL) bears testimony to
the eminent virtues and great accomplishments
2S
DE(,‘lL'S TRr\.I.»\.\'US. 313
of Decius ; to his quiet demeanor as a man, and
to his promptness and energy as a soldier. In
all these characteristics he is represented by Zo
simns, as being greatly the superior of Philip.
The most remarkable event by which the records
of his life and government are distinguished,
was his revival and restoration to the Senate, of
ing divine honours to princes, states, that De
cius and his son were numbered among the gods.
--By ecclesiastical historians, however, he is
accused of having, in a spirit of injustice and
persecution, exercised great cruelty towards the
Christians during his reign. He perished in the
55th year of his age, after holding the imperial
seeptre somewhat more than two years. Ile
married Herennia Etruscilla, who bore to him
two sons, namely, Herennius above named, and
llostilianus.——See D. N. Vet. viii. 342-43.
The coins of this Emperor are common in
brass, except two or three medallions. In silver
they are also common, except t\.IH€\l|1ll.l0ll. The
gold are all of very great rarity. On these he
is styled I.\lP. TRAIANVS A\"G.—lM P. Ca/».mr
M. Q. 'l‘RAIAl\'VS DECIVS AVG. or Pius
l"eI[.r Au_q.—[Thc last two titles are confined to
colonial coins].
MINTAGES OF TRAJANUS DECIUS.
SILVER MEDALI.l0N.—CONCORDIA avoo.—
Eh-useilla and her two sons.-—(Valued by i\Iion
net at 300 t'r.]
GOLD.-—~ABVNDANTIA.—ADVENTV8.—AEQVl
TAS.—DACIA.—DACIA FELIX. (Mionnet 150 fr.
each),—oi:n1vs exsnc. ILLYRICIANI. (Brought
£9 5s. at the Thomas sulc).—-onnivs ILLYRICI.
(Mionnet 200 fl'.)-——PANNONl.\E.—VlCTORlA AVG.
(200 fr. B8Cl'l).———VBERlTAS. avo. (Fine, brought
£6 at the Thomas sale).
Sn.vr:'n.—vIc'ronia GERSIANICA. Emperor
and Victory.
Bnass l\vIEDALLl0NS.—CONCORDIA AVGVSTI.
Heads of Decius and Etruscilln.-—Iiev.—1).\c1A.
(200 £r.)—co1vconnIa AVGVSTORVM. Heads of
Decius and Etruscilla.—Rcv.—r1r:r.\s AVGVS
TORVM. Heads of Hostilianus and llcrennius.
-—(250 tr.)
SECOND Bnsss.—n\n>. c. u. Q. TRAIANYS
IMP. AVG. Radiated head of the Empei-or.—Rrv.
PANNONIAE. Two women, one of whom holds
a military ensign.—See the engraving above.
DECURIONES. Decurions.—0fliccrs who,
in the colonies, corresponded to the Senators of
Rome. They were denominated Dceurioncs, be
cause, at the time when Roman citizens and
soldiers were sent as colonists to occupy the
conquered countries, ten men were chosen to
compose a Senate, or a Court of Councillors,
who were charged with the administration of
justice, and were intitled Curia Devuriormm,
and Minor SenaIu.r.—Pitiscus.
It was requisite that they should possess an
income of 100,000 aeslertii; and from their
ranks were chosen the magistrates, just as, by
the votes of the latter, the Diumu-iri, the Pre
 314 DECU RSIONES. DECURSIO.
.~»=. DF.CURSIO.——A manoeuvre, evolution, hos
fccts for enforcing obedience to the laws, and_
other functionaries, were respectively created.— tile iucursi0n_—This word appears on the ex
The enrolled Dccurions (decurionea comm-ipti),
were called (after the appellation given to the
Senate) Onno, with the addition of the epithets
AMPLISSIKVS, SPLENDXDISSIMVS, 8w. They were
also, sometimes, in imitation of Rome, styled
Senatorea, and Fairer, chiefly during the decline
of the empire; whilst the rest of the inhabit
ants \vere called plebx, populus, vines, and coloni.
The names of the Del-'ur1'0ne-9 are never found
inscribed on the coins of colonies; but in their
stead, are frequently read (not only on those of
Europe, but of Asia and Africa), the abbrevia
tions D. D. or EX. D. D. that is, EX. Decrelo
l):.'c1n‘i0num, which is equivalent to the EX. S. C.
of the Roman Senate.—The abbreviations D. D. crgue of two large brass coins, struck by the
or EX. D. D. are exhibited on the coins of Ab Senate, during the reign of Nero.
dcra, Apamea, Babba, Buthroturn, Carteia, Car There were three kinds of Dccursio, viz. :
thngo Nova, Parinm, and Sinope. They are 1. That of military evolution, and mock coni
l‘eI1llll'l\‘11l)lC on the coins of Babba, in Maure bnts.-— 2. The decnrsio circcnsis, or mancnuvrcs
tania; D.D. PVBL. that is Decreto D£’(‘Ilrf0 of the circus, in which, at public spectacles,
num PVBLz'co; and EX. CONSENSV. D.D. feats of dexterity and suiftness were performed,
That there were decuriones in the ~munz'eipia as well by horse-riders as by chariotecrs. (See
also is rendered certain, both by coins of Osca, Contoruiaie Coins, p.2'H—T5).—3. Camlcadcs
given in Florez, and of Utica, on which D. D. setting out on hostile incursions —See EXPE
is found; and also by ancient authors, among nrrio and PROFECTIO (s-uis 10¢-1'.»-).
whom is Suetouins:—“ The decurione: of the The above type represents the Emperor Nero
nmnir.'1'pilz and colonies conveyed the body [of on horseback, with lance couched in his right
Augustus] from Nola. (a city in Campania), as hand, as if ready to engage in some combat; n
far as Bovillm” (a town in Latium).—The same soldier on foot precedes him, with a ve.z-illum on
letters occur also on coins of the municipia his shoulder, and another closely follows. This
Calagurris, Emporise, Ercavica, and Saguntum is taken from a remarkably well-preserved spe
—“ but with such an appearance (adds Eckhel), cimen in the British Museum. It is almost of
that they cannot have been engraved on the medallion size, and wants the Senator Comrulln.
die, or matrix, but were added afterwards, like Suctonius states, that whilst Nero was yet
marks cut into the metal; a fact which has only Ciesar, the decurrio was instituted at the
never been observed on coins of c0louie.r. And same time as the prctorian guards (cum prurie
from this I infer, that Traducla, in Boctica, of rianis). That youths of noble birth were trained
which there is a coin exhibiting the same mark, to these martial exercises is evident from the
enjoyed the privileges only of a municipium.” observations of learned authors on the coins
It is highly probable that the Decuriones were alluding to the Prhlceps Juventalir. And hence
indicated on coins, in consequence of their being the Emperor Julian, speaking of Constantius
charged with the direction of the mint ; a posi Il. mentions with approbation, that he was
tion which they had bmn permitted to occupy early instructed in “the practice of leaping and
either by the Azagusti, or by the Senate of running, in full armour, and in the art of horse
Rome, and involving the superintcndance of the manship." (Oral. i. p. ll).—Iu like manner
weight, types, and number of the money. As Livy has used the expression “excrcitum de
then the Roman Senate, to whom pertained the currerr,” and applied those of “decursum, ct
care of striking brass money, had their S. C. eu simulacrum ludicrum pugnse,” on the occasion
grnvcd upon it, so the Decurionea, who were the of Perseus and Demetrius, sons of Philip V.
representatives of Senators in the colonies, took king of Macedon, tilting with each other in 1
care to stamp on their coins their own Decretum mock fight. (11. ch. 6, 9).—Aceording to the
Decm-ionum.—Sce D. N. V. De Numia (Jalo same author, Gracchus, when in Spain, ordered
1z[m'um, vol. iv. p. 481, et seq. all his troops, infantry and cavalry, to run in
Speaking of the functions of the Decuriones, full amour, in order to display their strength
Pitiscns observes, that they were as onerous as to the Celtiberian ambassadors. (ch. 48).—
they were honourable, for, besides the exercise Aceording to Dion, Nero was so delighted with
of the monetal privilege, the care devolved to the running of horses (i'nro5poy.ia), that when
them of making every arrangement for the shews the animals engaged in the contest distinguished
of the circus, and for the spectacles of the themselves, on their growing old, he used to
theatre; in addition to which it was their duty adom them, like men, with the alola foresuis
to furnish the means of dcfrayiug all expenses. (out-of-door dress of the Romans), and appro
They had also to levy imposts, and, what was priated to their use a sum of money for their
more serious to themselves, they were compelled maintenance.
to supply, out of their own resources, what was See Eckbel, vi. 271, who for some learned
deficient. remarks on the three kinds of decnrsio refers to
 ' DECURSIO.—DECUSSIS. DEDlCATlO.—DELMA'l‘lU8. 31 5
the letters of Cuper, p. 259, and to an anony is stamped nous, and has the type of Victory
mous writer in the Jlémoira de Trevaux, April, in a biga.—Hennin—.\Iionnet.—See DENABIUS.
1709. DEDICATIO AEDIS. A temple of six
columus.—-This inscription and type appear on
silver and gold coins of Faustiua senior; and
refer to the temple erected in memory of that
empress by her husband Antoninus Pius. lt
was built in the Via Sacra at Rome, and its
remains exist to this day. At first it was dedi
cated to Fnnstina alone, but nftcr the death of
Antonine, worship was paid in it to both, as its
front bcspeaks, on which is read mvo awromno
ET nmn: ravsrmnn EX. s. c. The same tem
ple is sccn on the coins of Faustina, with AI-ID.
DIV. }‘A\’S'1‘INAE. and between the two centrc
columns of the building stands or sits the image
DECVRSIO. S. C.—Nero, bare-headed, hold of the cmpress.—See Templum.
ing a spear on the rest, and mounted on a horse DEDICATION qfSl1ield.:.—On n silver coin
gallopping to the right. He is followed by an of Augustus are the following legend and typc :
c.u:s.\a AVGVSTV8 s. P. Q. n. Bucklcr bctwecn
other warrior, also on horseback, and who car
two olive branches. c. L. v.
ries a on-illum.
In describing the spirited group on his en The custom of dedicating shields (says Eck
graved specimen of this finely fabricated large hel, vi. 121), is of a very ancient date. Ac
brass, M. Lenormant observes, that it refers to cordingly, even Virgil repre
Nero’s institution of cavalry manoanvres for the sents Eneas as dedicating
pretorian soldiers; or perhaps to the presence his shield to Apollo Actius,
of the emperor at some equestrian evolutions with the cpigraph—-“ Eneas
performed in their armour, otfeusive and defen haze dc Danais victoribus
sive, by the young patricians, in the Campus arma."—On a coin struck
Martins, at Rome. But notwithstanding the by Mesciuius, one of the
very decided taste of Nero for running horses, moneycrs of Augustus, we
there is nothing in the above type to correspond find the portrait of that emperor in the centre
with the legend, in that acceptotiou of the word of a shield; and the heads of Clernenoy and
Derursio. The speed of the horses is not suf
Moderation are similarly exhibited on coins of
ficicntly rapid; nor is the attitude of the eques Tiberius.—See C. L. Clipeue Volimw, p. 218,
trinns that of men either charging an enemy or and cnsuznrm, p. 215, of this dictionary.
riding a race. In order to be convinced of the DEI PENA'l‘ES.—Ou a coin of the Antia
difference, it is only ueedful to look at the coins gens appears this legend, with the type of two
of the Calpurnia gens, which represent the young heads, jugatcd and diarlemcd, of house
horses actually racing. The horsemen in those bold gods; indicating that Roman family to
types are absolutely in the attitude of the have originally come from Lavin.ium.——See
jorkies of our own times."—Iconograp/lie des rnnzvras.
EIIIIJCTBWFJ Romuina, p. 31.
There is a very rnrc silver coin of Nero, bear
ing on its reverse the excrgul legend DECVB. and
the type of u horseman attended by a foot sol
dier, and riding down an enemy. No such
type in silver has been catalogued by either
.\lionnet or Akernian; but there is a well-pre DELMATIUS f1"/avius Julius) or Dalmatius,
served specimen of it in the British Museum. for the name is spelt in both ways on coins and
See DENARIUS, p. 317, in which an engraving by authors, was thc son of Delmatius, brother
of it is inserted. of Constantine the Great, who was elevated to
DECl'SSlS.—The name of an early Roman the otfice of Censor. llc was born at Toulouse,
brass coin, a multiple of the as. The value of or, as some say, at Arlcs. llis mother's name
ten asses was assigned to the decussis, at the is unknown. Being a favourite with his uncle
time when the as libralia was established. But Constantine, whom he resembled in character,
the as was changed under the dictatorship of he was elected Consul U. C. 1086 (A. D. 333),
Q, Fabius, and continued in a course of diminu and two years afterwards (335) was created
tion nntil the passing of the Le: Pnpiria, which Caesar. Whilst yet in a private capacity, he
authoritatively fixed the decussis of brass, and defeated Calocerus, who had revolted in Cyprus,
the denarius of silver, at 16 semi-unciul asses. and brought him prisoner to his uncle, who con
(See Am}! dirninutio, p. 85, ct seq. of this dic signed him to the flames. ln the memorable
tionary) —Thcsc pieces, which are of the highest partition of the empire, which Constantine
rarity, bear on one side the galeated head of made in this latter year, Delmatius received as
.\linerva; on the other the prow of a vessel; his share Thrace, Macedonia, and Achuia; but
and are marked with the sign X. One of them shortly after the dccease of C0nslanlinc, he was
252
316 DENARIUS.
put to death by the soldiers, s. D. 337, under
the pretence of desiring to be governed only by
the children of Constantine; and this was done
with the connivanee of Constantius ll. who was
envious of him.
On his coins, which are rare even in brass,
and of the highest rarity in gold and silver, he
is styled DELMATIVS (‘.AESAR—DEL}lATlV5 N0
s(u.1ssnuvs) c,\r:san—and FL. rv1.. m:1.ua'r1vs
(or DALMATIVS) nos. c.
The following are the rarest reverses of coins
minted by, or struck in honour of, this young
prince :
Goi.o.—m;Lmmvs csnssn. Victory walk
ing.—Pn1NcIPI XVVENTVTIS. Delmatius stands
holding a spear and military ensign.—(Valued
by Mionnct at 200 fr. each).
SILVER.-——DELMATlVS NOB. ouz. Laureated the Greeks.
head of Constantine the Gr:-,at.—(6U fr.)
SMALL BRAS5.—GLORlA EXERCITVS. Two
military figures, armed with spear and buckler,
standing one on each side a tripod, on others a
labarmn, with the monogram of Christ. On
the excrgue SIS. or sauu.—0bv.—rL. 1vL. om.
MATIVS NOB. c. Diademed head of Delmatius.
—See the preceding cut (p. 315).
DENAR-lUS.—This well-known coin of the as the reign of Augustus.
Romans derived its appellation é zlcnia assibua [A specimen of that emperor’s silver coinage,
(from ten asses), for which it used to be ex
changed, weighing a pound each, as they did at
the time when silver first began to be coined
at Rome, namely, A. u. c. 485 (B. e. 269).
According to Pliny, it was established that the
a'enuriu.r should be given in exchange for ten
pounds of brass, the quinarim for five pounds,
and the aerlertim for two pounds and a half.
But when the as, about the year U. c. 537 (3.0.
217), was reduced in weight to one ounce, it
was established, that the denarius should he
given in exchange for sixteen auea, the quina
rius for eight, and the sestcrtius for four. And
though the reason for its being so called no
longer existed, yet the denarius retained its
original name. The difficulties which embar
rass this theory of Pliny are adverted to in the
citations made from Eekhcl, under the head of
Ania Dimiuutio 85 ct seq. of this diction
ary), but which he leaves without solving them.
There are specimens of the early minted dena
rius, bearing on the obverse a double beardless
head ; and on the reverse Jupiter in a quudriga,
and the word ROMA in indented lcttcrs.
With respect to the weight of the dcnarius,
it appears, according to Pliny, and other writers,
that there were, in the ancient libra, 84 denarii. v Titinia, and Valeria families, appears the numeral
The author of Doctrine (v. p. 18), denies that XVI. by which doubtless is indicated the value
there is any well_-grounded argument to prove of a dcnnrius of 16 auea, to which it was re
that ancient denani were heavier than those of
DEN.-lRIUS.
subsequent date, and adduces proofs to shew,
that those, which exceed the weight just speci
fied, must he regarded as belonging to a foreign
mint.
As to the statement of those who assert that
the ancient denarius was equivalent to the Attic
drachma, Eckhel (vol. v. page 18, et scq.), in
quoting from Eiscnschmid, their names and
testimonies, observes :—“ You may constantly
remark, that writers, when comparing the Greek
and Roman coinuges, use the denarius, or, what
comes to the same thing, four sestertii, for the
attic drachmu. Of the promiscuous employ
ment of the words innumerable instances are to
be found, and this accounts for the fact, that
several Latin authors, though most incorrectly,
give the name of denarius to the draehms of
But, though public opinion and
the usage of commerce have assigned the some
weight to the denarius and the drau-hma, it is
nevertheless ascertained by the accurate re
searches of Eisenschmid and Barré, that the
attic drachma is somewhat heavier than the de
narius, and stands in relation to it as 112 to
100, or to come still nearer, as 9 to 8. And,
indeed, the same proportion is arrived at on a
comparison of the respective weights of some
attic tetra-drachmie (pieces of four draehrnn.-),
and some denarii of Augustus ; so that not only
the authorities quoted by learned writers, hut also
experience founded on the coinages of the two
nations, serve to establish the true proportion
of the drachma to the denarius. But this pro
portion applies only to those denarii which were
struck under the republic, or at least as early
as struck about U. c. 735 (B. c. 19), by Dur
mius, one of his moneyers, is hereto subjoined,]
“ Under the successors of Augustus, and espe
cially from the time of Nero, they were re
duced to nearly an eighth part of their original
weight; though even these lighter coins were
by the tyrant custom, who always prefers the old
fashioned to the true, still held equivalent to
the drachma.”
The mark of the consular denarius was X or
one or two variations in the form of that letter.
A similar mark was used on the brass coinage
(see p. 135) to indicate the weight of X mars;
but on denarii also it denotes the value of X
asses, for which, as already stated, the dcnarius
was given in exchange. Instead of this mark,
however, on coins of the Atilin, Aufidin, Julia,
dnccd when the second Punic war was at its
 DEl\'ARll'~S. DENARIUS. 317
height, under the dictatorship of Q. Fabius (p. lO5)—Cnliguln and Agrippina (p. 28)—An
Maximus, L‘. C. 537 (13.0. 217). “Hence tonia (p. 5-"))—Balbinus (p. 122)-——Alexandcr
(adds Eckhel), it has been thought by not a few Severus (p. 33)—Plotinn (p. 74)——For a qninn
antiqunries, that denarii marked XVI. were rius of Augustus (p. 89). 'l‘o these we add the
struck during that war, when the regulation was snhjoined cut from a rare Decuraio in silver, as
introduced, and that shortly afterwards, the old a specimen of the denarius under Nero's reign :
mark X. was resumed; an opinion which I shall
not venture either to confirm or to deny, tho’
I consider it more probable, that it was left to
the discretion of the moneyer to use whichever
mark he preferred. For as the mark X. refers
to the name of dcnarins given to the coin, so
dew the mark XVI. to its value. Indeed, dc
nnrii of Valcrius Flaccus, of the ancient form,
which are proved incontcstably to have been all Frequent mention is made of the denarius or
struck at one and the same time, are marked (Roman) penny, in Holy Writ, wherein it is
some X. and others XVI.”—Seo Aufidia gens, spoken of as the daily wages of a labourer, and
p. 94 in this dictionary. also as the tribute money. “Whose is this
With respect to the types of dennrii, Pliny image and supcrscription Y”
simply states (xxxiii. 13), that “the type of In his “ Numismatic lllustrutions of the Nar
silver was biga: and qua(lri_q¢e."—This is the fact rative Portions of the New Testament,” Mr.
with reference to a large portion, but many Akerman, quoting from St. lfatthcw, xx. v. 2,
hear other types. Tacitus (De Morib. Germ.) the words “ a penny a day," makes the following
has mentioned the bigali, and so has Livy fre observations =—
quently, whilst describing the booty taken in “The penny here mentioned was the dena
H ispania and Gallia Cisalpina. On dcuarii struck rius which, at the time of Our Lord's ministry,
during the later periods of the republic, the was equivalent in value to about seveupence
types varied in many ways, conformably to the halfpenny of our money. With the decline of
will of consular magistrates, and finally of the the ltoman empire, the dennrins was by degrees
monetal triumvirs. The obverses of these silver debascd; and before the time of Diocletian had
coins were stamped with the galcated head of entirely disappeared, or rather had ceased to be
Rome, whilst their reverses exhibit representa struck in thc imperial mints ; but that emperor
tions of the Dio-scuri on horseback (as on the restored the coinage of silver; and denarii were
fine denarius of the lloratia family, inserted again minted, though reduced in weight. This
as a specimen in p. 316, left-hand column) ; also reduction went on, after the division of the em
figures drawing biym and quadriym (sec those pire, until the denarius, once avcry beautiful
words); from which circumstance the pieces medalel, became a coin of very inferior execu
were termed bi;/ali and quarlrigali (p. l29).—— tion, low relief, and reduced thickness and
They were also called Viotoriali, when their weight. ’ " " The term ‘denarius’ is yet pre
types displayed a figure of Victory, as in the served in our notation of pounds, shillings, and
subjoined cut, from n denarius of Fannia gens, pence, by E. s. d. ‘ "' " It is worthy of re
in which the goddess is driving her chariot and mark, that, in this country, a penny a day ap
four horses at full speed. pears to have been the pay of a field labourer,
in the middle ages ; whilst, among the Romans
(see Tacitus, A/m. lib. i. c. 17) the daily pay
of a soldier was a denarius,” pp. 7 and 8.
From the 6th section of the same work (pp.
10 and ll), another passage referring to the im
perial dcnarius, as circulated during the latter
period of Our Saviour's appearance on earth,
will be found cited in this dictionary, amongst
This was the case with the half denarius, dc the mintages of TIBERIUS.
nominated quiuariu; (see £o.~u\'r|.\ and nons Respecting base deunrii, sec the words MA
TULEIA), or piece of five asses. Of this and of JORINA PECUNIA.
the small silver coin called seaierlizza, but few DEO. AESC. SVB.—On a colonial coin of
specimens are extant. Parium, in Mysia, as identified by the usual
Engraved examples of the consular dcnarius initials 0. G. 1. H. P. Calonia Germ-Ila Julia
will he found in this volume, under the re Hadriana Pariann, noticed by the Abbe Bcllcy,
spective heads of Atilin (])iu:curi, p. 93)—Au ~ ' from the collection of
nia (Victory in a qundriga, p. 4~t$)——Bu=,hia, Pellerin, there appears
(Qunrlriga, p. l2l)—Cmcilin (Biga of elephants, on one side the head of
p. l50)—C-ipia (Victory in Bi!/is cilia, p. 200) Commodus, and on the
--Cornelia (Jupiter in Q/zazlriyis, p. 236) _ i1 with
other the figure
naked of nman,
head, and
Curiatia (Quadriya, p. 2t)9)—Saufeia (Victoria
in cilia Big/is, p. 129), &c. &c. without beard, sitting,
For specimens of the imperial dcnarius see to whom an ox, which is
Caesar Augustus (p. l3)—Agrippa and Augustus before him, presents its
318 DEO AVGVS'l‘0. DEO CABIRO.
foot, as if to have it examined. many living emperors did not refuse to accept
Above this
group is inscribed DEO. AESC. SvB.—Belley has that fnlsoine and presumptuous honour. Nay
given to the word svn. the interpretation of they even courted the appellation of Deus; as
b‘ubveniem‘i—-—Pellerin that of Suburbano.— Eutropius writes of Domitian, who commanded
Each, however, regards the type as referring to to have himself called Dominus and Dem, but
ZEsculapius. Pelleriu (in his Additions aux Re after death did not either merit or obtain even
cueila, p. 29), in support of his own reading, ob the less obnoxious title of Divas.”
serves, that “ Zfiscnlapius on this modal is repre DEO CABll{O.—-Cabirus, or rather one of
sented young, without crown and without beard. the Cabiri, with cap on his head, and aband
This gives occasion to presume that he is thus round the body, standing, a hammer in his
figured in his youth, as allusive to the time right and a pair of nippers or tongs in his left
when he began to practice medicine, in which hand. Third brass of Claudius Gothicus.—(See
he had received instructions, not only from his Banduri, ii. p. 340, who describes, but does not
father Apollo, but also from the Centaur Chiron, give, an engraving of the coin).
and that the first essays of his art were over The Cabiri were sons of Vulcan and of Cabira,
cised on animals.” ;Esculapius is always repre daughter of Proteus, who taught men the use
sented old and bearded, on medals of cities with of fire, and the manufacture of iron. The ad
in whose walls temples were erected to him as vantages thence derived to the human race esta
a divinity. But, Pellerin goes on to shew, on blished a claim for them to divine honours, and
the authority of many ancient authors, that they were adored as gods in different p1uces.——
almost all the cities had temples of Esculapius Their mysteries were celebrated with pro
in their suburbs, which seems to him to prove found secrecy, and the most remarkable fmture,
that the sense which he gives to the word sva. according to what has been related of them, is
is the true one-~viz. a. suburban edifice, where that those who had the good fortune to be initi
the inhabitants of Parfmu and its neighbour ated, were protected from all dangers, as well by
hood wcnt to offer gifts to the god, in supplies land as by sea.—See below, DEO vonusxo.
tion for the blessing of heulth.—-'l‘he above cut Eckbel says that “this is the only coin of
is from a second brass coin in the British Mu Roman die (commatia Romani), itself of the
seum. It will be found closely to correspond greatest rarity, upon which [the name and type
with the reverse engraved in ."|[e'/ange I. plate of] Cabirus is found; but of whom frequent
xvii. of Pellerin.—-See also Pm-ium. mention is made on the coins of the Thessa
DEO AVGVSTO.—Statue of Augustus, who lonians, whose tutelary deity he was. Banduri
sits in the manner of Jupiter, with radiated therefore imputes the impress of the deity’!
head, and having s spear in his left hand, and a image on this coin to a grateful feeling on the
figure of Victory in his right. e. v. 'r. 'r. Colo part of Claudius, inasmuch as the Goths, at
nia Victriz Toyatm Tarrm.-o.—On the reverse tempting the siege of Tliessalonica, as Zosimus
AETEBNITATIB svovs-ran. A magnificent tem and Trebcllius relate, were repulsed by the tute
ple of eight columns.—Large brass colonial. lsry deity of that placc.”—Dot-I. Nam. Vet.
The colonists of Tarragona, in Spain, after the vol. vii. p. 472.
apothcosis of Augustus, sent an embassy to DEO VOLKANO.—A temple of four eo
Rome, petitioning for leave to erect a temple to lumns, in which Vulcan stands before an anvil,
him; a privilege which they were the first to holding in his right hand
obtain. (Vaillant, in Cu]. i. p. 45).—See Alter s. hammer, and in his lsfl:
man, Coin: of Cities, &c. No. 3, pl. ix. p. 188. a pair of fire-tongs flor
—See also in this dictionary TARRACO. cep.r).—'l‘he above ap
DEO AVGVS'l‘0.—'l'liis epigraph round the pears on a billon coin of
head of Augustus, appears on the obverse of a Vslerianus senior, who,
gold coin, having on its reverse the head of according to Tristan,
Gallienus. “ built,” or according to
Most of the Oansecration medals of his im Vaillant, “ restored,” the
perial predecessors were restored by Gallienus, temple of Vulcan, at Rome, in order to render
and round the cfligy of each is commonly read that god propitious to him and his arms, for
Dlvo. But on this gold coin Gallicnus conjoins which he had at the time great employment
with the efligy of the founder of the empire, against so many barbarous nations as then as
the epigraph of mso svavsro. Thus substitut sailed the empire.—See VULCANUS.
ing for DIVV8 or divine, the unusual and still DEO ET DOMINO CARO. AVG.——’l'he
more outrageous assumption of Di-Ivs, God I heads opposite to mch other of the Sun radi
Servius thus draws the distinction between ated, and of Carus also radisted.—This appears
Deoa and Div0s—viz. that the eternals are called on a third brass of Carus, “ who desired (says
by the former name ; but Divi were those who, Banduri) while still living, to be worshipped as
from being mere mortal men, were placed by and called a god—a fact indicated by the poets
the ceremony of apot/maria amongst the gods. of that age, by whom, when yet reigning, he
The title of Divi was at first conferred after is honoured as a deity.”-—~There is also a gold
death on those Roman princes who in their lifeeoin of Carus bearing the same legend and the
time hnd performed some illustrious service for
head of that emperor on its obverse, and vic
the republic or state. Afterwards, howcvef, asTORIA AVG. with the type of a Victory standing
the spirit and love of adulation daily increased, on a globe, on its reverse.
 DEO M ARTI. DE RTOSA.—DESTlNA'l‘(). 319
DEO ET DOMINO NATO. A\’Rl<1LlA\'O DEO SANCTO SERAPIDI.—The radiated
AVG. A radiated head.—Rev.——nES’1‘1'1‘VT. oa head of Scrspis, with the medias, and with the
BIS. A woman standing, otfers a crown to the paludamentum on his shoulders.-—Engraved in
emperor, dressed in the paludamcntum. Second Spanheim’s Cm-tars qf Julian, p. 67.
bmsa.—(Spanheirn, vol. ii. p. 491.—Banduri). This is one of four brass coins which, bearing
DEO ET DO.\ilNO NOSTRO AVRELIANO the inscription nr-:0 SERAPIDI or 1:1-:0 SARAPIDI,
AVG. A radiated head.—Rev.—ar;s'rrrv'r. oa are assigned by antiquuries to Julian II. sur
BIS. A woman ofl'ering a crown to the emperor, named the Apostate. They are regarded as evi
who stands beside her in the paludamentu1n.— dences of his singular and superstitious defer
Third brass.—(Mus. Genov. "ran. xxi. No. 11). ence towards that Egyptian deity, who, on coins
Spanheim, in his comments on the former of and inscriptions, is called Sarapia or Sempi.r.—
these coins, cleverly remarks, that Aurclian is These types are the more exclusively attributed
on this coin styled Deua ct Dominus i\'A'rvs, to to him, because having embraced, he endea
distinguish him from Sol, who was one of the voured to restore, paganism and all its idola
smbegotten and eternal deities, and who, on trous rites, in prejudice to the Christian reli
some coins of not much later date, is styled gion, to which Constantine the Great, having
Domino: Imperii Rmnani. And this opinion made public profession of his faith, had given
appears to Eckhel (vol. vii. p. 482), much more the chief placc.—Sce SEILAPIS.
probable than that of Banduri, who considers DEOR. Deorum.—See rsnrcrras, and rac
this coin to have been struck after the death ofVIDENTIA.
Anrelian. We have here, says he, a memorable DERTOSA, a city of Hispania Tarraconcnsis,
instance of the greatest arrogance of which a now Torlosa, in South Catalonia, situate near
mortal can be guilty. Up to this time the title the mouth of the Ebro. Pliny says the people
of dominus had been thought too proud a one, of Dertoss were comprised in the juridical con
and had accordingly been excluded from the vention of Tarragona; and Strabo speaks of it
coinage of Rome, though in the salntations and as a colony planted by Julius Caesar. Coins
common conversation of courtiers it was applied confirm this statement, there being second brass
to the emperors. But now we find Aurelian struck in honour of Augustus, and of Tiberius,
openly introducing it on his coins, and not con bearing on their respective obverses c.1.a. D.
tent with monopolizing, by this invidious appel avo. Colonic Julia Augusta Dertora Augusta,
lation, the empire of the whole world, he rashly with radiated head of Augustus; and on their
invades the honours of heaven, and even during reverse c. 1. A. 1). 1'1. CABS. with laureated head
his life-time, insignificant mortal as he is, allows of 'liberius-—which shows that they were struck
himself to be described on public monuments us after the death and consecration of Augustus.—
a god; so that our surprise is greatly dimi (Engraved in Vaillant, i. p. 23; also in the
nished at finding Carus afterwards glorying in Cabinet de Christine, p. 305).—In Akcrmnn,
both those titlcs.—In the case of Domitian, not Coins q/' Hispania, 8:0. the following small brass
only has Passeri (Lucern. vol. i. '1‘AB.74~, vol. of Dertosa is quoted from Sestini, viz. :—0bv.
iii. ‘ran. 26, 28), seen the titles dr-us and do e. rvL. TANC. c. anal. AF. c. 1. n. Laureated
mimu ascribed to him on works of pottery, but head of Julius Crcsar.—Rev.—A plough; which
Suetonius (Domit. ch. 13), also has recorded type, together with the letters c. 1. n. seems to
that they were eagerly desired by that infatu confirm the asserted claim of this city to be
ated emperor; and hence, in allusion to him, ranked amongst the Roman colonies.—Therc are
Martial uses the words— coins of the same plnce which, with the type of
" Edictum domini deique nostri.”—(Epig. v. 8.) a galley, also exhibit the name of I/1'rr'm‘0m'11,
DEO MARTI.—.\1ars naked, except the head, demonstrating that the two towns were in alli
which is galeated, stands with a spear in one hand, ance with each other.
- and resting his other hand DES. alias DESIG.—De.ri_qna!us. Elected,
on a buckler; in a temple appointed.—UOS. DES. Consul Derignatw.
‘\ of four columns.—-This le Consul Elect; that is to say, before he entered
‘i gcnd and type appear on his first consulate. (Sec cousun.-rrus, p. 267).
a silver coin of P. L. con The term De.si_¢naIu.r, or Designati, applied to
those who, in the comilia, were for the ensuing
aranvs car-;s. son of Gul year elected consuls, qucstors, ediles, &c.
lienus & Sulonina, struck DESTINATO IMPERATore. Designation
in memory of the temple to the Empire.—On a silver coin of Caracalla,
of Mars, which his father Valcrianus had re with accompanying type of poutifical instruments
stored in the Flamininn way ; for says Bauduri, (viz. lituus, apex, tripus, simpulum); behind
as Gallienus styled Jupiter Victor the educator thcm the skeleton head of an ox (allusive to the
(uutritor) of his son, so it was likewise his Wish sacrificial victim).
to shew that by his example, his son had become Spanheim explains this coin, when he says
a worshipper of the god of war.——See MARS. that the Emperor Severus “demanded of the
DEO SANCTO l~lILO.—On a third brass of Senate that his eldest son, Bassianus Antoninus
Julianus II.-—Sce a lengthened commentary on (Caracalla), should be proclaimed Caesar, and
this and other coins of the same description, invested with the usual imperial insignia.”—
struck under Julian, viii. p. 137 of Eckhel.— This was done at that period in which, after
See also 1m.o. snbduing and putting to death his rival Albinus,
320 DESULTOR. DESUL'l‘()R.-—DE\'lCT.'\.
in Gaul, Severus returned to Rome, and before Lucian (Dial. dear. 36), who calls them -rofi
he proceeded to wage war in person against the 60:: 1';,u.f'rop.ov—“ the half segment of an egg,"
Parthians. Many inscriptive marbles (in Gru by which was indicated the myth which aflirms
tcr and Mnratori) also call Caracalla dnstinatus their being sprung from an cgg.—Eekhel then
imperaior. In the same manner, the cenotaph quotes the verses of Homer (Iliad, O. v. 679),
at Pisa describes Cains Caesar, the son of so graphically descriptive of the exploits of a
Ag-rippa, as “ already designated prince, of the deaullor, to the following effect :——
most just character, and perfectly resembling “ As when a man, well-skilled in the manage
his parent in all virtues,” i. e. Augustus, who ment of race horses, who, after selecting from
adopted him; and, on coins of the year U. 0. a multitude fonr steeds, hurrying them from the
824- (A. D. 71), Titus is called imperalor desig plain, drives them to the city by the mueh-fre
uatua.—See Eckhel, vii. 200. quentcd road; and crowds gaze on him with
The pontifical instruments refer to the sove admiration, both men and women; whilst he,
reign priesthood conferred upon Caracalla by with firm scat and in security, leaps alternately
his father, and they supply the place of the from one to another; they flying the while."
titular initials P. M. (Ponlifz-.r Mrhrinuu), omit Manilius also well illustrstts this type (As
ted in the legend of this coin. trau. v. 85) ;—
I)ESUL'l‘0lt, a leapcr, a vaulter; the technical Necnon alterno rlemllor sidere dorso
appellation of a sort of riders, whose practice Quadrupednm, et stabiles potcrit defigere plantas,
it was, in the circus games, to urge two horses Perque volabit equos, ludens per terga volantum.
to their utmost speed, leaping from one to the [The Muller, too, may alight alternately on
other with surprising aglity, without stopping. the back of each quadrnpcd, and plant his firm
The term was also applied to those young Ro feet, flying amidst the horses, and playing his
mans, some of them of the highest rank, who, pranks over their backs, as they go nt full speed]
not content with driving bigrc and quzulrigse in This type was selected by Censorinus in inc
the circus, carried the reigning taste for these mory of a celebrated seer (rates) of the Marcia
exercises to the utmost excess. They, too, family, named Marcius, who suggested to the
mounted bare-backed horses, riding one of them Senate the establishment of the I/udi Apollal
and leading another in hand. On these they nares—Equestrian guinea in honour of Apollo.
alternately vaulted whilst gullopping, and thus As a numismatie illustration, the foregoing
changed their position many times, with won cut is inserted from a coin of the Marcia gens,
derful cclerity, after the manner of a troop of which exhibits one of the desullores, with coni
horse in the Nnmidian army, as described by cal cap, and with whip in right hand, urging
Livy (xxiii. 29). The Roman desultor worea to their fullest speed two horses, one of which
pileus, or cap of felt, and his horse was without he is riding, the wreath and palm, as symbols
a saddle, but he had the use of both whip and of victory, accompany the equestrian group, on
the Scpullia and other family coins. See Cal
purnia gens (p. 167), on a coin of which is n
figure of a man, with a palm branch on his
shoulder, riding a horse at a rapid ratc—but
which Eckhel does not consider to typify the
zlesullor, who he observes had at least lwe /wrm
in hnud, as exemplified in the dcnurius en
graved in left-hand colnmn.—For three other
From these volatile feats of horsemunship the illustrations of the subject, see Dr. Smith's Dic
term desultor was, by a metaphor, applied to li0IllI7‘_I/ of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p. 327»
the fickle and inconstant, and to those who were article ossunroa.
prone to betray a cause. And so, Ovid says of DEVICT. Devictis.
himself (Amer. i. cleg. 3, v. 15) : DEVICTZE PROVINCI./E.—Conquercd conn
tries, or provinces, are indicated on Roman coins.
Non rnihi mille placent, non sum desullor nmoris.
very frequently, by figures seated and weeping"
that is, “ l am not a fickle lover.” for not only amongst the Jews, and people °l
The remarkable type exhibited on the reverse the East generally, the sitting posture signifml
of the above engraved denarius (the obverse grief; but also amongst the Greeks, the Etrus
bears the heads of Nnma and Ancns), is de cans, and others, as Gori shews in his Jllu-WP‘
scribed by Hyginns (ran. 80), when speaking Etruscum.
of the Di0.rcuri—“Whencc also the Romans DEVICTA.—See ALAMANNIA DEVICTA (p
keep up the custom, when they exhibit a (Ie.rul 32)—aam:.~ns mzvrcu (p. 8l)—.vuo1'.s DE
tor; for one individual manages two horses, VlCTA—-SARMATIA DEVICTA.
with a cap on his head, and leaps from one horse DEVICTIS GER.\’[.-\NlS.—SIGNlS RF
to the other, in memory of his (i. e. Pollux) Cepfi.s.—See oaanamcus c.u;s.uz—-see a-lsv
representing his brother (Castor) as well as bim SIGNIS.
self."—In conformity with this account, the de DEliLTU.\l (Thracia) Colonia, now Derlion,
sullor is represented wearing n cap of a conical in ltumilia, European Turkey. Ancient Dcul
form, doubtless the more closely to imitate the tum was situated on the Parysus, near the out
Dioscuri, whose caps were of this kind, as is flow of that river into the Euxine, b€"\'B¢'"
testified by numerous monuments, and also by Mcscinbria and Apollonia.—Aecording to Poll"
 l)El'LTUM. DEVS. 321
bins, Thrace was colonised, not only by the [There is another reverse of this coin, vary
Romans, but also long before, by the Greeks, ing in the grouping of the objects from the
and this city is said to have been originally above, also given in Vaillant (ii. 144), who ob
founded by Milcsian emigrants. Its name is serves, that “ Rivers emptying themselves into
differently spelt by different authors. Ptolemy the sea, are depicted on ancient medals under
calls it Devellus; Ammianus, Debultus; and the figures of old men, with flowing beards, as
in the “Acta Conciliorum,” it is denominated though they were the fathers of other streams.
D¢'bellu.r,—\’aillant (in Ualoniir) adopts the But the personitications of those rivers which
appellation given to it by Pliny, namely Deal discharge their waters into other rivers, are re
tum; where a colony of veterans was planted presented without beards.
The name of the
by Vcspusian. This Roman settlement assumed river which issues into the Parysus (near the
his family name, Flncia; and on account of his banks of which Deultum appears to have been
remarkable tokens of devotion to the goddess of situated), is not found in the geographies of
Peace (to whom that emperor built a temple at antiquity. The sailing vessel denotes that the
Rome); it was called Pacenaia, or Pact/ica.— Parysua was navigable. The cornucopiic indi
The place was once surrounded with strong walls, cates the atllnencc derived to the city from its
and still exhibits the remains of its ramparts. navigation. According to Pliny, Deultum was
The coins of Dcultum are Latin imperial, in situated on a lake.”]
small, middle, and first brass. They commence
A. D. 97 and end A. n. 2-l-9, and are inscribed
DEUS.—lf Plutarch is to he credited on the
either with the initial letters e. r. P. D. or with subject, Numa Pompilius had given to the Ro
the abbreviated words 001.. PL. rac. nnvxrr. that, mans so sublime an idea of the Supreme Being,
convinced of the impossibility of arriving
(Colunin Flavia Pacensis [or Pacitica] Deultum).
at a knowledge of Him, except through the
The Emperors, Caesars, and Empresses to understanding, they regarded it as a sacrilege
whom this colony dedicated the products of her to represent the Deity under any human form.
mint were—Trajanns, Macrinus, Diadumenianus, And accordingly, for a time, it is afiinned,
Alexander Severus, Mamrea, Maximinus, Maxi neither figure nor painting of the gods was
mus, Gordianus Pins, Tranquillina, Philippus seen at Rome, although temples were erected
senior, Otacilin, and Philippus junior. to them, in which they were worshipped.—
The deities worshipped at Denltum, and whose The use of idols was derived to the Romans
images with their respective attributes appear from the Tuscans, and from the Greeks. It was
on her eoins, are as follow :—Apollo (the tute mainly from those two sources that they drew
telary god of the city) /Esculztpius, Bacchus, their superstitions; and they afterwards ini
Ceres, Cyhelc, Diana, Foituna, llygeia, Jupi provcd upon their models. For when Rome be
ter, .\Iincrva, Nemesis, Silenus, and Serapis. came mistress of a great part of the world, she
allowed almost every foreign religion to he in
Besides the above types there are others on troduced within her walls; and there might be
the colonial coinage of this Thracian city ; such
seen in that city as many divinities as worship
as a bull’s head on a third brass of Trajan ; the
pers. So great, in fact, was the number of
Genius Urbis, under Alexander Severus; a lion, statues raised in honour of these gods, as to
with Philip senior and junior on its obverse; give rise to the saying, that the inanimate por
legionary eagles and other Roman military tion of the people in ltome was larger than that
standards, referring to the original peopling of which was living, although, the latter amounted
the colony with veteran soldiers (engraved in to millions. The Romans divided all these dei
Vaillant, ii. p. 155); the Wolf and twins, on
ties into difi'erent classes ; viz. those of the first
second brass of Caracalla and Macrinus; the order, which depended, like the rest, on Fate.—
dolphin, in small brass, dedicated to Maximus Those of an inferior order, and all the other
Ctesar; the three Graces, inscribed to Alexan minor gods and goddesses. Those who presided
der Severus, &c. Ste. Only two subjects have over each place or each nation. 'l‘hosc which were
any direct allusion to the locality of Deultum. assigned to each individual being, and even to
An engraving of one of them is hereto sub most human actions. The last named were, in
joined:— deed, so many _r/enii, whom they made some
River-1leilie.:.—T\vo of these fluvial personifi
times masculine, sometimes feminine; and to
cations, one bearded, holds a reed in the right these they paid a particular worship, following
hand, in the left a cur
the bent of their supposed wants, and conform
nneopiae, resting on an ing to the caprice of their devotions.
urn, whence water flows.
For all such classes of deities as are found
The other a female figure, alluded to in the legends or types of Roman
in long drapery, also
Coins, see DII, 81c. (p. 328).
“ holds a reed in one
hand, and resting in like DEVS ADIVTA ROMANIS.—A cross stand
manner to the other on ing on steps.—This legend. and type appear on
an urn. Above the female a large silver medallion of lleraelins I. Eckhel
figure is a ship with sail. says of it—“ This pious medal appears with
This app ears on a second. brass of Gordianns others, to have been coined from that silver
III. with legend of con. rt. rac. DEVLT. Culv which, on the cve of awar with the Persians,
uia Flavia Pzzrcnnlr Deullana. the emperor, to supply a deficient treasury, took
2T
322 DIADEMA. DIADEMA.
for this purpose, out of the sacred edificcs.”— ' precious stones, you wear them in your crowns,
vol. viii. 223. and in your shoes, fasten your girdles with them,
DEUSO or DEUSONA.—See rucacuu nae make of them your bracelets and your brooches,
somnnsr. nay, even adorn your seats with them '9' And,
DEXTRAE DUE JUNCTE.—See Riylit that he might not appear to express himself too
Hands joined. violently, he has softened down the offensive
D. F. Divi Filiu:.—avo. 1). r. LVD. sane. ness of his remarks, with this prelude :—‘ Not
rl-;c.—See Ludi Saculares. that this has arisen from your fault, but [rom
DlADEM1\.—It was by this name that the theirs, who were the originators of this morbid
white fillet, or band, was called, which bound passion, and who transmitted to after times this
the temples of kings in the earliest ages. The highly prized iut'ect.ion.'——'l'hat these words were
head of Bacchus (to whom fable has ascribed intended as a hit at Constantine, may be in
the invention of that head-dress), also the heads ferred from what is stated above.”—See Dad.
of Neptune, of Hercules, of Victory, and some Num. Vet. viii. pp. 79—360—502.
other divinities, appear on coins encircled \vith Diedemed /lead of Conslantine in coclurn
the diadem. Considering it certain, therefore, spectans.—It is to be observed, that the head
that this ornament was distinguished, from a turned upwards to the heavens, which occurs on
remote antiquity, as an essentially royal badge, the gold and silver coins of this emperor, has
it is not surprising that amongst a free people, no parallel in former or
such as the Romans were after the expulsion of in subsequent timcs.—
the Tarqnins, and the abolition of monarehieal A Eckhel, in consulting the
government, the diadem should have been held 5‘ opinions of writers upon
in universal abhorrence. For this reason both this peculiarity of pos
Augustus and Tiberius had the wisdom to ab ture, first quotes Ease
stain from wearing it. Nevertheless, certain ‘ bins as follows :——‘ In
vain emperors entertained a great desire to as deed, the fervent faith
sume the diadem, although they wanted the which had taken posses
courage to do so.—Aeeording to Suetonius, Cali sion of his mind, may
gula was much inclined to try the experiment be recognized in the fact of his causing his por
on the popular feeling, but refraiaed.—Lam trait to be so represented on his gold coins, as
pridius states, that Elagabalns wished to use to give him the appearance of gazing upwards,
the gemmed diadem, as a means of making like one engaged in prayer to the Deity. In
himself more attractive, and because it was more stances of this coin were common throughout
adapted to the female countenance ; and this he the Roman dominions.’—Thus far the ecclesias
wore within doors (dami).—Aurclian is said to tical historian. “ But (continues Eckhel), I am
have been the first among the Itomans who much mistaken if Julian has not held up to de
decked his brows with the diadem; hut coins rision this position of the head as well as every
do not confirm this statement. lt was by Cun thing else connected with Constantine. For it
stantine the Great that the example was publicly is at this he appears to aim his shaft when he
set of a Roman Emperor wearing this royal relates that Constantine, when summoned to
badge, either in its simple form, or adorned the council of the gods, remained fixed at the
with clasps or jewels, and that too divested of threshold of Luna—For, to use his own words,
both the laurel and the radiated erown.—Victor ‘he was desperately enamoured of her, and,
alludes to the fact of Constantine “ decking his occupied solely with gazing upon her, he paid
royal robes with gems, and his head with the no heed to Victory.’ Certainly, the attitude,
invariable diadem.” And its introduction is which the coin represents, is that of a man look
clearly shcwn on his numismatic portraitures. ing at the moon or the stars; whence the joke.
“ It is (observes Eckhel) to this fashion, in ——In an inquiry like the present, I think that
part, that Julian must have referred, when he implicit reliance should not be placed on either
so bitterly commented on the voluptuonsness of these writers; the former of whom can see
and extravagance of that emperor, his etl'emi in~ Constantine nothing but what is holy and
nate mode of head-dress, and all the other topics divine, whilst the latter treats every thing with
of reproach, which he spitefully heaps upon sarcasm and abuse. Perhaps the main ambition
him, as on a second Sardanapalus. These ac of Constantine was to resemble Alexander the
counts are confirmed by the Ulironicon Alexan Great, whom not only ancient authors, but ex
drinmn, which informs us, that ‘ he first tant monumcnts, prove to have been repre
adopted the diadem enriched with pearls,’ and sented in a very similar manner; as may be
other gems.-——Synesius, whilst lashing with more seen under the coinage of that king."—D. N. V.
than Grecian license, in his oration rrepl Boun vol. viii. 80.
Aetas (conrerrzilrg the kingdom), the luxury of [The above cut is from a highly preserved
Arcadius and the princes of that period, speaks specimen in the British Museum, for the reverse
as follows, according to the translation of Peta of which see GLORIA CONSTANTINI .\\"o.]
\'ius:—'At what time, think you, were the According to Ammianus, and the testimony
affairs of Rome in better plight? Is it since of coins, Julian the Apostate, notwithstanding
you have covered yourselves from head to foot all he has said (in his satire on the C-irsais) to
with purple and gold, and fetching from the disparage and ridicule his predecessor and uncle.
mountains of the barbarii (lands beyond sea), wore a diadem of the same form, and with the
 DIADUMENIANUS. DIANA. 323
same embellishments, as Constantine’s. Another GOI.D.—-PRINC. IVVENTVTIS (valued by Mien
proof of the inconsistency of that pagan prince. net at 400 & 600 fr.)—si=1:s. rvuuca (600 fr.)
This royal decoration of the head prevailed long S]LVP.‘R.—-FIDES nun-rvu. (60 fr.)
afterwards, though it occasionally gave place to Bnass r\[i;nA1.1.1oN.—Pn.mc. IVVENTVTIS.
the he1met.—On this subject, see the word Fiasr Bnass.—n. OPEL. ANTONINVS mauv
Ilead-dresses. MENIANVS. Bust of Diudumenian, to the right,
On a coin of the Terentia family, the bearded bare head, habited in the paludamentum.
head of Quirinus (Romulus) appears hound with Rev.—Pam'e(r:rs) 1vvi~.Nrv'ris. Prince qf
the diadem, after the example of other kings,I/re 1'oulh.—The young Caesar, wearing the
both European and Asiatic. On n denarius of paludamentum, stands bare-headed, holding in
the Calpurnia gens, the bearded head of NVMA the right hand an ensign, and in the left a spear;
exhibits itself with the diadem. On aeoin of on his left are two other ensigns planted on the
Coponia is the diademed head of Apollo. On a ground. In the field s. c.
coin of Marcia is the head of ANCVS, also with LA fine specimen of this large brass brought
the diadem. One of the constant symbols of E3 at the Devonshire salc.—l“ron1 another, in
the imperial dignity, the diad-em, in modern the highest state of preservation, the preceding
times, though its form is very diifcrent, has in type of the obverse has been faithfully engraved ;
name become synonimous with the word crown. and an accurate cut from its reverse, equally
For a fine example of an imperial diadem, see remarkable for its fine workmanship as the por
Constantine the Great (p. 257). trait, will he found under PBINC. X\'VEN‘1‘V'1‘1S].

DIADUMENIANUS (rllarmu Opelius),

son of Mar.-rinus, and of Nonia Celsa, was born DIANA, an Italian Divinity, afterwards re
in the year of Rome 961 (A. D. 2U8), on the garded as identical with the goddess whom the
19th of December, the anniversary day of the Greeks called ’Ap-rep.is.—According to Cicero
birth of Antoninus Pins. Maerinus, become (N111. Dear.) there were three of this name, of
emperor A. D. 217, gave to his son the name of whom that most commonly celebrated among
Antoninus, and the titles of Caesar and of Prince mythologists was the daughter of Jupiter and
of the Youth; and in 218 named him Augustus, Lntona, and twin sister of Apollo. Diana was
although he was then only ten years of age.— worshipped in various ways, and under various
The fall of Macrinus followed so closely on the figures, by divers ancient nations. In rivalship
elevation of his son to the dignity of Augustus, with the similar claims of Delos, the Ephesians
that no coins struck in the name of this young assumed the honour of their city having wit
prince are known to have this title. Macrinus nessed the birth of Diana, and the most famous
having been defeated, sent Diadumenianus to of her temples was that in their city. Skilful,
Artabancs, King of the Parthians; but the sol like Apollo, in the use of the bow, her employ
diers entrusted with the charge of conducting ment on earth was the chase; and if her bro
him to the tcrritorim of that eastern monarch, ther were the god of day, she under the name
delivered him over to the partisans of Elega of I/una, the moon, enlightened mortals during
balus, and he was slain. From his maternal the night. She was the patrcuess of virginity,
grandfather he inherited the name of Diadume and the presiding deity over child-birth, on which
nus, which, on his pretended adoption into the account she was called I/ucina, or Juno Pronuba,
family of the Antonines, was changed into Dia when invoked by women in parturition; and
dumenianns. His portrait on coins does not Trivia, when worshipped in the cross-ways,
answer to the description which Lampridius where her statues were generally erected. The
gives of the extreme beauty of this child. He earliest trace of her worship at Rome occurs in
is, on numismatic monuments, styled H. OPEL. the tradition, that Scrvius Tullius dedicated to
AXTONINVS DIADVMENIANVS CAES(AB), or M. or. her a temple on the Aventine mount. Diana was
manv.\u;.\'.—'I‘he silver coins of Diadumenian protectress of the slaves; and the day, on which
are rare; the gold, of the highest rarity. Second that temple had been dedicated, is said to have
brass are rare ; first brass very rnre.—Notwith been afterwards celebrated every year by slaves
standing the shortness of his life and reign, the of both sexes, and was called the day of the
number of coins minted in his name, particu slaves. (See Dr. Smith's Dictionary Q/' Roman
larly out of Rome, is considerable. The fol ill;/llr0l0_//_I/).——On coins, gems, and other ll10Ulb
lowing are among the rarest reverses : ments of antiquity, Diana, as the Epherian.
2T2
324- DlAl\'A. DIANA El’llE.SlA.
floddess, is represented by an image with many Dl.\NAE CONS. AVG. Diana Con-rervalrrir
breasts, indicating the plenteousiiess of nature. Aziyusti. A stag.—This legend and_type, vnth
As Luaifera, she stands either dressed in the variations, frequently appears on coins of Gal
stola, holding a lighted torch transversely, in lienns, whose father Valerianus was singularly
both hands, or she wears the lunar crescent on attached to the worship of Diana the Preservcr,
her head, and drives a chariot drawn by two insoinuch that he dedicated a temple to her
stags, holding the reins in one hand, and a burn honour at Rome, called Ede: Va_leruzrm'.—A
ing torch iii the other.—As Diana Peryenria (or similar epigraph-—nisl\'A coi\'s.—with the same
of Perga), hcr symbol is either a stone, or some symbol of the goddess of the chase, appears on
cyliiider-shaped vase, marked with celestial signs a third brass of Carausiiis, who also professed
and figures.—As Diana Venalrir (the liuntress), greatly to hoiiour the sylvan deity. _
she appears with bow and arrow, as on a coin of DI.-KN. EPHE. Diana Ep/iesia.—Dia._nu of
Giillicnus.—On a consecration medal of Faus Ephesus.—'l‘his appears on a silver medallion of
tinn senior, the figure of Diana in a biga, is the Claudius, struck in Asia. The goddess is re
type of the Empress’s etcrnity.—When she per presented in an elegant temple of founcoliimiis,
forms the part of Luna, she wears acrescent not with tucked-up dress (vests .rucr1.:ic!¢_'r'), as
on her head, and her chiiriot is a biga of bulls, the agile hiiiitrcss, but'with her Asiatic at
as on a first brass of Julia Domna. tributes of heavy head-dress, many-breasted
[On a brass medallion of Crispins, without bust (p0I_1/-mammia), swaddliug-clothed body,
legend of reverse, is the graceful figure of a supported on each side with props, resembling
female, dressed in the stola, or long flowing robe trideiits reversed, on which she rests hand,
of Roman matrons; recognizable as Diana by just as she was worshipped by the Ephesians in
the bow she holds in her left, and the arrow St. Paul’s time. The temple here delineated
in her right hand.—-See preceding cut from a was obviously intended to associate the honour
cast after a rare specimen in the Cabinet dc of Diana, with that once celebrated edifioe_at
E-mice]. Ephesus, which took all Asia 220 years to build,
"he goddess also appears, with attributes of and cost Herostratus, the incendiary, but a mo
either bow, dog, or torch, on coins of Augus ment to fire and destroy.-See M. Dumersaifs
tus, Plotiiia, Faustino. jun. Lucille, Plautilla, beautiful engraving of this medal, in the Allier
Gordiaiius Pius, Valeriaiius, Salonina, Postunius, d'Hauteroche collection, Pl. xiv. No. 18.
Claudius Gotliieus, Quiiitillus. It is, however, “ The authors of antiquity are not agreed as
u coinparatively rare type oii Roman coins. to the order of the temple of Diana: Pliny as
Oii ii denarius of a consular family, having for serting that it was Allin, whilst Vitruvius says
its legend of reverse Lucius Hoslilius Saserna, it was Ionic. Again, the image of the goddess
Diana stands, with face to the front, holding in is said by Vitruvius to have been formed of
the left hand a lance, and in the right the horns cedar; and Xenophon describes it as of gold
of a stag rearing by her side.—See llostilia gens. discrepancies which may be reconciled by are
On n denariiis of the Axsia gens (sec p. ll7), fcrencc to the description which Pausanias gives
the reverse presents Diana standing, armed with of many gilded statues. The words of Pliny
a javelin, iii a ear drawn by two stsgs; she. is shew that there was some doubt as to the mate
preceded by a dog, and followed by two others. rial of which it was formed; but whatever that
—’l‘his deiiarius is attributed to Lucius Axius may have been, the figure was never changed,
Naso, who was proscribed in the last civil war though the temple was restored seven times.”-—
of the republic. See Nmmlmialic Illustrations qf I/ee New Tesla
On a silver coin of the Cornelia gens, Diana ment, by J. Y. Akcrinan, l".S..-\. p. 48.
appears standing in the Ephesian attitude and DIANA EPHESIA.—Anothcr silver medal
dress.—(Engraved in Morell. Fan. Rom. TAB. lion bears on its obverse 'l‘lberiu.s CLA\'l)iiu
ii. No. 6). CAESar A\'Gustu.r AGRll’Pina A‘~G"STA\'
The following are among the most remark and the jugsted heads of Claudius and Agrip
able reverses on which Diana is typified in the pina.—On its reverse are the above legend, and
imperial series of Roman coins = the type of Diana of Ephesus.

The above engraving (for the loan of which “ The above medallion (says our erqineiit
numismatic authority) appears to offer the lxst
the compiler is indebted to the kindness of Mr.
Akerman), renders it unnecessary to give a representation of this remarkable image, and is
minute description of the form under which the more curious, as, in bearing the heads of
Diana Ephesia was worshipped. Claudius and Agrippins, it proves itself to be
 DIANA LL'Cll“ER.-X. DIANA VENATRIX. 325
nmrly contemporaneous with the period of St. . In exchanging the bow and arrow for the
l’au.l's visit to Ephesus. These pieces were torch, allusion ishere made to her other titles
doubtless in circulation throughout all Asia and qualities, as Lucifera, or as Luna, whose
Minor, and could be obtained by devotees at the light being borrowed from the Sun, she was
shrine of the Ephesian goddess. styled his sister.
“ It seems probable that the vulgar were not On a denarius of the Claudia gens, Diana, in
allowed to approach too near to this grotesque long clothing, but designated by the quiver at
but time-honoured figure; and that the artists her back, stands holding in each hand a long
of antiquity sometimes drew on their fancies in torch planted on the ground.——See p. 210 of this
their representations of her; for even in the dictionary.
coins of Ephesus the goddess is not always re On a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius,
presented in precisely the same manner. The Diana Lucifera is represented sitting with a torch
idol was preserved from decay by resinous gums, in her hands, on a horse galloping to the right.
which were inserted in cavities made for that And on a bronze medallion of Faustiua junior,
purpose."—Ibizl. p. 49. the li_1//at-bring/in_/7 goddess appears veiled, hold
In commenting on that passage in Acts, xix. ing a torch in the left hand, and sitting on a
27, wherein “the town clerk” speaks of “ the stag, accompanying the legend of asrsnnrras
teuiple of the great goddess Diana, whom all AVGVSTA.-—Bul.l\ these medallions are engraved
Asia and the world worshippeth," the writer in Nouwlle Gal. Myflwl. p. 142, pl. xlix. Nos.
above quoted observes, that “the singular ar 4 and 5.
chaic tigure under which Diana Ep/lesizz was DIANA PERG. Diana Per_9encia.—A rare
worshipped, is not to be confounded with that silver medallion of Nerva, bearing the date of
of Diana the huntress, but is distinguished by cos. lll. exhibits the foregoing legend on the
her characteristic attributes as 1mtri.z: of all front of a temple, in which stands an image of
living things.” lbizl. p. 47. Diana of Perga.—“ The inscription itself, as well
DIANA EPllESlA.—On a coin of Hadrian, as the form of this medal, show that it first saw
struck at Ephesus, having the foregoing appel light among the Pergenses of Panlphylia/’—
lation on its reverse, the statue of the goddessEckhel, vi. 410.
stands between two stngs. On another silver The same legend and type appear on a silver
coin of the same emperor, having‘ CONSVL Ill. medallion of Trajan (cos. n.) The city of
for its legend of reverse, a similar type appears. Perga was a place peculiarly addicted to the
Both these are engraved in Nuzwvlle Galerie worship of the mu/ti-mammian Diana.
JI_:/t/ml. par M. Lenormaut, p. 143, pl. xlix. DIANAE REDUCI.—'I‘o the return of
Nos. 10 and ll. Diana—who, in appropriate dress as the huntress,
DIANA LAPHRIA. C. P. Colonic Patren leads a stag in her right hand, and holds a bow
.ria.—0n colonial coins of Patric, respectively in her left.—Ot' this inscription and type, which
dedicated to Nero and to Domitian, bearing the up on a silver coin of Postumus senior,
above legend, and of which Vaillant (in Col. i. Eckhcl laeonically remarks-—“ Novelty recom
2-L), gives an engraving, Diana stands, clothed mends it, but its cause is unknown.”
in a short dress, with a quiver at her shoulder, Diana Venatri.r.—This title is not used as
her right hand placed on the hip, and her left a legend on any Roman coins; but it serves
hand resting on a bow.—On small brass of M. with numismatists to designate those types, in
Aurelius and of L. Vcrus, struck in the same which Diana, in quality of huntress, appears
colony, is the image of Diana Laphria, as Verm with short habit, and the usual weapons and
tri.r,'in the attitude of walking quick, with a dogs of the chase, together with her favourite
lighted torch in her right hand, a spear in her attribute, the stag. Of this class is the
left, and a hound running before her. (En nnma rrrmx of Gnllienus (in first brass), the
graved iu Vaillant, i. l9tJ).——Laphria was a accompanying type of which, as the annexed cut
name given to Diana, in consequence of La serves to shew, typifies the goddess in her sport
phrius, a Phoznician, having erected a statue to
her honour in Calydon (Etolia). With the
name of this city is associated the legend of the
wild boar, which was sent by Diana to ravage
the surrounding district, and which Meleagcr
killed, giving the head to Atalanta, of whom he
was enamoured.—With the Patrcnses she was
an object of supreme adoration. According to
Pausanias, when 1Etolia was laid waste by Au
gustus, her image was removed from Calydon,
and laced in a shrine at Patric.
D ANA LUCIFERA. Diana I/1e brinycr Q/'
li_¢lzl.——On first and second brass of Faustina,
and on gold of Julia. Domna, bearing this legend ing dress, with bow in left hand, and right hand
of reverse, the image of the goddess stands, raised to head, as having just discharged an ar
holding transversely, with both hands, a lighted row. She is attended by a small stag.
torch.——-Engraved in Spanheim’s Carars qf On denarii of Augustus, the hunting Diana
Julian, p. 45. also appears.—See s1cu..
 26 DICTATOR. DICTATOR.
The reverse of a brass medallion of Auto fuuctionary, were the purple robe, the curule
niuus exhibits the goddess in this character, and chair, caparisoncd horses, and 20 lictors, bear
at the same time, with quiver on shoulder; be ing the fasces with axes. The decision of ce
hind her is a tree; before her a hind or stag.— and war resided with him; and the fortunes and
.l‘ll|f_'I‘.\V€(l in Nouv. Gal. ]l[_r/M01. pl. 48, N0. 10. lives of soldiers, citizens, and magistrates were
On another brass medallion of the same cm alike subject to his absolute government. Dur
pcror, Diana Vmatria, leaving the bath, stands ing the dictature, the authority of all the other
already re-clothed with a short tunic, and is magistrates ceased, except that of the tribunes
covering herself with other drapery. Actieon, of the pleas; nor was any appeal allowed from
already metamorphosed into a stag, is in front the sentence, or judgment, of the dictator, until
of her, and a dog is rushing upon the indiscreet U. c. 303 (B. c. 451), when the [er Duillia was
huuter.—Eugraved in Nouvelle Gal. lily!/:01. passed, which provided that, thenceforward, no
pl. xlix. No. 4, p. 14-3. magistrate should be appointed, without his
On a. second brass, struck by the Roman public acts being open to be appealed against
colony of Corinth, the goddess stands with a before the people. This otiicc so potent, so dig
bow in her extended left hand, whilst the right nified, in the earlier periods of the republic,
is raised in the attitude of drawing an arrow became at length odious to the Romans, from
from her quiver. At her side is a stag.—Eu the despotic nsurpations of Sulla, and of Julius
graved in Vaillant, ii.—U0rint/I, Gala. Caesar; the former to glut the cruelty of his
DIANAE VICTRICI.—~T0 Diana the Vic personal vengeance; and the latter to compass
1111‘/:I1I.\'.—Dl8Il8 standing with bow and arrow. the schemes of his own boundless ambition.
This legend, which first occurs on silver of Tre When Caesar, therefore, not daring to axsume
bonianus Gallus, is also seen on coins (gold as the titles of Rex, and Daminzw, accepted that
well as silver) of Acmilianns.—“ It is probable of Imperator (see p. 155), he was not long in
(says llckhel), that in the common calamities of becoming Dictator; and in a short time after
those times, it was out of respect to Apollo that wards Perpetual ])ictat0r. That isto say, he
his sister was joined with him. Otherwise, it received the dictaturc U. c. T05 (B. c. 49), M.
would appear (from a coin of Treboninnus, de Afiinilius Lcpidus (afterwards the triumvir) be
dicated Al’OLIini CONSERVA'l‘0ri), that in ing pretor at the time, convened the people, and
the celebration of the secular games, for the procured that all-superseding power for (.‘u:sar,
safety of the empire, the principal honours were then absent from Rome, but who, quickly ar
cn=t<m|arily paid to Apollo and Diana.” vii. 372. riving there, eutered upon the ofiice; and hav
l)l(!. Dictator.—DIC. III. Dictator for the ing accomplished his object in taking it, laid
third lime. down the name of dictator, retaining, however,
DICT. I'l‘ERum. Dictator for the second not an atom less than all the authority of one.
time-.—DIC. QVART. for the fourth time. From that period we read on a chronological
DICT. PERI’. Dictator I’erpeluu.r.——Per series of his coins—cAES. nic.—next vrc. rrea.
pctual Dictator. then me. 'ri-:a.—But why Diclalor Tn-tium ?—
DICTATOR. A magistrate extraordinary, “ Without doubt (says Schlegel, ad Mon-I1.) he
appointed by the Romans only under circum was named for the third time by the consul
stances of alleged public and pressing necessity. Lepidus, u.c. 709 (n. c. 45), after he hm] cu
He was originally called Jlag/isler Populi, and tered R/ome in triumph, as conqueror from
also Prmtar Jllazimru; afterwards Dictator, be Africa." In like manner we read me. QVART.
cause (Dietus) named by the consul for the Diclalnr Quarlum, because for the fourth time
time, or because the people implicitly obeyed his that otlice was offered to him, about 710 (B. c.
commands. The first Dictator created at Rome 44), in which year he entered the city from
was T. Lartius Flnvus, in the year U. c 253 Mount Albano, with the honours of an ovation.
(B. c. 50]). He, being then one of the consuls, And it was during the same fourth dictatorship,
was nominated to this office, under an expecta that Ciesar obtained from the Senate the right
tion of war with the Sabines and Latins. The in perpetuity of wearing the laurel crown, ac
consuls, at that time of emergency, being found cording to Appianus and Dion; the latter of
unable to make levies among the plebeians, who whom thus pursues the subject :—“ lu this vear,
had refused to enlist without a remission of their the fourth dictatorship (quarta dicfaluraj was
debts by the patrieians, the Senate elected this decreed to him, not merely for so long as the
otlicer, whom they invested with absolute and state of public affairs required, but for the term
unbounded authority. The dictature was for a of his natural life, to govern and administer
time confined to the patricians, but the ple with dictatorial power." Thus on gold and
bcians were atterwards admitted to share in it. silver coins, struck by his moueyers, L. Buca,
The dictator remained in power for six months, and C. Maridianus, we find him called ore.
after which he was again elected, if the state of PERPETVO cansaa, and DICT. IN Pizarmro
atfairs seemed desperate ; otherwise he generally car-zsan, on others, DICT. [N 1-izari-zrvvia.-See
resigned before the allotted period had expired. Mintages of Csesar, pp. 155, 156, and 157 of
The dictatorship was on a par with even this dictionary.
regal dignity, and armed with more than regal And this otliee the Great Julius held to the
power, yet, unlike royalty, it was not held in day of his death; after which Mark Antony, as
hatred by the people. Amongst the insignia I, consul, obtained the passing of a law, which
which distinguished this supreme and unusual expressly and permanently abolished both the
 l)ECl.\‘llA.—DIDlA. DIDIA. 327
name and functions of this powerful, but at ' caused an allusion to be made to the circum
length, to the public liberties, fatally dangerous, stance on this coin, which represents a centurion
magistracy. inflicting corporal punishment on an undisci
Dl'lCIi\lIA.—A plebcian family, of which plined soldier.—Among modern Archaeologists
there is only the following dennrius :——— of eminence, P. Cavedoni, concurring with the
Obv.~—Galeated head of Rome, to the right; the above explanation, says—-“ It is clear, that
behind it X.—1iev.——FLsvVs. Diana with the in the type of this medal, it is the centurion
crescent moon on her head, driving a biga at who punishes a soldier with the vine twig divided
full speed ; below noun. into two twists, or lashes. In fact, the army
“ This coin (says Riccio, p. 79), has for a long having been rc-organised by Didius, and brought
time been ascribed to the Flavia family ; but the again under the regulations of true military sub
learned Borghesi has assigned it to the Decimia ordination and exactitude, he attacked the enemy,
gens, and properly to Cains Deeimius Flavus, defeated them, and obtained for his victory the
pretor in U. o. 570 (B. c. 184), coeval with P. honours of a triumph. Perhaps he caused thcse
Cornelius Silla, who was in the magistracy, *1 deuarii to be minted, and distributed as dona
little afier the government of Sillanus. Modern tives, that should remind the Roman army, that
lovers of antiquity have concurred in opinion the foe was to be beaten only by the observance
with Borghesi.”—[Neither by Morel nor by of perfect discipline, and by threats of punish
Mionnet is this name included among the Roman ment carried into efl'ect against unbridled and
families]. refmetory soldiers. If in that epocha, and under
DIDIA gens, of the plebeian order.—~Three those circumstances, this coin was struck, its
varieties in silver, rare.—The following dcnarius date is to be carried back to the 640th year of
has given rise to a controversy amongst the Rome (B. c. 114), the year in which Didius
leamed, which, as Eckhcl observes, “ is of long triumphed for his successes over the Seordisei.”
standing, and, as it seems, continues undecided.” Le Monele delle Famiylie di Roma, p. 80.
1. 0bv.—Ilead of Rome, to the right, below 2. Another and a much rarer dennrius of the
x, behind ROMA.—Rev.—'1‘. DEIDI. A soldier - Didia family has on the obverse P. FONTEIVS
with a spear (or sword) is feebly contending csrrro. Invln. CONCORDIA; with the veiled
against another military man, who has a sword head of Concord. Whilst the reverse is in
girded to his right side, but is brandishing n I scribed '1". mm. IMP. VIL. PVB. the type exhi
whip, or vine switch, upraiscd in his right hand. biting a grand portico formed of two tiers of
Each is armed with a buckler on the left arm. columns.

[This silver coin was, according to Eckhel,

restored by Trajan, and is of the highest degree Of the Vllila PVB/ica alluded to in the above
of rarity]. legend, Varro explains the use, by comparing it
Some writers have supposed that the inflic with the Villa Realina (so called from Reate, a
tion of military punishment, or at least the very ancient town of the Sabines, now Rieti).
castigation of some deserter from his post in the “The former (viz. the publica) was the place
dav of battle, is meant to be indicated in the into which the citizens went from :the field (é
above type. Others treat it only as a. combat campa) ; the latter that into which were put
between two men, whose offensive weapons, how- ‘I horses and asses (of which latter animal Iteate
evcr, are very different from each other. In the was lamous for a valuable breed). The villa
latter case, be of the flagellmn has evidently the publica was moreover useful for purposes of pub
advantage over /aim of the lraala. lic business; as a place where the cohorts might
Riccio, in his remarks on the Didia gens, says take up their quarters, when called together by
(p. 80)—“ Most antiquarics join in attributing the consul, where the show of arms was made;
this coin to Titus Didius, son of Titus, and also where the censors might admit the people
nephew of Sprenius, who having been sent as | to citizenship by the census. Another use
pretorinto lllyrium, lll the year of Rome 640 for these villa; publim, erected e.z-Ira urbm,
(B. C. 114), found the affairs of that Roman was to receive such ambassadors from hostile
province in a most perilous state; for the Thra states as it was not deemed expedient to in
cians, and a ferocious people called Srordiari, troduce into the city. This is referred to by
had put the consul Porcius Cato to flight. On 1 Livy (lxxxiii. e. 9)——‘ The Macedonians were
investigating the causes of this disaster, Didius conducted out of the city to the villa publica,
discovered that the army had conducted itself Where accommodation and provisions were
in s base and cowardly manner, and no longer afforded them.’ ”—Eckhel, v. 201.
sustnincd the rigor of military discipline with The reason of this type of the portico being
becoming endurance or obedience. Wishing -struck is uncertain. “Perhaps (says Riccio,
therefore to correct such great disorders, he p. 80), on the occasion of some civic otfice held
 328 DIDIA CLARA.
by Didius subsequent to 660 (B. c. 94), he
caused to be built, or restored, the above men
tioned edifice. He is called on this numismutic
monument IMPeralor, a title which he obtained
after his mission into Northern Spain, which
ascends to that epocha, and in which he defeated
the Celtiherians, and received triumphal ho
nours on that account.”
Sallust, quoted by Gellius (L. 11, e. 27), thus
alludes to Titus DIDlu.r lMPeral0r :—“ Magna
_r/I01-ia tribunu-r militum in Iliapzmia T. Didia
imperalore.”—llc [Sertorius] gained great cre
dit as military tribune, T. Didius being general
in chief.
DIDIA CLARA, daughter of the Emperor
Didius Julianns, and of Manlia Scantilla. She
is described to have been the most beautiful of
the young women of her age; in which case
her medullic portraits, especially those in brass,
do her no justiee.—She was born about the year
of Rome 906 (A. D. 153). Married to Corne
lius Rcpcntinus, who was appointed Prefectus
Urbis, in the room of Flavius Sulpieianns, she
was, at the accession of her father, named Au
gusta, together with her mother, by the Senate;
and was deprived of both title and rank after
Julian’s death. Coins were struck as a record
of the high but short-lived honours conferred
upon her. They are all of the highest rarity.
A gold specimen, of the usual module, brought
£13 5s. at the Thomas sale.—-Silver (sec the
above cut), antique but plated, brought £5 7s.
6d. at the same sale. Mionnet values a solid
silver specimen at 210 fr.-—-First brass, E2 at
the Thomas sale.—On the obverse of each she is
styled DIDIA cnaaa l\vo.—-The reverse has for
legend mnuz. rum. fllilarilas Tcmporum).
A woman standing, holds a palm branch, &e.
Dll. Dininilies. (Sec DEUS).—The Romans,
generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the
gods, the (Iii mujorum gmlium, or dii corucnln,
and the (Iii minormn 1/mztiunl, or (iii .re1¢~rli.—
The names and typifications of the following
appear on Roman coins :——
Dii Cons.mte.s—'l‘hesc formed the council of
the gods, and especially of Jupiter, under whose
supremacy, quasi erant coruentientcs. They
were also called celestial and great divinities.——
They were twelve in number, comprised in the
following distich of Ennins :—
Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,
Mcrcurius, Jovis, Neptuuns, Vuleanus, Apollo.
Dii SeI¢v.-li.—Thcse were eight in number,
associated with the Cement:-.v, and classed with
the great divinities. Thc_v were also called Po
pulamv, and their respective names were Janus,
Saturnus, Cybele, Rhea, Pluto, Sol (or Apollo),
Liber Pater (or Bacchus), Luna.
Dll.
Dii I1uli_qe!e.r.——'l‘hese were the heroes whose
rare merit had raised them, after death, in pagan
credence to the rank of gods, and who were
regarded as the patron deities of their country.
See on mrun.
Dii Genitales. (See ms oi:a'11uu.ians).—The
same, according to some, as the Indigetes; or,
according to others, they were those who were
believed to be the parents and procreators of all
things, both animate and inanimate. To these
deities of universal production Ausonius alludes
(in Periocba, L. iv.) :—
Juppiter in terrn cum Di: Genilalibus nnn
Concilium cogit supcrum de rebus Aehivis.
Dii Jlarini. Sea Dcities.—These were subor
dinate to the Consmzles and Szlerrti. Some were
represented under the figure of old men with
white beards, in allusion to the froth of the sea;
others as young men, and as females, but ter
minaitng in the ‘form of a fish.—See 'ra|'r0.\',
NEREID, &e.
Dii Nupliales.-—Plutarch counts three of
these, viz. Juno, Diana (or Luciua), and \'cuus_
Vows were made to these nuptial goddesses to
propitiate their favours, in rendering marriages
happy.—See ms CONJUGALIBUS.
Diil’enaIe.r. Household gods.—-These divi
nitics were brought to Rome from Lannvium,
and were also worshipped in Sicily. They are
seen with their heads jugated, on coins of Roman
families.—See rsnaras.
Dii Smnone: or Semi Dii.—Half gods and half
men. These were a class of divinities to whom,
says Lipsius, the heavens were not given for a
dwelling-place, because they were not found
sullicicntly deserving of it, and who were yet
too much the objects of veneratiou to be left on
earth amongst the number of mortals. Some
of these dcini-gods, however, are found to have
inhabited the earth, and to have differed from
mankind only in their being immortal.—Sec
mosculu (Castor and Pollux)—also see HER
CULES-—AESCULAPlUS, &e.
Dii Superi and Dii Infnri.—Thc gods of the
celestial differed from those of the infernal rc
gions, in the number of their altars, and in the
manner of their sacrifices. The ('0naen[e.I and
Selerti above named, belonged to the celestial
deities or Dii Super-i—-Pluto and Proserpine were
Iqfrri, inhabiting the shades, and regarded as
implacable; death being as “a necessary end"
imposed on all men.
Dii Ouslodes, the preservers—amongst whom
the goddess Fortumz was a particular object of
ancient worship.—Sce ms cusromsvs.
There was a kind of solemn flattery amongst
the Roman people, whereby they assigned to
the emperors and their wives the figures and
titles peculiar to the deities whom they wor
shipped. Hence on coins and other monu
ments, relating to Augustus, Antoninus Pius,
Commodus, and others, it is common to see
such inscriptions as the following:—-.u~0L
Lml AVG\'STO—I0\'I A\'GYSTO—Hl~3RC\'LI nu
MANO AVGVSTO-—HERC\'LI C0!MOD1.\.\‘0.—ln
like manner, IOVIVS DIOCLI-ZTIANVS, in the case
 DIOCLETIAN . DIOCLETIAN. 329
of Diocletian; and HERCVLIVS MAXIMIANVS, Nnmerianus. la 254- he was declared Augustusv
in that of Maximianus.—On coins of the im at Chalcedon, by the army of the East, after
pc-rial series we also frequently see the words the assassination of Numerianus; and he slew
|v.\'o, or canes, or veivvs avcvsra, with the with his own hand Arrias Aper, prefect of the
dress and attributes of those goddesses, but with pretorisns, who had taken part in the murder of
the respective efiigies of the Augusta? themselves. that good young prince, which happened the
DII NVTRlTORES.—Jupitcr standing, holds following year. In possession of the purple, he
in his lett hand the hasts, and with his right ex immediately created Maximianus Caesar; and
tended offers a Victory to the emperor.-—For an towards the close of the year, set out for the
engraving of this reverse see SALONINVS. East. [Here commences the celebrated rera of
Respecting the above legend, which appears on Diocletian, also called the zera of Martyrs].
silver and small brass coins of Saloninus Caesar, The same year he prepared to wage war against
son of Gallienus and of Salonina, the following Carinus.—a. 1:. 285, Diocletian was consul for
remarks are made by Eckhel;——“We see Dena the second time; same year he gave battle to
Genitales, in Crispina , Aurpiees, in S. Severus ; Cariuus, near Widdin, in Bulgaria (Viminaciuin,
Prtlrios, in Caracalla and Gcta. But until this in Upper Mmsia). At the first encounter, Dio
time (A. D. 253 to 259), of Saloninus, we meet cletiau had the worst of it ; but Carinus having
with no mention of 1)nNv'r|z1ToaI-:s (the fos been killed by his own people, Diocletian gained
tering, rearing, educating gods). Libanns calls a victory, thus become easy, and found himself
them Scour xoupo'rpo¢aus.—-Tristan makes out sole master of the Roman world.—In 286 of
the figure standing opposite Jupiter to he in our zcra, being at Nicomedia, in Bythinia, he
tended for Gallienus himself, and atfirms that proclaimed as Augustus, and associated with
the latter, together with Jove, is the god and himself in the empire, Maximiauus, afterwards
bringcr up (nutritar) of his son. This I believe surnamed Hercnlius, to whom he assigned the
to be the meaning, because the epigraph pro government of the Western provinces, reserving
claims more deities than one, and therefore for himself the administration of afl'airs in the
would not be correct, unless it had also em East. The new Augustus entered actively upon
braced within the scope of its meaning the other his duties, by proceeding into Gaul, and sup
figure. There is no doubt of this being the true pressing an insurrection raised there by 1Elianus
interpretation; for from the head of the figure and Amandus.——Dioclctian served the consulate
joining hands with Jupiter, being crowned with for the third time, 287. Maximianns defeated
laurel, which Saloninus never were so long as he the Germans, who had invaded Gaul, and drove
was Caesar, it clearly must be the Emperor them back beyond the Danube (288).
Gallienus.”——D. N. Vet. vii. p. 421.
Dll or DI PATRI.—This epigraph, with the
type of Hercules and Bacchus standing, each
with their respective attributes, appears on a
rare gold coin of Caracalla (engraved in Caylus,
No. 740), and on second brass of Gcta.
The Dii Patrii were the gods of a n1an’s an
cestors, family, and country. They presided
over the pious affections of parents towards their
children, and of children towards their parents.
“ Dii Patrii servate domum, servate nepotem,”
as Virgil expresses it.—Eckhcl (vii. 205-220),
observes, that the same deities, standing thus
together, on coins of S. Severus, are called on
AVSPICES; but in Caracalla and Geta they are After vain etforts made against Carausius, who
designated as on PATRII; whence it is evident, had proclaimed himself Emperor in Britain, the
that the two princes professed this worship (of two Augusti gave up that island to the success
Hercules and Bacchus) hereditarily from their ful usnrper. In 290, Diocletian served his
father."—See the same type engraved in ms fourth consulship. In 291, he regulated affairs
AYSPICIBVS. in those provinces of the empire which he had
DIOCLETIANUS (Caiua Valerianua), at first retained to himself. In addition to the old
named Diocléa, a native of Dioclea, in Dalmatia, dangers of barbarian incursions, new perils had
the town from which he took his surname.-— begun to manifest themselves—-namely, in the
Born a. n 254, of an obscure family, that cir East, on the part of the Persians; in Africa,
cumstance did not, when he had obtained the on the part of the Mauritanians, called Quin
empire, deter him from pretending to have dc queymtani ; in Egypt, from n pretender to the
sccnded from Claudius Gothicus. He had be purple named Achillcus: Diocletian, therefore,
come an able general, and commanded the le being at Nicomedia, March 1, A. D. 292, de
gions in Maesia, under Probus. Having risen clared Czcsars Constantins Chlorus and Galerius
to the highest military dignitics, he followed Maximianus, and decided that he, Dior:/etianue
Carus, in that empcror’s Persian campaign, A.D. Jovina, should govern the East, and that his
2-53; and was made consul rrgflectrzr, the same colleague Ma.zinn7a:m.r Herculius should govern
year. After the death of Carus, he was of the Italy, Africa, and the Isles, whilst Thrace and
number of those who attached themselves to lllyria were assigned to Galerius, and the Gallic
BU
330 Dl()(.YLE'l‘l.~\’\'. DlOCLE‘l‘l.»\ N.
provinces, together with Britain, Spain, and violrncc. lle left it strong and compact, at
Mauritania, to Constantius Chlorus. In 293, peace within, and triumphant abroad, stretching
Diocletian was consul for the fifth time, and the from the Tigris to the Nile, from the shores of
following year served his sixth consulate. Holland to the Euxine.“-—But these great qua
Carausius assassinated, A. D. 296, and Allcctns lities of a wise and usually discreet prince, were
slain, the province of Britain returned under obscured by great defects, and tarnished by
the yoke of the emperors. In 297, Diocletian enormous wickedness. From the rank of a pn'
sent Galcrius against Narses, King of the Per vate soldier, arrived at the summit of worldly
sians, who‘ was at first victorious, but the war dignity, Diocletian, either following the bent of
ended triumphantly for Galerius. The seventh his own injustice and inhumanity, or yielding
and eighth consulates of Diocletian took place with equal culpability to the influence of his
in 298 and 303. At the commencement of the colleagues, after a twenty years reign of glory,
latter year, at the instigation of Galerius, and only two years before his abdication, com
Diocletian ordered at Nicomedia a persecution mitted himself to the promulgation of decrees
against the Christians. Soon afterwards he de against the Christians, which long continued to
parted for Rome, where he and Maximianus Her arm the hands of the blood-thirsty against the
culins jointly enjoyed the honours of a triumph lives of the innocent, and have associated his
for victories over the enemy gained since their memory ignominionsly with all the atrocities of
accession to the empirc.—a. D. 304, Diocletian, a most cruel persecution.
consul for the ninth time, returned to Nicome
din, disordered in body and wretched in mind. MINTAGES OF DIOCLETIANUS.
In 305, advised or compelled by Galcrius Maxi On his coins Diocletian is styled IMP. CAIVS
VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS P. F. AVG.—
mian, Diocletian, enfcebled perhaps by sickness,
and tired of power and its increasing anxieties,
Also Dominus Nos!-er DIOCLETIANVS P. F.
abdicated the government, at Nicomedia. The SENi0r AVG.—-The silver of this emperor are
same day, following his senior colleague's ex rare ; the gold very rare; the brass (second and
ample, Mavimianus Herculins laid down the third) common, except some medallions, which
purple at Milan. Galcrius and Constantius are very rare.—Di0clctian was surnamed Janina,
Chlorus were declared Auyusti ; Severus and as his colleague Maximian was called Hercu
M aximinus Daza, Caesars. Diocletian retired as lius; either on account of a peculiar worship,
a private individual to Salona, in Dalmatia, the in which Diocletian invoked Jupiter, and Maxi
province in which he was bom. He retained mian the powerful Hercules, against the poor
the title of Augustus, and the honours attached defenceless Christians; or because it was meant
to that title. But, solely to distinguish him to be expressed that Diocletian by his wisdom
from the emperors in actual government, he was in council, and Maximinn by his valour in the
thenceforward called on coins Beaiiscimus, or field, had preserved the state.
Felicissirnu: senior Au_quatu.r.—Dioclctian died The following are amongst the rarest l‘8'v‘I:l’5C:<
A. D. 313, during the reign of Constantine the in each metal 1
Great. He had been married, but his wife’s Gom) Mr:osLLioNs.——The two Emperors,
name remains unknown; whoever she was, he crowned by Victory, standing in a car drawn by
had by her a daughter, Galeria Valeria, the wife four elephants. (Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr.)
of Galerius Maximiaaus. Obv.—-Busts of Diocletian and Maximian hold
As emperor, Diocletian exhibited in his ad ing the ea2lc.—Rev. —1ovi ET naacvuo.—Dio
ministrative capacity the skill and courage of a cletian and Maxiinian standing, are in the act of
great commander, combined with abilities of performing sacrifice ; above thcm, on a small plat
the highest order for civil government. Intro form, stand Jupiter and llercules.—'l‘he obverse
ducing as he did a most comprehensive and im presents the laureated heads of the two empe
portant change in the political system of the rors faciug each other.—This beautiful coin is
empire, his object was evidently not so much to engraved in Mionnet (ii. p. 141), by whom it
gratify his own love of imperial splendour, as is valued at 480 fr.
to “ hedge round” his person, and the persons SILVER. Mr:naLi.ioNs.——With laureated head
of his associates and successors in power, with and enirassed bust of Diocletian on one side, and
a barrier of superstitious as well as of real pro the laureated head of Maxiinian on the other.
tection against insurreetionary violence and pre GOLD.-—COMl'l‘ATVS AVGG.——-l‘A'1‘IS VIC'1‘RlC1
torian treachery. But his plans, however well nvs.—v1a'rvs ILLYRICI. (Valued by Mionnet at
concerted, and energetically carried into eflect, 150 fr. each).-—-snva.\n:vs svovsroavn. (200
being founded on the necessity of pressing emer fl‘.)—CONCORDIAE svco. N. 1v.—|»amis x. KYL
gencics, scarcely remained in effective operation 'r1s xx.—PRovim:n'ria AVG. Prctorian camp.
during his own life-time, and at his death fell —VOTlS ROMANORVM.—--XX. DIOCLETIANI AVG.
to pieces amidst the sanguinary struggles of (80 fr. cach).——1ovi FVLGERATORI. Jupiter
rival Emperors and Cmsars. Still, to his states striking a Titan. (£2 26. Borrell—£2 12$. 6d.
inanlike sngacity and military talent, the events 'l‘rattlc).—coivsv1. vi. P. r. PBOCOS. The Em
of his reign pay this tribute, as expressed in the peror holding globe and parazonium. (An ex
language of a living biographer [S1nith’s Dic tremely fine specimen brought £14 l4-s. at the
zfiouary, i. 1014-] :—“ He foinid the empire Bari-ell Sal0).——ROMAE saraausa. (£4 4s. at
weak and shattered, threatened with immediate the Cainpana sale).
dissolution from intestine discord and external SiLvr:i<.—vic'romA AVG. Pretorian camp.
 DIOSCURI.
(S0 fr.)—0bi:.—nIocLn'runvs svo. Laurcatcd
bead of I)iocletian.—-—Rev.—vin'rvs MILITVM.
Four soldiers sacrificing before the gate of the
pretorian camp (as in the cut snbjoincd) :
Ba/iss i\IEnA.LL1oNs.—Diocletian and Maxi
mian. Busts facing each other.—Rev.——The
two Emperors in a triurnphal car drawn by four
elephants; behind is a Victory crowning them;
eight pretorian soldiers accompany them carry
ing pn.lms.——['l‘his medallion is finely engraved
in [c0n0_r/rap/tie ales Ernpermrs, par M. Lenor
muflt].—MONL'l‘A IOVI x-:1‘ nsscvu avoo. The
goddess Monetn standing between Jupiter and
Herc1des.—[The obverse of this medallion has
for its legend IMP. c. c. van. DIOCLETIANVS
avo. and for its type the Emperor laureated,
and richly cuirassed, carrying a barbed javelin
on his shoulder. For an accurate engraving of the two strange horsemen, recognised by their
this fine bust, from a specimen in the highest
state of preservation, see the head of our bio
graphical notice. An engraving of the reverse
will be found under the head of MONET.-\, &c.—
Mionnet values the above at 120 fr.; another
with the same reverse, but with the heads of
both emperors on the obverse, he values at 200
fr.]—1ov1 CONSERVATORI avo. Jupiter in s
six columned t0mple.——HERCVLIO MAXIMIANO
avo. non. (150 fr. each).—Pn0vini:NT1s
nr.on(vM) QVIES svo.—-vom PVBLICA. Serapis.
(120 fr. each).
Sscoxn BllASS.——CONSERVA'l‘ORES svoo.—
Jnpiter and Hercules; with the heads, face to
face, of Diocletian and Maximian on the ob
verse. (Mionuet, 50 fr.)
DIOSCURI.—A name which signifies sons
Q/‘ Jupiter, and which was given in common to
Castor and Pollux, who were also sometimes
called Tyndarider, because their mother, Leda,
was the wife of Tyndarus, King of Sparta.—
There were festivals in their honour, celebrated
by the people of Corcyra (Corfu), and chiefly by
the Lacedemoniu.ns.—-ln Rome, their festival was
celebrated on the 28th of January (Ovid, Fasti,
i. 705), on which day Tiberius consecrated to
them a. temple, near the lar.-us Jm‘ur1uz.-—-Ac
cording to Morel (Fawn. Ram) the worship of
the lfioscuri, as divinities, had its origin at
Rome, from the victory which the consul Postu
mins gained, near the Lake Rcgillus, over the
Latins and the sons of Tarquinius Superbus (B.C.
493 or 496.)
It was said that, after that engagement, the
Dioscuri appeared in the forum of ltome, wear
ing conical bonncts, over each of which was a
star. They stood resting upon their lnuccs, be
side their horses, which were drinking at a meant to denote brotherly concord), is of rare
fountain. These twin heroes disappeared as soon occurrence. On a brass medallion of M. Aure
as they had announced the news of the battle,
2l.'2
DIOSCURI. 331
at a moment when, on account of the distance
of that city from the scene of slaughter, no one
could as yet have become acquainted with the
event. It is also related that, during the action,
two young men, mounted on two white horses,
were seen fighting valiantly for the Romans.-—
This legend is alluded to in the type of a con
sular dcnai-ius.—See POSTUMIA gens.
It also forms the subject of one of the most
spirit-stirring poems in Mr. Maeaulay’s “ Lays
of Ancient Rome," under the title of “the Bat
tle Qf the Lake Regillus, as sung at the Feast
of Castor and Pollux, on the ides of Quintilis,
in the ycar of the city ccccu.” (11. e. 303).
—This characteristic tradition of supernatural
powers crowning with victory the arms of the
yet young republic, is, by the author's genius
and his conversauce with classic lore, filled to
overflowing with warlike incident, and with pa
triotic animation. After proclaiming to a great
throng of people,
This day by lake Ilegillns,
Under the Porcian height,
All in the lands of Tusculum,
Was fought a glorious fight,
pointed caps, and the stars above them, as the
“ Great Twin Brethren, to whom the Doriaus
P ray," When they drew nigh to Vesta,
They vaulted down ainnin,
And wnsh’d their horses in the well
That springs by Vestn’s fnne.
And straight again they mounted,
And rode to Vesta’s door,
Then like a blast, away they past,
And no man saw them more. (p. 137.)
On a denarius of the Sulpicia gens, struck in
memory of L. ssnvrvs nvrvs (son of Servius
Snlpicins Rufus, a friend of Cicero's), the Dios
curi are represented as two naked men, galeatcd,
standing together, front faced, armed with spears,
which they hold transversely, as in the above
engraving. On another denarius, they stand
holding their spears, with a horse on each side
of them, and a star over each of their heads.
See MEMMIA gens.
The Dioscuri most frequently appear, on
family coins, as horsemen gallopping, with
couched lances, and stars above their pilei.—
Sec Atilia (p. 93); Horatia (p. 3l6); Cordia,
conjoined heads of twin brothers (p. 280); the
same in Fonteia; Servilia (on horseback, pro
ceeding in opposite directions), and many other
consular dcnarii.
In the imperial series, this type (which was
lius, and a second brass of Gcta, one of the
 332 DIS AUSPICIBUS. DIS CONJUGALI BUS.
Dioscuri, holding ti spear, stands beside his his patrons, Bacchus and Hercules, whom an
horse.—Sec CASTOR (p. 190). cient traditions had designated as the first cou
Oii a brass medallion of Maitentius (valued querors of that region. The same divinities, on
by Mionnet at 100 fr.) they stand each with the coins of his sons Caracalla and Geta, are called
pilem on his head, and the pallium hanging be nii r1i'riv.ii.—(See p. 329).
hind his back, holding his spear with one hand DIS CONIVG.-\LlBVS.—A round altar, or
and his horse’s bridle with the other. There is namented with a festoon, and lighted.—On gold
a second brass of the same reign and type, the of C-rispina.
legend being on both Airri.-:iiNi'r.rs AVG. N. Mionnet appears to have been the first to
Dioscumrum .rtell<c.——'l‘hc stars placed over describe this remarkable and extremely rare
the caps of Leda’s sons, have, on ancient coins, aureus ; and he has given an engraving of it iii
a syinbolical reference to maritime cities— his Rareté (lea lllédailles Itoniaines (T. i. p.
(Wilde, mun. ael. 50), and also to the constel 267). The legend of reverse occurs only in
an.‘ lation of Castor and Pollux; those twin stars this instance throughout the imperial serics.——
(Gemini) serving as a guide to mariners. Tacitus alludes to deities presiding over the state
(Horat. Ep. ii. 1—5).—-See Pilei: also Stella. of marriage (liar conjugale: ch-*0: arbitrazitur).
DIRIBITOR (so called it diribemio, to dis And it may be presumed that they were iden
tribute), an oilicer who, at the Roman elections, tilied with the Dii Niqrliales (see p. 328), to
marshalled the tribes into their several classes, whom vows were made to propitiate their favour
and distributed the tablets (taballw) among the towards the matrimonial relations of their rota
people when they voted. Such a functionary of ries. That ‘the beautiful Crispina, “ more sin
the republic is represented on a family denarius ned against than sinning,” as the wife of Com
inscribed P. NERVA, the type of which also ex modus, was, before that profligate tyrant divorced
hibits the inclosure of the (l0mitia.—See SILIA her, a worshipper of one at least of the nup
gens; also CLOACIN (p. 220). tial tut/elarics, is shewn by her adoption vi
DIS AVSPlClBus Tltibunicia Polestale II. vsnvs, and VENVS vi-zuii, on the reverses of
COnSul ll. Pater Patriw.—Two male figures her coins. It is no less evident, that she had
stand together undraped. The one is that of dedicated an altar to the dii canjugalea, as well
Hercules, with the spoils of the Nemman lion as, in broader terms, to the dii gerulalar, iii the
hanging on his left arm, and his right hand hope that her union in wedlock to the emperor
resting on the club. The other is that of Bac might be blessed with fecundity.——Mi0l11l\‘-i
chus, who holds the canllmru: in his right hand, values this coin at 300 fr. _
and rests his left on the t/iyrsua: a panther sits DIS C\'STODlBVS.——A woman standing,
at his l'eet.———Ou gold, silver, and brass of S. with the helm of a ship in her right hand, and
Severus, struck about A. D. 194. a cornucopia: in her left.—On silver and first
brass of Pertinax.—'I'he latter engraved irfilfl
in Dr. King's plates, and in Spauheim’s Ctesflfl
of Julian, p. 91.
This reverse presents the figure of Fortune;
and as there were many different forms of W01‘
ship paid by the Romans to Fortune, and Illldfl
various appellations of that deity, which M!
copiously detailed by Plutarch (de 1"art.Roin~)
so on this coin they are all indicated under the
title of dii cuslodes (the guardian gods); t°
whom, on his accession to the empire, Pcrtiiiiix
here coinmeuds his safety. fll N. V. vol. vii.
14l). With the ancients, Fortune had the chief
The title of Dii Auapicea (the gods-protcc place amongst those genii, who watched owl‘
tors), was given to the deities in general, and and preserved mankind. The Fvrtuna aural, °1'
to each of them in particular, thus indicating golden image of Fortune, was worshipped iu tilt
bed-chamber of the emperor ; and, together will
acknowledgment of their special protection; and
sacrifices were offered to them accordingly.— the empire itself, was handed down to his sim
cessor.
This legend and type “ serve (says Eckhel, vii.
17]) completely to prove what Dion states, that DIS GENITALlBUS.—A square a.ll:ir,_°11
Severus caused a grand temple to be built in which appears a flainc.—Silver of Crisp111fl~
honour of Bacchus and Hercules, and they also Engraved in Vaillant, Num. Prwsf. ii. 193
shew the peculiar name by which those deities l"rom this imperial deuarins it would sevllt
were_callcd by that emperor ;” and whose respec that the empress had dedicated an altar to Ill"
tive images frequently occur on his coins. dii _r/enilales-, either for having had childrfill» °*'
'1_‘he author of Lcfam Numis-maliques Ro that she might obtain fertility from thciii,_0\'
mames, describes as in his collection a very rare that she might commend the child, with Whlfill
brass medallion, having on the obverse L. ser she was pregnant, to their care and protection
runvs SEVERVS 'rsarriux AVG. iirr. iii. with “ Gsiiitalis (says Eckhel, vii. 139), or in ill"
the laurclled bust of Severus. The emperor, he neuter gender, gmila/e, is that which p0S54!~*~“%‘
remarks, in carrying the war into the East or imparts, the faculty of generating.”
against. Pesccunius Niger, zilfcctcd to choose for i
DlS GEI\'l'l‘ORlB\'S.-—(.‘ybr‘:le standingbi“
 DISCIPLINA. DIVA. 333
fore n tripod; on the other side of which is a the regulations then introduced remained to his
small figure seated on a globe.-—On a rare first own day, as an integral part of Roman military
brass of Pertinax. discipline.-—Vict0r, too, says (in Epil.)-—“ He
This good old man who, at the commence reduced the otfices of state, of the household,
ment of his brief reign, A. n. 193, had com and also of the army, to the form in which they
mended himself to his guardian deities (ms cvs remain to the present day, with the exception
'roo1Bvs), now dedicates a coin, ms GENl'l‘ORI of a few alterations made by Constantine."-—
Bvs, that is, to the generative or creative divi Sec Eckhcl, vi. 503.
nities, from whom he selects one for his type, Among the inscriptions found on the line of
viz. Cybéle, the most ancient of them, com Hadrian’s wall, in Britain, is one reading ms
monly called mares nsvn, the mother of the CIPVLINAE AVG. (n'v.), which Mr. Roach Smith,
god.s.—“ The youth (Eckhel slyly observes), comparing with coins, considers to refer to lla
standing by her side, will no doubt be of the drian.—~Cullerrt. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 17 5.
number of those, in relation to whom she had DlVA.—\\'ith this title a deceased Augusta,
acquired the title of Geuelrzlz-.” (vii. 141.) or Empress, was distinguished on Roman coins,
DISCIPLINA AVG. S. C. The discipline after the ceremony of consecration. On medals
struck in memory of Empressea, or ladies of
of the Emperor.——()n a first brass (and also on
gold) of Hadrian, whom the type represents the imperial family, received into the rank of
marching, bare-headed, with his military cloak female deities (inter divas relala), the back
drawn round him, and a baton, or a valumen, part of the head is found covered with a drapery,
held in his left hand, followed by the prctorian as tho‘ in token of divinity.—-Sec Cousecratio.
prefect, and by thrcc soldiers, bearing a lcgionary DIVA AUGUSTA.—A woman dressed in the
eagle and two military ensigns.—()n other coins stola or long robe, holding a patera and /meta.
(see Vaillant) the legend is DISCIPVLINA ave. The above appears on gold, silver, and brass of
Galba, who was greatly indebted to Livia, the
wife of Augustus; on which account he held her
memory in gratitude, and caused her image to
be struck on his coins. The gold is engraved
in Cuylus, No. 115.
DIVA F.-\US'l‘lNA and DIVA AUGUSTA
FA lFS’l‘I.\‘A.—Aftcr the death of Funstina scn.
in the third year of her hnsband’s reign, Anto
ninus Pius caused several coins, in each metal,
to be struck, on which, by the title DIVA, which
precedes her name, the ceremony of her apo
I/zeoris is more or less directly recalled to mind.
In the same spirit of flattery this princess was
Although Hadrian carried on no wars in per successively compared to almost all the god
son, and was desirous of peace rather than of desses, and typified on coins accordingly.—Sce
war, yet he exercised his troops as though hos l"AL'STlNA ANTONINI.
tilities were immediately impending. For the DIVA FAUS'l‘lNA PI.-\.—Hcad of Faustina
proper explanation of this reverse, reference junior, who after her death, was, in spite of
should be had to Spu.rtianns (Hadrian, ch. 10), her great and notorious immoralitics, mourned
who says——-“ This prince trained the soldier as for, and placed in the rank of divinities, by
regularly asiif on actual service, with lessons of Marcus Aurelius, her husband, whilst coins
patience, .... .. accustoming him to the food of were struck in gold, silver, and bronze, which
the camp, in the open air, that is to say, cheese, otfer various new types of oonsecration.—Sce
bacon, and weak sour wine, in imitation of the smsnnws nscsrra, &e.
practice of zlimilianns, Metellus, and his own DIVAE MATIDIAE SOCRUI. S. C.—T0
model, Trajan; rewarding many with money, the divine Matidia, mollzer in law [of the Em
and some with honours, to enable them to bear peror Hudrian].—A temple in which is a scdent
the more willingly his rigorous commands; in female Iignre, clothed in the stola, and having
dccd, he restored the discipline, which through on each side of it a female figure, standing on s
carelessness of preceding emperors had become pedestal. From each flank of the temple an
relaxed from the time of Ca-sar Octavius. . . . . .. elegant portico of two tiers extends itself to the
Encouraging, by the example of his own ener front.-—On the obverse, nur. c.u-zssn TRAIAN.
gies, the conduct of others, he used to march HADRIANVS ave. P. M. Tn. P. cos. III. A lau
twenty miles [a day] on font, in full armour; reatcd head of l-ladrian.-—Engravcd, as a brass
banished from the camp all such luxuries as the medallion, in Cabinet of Vienna, pl. 21, p. 5.
lrit'linia, the porticoes, the cloistcrs, and the Eckhel makes the following observations re
arbours; frequently wore the commonest attire, lative to this remarkable coin, on which both
a sword-belt unsdorned with gold; removed Buldini (in his Roman edition of l'aillant’s
everything of an cuervating tendency, and re Impp. iii. 118), and I“roi=llich (in the work abovc
formed the arms and baggage of the soldiers, referred to), have pronounced a verdict of
&c.”—l)ion also speaks in the same strain (Lxix. genuine .—
§ 9), adding, that all the soldiers were so tho “Conspicuous from its large size; for not
roughly drilled and instructed by llndrian, that only docs it exceed the dimensions of first brass
1 ll
334 DIVI CAESARIS.
coins, but it is also thicker than usual; this
medal has been transferred from the museum of
the Carthusians at Rome to Vienna. its oh
verse appears to be free from all suspicion of
fraud; but the workmanship of the reverse is
not equally pure. The reader will pardon me,
if I am severe in my judgment of coins, on Descr. Cat. p. 74.
whose acknowledged genuincness the truth of
history is made to depend. If this coin be really which represents the empress on one side, and
genuine, we may be certain, that Matidia died on the other her deified son, sitting naked on s
and was consecrated during the reign of Hadrian,
a fact which is rendered doubtful by other cir
cumstances. I cannot imagine what blindness
can have induced Casaubon to represent Mar
eiana, instead of Mntidia, as the mother-in-law
of Hadrian.” vi. 472. l)IVI M. PII. F. P. M. TR. P. III. COS. II.
DIVI CAES. MATER. S. C.—A veiled P. P. S. C.—Thc emperor, with laurelled head,
female, stands uith hasta pura in left hand, and
patera in right hand, sacrificing at a lighted
altar.—0bv.—nonm.\ ave. cans. mvi. r. no
MITIAN ave. Head of Domitian.—On second
brass of Doniitia, engraved in Havercamp‘s
(kzbinet de Christine, "ran. liv.
DIVI CAESARis MATRI. S. C.—A female
seated, her right hand extended towards a child,
standing at her knees, her left hand holding the
hnsta. On first brass of Domitia.—'l‘he obverse
is inscribed DOHITIAE AVG. IMP. cans. nlvi F.
noxuri/in svo. and exhibits a striking portrait
of the empress, with an elaborately dressed clus
velure. An engraving of it is given in Akcr
mnn, vol. i. forming the vignette to title-page.
On both the nbovc coins we find the legends
styling the wife of Domitian the mo!/zer of I/re
divine Cmsar. The child typified on tho large
brass specimen, standing near the sedent figure,
is clothed in the gown called prrzterla, and is
supposed to represent that anonymous son whom
the empress bore to Domitian in his second con
sulate, but who died in his infancy, and was
afterwards apolbeosirezl. This coin was minted
to commemorate his birth; a circumstance
which accounts for Domitia's being styled nivr
CAI-ZSARIS HATER-.—ECl(llE9l, in placing it with
others struck under Domitian, snys—Tliis coin
is “ rariasirrzzw, si modo certs: fidei.” Mionnet
and Akcrman nnqualifiedly recognise its authen
ticity.
Capt. Smyth, R. N. in describing a well-con
ditioned specimen of this rare coin, in his own
cabinet of large brass, snys—-“ I cannot entirely
omit my doubts as to its being really genuine.
As Eekhel says, it has not the look of antiquity,
a vcxutious ]nzlivinil_1/ interferes with its appa
rent pnrity of legend, edge, and other usual tests,
and reeals to mind the fraudulent brothers, who
headed the faharii of the sixteenth century.——
It is unquestionably a fine and correct likeness
of the empress, but from the objection advanced,
it was knocked down for only five gnineas at
Mr. Heudcrs0n’s sale, in I830. It is singular
(adds our distniguished antiqnary), that the
head-dress of this specimen and that of Vail
lant’s are identical, while those in the cabinet
of Queen Christina and the British Musenni
have the hair braided round the head; the
legends and reverses being alike in all the four.
DIVI M. PII.
The legitimacy of the last was long in question,
although Ennery bad bought a whole collection
to secure it; but my friend Mr. Hawkins, in
whose charge it is, informed me that the erudite
Steinbiichel of Vienna, after repeated examina
tions, pronounced it to be a genuine medal."
For an engraving of that interesting gold coin
globe, in the midst of seven stars, see DOMITIA.
DIVI F. Divi Filius.-—Son of the divine
[Julius.] —-Augustus was thus named, having
been adopted by Czesar as his son, and consti
tuted his heir by will.
and in the palurlamenlum, standing with a small
Victory in his right hand, and a spear in the
left, is crowned by a military figure, holding a
club in the left hand»-—On first and second brass
of Sept. Severus.
The occasion, which these coins serve to coni
memoratc, has already been briefly noticed under
the head of Adoption self‘-assumed (p. 8). The
legend of reverse above quoted confirms nearly
all the augnstul historians in recording not only
that Severus, at the commencement of his reign,
promised to emulate in his future government
the example of Marcus Aurelius; but also that
the snme bold ambitions man ofi'ered himself to
adoption by that renowned emperor, who had
been dead fifteen yearsl
On this extraordinary circumstance, which
occurred in the year of Rome 948 (A. D. 195),
Dion, his contemporary, rcmarks—“ But he in
spircd us (the Senators) with the greatest terror,
when he called himself the son qf .-llarcrar
[DIVI Marci PII Filius], and the brother of
Commodus.” (lxxv. § 7). And Spartinn states,
that he was desirous of being ntmibered among
the family of Marcus. (ch. I0). Victor tells us
that Commodus was reckoned among the gods
by Severus, and called his brother. And thus,
by this absurd species of adoption, he traced
his descent through an uninterrupted series to
Nerva, as is testificd by numerous marbles, more
explicit than coins.
This conduct of Severus, observes I-Ickliul
(vii. l'l'3—-174-), appeared to the ancients them
selves most ludicrous, as it was natural it
should; indeed, Dion informs us of a witty ex
pression of a certain Aspax (or Aspaccs), a sar
castic individual, whose racy speeches were tht-n
in every one's mouth, and who, on hearing that
| St-vcriis had enrolled himself of the famil_\' of
 DlVl NERVA. Dll7M.—l)l\'O. 335
Marcus, thus addressed hiu1—“I congratulate continues the mint of Trajan, and recommends
you, O Caesar, on having found a father ;" as the consecration of Nerva and of Plotina.”—
though he had till then been without a father, Engraved in Caylns; gold of the French cabi
so obscure and unknown was his parentage. net, No. 277.
(lnvi. 9). This proceeding, however, in the DIVI Tl'I‘I F. or at full length FILIA
mse of Severus, was no evidence of folly or (daughter of the divine 'l‘itns).—'l‘his appears on
madness, from which he was perfectly free, but gold and silver of IVLIA svovsrs, the handsome
rather of the qualities for which he was remark but unworthy daughter of the conqueror of
able: acnteness and tact. For, by this false Jndaea. They were struck after her father’s
assumption of an illustrious genealogy, he ren death, and when she was inccstuously connected
dered himself particularly acceptable to the sol with Dornitian.—See 1v1.r.\ TITI.
diers and to the uneducated classes of the people; DIVIS PARENTIBVS. The heads face to
and it was from this circumstance that he ae face of Trajan and Plotiua, each surmounted by
qnired the power of conferring upon his sou a star.—On gold of Hadrian.——Engraved in
Bassianus (Caracalla) the name of Antmzinus, Akcrman, i. plate vi. No. 5.
and by its prestige making him an object of Hadrian obtained the ceremony of deificatiou
universal veneration. It may be said that Seve not only for Trajan but also for Plotina. Grate
rus was, in this act, guilty of falsehood. He ful towards both the father and the mother by
was so; but with him it was unusual to refrain whom he had been adopted, and resolved to
from any thing which furthered his interests.-— hand down the record of the event to posterity,
Similar motives were professed by Alexander the he caused their efiigies, with the astral tokens
Great, when desirous of being called the son of of consecration, to be represented on one of his
Ammon :-—-"Would that (said he), the Indians coins, accompanied by the inscription Diml:
also could believe me to be a god! For the Purentibus. (To his parent deities).—Vaillant,
success of war depends on reputation; and fre Pr. ii. p. 242.
quently has a false belief answered all the pur The above coin is further elucidated by a
pose of the real truth.” (Curt. viii. ch. 8).— marble, which Donati has cited on the authority
And in the same terms does he excuse himself of Matfci, viz. nlvo rmavan TRAIANO ET DI
in Lucian (Dial. mart. 14). Nero furnishes a v.\r; PLOTINAE, &c. me. aaonrsnvs, &e. rs
still older example of the ambition of a noble snrrrravs svrs.—(Eckhel).
genealogy, in preferring to be considered as a DIUM (Macedoniaz) colonia, now Standia, in
scion of the Julian family, though belonging European 'I‘urke_v.—-A maritime city of Mace
by adoption to the Clandiau. donia, situate bctween the mouths of the rivers
[Eckhel describes this historical coin from a Haliacmou (the Mauro) and Bapbyrus (the Man
specimen of it in the imperial cabinet at Vienna. ronero), on the shores of the Thermzcus Sinus
Neither Mionnet, nor Akerman, includes it in (Gulf of Salonica), in the Pierinn region, ac
his respective catalogue:-The preceding cut is cording to Ptolemy, beyond it, according to
engraved after a cast from a specimen for Strabo. It was made a colony by Julius Caesar,
merly belonging to an Italian collection]. and replenished afterwards by settlers under
DIVI NERVA ET TRAIANVS PATER. Augustus; consequently the titles assumed on
A laureated head of Nerve, and a bare head of its coins arc C()Louia IVL1'a AIJG/zeta DlEN
Trajanus Pater, facing each other. SIS, or COL. DIENSIS, or COL. CLAmh'a
This reverse appears on a rare gold coin of DI\"M.—Thc mintagcs of this city are imperial
Trajan; who, in order to manifest his piety Lulin, in smnll and middle brass; and were
towards his relations, placed by consecration his struck under the following emperors :
own father, and his parent by adoption, in the Tiberius, Nero (eon. cu. mvu), Domitianus,
rank of deities; “ and to preserve the memory Trajanus, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius, Faustino
of this double apotlleosia (adds Vaillnnt), he junior, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Geta, Ma
consigned the event to the perpetuation, which crinus, Elagabnlns, Soemias Elngabali Mater,
medals, more durable than written history, were Severus Alexander, Muiminus, Maximns, Gor
calculated to ensure it.” Engraved in Pem dianns Pius, Philippus senior, Philippus junior,
broke, 'r. l6, fig. 12; also in Caylus, No. 276. zlfimilianus, Gallienus, Salonina.—-See Mionnet,
—Scc raarsuvs runs. Sn]/pll. T. iii. p. 61.
DIVI l\'ERVA P. E'l‘ PLOTINA IMPera The types indicative of the deities worshipped
for-is TRAIANL Heads of the Emperor Nerva, by the colonists of Dium, are-—
and Plotiua, the wife of Trajan, face to fnce. Jnpitcr, Minerva, Neptune, ]Esculnpius, and
This gold coin was struck in the time of Cupid, in honour of which last-named god, the
Hadrian, although its obverse bears the head of Dicnsians crcctcd a temple, celebrated festivals,
Trajan ; for Plotina survived her husband's reign, and, according to both Pausanias and Plutarch,
and could not, therefore, until after his and her instituted splendid games, called T/reapiemgg
own dccease, have the appellation of DIVA pre
Erotidin, that is to say, sacred to Love, which
fircd to her namc.—See .\lorell. Specimm rei took place every five years.—On a very rare
Nunmr. lib. 5, p. 5S.—\'aillant, in noticing the second brass, Darrelo Derurinnum of Colouia
above singularly elegant and rare coin (Pr. ii. Julia Diensis, dedicated to Alexander Severus,
p. ll‘.!), says—-“ This nzrrezzs, struck by Ha a winged Cupid stands within a temple of two
drian, is another cxcmplification of a grateful colun1ns.—Scc Vaillant (in Col.) ii. p. 120.
mind cherished towards parents; for he here DTVO.-—On most of those Roman coins which
336 DIVO AUGUSTO. DIVO CONSTANTINO.
were struck to attest the ceremony of placing imitation (as will be seen on reference to the
an emperor, or some member of his family, preceding notice), of the same monetal honour
after death, amongst the gods, it was usual to paid by Tiberius to Augustus. The only material
omit those multiplied and various names and points in which the two examples differ from
titles which such pcrsonages, when living, were each other is, that the statue of the deified Ves
accustomed to have inscribed on their coins. pasian is bare-headed instead of radiated, and
Hence we read nrvo .\vovs'ro—mvo ANTONINO holds a small figure of Victory instead of an
P1o—-nivo .u.1-zxaunao-—on the respective eon olive branch. Also that one of the four ele
seeration medals of Augustus, Antoninus Pius, phant-drivers has a stafl’, and another holds out
Alexander Severus, &c. minted after their death. a wreath. In workmanship and relief it is far
DIVO AVGVSTO. S. P. R. ('l‘o the superior to Augistuzfs consecration medal.
divine Augustus, the Senate, and the Roman DIVO AVG. T. DIVI. VESP. F. VESPA
Pcople).—-The image of Augustus, clothed, the SIAN. (To the divine Augustus, Titus Vespe
head radiated, holding n branch of olive in his sian, son of the divine Vcspasian). S. C.—-The
extended right hand, and resting his lcft on a statue of Titus, with bare head, sits clothed in
sceptre, is seated on a four-wheeled car of honour, the toga, on a curule chair, surronndul by war
drawn by four elephants, each of which has a like spoils won from the enemy, holding a
conductor sitting on its hack. On the reverse branch in his right and a scroll in his left hand.
we read Tl. canssa mvr ave. 1'. AVGVST. P. M. On the reverse of a large brass, struck by
T11. P. XXXVI]. (Tiberius Caesar, son of the order of the Senate, after the death of Titus, in
divine Augustus, sovereign pontiff [invested] for honour of that emperor's memory, A. U. 0. B34
the 37th time with the Tribunitian power).— (A. D. S1). The Flavian amphitheatre forms the
In the field of the coin the initials s. c. (by de type on the other side.—Engraved in Haver
cree of the Senate). camp, Cabinet de Christine, pl. vii. p. 4l.—
This type and accompanying legends appear The type of reverse is almost an exact copy of
on a large brass, which, struck towards the that on a large brass of Nero Claudius Drnsus,
close of Tiberiu.s’s reign (A. D. 35), alludes to son of 'I‘ibcrins.—See nausus JUNIOR.
some display of funereal pomp, in honour of DIVO C().\IMODO.—Head of C-ommodns,
the memory of Augustus, which the policy of with radiated c1'own.—Rev.—.~\n eagle, or (on
his immediate successor induced him frequently others) an altar, with the fire kindlcd.—On one
to renew. That Augustus was thus honoured of the coins in billon, restored by Gullienns.—
after his death is a fact particularised by Sue See Akerman, ii. 33.
wnius, who, in the Life of Claudius, ch. xi. Respecting the title Divas, as applied to Conl
says—“ He decreed divine honours to Livia, his modua, Eekhel makes the following instructive
grandmother; and ordered that, on the grand observations :
days of the Circus, her statue should be borne, “ This monster, disgraced by every vice, was
like t/ml of Augurtzzs, on a car drawn by cle nevertheless enrolled by Severus among the
phants." Dion also makes mention of the cle immortal gods.-—Lampridius, who records the
phants, which drew the car of Augustus. circumstance (in Comm. e. 17), is of opinion
that Severus took this step through motives
of hostility to the Senate; and in this view
Spartian coincides, where he states (c. ll) that
Severus, in order to gratify his feelings of re
venge towards the Senate, determined to con
seerate Commodus, and was the first to bestow
upon him the title of Divua Cmnmorlru, in the
hearing of the soldiers, after the defeat of Al
binus, notifying the fact in the letter he ad
dressed to the Senate announcing his victory.—
Another reason for this consecration may have
been the ambition of Severus to be regarded as
the son of Marcus, and the brother of Com
modus. And thus, in bestowing divine honours
DIVO AUGu.rt0 VESPa.rian0, S. P. R. upon his brother, he appeared to be actuated by
A quadriga of elephants, with their r¢-stores-, atfectionate feelings, and so procured a more
as in the coin above described, drawing the ready credence for the impression he wished to
statue of Vespasian on a car.—The legend of re produce amongst the people at large, so univer
verse is IMPerator 'l‘itu.r CAES/zr l)lVI VES sally nnder the influence of superstition. It
Pmriani Filiuo A\"Gus-ins P. M. TRP. P. P. should, however, be remarked, that hitherto no
COS. VIII.-—Large brass. (S. P. R. equi coin has been discovered which hears allusion to
valent to S. C. as amark of Senatorial autho the consecration of Comlnodus, struck in the
rity). Engraved from a specimen in the British reign of Severus. All that we possess, are of
Museum. that class, which were struck at a later period
This type represents one striking feature of in memory of emperors who had been conse
the pompous ceremonies attendant upon the apn crated.” (vii. p. 132).
theosis of Vcspnsian. It was minted by order DIVO CONSTAN'l‘INO.—The veiled head
of his son Titus, between A. D. 79 and S0, in of Constantine the Great.——-Rec.-—.\i-."r£a.\".\
 DIVUS CONSTANTINUS. DIVLTS. 337
PIETAS. A military figure, wearing helmet and its height is 50 Roman feet. And no less rc
paludamentum, stands with spear in the right luarkuble is its pedestal of solid Parian marble,
hand; in his left is a globe, on which is fixed all the sides of which are 12 feet in breadth,
the monogram of Christ’s uarne.——On third and ll in hcighth, and on one of which is in
brass, Banduri, ii. p. 267. scribed mvo ANTONINO AVG. P10. ANTONINVS
DV. CONSTANTIN VS, &c. (Divas Con avovsrvs 1-".1" vsnvs svovsrvs I-‘ILII; on an
slanlinus). Veiled head of Constantine.—1£e1:. other side is abeautiful work in relief, repre
Without legend. The emperor, with a star over senting Antoninus Pius and Faustina carried
his head, in n quadriga, carried upwards; a hand aloft by a winged genius, whilst beneath are
stretched forth from above to receive him.-— seen in a sitting posture a figure of Rome, in
Below, s. M. N. '1‘. Fourth bra.ss.—Cat. Jlua. the usual garb, and of Eternity, clasping an
Ger. Nuns. Vet. ii. 479.—Engraved in Banduri, obelisk with her left arm. The other two sides
ii. 219. exhibit equestrian processions (rlecllrsiones) such
“That Constantine received the honours of as usually formed part of the ceremonial at great
consecration, we learn expressly from Entro funerals.
pins; and coins as plainly teach us that he was DIVO PIO AVG.—First brass of Caligula.
called mvvs (divine). It is most probable, how —Sre -S‘ar'rrficia.
ever, that this posthumous distinction was be DIVOS instead of DIVVS.—This substitution,
stowed, with accompanying ceremonies dilfering made for no other known reason than that the
from those in which hitherto we see emperors letters V and O werein the earlier ages of Rome
translated to the skies, and in a way not re frequently used the one for the other, is exem
pugnant to the laws of Christianity. Indeed, plified on marbles and on coins——e1-. gr. ivuos,
there are coins still extant, as above, which in AEGYPTOS, vom-ma, voncsno, CONSOLES, nan
reference to this subject, exhibit nothing which com, for J1/line, Avg!/plus, Vulteia, Vulcanv,
is profane, or which can offend our religion Cimsulea, Herculi.
(quod nmtra possit stomsehari reli_¢io).” DIVOS IVLIVS DIVI Filiu.r.—The heads
[Such are the terms in which the learned Eck facing each other of Julius Caesar and Augustus,
hal animadvcrts on the legend “ Divus Constanti the one laureated the other bare.—0n gold and
nus." (See D. N. Vet. viii. 92).—We here find silver.—Eugraved in Dr. King’s Plates.
him expressing his opinion that there is nothing That this coin was struck after the assassina
in these coins—not even in the appellation of tion of Julius Caesar is shewu not only in the
Dimer, as applied to :1 created being, which can flattery of nlvvs, but also in his successor and
possibly be offensive to his “ religion.” Now, to adopted son's appearing with him on the same
our religion, nothing can bc more offensive than coin—an union which, at the same time, Augus
this portentous medley of Christian symbols tus knew how to turn to his own advantage,
and pagan superstitions—thcse titles of poly and to concilialcc thence to himself greater ho
thcism and false worship conjoined with the nour and authority with the Roman people.—
name in monogram of Go1)’s true and only Son. Augustus called himself mvi rmvs, because,
But Constantine was, indeed, no Christian, ex according to Suetonius, he was tcstameutarily
cept politica1ly.—See his coins, sou INVICTO appointed Ca:sar’s heir.
COIUTI, and others. DIVUS, the mark of eonsecrntion.——Tliis
DlVO.——On most monetsl monuments of word Divas given to any one on acoin, indi
Oonsecratiou, that is to say, such as were struck cates that the same was struck after his or her
to record the pagan ceremony of placing a Roman apotheosis. A question has,becn raised among
Emperor, after death, amongst the gods, it was the learned, whether there be any distinction
usual to omit those multiplied and various names between deum and divum. Vaillnnt for instance
and titles, by which, when living, he was ae (in Col. i. 45), on the authority of Servius,
customed to be styled. Hence we read simply thus distinguishes between dei and divi, viz.—
mvo avovsro, nrvo anroumo PXO, Dlvo vas " Dii dieantur zetcrni, Divi antem ex hominibus
PASIANO, mvo ALEXANDBO, &c. on the respec fiunt.” The former are gods from eternity, but
tive consecration coins of Augustus, Antouinns the latter have been made deities from human
Pius, Ves asiau, Alexander Severus, &c. beings.—On this point Eckhel, also consulting
DIVO IO.—A column inclosed by pulisadcs, the old writers, seems to be of opinion, that
on the top of which is placed n statue of the there is no dilferenee in the meaning of the two
emperor, with a spear in his left hand.--050. names, as used on coins. He observes that the
mvvs ANTONINVS. A bare hcad.—Ou silver, word nivus was always turned by the Greeks
and on first and second brass of Antoninus Pius. into 91202, which certainly isthe Den: of the
For an engraving of this rcvcrse see COLUMNA, Latins. Thus, where the latter inscribed nlvvs
p. 235. avovs-rvs—mvo csao, &c. the former wrote
The following is the tenour of Eckhe-l’s com QEOZ ZEBA1TO2—-—8E0 KAPQ, &c.—~—-St‘/B
ments on the legend and type (vii. 28) : vol. viii. 465-6.
This is the famous column of solid marble, DIVVS IVLIVS. A eomet.——'I'his legend
variegated with red spots (or veins), extant in and type occur on silver of Augustus, whose
Rome at the present day, but unfortunately fal laureated head appears on the obverse of the
len to the ground, and which is to be seen at coin.—See Ste/la.
the back of the magnificent senate-house (curia), In his supplement to Vaillant (p. 1), Khell
which derives its name from the Mons Cytorius: gives from the Cabinet dc France, the engraving
2X
338 DIVUS AUGUSTUS. DOLPHIN.
of a gold coin having on the obverse the legend plaining that all these honours were decreed to
nivl ivm, and for type a comet. This also it him by the concurrence of the three orders of
is to be observed, was struck qfter Caesar's death, the state; the Senate, the Equestrian order, and
by order of An§.zustns.—See ASTRA, p. 92. the Roman People.—See c0.\'sr.usv, &c. p. 252.
DIVUS AUGUSTUS.—That Augustus, dur
ing his life -time, was treated as a deity, is mani
fest on good authority ; and Tacitus relates, that
he was commonly reproached with this—“ Nihil
deorum honoribus relictum, cum se templis, ct
etllgie numinum per Flamines, et sacerdotes eoli
vellet.” Moreover Appianus states that, after
the defeat of Sextus Pompey, and the abdica
tion of Lepidns, “ he was in every town (uppi
dalim) consecrated among the tutelary g0ds.”—
The Pisanian ecnotaph, illustrated by Cardinal
Noris, shcws that, whilst living, he had, besides
altars and temples, his _/lame): also and priests.
Other marbles and monuments also attest the DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER.-——AIlgustu5,
fact that divine honours were paid to the living with radiated head, and in the toga, seated near
Augnstus—tnl<e, for example, the coins in an altar, on which fire is kindled, holds a branch
scribed non. ET AVG. But it is no less true in his extended right hand, and rests his left
that Augustus did not permit those divine ho on the luwla pzu-a..—'l‘hc legend of the oh
nours to be paid him at Rome, which he al vcrse is Tl. CAESAR mvi AVG. F. Avcvsr. I’.
lowed the provinces to confer on him. At M. TR. ror. xxuu. in the middle S. C.—On tilst
length, on the death of Augustus, it became brass of Tiberius.
necessary for the Senate to decree to him the Tacitus, amongst the events of the year of
honours of consecration, as that body had al Rome 775 (A. D. 22), records the following =
ready committed the same insane act in the case “ About the same time, the severe indisposition
of his father Julius, and thus established an of Julia Augusta (widow of Augustus), rendered
absurd example which found imitators in plenty necessary the immediate return of the emperor
during succeeding ages of the empire. Dion (Tiberius, her son by adoption), to Borne; the
and Tacitus both aflinn that Augustus was re good understanding between the mother and sou
ceived among the immortal gods, and that fia being up to this moment undisturbed, or at
mines, and a priesthood with sacred rites, were least their animosity was disguised; for it was
instituted to his honour. not long before this that, when Julia dedicated
On coins of the Roman mint he is invariably a statue to Divua Augrutru, near the theatre of
styled nivvs, but on consecration medals, struck Marcellus, she placed the name of Tiberius afler
out of Rome, the word DEVS is used. Thus we her own.” (Tac. Arm. iii. 64).
find on coins of Tarraco (Tarragoua, in Spain), Here (says Eckhel) we find the year of the
nrzo ,\vovs'ro. On an unique coin of Gallienus coin, as expressed by the 24th tribunate, per
of Roman die, Augustus is culled DEvs.-—Con fectly coinciding with the year assigned by
neetcd also with the consecration of Augustus Tacitus; and we cannot, therefore, doubt, that
were the groves (Ina) dedicated to him in the the figure on the coin is intended to represent
provinces, to which allusion is made on a medal the statue to which Tacitus refers. But there
of Juba II. King of Mauretania, inscribed LVCV. is still stronger testimony to adduce. In the
AVG. That is to say, according to Servius (a Fasti of Verrius, at the date of the 24th of
commentator on the Mantuan bard)—“ Ubieun April, we find—~s10. mvo AVGVSTO PATILI an
qne Virgilius lucum ponit, sequitur etinm con THEATRVM sum - - - IVLIA AVGVSTA 1-:'r TI. av
secrutio.” ' GVSTVS n1-znrcnwrrr. Thus, from the coin,
Numerous coins attest the fact of Augustus’s and from Tacitus, we learn the year in which
consecration, struck not only by his slicecssor this dedication took place, and the record in the
Tiberius, but afterwards under many other cm Fasti just quoted, gives the very day of the
perors.-—€m: Eckhel, vi. pp. 124425. month, viz. the 24-th of April; in addition to
DIVVS AVGVSTVS. S. C. (Head radiated). which, it exhibits the same verbal formula as
-—On a middle brass coin, struck after the death the coin, and confirms the statement of Tacitus,
of Augustus, the foregoing legend appears on that Julia had the courage to inscribe the name
the obverse. The legend of the reverse is con of Tiberius qfter her own; and lastly, it is con
SENSV. SENA1‘. ET EQ. onmx. P. Q. R. The type clusive on the point, that the severe indisposi
is a statue of Augustus seated, holding in his tion of Julia could not have shewu itself till
right hand a branch, and in his left a globe. qfi‘-er the day in question. (vi. 193-4).
Engraved in the Oaéinet de C/iriatine, p. 285, DIVVS PATER TRAI.-\t\'VS, also DIVYS
TAB. xliv. No. 2. TRAIAN. PARTH. PATER.-See TRAIANVS
Augustus, already admitted in the provinces raven.
to the rank of deity, had this last homage paid DOG qfEaculapiu.r.—See H3/geia and .£rcu
him at Rome after his death; statues were also Zapius.
raised to him. Such is the subject of this me DOLPHIN. (Delp/linua).-—The representa
dal, the epigraph of which is particular in ex tion of this fish offers itself on ancient coins in
 DOLPHIN. DOMINUS. 339
more than one fashion; sometimes in a quiet legend is continued on the reverse, viz. IMpe
and fixed position, at others in a state of move mtor VIIII. TR. P. COnSul VIII.—-Below,
ment. The dolphin was consecrated to Apollo, Sonatas Con-rulto. The type—Delphinns an
who, according to Homer, had transformed him chora: implicitus.
self into one. Hence we see a Delphic tripod [The cast, after which this cut is engraved,
was purchased of Mr. Doubleday. The impres
with a dolphin upon it, on a silver coin of Vital
lius, that emperor having, as the inscription sions of both obverse and reverse vouch for the
teaches us, been one of the xv. viri appointed original being in good condition. And although
to the care of sacrificial ceremonies. A similar in none of the numismatic books, either by
type appears on a denarius of Titus, but not old or modern writers, to which the com
with the same legend.—See XV. VIR. SACRJJ piler has access, does this type appear as a
FACi1mdiJ. brass coin, yet there seems to be no reason
The Do]/1/Lin was also sacred to Neptune, the whatever to doubt the authenticity of the spe
deity who presided over the sea and affairs of cimen in question. This not iuelegant device
navigation; hence we find the dolphin in the has, down to our own times, been constantly
hand of that god, on coins of Agrippa, Augus adopted as n. naval emblem ~, and, to say nothing
tus, Caligula, Vespasian, lladrian, and other as to the conformation of the fis/1, it presents,
Roman Emperors. doubtless, a correct delineation of the Roman
The Dolp/zin was likewise sacred to Venus. ship-am:/mr].
On early Roman money the figure of a dol D. N. Domina Noatra. Our Lady.—This
phin occurs on the trims, the qmulranc, and title, thus abbreviated, appears on coins of the
aarlana. Thus the dolphin, with four globules Empresses Elia Flacilla, Galla Plncidia, Hono
under it, is a mark of the trims. ria, &c. Spnnhcim observes, that wives were
The D0/11/tin, with Cupid on its back, appears called Dominw by the Romans.
on coins of the Cordiu and Lucretia families; D. N. Daminus Noste-r.~—A title conferred,
and, bearing Melicerta, is frequently repeated in the declining ages of the empire, on the Au
on the colonial mintagcs of Corinth. _//asti and the C'¢.rr1rs.—The following are among
The Dolpllin and an eagle, with a sceptre the remarks which Eckhcl makes on this subject:
between them, form the reverse of a denarius Dominus, a word so repugnant to liberty
of the Terentia gens, struck in honour of Pom (as it generally implied the authority over
pey the Great, with legend 1nAG.\'. PRO. cos.— slaves), was not adopted by the first emperors,
ln this instance, the seeptre indicates supreme nor afterwards by those who preferred to rule
power, and undivided command; the fish refer rather through the affection than the fears of
ring to the sea, and the bird to the land.—See their subjects; and at any rate they did not ep
Eagle. prove of it. Augustus declined it, and, to use
The Dolphin, entwined round an anchor, was the words of Tertnlliau, ‘Though the founder
at one time a symbol of Augustus.—It is also of the empire, he would not allow himself to be
seen on coins struck by princes of the Flaviu styled Dominua; and, indeed, it is an appella
family, sous of Veepasian. tion applicable only to the deity.’
And, further
In Morell. Tkesaur. Impp. Rom. '1‘. iii. TAB. on, he adds, ‘How can he, who is the father
vi. No. 64, there is an engraving of this type, of his country, be also its Lord (Dominus) .7’
from gold of Titus (TR. P. IX. mr. xv. cos. Even Tiberius also avoided it, openly declaring,
vnl.) also one from silver of the same emperor, ‘that he was lord (dominua) over the slaves,
and with the same legend of rcvcrsc (rm. viii. general fimpemtmj of the soldiers, and sove
N0. 84). Moreover, amongst the silver coinage reign (princqu) of the rest of his people :’-—
of Domitian, engraved in the same standard nay, according to Suetouius, he went so far as
work, we find two examples of the dolphin and to address the Senators by that very invidious
anchor (cos. vn. DESIGN. vm.) see 'r. ran. title, which in his own case he refused to accept,
viii. Nos. 36 and 39. The subjoined cut is saying, ‘ I have ever esteemed you, and still do
from a first brass of Domitian, having on its so, as my good, and just, and kind Lords (Da
obverse min0s).’—(laligula was the first whose arrogant
IM Perator CAESar DIVI VESPa.u'am' Ff/[us ears could endure the appellation domimzs, and
DOMITIANus AVGu.rlu.r P0nt{fe.r l\Ia.zimus. his example Was followed by that rival of his
Lanrcated head of Domitian to the right.-The vices, Do1nitiau.—Victor, whilst satiriziug the
character of Diocletian, remarks, ‘ He was the
first, after Caligula and Domitian, who allowed
himself to be called openly Dominus.’ This
was the less remarkable in Domitian, as he
wished to be called not only dominus but dens,
of both which appellations Martial furnishes
many instances. By degrees, however, the
oifensiveness of this title became softened from
use and familiarity, so that by the time of Ti.
Claudius it was regarded merely as a term
of courtesy.—Seneea says, ‘You have called
bim friend, just in the same way as we call all
candidates good mm, or as we salute person!
3-L0 DOMITIA GENS. DO.\ll'l‘IA GENS.
whom we meet, should we not remember their £22 10s. at the Pembroke sale.—'l‘he above cut
names, as Domiui.’—It is not surprising that is after a east from a beautiful specimen in the
Trajan himself should have permitted Pliny British Museum. The head on the obverse is
to address him constantly in his epistles as evidently a portraiture, and Yisconti at once
Dominus. ascribes it to Cneus Domitins Ahenobnrbus].
Antoninus Pius was the first to whom the 2. AHENOB.\R.—-—A bare head, slightly
title of Dominu-r was applied on coins; but it bearded.—R0v.—e. N. nozurrlvs IMP. Prow of
was Greece and Asia—conquered Greece and , n ship on which is a trophy.-——LThis silver coin,
captured Asia——which furnished the instances, as ' valued by .\lionnet at 40 fr. brought 19s. at the
usual, of extreme adulation. The word Kiipios Brumcll sale].
(Lord) is found on a coin of Antioch ad Hip The cognomcn Alzenobarbzu was derived to
pum, in l)eeapolis—thus ATTOKP. K'I'P. AN ’ this family from an event said to have occurred
TQNEINOC. Shortly afterwards, on coins of ‘ to the Consul Lucius Domitius. As the fable
M. Aurelius and his family, struck in Mesopo i goes, it was to him that the Dioscuri announced
tamia, a similar use is made of the word Ktipios. ‘ the Roman victory at Regillus; and in conse
On coins of the colony of Antioch, in Pisidia, quence of this unexpected encounter with Castor
with the heads of Caracalla and Geta, we read and Pollux, or through the exultation which
V101‘. DD. NN. And on a coin of Gordiauus the good news excited in him, the Cousnl’s beard
Pius, minted in the same colony, appears VIC became red.
TORIA nomm. For a more ample notice of this popular tra
The foregoing examples, however, belong only dition, together with an explanation of the ship
to the foreign coinage. It was the Emperor and trophy type on the former of thcsc two re
Aurelian who first introduced the title Do/nimu verses, and of the temple (dedicated to l\'z-ptune)
upon coins of Roman die, when he allowed the on the latter—both coins being struck in the
following inscription to appear =—-ni-:0 ET no year of Reine 713 (A. D. 41), the reader is rc
MIXO NATO (OD 0tllBl'B NOSTR()l AVRELIANO AVG. ' ferrcd to p. 31 and 32, article AHENOBABBYS.
(sec p. 319 of this dictionary). Next to the Also to Dioscuri, p. 331.
above, in point of timc, Dioclctianns and Maxi 8. CN. DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS IMP.
mianns_ received the distinction of n. N. but not Ship’s prow, above which is a star.—0bv.—Au'r.
until their abdication of the empire (A. D. 305). IMP. mvin. a_ r. c. Bare head of Mark An
Afierwnrds, it was conferred more frequently on tony, behind it the lituus.
the Czesars than on the Emperors, though for Cneus Domitius, who minted this coin out of
what reason is uncertain. Lastly, from the Rome, was son of Lucius Domitius, and nephew
the times of the sons of Constantine the Great, of the consul and censor Cneins Domitius, grand
it he-came a common prenomen, that of IMPe father of Nero, nephew on the sister's side to
ralor being gradually abolished. And at length Cato of Utica, and fifth cousin of M. Brutus.
it was rendered so much a matter of course, that Attaching himself at the commencement of the
if any one in the reign of Justinian, had used civil war to the conspirators’ party, he after
the word Imperator instead of I)mnim1.v, and of wards becamc Antony’s naval commander against
Auyzarla instead of Domina, he would have been Gctavinn; but alter the death of the former
considered guilty of an insult, or at least of trinmvir, he became reconciled to Augustus, and
great ignorance.—See Doct. Nam. Vet. viii. p. in 722 (B. o. 82), served the oflice of consul at
364-5-6. Rome.—See Riccio, p. 82.
DOMITIA gcns—at first plebeian, afterwards [Mionnet values this coin in gold at 200 fr.]
patrician ; bearing the respective surnames of 4. M. AVRELI. ROMA. Galeated head of
A/lenabarbua and Ca/ninus.-—-'l‘he gold coins of Rome, with mark of the denarius.—Rev.—L.
this family are very rare; the silver, with a few LIC. CN. DOMitiu.9. Mars, undraped, stands
exceptions, common. The brass are sezni-M303, in a biga going at full speed; he hrandishcs a
and other parts of the a:.—Among other varic spear in his right hand, and holds a bnckler and
ties of legends and types are the following : a military lituus on his left arm. Under the
horses is the word SCA\'RI.—St‘8 an engraving
of the same coin in COSCONIA gens, p. 294-.
5. Same obverse.—Rez>.—cN. DOM. below
ROMA. Victory inabiga; beneath the horses
of which, a gladiator, armed with a spear, is
seen fighting with a lion.—See Morel]. Fawn.
Rom. plate 1, No. vi.
The Domitius of this and the preceding dena
1. AlIENOBARbu:.—-A head, nearly bald, rius appears to Eckhel uncertain. Older unmis
and with beard closely cropped.—-—Rev. CN. matists ascribe it to Domitius, sou of another
DOl\lI'l‘I\"S L F. I.\ll’eral0r. A temple of Cueus, and nephew of Lucius, grand-father of
four columns, represented in perspective, near Domitins the censor. It was coined perhaps on
the pediment of which we read NEPT. (Nep the occasion of his filling a municipal otfice,
iunua). different from that of moneycr; or rather it
[Mionnet quotes this extremely rare gold coin, might have been minted by some descendant of
from the cabinet of the Duke de Blacas, and his, who desired to commemorate the municipal
values it at 600 fr.—A tine specimen brought honours of his family. Gladiatorial spectaclm,
 I)O.\ll'l‘l.~\ LONGINA. DOMITI.-\.\'L'S. 341
indeed, and the care of supplying an abundant ‘ GOLD.—-DOMITIA avc. urn. DOMITIAN avo.
annona, belonged to the ediles, and these public . exam. Head of the empress.-—Rev. concou
shews and responsibilities are plainly indi ma svovsr. A peacock.—[A specimen of this
cated in the symbols of the last described coin. imperial aureur brought E8 15s. at the Devon
(Riccio, p. S1). shire sale; another, £6 6s. at the Pembroke,
6. OSCA.—Head of a bearded man.—Rev. and a third, £16 15s. at the Thomas, from
non. cos. rrna. me. with the type of pontifical the Trattle sale, where it was bought for £14
instruments. 5s. 0d.; and afterwards another specimen ob
This denarius is considered by Eckhel to be tained E9 7s. 6d. at the Brumell auction.]—
long to Cncus Domitius Calvinus, who served These coins are considered to have been struck
his first consulate in the year U. c. 701 (a. 0. on the occasion of Domitian becoming “ recon
53), in colleagncahip with M. Valerius Messala, ciled" to Domitia, after he had repudiated her
and was consul for the second time, with C. on a charge of adultery, as above mentioned.
Asinins Pollio, in 714 (B. C. 40). He followed 0bv.—'D0)flTlA svovsn me. nonrr. l-lead
Ca:sar’s party through various circumstances, of the cmpress.—Rev.—1MP. cans. nonmauvs
and was the rival and enemy of the above men ave. r. M. Head of Domitian.—[A fine speci
tioned Domitius Ahcnobarbus. The present men of this the rarest coin of Domitia, brought
coin was struck at Osca, a city of the Ilcrgeti,
£27 at the Campanu sale].
in liispania Tsrraconensis, (Jalvinns having, after0bv.—nonma avevsu inr. nonrr. Head
his second consnlship, triumphed over the re of the empress.———Rev.—-DIVVB cm-zssa um
bellious Ceretani, of the Pyrenees. DOMITIANI. A child on a globe, surrounded by
Eckhcl believes the head to be that of some seven stars.—[Mionnet values the gold at 150
native hero of Spain. Cavedoni thinks it meant fr. and the silver at 50 fr. A specimen of the
for that of Iberu-I, son of Hercules, reputed latter sold for about £2 at the Dcvonshire sale].
founder of that nation. The emblems of thc These coins record the consecration of that
reverse all allude to the Sovereign Pontificate. nameless son of Domitia and Domitian, who
was born, as it would appear, A.D. 82, and
who died very young.—See the preceding en
graving, from a specimen in the British Museum_
SILVER.—CONCORDlA AVG. A Peacock.
[Bronght £4 18s. at the Dcvonshire and £4 3s.
at the Thomas salc].—i>rr:'rss avovsr. Domitia
seated, holds in her left hand the liaata para,
and extends the right hand towards a young
DOMITIA Lzmgina, daughter of Domitius child standing before her. clothed in the toga.
Corbulo, and wife of the Emperor Domitian, [A specimen brought £3 125. at the Dcvonshire
who took her away by force from her first hus and another obtained El 15s. at the Thomas
band,
Rome 823
L. Lamia
(s. n. 70).
Aernilianus,
She boreinthethetyrant
year one
of salc].—-The young child represented on this re
verse, can be no other than the son of Domitian
son in A. D. 82, whose name is not handed down, already alluded to. See PIETAS sun. for an en
but who died in his infancy, and was conse graving of it.
crated, as appears by one of her coins. In 83,
Lanes Baass.—mvi cnzssars ns'rr:a.—Sce
on account of her adultery with Paris, an actor,
Domitian divorced her, put her paramonr to this reverse described in p. 334. It serves, with
death, and thcnceforth lived with Julia, his bro preceding coins, to recal the birth and prema
ther’s daughter. Shortly after, the imperial pro ture death of Domitian’s son.—Samc legend. A
fligatc restored Doniitilla to his bed, but continued woman standing, sacrifices at an altar.
his incestuous intercourse with J u.l.ia. At length,
[Mionnet values the above two at 550 fr. each].
informed that her own life was in danger from MrnnLE Ba.\ss.—Samc legend. A veiled
her husband, she encouraged the conspiracy woman stands holding a patera, and the lnzsfa
(.\lt. 150 fr.)——n1v1 CAESAIIIS nuvrrza.
which she knew was on foot against him, and to ' pura.
which he fell a merited victim in a. n. 96.— The empress sacrificing, as in the large brass
She died under the reign of Trajan. specimcn.—Engravcd in the Cabinet dc Claris
The coins of Domitia are, of, all the Em tine, plate liv. No. 4, p. 845.
presscs, amongst the most rare. On these she is DO.\IITIANUS (Flaviuy, the younger of
styled DO.\ll' ‘IA AVG VS’l‘A—DOMlTIA AV the two sons of Vcspasiau, by Flavia Domitilla,
GV STA l.\IPcralori.r DOMl'l‘iani (by implica was born at Rome, the 24th of October, in the
tion vxon)——DOMl'I‘IA AVG. IMP. (JAES. yenr U. c. 804 (A. D. 51), when his father was
DIVI F. DOMITlANi Al/Gusli (that is vxoa). consul derignatus, and about entering upon
'I'he following is an account of their estimated otlice in the following month. This was the
value, and of the prices at which some of them first consulate of Vespasinn, still a private citi
have been sold :— zen; and it was a c0n.rulalu.r szgfeclus, held
SILVER Mr-:n.u.Lio1vs.--\\'ith the lanrcated during the two last months of the above named
head of Domitian on one side, and her own on year. Vespasinn, having been proclaimed im
the other. (Valued by Mionnet at 100 fr.) yeraior by the legions of the cast, Domitian,
VENVS AVG. (Brought £3 at the Dcvonshire who was left at Rome, finding himself exposed
sale). to the vengeance of the partizuns of Vitellius,
342 DOMITIANUS.
took refuge in the capitol, with his uncle Sabi
nus, at the end of December. And, after that
building had been besieged and set fire to, even
tually made his escape, disguised as a priest of
Isis, his hiding-place being sought for in every
other direction. (Suetonius, chap. i. Tacitus
Hist. iv.)—Vitellius having been put to death,
about the 20th of December, 822 (A. D. 69),
Domitian issued from his retreat, and was hailed
as Caesar by the army. The choice of the sol
diers was confirmed by the Senate, who, in ad
dition, decreed to Domitian the pretorsbip of married Domitia Longina, whom he took away
the city, and the consular dignity.
In January, by force tlrom her husband xllmilianus.
324 (4. n, 71)_—This year, consul srgfectus,
and afterwards consul de.ri_r/uatu.r for the second
time, he assisted at the triumph of his father
and brother, for the capture of Jerusalem—au
object of notice on that occasion from being
mount-ed on a white horse.
825 (A. D. 72).—During this and the six fol
lowing years, no particulars of Don1itian’s life
are furnished by public records. But coins had
begun to be abundant.—“ It is very probable
(observes Eckhel), that suspicions being enter
tained of his revolutionary designs, he now as
sumed a. modesty and simplicity of demeanonr,
and atfected especially a passion for literature,
in order to conceal the real bent of his mind."
Volagases I. King of Parthia, in 828 (A. D. 75),
requesting succours from Vespasian against the
Alani, and another general from among his sons,
Domitian used every ctfort to procure the ap
pointment for himself. But Vespasian refused
the required aid altogether.
832 (A. n. 7 9).—His father dying on the 9th
kalends of July, his elder brother Titus succeeded
to the empire. Domitian complained, that tho’
left a share in the sovereignty, the will of his
father had been tampered with. His brother
endeavoured to console him with the assurance,
that he should be not only the sharer of the
empire, but should also be his successor.
833 (A.D. 80).—-He unceasingly, both in
secret and openly, engaged in plots against his
brother, attempting to seduce the army, and
nieditated flight. Titus, all the while, bearing
those annoyances with patience ; and sometimes
with tears entreating his brother to return to
terms of affection.
834 (A. D. 81).-—This year Domitian was
proclaimed emperor, on the death of Titus his
brother.
835 (A. D. B2).—Domitian signalised his ac
DOMITIANUS.
828 (A. 1). 70), he entered upon the government
of the city, and discharged its functions in an
unprincipled manner, distributing capriciously
the public olliccs; insomueh as to cause the
absent Vespasian to express his surprise, that his
son did not send out some one to supersede him
self. He set out with Mucianus against the
Galli, Batavi, and Germani, who were in revolt;
but, hearing by the way that success had at
tended the operations of Petilius Cerealis, he
stopped at Lugduuum (Lyon). Same year, he
cession to the throne by the introduction of
salutary laws. He restored the Capitol magni
ficently. A son was born to him, respecting
whom see noniru.
836 (A. n. 83).—Agi-icola defeated the Cale
donians. Under thatzablej brave, and active
commander, it was then for the first time ascer
tained that Britain is entirely surrounded by
water. Domitian undertook this year an expe
dition against t-he Calti (people of Hesse).
837 (A. D. 84).—The war with the Gatti was
put an end to by Domitian without coming to
blows with the enemy. The title of Gernuzniczu
appeared for the first time on coins of this year.
By the valour of Agricola, Britain was for a
time reduced to a state of peaceful subjection.
838 (A. D. 85).—Foreigu wars, relative to
which there is no certain information; and at
home atrocious acts of cruelty on the part of
Domitian.
839 (a.n. 86).—The first Capitoline games
were celebrated this year, intended, like the
Olympic, to recur every fifth year. The Dncian
war commenced, being set on foot by Decobalus,
king of that nation, and was carried on for
many years with varied success, but with great
discredit to the Roman arms.
841 (A. D. 88).—(7elebra!i0n of Um Secular
Game.!.—To this year (though the matter is in
great uncertainty), 'l‘il]emont refers the revolt
of L. Antonius, governor of Upper Germany,
who made an attempt to invade the empire.—
Domitian went out to repel his advance, but
returned on learning that Antonius had been
defeated and slain by L. Maximus.
842-843 (A. D. 89 and 90).—Thcre are no
certain records of the events of these two years.
344 (A.n. 91).—Eusebius refers the triumph
over the Dacians to this year, as recorded also by
Suetonins, but without a date.
 D0 MITIANUS. DOMITIAN US. 343
846 (A. D. 93).—It is probable that the war banquet which he set before the most dignified
with the Sarrnata: by Domitian was undertaken personages of Rome, and which Dion has so
this year, when s. whole legion, with its general, minutely described (lxvii. 5 9).—No wonder,
was destroyed, as Suetonius states. then, that the Senate should have shewn their
848 (A. D. 9-‘i).——Domitian ordered Flavius satisfaction at his death, by ordering ladders to
Clemens, his cousin-german, and the then cou be immediately brought, and his shields,“ and
sul, to be put to death for his attachment to busts to be pulled down and scattered on the
the Christian religion, or as it was then termed, ground, his titles erased, and every memorial of
the superstition of the Jews, and this occasion his existence banished from their sight. (Suet.
is treated of by ecclesiastical writers as the ch. 23). This, indeed, is the chief reason why
second persecution of the Church. Procopius asserts, that in his time but one statue
849 (s. n. 96).-—On the 18th of September, of this emperor remained; though there is reason
I at the instigation of his wife, whom with other to suspect some egregious falsehood to be mixed
friends he, in his insupportable tyranny, had up with his acconnt.——The army, however, were
' doomed to be slaughtered, Domitian was assas much incensed at the murder of Domitian, and
sinated by his freedman Stcphanus, in the 45th instantly endeavoured to procure him the title of
year of his age, after areign of 15 years and Divus, demanding that the perpetrators of the
six days. crime should be given up to punishment. (Suet.
The character of this most execrable prince ch. 23). The motive for this display of attac
is thus ably summed up and commented upon tion on their parts, was his having increased
by the pen of Eckhel (vi. 391-2) :— their pay one fourth; the result of which incon
There could not have appeared anything pre siderate liberality was, that the treasury being
mature in the death of a ruler, who, for so inadequate to meet the additional expense, he
long a space in the life-time of man, displayed was compelled to reduce the numbers of the
the greatest cruelty towards all worthy men; army; and the provinces, thus deprived of their
_appropriated the property of the citizens, as if necessary garrisons, became more open to the
it had been his own; and who detested as crimes incursions of barbarian tribes.
the virtues and noble deeds of the illustrious, Domitian died without any progeny surviving
punishing thcm as such with death and exile. him. By his wife he had one_son, who died at
His inhuman disposition is thus severely touched nine years of age.—See DOMITIA.
on by Tacitus (in vita’ Agricola, ch. 2), whilst
speaking of this reign of oppression and impiety: MINTAGES OF DOMITIAN.
" We have, indeed, afforded a notable example “ The medals of this emperor (as Capt. Smyth
of patience; and, as the olden times witnessed observes), are abundant and cheap, and are
the nu plus ultra of liberty, so have we that of prized according to their preservation, and the
servitude, when the very intercourse of speaking degree of interest attached to their reverses.-—
and listening has been taken from us by an in Many of them were struck in the life-time of
quisitorial superintendence. We should have his father."——With the exception of medallions
lost our memory too with our voices, had it been in gold, silver, and brass, and some reverses, in
equally within the power of our volition to for each metal, of the usual size, all are common.
get, as to he silent.” And this cruelty of dis On these he is styled I.\‘lPem!or CAESAR DO
position was the less endurable from its being MITIANVS Gfiltdlarzicua AVGu.rti Filiua (viz.
conjoined with incredible arrogance and vanity. the son of Vespasian) Pater Palriar. On a sil
The same individual, who, on entering upon a ver coin, struck A. D. 69, when Vespusian was
campaign, would suddenly retrace his steps with reigning, and Titus and Domitian were both
out even seeing his enemy, and who was satis only Caesars, we see the respective bare heads of
fied with such a triumph over the Dacians, that the two brothers facing each other, as‘in token
he was not ashamed to pay them a yearly tri of that fraternal concord which the latter never
bute—could, nevertheless, erect so many arches, sincerely manifested a desire to maintain.
surmounted by quadrigae, and other triumphal Othcr dennrii, for a like purpose, exhibit them
insignia (as even coins testify), that they were both seated on a curule chair, holding olive
equalled by no preceding emperor. According to branches, and with the legend TITVS E'[‘ DO
Suetonius, he called the months of September and .\Il'l'ianm CAESare1‘ PRlNcipe.r IVVENlutia.
October after his own names of Germanicus and (dlorell. Impp. Roman. TAB. vii. figs. 17 & 18).
Domitianus, because in the one he had succeeded Among the rarest reverses are the following:
to the empire, and in the other was born (ch. l3). Goan l\Ir.n.\r.1.ioxs.—0bv.—1ur. cans. no
He built a temple in honour of the gens Flavia MIT. ave. or-:11. r. M. TB. P. vn. Laurelled bust
(his own f:nnil,V), and at length styling himself of the emperor, with amulet (Medusa’s head)
Dominus and D8143, desired those titles to be ap on the throat.-—1i'4'u.—inr. xiul. cos. xnu.
plied to him by others; and though they never CENS. PP. P. Minerva standing on a ship’s
appear on his coins, they are still to be found grow, holding a spear in the right hand, and a
on the works of pottery, given by Passer-i, uckler on the left arm; at her feet is an owl.
not to mention the flatteries of contemporary On the prow E. A.——'l'here is nothing rare in the
writers, (specially the poets. And this Lord reverse of this medallion, its type being simi
and God was wont to devote an hour in each day lar to that of the commonest denarins of Do
to the catching and transfixing of flies! No mitian.——[Mionnet values this at 1200 fr. in
thing was ever more absurd than the funereal gold, and 600 fr. in silver].
344 DOMITILLA FLAVIA. DOMITIUS DO.\ll'l‘I.»\Nl'S.
Soc cut at the head of the foregoing biogra and consecration coins struck, during the reign
phical notice, engraved after a cast from the of her son Titus.-—“ This public deification (re
original i11 the Cabinet de France. marks Capt. Smyth, p. 59), though unnoticed
SILVER Ms1)A1.1.1o1\'s.—csr1'r. BESTIT. Jupi by either Tacitus, Dion, or Suctonius, is re
ter Capitoliuus, seated in a temple, between two corded on gold and silver medals of extreme
standing figures. See an engraving of the coin 1 rarity; and we learn from an inscrintion pre
in p. 170 of this dictionnry.—-P1u.\'c11>. IVVEN served by Gruter, the excellent philologist, that
'rV'r. Emperor on horseback. (Mionnet values an order of priests was instituted for her altars;
the above two at 80 fr. each). Sacerrlcs Diva Domilillw.” "
GOLD.—-GI-IRIANICVS cos. x1111. A German Although Flavia Domitilla, wife of Yespasiau,
captive seated, with broken spear. (Two of this was dead before the accession of her husband to
subject brought £3 16s. at the Devonshire, and the empire, she was not on that account deemed
another [cos. xv.] £4 3s. at the Thomas sale). i less worthy to bc declared Augusta. It is un
known whether it was her husband or her son
-—DOMlTlANVS .u*ovsrvs.—1£ev. o1~:1m.11\'1c\'s
cos. x1111. Minerva. (Pembroke sale, £4 8s.) who caused this posthumous honour to bc ren
—1.vn. SAEG. rec. Salian priest. (Mt. 60 fr.) dered to her. It is the first example of nu em
-—r>o.\11r1.x svevsrs mr. DOMITI. Head of Do peror‘s wife declared Augmrtzz and Diva, having
mitia. (Mt. 200 fr.)-—1.v1>. sane. rsc. cos. died without having occupied the supreme rank
x1111. On a cippus. (Mt. 60 fr.)—rs1ncars of empress.
1vvs1~rrv'1'1s. Helmet on a curule chair. (£2 12s. The following are the coins dedicated to her
Devonshire).-—Snmo lcgend. Goat within a memory by her eldest son; and on the obverses
crown of laurcl. (Mt. 4-0 fr.)—vr.s'r.\. Temple of which she is styled DIVA D().\llTlLLA
and 3 figures. (4-8 fr.)—Cornucopia:, a beautiful AVGVSTA, and the legend is accompanied by
am-ens, with this type of reverse, brought £3 her portrait.
at the Thomas sale. S11.v1-:11 MEDALI.ION.—PIETAS avovsrs. A
SIL\'Ell.——-CONCORDIA AVG. Woman seated. woman seated. (Valued by Mionuet at 300 fr.)
(Mt. 25 fr.)—I>1vvs caasan nn>. DOMITIANI r. Go1.n.—Rev. nrws Avovsrvs Y!-ZSPASIANVS.
Infant on a globe. (Dcvonshirc, £2 lUs.)—Doa11 Head of Vespasian. (Valued by hlionnet at 600
rm AVGVSTA. Head of Domitia. (90 fr.) fr. Brought at the Trattle sale £29 10s.)
DOMITIANV CAI-ZS. AVG. Bare head of Domi S11.vsa. Obv. mva nourr1u.a svovsra.
tian, with the bust 0Ul1‘BS5€ll.—-R80.-PACK. ave. Bust of the wife of \"espasian.—Itev. FORT\'.\'.\
(Mt. 25 fr.) ' avovsra. Fortune standing with her usual at
Bnass 1\lEou.L1oxs.—~s. c. The Emperor, tributes.—(Sce the above engraving; it is also
with a rivcr-god at his feet.—s. 0. The Emperor figured in Akerman, i. plate 5, No. 8.—Mion
crowned by Victory. (Mionnet values these two net values this excessively rare denarius at 125
medallions, which are surrounded with a large fr. A specimen of it, in extremely fine condi
circle, at 150 fr. each). tion, brought £20 10s. 0d. at the Tovcy sale.)—
Laser: BRASS.—-LVD. sasc. rsc. The Empe PAC] AVGVSTAB. The type of Pesce.—1>11-:'ras
ror and several figures. (Mionnet, 40 fr. Sold AVGVST. A woman seated to the right, having
for £1 19s. at the Pembroke sale).-——1='1DEs EX near her a young child, whom she seems to pro
1-zncrr. Emperor and soldiers sacrificing. (20 fr.) tect. Allnsion is doubtless hcre made to the
—-—s. C. Flnvian Amphitheatre. (60 fr.)—8. C. virtues of Vcspasisn’s deceased wife. The child
Emperor in a temple, a soldier on each side. is most probably meant for Titus, elder son of
(50 fr.)—s. c. T\\'o qundrign: of elephants on Vespasian. [The legend and type of reverse are
an arch. (24 fr.)—s. c. Woman in s temple, the some as appear on a denarius of Domitia,
soldier on each side. (80 fr.) the latter obviously borrowed from ’Domiti1]a’s
coin. Mionnet values the Paci and the Pietra at
125 fr. each.]
DOMITILLAE l\IE.\lORI.~\E.—-It is matter
of dispute amongst numismatic antiquaries, whe
ther a large brass, which, minted by Titus,
bears the foregoing legend and the type of a
carpmium drawn by two mules, is to be rc
ferred to Domitilla, the mother of that emperor,
or to his sister, of the some name. As an in
DOMITILLA (Flavia), wife of Vespasian, vestigation of the principal arguments, adduced
by whom he had three children, Titus, Domi on both sides of this question, so far from being
tian, and a daughter Domitilla. She was of profitless, is calculated to afl'ord some useful in
obscure birth, being the daughter of Flavius formation, a summary will be found given of
Liberalis, a qucstorian scribe. She was origin them under the head of MEMORIAE nonrrnmss.
ally a bond woman, or slave, to Statilius Ca DOMITIUS D01\IlTlA1\'US.—-These names
pella, a Roman cquea. Subsequently, however, appear only on coins, and are supposed to be
she was manumitted, and Vespasiau married her those of one of Diocletian’s generals, who dc
11.1). 40. She as well as her daughter dicd clared himself emperor at Alexandria, whilst in
beforc Vespasian became emperor. And her command of the imperial legions in Egypt; in
name was scarcely known in Rome until it was which year is not known ; but it is supposed to
drawn from oblivion by divine honours paid, have been about the time of Dioeletia.n’s abdica
 DO.\Il'I‘lUS DOMITIAN US.
tion. The subjoined engraving is from one of
the only coins with Lalin legends ascribed to
this usurpcr; and although no doubt whatever
exists as to its authenticity, yet the subject it
self presents difficulties which are far from being
resolved satisfactorily, by either preceding or
present numismatists.
DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS. 345
Obv.—Il\IPerat0r CAESAR Lucius DOMI
TIVS DOMITIANVS A\'Guslu.r. Bust, to the
right, of Domitius Domitianus, lnureated.—Rev.
Gl-ZNIO rorvu aouam. The Genius of the
Roman People unclothed, except with the pal
lium on his shoulders ; the face bcardless, hold
ing in the right hand a palera, and in the other

a cornucopiir. At his feet is an eagle. In the butcs the Greek medal to a Domitianus, con
field I‘. (mark of the year iii.) On the exergnc temporary of Gallienus, and conqueror of the
ALE. (for Alexandria).—This coin, in middle two Macriaui, whilst he makes the Latin piece
brass, was considered almost unique in D’En descend down as far as the epocha of Diocletian.
ncr3"s time.—'l'he above cut is after a cast from This opinion I consider to be unstable at its very
a specimen in the British Museum. foundation. As to the opinion of nnmismntists,
Without pretending to unravel a skcin of his who have recognised in the Latin medal the
torical uncertainties, whichenvirons the researches style and workmanship of the aura of Diocle
and batlles the conjectures of learned and inge tian, it appears to be well warranted; and we
nious antiquaries, we may cite the following do not hesitate to regard the personage, whose
passages in reference to this still unsettled ques portrait it represents, as a contemporary of that
tion of identity and date, from two of the most emperor. The two pieces were minted at Alex
celebrated of modern numismatists = andria. The one belongs to the monetary series
of that city, which was verging upon its close;
“Of this Domitius Domitianus (says Mion the other is a Lalin middle brass, but bear
net) the name, career, and fate are equally
unknown. But on the reverse of these Latin ing the same distinction fdiflérenlj as the great
medals, the exergue presents the letters ans. gold medal of Diocletian (see I¢'0nagm1z/tie
which shcws that they were struck at Alexan Romaine, No. 7, plate lv.) ALE, mark of
dria. Now, at the period when Latin coins the money of Alexandria.—The Greer‘: medal
began to be struck in that city, Greek ones had indicates the second year of this Domitianus;
ceased to appear. The latest Greek medals of the Latin middle brass has in the field a I‘,
which it is by no means rash to consider as
Alexandria, of which we have any knowledge,
are Diocletian’s, and bear the date If (15), which
axnark of the third year. The pretender, re
presented on these pieces, is not one of those
answers to the year of Rome 1051 (A. D. 298).
ephemeral usurpcrs, whose trace can have dis
The Latin medals of Domit. Domitianus cannot,
appeared from history Although the texts re
therefore, be anterior to that epoeha. Neither
lative to the reign of Diocletian be extremely
are they greatly posterior to that time; because
succinct, it would be far too extraordinary that
the type, the workmanship, and the value of
no literary record should have been preserved of
these medals unite in proving that they are of a prince who wore the purple in Egypt for three,
Diocletian’s age."——(R1Iret¢:', &c. ii. 171).
or at least for two, years. These texts, never
The above piece is not an isolated one. theless, say nothing of Domitius Domitianus;
There exist Greek coins of Alexandria equally but they enter into some details in connection
indnbitable, and which also belong to a Domi with the usurpation of an Achilleus, who was,
tianus. .\‘I. Ch. Lcnormant, in his splendid during a sufliciently long time, muster of Alex
work, Iconqqrap/iie (lea Er/rpercurs, gives n. andria.” (p. 11$).
wood-cut of one of these. The following is a The learned and accomplished Author of the
description of it :— work above quoted, then submits to his
DO.\llTI.~\NOC CEBa.a'-ras. (D0mitianus readers whether it would not be “possible to
Au_1/ustusj. Radiated head of Domitian, turned ascribe to this Ac/1-illeu: the coins which bear
to the right. the name of Domitius Domitianus?” and he
Rev.—Serapis, walking to the right, the right proceeds to employ some ingenious arguments
hand raised, and holding a long sceptre in the by analogy drawn from the early empire, and
left. ln the field a palm branch, and L. B. backed by references to the events during the
(Auxaédm-or 5w-r6'pov) the year ll. E. 4. reign of Diocletian, to shew, that such might
“ When we compare (says M. Lenormant), have been the case. At the same time how
the Latin coin with the Greek one, it is impos ever he confesses, that to justify his suspicion
sible to doubt but that they both belong to one (soupgwn) it was needful to have some inscrip
and the same personage. Eckhel, indeed, attri tion [at present undiscovered] which should
2Y
346 I)O.\I1\'.-l.
give in a manner more complete than coins do,
the names of this usurping emperor.
[My esteemed friend, Mr. Matthew Young,
the late eminent medallist, once sent dovm for
my inspection, a specimen of this usurper’s 1/Ilin
coin, which, as to both legends and types, was
in the most beautifully perfect preservation,
covered with a smooth, dark brown-coloured
patina; and in every respect aceordant with the
above cited description of Mionnet; who (be it
observed), places this second brass in the fourth
degree of rarity, and he values it at only 15 fr.
Mr. Young’s price for his flower Qf the (lie was
£2, the exact sum which it afterwards brought
at the Thomas sale.—Mr. Roach Smith informs
me, that one of these was lately found in Ger
many, with a large number of Dioeletinn’s and
l\laximian’s coins.—Notc by the co1npilcr.]
DOMNA (Julia), second wife of Septimius
Severus, was the offspring of a plebeiau family,
of Emesa, in Syria. ller father was Julius Bas
sianus (a name which was given to Caracalhg
and which he bore till Severus made him ex
change it for that of Antouinus). Her mother’s
name was Socmias. What Julia wanted in no
bility of birth was supplied by the planet of her
nativity. Her horoscope was of such a kind,
that she professed a perfect assurance of being,
at some time or other, the wife of a king.-—
Scverus hearing of this circumstance, whilst yet
in a private station, and being addicted himself
to astrology, through a strong ambition of sove
reignty, married her after the death of his wife
lllarcia. That this event cannot be filed later
than the year U. c. 928 (a.1). 175), is proved
by the express assertion of Dion (lxxiv. § 3),
that Faustina, the wife of Marcus Aurelius, pre
pared for this marriage, a nuptial couch, in the
temple of Venus, which was situated near the
palace. For it was in this year that Faustina
junior set out for the East, in company with
her husband, and died on the journey. Domna
possessed beauty, wit, learning, eloquence. Her
talents and her ambition were alike remarkable;
and notwithstanding her notoriously loose cha
racter. and the trcasonable attempts of which
she was suspected, continued always to be a
favourite with Severus. After his death, Julia
had the grief to see her sons despise her en
trenties, and remain enemies. A]thou_1h treated
with some degree of deference by her son Cara
calla, she was forced to witness the murder of
Geta by his own brother, in her very arms, and
to sec herself covered with the blood of one of
hcr own sons. And, when her lamcutatinns for
(ietn's death became too bitter for his liking,
(‘arncalla nearly \vent the length of doubling
hi~ crime inher person. Afterwards, she suc
DOIvl_\'.-\.
ceedcd in dissembling her grief, to secure the
good will of her surviving son, who in recom
pense for this condesccnsion, bestowed upon her
abundant honours, and even conferred upon her
a portion of his imperial authority.——Spartianus,
Entropius, and Aurelius Victor, relate an odious
scandal against this celebrated but licentious
woman, in reference to Cnracalla. It is not
mentioned, however, by contemporaneous writers;
and, for the honour of womanhood, and espe
cially of maternity, it is to be hoped there was
no truth in the accusation, even though alluded
to in the severe jests of the Alc.\'audrians.—
After the death of Caracalla, she stayed at An
tioch; and not being able to reconcile herself
to private life, she determined to put an end to
hcr existence by starvation, overwhelming Ma
erinus with reproaehes and maledictions. But
soon laying aside her assumed grief for the death
of Caraealla, she took heart at finding herself
courteously addressed, in the letters of the new
emperor; who, however, when he discovered
that she had obvious designs on the sovereignty,
ordered her to quit Antioch, and go whither so
over she pleased. Driven to desperation by this
affront, Julia refused all nourishment, and died
A. D. 217. Her remains were transported to
Rome; and deposited, at first, in the tomb of
Cains and Lucius. Afterwards, her sister Mrcsa
caused them to be placed, together with the
bones of Gcta, in the mausoleum of Antoninus
Pius (according to Dion, lxxviii. § 23, 2-t).—
The children of Domna were Caraealla and
Geta, and some daughters of no celebrity.
She is surnamed 1'}:/i.r and Dmnna ; the latter
is her own family appellation, and, according to
Spanheim, a Syrian word; inscribed with which
her eoins are more prized than when they have
Pia, a name given to Julia at Rome, in honour
of Fnlvia Pia, the mother of Sevcrus.—Her
numismatic style is IYLIA AVG\'S'l‘A (with
Mater Castrornm or Au|_Fustorum often on the
reverse). Also IVLIA PIA FELIX DONNA
AVG. (with Mater Patriae on the revcrsc).—
The brass coins minted in honour of this em
press (except medallions and some others with
the word Domna), arc very common; the gold
are rare; the silver of usual size, for the most
part common.
The following are amongst the rarest reverses,
in each metal :—
Go1.n .\lEDALLION'.—-\'EN\‘S or:.\'r;rnix. Venus
seated.—(Sn1all size; brought £11 5s. at the
Trattlc sale).
GOLD.—Al-2'1'ER‘.\'lT. IMPERI. Busts of Severus
and Caracalla. (Mt. 150 fr.)—Same cpigraph,
with heads of Carncalla and Geta. (£9 9s. Ud.
Thomas; Frattle, £11 1()s.)—DlANA 1.vc1rsa.\
standing. (£7 7s. 6d. at the Thomas sale).——
r-"m'vs1n'r.\s. Female seated, and four children
near a globe. (£11 Tl10I1ltlS).—1HLABI‘1‘A$. A
female, with cornucopia: and palm hmnch. (£3
at the Tl'l0!DI1S).—1VNO REGINA. (£7 15s. at
the Devoushire).—L,\1-:1'|'rIa.——Lv1u I.\‘cu-‘I-.a.s.
—n,\'rnn avo. (.\lt. 80 fr. eacli).-—:ua'rnu AVGG.
Cybele in quadriga of lions. (LT 15s. at Devon
shire; £9 at the 'l‘homas).—sra'rr:n nrvn. (£3
 DONA .—DON.~\TIVA. DRACO. 347
10s. at the Thomas; £5 Trattle.)——Mu‘. AVGG. ring of donatives on the soldiery, or on the
us-r. sen. n. run. (£9 ’I‘homas).——u.n*a1 people, is sometimes alluded to on Roman coins,
casrnonvu. The Empress standing, sacrificing as appears from those on which the prctorian
before two military ensigns. Engraved in Mien guards stand before the imperial tribune.-—
net (i. 303), who values that, and another with Sometimes cone. is read, with the addition of
the Empress seated, at 100 fr. each.-—sr;vi~;avs ii. or some other number (Spanheim, Pr. ii.
X-‘IVS avo. Bust of Severus. (.\it. 100 fr.) p. 533, et seq.) Of all monarchs the Roman
vi-:s'm HATER. Sacrifice by six females before emperors alone returned their superfluous wealth
atample. (£5 10s. Trattle; £8 15s. Th0mas).— to the people: a system doubtless founded on
VENEB. VICTB. Venus resting on a column. the best policy; since the usefulness of money
(Highly preserved, obtained £8 at Thomas sale; lies more in giving it circulation, than in lock
bought at the Trattle for £5 7s. 6d.)-—vnivvs ing it up in a treasury; especially since, on any
GENETRIX. (A specimen of this extremely rare emergency, they had the power of recalling it
aureus, in perfect condition, £5 7s. at the Bru again. Nor was it otherwise than a free gift to
mcll, brought £6 6s. at the Pembroke sale). the people, inasmuch as it consisted of the
Pl]-I'l‘A'l‘l. Figure and altar. (E12 10s. Trattle). spoils of conquered nations. (Rnschc, 1‘. ii.
SILVER MeoALLion.——u:Qvi'rss PVBLICA. part 1, p. 434:.)-—Sce ('on_//iaria—.Lar'_r}iti0-—
The three monetrc. (Mionnet, 30 fr.) Liberalitzu.
SILVER.-—A.\ITONINVS PIVS AVG. BRIT. Head D. P.-—D/Ii Pmales, or Dis I’emzlibua.—
of Caracalla. (Mt. 50 fr.)—ci»‘.nsiu l-‘RVGIF. This abbreviation appears on coins of the Sul
[See wood-cut at head of biographical notice] picin family, accompanied with the type of two
——-CONCOEDIA FELIX. 'l‘wo figures. Engraved jugatcd and laurcated heads of the Dii Pa/u1lu.r
in Khell, page 114. (24 fr.)—r. sen. oars. or household gods.
Head of Gcta. (45 fr.)—ssvr.avs AVG, PART!-I. Dlt. 1)ru.rus.—DR. C.-XE. PR. Drum
usx. Head of Severus. (60 fr.)-——vr.sr.i Cwmre Qu/eslore Provinciali.—(Angeloni, p. 25.)
MAT]-IR. Sacrifice before a temple. (40 fr.) DRACO, dragon, so called from a Greek
Bnass MEn.u.1.ioNs.—cr.iu-:s, standing near word which signilies to see clear]!/, was distin
an altar. (150 fr.)—ri~:cvm>i1'.i'ri AVG. Woman guished from the serpent flrerpens), by its mag
seated with children. (Mionnet, 300 fr.) nitude, crest, and beard; also sometimes by the
LARGE BR-ASS.—AEQVI'l‘A'l‘l PVBLICAE. (Mt. addition of wings and feet, and was considered
72 fr.)—lvNONEM. (Beautiful specimen, £2 as tutelary genius and guardian in many ancient
9s. Thomas) .—-LVNA Lvcir.—sui'ri:a AVG.——PlE nations. On a consecration coin of Faustina,
TA’I‘l AVG.—Pl11Ml DECENNALES. (24 fr. each). two of them draw a car. On denarii of the
—SEP'l‘1MIVSSEVERVS. Hcadofseverus. (72fr.) Vibia, Vipsania, and Volteia families, we sec
——\‘E5TA HATER & vora PVBLICA. (30 fr. each). big-re of dragons, driven by Cores.
-vnsn. The goddess seated.-~—0bv. IVLIA The Dragon served as a Roman ensign under
D0.\L\‘A AVG. (£8 8s. at the Thomas sale). the emperors. They borrowed the custom, most
DOMNUS.-—DOMNUS PHlLOCOMUS.— probably, from the Dacians nnd Parthians, who
These epigraphs appear, the former on a con themselves adopted it from the people of India.
torniate of Trajan, the latter on a contorniale (Pitiscus). And the Romans having once
of Sept. Severus. The type of both represents brought these figures of a fabulous animal into
/iierovuk-u.s-, or victor at the Circcnsian games, military use, dragons became common to all the
holding a whip in his right hand, B palm branch cohorts, as is expressly stated by Vegetius-.—~
in his left, and carried in a triumphal qnadriga. Prinmm signum totin» lcgionis est Aquila, qu-am
It is known that palms were amongst the re aquilifer portat; Draeones ctiam pcr siugulns
wards distributed to the successful charioteers cohortes h draconariis feruntur ad prrcliuni.—
on those occasions. That the ofliccr who bore the image itself of a
DONA. AVG.—This legend, which Vaillant dragon, or an ensign, on which the figure was
and Banduri quote as inscribed on the reverse woven into the zmrillum, had the appellation
of a silver coin of Gsllienus, has for its type of Dramnari:/.2, we learn from Amminnus, in
Mercury standing, with the crzmmuz in one describing the solemn entry of Constantine Il.
hand, and the caduceus in the other, and a dog into Rome.
at his fcct.—Sce illercury. On a large brass of Philip senior, a woman
All antiquaries (says Eckhel) who have com stands holding a two-footed dragon in her right
mented on this coin, explain its reverse in the hand, and a spear in her left.—For Eckhel’s ex
words of Trebellins, who says, that Gallicnus planation of this enigmatical type, see TRAN
was renowned for his accomplishments in om QUILLITAS AUG.
tory, in poetry, and in all arts, of which [ac Draco Lanuviua, or symbolical serpent of
cording to the popular superstition of his day], J1/110 So.i7;ihz, winding its folds round, and erect
Mercury was the author and giver. Hence we ing its head above, an altar, is n frequent type
learn the cause why Gallienus, in this coin, is ‘ on the denarii of Roman families.
exhibited under the fonn of that god. The n1_\'sticnla'r</yon, lying prostrate, is rc
l)0N.\'l‘l\/A, donativcs, or presents in money, prcscntcd on some coins of the Christian Em
which the emperors made to the soldiers, either 4 perors. Thus the dragon is seen under the feet
after a victory, by way of rceompcnee to them, of Theodosins, and in like manner of \’ah-n
nr at the beginning of a reign, to gain their tininn junior, of Libius .<<-vm-us, of licrarlins,
friendship, or on other occasions. The i-onl'i-r and otiic1‘s.—h'i-0 $1’/‘In’/I8.
2Y2
348 DRUSILLA. DRUSUS SENIOR.
DRUSILLA.—Tho appellation of this woman DRUSUS :enior.—Nero Claudius Drnsus
is thus read, unaccompanied by the title of Au Germanicns, commonly called Drusns senior, was
gusta, on a large brass of Caligula, in associa the son of Ti. Claudius Nero and of Livia. Ho
tion with the names of her two sisters, acme camc into the world in the year of Rome
PINA and IVLIA, both objects, with herself, of 716 (8.0. 38), not however at his fnther’s
that tyrant’s incestuous love. Julia Drusilla, house, but in that of Octaviunus (afterwards
the daughter of Agrippina senior and of Ger Augustus), three mouths after he had, with the
manicus, was born 768 (.\.D.15), at Treves; permission of her husband, married Livia, then
married by 'I‘ibcrius to L. Cassius Longinus, enceinte with Drusus; a circumstance which
grandson of Cassius, and taken from her hus gave rise to the line—Beatis trimcstres liberos
band by her own execrable brother to cohabit nasci——“To the fortunate, children of three
with him. Drusilla died A.D. 38.—See the re months are born.” (Sueton. in Claud. c. 1).
verse engraved in p. 29. His prenomen was at first Decimua, and after

wards Nero, by which he is invariably desig
nated on coins, thus—m-mo CLAVDIYS nnvsvs,
so as to indicate by the names Nero, and Clau
dius his paternal, and by that of Drusus his
maternal, genealogy, through the gens Livia.
For, according to Suetonius (in Tibcr. c. 3), he
was enrolled also in the family of the Livii, by
the adoption into it of his maternal grandfather.
Being promoted, by the influence of Augustus,
to an earlier share in public honours than the
strict letter of the law would have permitted,
he was enabled to devote himself to the cam
paigns in Germany, from the year 11.0. 739
(B. c. 15), for six years till his death; during
which period he partly kept in check the Suevi,
Sicambri, Cherusci, and Fri:-ii, and partly re
duced them to the Roman allegiance. He com
pleted with vast laliour a dam, or dyke, across
the Rhine, to moderate the force of the stream,
and which, as late as the time of Suetonius, was
called the (Faun) Druaina, and is to this day
an object of wonder. At the beginning of his
consulate, in the year U. c. 74-5 (a.c. 9), he
proceeded into Gcnnany, and was the first Ro
man who penetrated as far as the Albis (now
the Elbe).—Eckhel, vi. 175-76.
Drusus senior died the same year, thirty days
after a fall from his horse, caused doubtless by
a frightful apparition, under the superstitious
influence of which he was deterred from pursu
ing the Germans beyond the Elbe. He was so
distinguished a favourite of Augustus, on ac
count of his valour and integrity, that, in the
oration which that emperor delivered at his
burial, he prayed “ the gods to make his own
Czeaurs like the deceased, and grant to himself
as honourable an end as his had been.”—Vnle
rius Maximus speaks in high terms of his moral
qualities, and of his conjugal fidelity. The
foreign victories of Drusns, and the regrets
which he publicly expressed on the loss of the
free republic, rendered his name popular; and
his premature death, which took place during
his jonrncy homewards, before he reached the
Rhine, contributed to render his memory still
more dear to the Romans. His remains were
conveyed to Rome, and placed, with the highest
honours, in the family mausoleum of Augustus.
His brass coins (only those of the large size
are extant), struck under Claudius, are not rare;
with the exception of those restored by 'litu.s
and by Domitian. On these he is styled
1. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GER
MANICVS IMPeralar. Bare head of Drnsns
senior to the left.—Rev.—'l‘I6eriu.r CL.-\\'DI\"S
CAESAR AVGu.rtu.r Pontifez l\Iarimu.r 'l‘Ri
buniliw Potesfalis IMPcralor. (Tiberius Clau
dius Cmsar Augustus, Sovereign Pontifi, in
vested with the tribunitian power). Statue of
the elder Drusus, clothed in the toga, turned to
the right, seated on a heap of arms, and hold
ing a branch in the right hand. Below is the
mark of Senatorial authority for striking the
coin.—Engraved as above from a specimen in
the compilcr’s possession.
This brass coin, and the two following aurei,
were minted by order of the Emperor Claudius,
and in honour of his father's memory. They
renew the memory of the statues, both eques
trian and pedestrian, which, with other honours,
were dedicated to him after his dccease. The
surname of G€7‘IIlll|ti6‘lt<I, attached here to the
legend of Drusus, was not decrccd to him until
after his deat-h—the Senate at the same time
authorising all his descendants to bear a name
which recalled the glory of their ancestor.
2. 0bv.—Same legend, with lanreated head
of Drusus senior.——Rev.—DE GERM. (Victory
over the Germans). Equestrian statue to the
 DRUSLTS JUNIOR. DRl'SL'S JUNIOR. 340
right, on a triumphal arch, between two tro brass common, except with the reverse of Tibe
rius, which are very rare. The silver are all
extremely rare.—The following is a description
of legends and types, in each metal :
1. Rev.—DIt\'SVS - - - AVG. COC. II. TR.
P. Bare head of Drusns the youngcr.——0bv.
TI. CAES. AVG. P. M. TR. P. XXXV. Lau
reated head of Tiberius. Silver.—Engraved in
Khell, p. 16.
This medal of Drusns the younger belongs to
The arch of Drusns here represented still a suite of pieces struck out of Rome, and pro
exists almost entire near the Appian Gate, now bably at Ciesaraza, in Cappadocia, a short time
called the Gate of St. Sebastian, at Rome. The after the union of that province to the Roman
group of sculptures which crowned the arch empire. The unusual titles which Tiberius bears
have disappearcd.— (Lenonnant). on these pieces confirm this conjecture. Eckhel,
3. Obv.—Samc legend, with the laureated who was the first to hazard it, thinks also that
head of Drusus.—.Rev.—DE GERMANIS.—— the epochs of the medals in question answers to
Trophy composed of German arms. that in which Tiberius having become acquainted
DRLTSUS junior.—Drusus called the younger, with the part which Sejanus and Livilla had
to distinguish him from his uncle Nero Claudius taken in the death of Drusns junior, the pro
Dnmcs, was born during the marriage of Tibe vinces of the empire eagerly seized the occasion
rius and of Vipsania Agrippina, probably about to flatter the emperor by dedicating money to
the year of Rome 740 (B. C. 14). Being early his son’s memory.
advanced to public honours, he was Questor in
764 (A. D. 11), and Con-rulDe.r1'_:7nalu.r in 767'
(A. 1). 14-), when he was sent by his father 'I‘ibc
rius into Pannonia, and there recalled to its
allegiance the army of that region, which on 3
the death of Angus tus had betrayed symptoms '
of revolt. Consul for the first time in 7'68
(A. n. 15), he entered Rome in an Ovation de
creed to him in 773 (A. D. 20), on account of his
settlement of the affairs of Germany, and esta
blishment of Vannius as king of the Suevi.—
In 774 he became consul for the second time, 2. DRVSVS CAESAR Tlberii AVGush'
and in 7'75 (A. D. 22), received from his father ‘i/ius DIVI AVGusti Nepo-2. Bare head of
the Tribunitia Palestaa. Nor did he long sur Drusns the younger to the let’t.—1tev.—PON
vive this period, being cut oil‘ in the flower of 'I‘lFe.r TRIBVNiti¢e POTES'l‘ah's lTERum.—-—
his age For, incensed at the influence of Se In the field, the initials S. C. (struck by autho
janus, he went the length of striking him in a rity of the Senate.) Middle brass.
quarrel. Sejanus, burning for revenge, and The first tribunitian power of Drusns the
already meditating his death, communicated his younger dates from the year of Rome 776 (s. n.
designs to Livia or Livilla, the wife of Drusns, 23), one year before his death.
whose co-operation he had secured by the cri 3. Rev.——DR\'S\"S CAESAR TI. AVG. F.
minal intimacy subsisting between them, and DIVI AVG. N. PONT. TR. POT. II. In
poisoned him in the midst of his security, in the field, S. C.—Obv.—A caduceus, at the foot
the ycar u. c. 776 (A. o. 23). The crime was ‘ of which two cornucopia: cross themselves, sup
hushed up for a time through fear of Sejanus; porting two children’s heads, facing each other.
but on his death in 784- (a.D. 31), it was Large brass.—See an engraving of it, p. 289.
brought to light by the declaration of Apicnta, The two infants represented on this obverse
the wife of Sejanus-, who, finding that her are the two twins born of the marriage of Dru
children were involved in her husband's fate, sns junior and Livilla. One of these sons, whose
and losing her reason in hcr grief, sent a letter ‘ name is unknown, died at about four years of
to Tiberius, in which she betrayed the perpe age; the other added to his name of Tiberius
trators of the murder of Drusns, and then put ~ the surname of Genzelluc. This latter youth,
an end to her own existence. This Drusns was whom Tiberius designed to have shurcd his
considered an able soldier; but a man of no heritage with Caligula, died suddenly in the
stability of character, and dissolutc in his habits. year 790 (A. D. 37), at the age of nineteen, vic
lie delighted in bloodshed, even of the vilest tim of (/‘aligula's jealousy. Amongst other evi
oi mankind ; and so marked was this trait, that denccs of the great joy with which the birth of
sharp swords used to be called Drusitmi (gladii). these twin brothers filled the heart of Tiberius,
He was thought inferior to his father in every that old emperor made it a matter of boast, in
respect, except his passion for drinking. Cas full Senate, that until then, no Roman of n rank
siudorus says, that he was honoured with a as elevated as his own had had the happiness of
public burial.—D. N. Vet. vi. 202. seeing twin children born in his family :—
His first brass coins, with his portrait on nnc Nulli ante Romanorum ejusdem fastigii viro
side, and Tiberius on the other, are rare; 2nd geminam stirpem editam. (Tue. Jun. ii. 84-).—
sso nnosos cszssa. DURMIA.
“The ancients had particular reasons-com to signify two Emperors. Or it is written
nocted with the most profound branch of their AVGGG. as on a coin of Licinius, and on some
religious beliefs—for attaching a superstitious of Carausius. to denote three Angusti. In like
importance to the birth of twins.” M. Lenor manner CAESS. for two Caesars; and CAESSS.
mant, in making the above remark in his Im for three Caesars. By the same rule, on coins
nographie (p. 20), refers his readers for an ex of a lower age, are observed DD. NN. or more
position of those reasons to his Nouvzrlle Gal. rarely DDD. NNN. Domini Nostri. On medals
Jug/M0/ogique. also of Scpt. Severus and Caracalla is read,
DRUSUS Gas-ar, second son of Gcrmanicus I.\IPP. INVICTI PII AVGG. Imperrdoru
and of Agrippins senior, was born about the Invicii Pii Au_qu.r¢i.—See p. 95.
year 76] (A. D. 8); assumed the toya virilia in Besides these titles of Emperors, the redu
776 (A. 11.23); and being the same year re plication qf letters is a mark of the plural when
commended by Tiberius to the Senate, together it occurs as follows :—DD. Dzcuriorzes. DPP.
with his brother Nero, is said by Tacitus (Ann. Dii Penatea.-———DEBELLA'1‘O RI GENTT.
iv. 36), to have been appointed prefect of the BARBARR. Geniium Barbararum.—~COIIH.
city, 778 (A. 13.25). He was a youth of an PRAET. Cohortes Pnzioriana, Soc.
extremely cruel disposition, and through ambi DUPONDIUS, a weight of two pounds ;-—
tion of power conspired with Scjanus against also a piece of Roman money, valued at two
his own brother Nero. But he very early paid asses, and which preserved the same name, not
the penalty; for after his brother had been got withstanding fthe diminution of the as, which
rid of, becoming himself the next obstacle to was reduced below the pound.—-See as and its
the projects of Sejanus, he fell a victim to the parts.
same machinations, and was closely confined in DURMIA gens.—A family of uncertain rank,
the dungeons of the Palaiium. His death was and scarcely known till the age of Augustus.-—
deterred. not- from motives of mercy, but in There are six varieties of its coins. Gold rare;
ordcr that Tiberius might have some one to take silver common. Marcus Dnrmius was Augus
part against Sejanus, then destined to destruc tus's moncyer in 735 (B. c. 19), conjointly with
tion, in the event of his resorting to violent Marcus Aquilius Florus, and Publius Petronius
measures; as the inclinations of the people were Turpilianus. Four of his coins have on their
strongly biasscd in favour of the son of Germani obverscs the head of Honour, and on their re
cus. But when Sejanus had been put to death, the verses typcs which regard the exploits and the
imperial tyrant, feeling secure of his safety, had honours ascribed to Augustus Caesar. Four
the cruelty to deprive Drusus of food. And, thus others have each on their obvcrscs the head of
reduced to gnaw the very wool of his bed, the Augustus, and on their reverses four ditfcrent
wretched young prince protracted an agonizing types as singular as any in the series of family
existence till the ninth day, when he expired, coins; and which have, more or less, employed
786 (A. D. 33). Tiberius ordered his ashes to the pcns of the most eminent numismatologists
be scattered, that he might never receive the for_a series of years.
honours of burial.—Eckhel, vi. 217.
The equestrian ctligiea of Drusus and his bro
ther Nero appear on second brass of Caligula.
—See zvrzno r:'r nnusos cassanns.
DUCEN'I‘ISSIMA.—See R. CC. Remimz
Ducszztissima.
DUILLIA—a plebeian gens, little known.
The coins ascribed to it are brass, consisting
solely of the as, and some of its divisions, viz.
the semis, the triens, and the sextans. Under 1. [CAESAR] AVGVSTVS. Bare head of
the head of Duillia, Riccio (p. 83, plate xix. Augustus.—Itev.-—M. DVRMIVS III. \"lR.
No. 1), gives engravings of two pieces; one (Monetal Triumvir). A wild boar transfixed
with double-beaded Janus, the second with the with a hunting spear. Silver.
head of Mercury on one side, and on the re 2. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Same type as
verse of both u ship's prow, on the top of which above.—Rev.——M. DVIt)II\"S III. VIR. A
stands u small figure of abull-, at thc bottom lion devouring a stag. Silver.——Sec engraving,
sons. In the upper part of the field are the p. 316, article DENABIUS.
letters am, being the only mark that distin [The above devices of the wild boar and the
guishes them from common specimens of the as lion evidently refer to those sumptuous hunting
coinage, without names of families. With this parties, in which, according to both Dion and
slight clue, however, Borghesi reads M.Dul1iu.r, Suetonins, Augustus took very great delight].
and assigns them both to the Duillia family.3 HONOR1. M. DVR.\IlVS IIIVIR. The
DUPLEX C0rnuc0pi¢e——n. double horn of bare juvenile head of Honour.-Rev.—CAl*]S.»\ll
plenty.-—'l‘his conjunction, which appears on AVG\"S'l‘\"S. Augustus standing in a bigu of
some ltoman coins, served to predict a future elephants, holds in the right hand a branch of
abundance of all things to the government of laurel, and in the left the sceptre. Silver.
the prince. 4-. Salnc legend and young licad.-——R/'r.~C.\E
DUl’LICA'l‘ION of Letters, a mark of the SAR A\'G\'S'l‘\"S, S. (J. A basket with a
plural numbcr. Thus we find AVGG. written tlowcr, on a quadriga. Silvcr.——$cc F/us.
 DURMIA. DUUMVIRI. 351
5. Same legend, and young head between two utter obscurity. Riccio remarks, that “it is a
stars.——-Rev.—AVG\'STO OB. C. S. in a crown type peculiar to almost all the cities of Cam
of oak leaves. Gold.—Eckhel marks it RRRR. pauia, as tho wild boa/transfixed, or not trans
Mionnet values it at 48 fr. tixed, belongs to Capua and Puestum; and as
6. M. DVlt;\lIVS IIIVIR. HONORI.— to Veljia belongs the type of the lion devouring
Same juvenile head.—Rev.-CAESAR. AVGVS a stag .
TVS SIGNi.r RECEPti.r. A male figure kneel DUUMVIRI, so called from their number,
ing, offers up an ensign with his right hand. were magistrates inferior in rank to the Prctors,
With respect to those denarii of Durmins, and who presided as judges at a court (curia)
whose obverses bear the name and head of in Rome, where cognizance was taken only of
uowos, Eckhcl recalls to the recollection of nu criminal cases. The ofiice was held in much
mismntists, that on similar coins, struck about consideration during the Republic, as well for
the same time by Aquilius Florus, is seen the the power it conferred, as on account of its au
head of vlarvs. Dion acqnaints us that in the tiquity, the creation of duumviri being referred
year of Rome 727 (B. c. 17), Augustus made to a period so far back as the reign of Tullus
some alteration in the games dedicated to Virtue Hostillius. '
and Honour; for which reason, Durmius and Duumviri Jllunicipales were also two men
his monetary colleagues, in the years immedi appointed to perform the functions of the ordi
ately following 734 (B. o. 20), appear to have nary magistracy, in Roman colonies and muni
caused the head of each to be stamped on their cipal towns. This fact is attested not by coins
respective denarij.--See nonos 1-:'r vnrrvs; also only, but likewise by marbles, and by various
see micm arms. writers.—“ Doubtlcss (says Eckhel), as, accord
The epochain which medals 3, 4, 5, and 6 ing to the expressions of Aulus Gellius, the
were struck, is, by consent of all writers on the colonies were a sort of miniature imitation of
subject, referred to the last war waged by Au Rome, their mother-city, so these Duumvirs
gustus against thc Parthiaus, which ended in resembled, in a certain degree, the two Consuls
the submission of Phraates their king, and with of Rome. And, similarly, what in the latter
the voluntary restitution of prisoners, ensigns, was the Senate, in the colonies and muuicijlia
and spoils taken from the Romans B. c. 20.— was the Guria; whilst in the place of Senators
Hence, for Augustus’s having saved the blood stood the Decurionea. (See the word, p. 313).
of his fellow citizens, the Senate decreed to him Moreover, as the Consuls were, at Rome, not
quadriga: and bigoe, with golden crowns, and all only the ordinary but the highest magistrates,
the military and civic honours of the triumph. so also in the colonies were the Duullzviri. This
Borghesi considers that Honour and Virtue refer is evident from the well-known fact, that an
to the Clipeua Valit-us dedicated to Augustus on honorary duumvirate in the colonies was fre
the termination of the Parthian war, and dc quently passcd through by Cresars, Emperors, and
posited in the temple of those two Roman divi Kings. And since the colonies were thus in the
nities. practice of conferring a local olfice on such dis
tinguished personages, it cannot be supposed,
that it was any other than the highest in their
power to bestow. And this also explains the
expression of Apuleius——“ In which colony (says
he), I had n father in the highest position, n
duumvir."
On the citcd authority of marbles, there are
learned writers who have asserted, that the
7. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Laurcatcd head. Duumviri sometimes styled themselves Consuls
Rev.——M. DVRMIVS Ill. VIR. A sea-crab, of their colonies, on the plea of the resemblance
holding a butterfly in its claws. Gold.——(Valued of their own ofiice to that of the true Roman
by Mionnet at 60 Er.) Consul. The Author of Dactrimz, who con
. _ [“ The crab grasping the butterfly (says Eck siders those citations to be of doubtful accuracy,
hel), is an enigma, which no one appears, as and consequently entitled to but little credit,
yet, to have satisfactorily solved.” It is, how contends that, even if the Duunzviri were some
ever, like many other types to be found among times styled Curzsuls, it was in a manner re
the mintagcs of Augustus, a fantastic design, sembling that in which the Decurione-.1 were
elegantly executed. The above cut of it is after occasionally called Senators. Nor is there any
a cast from a beautiful specimen in the British doubt but that, if the law, or the permission of
Museum] the higher powers, did not allow them these
8. C.\l2ISAIt AVGVSTVS. Bare head of titles, they were at least tacitly accorded by
Augustus.—Rev.—l\I. DVR.MlVS III. \"IR.— virtue of the similarity of the oflice.—iv. 475.
Bull with human face, walking to the right, The Duumviri are indicated on coins by the
cromied by a flying genius, like the type of the letters IIV. or llV IR. On those of Osca, in
Cmnpauiau moncy. This coin is not given in Spain, the two units are joined. together by a
_\liounct. But Riccio describes and engravcs it transverse line, thus HYIR. in the some way
in his 1"um1'_§//i0 n'i Rama, Sup]/l. pl. 56, N0. 2. as for IIS. which is the mark denoting a ses
[This bull with a human countenance is re tertius.—HS. is often seen on marbles. Not un
garded by Eckhcl as an emblem involved in frcquently, the mzmes only of the Duunwiri are
352 DUUMVIRI.
stated on colonial money, without the mark
lIVllt.—Duumviri are mentioned on coins of
the following places :—
Accium, in Tarraconensis.
Agrigentum, in Sicily.
Bilbilis, in Tan'aconcnsis.
Buthrotum, in Epirus.
Caesar-Augusta, in Tarraconensis.
Calagurris, in do.
Carthage Nova, in do.
Carthage Veins, in Africa.
Celsa, in Tnrraeonensis.
Corinth, in Achaia.
Dcrtosa, in Tarraeonensis.
Enna, in Sicily.
Ercavica, in Tarracouensis.
Ilicum, in do.
Julia, in Boztica.
Leptis, in Syrtica.
Onuba, in Boetica.
Osca, in Tarraconeusis.
Pzestum, in Lncania.
Panorrnus, in Sicily.
Pariurn, in Mysia.
Saguntum, in Tarraconensis.
Turiaso, in do.
Utica, in Zengitana.
That the Duumvirate was an office lasting for
n year, is gathered not only from the fact, that
it was a function of the same character as the
Consulate of the Romans, but also because the
Ilviri (in the same way as the Archons, Pre
tors, and Scribes of the Greek cities) are found
to repeat the record of their magistracy on their
coins, expressed by IIVIR. I'l‘ERmn; as, for
example, on the money of Corinth, and other
places. But from certain coins it is evident,
that this custom did not obtain everywhere, or
not invariably, and that in several cities the
Duumvirnte was prolonged for five years.
The mark of the IIVIR. is seen on coins of
the Pomponia and Quintillia families.
Duumviri Quinquemuzles.-—See Quinqueu
nales.
Dmmwiri Hoa0rarii.——The Caesars and Au
guali frequently bore the honorary oflices of go
vernment in the various cities of the empire.
This is a fact assured to us by the often quoted
testimony of Spartian, accepted, in a question
like the present, as paramount authority by
Eckhel himself, who furnishes a list of these
personages, and states the circumstances con
nected with their respective appointments.
Amongst them are, Augustus, M. Agrippa, and
Tiberius Cmsar, Quinquennales of Celsa——Tibe
rius, llVlR of (Jorinth——Germanicus and Dru
sus, sons of Tiberius, lIViri of Accium, and
IIIIVIIG of Cal-teia—Nero and Drusus, sons of
Germanieus, IlViri of Crcsar-Augusta and Car
thago Nova—-Tuba II. and Ptolemy, Kings of
Manretnnia, lIViri (perhaps) of Carthago Nova.
—llad|'ian, in Etruria, served the Pretorship;
and throughout the Latin towns he was Dic
tator, Edile, and Duumvir; at Ncapolis he
was AHMAPX (invested with Tribunitian
power) in his native place (Italics, in §_pnin_),
he was Quinquennalis; as also at Adna, his
EAGLE.
adopted country; whilst at Athens he was
Archon. The same procedure, therefore, was
observed in the colonies, as occasionally in the
free cities. Coins of Tmjan testify that he dia
charged the highest oflice of the nmgistracy at
Byzantium,a free city. And historical writers con
cur with ancient marbles to confirm the evidence
of coins. On a marble found in the mzmiripirzm
of Consabrum, in Hispania. Tarraconensis, pub
lished by Gruter (p. 421), we read E0. AN .\'O
QVO. ET OPTIMVS IMP. IIADRIANVS
E'l‘lA.\l DVVMVIRATVS HONOREM SVS
CEPIT.—On a tablet found at Praenestc, given
by Peter Foggini, appears the inscription GER
MANICVS CAESAR. DRVSVS CAESAR,
QVlNQuennale: Pnane:le.—-Under the com
monwealth, eminent Romans bore the otfice of
I1Viri in the colonies near home, as e. g. Piso,
and Porn iey the Great at Cnpua..—Sec Eckhel,
(iv. 487$, who adds that at the subsequent
periods of Augustus and Tiberius, the quinquem
nia! niagistracy was held in the colonies by
the Pmfecti IIViri, as representatives of the
Caesars.
E.
E.—Fifth letter, and the second vowel, of the
Latin alphabet.
E long is sometimes found inscribed on the
earlier coins of Rome with two Es; as for ex
ample, FEELIX instead of FELIX, on a dena
rius of Sulla’s.
E single, in the place of AE dipthong, now
and then occurs. Thus EQVITAS for AEQYI.
TAS, as in Nerva; REIPVBLICE for REI
PVBLICAE, as in Constantine jun. Julian, and
Jovian. CESAR for CAESAR; IVDEA for
IVDAEA; l\'lAMEA for MAUAE.-\.
E, by a false change of vowels, is sometimes
found used for AE, as B.-\E'l‘ISSI.\IOR\'M, on
coins of Diocletian, Maximinu, and Constnntius
Cblorus ; FAELICITAS, as in Trajanus Decius,
and SAECVRITAS, as in Diocletian.
E displaced by A or by I, as SARAPIDI
instead of SERAPIDI, in Julian 11.; GENI
TRIX instead of GENE'I‘R.lX.—~[But these,
and the other literal alterations and substitu
tions above mentioned, are of rare occurrence].
E serves on Roman coins to mark the fifl/a
monetary oflice, or mint.
EAGLE (Aquila), which is still called “ the
King of Birds,” and which fable consecrated to
Jupiter, as the minister of his lightuings, is the
type under which, standing on a thunderbolt, a
globe, a laurel wreath, a palm branch, an altar,
or a ship's prow, the Roman empire is most fre
quently designated on coins of Augustus, An
toninus, L. Verus (p. 249), Sabina, Szc.
 EAGLE. EAGLE. 353
On a dcnarius of the Tercntia gens, struck by p. 12)-—Respecting the Eagle-bearer, see AQUI
Varro, naval pro-questor of Pompeius Mag LIFER, p. 71
nns, the reverse exhibits the emblems of Pom On the lcgionary coins of M. Antony we sec
pcy’s power by sea and by land, consisting of a the Eagle, placed between two eusigns, distin
sceptre in the midst of a dolphin and an eagle. guished with thrce circular appendages, and
terminating above in a spear-point.—Ea_r/lea be
tween simple cnsigns, of a similar form and the
same number, appear on denarii of Clodius
Macer and of S. Severus; also on the well
known coins which record the recovery of the
ensigns from the Parthians, 'and are inscribed
SIGNA P. B. several of which are published in
Morell. T/iesaur. Fam. Ram. under the head of
Inccrta, plate ii. They are also to be found
amongst the colonial mintages, such as in Acci
(see p. 3), and in Caesar-Augusta; Patrse, Emc
rita, &c. (see Vaillant). On coins of Augustus
commemorating the restitution of the standards,
Mars Ultor appears, with alegionary eagle in
At the consecration of Emperors, an eagle his right hand, and in his left an ensign—
was let forth from amidst the flames of the also a votive shield between a lcgionary eagle
funeral pile; and, flying into the air, it wasand a simple ensign (c. 1.. v. SIGNIS RECEPTIS,
supposed to bear to heaven the soul of the dei engraved in p. 2l8).—Sce LI-3010.
fied personage. lt is for this reason that, on The lcgionnry eagle appears fixed to a ship’s
imperial coins, the bare head of the Prince, or prow, and held by two right hands, on a first
the veiled head of the Augusta, is impressed on brass of Nerve, with legend of CONCORDIA 1<:x
one side, and on the other an eagle in full flight, nncrrvvn (p. 243). It is also seen in the hands
with the emperor or empress on its bnck.—See of the emperor, on coins ot‘ M. Aurelius, Com
coxsscnsrro, pp. 248 and 250. rnodus, Alex. Severus, Philip, jun. Probus, &c.
The Eagle stands in the middle between an Eagle and Ivgfauf J0ve.—ln the Farnese cabi
owl and a peacock, on coins of Antoninus Pius net there is abrass medallion of Antoninus Pius,
and Marcus Aurelius. It is thus that Jupiter, the reverse of which (without legend) exhibits
Minerva, and Juno are designated by their rc Jupiter Cresccns, seated, naked, on the back of
spective attributes. And, as if to shew more a goat, before an altar, with an Eagle sculptured
clearly the meaning of this remarkable group, on it, placed close to the trunk of a trec.—-See
there is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius in Pedrusi, vol. v. p. 174.
the Cabinet dc France, on the reverse of which, Eagle and Oaken Crown.-—On a beautiful
without legend, Jupiter is seated, with Minerva, coin of Augustus, an eagle, with wings ex
also seated, on his right, and Juno on his left. A panded, is seen perched (as in the subjoined cut)
coin of Vespasian exhibits a similar type of the on a crown of oak leaves; behind which are
three shrines in the temple of Jupiter Cnpito- . two branches of lam-el.—See CIVIBVS SERV.-\Tl8
lions, in which the statues of those three dei csusan, p. 206.
ties stood, each with its attendant bird occupy
ing the same relative position as on the first
coin above described.
Legionary Esonr-:.-—It is an established fact,
that the Eagle was the principal standard of
the Legion, and continued to be used as such
so long as that body existed. These legionary
eagles, not great in size, were afiixed to spears,
the lower ends of which were sharp-pointed,
for the purpose of their being more easily planted The legends and types of this historical aureru
in the ground. They are exhibited on coins, as are well elucidated by the statement of Dion
holding in their talons a thunderbolt. Nor has ‘ (liii. ch. 16), that it was decreed A. U. c. 727
this peculiarity escaped the observation of an (11. c. 27), that lanrels should be planted before
cient writers. Dion states that, among the por the house of Augustus, in the Palalimn, and a
tcnts which presented themselves to Cn. Pom crown of oak leaves should be suspended from
pey the younger, when in Spain, was the fol the summit of the roof, to indicate that he was
lowing :—"That his I0!/ionary eagles, shaking “ the perpetual vanquisher of his foes,” and
their wings, and casting from them the golden - “ preservcr of the citizens.”—See coins of the
thunderbolts which some of them grasped in gens Caninia, one of which, though struck
their claws, openly denounced an evil fate many years later, exhibits the same design.-—
against him, and flew oil‘ to Cresar.”—Silver The S. C. on this coin indicates, both that Au
was preferred for the material of the eagle it- Y gustus was styled Caesar by n Semzlus flozwultzzm,
self, and the reason, according to Pliny, was p and that by the some sanction, the oak crown and
that it is a metal which is seen at the greatest the laurels were decreed. The expression of
(listuncc.— (Du Chou], Caslraznetation Itomaim.-, Pliny is mcmorablc—“ That Augustus, after
22
354 EBOR.»\C1.'.\'1. EDIFICES.
quelling the civil wars, received a civic crown
from the whole human race.”——Sce Corona
Querna, p. 290.
El3OR.—E60ra, in Limitania, between the Anas
(Gzuuiiana) and the Tagus rivers; by Pliny
classed among the Oppida Veteri: Lalii. It was
not strictly a colony of the Romans, but is said
to have been invested by them with great privi
leges as a muniz-ipi11m. The present name is
Evora, an episcopal city of Portugal, in the
province of Alentcjo. Coins struck at Ebom,
under Augustus, give it the title of LIBERALI
us IVLIA anon. whence Vuillaut infers it to
have derived its establishment as a Roman sta
tion from Julius Czesar. A second brass, pub [In this peculiar feature of its construction,
lished by Ant. Augostino, in his dialogues, and the edifice, or the abovc type of it, would seam
described below, does not exhibit the epigraph to have served as a model of imitation for that
either of s. colony or a municipinm, but simply much larger-sized and more fioridly designed
the Latin inscription usually adopted by cities coin which, if genuine, was dedicated to the
possessing the jus Lalii— deified memory of Trajnn’s sister, whom Hadrian
PERM. cans. ave. P. M (Permissu Cayaar-is had consecrated.-See DIVA]-I nsrlman socavi.
Azrguati, 1’0nlg'/iris Illa;-imi). Bare head of (p. 333].
Augustus.—Rev.-unsasr.1r.1ms IVLIAE EBOR. Consular and family coins are by no means
In four lines, within a garla.nd.—Engravcd in deficient in architectural delineations. The old
Akermsn, Coin-r q/'Hi0panz'a, p. ll, pl. ii. No.3. Rostra, that ancient scat of Roman eloquence, is
EBORACUM or EBURACUM, now York; adumbrated on a denarius of the Lollin gens,
the chief city of Northern Britain, or Valentin, inscribed with the word PALIKANVS. Thcrc
and the station of the sixth legion, surnamed is also a representation of the Roslra erected by
Victrix. Aurelius "ictor terms it a muni1:i];ium , Julius Czcsar, extant on silver of the Sulpicia
and the sculptures, pavements, inscriptions, and family, hearing the surname of PLATOBIl\'u:.
other remains discovered on and about its site, In like manner, the Basilica Aenvi/ia, a court
prove that it was a large and flourishing city, of justice, on denarii of that family (p. 3l)——
second, probably, to Londinium only. It was the VILIa PVBlica, on a coin of the Didia
the residence, during their expeditionary visits gens (p. 327)—and the temple of Jupiter Capi
to Britain, of the emperors Septimins Severus tolinus, on a denarius, struck by Pctillius
and Constantius Chlorns, both of whom died (page 17]), serve respectively to hand down
there, the former in A. D. 211, and the latter some resemblance of those buildings. Whilst
A. D. 306. Coins have been cited as inscribed the type of the Comitium meets the eye in
COL. anon. but if any such exist, they were association with the legend of CLOACll\'a
issued from the workshops of the falmrii, and (p. 219).
not from any mint at Eburacum. It is to be But it is in the imperial series, and especially
noted, that while we have coins of the Con in the carly and middle periods, that testimo
stantine family inscribed PLON. Perrunia Landi nies to the architectural splendour of Rome, her
mw-ris, we have none recording York; neither provinces, and hcr colonies, most abound. The
does it appear to be indicated by the exergual coinagcs of Tiberius and Claudius, of Nero,
letters on any of the coins of Caransius and Vcspasian, Titus, and Domitian, of Trajan, Ha
Allectus.—For the Antiquities of York see the drian, the Antoniues, S. Severus, Caracalla, 8:0.
Rev. C. We11bcloved’s “ Eburacum." are more or less rich in types of this interesting
EDlFlCES.—Public buildings and structures kind, executed with consummate skill. Take
are represented on numerous Roman coins, for examples, the Jllacellum (p. 77); the Fla
in many instances so artistically, that their ori vian Amphitheatre (p. 42); the Basilica U/pm
ginal forms may clearly be traced, on a compa (p. 125); the Forum Tmjani (see the words);
rison of existing ruins with the monetal types. the Circus Zifazimua, with its spins, metre, and
Amongst the grandest of these are—Trmp/ea, sculptural decorations (pp. 174, 201, and 202.)
with their peristyles and pediments; some Other coins exhibit harbours (see Port. Orlia
simply raised on flights of steps, others flanked and Pm-tum Trajani); triumphal arches (pp. 77,
with porticoes and adorned with statues. 73, 79, 358); altars (pp. 72, 73, 74-). Besidts
As a very striking specimen of this sacred these we see rostral, triumphal, and other isolated
class of types, and at the same time one the pillars (pp. 235, 236); together with obelisks,
least faulty in perspective design, to be found bridges (p. 3()9),either thrown over rivers, or used
on coins of Roman die, the following engraving as viaducts, in the construction and reparation of
is given from a large brass of Trajan. public roads. As to the minor and less durable
Rev.-s. P. Q. 11. or'r1no PRINCIPI. A superbly objects, such as funeral piles (p. 25]); curule
decorated temple of eight columns, through the chnirs (p. 12); chariots, gallics, &c.—so many
central intcrcolumniation of which is seen an and so various are these representations on pro
image seated. At each extremity a portico is ducts of the Roman mint, that they almost set
advanced at right angles with thcfnyade. description at defiance.
 EGNATIA. ELAGABALUS. 855
EGNATIA gens—of the plebeian order. Its I time, at the commencement of the second Mith
surname on coins is Mrarimua, or 1l[iz.z'.rulnus.—— ridatic war.—See Moncle delle Fam. di Roma.
There are three principal varieties in the types. pp. S5, 86.
Gold rare; silver common.

1. l\IAXSVM\'S. Bust of Venus, well 3. MAXSVMVS. Female head, perhaps

adorned, with a winged Cupid hanging to her of Liberty, with mitre: behind it the cap of
neck behind.——Reu.——C. EGNATIVS CN. F. Liberty.—Rev.—CN. EGNATIVS CN. F. CN. N.
CN. N. A woman in a biga, moving slowly to Two women clothed in the stola, and galeatcd,
the left, crowned by a victory flying towards standing full-faced, and each holding spears;
her; behind the car a cap of liberty. one of them plants her naked left foot on the
2. MAXSVMVS. Naked winged bust of head of some animal. On each side is an oar or
Cupid, with bow and quiver on his shoulder.-— rudder set upright on a ship’s prow. In some
Rev.—C. EGNATIVS CN. F. CN. N. Two reverses of this type, a figure of Cupid is flying
columns of a temple, between which stand a between the two females.
man in the toga, with liasta in right hand, and ' EGN.-\'l‘ULEIA gens. Little known. Its
a. woman clothed in the tunic.—See engraving, coins, which are in silver (quinarii) only, have
p. 208—-cvrio. but one type, as follows, and are common.
Eckhel, after some comments on the conjec The surname Egnatu/eim :—
tures of preceding numismatists, dismisses them
by saying, that the types (exhibited on the above
two denarii, and on that described and engraved
below), are precisely of a kind to excite a curio
sity to learn their true meaning, but for which
neither Vaillant nor llavcrcamp had done aught
to rescue them from the obscurity in which they
found them involved. C. EGNATVLEI. C. F. Laurcatcd head of
Undetcrred by the great author of Doctrirufs Apollo.—Rev. lt()MA in the cxergue. Victory
tone of discouragement, Riccio devotes some stands writing on a shield attached to a trophy ;
attention to the subject. After citing the at in the field Q.
tempt made in Morel]. '1’/ze.mur. Fam. Rom. to This Cains Egnatnleius is unknown as an
prove that this Cuius Egnatius, sou of Cnens, historical personage ; but according to a recent
and nephew of Cnens, had been a provincial opinion of Borghesi, must have been mint
questor of Snlla, in the time of the first Hith master towards the 667th year of Rome
ridntic war (B. c. 87-86), he admits that the head (B. c. 87).
and other emblems of Liberty are not usually, El dipthong appears on the carlicr, that is to
if ever, found on the coinages of Sulla, nud say, the consular and family coins of the Romans,
that they seem rather to belong to Cassius and written for I. Thus, PREl\’ERnum, in Plan
Brutus, and their adherents, in Asia and Africa, tia; DEIDIu.r, in Didia; PREIMVS, in Mem
after the murder of Julius Ctesar (B. C. 44).-— mia; OPI-llltllua, SEltVEILIu.r, LEIBERTAS
lle then proceeds to observe, that Venus may in Cassia, and elsewhere.
possibly allude to the birth-place of the mo EID. l\IAR.—Idibus Illartii, the dipthong
neycr, or to the place where the denarius was El being put for I. This inscription appears on
struck. But the repetition of the caps of liberty; the reverse of a most rare denarius, the type of
the woman in a triumphal chariot, who may which is the pileua, or cap of liberty, between
be the goddess of Rome; the prows and oars of two daggcrs.—Scc M. nnurus, p. 1-'1-5.
ships, which were amongst such means as the ELAGABALUS, Empcror.—Varius Avitus
conspirators would have had to employ, in order Bassianus, snrnamcd Elagabalus, from the name
to arrive again in Italy, pursuant to their in of the divinity, whose worship he had introduced
tended enterprise for the destruction of the into Rome, was born at Eniesa, in Syria, A. v. c.
Triumvirs—these and other symbols seem allu 958 (A. D. 205). He was son of Sextns Vnrius
sive to the last civil war, and to manifest in the Marcellus and of Julia SOK!Il1il1S, daughter of
Egnatius who minted the coins a decided Julia Mtesa, and niece of Julia Domna; con
maintainer of Roman liberty. And this opinion sequently he was cousin-german to Caracalla.
of ours (adds Riccio), is concurred in by Cave The wealth of his grandmother, added to his
doni, who recognizes as the author of this de relationship with the imperial family of Severus,
narius, the son of Cnens Egnatius, son of that obtained for him the advantage of being ap
Cnens, who was left behind with the Senators, pointed Priest of Elngnbalus, or Hcliogabalns. a
when his father was expelled from Rome, about deity the object of particular adoration at Emcsa'
the ycnr (‘>83 (B. c. 7l), in Pompey the Grcat's The same honour was conferred on his cousin_
2Z2
356 El.1\GAB.~\LI'S. ELAGABALUS.
germnn Alexander Severus, son of Momma, Elngabalus celebrated (or rather desccrated)
second (laughter of Julia Mresa. In 971 (A. D. several nuptials. llis first wife was Julia Cor
218), M-vesa, having in view to obtain the em nelia Panla ; but her he soon divorced, for some
pire for her grandson, changed his names alleged personal blemish. He next stole away
into those of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and from the sacred college of Vestals, and married,
pretended that he was not the son of his Aquilia Severn, whom he also repudiated, and
mother’s husband, but the fruit of Caracalla's afterwards took her again. His third wife was
intimacy with Solemias. The soldiers cneamped Annia Faustino, whom he forcibly possessed
near Err-esa, gained over by the riches of Julia himself of (after causing her husband Pomponins
Micsa; and perhaps giving credence to this Bassus to be slain), but whom he quickly dis
adulterous parentage, which besides had nothing missed, to re-unite himself to Aquilia Seven.
of unlikelihood in it, proclaimed the new Anto Some of his Latin coins represent him with
ninus emperor. The troops of Macrinus having Aquilia Severn, and his mother Soaemias ; also,
been defeated, Elagabalus, at thirteen years of a doubtful onc, with Annia Fanstina. The
age, became sole master of the Roman world. coins of this emperor are numerous. His gold
After having entered Antioch as conqueror, and first brass are rare; his silver, and second
he addressed to the Senate letters in which, and small brass for the most part con1mon.——
without waiting for the decree of that body, he Style—IMP. ANTONINVS PIVS A\'G.—
assumed the titles of “ Csesar, son of Antoninus, also IMP. CAES. M. AVR. AN'l‘ONl.\'\'S
grandson of Severus, Pius, Felix, Augustus, PIVS AVG.—also ANTONINVS \’. PIVS
Pro-consul, and invested with the Tribunitian FEL. AVG.
power.” At the same time, he named himself
consul in the place of Macrinns. He afterwards
took the road to Rome, but on his way thither
passed the wintcr at Nicomedia. In 972 (A. D.
219), Elagabalus was consul for the second time
at Nicomedin. On his arrival at Rome, he gave
there some magnificent spectacles, and caused
a temple to be built in honour of his Syrian
god. 4.1). 220 is the date of his third con
sulate. In 221 he was consul for the fourth It is a work of some tact and discrimination to
time. Julia Micsa, perceiving that the manners distinguish the coins of Elagabalus from those
of bllagabalus were displeasing to the Romans, of Caracalla, both of whom assumed the title of
persuaded him to adopt his cousin Alexander M. AVR. Al\"[‘()l\'IN\"S. Those, indeed, who
Severus, above named. To this Elagabalus are conversant with coins, are enabled from the
consented, and designated him consul with him peculiar countenanees of each, to recognise
self for the following year. A short time after, Elagabalns by his thick lips, and Caraealla by
rcpcnting of his compliance with his mother's his harsh and angry features. It behaves the
sviggi-stioii, he sought to make away with Severus tyre, however, to look on the one hand for the
Alexander; whose life, however, was protected slur of Elagabalus, whilst on the other hand he
by the vigilant care of Mzesa, and still will remember that the surname G Elt.\I.\_\'lC\'S
better defended by the affection which the sol is added to the titles of C-aracalla alonc.——The
diers began to entertain for him. la A. D. 222, following remarks on points ncedful to be re
the pretorians having discovered that Elagabalus garded with a view to ascertain the medals of
was fully bent on the destruction of his cousin, the two princes, are condensed from those of
raised a tumult, and required that Alexander, the able author of Lepana de Nurnismatf//ac
who had been shut up in the palace some days, Romaine: lst. Elagnbalus, raised to the im
should be immediately sbewn to them. Elega perial throne, at 14 years of age, perished at
balus, yielding to necessity, repaired to the cightecn.—2nd. On attaining his fifth and last
camp of the pretorinns, on a ear, with the Tribunitian power, he was invested with the
youthful Alexander. The next day, as Elaga consulate for the fourth time; whilst Cunwalla,
bolus had given orders to arrest those who had at the time of /lid’ fifth Tribunate, was consul
taken a leading part in the insurrectionsry only for the first time.-—3rd. From the third
movement of the day beforc—the rest of the consulate of Elagabaliu, his medals have almost
soldiers took advantage of that occasion to get always a star on the field of the reverse. This
rid of a prince they detcsted; and they killed slur, conjoined to various types, refers doubtless
Elagabalus, together with his mother Sotcmias, to his favourite divinity, analogous with the Sun,
and his principal confidants. His body, after and is also found on the medals of his three
having been dragged through the city, was wivcs.—1th and lastly, in the combination of
thrown into the 'l‘ibur. 'l‘hns perished, on the names and titles, we again discoversome further
llth of March, one of the most cruel, de indications. For example (but only on the brass
bauched, and shameless wretches, that ever dis coins) the titles IMP. CAES. appear at the
graced humanity, or polluted a throne, after a bcginnin,-_>; of the legend of the obverse, in the
reign of three years and nine months, disfigured case of E/aynballls, but not in that of Garac-(Ila.
with every feature of hideous criniinality and
catr.iva;_':int folly, not having attained more MINTAGES OF EL.\G.\B.\Ll'S.
than the eighteenth year of his age. The following are the rarest types of revcrscl
 ELEPHANT. ELEl’HAN'I‘. 357
G01.u.—,\ovr-:.vrvs AVG\'8'l‘l. Emperor on same family, allusive to the successes of its
horseback. (Brought £4 at the Trattle sale) .— celebrated members over the Curthaginians and
co.\'sEnv.\'rou. Ave. Conical-shaped stone, Mac;-donians.—See pp. 149, 150, 151.
ornamented with stars, standing before which is An Elep/ran! trampling on a serpent with its
an cagle—the whole placed in a quadriga: a fore feet, is the well-known type on a common
star in the field.-—Obv.—1MP. ANTONINVS PIVS dennrius of Julius Caesar. But it has given rise
AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor. [This to various opinions among
stone was the idol which Elagahalus brought the learned. Some refer it
with him from Syria, and to which he raised to the victory of Juba over
altars at Rome, stripping the ancient temples ' Scipio, in Africa. Others
to_ enrich that of his foreign divinity (Helio to the fact, that the grand
gabalus).—Engraved in vol. i. pl. vii. No. 7, of father of Julius Cmsar, ac
Akcrman, who elueidntes the subject in a note, cording to Servius and Spar
p. 21-1-.—A most highly preserved specimen of ' tian, killed an elephant in
this extra rare coin brought £8 10s. at the that region; and the animal being called in the
Thomas sale]-—oo1vsv1. 11. P. P. The emperor Panic language Caesar, this name became appro
standing in a quadriga. (Valued by Mionnet at priated to the family.
80 fr.—sold for £4 lls. at the Trattle auction). “ But” says Eckhcl (vi. pp. 5 and 6), in no
-—I"lDES MILITVM. Emperor and two soldiers. ticing these conflicting opinions, “ prior to this
(Mt. 120 fr.)—1nvrc'rvs SACERDOS. ave. Em grandfather of Jnlius, we find in Livy the cog
pcror sacrificing. (V alned by Mionnet at 50 fr. nomen of Cu-sar. Now, if that be true, which
See the preceding W00(l-cLll).—lVLIA AQVILIA is stated by Constantinus Manasses, that ‘ele
SI-ZVERA AVG. Head of the Empress Aquilia. phants arc called Cesare: by the Phuanicians,’
(Mt. 600 fr.)——mn. AVG. II. P. M. cos. 11. and which, as we have just observed, is con
(£4 3s. at the Brmncll sale).—Llu. ave. &c. firmed by Servius and Spartian, the present
Emperor and three figures. (Mt. 120fr.)— elephant would be an allusion to the name; as,
PONTIP. MAX. &c. Roma Victrix seated. moreover, it is represented as trampling on a
(£6 125. 6d. Thomas).—'ru. P. IIII. cos. HI. serpent, with which reptile, according to Pliny,
The Sun radiated, standing with whip in right the elephant is at perpetual feud; and as it is
hand (£2 13s. at the White sale).—'rnla. POT. established by Artemidorns, that the elephant
C05. Ir. Emperor in quadriga. (£41 17s. in Italy denotes 3e0'1ro'r'r]s, Badzhsvs, mu av-qp
Trattlc.]—SAN(,"l‘. m~:o. sou. ELAGABAL. Quad p.s'yw"ros-—a lord, a king, or a man in high
riga, with conical-stone, eagle, and four cnsigns. authority; we shall then recognize a type flat
(.\lt. 63 fr.)—P. M. TR. P. v. cos. nu. Em tering to the ambition of C11-sar, and by which
peror in quadriga. (£7 7s. 6d. Thomas).— he was desirous to intimate his victory over the
VlC'l‘OR. Anrozmvl AVG. (£5 5s. ditto). barbarians, and all who were envious of his
S1r.vsa.——cos. Ill. P. P.-—Stone of conical glory. Whatever may be the decision on this
form, ornamented with stars, and an eagle point, the type may be considered as a pre-rage
before it. (Cabinet dc Go.r.s'elin)—engraved inof future dominion. For the elephant, inde
Mionnet, T. i. 3-1-3, by whom it is valued at pendently of its uses in war and the amphi
30 l'r.)—Pn1zs mtrrviu. (Mt. 6()fr.)——1vLu\ theatre, was an undoubted symbol of honour or
so.u;n1ss. (100 1'1-.)—'ru. P. m. cos. Emperor of arrogance. According to Suctonius (in Ne
in a quadrign, crowned by Victory. (60 fr.) rone, chap. 2), Cu. Domitins, the ancestor of
Bnass llli-:m\1.LioNs.—AEQvm\s AVGVSTI. Nero, after his victory, during his consulate,
The thrce Monctze. (Mt. 50 fl'.)—CONSElt\’ATOR over the Allobroges, was carried through the
A\'(i\'S’I‘I cos. nu. Conical stone in a qnadriga. province on an elephant, preceded by a large
(1\lt. 150 fr.)—'rn. r. Ill. cos. ru. Emperor in body of troops, as in the solenmity of a triumph.
a triumphal car, and four horses. (.\It. 200 fr.) Cornnficius, on account of having carried his
sens P\'Bl.lCA. Hope walking.—0bv.—Heads of soldiers olf safely in Sicily, assumed such airs,
Elagabnlus and Aquilia Severn. (Mt. 300 fr.) that whenever he dined out at Rome, he used
LARGE BltASS.—LlBERAL. AVG. 11. P. M. TR. to ride home on an elephant. Julins Caesar him
P. n. cos. 11. Emperor and two fig'ures.—LIBE self, when his military toils were over, ascended
n.\1.n.\s avovsrr r11. '1‘hrce figures on an the Capitol, lighted by forty elephants, hearing
8:l'.l'flll€. (Mt. 24 fr. ea(:h).—PAX. svovsrr. torches, on either side of him. Lastly, there
Peace walking. (Mt. 40 fr.) was no special use for elephants, except to draw
ELEPIL-\l\'l‘. (Elep/zantu.s).—The representa the imperial Memo: at funerals, or the chariots
tion of this animal frequently occurs on Roman of the Caesars, either in a triumph, or in their
coins. The head, and sometimes the proboscis consular processions. Correctly, therefore, has
only, of an Elephant is a symbol of Africa..— Juveual styled these natives of a torrid clime,
Lybin was accounted Elqi/zanforum. nutria-.—
Caesaris armentum, unlli servire paratum Private.
Un denarii of the Csecilia gens, elephants walk
ing, both singly and in bigm, are typified to [Caesar-‘s beast of burden, that deigns not to
attest victories gained by the Metelli, in Sicily serve a private individual.]
and in Macedonia, during the 504th (B. C. 250), Elephant; are represented on cgins as an em
and 606th ycars of Rome (B. 0. 148). The skull blem of Eternity, it being among the vulgar
and trunk also cover a female head, and appear errors of the ancients to hclicve that those stu
in the centre of u. Shield, on other coins of the pendous creaturcs lived two or even lhroc hun
 358 ELEPHANT. I'lLEPllANT.
dred years. It was, however, on the known longe coins of several emperors, from Domitian to
vity of the elephant (exceeding, as Pliny, quoting Gordianus Pius.—See MVNIPICENTIA Ave.
Aristotle, says, that of all other animals), that Eleplianlorum duplice: quad:-igre.—On a large
they were employed in the funeral processions brass bearing on its obverse nu’. cans. nourr.
of emperors and empresses, on the occasion of AVG. scum. cos. xvii. ems. 81c. and the lan
their apotlzeosia. relled hczul of Domitian; but with no other
On consecration medals, the elephant appears, legend of reverse than the Smatrar Conwltum,
either singly, with or without the driver, or aswe see a triumphal arch, snnnonntcd by two
bigte and quadrigm, there being placed on the ears, to each of which four elephants are har
vehicle to which they are attached the image of nessed. In each car stands n togatcd figure,
the deceased personage. On n large brass, holding a whip, or branch. .
struck by order of the Senate, in honour of
Faustina seuior’s consecration, she is figured
sitting on a canopied biga of elephants, with the
accompanying legend of uzraamras.
Eleplzantua Ioricalur, or reticuIatus.—The ele
phant in armour, or some defensive covering of
iron, nseuibling net-work, employed to protect
them (as well as horses), from the spears and
darts of an enemy in battle. Representations
of this kind appear on consular money—as for
example, a dennrius of the Metclli (see Czecilia),
a coin restored by Trajan. They are also seen,
from time to time, in the imperial series, as on
gold of Titus. The subjoined engraving is from The above and other coins attest, that
a consecration first brass of Faustina Antonini : triumphal arches, adorned with two qnadriga: of
elephants, were erected by Domitian, in which
were placed (golden or brass gilt) statues of that
vain-glorious t_vraut.—Tristan has well illus
trated the remarkable subject of this piece in the
following observations :—
This triumphal arch was raised in honour of
Domitian during the last year of his reign, and
under his last consulate, namely, the 17th, 849
(A.D. 96). For he was so malicious, and so
covetous of another’s glory, that he caused him
self to be elected such a number of times consul,
in order to monopolize the authority of that
otlice (pour en occuper toujours la qualité). It
is this which Ausonius refers to, in censoring
Here the scdcnt statue of the deceased em his rapacity, his ambition, and his envious
press, holding the sceptrum in her left hand, mnlignity, whilst pronouncing himself the pane
and abranch in her right, is placed, in token gyric of Gratian, in the presence of that em
of deification, on a four-wheeled car (the peror, whom he was thanking for promoting
theme), drawn by two elephants, whose bodies him to the Consulate—“Scis inquam (says he)
arc loricated, and whose necks arc mounted each septem ct deceni Domitiani Oonsnlatus, quos
by its conductor. The EX S. c. on the exerguc, illa invidia alteros provehendi, continuando con
-stamps this fine reverse with the impress of scrvit; its ejus aviditate derisos, ut hoc cum
Senatorial authority. pngina fastorum suorum, iino fastidiorum, fecerit
Elqz/umtorum quadriga,'.—A first brass of Au iusolentcm, nee potucrit przestare feliccm." See
gustus, coined in pursuance of a decree of the also the poem which Statius has written respect
Senate, after his death, represents him in the ing the seventeenth Consulsbip of Domitian.
guise of a divinity, seated on the thensa of con As to the triumphal arch here represented, so
secration, drawn by four elephants, on each of superbly charged with two cam drawn by ele
which sits a driver.—That Augustus was ho phants, it clearly relates to the two victories
noured, after his dcecase, with the exhibition of which he wished to have credit for having
such qundriyrz, we have the testimony of Sue achieved over the Gauls, Germans, Sarmatians,
tonius and Dion. Daciaus, and Qnadi; and for which he triumphed.
On a large brass of Titus, struck in honour This arch, erected to perpetuate the memory of
of his father's consecration (see p. 336), as well those alleged facts, has been honoured with
as the well-known coin of Augustus, from the an allusion by Martial (see lib. viii. E1n'_r/r. 65.)
reverse of which the type was borrowed, four From the poet's verses it would appear that this
elephants draw the t/iensa of the deified prince, triumphal gate, enriched with two magnificent
but in neither instance are the bodies of those quadrigie (Hic gemini currus numcrant Ele
animals loricated. It is not uncommon to find phanta) was constructed in a place, which served
them harnessed with the ornamental panoply in as a parvi: to temples dedicated to For/mm
which they borc a part at the public sheivs, on Rn/u.r, in favour of Vespasiau, of Titus, and of
 E.\lERl'I‘A. El\IESA.—ENNA. 359
Domitian; and which was the place (as Tristan EMESA or EMISA, Syrire, Colonic; near
supposes), where the Senate and the people went thc region of Mount Lebanon, situate on the
to receive and salute the emperor last named, on Orontcs, and now called Hams. It was the
his return from his cxpeditions.——See Com native place of Julia Domna, wife of Severus,
mmlaircs Ifisloriqzles, T. i. p. 333. and mother of Caraealla. The lattcr emperor
In Zllurell. Imp. Rom. T. ii. TAIL xiiii. the conferred upon it the rank of a Roman colony.
portal on the summit of which the two qundrigm Emesa contained a temple of the Sun, in which
oi elephants stand, has a tier of columns with Elagabalus ofiiciated as a priest before he was
cntablatnrc above the arch-ways. made emperor. The coins of this city are
EMERITA C0l0m'a.—-A city of great im imperial in brass (except one small medallion in
portance, during the early empire, situate on potin.) The legends are exclusively Grerl", from
the banks of the Ana; (Guadiana), in Hispania Domna to Alexander Severus, including the
Lusitania (Spanish Estremadura). Some relics unique coin of Sulpicins Antoninus (Tanini,
of it remain to this day, and Merida is now the Supp. p. 116). The types of reverse are mostly
name of the place. In the year of Rome 729 —llead of the Sun; Eagle on a cone-formed
(B. C. 25), Augustus, having concluded the stone; turreted woman; basilicse, and temples.
Cantahrian war, placed there, as colonists, by -Mionnet, v. 227, and Suppl. viii. 166.
way of reward, certain soldiers whose term of EMPORIAE Tarraconensis (Hispaniac), mum'
service had expired (emeritus), and who accord cipium, now Ampuria.s.—'I‘he coins of this town
ingly called the new settlement AYGVSTA EME are G’-reek autonomes in silver; and brass, with
urra; and by his permission (rnux. or nun Celtiberiau and Latin inscriptions. The ob
mssv. AVG.) struck numerous coins in honour vcrscs have for the most part a gsleatcd head,
of their fonudcr.——Thc li'rneriIm.9e.s also con and the Latin legends of reverse are EMPOR. or
secrated a temple to the Eternity of Augustus EMPORI, with the type of a Pegasus, sonic
(AETERNITATIS AVGVSTAE); after whose death times the head of Minerva, a lion walking, a
they paid the same monetnl distinctions to Julia. hippocampus, a bull, a. bust of Diana.—See
And bcing very desirous to secure for their city, Mionnet, Suppl. i. 82: see also Akerman, Coin:
as the scat of the Lusitauian legatiou, the of Hispartia, p. 86.
patronage of his successor Tiberius, they dedi No imperial or colonial money was struck hy
cated coins to him also. It was for these rea this Spanish municipium.
sons, ihat, as a new town, and built by Roman ENNA (Sicilize), municipium, now Castro
veterans, a representation of its fortified gate Giovanni.—A very ancient city, where Ceres
and mural enclosure was struck on the coins of was worshipped in a magnificent temple.——
this colony, and the name of EMERITA (or The coins of this place are autonomous; all
rm-znrra) inscribed over its gateway. Nor was brass (with one exception, unique, in silver)
this distinctive token confined to colonial brass a few Latin, but chiefly Greek legends; the
(as C. A. I3. or con. AVGVSTA EMERITA); but the types are—Proserpine, head of Ceres, head of
name of Augustus was also identified with the Apollo. There are no imperial coins. On a
foundation of Jlerida by one of his own large brass, which is classed in Morel]. 1"am.
moneyers, on denarii which bear a similar type Rom. with coins of the Cestia gens, is a veiled
and inscription. For description and plates of head of Ceres, with atorch before it, alluding
the colonial mintagcs, in first and second brass, to the torches with which, as the poets feigned,
the reader is referred to Mr. Akerman’s Coins that goddess sought her lost daughter, on Mount
qfdncient Cities, §'c. p. 11, pl. i. Nos.-4, and 5. Etna; and on the reverse, Pluto, the ravisher,
The following cut is from silver of the Curisia is carrying away the virgin in a quadrigs. The
gens:— obverse legend is n. cnsnvs and 1.. uvmrrivs
(Dnumviri). The legend of reverse is MVN.
H1-INN. (muuicipinm Henna). There is also a
middle brass, bearing the names of the same
dunmvirs, with the type of Venus. And a third
autonomous brass, with M. CESTIVS and the
head of Ceres, on its obverse, and mvn. nnuru,
with two female figures in a quadriga, on the
reverse, is cited by Mionnet (Suppl. i. 384)
urr. caasss u'ovs'r.~—Bare head of Augus from E. Harwood, pop. et urb. sel. num. p. 56.
tns.—1lev.—1>. CARISIVS LEG. rno. Pu. Gate EPIGRAPHE, Epigraph—-Inscription.
of the fortified city of Merida, above which is EPPIA gens—A noble family, but not much
written IMERTIA. known. Cicero calls Eppius n man of his order.
This dcnarins, struck by Publius Carisius, It has two varieties; the undcrmentioued silver
Irgnilza pmprrrlor of Augustus, alludes to the coin is the rarest :—
Spanish campaign, in which that ofiiccr de EPPIVS LEGa,tus. F. C. Hercules standing,
feated the Asturcs, and captured from them with front face, naked, and in repose, with club
the city of Lancia. This led to the foundation and lion’s skin.—Rev.—Q. l\IE'l‘l<lLlus SCIPIO
of the citv of Emerita, which afterwards became l.\lP. Female head, covered with the elephant’s
the capitzil of Lusitania. The monctal issues of skin ; underneath it a plough; before it an ear
this colony do not appear to have extended of corn (page l5l).——“ From this coin we
beyond Tiberius. learn that Eppius was the Lieutenant of Scipio
360 EPULONES.—EQUES. EQUESTER ORDO.
in the African war against Julius Caesar, and emperor, either in the garb of Peace, or in
had the office of coining denarii for the purposes military habiliments, with right hand raised,
of that war, as is confirmed by the F. C. moving at a slow pace; or galloping with spear
Faciendum or Feriundunz Ouravit ,- unless it be at the charge; or in the attitude of hurling his
more correctly interpreted Flandzmi Curavit, as javclin at a barbarian foe, who is down on one
on coins of Lentulns, in Cornelia gens: CVR. knee in a defensive posture, or is fallen prostrate
X. FL.” The brass coins of this family are as, before him, appears on coins, in each metal, from
or parts of the as. Augustus to Nero; thence to Domitian, Trajan,
Sec an engraving of this coin, inserted Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Severus,
amongst the Mctelli of the Caacilia gens, p. 151, Caracalla, Size. &c.—Sec ADVENTV8 ave. and
right hand column. ADVENTUI sue. (p. l0)—DF.BELLA'l‘0R.I carer.
l<1PUI.ONES.—Subseqnently to the first war saansa (p.811)—ni:cuasio (pp. 314-315)
with Hannibal, the Roman pontiffs being over EXPEDITIO sue. flruo lot-o)—i>aorr.c'rro sue.
whelmed with the multitude of sacrifices, and of (ditto)—rsmcirss JUVENTUTIS (p. 217)—via
ceremonies attendant thereon, were allowed in 'rus sues. (p. 53.)
the year of the city 557 (B. 0. 197), to appoint Equestrian figures of Castor and Pollux are
three men to whom was given the name of seen on the most ancient coins of the Aelia,
It-iumviri Ihaulones. These presided as priests Antestia, Atilia (p. 93), Cupicnnia, Dornitia,
at the public feasts which took place at the con Horatia (Denarius, p. 316), ltia, Junie, Lucre
clusion of each sacrifice otfered to Jupiter and tia, Miireia, Minneia, Plantia, Quinctia, Scri
others of their deities, whom they professed bonia, Semprouia, and Terentia families.-See
to propitiate, by placing their statues, laid Diosruri.
on couches (hence called lectislernia), in the EQ,l.7ESTER. ORDO.—TheEquestrian Order:
temples, and inviting them to partake of a one of the degrees of rank, or estates of Rome.
banquet prepared with all possible magnificence It derived its name at an early period of the
and sumptuousuess; and if I/my were not able commonwealth from the lcgionary Eqailea ; and
to eat, drink, and be merry, there were doubtless became subsequently the middle grade between
0!/ier guests present who could. Snlla ang the Senate and the people. They were called
mcntcd the number of these ministers of the juveniles, because that word was used by the
sacred banquets in honour of the gods to seven. Romans in speaking of their soldiers collectively;
Julius Ciesar added three more; but after his and principzirjiiventuiir, because king Servius,
time, the number appears again to have been when he divided the entire people into six
limited to seven. The snbjoined wood-cut is classes, enrolled, according to Livy, “twelve
faithfully executed from an extremely \\'ell-prc centuries of equitea, chosen from the first men
served dcnarius in the British Museum, the re of the nation ;” or as Dionysius of Halicarnassns
verse type of which represents an Epulo pre states, “he made a selection of eguites from
paring a lectisterninm for Jupiter, couforinably amongst those citizens who were wealthiest and
to custom, in the Epulum Jovis. of noble birtli.’—Aud this, observes Eckhel (see
his Diuert. 11¢ Principe Juvenlulia), accounts
for the z-quite; being so frequently styled pri
mnrea, principm, or procererjiwerztuiir. A re
markable example of this occurs in the speech
which Livy has put into the month of Perseus,
King of the Macedonians, whom he addresses
after the defeat of the Roman cavalry, in these
words—“ You have turned to flight the more
o. (‘OI-IL. ciumvs cos. Bare male head to important part of your enemies’ forces, the Ro
the right, between a vexillum, inscribed HIS man envalry, in which they boasted theinselves
and a boiir.—Rr.-v.-c. CALDVS IMP. A. x. A invincible. For with them the eqnites are their
table or lcctistcrninm, with a robed and veiled prinripes juventutir ; with thcni the rqiaites are
figure behind it. The inscription is L. CALDVS the nursery of their Senate; from them are
vii viii. EPVL. On each side is a trophy ; below chosen into the ranks of the palms, the men
cannvs iii viii.—1*‘or an explanation of this whom they create consuls and emperors (ini
coin see p. 222. peratores.)” And much earlier, the same nutlior
The Epulones were next to the Augurs in has said of L. Brntus—“ lie raised to the unin
dignity, and were privileged to wear the toga ber of three hundred the ranks of the palres,
prictexta. They also furincd a college, and were (thinned by the assassinations of 'l‘a.rqniniiis Su
onc of the four great saccrdotal corporations at pcrhns), by electing into them the primers: of
Rome, the Pontiticcs, Augnres, and Qnindc the Equestrian Order.” With propriety, thi-refore.
ccmviri, being the other thrcc. might the vqllilar be called the prim-i_;1'e.r of the
EQ. Eqncstris.—EQ. COIL Eqimrlrir C0 entire _7'1¢irenli1.: of Rome; and, Without doubt,
/i0rli.i'.—EQ. URI). J5/1ue.rIr1'.9 Or/ii/zia. they obtained, by their superiority of fortune
EQUES. A horscniaii.—'l‘_\'pically speak and birth, the prc-eniinence aniong the people,
ing, a man on horseback, appears on many con ‘ along with whom they were still reckoned. there
sular coins (sec Snlla,-p. 287), and is of still being as yet no Equestrian Order iiistiiutul.
more frequent occurrence in the imperial series. The ¢’11uitv.r afierwards received an import.-mt
Imprrator Eques, the equestrian figure of the . accession of authority and honour, namely
 EQUESTER onno. EQUESTER ORDO. 361
when the brothers Ti. et C. Gracchns intro [For lo! a newl -rich man, a kruylil created by
duced n law for the transfer of the judicial an ineolnc acquire by wounds, is preferred to me
courts, from the Senate to the Equiles. Thereby (who am a knight created) by blood (i. e. descent.)]
they also gained an opportunity of accumulating According, however, to Saetonius, the law
wealth. For, as in consequence of their here respecting a dcticiency of income was modified
ditary possessions, they enjoyed almost a mono by Augustus, who added a condition to it. It
poly iu the farming of the taxes, under the title may thence be concluded, that the equiles, who
of publiczmi, it was an easy matter, with such in former times were properly styled prinoipea
aids, to increase their store. Thus, therefore, juventutis, and destined to the profession of
in the course of time was the renowned Er/ue.rlz'r arms, after the establishment of the Equestrian
Ordo instituted ', and so called and distinguished Order, gradually withdrew from military ser
from the other two Orders of Senate and People. vice, aud betook themselves with impunity to
These facts are confirmed by the testimony of the profitable business of the law-courts, or to the
Pliny, who says—“Thc distinction of this ease and pleasures of a town life, notwithstanding
Order, under the appellation of judices was first that, even at a later period, a horse was provided
introduced by the Gracchi, through a factions for them at the public cost. This Equestrian
desire of popularity, and to bring the Senate Order, to whose knights Cicero gives the title of
into disrepute. And this authority, having soon Ilomines ampli.m'1m' el Iwnz-.rti.rsimi, and of whom
afterwards been weakened by the vicissitudes of he speaks as the flower of the Roman chivalry
civil disseusion, became vested in the publicani, (jloa equitum Ronzanorurnj; the ornament of
who for a considerable period constituted the the City, and the strength of the Republic;
third Estate of the Republic. It was M. Cicero, this body, whence occasionally persons were
who at lengh during his consulate, and having chosen to fill vacant places in the Senate, be
overthrown Catilinc, firmly established the came extremely numerous under the emperors,
equestrian title, boasting his own origin from many of whom admitted their freedmcn, or
that Order, and maintaining its authority with whomsoevcr they pleased, to the estate and dig
peculiar zeal. From that time it became dis
tinctly a third portion of the commonwealth;
and the 12'que.rter Ordn, properly so called, began
to be added to those of the Senate and the
People. And this is the reason (adds Pliny)
why, even at the present day, it is specified
af/er the Populus, as being the more recently
established Order."——(Sce consnusu. seam".
1-:'r sq. onnm. &c. p. 252.)
'l‘hc equilcs, elated by this accession of dig EQVESTI-IR osno. PRINCIPI. 1vvei\"r. (The
nity and wealth, became less eager to rally Equestrian Order to the Prince of the Youth.)
round the standards of their legions, partly be This legend, within a bncl-rler, appears on the
cause thcy could, without peril or inconvenience, reverse of gold and silver of Nero.—'l‘hc obverse
attain at home the highest honours; and also bears an epigraph in the dcdicatory form
because they felt ashamed to follow a military Nsnom CLAVDIO navso (innit. cos. m-:s1o.\'.
service, to which the lowest and meanest of the and the young bust, bare headed, of Nero, as
populace, following iu the steps of l\Tarius, Crrsar.
were beginning to give a corresponding charac It was customary (remarks M. Lenormant),
ter. And yet, when the Equestrian Order was for the Order of Roman Knights to give the
once instituted, the rank of an eques, like that Princes of the Youth a silver spear and buckler.
of a patrician, descended by inheritance to the Cains and Lucius, sons of Agrippa, received s
sons, provided that the requisite income were similar present, being Principcs Juvcntutis.——
forthcoming. But although this Order might It is also, in this quality, that Nero is here re
have been obtained by beirdom from a man's corded to have been complimented with a buck
ancestors (as Ovid states to have been his case), ler by the Equestrian Order. The following
yet it also (as he admits) might have been the inscription on a marble, published by Grater,
result of distinguished conduct in the field of records the same fact—~NEROXl CLAVDIO
battle ; just as L. Aconius is stated by Fabretti, DRVSO GERmnm'co COnSu/i DESi_qnnl0.—
“ to have been raised by Trajan from the EQYESTER ORDO PRINCIPI IV\"ENTV
condition of a soldier to that of an equea, for TlS.—Ncro was made Prince of the Youth in
services performed in the German and the Sar the year of Rome 804 (A. D. 5l).——See Icono
matiau wars.” But that an income of the legal gr/zp//ie Romaine.
amount was even then necessary, is clearly Eckhel (viii. p. 371, ct seq.) cites simi
hinted by the same poet, when, with the usual lar monuments which tend to prove the eon
pride of noble birth, as towards the parvrnu, ncction of the Princijnar Jurmtutis with the
he complains of his mistress preferring a knight, Equestrian Order. A second brass of Commo
lately elevated to that rank for military services, dus, as Ca-sar, bears within a laurel crown
to himself, who held the distinction by inhe the same dcdicatory legend. Tacitus, among
ritance -.— the honours decreed to the memory of Ger
E!-ce rrcens dives, parto per vulnera censu, manicus, who was a Prince of the Youth, re
Prznfertur nobis, sanguine, factos, eques. cords the following :——“ The Equestrian Order
SA
2'52 ERC.-\VICA.—ETRUSCILLA. EUDOCIA.—EUGE;\'IUS.
gave the name of Germanicus to the battalion lished by Muratori (p. 1036, 4), has put an cud
(lfll/LIMA) which used to be called that of the however to the discussions amongst antiquzn-i~~_~
“juniors;” and ordained that on the ides of on this point. That inscription calls her lic
T-larch the troops (of knights) should follow his reunia Cupresseuia Etruseilla, wife of our Ion!
image in procession. For some additional par
ticulars relative to the Equester Orr/0, sec PRIN
cirns JUVENTUTIS, in this dictionary.
EQVIS (sie.) ROMANVS. The emperor on
horseback in the garb of peace. In the excrgue
SMN.—Obv.—DN. CONSTANTINVS MAX.
AVG. Bust of Constantine the Great diadem
ated. Small gold medallion. Engraved in
Numimrz. Oimelii. -Viudobon. Aurei, Tan. 1.
Eckhel observes, “the attempt of Khell to
explain this singular coin, has produced nothing
valid by which the enigma of its legend can be
unravelled, nor can I hope to be more fortunate
than my master: unless perhaps it alludes to (domini nostri) Deciua, Ste. Nothing is known
the Princcps Juvmtrltis, by which title, as Au of her life. She had two children, Herennius
gustus was before him, Constantine is designated Etruscus and Hostillianns. Her coins are com
frequently on coins ; and he himself new efioxnv, mon in silver; tolerably common in large lll‘&\'.".
is here called EQVIS ROMANVS, as he was also very rare in brass medallions; and of extreme
prince of the youth and prince of the eques rarity in gold. The principal reverses are;——
trian order. It is to be noted, that on this GOLD.-——PVDICI'l‘lA AVG. A woman stand
medallion the unusual word 1:Qv1s stands for ing, or seated. (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.)
rzqvns, a horseman or knight." viii. 83. Bnsss Mi:n.u.r.ro.v.-—v1:s'ra. Six women
ERCAVICA (Tarraconensis) m11ru'cipinm.-— veiled, sacrificing before a temple. (Mt. 150 fr.)
A city of the Celtiberi, enumerated by Pliny [The obverse of this fine and very rare coin
among the towns attached to the convention (not an extra-sized large brass, but a real brass
of Caesar-Augusta (Saragozza), and classed by medallion), presents the striking portraiture
Livy among the nobler and more powerful above engraved from the original in the Cabinet
class of civilales in that part of northern rle France. For the reverse type see \'n§'r.\].
Spain. “It was situated near the river Gau MmnI.n BRASS.——PVDlClTIA avuvsm. The
divla, in the neighbourhood of the modern empress seated between two other female figures
Snntaver." The coins of this place are impe slandiug.—(D[e'(laille lle rlrru cuivrea, can Ie
rial Latin, in second and third brass, struck sénalus-con.mlto. 40 fr. Mionnet).
under the respective reigns of Augustus, Tibe EUDOCIA (or Eurloaizzj, married to the
rius, and Caligula. On one of these (Tiberius) emperor Arcadins A. 1). 395, and died A n‘. 404.
the name ERCAVICA alone is inscribed; on those There are no authenticated coins of this empress
of Augustus and Caligula it is accompanied with EUDOXIA (A0/ia) or Endocia, daughter of
the title of 1\fVNi0z';n'z/In. It seems (says Vail Leontius, an Athenian, born about A.D. 393,
lant, in Oolouiis), to have been made one about married to the emperor Theoclnsins the yonngrr
the year of Rome 5741 (B. 0. 180). Under A. D. 421. Being separated from her husbaml.
Tiberius and Caligula its coins bear the names she took up her abode at Jerusalem, where she
of the Dunmvirs. The only types are an oaken died A. D. ~l60.—The coins assigned to this Au
crown encircling the name of the city; and a gusta are rare in small brass; in gold and silver
a bull standing, the latter the usucl symbol of very rare indeed. On these she is styled sen
a n1mziz'ipi1un.—See Mionnet, Supp/I. T. i. and Evimxni FE. AVG.
Akermnn, Cains qf Ilispania, p. 86. [For an explanatory note in rcfercuec to the
ERVC. Er;/cis-—n name given to Venus, in above and preceding empress, see Akermalh
memory of her son Eryx, who, relying on his ])r.'.vr.'rip!. Cat. ii. 357.]
strength, challenged all strangers to light with l<]l'l)O.\'IA (Licinie) dauglitcr of Thendasins
him. Killed by Hercules in the combat of the II. and Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian lll.
eestus, he was buried on u mountain (now culled horn at Constantinople, A. D. 423; awidow in
Giuliuno), near Drepanum, in Sicily, where he 4-55. She called Genscric to Rome to avengtv
had built a temple to Venus, to which he had herself of Petronius Maximus, who forced lllf
given his name. The temple of Venus Erycina, to a marriage with him, after assassinatiug Ya
with the inscription F.R\'C. appears on a dennrius lentininu ; Rome was pillaged ; Eurloxia earriul
struck by C. C()‘_\'SlDIu: NONIAN1:.r.——See away to Carthage, but afterwards rcturiml I-'1
(.‘0.\'.\‘IDlA gens, p. 254-. Rome, 462, and died there. Her coins (in gold
l‘)'l'ltV. F!rusv-in-.—Sccmm!-rnxrus. only) are of the greatest rarity. Slylc—i.ici.\1\
E'I‘l{l’SCILL;\ (1I<'rmmia).——C0ius bearing I-.‘\"DOXlA P. 1-‘. AVG.
on their ohverses the lcgcinl HERENNIA EbGlfi.\llL'S, an usnrper of the irnpcrinl pur
El‘lt\'SClLLA A\"Gu.rl/1, shew that there was ple, in the age of Tlieoilosius the Great. U5
an einpress of that name; hut of theinselves obscure birth, he begaii by tcneliing grainnlai‘
ll».-ve us only tn z'n_//er that she might be the and rhetoric; and al'l.c.r\\"<n'ds rose to the shim
wife of Trujanus Dccius. An inscription pub tion of master of the pnlnce to Valcntiuinn ll.
 EUGENIUS. EXERCITUS. 363
He was proclaimed Augustus at Vienne, in Dau tion, were chosen from among the men ot‘ eon
pbiny, by Count. Arbogastcs, who murdered sulur and pretoriun rank, and sent EX. S. C.
Valeutinian the younger, in A. D. 392, and who into the provinces. Thus we read PR. COS. or
kept the authority in his own hands. Eugcnius, PROCOS. EX. S. C. on coins of the Annia,
acknowledged as emperor throughout Gaul and Ctecilia, Julia, Munlia, and Scribouia t'amilie~-.
in the other provinces of the West, allied him and in like manner PROPR. Proprietor, uith
self to the Germans and Franks. Attacked by the same stamp oi‘ Senatorial authority.—~Spnn
Theodosins near Aquileia, in Cisalpine Gaul, he heim, vol. ii. p. 177.
was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death, EX. S. C. appears on a great many family
A. D. 394. Arbogastcs killed himself. Style, coins; but in the imperial series the mark is ob
n. N. EVGENIVS P. r. ave. His brass (small) servable only on those of Augustus, .\I. Agrippa,
coins are of the highest rarity, silver rare; gold Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, l~'austiua, sen.
very rare. Marciana, Hadrian, Sept. Severus, &c.—0n
MINTAGES OF EUGENIUS. coins of Emperors and A1.1_r/uslw, this mark of
EX. S. C. is generally found flfiaofllflttitl with the
GOLD .\'[en.u.1.1ons (small size).—c1.oau\ legend, or at least with the types, of (.'on.secra
noxnzonvn. Rome and Constantinople per tion, as in Claudius, l\larciuna, l"aust.ina sen.
sonified, seated together. (Valued by hlionnet EX. S. C. S. P. R.—A temple of ten co
at ‘Z00 fr.) lumns, adorned with various statues ; on a brass
GOLD.-—-VICTORIA Avon. Two emperors, each medallion of IIadrian.—See Temple.
adorned with the nimhus, seated on one throne, EXElt.iEn.-rcilus, or En-rei!1umx.——See
and holding a globe together. (Valued by Mien coxconnu, I-‘IDES, 0r::\'u:s, vtnrus.
net at 60 fr. Engraved in Akerman, ii. plate E.\'ERCI'l‘L7S.—The Romans, in order that
hll. No. 5, p. 338).—v1c'r0am Avovsroitvu. a soldier should not be allowed to Wflslfi his
Victory walking. (Q/u'nan'u.v. Mt. 50 fr.) strength or cnervate his courage in sloth and
Tmno Ba.ass.—v1cr0nr.\ avooo. Victory idleness,even
employed him of
in pence,
variouskept
e.rerci.w.r,
with wreath and palm branch, marching to the which, in the midst before V
lefi;.——0bv.—n. N. 1-woemvs r.1=. avo. Din. his view the representation, the fatigue, and the
dcmed bust.——['l‘bis is unique. It forms part of dangers of war. Thus from the word Exer
.\Ir. Rolt'e’s collection ; was published for the tirst erilatio, exercise, came that of Erereilua, army,
time b .\Ir. Roach Smith, in his “ Antiquities because the more troops are exercised, the better
of Ri borough (Kent) ;” and engraved by .\lr training they are in for war. On those days
Fuirholt, among other coins discovered at that when the soldiers were not on guard in the
Roman station. See fig. l5, pl. vi.]———v1u1'\'s camp, they were /1ri/led to the use of their wea
BOIIANORVM. Same type as the preceding re pons; they practised in archery, slinging, and
verse. (Valued by Blionnct at 40 fr.) raced with each other in full armour. By this
EX. A. PV. or A. P.—'l'hese letters appear (in means they were always in good breathing, and
the field of the coins) on dcnarii of the Fubia, their ardour was preserved at the highest pitch.
Foutcil, and other Roman families.—Eekhel (v. During peace they had to make roads, form
210), observes that they are to be interpreted, eneampmeuts, build houses, and even construct
not as some have done, EX. Ar_//auto P\'b/Eco, entire towns, if l)ion Cassius is to be credited,
but, EX. Aartoritalc PW:/ic¢Z—meaning that who atlirms that the city of Lugduuum (Lyon,
the silver or gold money thus inscribed had been in France), was one of the fruits of this system.
struck by public authority.-—See Fubia gens. ——'l'he same is said of Augusta Vindelieornm
EXAGI VM SOLIDI.—An inscription stamp (.»\ugsbourg, in Gennauy). And in North Britain
ed on certain quadrangular pieces of brass, used the wall of llndrian and that of Antoninus Pins,
during the lower empire, by the ezaciores auri, attest by their remains, how magnificently ex
who were specially charged with preserving the tensive were the military works of the Romans.
weight, as well as the purity, of that metal in It was this 0llst0Il1 which moreover served to
the Roman mint.—“ By the word arayium (says increase the docility of the soldier, at once
Echhel, viii. 513, et seq.) especially in the times divesting him ot‘ both inclination and time for
of dius, Houorius, Theodosius junior, and entering into plans of desertion or of revolt.
Valentinian III. was meant a weir//it, or a wm'_q/i And neglect of this active discipline mainly
iug, intended to test the legitimate weight of caused the ruin of the Roman armies.
the Sulidu:.”—Sec that word. The names of the ditferent bodies of Roman
EX. S. C.-—Ez. i5e/talus Consullo. (By a Dc troops employed in various parts of Europe,
rree of the Senate; or, by a Scnatus Consnltum). Asia, and Africa, are recorded on coins; princi
When these letters occur on Roman gold and pally on those of Hadrian for example, bearing
silver coins, they signify, not that the Senate the inscriptions Erercitus Brilaunicus, Ca1;1)a
caused them to be struck, but that the coinage rlocicus, Da/ricus, Germa2zz'cu.r, I1i.rpanicu.s, Ju
of them had the .r1'1m/14.: 01112.?///I/1:21, or senato ///.u'cu.s, Jlnu/v'lanirua, Noricua, Part/ziru-r, R12!’
rial sanction, when struck. The in-ark EX. S. U. licus, t5://1-/u<-us, the. as will be seen in the im
also denotes certain dishnrseiuents made from mediutely following pages. For the Romans
the public ll'(.‘LLslll'_V to defray expenses of public were aecnstmuetl to cull their legions and expedi
*_"|rnc=. .»\u1l in some iu.=tunees the form \'t'lL\' tionary i'oret-s after the names of those place.-, or
.i l\.l\'ll to the title of pro-consul and of pro-pre countries, in which they were dutioned, or were
t<:, when those ullieers, without popular elec ct\rr_\ ing on wnr. On other coins a e-'nnmcmor
3A‘-Z
364- EX.ER(',‘I'l'US BRI'l‘ANNICL'S.
ation is made not only of the local habitations
of Roman annies, but also of their valour, for
titude, and renown. Thus we read on some,
VIRTVB 1u1.1'r\'sr, or vnrrrs EX1-IBClT\'S Romm
EXERC ITUS BIKITANNICUS.
OIIVM i 011 Of-IIETB, VIBTVS 01‘ GLORIA EXERCITVS
o.u.Li(c.\i\'1), &c.
EXERCitu.r AUGUSTORUM.—77|e Anny qf
the Em_per0r.r.—Scc mcmrus jllllifll‘.

EXERCi!u-v BR1'l‘ANNIcus. S. C.-—The em vvithout intention, seeing that other similar

pcror Hadrian, bare headed, habited in the paluda works had been executed in Britain, between the
mcntum, on horseback, with fight hand raised, as epochs of Hadrian and that in which Spartian
haranguing his anny, represented by one soldier wrote—the learned Abbé proceeds to give a sum
bearing a vexillum, and three ensign bearers, a mary of what is communicated by other ancient
fourth (indistinctly) appearing behind them.— authors; and this he does by way of commen
Obv.-HADRIANVS AVGuatu.v COnSul III. tary on the text of Spartian.—See that valuable
Pater Palriw. Bare head of Hadrian, to the contribution in aid of the study of geographical
right. and historical numismatology, Jlémoire cur {es
This is one of that class of geographical coins Vo_ya_1/es d’IIadrien, p. 72, ct seq.
(as Eckhel calls them), which respectively bear The large brass engraved above is not dc
the name of the army that happened to be sta scribed in the Catalogues of Mionnet and Akflb
tioned in the province visited by the emperor; man, nor is it included amongst those which
and it derives in the English eye a great addi illustrate “Coins of the Romans relating to
tional degree of interest, from the circumstance Britain." But the author of that standard pub
of its exhibiting the collective appellation of the lication has made the following descriptive allu
Roman soldiers who occupied camps and garri sion to the subject in p. 24 :—
sons in Britain, at the time of Hadrian’s ad “ In the Museum Theupoluzn, a work, to the
vent and stay there, A. 1). 121. general accuracy of which Eckhcl bears testi
Spartian’s account of Hadrian’s visit to Bri mony, a large brass coin of Hadrian is thus
tain (see it quoted in p. 141), is as verbally brief described :
and yet as intrinsically important, as were the “ Rener.re.—-EXERC. BRITAN. The emperor
incidents of that visit itself ; for it records much on a tribune or estrade, haranguing his troops.
good to have resulted therefrom in a short space “ Although this coin is not known to our
of time.—See BRITANNIA, p. 1-11. English nuniismntists, it is by no means a proof
“ Four provinces of Europe (says the Abbé that it does not exist. Vaillant notices a type
Grcppo) were visited consecutively by Hadrian, and legend very similar, viz.:
in the first ycars of his rcign, as it would ap “ EXERC. BRl'l‘.»\NNICUS. Irnperator pa
pear ; namely, the Gauls, Germany, Britain, and ludatus, stuns in suggcstn, adloquitur cohortes.
Spain. ‘ ‘ " ' lt is from Germania that —1n aliis, Impcrator equcs.
Spartinn passes Hadrian into the isle of the “ 'l‘o this he (Vnillant) appends the following
Britons, but without entering into any detail, remark—‘ Hie nummus prime: formsc inter rari
even without making known to us the port orcs numerandus (imo inter rm-issimos).’ Never
whence he embarked. The biographer limits theless some artful rogue may have formed this
himself to say—Ergo eonvcrsis rcgio more mili coin from another of a similar type, by altering
tibus Britanniam petit. ' " " " History is the letters of the legend."
equally far from satisfying our curiosity respect Eckhel takes Vaillaut for his authority in
ing the sojourn which Hadrian made in that citing and describing this coin, making only this
island. lie corrected thcrc numerous abuses renmrl<, tha “ scarcely any other information
(in qua nmltu correxit) a very vague statement, than that atfordcd by the few lincs in Spartian,
and common to all the tours of lladrinn. But is recorded respecting Britain during Hadrian’s
the historian adds a fact of greater interest, time; nor do the types of coins furnish any
when he speaks of the wall raised, by order of hints on which we can dwell.”
that prince, to separate the lands of the barba [A well-preserved and finely pntinatcd speci
rian inhabitants from those which were subject to men of the coin in question was purchased, about
the Romans, and that upon an extent of eighty four years ago, for the British hluscuni, at the
miles. Murumque per octoginta millia pas Campnna sale (where it brought £14 145), by
8lll1ml’RlllUS duxit, qui Barbaros Romanesque Mr. Doubleday, who reccutly furnished the com
dividcret."——Aftcr expressing his opinion that piler with a cast. And this having been submitted
the word prinms is not used in this passage, to the practised eye and acute discernment of Mr.
 EXERCITUS DACICUS. EXERCITUS JUDAICUS. 365
Akerman, that gentleman in reply says—“To peror standing on a ntgyeslaa, delivers an ull0cu
what I have stated regarding the large brass Ear tion to his soldiers. On a first brass of Hadrian.
ercitus Britzmnicu: of Hadrian, I have nothing This coin finds no place in the respective cata
to add, except that I had not seen the coin, logues of Mionnet and Akerman, consequently
of which you send me a cast—bnt, looking to it may be inferred that certainly the French
the appearance of that cast, I see no reason to Cabinet, and perhaps, the British Museum
doubt the genuincness of the original.” It is do not possess a specimen of it; nor does it
under these circumstances, and with these sauc appear amongst the Emrcilu: series in the
tions, that an engraving of it is here published Imperial collection at Vienna. The Museum
far Me first time. Thcupolnm moreover affords no testimony to
EXERCI'l‘VS CAPPADOCIVS. S. C.-—The its existence.—It is described in Mediobar
emperor on horseback, addressing the soldiers. bus, p. 178, and given by Patin, in his unmis
First brass of Hadrian, who travelled in Asia mutie common on Suctonius, p. 3T7.—'l‘o
A. D. 1'24. The legend and type of this reverse this last named work Eckhel himself resorts, as
are explained, under the head of CAPPADOCIA, to his sole named authority for including the
Roman army of Judzea in the number of those
military bodies, to whom “the Great Traveller”
dedicated so many types of Allocution, after
visiting the ditlereut countries, which their pre
sence served either to defend, or to keep quiet.
Taking it for granted, however, that the author
of Doctrina, of all authors in the world, would
not be at the pains of animadverting historically,
on any other than what he believed an extant
and a genuine monument of antiquity, we sub
join what he says under the head of Exencrrvs
IVDAICVS.
The arrival of Hadrian in Judiea is recorded
by Dion (lxix. § ll.) There are no coins to
EXERC. DACICVS. S. C.-—The emperor, be seen, which celebrate Hadrian as Iteslitutor
with laurelled head, wearing the paludamentum Jua/me, though the type of anvrzsrvr avo.
over his military dress, and standing on a IVDAEAE (p. 9), really bears allusion to that
nlyyeslur, raises his right hand aloft, as ad restoration. During his reign, however, this
dressing tbe Roman army in Dacia, represented nation was nndcserving of such a princely act of
by three soldiers, one of whom bears a lcgionary benevolence. It is well known, with what fury,
eagle, another holds a military ensign sur exceeding belief, this fanatic people, during the
mounted by a right hand (see LEGIO), and the time of Trajan, stung as it were to frenzy,
third figure carries a spear transversely. Below devastated with sword, fire, and rapinc, the
the suggestns, between the emperor and the region of Cyrcnaica, nursery of crime, and
soldiers, stands the pretorian prefect. On first then Alexandria and Cyprus. Reduced to sub
brass of Hadrian. On others, the emperor is on mission by force of arms, they remained quiet
horseback. for a time. But subsequently, either in con
In quoting an example of the equestrian type, sequence of Hndrian’s founding a Roman colony
from the Imperial Cabinet, Eckhel (vi. 494) at Jerusalem, or because they were forbidden to
alludes to the marble (published by Gruter, practice circumcision, as Spartian imagines, they
page 249-4), which, erected to the honour of again threw oif their allegiance, and the whole
Hadrian, is inscribed “cnjns virtute Dacia of Palestine rose in savage warfare under their
imperio addita fclix est,” an inscription which, leader Barehocebas. Though, on account of the
as applied to him who would have abandoned contcmptibility of the people in revolt, the com
Dacia altogether, and who did destroy Trajan’s mcnccmcnt of this war might have been re
bridge of intercommunication with that hard garded as unimportant, yet lladrian viewing it in
earned conquest, “must be considered either a more serious light, recalled from Britain, Juliua
not genuine, or chargeable with base adulation. Severus, one of the most renowned generals of
—See DACIA, p. 302. of the age, and gave him the command-in-chief.
EXERCITVS GALIn'cu.r.—Gold of Con But it was not without considerable difficulty,
stantinc.—See vrarvs axsnc. GALL. and many reverses, that he at length, for the
EXERCITVS IIISPAl\'ICVS.—Mionnet second time, took and destroyed Jerusalem,
leaves this legend out of the list of Hadriau’s rased her fortresses, slew all who offered resist
military medals, and Mr. Akerman does the ance, and sold the remainder to slavery, and
same. But Havercamp, in the Cabinet de Chris thus put an end to the war.
tine, gives an engraving of a middle brass, in The precise year in which Hadrian visited
scribed with the above legend, and exhibiting the Jndzca is a controverted point. It has been
type of the emperor on horseback, with soldiers asserted by some that this event took place in
before him, indicating probably the assembling 872 (A. D. 119). Eckhel however shews, that
of an army in Spain destined to keep in awe the fact of Hadrian having made so early Q
some nnsubdued portion of the population. journey into Judsea and its neighbourhood, not
EXERCITVS IVDAICUS. S. C.—The em only rests on insecure authority, but is irre
366 EXERCITUS GERMANICUS. EXERCITUS NORIC-US.
conciicable with the programme of the route, oi;n.\|.\.\'1a; but she is personified l-y R figure
which he himself drew up, previously to com standing, armed with the lance, and rcstinw on
mencing his tour of the provinces of the empire. a buckler. On others, in large bras‘, _- - l
But that Hadrian visited Judzca in the year 883 rzxizacrrvs GEBMANICVS, and we sec the em
(a.n. 130), and thence passed into Egypt is peror on horseback, haranguing soldiers.” p. "I0.
proved from coins.-Sec D. N. vi. 496. As Spartian, in his notice of Hadrian in Gor
Reference may here be advantageously had to mauy, has alluded with more than usual ampli
the comments of Abbé Greppo, on the Ezercitzw tude of details to the attentive care of tlmt
Jurlaicua of Hadrian—a coin which points to princc for military discipline, the Abbé ingeni
J udaaa, as the station of a Roman army, under ously associates the well-known legend and type
circumstances the most calamitons to that un of DlSCIPLlN.-\ ave. (p. 333) with the prob.-i.bl_~
happy country.—Vo_i/ages d’ Ifadrimz, p. 182, though uncertain events connected with this
ct seq. epocha of the emperor’: history.—See p. 70.
EXERCITVS l\lAURE'l‘ANlC\"S. S. (J.——
Large brrms of Iladrian.——“ The emperor on
horseback, paludated, harangucs three soldiers
hearing military cnsigns. This device alludis
to a review of the army stationed in l\Iairre
tania, for Hadrian sagaciously maintained peace.
by being always prepared for war."-—-Captain
Smyth, Dmcrijzlive Cat. p. 107.
lladrian’s visit to the Roman military forea
occupying the Mauretanian region of Africa,
took place after his sojourn in Egypt, and im
mediately prior to his going into Syria, consc
queutly between 883 (A. D. 130) and 884 (.\. 1»
EXERCITVS GER‘.\fANICVS.—The empe l3l).—Scc MAURETANIA.
ror, laurelled and paludated, on horseback, ad EXERc1'tu-r NORICVS. S. C.—'l‘he emperor.
dressing the Germanic army, represented by bare-headed, habited in the paludamentum, and
three military figures, the foremost of which standing on nraiscd place, addresses his arm),
holds a stall" surmounted by a superb eagle stand personified by ensign-bearers; to the left is a.
ing on a labarum, the next soldier holds a sim soldier, who holds the emperor's horse. ‘mhlud
ple ensign, the hindinost carries a standard, sur the prince, on the same platform, is another
mounted by a right hand.—(Sce the article military personage.
LBGIU). On first brass. On the cxcrgne of the present reverse we read
The Roman legionaries of the province, in the name of the army which occupied that part
memory of llndriuu’s visit to which this bean of Southern Germany, called Noricum, a conn
tiful coin was struck, came under his disciplin try lying between the Danube and the Alps
arian inspection immediately after his visit to now forming the territory of Nuremberg, aid
Gaul, and before he went into Britain, it is be a portion of Bavaria. '
licved about 872 (A. 1:. 119). Ancient writers are silent as to the journey
“ Other than the name of Germany (observes of Hadrian into Noricum, but it is elmufiy Ic
the Abbé Greppo, advcrting to the above legend), corded by those coins of his, which di<pl.-\_v the
Spartian furnishes us with no geographical in above legend and type.—Besidcs this ~‘;l_ ice.
dications. His data are indeed very vague, and sutlicieutly common to such analogous coins,
enable us to gain too little acquaintance with Mionnct, in his Rareté ales Med. Rom. (i. 198},
the extent of the districts occupied by the Ro has described a rarer and more interesting type,
mans in that country, or with the state of viz. one which represents lludrian standing on
divers tribes of people, either in subjection, al an estrade, and behind him another figure, which
liance, or hostility, that would justify us to is doubtless meant for the prctoriau prefect.
hazard, as at all probable, any conjectures on Abbe Grcppo, in citing this type from .\liou
the subject of those portions of Germany which net, remarks that Noricum was essentia.ll_v s
lladrian had then to visit. The fact, however, military country, and that inscriptions mention
which Spartian alludes to, of a king given by divers lcgionary bodies called after its name.
lladrian to the Germans—Germ1mf.s re_r/mu con For another presumed object of Hadrian’s visit
-sIiluii—g065 at least to prove that under his to this otherwise unattractive station, sec .\l1I
rtign, Rome still enjoyed some consideration Ta/lum N()Ricum.
uinonnst that people. 'l‘he coins struck to con For the probable date about which lladriau
iit‘Ol‘f\fG the remembrance of this part of lla presented himself in person to his Noricnn army.
drian’s travels, have all a military character.-— see E.\;i;acrrvs GERMANICVS.
In none of the types do we sec the symbolising E.\'EltCl'l‘\'S PAlt.'l‘HlC\'S.—Thc Clllpt r.-r
of a happy province, celebrating by sacrifices standing on a srlggerlua with two other 1ni1;.ai_\
the advent of the sovereign, and recognizing figures, makes an oration to the so!-licrs. ()n
him as the restorer of its prosperity. The a brass medallion of Hadrian, described in \ ad ~
lqrcnds ADVENTVI avo. or assrrr\'roai avo. lant, Nalin. jllmr. Mad. p. 116.
are not found here. Germany appears on its By this coin it is shown that Iladrian, r-:.m
'i;:ns in silver, with its name alone for legend, he had given up Parthia \-.il'n the oth.-r o.-li..i.i'
 EXERCITUS SYRIACUS. EXPEC-'I‘.\'l‘E VENI. S67
conquests of his predecessor, still continued vigi little later period the Senate caused the col
lantly to kccp up an army of observation on the lection of these medals to be completed, for the
frontiers of that country, and which, no doubt, purpose of handing down to posterity a mo
was stationed near the Euphrates. morial of each of his voyages.”-—(Ica1zograpIu'e
Spnrtiau states that Hadrian, who was de des Emprreurs, p. 54.)
sirous to establish amicable relations with all the EX.EltC-ITVS VSC. or ISC.—The Emperor
princes of the East, proffered an invitation of Postnmus, on horseback, with several military
friendship to Chosroes, king of the Parthinns, figures standing before him.
sending back to him his daughter whom Trajan EXERCITVS VAC.—Same emperor and type.
had taken, and promising the restoration of his Hadrian’s mint has obviously furnished the
royal throne (which was of gold, but which arch-type of these two large brass coins. Some
was not given up by Hadrian). The same his learned men, among others Havercamp, who
torian also says, that this emperor was always has given engravings of both in his Cabinet rle
on terms of good understanding with the Par (7/:riatine, pronounce the added names of vsc.
thians. Nevertheless, a war with that people or lsc. and vac. to mean, the former Ysca or
would inevitably have broken out, had it not Isclt, the river Er [see Gough’s Camden, Devon
been averted by a conference between Hadrian shirc, river E1, vol. i. p. ‘l-2]; and the latter
and (as it would seem) their king. lt is per the Vaecmi, a people of Spain.—As to Isca,
haps by this passage of the Roman historian Eckhcl (vii. 442) laconically but conclusively
that the brass medallion may be explained, which says, “ To some the above reading appeared sus
exhibits on its reverse the legend and typifies picions, and to have originated in an error of
tion of rxsaclrvs PARTIIICVS. the moncyer, and I prefer t/wir opinion to the
EXERCITVS RAETICVS (or RHAETICVS) , first mentioned authorities.” But after all, are
S. C.—" The emperor, on horseback, is address these coins mm f
ing a party of soldiers, bearing military stand
EXERGUE, or EXERGL')I—thc lowest part
ards. The foremost of these men holds an un of a coin, divided from the rest by a horizontal
usually large square shield before him, which line. The word signifies an ontwork (or, as
may allude to R.ha:tia’s being deemed a buckler the French numismatists interpret it, /10r.r
against the depredations of the Gnuls and Ger d’¢zuvre) in relation to the type and to the
mans.”—Capt. Smyth, Drm-. Cal. p. 100.
legend. It is usually found on the reverse;
This first brass of Hadrian is engraved in seldom on the side of the head. In coins of
the Cabinet de Christine, TAB. xii.
families and those of the higher empire, the
We should be absolutely ignorant of the fact exergnal inscription marks either Consular
that this prince visited lthzetia, but for these dates, or Senatorial authority, or frequently,
brass coins, which attest it. This country
what is of more importance, it directly applies to
[now comprehending the Voralbcrg and the the subject typified on the reverse. ln the mint
Tyrol] had given its name to dillcreut bodies of agcs of the lower empire, letters Occupy the
troops, mentioned on ancient marbles. cxerguc which gcucrilly serve to indicate the
EXERC. SYRIACYS. S. C.—The emperor cities in which tlicy were struck, and in both
on horseback, clothed in the toga, before him
instances these words or letters form a struiglit
are four soldiers bearing lcgionary eagles and line, whilst the r(.st of the ll-gcnd is placed cir
simple ensigna. cularly. For examples of the cxcrgnc and its
Among the geographical coins of Hadrian, various uses, sec p=i_{_res 5, 7, 9, ll, 20, 37, 41,
Syria is named only on those struck in large , 70, l(33, 21?, Iltll, 307, 2308, -‘ill, 333, 81¢.
brass, having the above legend and accompanying
type of the Syrian m-m_r/. lint others of his
in this dictiomiry.
mintagcs bear the names of several countries in
the East.
Arrived in the province of Syria. Hadrian
made Jndxea the object of a special visit. There
are large and middle brass on which, for c.\'
ample, we read .\n\'r‘..\'rv1 AVG. IVD.-\EAE (cn
gravcd in p. 9.) Thcir type o1l'crs this par
ticularity, that the two llj.{lll'CS sacrificing, are
accompanied, sometimes by two, sometimes by EXl’EC'1‘l\'l‘E VENI. (Come, O 1'."/;_'r‘/ml
three smaller figures, bearing pnlm branches. o;m!)—l*‘igurc in military dress, his left hand
lu reference to such geographical coins of resting on the lmsta, stands joining hands with
Iladrinn as specially relate to his voyages and n rohcd female, also standing, and who hol-ls
travels, M. Charles Lcnonnant observes, “ that at a trident. ln the exergue usn. (probably n|(unt
least a good portion of them were not struck in for Rull/pizr, now Riehborough, in l{cnt).—!).///~_
the some your of the journey, which they serve Luv. CARAVSIVS P. P. AVG. Laurclled bust of
to record. In fact on several of them the emperor Carausius.
is called 1'0/(Ir Pulriw. Now, he did not accept This nniqnc legend, with its hardly lc-‘S rare
that titlc until the year of Rome SS1 (A.D.12-‘>'), and remarkable type, appears on the re\'erse of
isliilst the series of his vi.-;iIs to the diilcrcnt a silver (Iaruusius, of which Mr. Akcrmzzn was
parts of his dominions, commenced in 873 the first to publish an engraving. (See his
(A. D. 120). It is certain, therefore, that, at n Descrilltire Catalogue, vol. ii. vignette in wood,
868 EX. ORACULO APOLLINIS. EXPED. AUG.
p. 154), from “a specimen in unusually good to the same author) is depicted on coins by I.
condition.” It formed part of the late Mr. horseman going at a moderate The sub
Thomss’s "princely collection,” at the sale of joined type of Hadrian would, with the as of
which this precious mouetal relic of the usurp the legend, signify a selling out ; but the slow
ing but independent sovereign of Britain, brought pace of the horse rather denotes the adveuhu,
the sum of £10 Bs. The learned editor of the or arrival.
auction catalogue (Mr. Burgon, p. 285), ob
serves, that the coin in question “is of far bet
ter silver than Cnrausius's generally are."
The preceding cut is after n cast, furnished
to the compiler by Mr. Doubleday, apparently
from the Thomas specimen. The same type
also occurs in gold, according to Mionnet
(Rarelé, &c. ii. 166), who values it at 600 fr.
whilst he prices the silver type at 150 fr.--See
Mintages of Carausius, p. 178, ct seq.
“ Both type and legend seem to imply, that ' ~ rs>;=.--"1;
Caransius had sounded the Britons before he \\
ran off with the fleet from Boulogne. Gene
brier, describing, probably, from an ill-pre EXPED. AVG. S. C. Erpedilia Jugu:li.—
served coin, takes the female figure for Felicity, The expedition of the Emperor. Hadrian, bare
and supposes the trident to be the long caduceus, headed, on horseback (C()S. III). The ob
with which that Roman goddess is generally re vcrsc of this coin represents Hadrian lau
presented. But that it is a trident which she reated, and in the paludamentnm, or military
holds is quite evident, and that the figure is the cloak. The legend is IMPera£ar CAESar TRA
Genius of Britain will be acknowledged even by IANVS A\'Gu.rIu.!.
the unimagiuativc.”—Sce Akcrman. This is a finely-designed coin in first brass.
Eckhcl (viii. 45), who formed his opinion The equestrian group is in a spirited style of
apparently, not from having seen the coin, but workmanship, both horse and man. The Au
from an engraving in l-laym’s Tesora Britannica gustus raises aloft his right hand, and with
still considers the female figure to be the Genius his left holds the bridle of his generous steed,
of Britain. His words arc—“ Figurum mulie as setting out on him on some journey, about
brem esse genium Britannim, vcrisimile existimo, that vague period, his third consulate.
qui Carausinm ad se, ct cupessendum imperium The Abbé Greppo notices the legend EXPE
invitare videtur.” And he aptly cites Virgil, Dilio, and its accompanying type, in a passage
who makes zlflneas speak to Hector in like of his work to the following effect (p. 28) :——
phraseology—“ Quibns llector ab oris cxpectate In addition to those geographical coins which,
vcnis ?” by exhibiting the very name of the country
EX. ORACVLO APOLLINIS. A round visited, leave no doubt whatever as to their
temple, on whose summit is an eagle; within signification, there are some others, which,
is an idol, or three idols. though in a manner less precise, unquestionably
On the subject of this singular epigraph, bear reference also to the jourucyings of this
which Mionnet and Akerrnan do not either of prince. These cease to present to us the names
them notice, but which Eckhel recognises, as of divers provinces, or to hear the symbols
being on the reverse of a brass coin of Philip which characterise them. They simply indicate
senior—the last named numisnmtist says— the departure of the emperor, going to visit
“ Whether he rcccivcd the empire in accordance some one or other of them, yet without en
with the response of Apollo's oracle, or pro abling us to ascribe them to this or to that
cured the building of the temple, exhibited on voyage, more than to the rest. Thus, on
the reverse, or bencfittcd it in any other way, large brass coins, which represent Hadrian on
is matter of uncertainty; and (Io so/ve l/1» horseback, we read nxrno. ave. 1>.1u. "ra. r.
gm-slion) we have need of another oracle of cos. 11r.—Others in gold and in large bras,
Apollo. But whatever it may be, this coin presenting the same type, but without legend,
offers a sinister omen to the opinion of those seem to have been struck with the same inten
who assert Philip to have professed the Christian tion. The cxpeditions of this emperor in Gaul
religion. Vcnuti, in his coin of the Musco and in Syria are designated in an interesting
Albano, sces three idols, which he supposes inscription, forming the epitaph of a freedmau,
to be Cnpitoline—viz. of Jupiter, Minerva, and who had accompanied his master, a secretary
Juno.” vol. vii. and personal attendant of Hadrian in the Gaulish
EXPl‘]l)l'l‘lO.——Wheuever the memorial of and Syrian expeditions, as the inscription itself
an emperor’s arpezlilinn against I/IE m/01r/_// is (p. 193) sets forth (IN l~‘.XPFDITlO.\'lB\‘S ou
struck on a coin, he is made to appear in haste. nvs GALLIAE ET svu1.u~1)—'l‘he;1*. arc, as the
Thus we sec Sept. Severus represented on horse Abbe observes, more \'arxctics in the reverses
back, galloping with couched spear, on n silver which recall the sea-trajccts of the same un
coin, which is referred by Vaillant to that em pcror, and which are seen on silver, brass, and
pcror’s Britaunic campaign. But the departure some medallions. For a description and en
of the emperor on a pacific journey (according graving of one of these obvious emblems of
 EXUPER.-\'[‘Olt. FABIA. 869
good wishes for a happy voyage to the emperor.
—Sce PELICITATI AVG.
EX. SENATVS CONSVLTO. Diva Mar F.
ciana.—That Marciano was enrolled among the
divinities is proved by marbles, as well as by F. the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet,
several coins. In Grutcr's work is given a stands for PH on some coins of the lower em
stone erected at Cetrania Severinu, in memory of pire; as in Numcriunus, TRIVMFVS QVAI);
her priestess (sacsnnorr DIVAE M.-\RCIAN¢e.) and in Honorius, TRIVMFATOR GENT. BAR
We are not informed as to the year in which BAR. There is also a coin of Constans, which
she acquired these honours. We only know reads OB. VICTORIAM TRIVMFALEM.
that she was entitled to the epithet diva F. or FAB. Fabius.-——C. F. Cains Fabius,
about the year 867, (B. C. 114) ; as on the arch name and surname of the Fabia family.
of the Portus Anconitanus (Ancona), which F.—FAC. Faciundum, Facizmzhlr.-——C\'R.
records the xviiith Tribunicia Potestas of Tra X. F. Curavit Denarium Faciumlum ,- or Cura
jan (unless, indeed, we should there read xviiii), tor Denariorum finndorurn.—SACR. FAC. Sa
there is found the inscription DIVAE naucranns cris Faciundia.
AVG. souonr AVG. (cited by Eckhcl, vi. 468, F. Fec1'l.—LVD. SAEC. F.—Ludo.: Swen
from Gruter, 247, 6). Iares Fecit.
0lw.——mvA AVGVSTA MARCIANA. A head of F. I"elicita.|.—F. B. FPlicit11.rBeala.
Marciana.—Ilev.-—r:x. SENATYS CONSVLTO. A F. FeZi.2'.—P. F. or PIVS F. frequent on
chariot drawn by two elephants with riders, and Roman imperial coins.
n veiled figure seated in it. Silver and first F. FideIi.r.—P. F. LEG. Pia Fidelia Legio.
brass.—See exactly same type engraved in p. 358. F. Fieri.—-F. C. Fieri Curavit.
F. Filia or Fi(i¢.——ANT0l\‘INI AVG. F.
(Lucilla), &c.
F. Filii.—C. L. CAESARES AVGVSP1 F.
Caiua and Luz.-iu.r Filii Augmti (that is to say,
ab Augusto Adoptati)
F. Filiua.-—l“1'cqucnt on coins of Roman
\~ "" F families (in like manner as N. .LVr*p0J) ,- e. g.
A. F. AuliFilius.-—BRV'1‘I. F. Bruli Filiu.r.
F stands for the same on a great number of
‘Q ' ' imperial coins, as AVG. D. F.
[Julii] Filiu.|'.—-AVG. F. AVG.
Au!/zzclzw Divi
Au;/mrti Filiua
\\'él;y>¥n||* Ailgustus.
F. Fland0.—See marks of the Monetal Tri
umvirs, A. A. A. F. F. Aura, J2-ye/rte, Jere,
I F/a/uz'0, Ferimul0.—(See p. 1.)
EXVPERATOR OBINIVM GENTIVM.— F. F/avia.—C. F. C'z21ozzia1"lavia.
(The Conqueror of all Nations) .—The emperor, F. F0rl1ma.——F. P. R. Fortzma Popu/'i
with laurelled head, is seated on a cuirass, be Romani.
tween two captives crouching on the ground. FABIA gens.-—An ancient, noble, and power
He rests his left hand on the hasta (or rather ful family, thut gave many great men to the
staff with foliaged head), and holds in his right republic of Rome. It extended itself into six
a globe surmounted by a victoriola with a gar branches, five of which (viz. Bntco, Lubeo,
L'ind.——Brass medallion of Constantine the Great. Pieter, Hispnniensis, Maximus), exhibit their
0bv.—eo.\'sr.u\‘r1.uvs max. AVG. Bust of the respective surnames on coins. Discarding the
hn,"c."-r, with the dindem.—[The above re fable of Silius Italicus, who carries its Orgin to
verse is engraved after a east from a fine speci Fnbius, the sou of Ilercules, and giving scarcely
men in the Cabinet de Fmnrx:.] more credit to historians who kill oil‘ all the
“ The word Eruprrafor (says Rasche) I have males of the family save one, in a general en
hitherto no where found on coins, except in this gagement, which they entered 306 strong, near
instance, but besides the word Ezupero (to sur the Crernera, against the Veientcs, B. c. 447;
pass, to be predominant), there occur also Eru the celebrated characters who are supposed to
pcrantia (pre-eminence, superiority), Ezuperatio, have sprung from the sole survivor of that fatal
(an exceeding or surpassing), Ezuperabilis, or day, amounted to thirty-six individuals, and who in
more properly Ezruperabilia (what may be ex the space of 250 years, were invested with forty
cecdcd).” eight Consulates, eight Censorships, and ten 'l‘ri
The coinage of Constantine (observes Eckhel), bunntcs of the Plcbs, five Principes Scnatus, to
is full of novel and extravagant titles, too proud gether with the honours of thirteen triumphs, and
and presumptuous, even when they are truc.— of two ovations. From Fabius Maxiinns, sur
()n the coins of Commodus, we see Jupiter Eru nnmcd Cunctutor, the famous dictator in the
ynrranficaimus (the most excellent, the supreme); second Punic war, down to the reign of Tibe
but then Commodus applied to himself the rius, the 1-'ubii sustained the splendour of their
epithet Ezuperatoriua (conquering), and caused race ut Rome.
the month of November to be called rnzmsia 'l‘hcre are eleven or twelve distinctly different
er-upi'rat0riu.r, after him as conquerorl viii 83. types, and many more unimportant varieties
31$
370 FABIA. FABIA
in the coins of this gens; but they offer few afterwards, he himself, on account of his cruelty
subjects of interest, even on the most select and and avarice, whilst pretor, was burnt alive.—
rare of their reverses. To make amends, how (Liv. Epit. 84-86.)—Sce Riccio, p. 89.
ever, for historical and mythological deficiencies, 2.——LABEO.- ROMA. Galented head of
the initial letters and abbreviated words, on Rome, before the neck X.--R4-v.—Q. FABI.
some of them, have supplied ample themes for Jupiter Tonans, in a rapid quadriga, brandishing
c.\‘e1'cising the ingenuity, and for displaying the the thunderbolt, and holding the sceptre. Be
erudition, of numismstic antiqnnrics. neath the horses a ship’s head.
The brass pieces belonging to this gens are The learned refer this silver coin to Qnintns
arses, or parts of the as, and Imperial Greek. Fabins Labeo, who, in the year of Rome B65
The following are among the denarii most (n. c. 189), under the eonsulship of M. I-hilvias
open to historical illustration :— Nobilior and Oneus Manlius Vulso, and during
the war with King Antiochus Major, was
appointed as pretor, to the command of the
fleet. But peace with Syria, having in the
meanwhile been made, he landed at Crete, and
rescued from captivity the Roman citizens, who
were dispersed through the greater part of that
island, on which account (according to Livy) he
claimed and enjoyed the honours of a. naval
triumph. lt was for this reason also, as is
1.——EX. A. PV. Bust of a veiled and believed, that the ship's prow displays itself on
turreted woman, to the right.—Rev.-—-C. FABI. his coins.-—Eckhel, v. p. 208.
C. F. Victory in a rapid biga; beneath the
fore feet of the horses is s vulture, or other
bird of prey. In the field of the coin some
lcttcr or other of the Latin alphabet. Silver.
[The obverse type is probably the head of Juno,
in whose temple the public money was kept.—
For an interpretation of the obverse legend,
sec p. 69.]
There is a large brass as with the name of
this family, published by Liebe, bearing on the 3.—N. FABI. N. PICTOR. A galeatod figure,
reverse side the usual ship’s prow, but with a seated to the left, holds in the right hand the
vulture, or a buteo (see p. 148) standing on pontilicnl apex; in the left the /mm para;
the lower part of it. near her, resting on the ground, is a shield,
With respect to peculiar, yet constant sym inscribed QVlR1N.——In the exergue noMA.——
bols, Borghesi is of opinion, that when they ap 0bv.—-Head of Rome, with mark of the de
pear on single denarii of Roman families, and narius.
especially when they are repeated on their brass Ditfering from Ursin, Vaillant, and Spanhcim,
coins, they bear allusion to the surnames of who have all three interpreted the abbreviation
that particular family. Hence he is induced to on the shield QVlItINu.r, and who have even
yielded to the strange supposition that Quiriuus
l'l"_L{Hl‘Ll the vulture, or whatever bird it may be,
which is represented on the two coins above (or Romulus) himself is represented in the
described, as having relation to the coguomen of seated fignre.—Eckhel (v. 209) atlirms, that an
the family of C. Fabins Buteo.—Ursiu and accurate inspection of all the specimens of this
Eckhel appear to have viewed it in the same light. silver coin proves it to be the type of a woman,
The earliest numismntie writers, in general, be and observes that Quirinus is usually depicted
lieve the silver coin to have been the first in that with a lung beard.——[ln the above cut, the
metal struck by the ltomans, and attribute it to galeaicd figure on the reverse has not a womanly
a C. Fabins Pictor, consul with Q. Ogulnins countenance; but in other respects it agrem
Gnllns in 484 (a. c. 270); and that the with the martial character in which deified Home
EX A. PV. indicates the authority of the Ro usually appears on coins]. For these reasons
man people, who in that year caused it to be Eckhel coincides with llavcrcamp, both in
minted. But its workmanship, and its style of pronouncing the image to personif_v flame, and
representing objects, preclude the acceptance of in reading the inscription Q,\'llilN.1/ix, that is
this opinion. Borghesi, looking to the symbols to say I"/amen Quirinalia, an ottice hereditary
above mentioned, considers them to belong to in the Fabio family. Of the Fabii who were
the time of Marius. And with him others con Flamines Qui1'in.ales frequent mention is made
cur, that thcy were coined in Africa by Cains in Livy and in Val. Maxirnus. The surname of
Fabius Adrianna, pretor and pro-pretor of the Pirlor is stated to have been derived to this
consuls L. Cornelius Cinna and On. Papirius family from C. Fabius, who in 450 (_B.c. 39-1)
Carbo, in 669 and 670 (13.0. 85 and 84), par. gratuitously painted the temple of the Goddc>!
tizans of Marius, (\vho died the previous year of Health (Hides Salutis), erected after lhlr
66$).-—-Cavedoni thinks it probable that it was Samnitc war. by Cains J unius Brutus Bnbnlcus
C. Fabins, who being in 670 pretor in Africa, -—-which painting was, it seems, in existenrfi
expelled thence Q. Metellus; and two years until the time of Claudius, during whose reign
 F.-tBRlCIA.—FABRlNIA. FANNIA.—FARSULElA. 37]
that sacred edifice was destroyed by fire, as is other the reverse; and the figure, and legeiid,
testified by Pliny, who considers that etfort of or inscription, on each are alike subjects for
art to have been creditable to the Fabia t'amily— consideration.
an opinion, however, widely dissented from by FADIA gens plebeia; not noticed in Morel,
Val. Maxintus, who, in narrating the same fact, Mionnet, Akerman, nor in Riccio ; but of which
denounces painting as an occupation too mean Eckhcl states that some small brass coins are
for a citizen of the noblest rank to pursue, and extant. L. l"ADiua, n contemporary of Julius
treats the performance of Pictor with corre (Jtesar and Augustus, appears to have been one
sponding disdain. of their mint-masters.
lticcio (p. 88) says—-" Nnmerius Flavius Pic FALX, asickle: the sign of Saturn, the re
tor, great grandson to the famous C. Fabius puted inventor of agriculture, whence he was
above mentioned, was the author of this silver called falci/‘er by the poets. The figure of this
coin, but the precise time when he exercised his instrument of husbandry, indented, appears on
monetal triumvirate is not known.—See QUlR! coins of the Calpuruia, Mcmmia, and Servilia
uus—-see also Flamen Quirinalis. families.—See sxrunn.
4.—L. FABI. L. F. HISP. Victory in a fast FAMILY COINS.-—Sec sum FAMILIARUM
going quadriga, holding a palm branch ; under the ROHANARUM.
horses’ feet Q.—Ob1:erae.—-C. AN N1. '1‘. 1*‘. '1‘. FANNIA gens—ot' the plebeian order, but of
N. PRO. COS. EX. S. C. Head of a woman, consular rank.—'1‘he silver coins of this family
adorned with small mitre, ear-rings, and neck have two varieties, and the brass one type, as
lace; behind it a caduceus: sometimes within a follow:
crown, sometimes not. 1. AED. PL. (/Edilis Plebis). Head of Ceres
Lucius Fabius, son of Lucius, was pro-ques crowned with corn ears.—1fm:.—l\1. FAN. L.
tor in Spain to the pro-consul C. Annius, sent CRIT. Marcus Fannins and Lucius Critonius
thither by Sulla in 671 (B. c. 83), to subdue togated, occupying their respective serif/ia, and
Scrtorius, of the Marian party. presiding over the public distribution of wheat.
On some specimens this is additionally indicated
by a corn-ear placed upright before them. Be
hind, in the field, are the letters P. A. (Publim
Argento).—$ee EDILIS, p. 12—-see also Critonia
gens, p. 296.
2. Head of Rome, helmeted: before it X.—
l?ev.—\I. FAN. C. F. Victory in a qundriga at
full speed, holding a branch, sometimes a crown,
5.-—Q,. MAX. ROMA. Galented head of in her right hnnd.—F0l' awood-cut of it see
Rome: before it X.—Itev.—Cornncopite with DENARIUS, p. 317, left hand column.
fruit, and with which a thunderbolt is put cross 3. M. FAN. Q1". above; ROMA below.—
wise; the whole within a crown formed of pop R¢’u.—S. (Semis). Ship’s row.—Middle brass.
pies and corn-ears. The author of these two Flflt coins is unknown.
Cavedoni says that this denarius, with the
It is thought that possibly they may have been
st-ruck by M. Fanaius, pretor in 672 (B. c. S2),
initial Q, belongs to Quintus Fabius ltlnximus
during his monctal trinmvirate.—See Rieeio, 90.
Servilianus, consul [with Cccilins Metellns] in
612 (B. c. 142); and that the cornucopia: tra The name of Fauaius (c. ran. row. PR.) is
versed with the fulmen, still the symbol of rend on the cistophori of 'l‘ra.lles (Asia) coined
the city of Valentin, in Spain, alludes to the in 705 (a. c. 49).
exploits of the father, and of the brother,
against Viriatus, in that country. It is to be
observed, that the crown which encompasses the
field of the above silver coin, is composed of
leaves tied together with heads of poppies, and
finishes with corn-ears.-l\Iay not these (asks
Riccio) point to the corona obsirlionalis, the
honour of which was earned by Quintns Fnbius
FARSULEIA gens, an obscure family of the
Maximus, the delay/er, as he was called ?—
plebeian order, known only by its coins, which
page 88. are silver, and have but one type, with
FABRICIA gens plebcia.—i\Iorel gives two some unimportant varieties. It has ]"0r.!'u/»iu.r
coins of this family, which, according to Vail for its name, and Mensor for its surname. The
lant, has Palernzw for its surname. following is the least common :—
FABRINIA gena.—Uurecorded (says Eck S. C. MENSOR. Bust of a woman, with
hel) by history or by any ancient monument, small tiara, or mitella, on her head; behind is
coins excepted. The name of M. FABRINI (Fa the pi/nus of lihert_v.——I£ev.—L. FAItS\'Ll~ll.
brinus) appears on the triens, quadrans, and A gnleated and puludntcd figure, in a bign to the
semis of the early brass coinagc.—See one of right, extends the right hand to another figure,
each engraved in Riccio, 'rav. xx. clothed in the toga, to assist him in ascending
FACE of a Coin.—Every perfect coin has the car. Under the horses are letters, and in
two faces or sides; one called the obverse, the some specimens, a scorpion.
BB2
372 FASCES.—FASTI.
As is the fami‘ly's origin so is the t_vpe’a mean
ing—obscure. Learned men (observes Eckhel, v.
212), suppose this to be symbolically ullusive to
the 10.: Julia, enacted 664 (B. 0. 90), conferring
the right of citizenship on the Italians, which
privilege is further conjectured to be here sha
dowed forth by the armed figure, pcrsonifying
the Roman people, who is receiving his new
associate of Italy into the same vehicle with him of religions adoration.
self. The head of Liberty, exhibited on the
obverse, also seems to favour this attempt at an marked the names of magistrates, particularly
interpretation.—Cavedoni is of opinion, that to consuls, and dictators, (when these latter were
this subject of Italians admitted into Roman
privileges the type of lllucia gens [in which,
as also in that of Furia gens, the heads of
Honour and Virtue are conjoined] more applies
than docs this type of Farsuleia, because the
heroic ear, and the excited action of the horses,
do not correspond with the workmanship of the
times in question; nor with the supposed sig
nification, but rather with the style of a later
age; that is to say, the decay of the republic.-—
See Riccio, p. 91.
FASCES——bund]es of birehcn rods, carried
by the lictors before the highest class of Roman
magistrates, with an axe bound up in the middle
of them, as for the punishment of wicked doers.
The rods to shew the more lenient infliction for
faults capable of correction; the axe flecuria)
to indicate that the perpetrators of heinous and
unatonable crimes were to be cut otf from
society. These farce; and secures, on coins,
denote the supreme authority of the consuls and
other pfiucipul magistrates, as having the right
and power of life and death. The figure of a
cnrule chair (symbolical of the consular ofiice),
placed between two farce; (sometimes with,
sometimes without, the a."e.s) is a frequent type
on coins of Roman families. (See FUFIA and
l.lVlNEIA.)—'1'hefa.9ccJ, and a car/ucr'u.r, placed
crosswise, with an axe below and a globe above
them, and on one side two right hands joined,
appear on silver coins of Aemilius Buca and Julius
Camar. (See p. l56.)—The fasces with the are
appear on coins of the Licinia (Morell. ran. 3)
and Norbana families.
l"AS'l‘l—a name given to the tables of
marble, on which the Romans dedicated to
posterity the names, achievements, and triumphs
of their great men, and made known to the
people the dies fzuii at nq/'a.rli—the days when
they were, and were not, to offer sacrifices to
their gods, and discharge the duties imposed on
them by the Poutf/z're.r, as those of religion.
TilL‘S\'. annual records were subdivided into seve
ral klllllrl, of which the principal were——
1. 1*u.~rfi Kalmul¢zre.r.—'l‘hese were so called,
because the days of each month, from kalends to
kalcnds, were marked in them ; and because they
also noted all the religious ceremonies from the
beginning to the end of each month. Towards
the close of the republic, and afterwards under
the imperial government, inseusate pride in the
governors, and adulatory bascnt-as in the go
verned, occasioncd the prostitution of these
tables, and rendered them ultimately subservient
to the extravagance of princes and the dt-genera:-y
F.~\STl.—l’ATA.—FATIS.
of the people. For a man to have his name
adsvriptunz on the Fasli, had always been
reckoned an object of legitimate ambition, as it
was indeed one of the highest honour; but then
it was confined to the consular and triumphal
Fusti. The emperors, not content with ruling
the world, affected Divinity, and obtruded them
selves on the calendar as objects of every kind
2. Ftuti Conaularea, in which were annually
appointed); also the wars, victories, and politiral
changes of the republic, together with memorials
of secular games and other remarkable events.
And this was done, as well to preserve the dates
of successive years, as to hand down the re
membrance of important transactions.--—See
Pitiscns and Adams.
A most important specimen of Fasti, belong
ing to the class of Cons-ulares, supposed to have
been executed at the beginning of the reign of
Tiberius, has been partially preserved. “ ln
the year l5~t7, several fragments of marble
tablets were discovered, in excavating the Roman
forum, and were found to contain a list of con
suls, dictators, and their masters of horse,
censors with the lustra which they closed,
triumphs and ovations, all arranged in
succession, according to the years of the Ca
tonian sera. These had evidently extended from
the expulsion of the kings to the death of
Augustus; and, although defective in many
places, have proved of the greatest value in
chronology. The different pieces were collected
and arranged under the inspection of Cardinal
Alexander Farnese, and deposited in the Capitol,
where they still remain. From this circum
stance thcy are generally distinguished u the
1"a.i-ti Capi(0Ii1|i.—-In the years 1817 and 1818,
two other fragments of the same marble tablets
were discovered in the course of a new excava
tion in the foriun. A fac-simile of them was
published at Milan, by Borghesi, in 1818.”-—
[The foregoing passage is extracted from an able
article, embracing notices of all points needful
to be known on the subject, contained in the
Di<'Ii0nar_y of Greek and Roman Anliquilin,
edited by Dr. Smith, at the cud of which work
the Fa-rli Commlares themselves are given.]
FAT‘.-\, the same three fabulous deities as the
Pa:-cw, daughters of Erebus: they inhabiteda
gloomy cave in Tartarus, symbolieal of the
obscurity which envelopes the future, whose
course they were able at once to predict and
determine, according to the Pagan system of
Theology. These awful sisters constituted Des
tiny, or at least were the mistresses of Destiny.
'l‘he Romans, following the example of the
Greeks in all superstitious practices, paid great
honours to the 1"a!a,- and invoked them gene
rally after Apollo, because they, like that god,
presuled over the future.
F.-\TIS \'lC'l‘RlCIB\’S. (To the Victorious
Fates).— —This remarkable legend appears on the
reverse of u very rare gold coin of Diocletian
—'l‘he type, which accompanies it, represent"
 l-‘AUSTA. FAUSTINA SENIOR. 373
three women clothed in the stole, standing to
gether-—and it is regarded as referring to the
Tria Fata, in whose name, and for the worship
of whom, a temple was dedicated at Rome.
For an explanation by Spanheim, and obser
vations thereon by Eckhel, see the word
PARCAE.

FAUSTINA (Annie Galeria) designated by

numismatists sometimes by the name of Faustino
FAUSTA (Flavia Jfazima) was daughter of the mother, sometimes by that of Faustino the
Mzmirnianus Hercules and of Eutropia, sister of elder, was born in the year of Rome 858 (A. n.
Maxcntius, and second wife of Constantine the 105), under the reign of Trajan. She was
Great. She was married to that emperor in the daughter of Marcus Annius Vcrus, a man of
year of Rome 1060 (A.D. 307). She gave consular rank, prefect of Rome, paternal grand
birth to Constantine the younger, to Constan father of Marcus Aurelius Having married
tius the younger, and to Constans. She died Antoninus Pius whilst he was still a private
in 1079 (A.D. 326), from suffocation in a hot citizen, she received from the Senate the title of
bath, by order of her husband, for having Auyuata shortly after the death of Hadrian, as
caused the death of Crispus, in falsely accusing her husband did that of Pius. She did not,
him of incestuous designs upon her chastity, or however, long enjoy her honours, dying in the
of rebellious projects against his father’s im third year of the reign of Antonine, U. c. 894
perial authority. (a.c. 141), according to Capitolinus; whose
The coins of this empress in gold, silver, and record is confirmed by a marble published by
brass (with the exception of the following very Muratori, which speaks of Faustino as already
rare reverses) are common : Diva in tho fourth tribunate of Antonine. Ae
Gonn i\lrn.\Lmo.v.—r1r.-us avovsra. The cording to a marble of Gruter’s, she was 36
empress, seated between two women, carrying a years, three months, and eleven days old, when
child in her arms; the one on the right hand she died. Capitolinns is severe upon the levity of
supports a long caduceus. Below are two genii, her conduct ; but he also states that Antonine did
holding a garland. In the exergue P.'l‘.R. (illo his utmost to conceal her irregularities, though
rellii Specimen, p. 53).—['l‘his, if authentic, is at the expense of great disquictudc to himself.
unique. Mionnct values it at 1000 francs]. Thus much is certain, that, as is testified by
GOLD.—SAL\'S BEIPVBLICAE. A woman stand the legends and types of her coins, Antonino
ing, robed and veiled, suckling two infants. On lavished every honour upon her, both during
the cxergnc P. 1'. (.Per0u.:.rum Tlieasalonim, struck life and after her dc.-cease. Faustino gave her
at Thessalonica): a crescent or some other sym husband two sons: Marcus Galerius Antoninus,
bol, between the two letters. (Mionnet, 500 fr. whose name is known to us only through the
gold, 50 fr. silver). Engraved in Lenormant, medium of a Greek imperial coin, engraved in the
Iconograp/lie des Em_pereur.\'.——SPEs RElPVB Iconogmpltie Romaine, p. 63 ; and Marcus Aure
LIC.-\E. The same type. On the exergue P. 'r. lius Fulvius Antcninus, known solely from
(Mt. 500 fr. in gold, 50 fr. in silver).—06v. the inscription published by Pagi (v. Crit.
rnav. max. ravsrs. ave. Head of the em Baron. ad u. c. 914 a.n. 161); also two
press, young and handsome. (Mt. 500 fr. in daughters, Aurelia Fadilla, married to Lamia
gold, 50 fr. in silver).—See the above wood-cut Syllanus, who was ah'eady dead when her father
from a small brass specimen of the same legend set out for his government of Asia, under
and type. Hadrian. The other daughter was Faustina,
Bases Mi;n.\L1.rou.—msr,\s AVGVSTE flric.) called junior, who was married to Marcus
Fausta standing, carrying an infant on the left Aurelius, her cousin-germnn.
arm, and extending the right hand to another The coins of this empress in gold and silver
child, who, standing at her feet, presents some (with exceptions subjoined) are common; brass
thing to her.—0bv.-—rL.\v. MAX. ravsra AVG. medallions rare; first and second brass, for the
Diadcmed head of the empress. (Valued by most part, very common. On these she is styled
Mionnet at 72 fr.) Engraved in Icovzagraplzie l<‘AVSTlNA AVGVSTA-FAVSTINA AVG.
Romaine, p. 121. ANTONINI AVG. (by implication, u:ror.)—
For the purport of some observations made FAVSTINA AVG. ANTONINI AVG. PI].
by M. Le Baron Marchant-, in his xviith Letira P. P.—DIVA AVGVSTA FAVSTINA.
Numimzatique (and to which M. Charles Le The greater part of these coins were struck,
normant yields his support) in n new attri after her decease, with the usual legends and
bution of coins to I/no Fausta, see NOBILISSIMA symbols of Consecration, and especially with the
PAEIHNA. various types of Eternity.
374 FAUSTINA SENIOR. FAUSTINA IUNIOR.
RAREST REVERSES of FAUSTINA.

own expense, whom he called PucIlmFaustinian¢e,

in honour of Faustina. Eckhel (vii. p. 7), cites
GOLD.-—CONSECRA'1‘I0. A quadriga, in which several inscriptions dedicated to the Pvi-;1.L.u~:
a woman stands, veiled and in the stola, hold FAVS'1‘I.\'IANAE].—-P11-ITAS ave. 'I‘hc empress
ing the Iuuta para, whilst another female guides sacrificing. (Brought £4 10s. at the Pembroke).
the l.\orses.~—On the obverse of this beautiful Bmss i\Inn,u.n1oNs.—-llxral DEVM s.u.v
coin is the bust of Faustino, not veiled, but TAM. (Uontorniate ; valued by Mionnet at
with the head-dress of a living Augusta.— 100 fr. Sec the words aui: Ioci.r).—-rat. POT.
(Mionnet values it at 72 fr. A fine specimen Combat of Romulus and Tatius. (Mt. 300 fr.
went for £2 l-is. at thc Thomas sale). see nonunus.)-vests. (Mt. 100 fr.)—\\'iz.h
AE'l‘l-2R.\‘lTAS. Four-wheeled car, in which, out legend. Cyhele and the vestal Claudia. (i\It.
under can0[ly, i-8 placed the image of Faustina 300 fr. It is engraved in p. 311).-Without
seated, drawn by two elephants, each mounted by lcgend. Cyhele and Atys. (Mt. 300 fr. En
a conductor.-Obv.—D1v=\ nvswma. (The divine graved in p. 300). [The foregoing five medal
Fnustina). Bust of the deceased empress. lions are in the Cabinet dc France] .—-The fol~
(Mionnet values it at 72 fr. A fine specimen lowing types, also without legend, are valued by
brought E3 l7s. at the Thomas sale. Engraved Mionnet at from l0O to 150 francs each, viz. :
in Caylus, Nam. Aur. I/npp. Rom. No. 522.) —Faustina, with the attributes of Ceres, light
Another aureua has for legend of reverse, AE'l‘ER ing an altar [see an engraving of it in p. 196].
NITAS, with type of s six-eolnmned temple, in the ——Faustina seated on a globe; the emperor
middle of which is placed the sedent statue of standing, presents her with a \'ictor_v.—Diana
Fnustina, as Juno, holding the sceptre. The fron Lucifcra walking.—Faustins, as Vesta, holding
ton of the temple is adorned with a bus-relief. the palladium, a Vestal standing before hcr.—
On the summit is a quadrigs; at the two extre O6v.——DlVa .\vovs'r.\ ravsrnu. Bust; of Faus
mities n Victory, front-faced, carrying n bucklcr tinn.—Reu.—-The empress in nbign, going to
on its head. The steps are fenced in by a railing. the left. (Mionnet’s valuation 120 fr. An extm
(Mt. 36 fl'.)—AETERN1"!.‘AS. Empress standing fine specimen of this medallion was bought for
with rudder and peters. (£3 7s. at the Brnmell £10 for the British Museum at the Campana
Bt\l0).—-AVGVSTA. Empress holding a lighted sale).
torch in each hand, (obtained E7 10s. at the Lanes: BnAss.—a1»:rnn1virAs. A woman
Thomas snle. A flower of the die specimen seated. (Engraved in p. 22).—.m"s1u\'rr.\s.—
went for only £3 at the Pembrolce).-——(:0NC017. Cyhele, in a chariot drawn by two lions. (Mt.
ma AVG. Female seated. (Pembroke Cat. lot 20 fr. See engraving of this reverse p. 22).—
272, brought at sale £3 4s.)—1:x. snnsrvs CONCORDIA. The emperor and Faustina, and
consvrrro. Car drawn by two elephants. (Mt. two smaller figures. (Mt. 2-ii fr. Engraved in
100 fr.)—-1v1vo.v1 asornan. Throne, sceptre, p. 24-2).——C0.\'SECRATIO. Victory bearing away
peacock, and cistn. (£4 ls. Thomss).—Same Faustiua. (.\It. 48 fr. Brought about £3 at
legend. Throne, with a sceptre, between a pea the Dcvonshire sale. See engraving, p. 25).—
cock aud a crow. (Mionnct, 60 fr.)-—l"0n'ruNa MATE! DEVM SALVTABI. (£1 at the Dcvonshire
Onsnqvmvs. The Empress standing with the sale).—A draped female stands holding a phoenix,
attributes of Fortune. (brought £2 2s. at the Pembroke sale).
[Nearly the above are engraved in the im
perial gold coins of the Cabinet de France by
Count Caylus.]
rvnnmn FAVSTINIANAE. (The _1/oung Fum
tiniam). Fanstina seated on a tribunal. Oppo
site to her the emperor stands holding out his
hands and receiving an infant, which is presented
to him by a woman. At the foot of the tribunal
is a man bringing also an infant.—0bv.—nIv1i
rsvsrma. Bust of Fnustina, to the right.
(Mt. 200 fr. Cabinet de Fra71ce').—\\’ith0ut
legend ; a hexastyle temple, still extant at Rome.
(£2 10s. Thomas sale).
SILVI-2Il.——PVELLAE PAVSTINIANAE. Same 1'.-\.USTI.\l'A the Youngcr.—Annia I-‘nustina
typo as in gold.-—0bu.-—n1va ave. PAVSTINA. was the daughter of Antoninus Pins Aug. and
(Mt. 100 fr.)—[-See the following engraving.- Galeria Faustina Aug. The year of her birth is
Capitolinus states, that Antouinns founded a col uncertain. By desire of Hadrian she was des
loge of young girls, who were maintained at his tined to be the wife of L. Ycrus, but after lla
 l~‘AL'STl.\iA JUNIOR. 1-‘Al'S'l‘lNA ANNIA. 375
drian's death, Antonine, on account of the ex 48 fi'.)—-IVNO. The goddess seated, and two
treme youth of Verus, gave her in marriage to children. (£2 3s. Thomas).—M.\ru1 CASTRO
.\l. Aurelius; the nuptials being consummated uvn. (Mt. 200 fr.)——1..n:'rrruu~: PYBLICAE.
u few years later. That she was dccorutcd with (£1 18s. Th0mflS).—KA'l‘Rl BIAGNAE. Cybele.
the title of Au;/u.rla, whilst her husband was (Thontas, £3 3s.; Devon:-shire, £1 15s.)-—v1:
merely Caesar, is a fact proved from coins.— NEBI GENETRICI. (£3 8s. Tl10ml1S).-VENERI AV
She died in the year U. C. 928 (A.D.175) at ovsmn. Venus seated. (Mt. 100 fr.)—vi-znnnt
the village of llalule, on the skirts of MountFELICI. A dove. (£2 4s. Thnmas).—v1»:Nvs
Taurus, whilst on her way to join her husband standing, diudemed, clothed, holding the sceptre
in Syria. and apple. Quinarius. (£1 19s. Thomas).
To the beauty of this woman the Antonine SlLVEB.——CONSECRA’l‘I0. Funeral pile, sur
mint bears constant testimony in all the three mounted by n. biga.-—Same legend. Funeral pile,
metals, and perhaps in no example more strikingly with MATRI CASTROBVM on the side of the head.
than on the brass medallion whence the above
portrait is copied. But her character was, by ,,..=¢..,., _>
all historical accounts, unworthy of her father
and her husband, whose virtues have been the
theme of eulogy in evcry age. Fanstina is ae
cused of having led a life still more dissolute
than that of her mother. It was even believed
that the sudden death of L. Verus was due to
her agency ; and that she took a secret part in WNONI nnoman. The empress seatcd as
the conspiracy of Avidius Cassius against her Juno, with peacock at her fcet.—0bu.—rAvs
husband. The most notorious instances of her TINA AVGVSTA. Bust of the empress.
licentiousness and criminality produced so little Bnass llrlEDALL'l01\YS.——AETEltNlTAS AYGVS
effect on the mind of Marcus Aurelius that, ms. Woman holding a torch, seated on a stag.
when urged, if unwilling to put her to death, (Engraved in Icon. Romaine, Len0rmant.—
that at least he would divorce her, his reply was, TELLVS STABIl.IS.—VEN\'S FELIX. (Mt. 150
" If we dismiss the wife, let us also restore the fr. each).—Without legend. Fortune seated.—
dowry,” i. e. the empire. This ill-judged for (Mt. 100 fr.)-—-Without do. Six female figures.
bearance (us Eckhel observes) “might perhaps be (Ht. 150 fr.)—Without do. Isis Pharia. (Mt.
excused, had he not gone the length of publicly 100 t'r.)—C_vbele and Atys. (Mt. 200 fr. Eu
lamenting her death, and, polluted as she was with graved in p. 300 of this dictionary).
crime, enrolling her in the assembly of Roman LARGE BIlASS.—AETERNlTAS. Woman seated,
deities.” Faustina gave to her husband a great carried by two 0th£‘l'5.——(‘0NSECRATIO. Funeral
number of children, among others Lueilla (see pile.—-Withoilt legend. Peacock carrying Faus
the word), married to Lucius Verns; Commo tina to the skics.—-\\’ithont do. Throne of Juno,
dus and Antoninus, twins, the fomier destined sceptre and peacock. (Mt. 18 fr.)—-Mniu cas
to become emperor, and the latter dying at the TRORVM. Female sacrificing before 3 standards.
age of four years -, also Annius Vcrus, who died —PlE'1‘As. Funstina. as Piety, a young girl at
young (see VEBUS ANNIUS). her feet. (Lenormaut).—-—s.\ncvLr FELICITAS.
Lanipridius states, that three of Faustina’s 'l‘wo children on a seat with a back.—smElu
daughters were living after the period when nvs RECEPTA. Diana in a bigu. s. P. Q. u.
Commodus was assassinated, and Herodian has Car drawn by two mules.-—Vl-INVS. Female
observed, speaking generally, that M. Aurelius figure draped to the feet, with apple and sceptre.
had several daughters born to him.—See D. N. (£11 18s. at the Pembroke sale).
Vet vii. 76. MIDDLE BRASS.—Vl-LN!-IRI v1c'rnic1. Mars
Her coins, in gold and silver (certain ex and Venus standing.
amples of great rarity excepted), are common.
Her bronze medallions are almost all of high
rarity; large and middle brass for the most part
common, rising in price only according to the
workmanship and the type. On these she is
.'~t_\ led F;\\‘S'l'l.\'.~\ AVG\'b"l‘A.—DI\'A l"A\'S
TINA PI.-\—-(with sometimes A\'GVS'l‘I Pll.
l"lLia, or MATER CAS'l‘R()RL'.\I on rcvcrsc).
RAREST REVERSES of FAUSTINA the
YUUNGER.
Got.n.—i\vovs'rt Pl]. PILIA. The empress as
Diana. (£2 10s. at the Thomas sale).—coN
ronma. (QII/IIlITi7!8). A bird, which Eekhel FAUSTINA (Armin), daughter of Claudius
describes to be a dovc, and Lenormant pro Severus and of Vibia Aurelia Sabina (daughter
nounces a pea-hen, attribute of Juno. (£2 7s. of Marcus Aurelius and of the younger Faus
at the Thomas sale , £2 18s. at the Devoushirc; tino), was third wife of Elagabalus, who, as a
£3 4-s. at the Campana).—H.-ICVNDITATI AVG\’S preliminary to his marriage with her, caused hcr
nn. (.\It. 40 fr.)—!0B'l‘vNAI-2 uvunsnr. (Mt. l'\I=.band to be put to death, and thcn the wretch
376 FAUS'l‘US—-FELIX. FECIALES.—FECUNDITAS.
forbade her to weep for him. These new nup Sulla, the Dictator, was snrnamed Felix, the
tials took place in the year of Rome 974 (A. D. happy or the lucky, from having been successful
221). Like the preceding ones, this worse than in all his enterprises. Jugurtha, king of the
mockery of n matrimonial union was dissolved Nnmidians, in a long war which he sustained
at the expiration of a very short space of time. against the Romans, was in A. u.c. 648 (n. c.
She was repudiated to give place to others. 106) defeated by Marius, and compelled to take
“Annie Faustiua (remarks M. Lenormant), refuge in the territories of king Bocchus, of
did not follow the custom, adopted by all the Mnuretania. Sulla, though then only second in
women who had the title of Augusta at that command, had influence enough with this sordid
period, of adding the name of Julia to their and treacherous man, to procure from him the
own. Her birth was so illustrious, that she had surrender of Jugurtha into his o\vn hands. This
no need to borrow a foreign écliit. The name historical incident forms the subject of the
of Annie Faustino is known only from coins.— above described and illustrated coin.—Thc Mime
Dion Cassius speaks only of a wife [of Elega symbolizes the Augurate of Sull2..—See Cor
balns] who descended from Marcus Anrelins.—— nelia. gens, p. 287.
In fact the names of Jnnia and of Fans-tina F. B. Felicilas Beam ; an abbren'ation which
belong to the family of that emperor.” appears on coins of the Constantinian age.
Her coins, in silver and first brass, are few F. C. These letters appear not only on coins
in number, and all of the highest rarity; on of the triumvirs M. Antony and Octavius, but
these she is styled ANNIA FAVSTINA AVG. also on deuarii of the Crecilin, Eppia, Memmia,
or AVGVSTA. The reverses are as follow :— Scmpronia, and Vibia families.—For the mean
Su.vnn.——1. concoama. Elagahalus and ing of the abbreviation m EPPIA gens, p. 360.
Annia Faustino standing, give each the right FE. Fe/[.1-.—FE. AUG. Felia: Augrlrlus.
hand to the other. In the field is a star. FEC. Fecit.—COS. LUDOS. SAECIII.-ares.
2. PIETAS AVG. A woman stands before an FEC. on coins of Caracalla.
altar. (Mionnet values these two coins at 1000 FEClALES.—These were sacred heralds, who
francs each.) proclaimed traces, treaties of peace, and declara
Lanes BBASS.—CONCORDIA. Same subject tions of war. Numa, or, according to others,
as No. l.—'[‘hc obverse bears the legend ANNIA Ancus Martins, instituted a college of them to
PAVSTINA avuvsra, and the bust of the cmpress the number of twelve. The chief of this order
for its type. (Priced by Mionnet at 600 fr.) of priesthood was called Pater Palratus, ac
From a finely preserved specimen of this, one of complished father. Their functions were ori
the rarest of Roman coins, the foregoing cut has Qnally intended to cause treaties to be observed,
been executed. For a fine engraving of the and to prevent the Romans from undertaking
same reverse, as well as of the obverse, see Minn an unjust war. It seems probable that the Ro
net, Rarelé dea Med. Rom. i. p, 354. mans took from the ancient people of Latinm
the idea of establishing the college of the
FAUSTULUS.——For a type of the royal shep Feviales. On a silvcr coin of the Veturia gens
herd of the Roman legend, the bringcr-up of
Quirinus, with the wolf-suckled twins, under the we see a Fecial priest, on his l(I1C9S, holding s
sow, which a Roman on one side, and on the
Rummal fig tree, sec rosrunvs, Pompein gens. other side a man who by his dress appears to
be of a different nation, both touch with their
wands. It was thus that alliances were made by
the Roman people with other states. And when
the two deputies touched the sow, the Fecizzlis
invoked Jupiter to deal as severely with those
who might violate the treaty, as he, thc priest
himself, was about to do towards that animal:
he then knocked it on the head with a tlint
FA USTUS —FEl.lX.—-—'I‘he above wood-cut, stone. On n denarius of the Antestia gens a
carefully engraved from a finely preserved speci similar sacrifice of n. pig is seen, to record the
men of that elegant dcnarius, is the one re ratification of a treaty.—See roan. P. n. cvn.
fcrred to in p. 287, under the head of Cornelia GABINIS.
gens, No. 20. FECI/'NDITAS.—~Ncro crectcd a tclnplc to
On the obverse we sce the bust of Diana, Fecumlify, on the occasion of a daughter being
distinguished by a crescent snrmonnting the borne to him by Popprca (Tacit. xv. 23). And
mitelln of her elaborately arranged head-dress. the adoration of this divinity, once established
Behind is the lituns. The lcgcnd nvsrvs at Rome, became a frequent subject of allu
(literally meaning fortunate, auspicious), is a sion and typification on the coins of succeeding
surname of L. Cornelius Sulla, son of the empresscs.
celebrated Dictator, also called Faustns Snllu. It has been thought that, under this name,
On the reverse of the some coin, with FELIX worship was paid to Juno. The priest of Fccun
for legend, the type groups together a man dity was called Luprrcus; and to him one of
clothed in the toga, on an elevated scat, and two the artful and indecent superstitions of pagan
kneeling male figures below him. One of these ism ascribed the power of rendering women fer
offers up to the seated figure a branch with three tile, by strapping them, while in a state of
stems ; the other has his arms tied behind him. nudity, with thongs made of oat--skin!-On
 FECVNDITAS AVG.
coins of the Au_1/14.0112, Fecundity appears as n
matron, clothed in the stola, sometimes stand
ing with the /meta pure in her right hand, and
supporting an infant in her left; sometimes with
a. eornneopiie in her left hand, and before her a
child, to which she extends her right hand.—
On others she is seated, with children in her
lap, or standing at each side of her; sometimes
with one on cncli arm.
FECVNDITAS. S. C.—A woman seated, erroneously transferred from the coinage of
with three infants. On first brass of Lncilla. Mamaea to that of her son. And from this cir
There are gold, silver, and second brass of this
empress, with similar legend and type.
From this reverse (observes Eckhel, vii. 99)
Mediobarbus has attempted to prove, that coins
bearing the legend L\'(.‘lLLA AVGVSTA are to be
referred, not to the Lucilla, who married Lucius
Verus, but, to one who, as that nnmismntist
himself admits, had no claim to the epithet
fecunda. That Lueilla, the daughter of M.
Aurelius and of Faustina junior, bore children to
Yerus is n reasonable conclusion; but there is
nothing reasonable in supposing that coins cele
brate likewise hcr fecundity by Claudius Pom
pcianus, to whom she was afterwards married,
since it is known that though having for her
second husband a private citizen, she was treated
with all the honours due to an Augusta.—Sec
biographical notice ct‘ LUCILLA.
FEC\’NDl'.l‘AS.——A woman seated on the
ground with a cluster of grapes in her left
hand, and resting her elbow on a. basket or vase,
is touching with her right hand a globe adorned
with stars, over which four small figures are
walking. Gold of Julia Domna.
On coins of Hadrian, and also of Commodus
of the year u. c. 940 (A. D. 187), in connection
with a very similar type, we read the legend
'n-:u.vs STABIL. Consequently, by this applica
tion of the two difl"ereut inscriptions to one of
the some type, is indicated that “the earth was
strengthened ftellua ctabilila) by the fecundity
of women consequent on marriages."—D.N. Vet.
vii. 196.
“The flatterers of Donina pretended that all
things were owing to her. The star-besprinklcd
globe represents the Roman world, which with
her husband Severus she governed; and to the six children, may be gathered from what has been
empire of which she destines her two sons, already stated in her biography. On coins
Caracalls and Gets, who, together with as many bearing the legend IVNONI LVCINAE there are
daughters, are the proofs of her fecundity.”
liaschc, 1'. ii. pl. 1. p. ‘J32.
l~‘E()VNDITAS A\'G.—-A woman standing,
extends her right hand over u. small figure stand
3C
FECVNDITAS AVG. 877
ing beside her; in her left hand a cornucopiie.
Third brass of Gallienus. (Bnnduri).
I-‘ecnndity used to be ascribed on coins to
females only. It is surprising to find her on the
coin of an empcror—even of so eccentric an
one as Gallienus. In the Imperial Cabinet at
Vienna there are two denarii of Alexander Seve
rus, with the legend ri-:cvNn. avovsrse, but
there can be no doubt, that this reverse was
cumstance it becomes probable that the reverse
now before us ought to be restored to the coin
age of Salonina, the wife of Gallieuus.-—
(Eckhel, vii. 407.)
FECVNDITAS AVG.—A woman standing,
with rudder in her right hand, and cornucopia:
in her left. Gold of Sulpicius Uranius Anio
nmus.
“The reverse of this coin (observes Eckhel,
vii. 289) might lead toa suspicion of its genuine
ness, since (as above remarked) FECVNDITAS is
a legend, with one exception, not found on the
coins of emperors, and the type represents Far
tuna, and not Fecunditaa. But, as Bimard,
whose copious observations on this coin it will
be an advantage to consult, vouches for its un
doubted antiquity, and I, not having seen the
coin, being therefore unable to offer any argu
ments on the other side, am well content to
acquiesce in the judgment of so eminent a
writer.” [This unique coin is valued by Mion
nct at 1500 francs]
FECVNDita.v AVGVSTAE. (Fecundity of the
Empress.)—'l‘his legend on silver, and on first
and second brass of Faustina the younger, with
the type, in which a woman is represented, as
in the above engraving, with four children, is
the first indisputably genuine coin, which boasts
of female fertility.
“Faustino (observes Eckhel, vii. 78) proved
her fecundity beyond question by the number of
her children ; would that her fidelity to her
husband rested on as clear evidence l” On the
above coin she is accompanied by four children,
but on coins inscribed TEMPOR. rmrc. their num
ber is increased to six. That she had more than
three infants.
FECVNDITAS TEMPORVM.——-A woman,
seated on the ground, holds out a branch
towards two little boys standing near her; in
878 FEELTX. FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO.
her left hand is a cornncopire. Silver of gens), inscribed FEELIX, Eckhel says——“ Haver
Otacilia.—Engraved in Pellerin, /llélange, i. camp considers rt-:E1.1x to have been put for
p. 193. runs by an error of the moneyer, whereas it is
FEELIX (thus, with double E) appears on a most certainly an archaism. For if it be a mis
coin of the Cornelia family, struck in honour of take of the moneyer’s, so also must be the sub
Sulla the dictator, by order of the Senate, who stitution of vssna for vans on coins of the
also caused an equestrian statue to be raised to Nnmonia gens.”—-v. 194.
him with the same attributes inscribed thereon. FEL. Fehlr, Felicia, I"el1'vih1.r, Sac.
(see p. 207). This epithet, which flattery FEL. ADVENT. AVGG. NN.——See II-:LIx
bestowed on that “bold bad” man, was after ADVENTV5.
wards adopted as his surname, and the fortuitous FEL. AVG. Felicitm Auyusti.
and unforeseen prosperity to which it referred FEL. KAR'l‘.—Sce rsux mar.
became his boast. [see suLLs.]—-Cicero (pro FEL. P. R. Felieilas Populi Romani.
/1!_r//3 Jlanilia) has bestowed extraordinary com FEL. PROCESS.—~See P1-zux Pnocsssvs.
pliments on the good fortune (felicitatem) which FEL. 'l‘E;\IP. REPARA’l‘lO.—This reverse
so invariably attended Pompey the Great-.—— legend is found constantly recurring on‘ silver,
Colnmodus was the first emperor who used the and on second and third brass coins from the
word, in consequence of his safely escaping the time of Constans and Constantine jun. to that
resentment of the soldiers, who were demanding of Gratian (A. D. 337 to A. D. 375); they are
the death of Perennis, prefect of the prctorians, c0mmon.—'l‘he following is a description of the
as is shcwn on his coins minted A. D. 185 various types :—
(see p. 239). IIis example met with the approval 1. The phmnix standing on a pyramid of
and imitation of his successors, but with this steps, with a wreath in its beak, or attaching a
modification, that they almost always joined the branch of laurel to the prow of a ship.
title Fe’/[.1 with that of Pius, placing Pius first 2. A galley, on which the emperor paludated
and Felix last.—Thc first, after Commodus, stands with a phrenlx in his right hand.
who used both titles, though rarely, was Cara
calla; afterwards Elagabalus, frequently; and
then most of the emperors down to the period
of the lower empire And, indeed, so great was
the importance attached to the two epithets used
conjointly, that they were considered as much
the distinctive badge of an emperor as the title
of Augustus itself, and were constantly assumed
by them on their accession to empire, or were
decreed to them by the Senate; as in the case of
Macrinus and Elagabalus, a fact proved by their 3. On another specimen the emperor, in
respective c0ins.—From none of the writers of military habiliments, stands on the prow of a
Augusta! history does it appear that any indi galley, holding in his right hand a globe, sur
vidual holding the rank only of Caesar was ever mounted by a Vicboriola, and resting his left
permitted to use them, with the exception of hand on a lnbarum, bearing the monogram oi
Carinns, some of whose coins appear with the Christ, whilst Victory is sitting at the helm.
inscription—1r. AVE. csnnws P.1'. non. cans. 4. A soldier dragging a barbarian, by the
But Carinus exhibited, in conjunction with the hair of his head, from a hut, or wooded retreat.
simple title of Caesar, the prenomen of Imperator, 5. A soldier, dispatching a prostrate horseman
as is shewn on his coins. with a spear.—(Engrnved in Constantins Gallus.
The epithets Pia 1"cli.r were also shared by p. 265.)
the emprcsses. Julia Domna is the first, who 6. The emperor standing, with a banner in
was so honoured on coins, thus, IVLIA PIA. his right hand, and two prisoners sitting on the
ramx ave. It is stated by Bimard (ad Jobert, ground beside him.
i. p. 282) that Severina, the wife of Aurelisn, 7. The emperor, on horseback, charging with
also enjoyed the same distinction, but he omits levelled lance, a prostrate and suppliant enemy.
to mention where the coin is to be seen. It That these coins (says Eckhel, viii. p. 111)
becomes common, however, on the coins of saw the light alter the death of Constantine the
empresses, from the time of Honorius. Jobert Great, and Constantine jnn., father and son, is
ti. p. 254») is therefore incorrect, in stating that rendered certain by the fact, that no authen
Domna alone nsed these words, and is properly ticated eoin of this kind has been seen, which
corrected by Bimard.—Banduri (ii. p. 568 and exhibits the portrait of either. They require no
566) fell into the opposite error, and states that explanation, as they present well known, or at
Eudoxia, the wife of Theodcsius ll. was the first least intelligible, symbols of a feliz temporal
who adopted the titles Pia Felix, thus passing reparatia ; especially in the pbenir, a figure
over Domna.—See Eckhel, viii. 454. exhibited on the reverse of a coin of Dirus
Many cities likewise received the epithet Felix, Trajanus, and also on one of Hadrian with the
and particularly colonies.—Sec Berytus, p. 126; legend sane. Avrt.; and on no occasion with a
Cremna, p. 295; Heliopolis; Laodiceea (Colonies happier application of the type, than when
Romanse), p. 232, &c. the intention was to indicate a restoration qf Me
In allusion to the coin of Sulla (Cornelia times, in accordance with the accounts, which
 FELICIA DECENNALIA. FELICITAS. 379
ancient writers have given of this marvellous of the emperor Claudius. Felicity is repre
bird.——See Tacitus, Pliny, and others, as also a sented on coins of the imperial series (particu
long-winded poem about the phoznix, attributed larly those of Hadrian, Antonine, and Philip),
to Lactantius. under the figure of s woman, clothed in the
stola, and exhibiting dilferent figures and pos
FFILICIA DECENNALlA.——'l‘wo young turcs; sometimes standing, sometimes seated,
genn, or winged loves, supporting each wit generally she holds the caduceus in one hand,
both hands ts crown, within which we rca and the cornucopia: in the other—thc former as
vorls x M'\’L'l‘1S xx (that is to say Votis Decen the sign of peace, the latter as signifying that true
nahbus Mufti: Vicemu1libu.!.—On the obverse, felicity consists in possessing the most precious
PL. lv1.. consmns Plvs rnux ave. Bust of gifts of providence; for what is greater happi
Constans, with diudemed head.—In the exergue ness in this world than to enjoy peace and to
TES. (T/zessalonica). possess plenty. At other times Felieitas stands
This splendid medallion of Constans I. was holding the caduceus on a staff in her right
found with a number of other gold coins, at hand, and a patera. in her left, at a lighted
Thessalonica, in 1526.—“ You sec (says Tristan, altar, as in Maasa. Again we see her with a
iii. 616) that it was struck in that city, where rudder, a globe, or a ship’s prow in her hand,
the decennial vows of Constans were celebrated, in allusion to the naval victories gained by those
as the quinquennial had been in the same capital princes whose coins display this allegorical type ;
of Macedonia. And by the present legend of and also in reference to the abundance which
“ Happy Decennalia,” the wish was expressed, navigation procures to the state. With respect
that Constans might live to see them celebrated to the caduceus, Milliu, in his Diclimmire ale:
as he witnessed those of the quinquennalia. * "‘ " Beau: Arts, observes that in the hymn to Mer
-—\\'ith less regard to truth in eulogizing an cury, ascribed to Homer, Apollo designates that
emperor than generally charactcriscs the his instrument as the rod or statf of Felicity and of
torical commentaries of the old French anti Riches. On a medallion of Commodns rum
quary, he adds—“ The little angels carrying crrss TEMPORVM (the happiness of the times
loftily and stoutly, with both hands, the laurel or of the age), is figured under the form of a
crown, as the posture in which they are placed woman sitting under a tree surrounded by chil
so well shews, serve to intimate, that this dren, who pcrsonify the four seasons.—For other
virtuous prince, continuing alum._1/.1 to reign typifieations of this deity on Roman coins, see
pioualy, would, by the grace of heaven, be SAEC\'LI—-or raurouvu PELICITAS.
enabled many times more, to solemnize in a Felicity/’.s image occurs on almost all the im
Italy manner the Vicennalia reiterated, after perial coins; because the Senate professed to
having happily passed the first ten years of his wish that all princes should consider it their
reign in an uninterrupted career of victories.” duty to promote public happiness, and also be
See T. iii. p. 615-16. cause lhose princes themselves were peculiarly
See the type of the nbovc-described reverse, desirous of having it regarded as a blessing nt
engraved in p. 312, under the head of neon»: tuched to their own reign. This however was
NALIA. ascribed to various causes, and shadowed forth
FELICIA TEMPORA.-——Fonr little boys, under various tokens.
with attributes allusive to the four seasons of J obert, in his sixth instruction, observes, that
the year. Silver of Curnca1la.——Sce rauronuu when (as is most frequently the case on impe
FELICITAS. rial coins) to the names of Felicitas, Secnritns,
Spcs, Providcutia, Aequitas, and other virtues,
the word avo. is added, there is no doubt but
that the virtue or good quality in question, is
applied to the prince himself, as residing and
shining in him, and should then be read FELI
CITAS avcvsrr or PELICITATI AVGVSTI, &c.-—
But on the other hand, when it is read AVGVSTA,
it is the opinion of most numismatic antiquuries,
although not as yet reduced to a certainty, that
by this form of expression, the virtue or divinity
itself (as Augusta, that is to say, sacred), rather
than the emperor, was the intended obj:-ct of
inscription and honour. According to this opi
FELICI'l‘AS—a symbolicnl divinity of the nion, therefore, TELICITAS AVGVSTA would not
Romans, to whom, according to Pliny, Licinius be an eulogy of the prince, for rendering _t-he
Lucullus, about the year of Rome 680 (B.C. 74), state happy, but simply the proper epithet at
on his rctnrn from the Wm" against Mithfidates, tached to the name of the goddess. Havercamp
wished to raise a statue, of which Archesilas also, adverting to this point, remarks that, when
was to have been the sculptor; but both the the figure of n woman occurs on s coin, holding
artist and his employer died before the work a rudder resting on a globe, whether she be called
was completed. A temple erected to this dei Fortune or Felicity, it would seem to represent
fied protectress, in one of the public places of the golden fortune (zurea forlunaj of the im
Rome, fell a prey to the flames during the reign pcrial house, which the emperors worshipped
3C2
380 l~‘ELlCIT.»\S. FELICITAS.
in their bed-chamber, and which, when at the tnres of Banduri and Khell on the type of the
point of death, they transmitted to their suc latter coin.”—'l‘his is all that Eckhcl says re
ccssors. specting these two reverses.—Sce vii. 83.
FELICITAS AVG. S. C.—A woman draped FELICITAS ROMA1\'OR\'.\l.-—An arch sup
in the stola, stands holding a branch in her ported by two spiral columns; within are two
right, and the long caduceus in her lefi hand. paludatcd figures, holding spears. In the excrgue
First brass of Hadrian, engraved in preceding ‘sum. Engraved in (Jim. Vind. (Cabinet of
page, from a fine and well-preserved specimen of Vienna), p, xlv. Silver of Constans.
the type. FELICITAS SAECVLI.—l-‘ELICITAS
FELICITAS DEORVM.—'l‘his remarkable 'I‘EMPORVM.—'I‘he felicity of their age, or of
legend appears only on a silver coin of Mari their times, was a characteristic, which a great
niaua, wife of Valcrianus senior. Its accom many emperors, solicitous to have at least the
panying type is awoinan standing, who holds repute of it handed down in association with
in her right hand a caduceus, and in her left a their names and reigns, have caused to be in
cornucopiae, in token of universal peace, and scribed on some of their finest coins. Amongst
the abundance of all things, at an epocha when various other instances are the legend AETERNA
the empire was one world-wide scene of war, PELICITAS ave. on a coin of Maxentius, and that
pestilence, and famine! Eckhel's observation of ans. no. sancvu PELICISSIIH, on n coin of
respecting the coin is—“Numus etiam propter Caracalls. In like manner we find YELICITAS
epigraphem adhuc iuusitatam singuluris." vii. /woo. NN. (Augutorum Nostrorum) as in Maxi
388. miau and Constans.—rsuci'ms IHPERII or
mvnssroavu as in Philip.——-Fl-1LICI'I‘A8 ran
Pl-1'l‘VA as in Constans (cited in the preceding
notice), also in Magnentius, 8u:.—rr.i.1cir.is
rvnucn is to be found on coins of numerous
other princes, from Vespasian and Titus down
wards to Valcrianus senior, &c.——ri-;ucrr.\ri
A\'G\'STAl-.‘, as on the gold and large brass of
llndrian.—All these different cpigraphs are illus
trated respectively on each reverse by various
symbols, viz. by a galley, to denote the course
of prosperous navigation, or a good voyage;
by four boys, signifying the happy abundance of
the four seasons of the year (sec VERUS ASNIU5);
FELICITAS AVGu:la. S. C.—Augu.st Feli by the olive branch and the caduceus, as sym
city. Hadrian, bare headed, stands clothed in bolizing the messengers of peace and nniity;
the toga, holding a globe in the left hand, and lastly, and not unfrequently, by figures of Yie
joining his right hand with that of the goddess, tories, as attesting the fact of a wur brought to
who holds a short caduceus in her left hand.— a successful conclusion.
The wood-cut has been executed after one of FELICITAS SAECVLI.—I*‘ull-faced bust of
the finest and best preserved specimens in first Domna, between profile heads of Caracalla and
brass of Hadrian’s mint. As another variety of 179. Engraved
Geta. Gold of S.in Akerman, I. pl. Eckhel,
Severus. (See vii. No. 6).
the Felicitas type, some fruitless pains have
also been taken to ascertain the particular A middle brass of the same emperor, exhibiting
time and occasion when it was struck, for it the same legend, has for its type three togaied
evidently typifies the emperor’ s arrival in a city, figures seated, and a fourth standing on an
or a province, to which Felicity welcomes him. estrade.—-Engraved in Havereamp, Cabinet dz
FELICITAS PERPE'l.'VA.—The emperor, Christine.
with his face turned towards you, and in the FELICITAS TEMPORVM.—The emperor,
consular dress, is seated on a lofty frame-work, in the toga, seated in a eurule chair, and hold
(pe_qma—sce the word), with head surrounded ing a globe, Victory from behind placing a laurel
by a nimbus, and the right hand elevated. On crown on his head. On the opposite side are
the footstool is inscribed v0'r. v. whilst on a I two female figures draped, and standing; one of
lower platform is seated a youthful figure, in the them holds the luuta para.
same dress, with a book in the right hand. Be 0bv.—mr. sav. suzxann. AVG. IVLIA us
low are the letters SIS. Gold. (Formerly in the auuzn ave. HATER avo. Busts face to face of
French Cabinet). Silver medallion. (Banduri). Severus Alexander and of his mother Mlmltk.
-—On another specimen ; Victory walking, with Gold medallion. Engraved in Mionnct, i. 359.
laurel branch in her right hand, and trophy in [A beautiful work of art, but in which Alexander
her left. Below, sq. Silver of Coustaus I. in looks more like an empress than an emperon]
the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. There is a second brass of the same reign,
“ The subject of the former of these types is
having the reverse type above described, but
very ditiicult to explain, by reason of the obwith the head of Alexander alone on the ob
scurity which envelopes the history of that verse.
period. Consult the farfrom probable coujec- V FELICIT. TEMPOR\'M.—A basket full of
 FELICITATEM. FELICITATI. 381
fmit. Silver of Pescennius Niger. Engraved in “ En ego non paucis quondam muuitus nmicis,
Kolb, Traité Nnrmismatique. Dum tluvit velis aura secunda meis.
FELICITAS TEIVII-‘()ItVM.—The goddess “ And the oars being put out, at the same time,
standing with caduceus and cornucopise. On illustrate another passage of Ovid—
large brass of Sabinia Tranquillina. Engraved “ Sive opus est, minimam velis beue currit ad annun,
in Mionnet, i. 402. Sive opus est rerno remige carpit iter.”
FELlCl’I‘A'l‘E.\I ITALICAM.—A woman [In the highly interesting, because doubtless
standing, with caduceus and cornucopia; Sil accurate, delineation of a Roman admiral‘s flag
ver of Caracalla. (Mus. d’Enncry). ship, thus associated with the dedicatory epi
FELICITATEM PO. R. (Populi Romani.)— graph, which invokes a happy voyage for the
A woman standing, with caduceus in her right emperor, we see Hadrian himself represented on
hand, and a cornucopia: in her left. First brass the poop, seated under a sort of tent, over which
of Gordianus III. (Vaillant). curve the wing-like filaments of the uplustre,
[On this and the preceding coin will be re and near which are a vexillum and a legionary
marked asingular use of the accusative ease in eagle. At the extreme end of the prow we see
the legend.] the figure of Neptune, with his trident in one
hand and a conch shell in the other].
This reverse seems to have had for its object
to record the vows made by the Senate for the
success of one of Hedrian’s sea-voyages, but
which in particular is not known.
On a brass medallion of the same emperor,
Minerva fills the place here occupied by Nep
tune, whilst dolphins disport themselves in the
waves around this magnificent sea-boat as it
glides along. This coin is in the Vatican cabi
net, and is described by Vaillant, Nam. Impp.
Rom. 1'. iii. p. 118.
FELICITATI AVG. (Felicilati Augu-rti).—— Three other first brass of Hadrian, with
To the happiness of the Emperor. In the trircnie types, are with instructive technicality,
described from specimens in his own cabinet by
exergue COS. Ill. P. P. S. C. (Cons-ulis tertium,
Capt. Smyth, R. N. as follows :-—
Falrzlr Patria, Senalua Cou.mll0).—1*‘irst brass.
[So finely designed, so perfectly preserved, 2. FELICITATI AVG. S. C. COS. III. P.P.
and so peculiarly interesting a specimen of one —“ 1 pretorian galley, with the gubernator and
of lIadrian’s nautical coins, having had ample five sitters, but with ten oars, or rather sweeps,
justice done to it in the above engraving, it only over the sides: as these appear to have no com
remains to furnish the type with the accompa munication with the persons in view, but carry
niment of a correspondingly good description. their looms through the upper works, the sit
Nor can this surely be better accomplished than ters are rather passengers than rowers, and they
by borrowing the following equally classical and wear hats, as if to protect them against the
seamanlike passage, from the work of a gal heat upon deck. The prow is armed with three
lant oflicer, the advantages of whose numismatic spikes, the rostriaque tridentibu: of Virgil. The
lessons on the large brass coinage of imperial tutela is highly decorated, and the poop shews
Rome, the compiler has been proud already to the bend, mentioned by that author and Ovid—
acknowledge, in the course of his present at pupjrique recurvw, upon the bow appears the
tempt] :— parasemon, and over that the labarum, or ban
“A pretorian galley, full of men, impelled ner, on a statf which steeves like a bowsprit.—
along both by oars and a large square sail, across Both this, and the streamer from the corymbns,
which the inscription is written, in the_ taste by blowing forwards, shew that the vessel has a
then prevalent; for we are assured, that, ID the fair wind, an ancient symbol of Felicity, which
time of Trajan, it was not uncommon to have will be readily understood by the moderns.—
the name of the emperor embroidered on the Descript. Calal. p. 100, No. clvii.
sails, in gold and silver. Besides being the B. The same legend.—“A pretorian galley,
type of felicity, this medal is supposed to allude rowing swiftly over the waves. The poop is
to the prudent government of Hadrian; for as high and curved, like that of a Chinese sampan,
in a. ship——though the oflicers and crew are and the post occupied by the pilot recalls the
liable to the same hazard, the success of the idea of his liability to be washed overboard,
voyage will chiefly depend on the skill and Judg
ment of the commander—so in the management Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab um.
of the State, the happiness and prosperity of the Over the aplnstre appear two military stand
community depend upon the wisdom and pru ards, which are considered as a testimony that
dence of the sovereign at the helm of affairs. an important personage is embarked. A colos
The sail to this ship—this ‘ navis velis ventique’ sal sea-god—he.lf man and half fish—is placed
—-is stretched to a yard supported by lifts; it on the prow; on some medals this is a triton,
is deep roached, with both sheets aft, intoken blowing a conch shell, but here he is in the act
of auspicious winds; the emblem of happiness: of darting a spear. This is equivalent to the
382 FELICITAS AVG. FELICITAS AVG.
modern figure-head, and represented the tutelary specimens Neptune stands on the prow. 2nd
protector to whom, as with the modern Medi brass of M. Aurelius.
terranean sailors, thc ship was dedicated. There This coin serves admirably to illustrate the
are six sitters in a line below the pilot, and the expressions of Capitoliuus (ch. 27 Aurel.) in
rudder is projected through the upper works of reference to the return of Aurelius by sea from
the quarter.” Ibid, p. 101, No. clvii. Athens to Rome; “ Returning to Italy in a ves
4. FELIC. AVG. TR. P. Ill. COS. II. S. C. scl, he met with a violent storm.” His escape
(I"e/icitrili Augusli, Tribunitid Poterlate ter from this danger is, therefore, attributed on
tium, (,'on.ml Iterum.—First brass of Lucius these coins felicitati Augusti. The same type
Verne. is also to be seen on coins of Conimodus of the
“ A large pretorian galley, with the emperor year A. D. 177, with the legend PELICITATI
reclining under the 1|]/lustre [or ornament] of CAES.; hnt it is also an established fact, that
the stern. There are six rowers; and on the Commodus was the companion of Aurelius in
forecastle is a mast raking forwards, with a sail this voyage and peril.—Eckhel, vii. 64-.
upon it, shewiug that the vessel is going with The galley was the type of the Roman Re
the wind aft.—In the work of Bayiius, ‘ De Re public.
Navali,’ the sail is represented as a banner; For some remarks on the subject of naval
but here it is unusually large, roachcd, bent to architecture and equipment under the Romans,
one yard, and sheeted home to another, and sec Tllllll-‘..\llS.
certainly assists in propelling the vessel.--This FELICITAS REIPVBLlCAE.~—'I‘he empe
medal (adds Capt. Smyth), was struck A. D. ror, seated on a curulc chair, placed on a rag
163, for the safe navigation, and happy deliver geslm, two other figures standing on each side
ance of Verus from the perils of sea and war. of him. At the foot of the tribunal are two
But, instead of being at the head of his army, kneeling figures, holding up their hands. On the
the luxurious prince took that opportunity of excrgne P. T. R. Gold of Constantine the Great.
visiting Greece, in a vessel magnificently adorned, Constantine, assisted by the two Cazsars his
and freightcd with mimcs and musicians. ‘He sons, Constantine junior and Crispus, is hen:
made his voyages to Corinth and to Athens sitting on the judgment seat, and appears as
(says the Roman historian), amidst songs and about to decide, with his usual severity towards
symphonies, and at each of the most celebrated conquered nations, on the fate of the Fraud
cities of Asia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, he suf and the Alamanni, over whom Crispus gained
fered himself to be detained by his passions as a the victory A. D. 320, and who are personified
voluptuary.' ”—De.rrr. Cat. p. 150, No. cclxxv. as kneeling supplicants, imploring thc cmperor’s
l"l'lLlCl'l'ATI AVG. IMP. VIII. COS. Ill. pardon and mercy.—'l‘his elegant coin is en
S. C. A ship, with many rowers; on some graved in Vaillant, Impp. Rom. Pr. p. S4.

FELICITAS AVG. The busts of Victory and
Peace, side by side.—-Obv.—-nlr. c. POSTVMVS
P.1'. AVG. The busts of Postnmus and Her
cules, sidc by side, both laureatcd. Gold medal
lion of Postuiuus. (Valucd at 1200 francs, by
Mionnet, in whose Rarelé, &c. T. ii. 59, it is
exquisitely engraved.
Jean Tristan, in giving n fairly accurate de
lincation of this very beautiful medallion, de
scribes it as exhibiting “ les Elligies du Postume,
pére, el fila"—in other words, the heads of
Postumus senior and Pmrtmnua junior !-—'l'hat
any writer like himself, who, with a proneness
indeed to indulge in the fanciful, the conjec
tural, and the discursive, displays nevertheless
a profound knowledge of mythology and of au
cient history, combined with unequivocal proofs
of capability to form just conclusions from nu
misinatie mouuments—-that such a writer should
have fallen into an error of this sort, is not a
little extraordinary. He has done so, however,
not only in the present instance, but also in
two others. (See Conzmenlairm, &c. 1'. iii. 138,
plates No. l, and 147, pl. No. 10). \Vhat adds
to the apparent strangeness of the hallucina
tion is, that his animadvcrsions on events eon
nccted with the reign of Postumus, bear im
mediate reference to many of that emperor's
coins, on which the whole--length figure of Her
cules is represented, either isolatcdly, or in asso
ciation with his own. These the worthy “ Er
cuyer Sieur dc St. Amanl" has illustrated with
well-designed engravings by the burin of Pieart;
and from these it is evident that, great prince and
conqueror as he was—-Emperor and Augustus
in all but senatorial rccognitiou—Postumus, like
other successful soldiers of fortune and of ob
scure birth, inflated with thc_'pride of his vic
 FEI.lCI'l‘.-\S AVG. FELIClTER.—FELlX. 388
It-orics, was in the vain-glorious habit of com
tumns to place himself under the protection of
paring himself with Hercules. And perhaps his Hercules, and to assimilate himself to that god.
features were not without Some slight analogy This dissertation not only throws light on the
to those which the sculptor of classic antiquity above described medallion, and other mintages
bestows on that hero. But, to judge from the of the same usurper, but also refers back to
general examples of his monetal portraitures, the origin of u custom early adopted by Roman
the likeness of Postumus, on the above medal emperors, namely, that of havingjtheir portraits
lion, would appear to be but an ideal one, flat represented with the attributes of Hercules, as
teringly assimilated with the Grecian lincamcnts embleinatical of force and power. The whole,
of the face to which it is joined, in the same though long, has strong claims to perusal.-—
way as it is on other medallions with the hclmcd Some extracts from its most instructive passages
bust of l\Iars.—’l‘ristan has himself given an will be found annexed to the biographical notice
engraving of Posrvmvs AVGVSTVS, with radi of POSTUMUS.
ated head, on the obverse, and with Jupiter FELICITER NVBTIIS.——This epigraph
Stator for legend and type of reverse (sec Com (thus spelt) appears on an almost unique gold
menfuires, iii. 158), an example which may he eoin of Marcianus, the equally singular type of
accepted as vera r_»fi‘i_:7ie.r—n true portrait of the which represents that emperor and Pulcheria
celebrated usurper of the western provinces, and (sister of Theodosius II.) joining hands: whilst
of which abundance are to be found in cvery Anatolus, the patriarch of Constantinople, stands
good collection; but, except in bushiness of between them. Each figure has the nimbus
beard and roughness of aspect, it is scarcely to round the head. On the cxergue coxon.
be called a resemblance of the visage assigned to Eckhel observes respecting this extremely rare
the demi-god of Fable. And yet the face is and very remarkable coin, that “the nuptials of
a good face too, in its Gaulis/i fashion, indicat Pnlchcria with Marcianus were of n nature
ing as it does the indomitable courage, the reso which Vestals themselves might regard without
lute bearing, the politic sagacity, of n man a blush. Indeed the husband engaged himself
equally distinguished both in the arts of civil by a solemn pledge to leave her pure and un
government, and by his talents for warlike com touched to the day of her death.”—rsLic1rr:n
Inandcrship. NVBTIIS was a form of popular acclamation on
But in Tristan’s time, not to speak of a sub various joyful occasions, and was also accus
sequent age, there was, amongst numismatic tomed to be used at marriages.
collectors and writers, a fond and not unnatural A similar type appears on coins of Cornelia
belief, that Posturnus, the son, who had reigned Paula, wife of Elagabalus, where the emperor
for nine years over the Gauls with his father, and empress are joining hands in testimony of
must have left some monetary records behind connubial fidelity, a veiled pontiff standing be
him. But no authentic specimens of such a tween them.—An engraving of this coin will be
mintngo having, up to the middle of the 17th found in Khell’s Supplement to Vaillnnt, p. 291.
century, been found to exist, the learned author FELIX ADVl<JN'[‘. AVG. Felix Jdvenius
of “ History of thcEmperors," writing about that Auyn.yli—the happy arrival of the Empcror.—
period, allowed his zeal for the publication of FELIX z\D\'EX'l‘. AVGG. NN. A14;/uslorum
medullic rarities so far to overstcp his judgment NOJir0rum—of both our Empcrors.—'l‘hcse epi
and discrimination, as to make him pronounce graphs, with the types of the reigning princes
the bearded head of a man, whether jngated or on horseback, figures holding the lab/zrum, or
face to face with that of Postumus, on a coin, Victories planting their feet on prostrate mp
to be meant for a profile of the son, although tives, appear on coins of Diocletianus, Gal. Maxi
looking as aged as the futher’s. mianus, Constantine Chlorus, &c.—See AD
Tristan is happier in his observations on the VENTUS.
reverse t_vpc of this interesting and most valu FELIX INGRESSVS SEN. AVG. Smiorir
able coin. “ I do not doubt (says he) that the Augu.rti—the happy entry of the elder Emperor.
two heads are those of Victory and Peace. The —A gold coin of Maximiauus llerculcns, bearing
two goddesses, thus united, serve to intimate the foregoing legend, has for the type of its re
that Postumns had the power to conquer, when verse the galeated Genius of Rome, seated on a
ever his enemia obliged him to act, whether on shield, resting her left hand on the /null! pum,
the offensive or the defensive, Victory always and holding on her knees with her right hand a
coming to his aid, and enabling him to make buckler, on which is inscribed vor. xxx. On
peace when he pleased; and the goddess rsx in the exergue PR.
spiring him with desire for the restoration of This unique coin is extolled by Khell (p. 220),
tranquillity, and facilitating its execution. These and recognized by Eckhel (viii. 26), as one of
two divinitics thus continually united to render the most precious gems of the Vienna cabinet;
him happy, and whether he made war, or rc for it serves to prove that Maximianus, having
mained at peace, he was ever victorious.”—Scc again resumed the purple, made his entry into
1'. iii. p. 152, et seq. Rome. But says the author of Doctrina, "it
In an article by Mons. J. De Witte, relating does not appear that the learned writer first
to certain unpublished coins of Postumus, in named, draws an equally just inference from the
the Revue .Vumi.rmaliqu¢ (vol. vii. p. 330, et words VOT(IS) xxx. namely, that they fix the
.) that intelligent numismatist has ably dis date of the event on the year u. c. 1059 (A. n.
cussed the probable motives which induced Pos 307) ; when, and not before, these vows of thirty
884 FELIX. FERONIA.—FIDES.
years (cola tricermalia) conld have commenced. FERETRIUS, asurname given by the Ro
Maximianus reached the twentieth year of his mans to Jupiter, and under which they conse
reign before his abdication took place, including crated to him the opima spolia (warlike spoils
the period during which he was only Cmsar; for of the most honourable kind), that is to say,
the author of his panegyric expressly addresses such as a Roman general had won in battle from
him in the following terms :——‘ Thee, again, as an enemy's general. A denarius exhibits the
Emperor for twenty years, and Consul for the consnl Marcellus ascending the steps of the tem
eighth time, Sac.’ And, further on—‘ Thou hast ple dedicated to Fcrctrian Jove, to present there
bctaken thyself afresh to those watchful cares, as a trophy the armour of a Gaulish chiefta.in.—
of which already thou hadst had a !w1mI_1/ years’ See CLAUDIA gens, p. 209.
experience.’ But it is established by many Fl~llt0NIA, a goddess, whom Diouysius of
other coins, that, at the beginning of the tenth Ilalicarnassus has recorded to have been wor
year of his reign, xx. cola were already under shipped by the Sabines, and called by thc Greeks
taken (concepta), and at the beginning of the Av0-ryrpopos, dnAoo'1'e¢a.vos, 1>sp|re4>om1 (iii. p.
twentieth year of his reign, xxx. cola. As, 173).—According to Strabo, there stood, at the
therefore, Maximian’s xxx. vota had commenced foot of Mount Soincte, a city called Frrouia,
before he resigned the empire, it is impossible, where a goddess of the same name was wor
from the inscribed vo'r. xxx. to draw a conclu shipped with pcculiar veneration. (Eckhel, v.
sion respecting the exact year in which he re 270). Enfranchised slaves received in her tem
sumed the purple."—Sce MAXIMIANUS annou ple the pileus, or cap, which was the sign of
LEUS; also an engraving of the coin, in Nam. Liberty. By some mythogrsphers, Feronia is
Cime/ii V|'nrI0b0nensi.9, Aur. TAB. v. N0. I-11. regarded as a surname of Juno. Be this as it
FELIX PROCESS. CONSYLAT. AVG. N. may, her head appears on a denarius of the
—'I‘he emperor, togated, standing, with a globe Petronia gens, struck by a monelal triumvir of
in the right hand, and a sceptre reversed, or a Augustus, as subjoined :—
parazonium, in the left. In the cxcrgue P. B..
On gold and silver of Maxentius. The silver
specimen of this extremely rare coin is engraved
in Vaillant, Num. Impp. Rom. iii. 72.
Maxentius proceeded consul A. D. 308, which
consulate he assumed in the month of April,
there having been no consuls during the year
preceding.-—See CONSULATUS, p. 270.
FELIX PROCESSVS COS. VI. AVG. N.—
Same type as on the preceding reverse. In the FERO. or FERON. 'l‘VRPILIANVS III.
exergue A. Q, Gold of Constantinus Magnus. VIlt.—'l‘hc bust of a woman, on whose head is
The date of A. D. 320 is assigned to this coin, a crown of peculiar pattern, and whose neck is
in which year Constantine the father, for the . adorned with a string of pearls. The abbreviated
sixth, and Constantine the son, for the first time word rnnon. shews it to be the etfigy of the
proceeded consuls. (Vsi1lant).—'l‘hcre is another Dea Ferouia, whose worship was transplanted
aureus of the same emperor, with the some type from Latium into Rome. And the name of
and legend, except as to the consulate, which is 'rvm>u.u\1\'vs refers to Pnblins Pctronius 'I‘urpil
IV. and this Eckhel (viii. 74) places under lianus, who as a moneyer in 734 or 735 (B. C.
A. D. 3l5.—Sec Frauen-1:: Cormzlaria. 20), in colleagncship with Aquillius and Dur
FELIX KAR'l‘HAGO—on others KARTAGO mius (see their respective families, pp. 71 and
—on others CART.-\GO.—In every example the 350), struck these and other denarii.—'I'he re
type is a woman clothed in the stola. She stands verse is inscribed c.u:s.\u AVGYSTVS s1o.\'(is) as
holding in each hand s branch or corn-ears. In cs(r1'|s). A man kneeling, and in the posture of
the cxergue P. K. Gold coin of Maxentius. surrendering up a military ensign. This well
Maxcntius, on this very rare auroue, calls kuown legend and type form that favourite record
Carthage Fe/i.r, because she abounded in corn of Augustus, which attests the voluntary restitu
and fruits. For when, in consequence of a de tion of ensigns and prisoners captured by Phra
ficicnt inundation of the Nile, Egypt sutfered ates, king of the Parthians, but sent back to
scarcity, the Roman ships employed in the im the Romans again on the approach alone of Au
portation of wheat, steered for Carthage, whence gustus and his army; although that oriental
they brought back a suflicient supply to the sovereign esteemed himself invincible, and bore
Eternal City.—\"aillant, Impp. Rom. iii. p. 72. the title of King of Kings, and Brother of the
Engraved in Banduri; and in Spanheim's Cesare Sun and Moon.—See rsrnoms gens.
qf Julian, Pr. 74..—Sce also rnnunossrrs IN F. F. 1"m1stum Feliz-em. Prosperous and
csarn. p. 186.—'l‘herc is a coin of Commodus, happy; it is prayed that an emperor may be so.
(see Provide-ntia Azlyusli), in which Neptune —Sce A. N. F. 1-‘. (p. 44-.)
accepts a handful of corn-ears from a woman F. F. Flamlo, Fe;~iu1uIo.—Sec A. s. A. F. P.
whose head is adorned with an elephant’s pro (p. 1) symbol of the monctal trinn1virs.-Flare,
boscis; a figure which personifies Africa, or per is to found or cast metal; because brass was first
haps Carthage herself. melted in a furnace, and the fused material aller
FELIX KAR'I‘.—Sec ssnvis AVGG. ET csnss. Wards" coined into money.
Em. First and third brass of Maxentius. FIDES (Good Faith, Fidelity, Loyalty) was
 FIDES AL"GUS'l‘A.
adored as a goddess by the Romans, according
to Cicero, Lactnntius, and others. Attilius Cala
tinusdedicated to I"i11e.v atemple, near that of
Jupiter, where she had priests and sacrifices
peculiar to her worship. On denarii ot the
Licinia and other Roman families, her head ap
pears, sometimes crowned with olive, as the
preserver of peace ; at others adorned with laurel,
as the guarantee of victory. The type of the
same divinity exhibits itself in various ways on
imperial coins. As FIDES (the goddess herself),
the figure on a coin of Claudius Gothicus ~is that
of a woman, with a spear in her left hand.—
As PIDES avovsra, she appears on a large brass
of Plotiua.—As run-:s avovsroavu, she stands
holding a cornucopixe, on silver of Maximianus.
Sometimes the type consists of two right hands silver medallion are the personifications of two
joined; or with a caduceus and two corn-cars,
held by two right hands; or with a military
standard, held by two right hands; but then we
read PIIJI-IS rvnues, as in Titus (p. 149), or
P11)!-IS rxnacn-vvx, as in large brass of Vitel
lius, and also as in Nerva. And in that
case the two united hands were meant to sym
bolize the good faith and fidelity of soldiers and
people to the reigning prince; and not to re
present Fides in her quality of goddess. Exam
ples of the latter kind are also to be found on
coins of Balbiuns, and Pnpienns.
The type of a draped female, holding in her
right hand one military ensign planted upright
on the ground, and carrying another trans
versely under her lcft arm, accompanies the
legend CONCORD nxrzaei. on gold of Claudius II.
(see p. 214.)
FIDES AVGVSTa. Aztyusl F£JrZiIy.—Good
Faith standing, holds in the left hand a basket
with fruit, and in the right, ears of corn. In
the field, Smalua C0/1.mlI0.—-060. PLOTINA
AVGu.rta Ii\lPeraz‘ori.r TRAIANI. (Plotina An
gnsta [wife] of the Emperor Trajan). Bust of This epigraph, which first appears in the mint
the empress. First hrass.—'I‘hc above engraving of Macrinus, continuing to Gallienns (see above
is after a east from a remarkably fine specimen
in the British Museum.
stantins Chlorns and Marentius. To this military
This coin is one among other convincing proofs
of the high esteem with which Trajan honoured legend is sometimes added AVG or nee. or
the empress, with whose name, as his wife, he
here associates the personification and attributes
of Fidelity. That emperor, indeed, always mani
fested the greatest respect for the virtues, and
the utmost confidence in the talents, of Plotiua,
to whom he entrusted the reins of government,
whenever he set out for distant expeditions. On
the journey, however, during which her husband
3D
FIDES MILITUM. 385
was attacked by the malady of which he died,
at Selinus, in Cilicia, she accompanied him;
and brought his ashes to Rome.-—See PLOTINA.
FIDES EXERCIT. P. M. TR. P. XI. IMP.
VII. COS. V. P. P. The emperor Commodns,
and his pretorian prefect, standing together on
a suyyeslus, in front of several soldiers, wearing
shields and carrying military cnsigns. A brass
medallion of excellent design and fabric, en
graved in Vaillant, Mus. de Descampa, p. 260,
now in the (hbinet zle France.
FIDES EXERCl'[‘VS.—'l‘he emperor (Gor
dianus Pins) in a military habit, and upright
posture, is crowned by Victory from behind,
at the same time that he joins his right hand
with that of a soldier. In the lower part of this
rivers, seated.
These rivers signify Mesopotamia (as may he
seen in the well-known coin of Trajan, inscribed
Armenia at Mesopotamia in palesta/mi P. R.
rer/ache) where lanrels were gained by the Ro
man forccs, during the reign of the third Gor
dian; on other coins of that emperor the Sun
appears in n qnudriga, by which is to be under
stood that the East had yielded to the imperial
legions (Eckhel, vii. 3l4).——A similar type to
the above, with the addition of two military en
signs, is struck on a. silver medallion of Gal
lienns, on whose coins the cpigraphs of Fides
E.z-ere. Fzdei Equitum, Fid. Pnatorianorum, are
also to be found, together with a numerous series
of LEGiones.
FIDES l\lAXIM_A.—A woman standing, who,
holding in her left hand a rudder reversed, pre
sents a globe to the emperor. This cpigraph,
quoted by Banduri, as from a brass medallion
of Probus, is unusual, and till this instance
(says Eckhel, vii. 50-1), unknown on coins.——
lienceforward, Fortune, in delivering the em
pire to Probus, shews that she had reposcd in
him Uidem ma.z-imam) the greatest confidence.
FIDES MIL. or MILIT. or MILITVM.-—
(Fide: Jlililu/n——the fidelity of the soldiers).—
cut from a gold specimen), is found occurring
under nearly each successive reign down to Con
avoo. 1:1‘ csnss. lts accompanying type is
generally the draped figure of a woman, sonic
times standing, sometimes seated, but always
holding one, and usually two, military ensigns,
or some other representation of the standards
and eagles of the Roman armies, as in Carocalla,
Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius, Postnnins, Maxi
mianns, &c. &c.
 "'9--Iv’-~--1-i—— i_ ___

386 FIDES .\lll.l‘[‘L.'.\‘l. FIDES MILITL7 M .

Addison (see his Dialogues on Ancient Mc female figure standing, holds a small image of
dals) considers a great light to he thrown on Victory in the right hand, and in her left a vex
the inscriptions of Fides lllililum, and Fi/lea illum or banner. Large brass of Severus. En
Erercilrts, from the following verses of Silius graved in the Cabinet de C'}lri.!fine.—Sce LEUIO.
FIDES M\"'['\"A AVGG.——'l‘wo right hands
Italicus (lib. 2) :—
—i— ad liminn sanctac
joined. On silver of Balbinus and Pupicnns.-—
Tendebat Fidci, secretaque pcetora tcntnt. This cpigrnph, together with that of PIETA5
Ante Jovem generatradecus divumque hominumque, nvrva AVGG. with a similar type, is common
Qua sine non tellus paccm, non arquora norimt; to each of the above emperors. But Amor and
Justitim consors. Carihzs are as rare in Balbinus, as Fides and
“ He to the shrines of Fail]: his ste s addrest. Pietaa are in Pupienus. It was greatly to have
" Ere Jove was born J/it prrac’d the right abodes, been wished, tha “mutual Love” could have
“ Consort of Juflce, boast ol men and gods; perpetually existed between these two joint pos
“ Without whose heavenly aid no peace below sessors of the Roman empire. 'l‘he sentiment at
" The steadfast earth, and rolling ocean know." first was doubtless sincere, but afterwards, the
The goddess of Fidelity (says the author of fear of Maximinus being removed, mutual sus
the celebrated treatise), is posted between two picion tainted mutual love, to an extreme that
military ensigns, for the good quality that the proved fatal to them both.
poet ascrihes to her, of preserving the public
peace, by keeping the anuy true to its allegi
ance. (p. 43).
As the legends noes sxaacrrvs and noes
murvu are of very frequent occurrence on
coins of the imperial series, it may sufiice here
to observe that “ by means of successive adop
tions the empire had become in some measure
hereditary from Augustus to Nero. After the
death of the latter named emperor, it was thc
armies that furnished the first examples of those
violent elections which so cruelly tore the state k _Q _
in pieces. Vitcllius, like his competitors, being
iudcbtcd to the soldiers for his seat on the im ‘Lt’ EIQEKJAHIEK
pcriul throne, took care to record on his coins __ \_ I-%
their sentiments and their promises in his
fnvour”—symbolized by Fides Erercituum and FIDES—also FIDEI MILIT. P. M. TR. P.
two right hands joined.—“ In proportion (adds ll. COS. II. P. P.—The emperor paludated, 8
an able French writer) as they recedc to a dis secptre in his left hand, and his right hand
tance from the higher empire, the medals of the extended, with two figures accoiupauying him
Romans [with certain exceptions] become less (doubtless meant to represent his sons Cnracalln
and less historically interesting. In fact even and Geta), on a xuggestm, addressing six sol
before the reign of Valerian, their reverses (as in diers, who have oblong bucklers on their left
the employment of the words ruuorras, mx, arms, and of whom three carry n vcxillum, and
FIDES, &c.) offer scarcely any thing except hack two hear ensigns.—0bv.—L. SEPTILIIVS si:vF.1:\-s
uied subjects of vows, and of flatteries which ranrnvax ave. me. In. Bust of Severus, lau
flagrantly contrast themselves with the misfor relled and cuirasscd.
tunes, the wars, the treasons, and the miseries The original of this splendid brass medallion,
of every description, which in those times de from n cast of which the above cut has been en
solatcd the Roman W0l'l(l."——LP{.‘0flJ Numitmat. graved, is in the Cabinet dc France.
It forms
FIDES MILITVM. S. C.——Gordianus Pius one among other remarkable specimens of the
on horseback, between two military ensigns.— still flourishing state of the arts of design, in
Large brass, engraved in Hnvercamp, Cabinet the age of Scptimius Severus. That fierce am
dc C/lnlrline. bitious man hereby records his obligations to
Same legend and type, on gold of Probus. those logionarics who, first against Didius Juli
l-low vcry little these soldiers were to be con anus, afterwards in opposition to Pescennius
fided in, is shewu by the tragical cud of that Niger in the East, and to Albinns in the West,
brave and able emperor; for by those same had proved their dcvotedncss to his cnusc. Nor
military subjects, who had ostentatiously sworn did his commemoration of their ready services
allegiance to him, ere he had reigned seven to him confine itself to a general acknowledg
years, Probus was slain. ment, but he specially inscribed the respective
FIDES MILITVM AVGG. NN. Augusto names of those legions on other coins.
nun Nortrorum.-—A woman seated, holding two FIL. Fi/ia.——Fnuslinn junior and Lucille were
standards. the only empresses whose fathers were emperors :
On a very rare second brass of Maxentius, hence the name of the parent was assumed by
struck at the time when a treaty was entered each respectively on their coins.
into between Maximinus Daza and Maxentius FIL. Fili11s.——ANNI\’S VERVS CABS. AN
against Constantine the Great. TONINI AVG. Fllriua. This Annins Verna
FIDES or FIDEI LEG. TR. P. COS.—A and Commodus were sons of M. Aurelius and
 FIL. AIIGG. FLACCILLA. 387
Faustina; hence Commodus is also read CARS. Lucius, sons of Agrippa had by their grand
AN'l‘(.)NlNl AVG. FlLiu.r. So Caracalla and father Augustus the title conferred upon them
Geta are noted on their coins each as Flliiua, of Filii Augusti, in order that his adoption of
meaning the son of Septimius Severus. them might be made known to the whole world.
FIL. AVGG. Filiu: or Filii Au_qu.rt0rum.— Tiberius called himself “Augusti Filius.”—
As, according to constant usage, the double G 'l‘itus and Domitian were allowed the appellation
signifies two Emperors or Augizsti, so Mnxiininus of “Sons of Vespasianns Augustus."——Lucius
Dnza and Constantinus M. are thus called on Verna, during the life of Antoninus Pius, had
certain coins. They are denominated neither no other distinction than to be called Auguali
Elias. Faustino junior also and Lncilla were
(J¢e.rare.r, nor Imperalarea, nor Au_qu.rIi ,- but
Fi/ii Au‘//uslonun. This new title was impressed called Filia Jr/_qu.rtorum. But (as Bimard oh
on the mintages of those two princes, A. n. 307 serves) “in all these cases the name of Son of
(as it appears), under the following circum Augustus marks simply the birth or adoption of
stances ;——Maximinus Duza, indignant at tind those princes. It was not a title of dignity; it
ing the title of Augustus conferred by Galerius gave the rank of Caesar neither to Lucius Verus
Maximianus on Licinius, his junior in rank, nor to Annins Verns. In the case of Maxi
while he himself was denied the honour, endea min and Constantine, on the contrary, the title
voured to obtnin the same distinction by some of FlLi|' AVGVS'l‘()RVM was a new dignity,
compact or other, nvowiug himself tired of the and a rank superior to that of the Cicsnrs.”
name of Caesar, and complaining of being wroug To complete the proofs on which this opinion
ed in having only the third rank in the empire is founded, the same acute and profound unmis
assigned to him. Gnlerius Maximianus in vain matist has annexed to his remarks, the engrav
urged him to acquiesce in the arrangements he ing of a medal, which certainly throws great
had made. At length Gulerius, yielding to the light upon the subject in question. lt is amid
obstinate iniportunitics of Maximinus, but at dle brass, on which Constantine unites the name
the same time unwilling to retract whut he had of Son of I/te Ju_qu.rfus, which he derived from
done in favour of Licinius, suspended the title of his birth alone, to the title of Son of Me Au
Caesar, nnd, reserving that of Augustus exclu guati, which Galerins Maximianus had conferred
sively for himself and for Liciuins, gave to Maxi upon him. Around the head of Constantine,
niinus and to Constnntinus the name of Son: crowned with laurel, we read l‘L. VAL. CONSTAN
of tlie Emperors (.-\ugustorum).—Thc conclud TINVS 111.. AVG. On the reverse, which exhi
ing words of Luctantius, in relating the event bits the ordinary type of the genius of an em
are—“ Victus contuinaeifi tollit Caesarnm nomen peror, are the words oemo rm. AVGG. ('l‘o the
se Lieiniumquc Augustos appellnt, Maximinum Genius of the Son of the Augush) : a title not
et Constantiuum Filios Angustorum.”—By sup inappropriately given to, and accepted by, Con
plying as the nominative to lollit the word Gale stantine (afterwards emperor, and culled the
rius (as has been done by Baluze, whose read Great), whose father Constantius Chlorus, and
ing is supported by Bimard, and approved of by whose grandfather by adoption Maximianus Her
Eckhel), all diflieulty in interpreting the pas cnlens, had been Augu.vIi,- and the Emperor
Sage is removed, and the meaning, thus ren Claudius, surnamed Gothicus, was one of his
dered clear, is fully confirmed by coins that have ancestors.——(Bima.rd ad Jobert, '1‘. 366 to
come to light.—A second brass, which bears on 382, No. v. Nrmvzrll.-r.1 De'c0uverte.v.—See the
one side the laurcated head of Maximinus, with whole of this luminous annotation).
the legend naxinmvs 211.. svoo. exhibits on l*‘lLlA.—Amongst the Romans a daughter
its reverse the standing figure of the einperor’s was not always called after the prenomen of
genius, holding in one hand a patera, and in the her father: for example, Herennia Etruscilla,
other a cornucopixe; round it is read omuo daughter of (the emperor) Messius Trajanus
AYGVSTI ; on another middle brass of Mnximinus Decius, no paternal name having been taken for
it is c.u;ss1us.—There is also with the same her, was called after that of her mother. The
type, a coin of Constantine's, around whose head, daughters of emperors are on some coins styled
crowned with laurel, is CONSTANTINVS BIL. ave. Aztgustvz .- on others that appellation is omitted.
and on the reverse G1-JNIU CAESAKIS, with other Thus Faustina junior is sometimes read AVGVSTI
similarities, so as to leave no doubt but that PII FILIA; at other times, r.ws'rnu AVG. Pll
these coins were struck at the same time and ave. PlLIA.—-In like manner, Julia, the daugh
place. “ Now (says Bimard, in his annota ter of Titus, is numisniatieally styled either
tions on Jobert), since, on the reverses of the IVLIA avovsra 'r|'r1 AVGVSTI 1*.-——or IVLIA me.
coins whcreon Maximin and Constantine are 'r. ave. 1'. svovsrs, and also mvl 'rrr1 FILIA.
called Sana of the /lugusli, we find indifferently FISCI IVDAICI CALVMNIA SVBLATA.
Genie Cwsaris and Geuio Augnali, it is natural S. C. A palm tree.—First brass of Nerve.
thence to conclude that the new title created by See IVDAICI.
Galerius Maximianns, partook equally of the FLACCILLA (Ac/fa), the first wife of Theo
title of Caesar and of that of Augustus, the only dosius the Great; born in Spain, daughter of
ones which up to that period had been known Antonius, prefect of Gaul, she was celebrated
in the empire.” There was indeed a time when for her piety, and for her benevolence to the
the appellation of Filii Auguali was inferior to poor. Arcadius and Honorius were her sons by
the appellation of CLZJGT. Augustus took, on the above named emperor, who married her be
his coins the name of Son of Julius. Cains and fore his accession to the imperial throne. She
BD2
388 FLAMINES. FLAMINES.
died in Thrace, A. n. 388. Her brass coins are himself; for 1.. Lnurvrvs is there called PLA
of the lowest degree of rarity, her gold and MEN MABTIALIS.
silver most rare. A half uurcus of this em In the preceding engraving of this illustrative
coin, we sec a figure, naked except round the
middle, holding a small Victory in his right hand,
and a spear transversely in his left. He is crowned
by a togated figure, who stands bcside him, and
resting the left hand on a shield inscribed with
the letters c.v. ((.'lipe11s Votivua). The crown
press’s, on which she is styled AEL. FLACCILLA held by the togated figure over the head of the
ave. bears her head crowned with a diadem smaller one is like a star.
enriched with precious stones.-—s.u.vs B.ElP\'B Havercump is of opinion, that this type re
LICAE is the legend, and a Victory inscribing on presents one Lentulus, a priest, who in the name
a shield the monogram of Christ, is the type, of of Augustus, is dedicating a statue of Julius
the reverse. Caesar, over the head of which was placed the
[This gold coin is valued by Mionnet at 80 fir. Julium Sidua, in the temple of Mara Ultor,
and 50 fr. in silvcr.—-See wood-cut above.] whilst the shield which he holds in his right
GoLD.—Withoat legend.-—The monogram of hand is a vuiive one. This explanation, which
Christ within a laurel garland. In the exergue rests on no conclusive evidence, Eckhel (v. 182),
ooxoa. P. or cons. (A quinarius, valued by leaves to the adoption of those who approve of
Mionnet at 72 fr. Engraved in Akerman, ii. it. At the same time he acknowledges his in
pl. xii. No.4). ability to improve upon it. Cicero (ad Quin
FLAMlNES. Roman priests of particular tum fratrem, iii. ep. l, § 5), mentions a L.
gods.—Thcse occupied the first rank after the Lentulus, the son of a priest, prior to the one
Pontifex Maximus. The following three princi in question.
pal Flaminea were held in high consideration, Riccio (in his Monete dell: Famiglir, p. 67),
and enjoyed great privileges. They were also takes the same view of the subject with Haver
called Filaminec, from the fillet which each wore camp. He says, “ Lucius Lcntnlus, Flamen Mar
around his head. tialis, that is, priest of Mars, is represented on
Flame» Drama, the priest of Jupiter, and this coin of the Comelin gens, in the act of
the most distinguished of the flamincs, was con dedicating, in the name of Augustus, the statue
stantly on duty, nor could he quit the city for of his father by adoption, Julius Cresar, in the
a single night. He was distinguished by an at temple of Mars Ultor, after the voluntary sub
tendant lietor, by the curule chair, and the faya mission of the conflicting parties in the Roman
Imz-Ie.rla. The flamen aiialis was not forbidden state, which took place in 732 (B. c. 22). The
the use either of wine or flour. above mentioned dedication, however, was not
There is a gold coin of the Cornelia gens, on performed till 752 (B. C. 2), in other words, until
which the heads of Bacchus and Ceres are joined, 20 years afterwards; the emperor thus absolving
and a cornucopia: placed beside them, to shew, himself of the vow he had made to shew pos
as some have conjectured, that the Flamen terity that he had completely avenged the mur
Dialis greatly venerated those deities. The coin der of Caesar, and that he had accomplished his
referred to bears on its reverse the name of design of subduing that supposed invincible
SERvi1w LENTVLu.r, and a representation of party, whose project for defeating him was fatal
the Am-ilia, or sacred shields (sec p. 45), which to themselves.”
were entrusted to the special custody of the Flamen QVIRINALIS, a priest of Quirinus (i.
Flamen Dialis. And this gold piece, which is e. Romulus, after his dcification).—This Flames:
engraved amongst the nummi can-rularcs, in was the third in rank, and is supposed to be de
Mm-ell. T/iesaur. (TAB. xv. No. 2), appears to signated on a silver coin of the Fabia family,
be the only one, in the whole range of Roman on the reverse of which we see (p. 871) the in
numismatic monuments, which alludes, and that scription of N. ram rrcron. And, for the type,
by implication only, to the highly-privileged a galeatcd figure seated; with the poutificnl apex
priest of Jupiter. in the right hand, in the left a spear, and a
Flamen ltlaurrurrs, a priest of Mars, whose shield, on which is inscribed Qvlnlx. On the
dignity was the most exalted, after that of the
exergue ROMA.
F/rlnlvn Dialis, and was required to be held by llavcrcamp (says Eclrhcl, v. 208) justly ne
a patrician.—A denarius of the Cornelia gens,
marks, that the seated figure pcrsonifics Rome,
struck under Augustus, distinctly names this
and that the QVIRIN. should be expanded into
oflice, and represents the sacerdotal functionary QVIRINaIis, that is, Flamen Quiduali: ; just
as on coins of thc Cornelia family we find in
scribed in full, 1,. LENTVLVS rr..\.\n::v maarraus
(as engraved in left hand column).
FLAMlNlA' gens.—Of the plcbeian order,
having F1arnim'u.s for its name (from Fla:m~n_),
and Cilo or C/lilo for its surname. It otfers,
for its record, the following three coins, of no
particular rarity :-—
ROMA. Gnlested head of Romc.—Rec.—r.
 FLAMINIA. FLAVIA.— FLORA. 389
PLAXINI. below CILO. Victory, holding a crown, Yet here we see the name of Brutus—the same
in a biga at full speed. who assisted at the murder of Julius Caesar, in
Lucius Flaminius Cilo must have been questor A. U. c. 710, on a family coin of the Flavii.
of the republic in the time of Sulla, or at the Riccio speaks more confidently. He says
beginning of Cmsar’s domination; and although “ Cains Flavius, who caused the above described
the more ancient types are preserved, yet the denarius to be minted, WHl€_¢LllIAlP7'0-p1'¢I0f
Sullian or Cresariau coins are nllusive to the re to Brutus, when, united to Cassius, that con
spective achievements of those two despotic spirator fled into Asia from the fury of the tri
rulers over the affairs of Rome. umvirs, who had raised an armament against
him. The legatus, according to Borghesi, was
one of the brothers Flavii, to whom Plutarch
and Appiau bear testimony, and who, properly
named Cnius, took part against Octavianus, and
was put to death at the capture of Pcrugia.—
The other brother, who perished at the battle
of Philippi, was not called Cains, and more
over he occupied the oflice of prefect of the
Fabri (la caries di prcfetto de’ Fahri), a charge
2. rm. via. rm. PL. Adorned head of Venus. inferior to that of le_qaIu.1.”—l"or the reverse,
-—Rev.—1..r1..ums. Below, cnn.o. Victory in referring to Brutus, see Junia gens.
a rapid hign, as in the above engraving. l~‘LA\‘IA.—The legion which was raised by
3. Lnureatcd head of Julius Caasar.—Rev.—~ Vespasiau received this appellation in allusion
1.. rmulmivs nu. vm. A woman draped in the to the family name of the emperor. It is in
stola, stands holding in the right hand a cadu scribed on a silver coin of Gallienus, in the
ceus, and in the left the Mata para. epigraph LEG. rm. rL. VI. r. with the type of
Lucius Flaminius Chilo, nephew perhaps of alion.-——Ou a gold coin of Victorinus senior
the preceding, was moneyer to Julius Caesar, this legion is symbolized by the type of two
during his dictatorship, when the number of lions and a helmeted head. The inscription LEG.
those magistrates was increased from three to I111. FLAVIA r. P.
four. FLORA, a goddess of Sabine origin, who
What Pal. 1-‘L. means has given rise to discus presided over flowers and gardens. The poets,
sion among numismatists. First, it is believed in order to eunoble her history, represented
by some that it should be read primua flando, Flora as a nymph undcr thc_ name of Chloris,
as designating the first monetal quatuarvir added and married her to Zephyr, the son of Aurora.
to the other colleagues by Caesar. Next, Borg The worship dedicated, in the earlier times, to
hcsi and Cavedoni concur with Ursin, that it this divinity, took place some days before the
ought to be iute reted primua flamen, there beginning of May; as Ovid sings (1"a.rt. iv.
being a correspon 'ng example in the coeval 947) :—
medal of Ti. Scmpronius Gracchus, who besides “ Iucipis Aprili, trnusis in tempera Maii.”
the title of ml. v(1a..) took that of qzaesfor [You commence in April, and arc adjourned
decignatua ; and in this instance the first priest to May].
(prinnu flamm), has placed the head of the During the beautiful days of the latter month
new divinity on a coin struck during his own women and maidens are said to have assembled
monetal magistrature, the date of which is to by themselves to enjoy the gay and probably
be referred to 711 (B. c. 43), according to the the then harmless pleasures of such a spring
calculation of Cavedoni, in the course of his ex tide celebration. The festivals of Flora re
amination of discovered repositories (repasligli). eeived additional splendour, but lost their mo
The head of Venus on coin No. 2 is allusivc to dest and inoifensive character, when a courtezan
the assumed origin of Cmsar; and the woman named Acca Laureutia, dying during the reign
on the reverse of No. 3 is thought to represent of Ancus Martins, left immense riches, amassed
Felicilas.—See Borghesi‘s reasons for entertain during a life of prostitution, to the Roman peo
ing this opinion, cited by Riccio, p. 91. ple, as her heir. From that period, the Floral
FLAVIA, gens plebei:g has but the following games were renewed in her especial honour, and
coin (with three unimportant varieties), which it was to this meretricious benefactress, that the
is common : people affected to apply the name of the god
c. rnav. name. LEG. rao. an. Head of dess, to defray the expenses of whose yearly
Apollo, before it a lyre.-—1tev.—-Q. c. mv.v'r. 1.uP. feasts, she had bequeathed her ill-gotten wealth.
Victory on foot, crowning with her right hand In Flora, no longer regarded as a presiding
a trophy, and holding in her left hand a palm deity over the most lovely and innocent of na
branch resting on her shoulder. tural objects, the profligate multitude saw only
The letters urzmc. at the bottom of this de the patroness of hurlots; and seizing on this
narius, are an abbreviation not as yet satisfac pretext for authorising excesses, they at length
torily explained; but in what way soever they converted her worship into a source of public
ought to he read, they indubitably stand as the scandal. It was not however until the year of
surname of Flavius. “ There is no record (says Home 580 (B. c. 174-), that the Flaralia were
Eckhel) among the ancient writers to shew that celebrated regularly every year. ln these popu
Flavius was the lieutenant or deputy of Brutus." lar sports, obscenity and libertinism were (ac
 390 FLORALIA.
cording to Lactantius and other writers) car
ried to the highest pitch. “ Nam prazter ver
borum liccntiam, nudnbantur tlagitantc populo
meretrices qua: spcctatores iinpudicis motibus
detincrcnt." This festival was frequently kept
up by torch-light, when Night lent to indecency
of gestures, her aid to consummate its provo
catives by deeds of debauchery.
FLORAL. PRI .\lVS.—This epigrnph appears
on a denarius of the Servilia gens, with the typo
of n. woman’s hcnd, having necklace and ear
rings, the hair being adorned with flowers.—
There is a lituus behind the head. On the re
verse we read c. s1-:avr:u.. c. r. And the type
represents t\vo warriors, in short military dress,
with brimmcd caps. They stand opposite each
other, holding shields on their left arms, and
joining their drawn swords, hilt and blade toge
ther, as in token of confederacy or alliance.
This fine silver coin has presented not a few
ditliculties in the way of correctly explaining
its legends and types. The ditference of opinion
amongst numismatists is, or rather has been, as
to the first institution of the Flaralia. Accord
ing to Vclleius Paterculus, they commenced in
the year of Rome 514 (B. c. 240), C. Scrvilius of the coin engraved at the top of this article,
being the reputed originator of those festivals. the moneyer who caused it to be struck pro
Eckhel quotes as a clue to ascertain the date of claims himself a descendant of C. Servilins, the
the event above alluded to, the following pas
sage from Ovid (Fasti, v. 327):—
Convenére panes, et, si bene florent annns,
Numinibns nostris (Florm) annua festa vovent.
Adnnimus voto. Consul cum consule ludos
Postumio Lamas persoluére mihi.
[The Fathers are assembled, and, if the year
has proved abundant in flowers, they vote an
annual festival to my goddess-ship, I nod my
acquiescence. Postnmius and Lzenas, the consuls,
have carried it into effect by celebrating games
for me (i. e. for my satisfaction, or honour)l.
The Author of Dactrina goes on to observe,
that the foregoing quotation from Ovid seems to
be at variance with the statement of Velleius; Casca against the life of Caesar. It is, says
sincc thc consulate of L. Postumi us Albinus and Riccio, such a type of alliance as is seen uni
M. Popilius Lacnus took place in 581 (B. C. formly represented on coins of two Italian cities,
173). But the same poet has elsewhere said,
that these Florales ludi had fallen into neglect,
which the goddess had resented by allowing her
productions to be blighted ; and in consequence
of that calamity, by a decree of the Senate
(])!tlI'8.l) in 581, annual and perpetual celebra
tions of the Floraluz were voted.
The infainics committed at them became, how
evel, so revolting, that Cato, the censor, being
one day present in the theatre, a friend remarked
to him that the people, embarrassed at seeing
him there, dared not call, according to custom,
for the public display of mcrctricious depravity.
l~‘LORALl.~\.
And this great Roman, so grave and so severe,
had the complaisance to retire, that he might
not interrupt the unbridled license of the people,
nor on the other hand pollute his eyes with the
sight of disorders committed at such spectacles.
The people, it is added, appreciating this asa
concession to their vicious tastes, bestowed a
thousand plaudits upon Cato. This fact Mar
tial (i. Epigr. 3) humorously glances at ;—
Nosses jocoszn dulce chm sacrum Florin,
Festosquo lusus, et licentiam vulgi,
Cur in theatrum, Cato severe, V!'L\lSll P
An ideo tantum veneras, ut exires.
[“As you must have been well acquainted
with the rites of the mirthfnl Flora, the holiday
entertainments, and the broad licentiousness
of the rabble, why, O strait-laced Cato, did you
shew your face in the theatre ? Did you really
come in, only to walk out again ?]
But, indeed, the same satirist bad previously
said, that some of the frequcnters of Flora’s
Festival, in epigrammatic language, contended
that Cato ought not to have entered their
theatre, or, having entered, should have remained
to witness the scam: jorri. To this Ausonius in
all probability alludes (says Eckhcl) when (in
Cm-min. 385, v. 25), he thus writes :—
Necnon lascivi Floralia laeta theatri,
Quin spectnre volunt, qui voluisse ncgunt.
['_“ Also, the joyous Fluralia of the licentious
theatre, which they who most dcprccatc them,
still desire to see.”]
By the lituus behind the head on the obverse
angur, who was pretor in 659 (B. c. 95). But
the workmanship of the denarins, brings it
do\vn to the Czesarian age; and hence Riccio
(p. 210), agrees with Eckhel and with Mon-l,
that it was struck in the last period of the re
public, and by the questor of Brutus and Cas
sius, in 711 (B. c. 4-3). In placing on the ob
verse of his coin the bust of Flora, with a gay
head-drcss of flowers, the moneyer pays honour
to his celebrated ancestor, that F/amlia priuzzr:
fecirset.
Next, as to tho type of the reverse, which
indicates either tho alliance of Romulus and
Tatius; or the conspiracy of the two brothers
Atclla and Capua, but to which it is to be spe
cially referred is not known. “ Sine dubio (ob
serves Eckhel, v. 310) vetns aliqnod, illustri
usque foedus, a quopiam ex gcnte Servilia pro
curatum, in his C. Servilii dcnariis rcnovntnr.”
Flora is also supposed to bc typified by the
head of a woman, crowned with a chaplct of
flowers, and with a flower behind it, on the ob
verse of a denarius of the Claudia gens, having
for legend c. caomvs, c. 11'. The portrait suiti
cieutly corresponds with that which Ovid draws
(L. iv. Fatrlor) :—
Itlille venit vnriis floruru dcu nexa:corunis.
 FL()ItEN'l‘E.—l*‘LORlANUS.
[The goddess comes, crowned with garlands
of a thousand varied flowers].
But the reverse, which bears the title of VES
'rALls, and a seated image of one of those chaste
priestcsscs, is but ill-assorted with any record
of ghe Floreal celebration.~—See CLAVDIA gens,
p. 10.
I-‘LORENTE FORTVNA. P. R.—A woman
standing, with branch in the right hand, and
cornucopia: in the lett.—0lw.-—nsncv1.r.s AD
SI-IBTOR. A laureated and bearded head of Her
cnles.
Bimard de la Bastie, in his annotations to Jo
bert (i. 299) was the first to describe the above,
as being the legends and types of a silver coin
in the De R0!/'2/in cabinet of his time (1739).
Eckhel, who quotes Bimard, calls it “ silver of
Galba,” and, referring to it, as one of several
coins that allude to the successes of that empe
ror, makes the following remark :-—“ If coins,
bearing the legend MARS ADSERTOR (see Incerla,
Zllore/1. Fain. Rom. TAB. 4), were struck during
the reign of Galba, there appears to be no corn flower]. Eel-rhel (v. 143) bluntly says-—
doubt that the present one, inscribed unacvms “ Let those look to it, who are conversant with
ADSEBTOR is to be associated with them; espe
cially as its types furnish an admirable allegory
in allusion to those times. For, as Hercules on
his return from Spain, after slaying Cncus, the
robber, restored the seven hills to freedom, so
Galba, returning from the same country, after
the overthrow of Nero, gave liberty to Rome,
planted on those self-same seven hills, and
brought it to pass, that the fortune of the Ro
man people should once more begin to flourish."
(vi. 298).
FLORIANUS (Marcus Jnniur), brother of
Tacitus, whom he had followed into the East,
and on whose death he was acknowledged em
pet-or by the Senate and by all the provinces,
except Syria, whose army supported the cause
of Probus. A civil war was on the point of
ensuing from the rivnlship of thesc two com
petitors, when Florianus was killed by his own
soldiers, near Tarsus, only three months after
he had assumed the purple, A. D. 276.—St_\‘le :
IMP. C. M. ANNIVS FL(JltIAN\"S AVG.
Shnrt as was his reign, the reverses of his coins
have sufficient variety to shew that at least the
Roman mint was active with his name and effigy,
which appear, among others, on a brass medal
lion, having the epigraph of MON!-ITA avo. and
the three mouetze standing, with their attri
butes. llis silver of base metal are of the sc faning Christian symbols with their usurped and
cond degree of rarity; second brass rare; third blood-stained dignities.
brass common.
The following gold, of the usual size, arc people with another people. Amongst the Ro
valued by Mionnet at 120 francs each, viz. con
l"LOS.—FOCAS.-FOEDUS. 391
ooan snur. Two soldiers joining hsnds.—
coxsaaiurroa ave. Sun in quadriga.—Pr2B
Pr:rvrra’rr‘. (.n'c.) ave. Woman holding a globe.
The following, at 100 francs each, viz. lovl
VICTORI. Jupiter Nieephorua Stfl.lltllug.—-ROMAE
AETI-IKNAE. Roma Nieephorus seated.—VlRT\'s
AVGVSTI. Mars \vnlking.—n1ntTr v1c'roa1.
Mars with spear and trophy. (Brought £3 at
the Campana sale).
[A gold coin of Florian, found at Dedding
ton, was bought by Mr. Cove Jones for £12.
—There were no gold coins of this emperor
either in the Thomas, the Pembroke, or the
Dcvonshire cabinets].
FL()S, a flower, appears on coins of Aquil
lius Florus, a monetary triumvir of Augustus.
The type of that reverse bears allusion to the
cognomen. Vaillant gives it as his opinion that
the flower represented on the dcnurius alluded
to (sec Aquillia gens, p. 71) is unknown to
botanists. llavercamp (in Marell. Tlmsaur.)
contends that it is the ryanua [mia.vos—thc blue
the study.”
A denarius of the Dnrmia family, with legend
Honour, and the head of Honour for its ob
verse type, exhibits on the reverse the legend
cassaa avovsrvs, and a slow quadriga, on
which is a basket, with a flower in it (sec above).
An exactly similar type of reverse appears on
gold and silver coins of Titus.——Vaillant’s ex
planation (ii. p. 97) of this device is its re
ference to a triumph of that e1nperor’s; and
that this _/lower, or rather bud, similar to what
the goddess SPES carries in her hand, denotes the
hope reposed by the Senate and people of Rome
in the victorious arms of Judzea’s conqueror.
A flower, according to Pliny, was the symbol
of Spring; and in continuation of this, on the
coins of the four Seasons (by Antoninus Pius,
Commodus, and others), we see the boy who
personifies the vernal quarter of the year, bear
ing a basket laden with flower-s.—Sce ssscuu,
and rmxroaun FELICITAS.
FOCAS, or PHOCAS (Flavius), a low-born
Bithynian, who atroeiously assuming the impe
rial purple, caused the deposition of his sove
reign Manricius, and the murder of that em
peror and his family, A. D. 602. In eight years
afetrwards he was himself taken prisoner in Con
stantinople, and decapitated. On some of this
villain’s brass coins, where his style is on. ro
css AVG. he and his wife Leontia appear, pro
l"Ol'IDl‘-S.---A treaty of alliance made by one
mans, in early times, alliances were always made
 392 FOEDUS.
by order of the People, by authority of the
Senate, and through the ministration of the
Feciales (see p. 376).—Thef0e1{e-ra, or treaties
of Rome with foreign nations, are recorded on
some of her consular and family coins. There
is in particular a denarius which, bearing on the
obverse the efligy and titles of Augustus, places
before us, with beautiful distinctness, in the
legend and type of its reverse, the ordained rite
of forming alliances solemniscd by the Romans,
from which rare coin an engraving is snhjoined.
roan. P. R. cvn. os
BINIS c. ANTIS. vi-:'1"vs.
(on another coin, ronnvs
P.B.. qvm. (sie.) GABINIS).
Twomen togatcd & veiled,
stand opposite each other,
holding a sow over alight
ed altar.-0bv.—cai:sAa
.\vovs'rvs. liead of An
gnstus. Silver of Antistia gens.—(See p. 51).
This reverse ofl'c-rs a type peculiar to the An
tistii, and one chosen by Antistius, a moncyer of
Augustus, to indicate his connexion by descent
with Gabii, that ancient city of Latium. Indeed,
Dionysius of Hulicarnassus, calls “ Antistius
Petro by far the most renowned of the Gabiui
ans ;” on whose death, caused by the treachery
of Scxtus Tarquinius, the city in question was
brought under the dominion of his father the
king. (Dionys. Hal. iii. p. m. 255). Shortly
after this event, peace having been restored, a
treaty was entered into between the two people,
accompanied with sacrifices and oaths; the terms
of which Dionysius relates to have been pre
served to his own day, inscribed in ancient
characters, in the temple of Jupiter Pistius.—
The same writer informs us, that it was an ox
which was offered ms a victim on the occasion ;
whereas the coins exhibit a pig or a sow, which
assuredly was the animal usually immoluted at
the ratification of treaties, as Livy has expressly
stated (i. c. 24), in whose work the entire rite
and formularies are specified; and Virgil, too,
elegantly bears out the testimony of coins, in
the passage where he records the treaty entered
into between Romulus and 'l‘atius, after the rape
of the Sabines (jln. viii. 638):
Tum iidem inter se, posito certamine, rages,
Armati Jovis ante aras, paterasqna tencutes
Stabant, et cram‘ jungcbant fuadera perm’.
[_“ Then, these two princes, laying aside their
strife, took their stand, completely armed, be
side the altar of Jupiter, each holding a pstera,
and having sacrificed a sow, ratified a solemn
treaty.”]
And Varro says (rle R. R. L. ii. 4)—" When
a treaty is ratified at the commencement of a
peace, it is customary to sacrifice a pig.” The
lighted altar, therefore, on this coin, is that of
Jupiter; for the name of Diespiler occurs also
in the formulary used on the occasion, and this
practice too was derived from the Greeks; for
in Theocritus, Tircsias is found enjoining Alc
mcna “to sacrifice to the supreme Jupiter a
male pig. (Idyll. xxiv. v. 97).-—Homcr, how
l“O.\"l‘l".l .»\ .
ever, has recorded amueh more ancient nsare
of sacrificing a pig to Jupiter, where he says,
that Agamemnon swore that he restored Briseis
to Achilles inviolate. (Iliad, 'r. 250). But
Talthybius “ stood (the while) beside the pastor
of the people, holding in his arms a pig."-—Thc
athletes in the Olympic games used, with a
similar rite, to call Jupiter ‘Opmos to witness,
that they would resort to no fraud in their eon
tcsts. The sacrifice of a sow, and the ceremo
nial of ratifying a treaty, are expressed in nearly
the same manner on coins of Acerrn, in Cam
pauia, and on those of the Samnites. See coins
of the Veturia gens.—See also Eckhel, v. 137
and 138.
FONTEIA gens, of the highest antiquity;
but plebeian, for Clodius caused himself to be
adopted by P. Fontcius, in order that he might
be a tribune of the plebs. The surname is Ca
pito.—Thcre are nine distinct mintages in its
coins, besides a great many minor varictius.-—
'l‘he silver arc, with few exceptions, common.
The brass pieces are the ac, or its parts, struck
by the moneyers of M. Antony.-——The following
are amongst the most rare, or curious, dcnarii
of this family :—
1. A double head, of youthful appearance,
before it the mark of the deuarius, behind it
some isolated alphabetic character.-—Ib*c. c.
Po.\"r.; below no:a,\. A galley with helmsman,
or captain, and rowers at their oars, and the
stern adorned with thc aplualre and streamers.
In these types Vaillant recognises an indica
tion of the origin of the Funteii, who, accord
ing to Arnobius, assumed to have descended
from Fontus, the son of Janus. Eckhel Chl
racterisnm this, as “ przcclnm conjeetura,” and
points to several examples presenting analogous
selections of reputed ancestors, which fully con
firm its correetut-ss.—See Doclrina, v. 214, ct seq.
The ship with rowers is regarded by Ricein
(p. 92) as allusive to some maritime expeditions
of the ancient members of the family, not re
corded in history, or perhaps to the arrival by
by sea, in Italy, of Janus, the father of Fontus
above named. The same modern writer on
family coins observes, that Cains Fonteius, who
caused this deuarius to be minted, probably
lived about the year 641 (B. C. ll3). And, ap
parently to Cavedoni, he might be the Fonteins
slain by the Ascolani, together with the pro
cousul Servilius, at the breaking-out of the
social war, in 663 (B. C. 91).
2. Two juvenile heads, coupled together, lau
reated, with a star over each. Before them the
mark of the denarius, and in some the letters
P. P.———Reu. sum. FONTEI. A triroine, with liilut
sitting at the helm. In the field three globules.
 FONTEIA. FORGERIES. 393
Fonteius, who was le_r/utus to Manius Fonteius,
pretor in Gaul, posterior to 675 (B. 0. 79), and
reckoned among the prirnarii viri by Cicero.
Cavedoni believes the infant figure on the
goat to be meant for the genius of Jupiter Cres
cem, seated on the back of his own goat [Amal
thaza], and is of opinion that the reiterated ap
pearance of the caps of the Dioseuri bears allu
The two heads on the obverse are those of sion to the original country of the monctal
the Diosvuri, who are the Pemztea of the capilal. [nnctionary who caused the eoin to be struck.
On a specimen of the above denurius, engraved
in Riecio (Tav. 20, No. 2), the letters P. P.
appear before the heads. This is made still
more clear in similar types of the Antia and
Sulpicia families. For some explanatory remarks
on these domestic deities, the render is referred
to the word Penale.r.—-“ The mint of Fontcius
(says Eckhel) adopts these types, because, as
we learn in the case of the Sulpicia family, the 4. P. PONTEIVS P. r. CAPITO 111. via. The
Penutes were held in the highest honour at Tus helmed bust of Mars, with but little beard.
cnlum, from which town the Fonteii originally Behind it a trophy.—.Rev. An armed horseman,
came.” Sec Dacl. Nam. v. 218. riding at full speed. Under him are two mili
Cavcdoni (cited by Riccio, p. 93), says, that tary figures.
the .\Ianius Fonteius of the silver coins and also This is one among many family coins, in
of large brass, classed with the mintages of the which both legends and types are involved in
Fonteia gens, must he the same person who was uncertainty, and the expectations raised by either
defended by Cicero; since, in the newly-dis a full inscription, or an interesting device, are
covered fragment of the oration delivered by more or less disappointed. Eckhel (v. p. 220),
him, M. Fouteius is expressly mentioned as his does not regard it as satisfactorily made out
monetal triumvir, and his questor. He was why dlars Tropwop/torus appears on the obverse,
pretor in 675 (B. c. 79), and thence it is to be nor who the horseman is on the reverse, nor to
inferred that a little while before he was moneyer. whom the inscription MANiu.v FON'l‘eiua Titi
bmzus MILitum should be assigned. He de
scribes the two armed figures beneath the horse’s
feet as engaged in single combat, whilst Mien
net sees in them two enemies, whom the cava
lier has laid prostrate.
Riccio endeavours to supply some of these
desiderata. He pronounces this Publins Fon
teius Capito to have been moneyer in the 660th
3. M. PONTEI. c. r. The head of a young year of Rome (B. 0. 94) if not later. He re
man luurcatcd, beneath which is the fulmen.— gards the types of the above engraved coin as
Rev. A winged boy riding on a goat. In the alluding to certain exploits performed by a mem
field of the coin are two pilei, with a star over ber of this family, that is to say, to the mili
each. Below is the thyrsus. All within a myr tary tribune Manius Fonteius, who, under the
tle garland. command, and in presence of, Titus Didius (p.
The portrait on the obverse of this denarius 327), in Celtiberia, displayed his prowess by
is, in the opinion of Eckhel himself, not incor slaying the enemy's general.
rectly believed to be that of Apollo Vcjovis, Some think that the tribune above mentioned
to whom the thunderbolt under the head bears was brother of the Fonteius Cupito who struck
allusion. As to the winged boy sitting on a this denarius, but its fine workmanship carries
gout, the same commentator says, that it seems it down to a later pcriod.—[Mr. Akerman thinks
to bc rather the “ Genius of V¢y'0vi.r,” than, as that the head of trophy-bearing Mars, together
to others it has appeared, the figure of Cupid, with the reverse type, refers either to that suc
in which opinion (says he), l follow Passeri, cessful Spsnish expedition, or to some other
who regards such figures of winged children, specific victory.]
except when they hold n. bow or an arrow, as P. FONTEIVS [II. VIR. CONCORDIA.—
ye/iii. The bonnets of the Dioscuri belong to Veiled head of Concord.— '.—'l‘. DIDI. IMP.
the Dei Penates. As to why the thyrsus and VIL. PVB. Grand portico of two stories.
the myrtle crown form part of the type, and This coin commemorates the Imperatar (Gene
also as to who was Manius Fonteius, the author ral in command of an army) Titus Didins, under
of these denarii, the numismatist of Vienna, whom the tribune P. Fontcius fought, and respect
with his usual repudiation of conjecture, simply ing whom see coin No. 2, in Didia gens (p. 327).
adds " iynoro.” FORGERIES qf Public ]|I0ney.—-On this
subject, so important to the numismutist, and
Riecio, in describing the above denarius, says
“ This Manius Fonteius must have been moneyer so interesting in an historical point of view, some
about 670 (B.c. 84), and son of that Cains general observations will be found in pp. 294
BE
894 FORTUNA .
and 295 of this volume, under the head of
Counterfeit Coins. But for further information
respecting the works of falsarii amongst the
Romans, the reader is especially referred to a
valuable essay by the Editor of the Numi.r1/ratio
Chronicle for July, 1846, including 0. masterly
letter to Mr. Akerman from Mr. Burgun, with
regard to the practices of the Greek t'orgers.—
The \vhole dissertation merits attention; for,
commencing with early epochs of antiquity, it
pursues the history of moueial frauds through
the middle ages down to the times of our own
Tudors and Stuarts.
FORT. I"orli.r.rimu.s.-—One of the titular epi
thets given on coins to Deeentius.
FORT. CAESAR. Fortissimuc Camzr.
FOR. RE.——Foriuna Reduz appears fre
quently on coins of Augustus.
FORT. FEL. Fortune: Feh'0i.—-On silver
and brass of Commodus, and silver of Domna.
FORT. P. R.—For an explanation of this ab
breviated legend see ARI?-IA gens, p. 83.
FORTUNA.—l*‘ortnne; a goddess, to whose
worship the Romans were devoutly attached.
The common people regarded her as a divinity
who distributed good and evil amongst mau
kind, according to her caprice, and without
having any regard to merit. But the more
sensible portion of the ancients either denied of Hadrian and of Aclius Cmsar. She is seen
the existence of this deity, or understood by in a chair, opposite to the emperor, who is
Fortune no other than Divine Providence, whose
decrees being unknown to mortals, human events
appear to happen by chance. The Romans, who
were, at the earliest period of their history, con
tent to consult Sore el Fortuua at Antium,
afterwards adopted the goddess into the number
of their tutelaries, and consecrated nearly thirty
temples to her, in the different districts of the
city. Servius Tullius set the first example, which
was followed by Ancus Martins, and it was
largely adopted in the time of the republic.-—
The Emperor Nero built a temple to Fortune of
transparent stones. The Romans pretended that
Fortune, having deserted the Persians and Assy
rians, and after having flown lightly over Mace
donia, and seen Alexander perish, passed over
into Egypt and Syria, and, at last arriving on
Mount Palatine, threw aside her wings, cast
away her wheel, and entered Rome, there to
take up her abode for evcr.—Fartune was Sulln's
favourite divinity : to her, not to himself, or to
his own wisdom, he was accustomed to ascribe
all the glory of his many successful achieve
ments, and, in allusion to this, assumed the
name of Feli.1:.—The Romans gave many dif
ferent names to this versatile goddess. The
following are those which appear on coins, viz.;
Antiatina, Bone, Felix, Furs, Mala, Muliebris,
Mancns, Obsequens, Primigcnia, Rcdux; lastly,
Fortuna Augusta, or Augusti, and Fortuua Po
puli Romani (see those names, mic locis).
FORTUNE appears on a great number of im
perial coins, in each metal and size, from Au
gustus to Diocletian, with the legend r0n'rv1~u\,
but more frequently FORTVNA ave. and AVGVSTI,
nnder the figure of a young woman, habited in
the stola, standing (as in the following en
FORTUNAE ANTIAT.
graved example of Hadrian, first brass), or seated,
holding in the right hand a rudder, resting on
the prow of a ship, and in the left hand a cor
nucopinz. In some types a wheel appears at her
feet, or under her chair, as in Albinus, Gor
dianns III. &c. On other specimens we see her
with the rudder planted on a globe, as in Verus,
Commodus, &c. but the cornucopia: is her in
variable attribute.
Fortune is seated with a young boy before
her, on a coin of Julia Domna; standing with a
caduceus, in L. Aelius; with her arm resting on
a column, as in Hadrian; in a temple of six
columns, on a coin of 'l‘reb. Gallus.
Fortune also appears with Hope on first brass
sacrificing, as in Sept. Severus.—['I'he sedent
goddess is said to denote the empcror’s fortune
to be firm and stable. Sometimes Fortune sedan:
holds with her right hand a short staff, or tiller,
at the top of the rudder, as in Antoniuus Pins,
Albinus, &c. And on a. well-known coin of
Commodus (see further on) she sits holding n
horse by the bridle. On a coin of Geta she is
recumbent on the ground, with a wheel and cor
nucopia: by her side].
Fortune Mala, and Fortune Bona, were both
worshipped in their respective temples at Rome.
Vaillant is of opinion that the two busts on a
coin of the Rustin gens (Fortunte Antiates)
were intended to personify Good and Ill F01-tune.
——See cnmus.
FORTVNAE ANTIA'l‘e.s Quintin RYSTITS.
Two beardlcss busts, side
by side, one of which
wears a helmet, and is
naked as far as the breast,
and holds a patera; the
other has a mitella on her
head-dress, and a. tunic
close to the neck ; both
.\ placed on a flattened cip
pns, each extremity of which is ornamented
with a ra.m’s hcad.——Rev. CAESARI AVG\'S
TO EX. S. C. An altar, on which is inscribed
FOR.luna REa'uci.-—On silver of the Rm"-tin
gens, struck under Augustus, in the year of
Rome 736 (B. c. 18).
Fortune was called by this title of locality on
account of a celebrated temple erected to her
honour at Antium, n town in Latiurn, not far
from the sea coast (now Anzio), the birth-place
of Nero. At this place she was doubtlas in
 FORTI FORTU.\‘A. FORS FORTUNA. 395
high repute for orncles ; Snetonius says—-“ Mo between Fora, Fnrlrma, Crmw, and Eventu.r.—
nuerunt ct Fortunaa Anliatinn, ut it Cassie Apuleius also (in Herr/let. Triswzeg. rubfin.) says,
cavcret."—Perhaps, says Eckhel (v. 298), what “ Evenlus or Fora is intermingled with all things
I have called a cippua, is the vehicle, by which, earthly.”—For.r Forlima was, according to Varro
as Macrobins informs us, the images of the two (dc L. L) n deity among the Romans; “ a cer
Fortunes (rimulaera Fortunanunj, were con tain day was styled by Servius Tnllius the king,
veyed in Antium to utter the (oracular) rc die: Fortia Fortuna, because in the month of
spouses. June he dedicated a temple to Fan Forfuna
Addison, in mentioning his visit to the ruins near the Tiber, outside the walls of Rome."-—
of Antium, makes the following observations: Consult also Ovid (1"u.rl. vi. 773), who records
—“ All agree there were two Fortunes worship besides, that honours were paid to Fore Far
ped here. Suetonins calls them Fortuna Anti luna on the viiith of the kalends of July. In
ates, and Martial the Sorores Antii. " " ‘ later times the Romans erected another temple
Fabretti and others are apt to believe that by to this goddess in the gardens, which Julius
the two Fortunes were only meant in general Cmsar bequeathed to the people. Plutarch, who
the goddess who sent prosperity, and she who relates the circumstance (de Fort. Rom. p. 319,
sent atlliction, to mankind; and [these Italian A.) describes her in these words—“ Fartuna,
antiquaries] produce in their behalf, an ancient whom they call Fora, that is to say, powerful,
monument found in this very place, and super over-ruling, masculine, and possessing as it were
scribed FORTVNAE FELICI. sacnvat; and also a force which prevails over all things." And
another with the words roarr. ronrvxss sac the same author had just before said, that For
avm. [See Morel/. T/zeaaur. Fam. Rom. 'r. i. tuna had been adopted by the Romans “as a
p. 369].—This double function of the goddess, kind of cognomen of Forlilu/Io (&.v5psuz),” as
adds our own illustrious countryman, gives a though forluua were to be derived from fortis.
considerable light and beauty to the ode, L. i. —~It was the prevailing belief of the ancients,
35, which Horace has addressed to her. The that all things were under the direction and con
whole poem is a prayer to Fortune, that she trol of Fortune. And hence Plantus called her
would prosper Augustus C:csar’s arms, and eon /Lem, or mistress (in Mercatore); and Ennius,
fouud his enemies; so that each of the god as quoted by Cicero (dc Qfiiciia, i. 12), says
desses has her tzmk assigned in the poet's prayer; “ Whether he would prefer you or me (i. e. For
and we may observe, the invocation is divided tune) to reign as mistress (laera).” There is a
between the two deities, the first line relating remarkable passage of Pliny, illustrative of this
inditfcrcntly to either. That printed in Italic subject (Hist. Nat. ii. p. 73)—“ Throughout
type speaks to the goddess of Prosperity, or to the world, and in all places, and at all hours,
the _\"e/ne.ri.r of the Good, and the other to the Fortune alone is invoked by the voices of all
goddess of Adversity, or to the Ncnu-.ri.9 of the mankind; her name alone is heard; she alone
Wicked :—— bears the blame; she only is convicted as the
0 Diva, _r/ralmn gum regi: Anlium, culprit; she, the sole object of men’s thoughts,
Prresens vel imo tollerc de gradu praises, and abuse, yet still of their universal
Mnrtnle corpus, eel .rup¢'rb0.v homage; considered by all to be mutable, and
Vcrlcre fuueribm Irimnp/|o.r, 8:0. even blind; roving, inconstant, unstable, change
Great Goddess, ./infirm’: Guardian Power, able, and the friend of the unworthy. To her
Wliose force is strong, and quick to raise are referred all events, and she it is who fills
The lowest to the highest place, hoth pages in the life of morta.ls.”—No wonder
Or ti!/A a lromlrour fall then that Momus should complain, in Lucian
7'0 bring I/re lzanglrly lower, ((,'om'i/. Deorum), that no one is any longer
And [urn proud (riumplu to a funeral, Etc. inclined to otfer sacrifices to the gods, from the
Cruzscn. conviction, that tho’ endless hecatombs smoked
“ lf we take the first interpretation of the upon their altars, it would still be Fortune that
two Fortunes for the double N1-/um-1'.s', the com would execute the decrees of Fate. In Horace
pliment to Czesar is the greater, and the fifth (b. i. Cnrm. 35), we have a striking picture of
stanza clearer than the commentators usually her power :—
make it."—Sec Remarks on Italy, p. 169. “ Te semper auteit sseva Necessitas,
FORT! FORTVNAE, or FORS FOR’I‘VNA. “ Clavos trnbales ct cuneos manu
--Fortune standing, with a rudder in her right “ Gestans nhena: nee severns
hand, 0. cornucopia: in her left, and a wheel “ Uneus nbcst, liquidumquc plumbnm."
before her feet. With solemn pace and lirrn, in nwful state,
This epigraph is not given in either Mionnet Before thee stalks inexorable Fate,
or Akennan. But Eckhel, and before him And grasps empaling nails, and wedges dread,
Spanhcim, recognize it as borne on a second The hook tormentous, and the melted lead.
brass coin of Gal. Maximianus, in the imperial Fnsxcrs.
cabinet at Vienna. The remarks of the great What may have been the intention in intro
German nnmismatist on this rccondite subject ducing Fors For-tuna on the present coin (adds
are of the following tenour :— Eekhcl) it is not easy to discern. A wheel is
Fors was the same with 1"0rhum, as may be seen at her feet, to indicate that Fortune is volu
abundantly proved from Latin uritcrs; and bilis ; a characteristic also elegantly described
Cicero (de Divin. ii. c. 6), makes no distinction by Horace (iii. Cam. 29), in the well-known
SE2
896 FORTUNA. FORTUNA.
passage, beginning-—“Fortuna sievo lasta ne of an emperor—indeed the eldest daughter
gotio," &c. aud was married to an emperor.
Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetse (Scythia), FORTVNA OPSEQVENS fir/Tc.) COS. IIII.
having learnt by experience the nature of For S. C.—A woman standing, with a patera, or a
tune, thus addresses Cyrus, when indulging his rudder, in the right hand, and a cornucopire in
dream of happiness-—-“ Above all things leam the left. Second brass of Antoninus Pius.—
this truth, that there is a cycle of human atfairs, Engraved in the Cabinet de C’/irisline.
which in its revolution permits not the same This reverse first appears on the coinage of
rndividualsto be always happy.” (Herodotus, A. u. c. 911 (A. n. 158), though destined to be
1. c. 207). The wli-eel was a symbol of Nerrzesllr, frequently employed during Antonine’s twenty
who had many attributes in common with For second invcstiture with the tribuuitian power, in
tune. Terence constantly alludes to Fora For both gold and silver. A singular change, from
tuna, when matters have turned out prosper one consonant to another of similar sound, is
ously.—(viii. 38 and 39). exemplified in this instance of 0Ps£Qvs.\'s.—
But on all the specimens which came under
Eckhel’s notice, it is inscribed exactly as above
given; whereas, according to the usual method
of spelling, it should have been 0BSEQV]:I.\'S.——
(See the philological remarks on this feature
of the coin, offered by the author of Doc
triua, vii. .‘Z4).——Acc0rding to Victor, there
were at Rome two temples of Fortzma Obse
quens, one of which is conjectured by Yaillant
to have been restored by Antonine. This For
Izma was acknowledged at Rome in the days of
Plautus; for the slave Leonida (Plant. Asiu. .-L
iii. sc. 3), when asked by what deity’s name
FORTVNAE MANENTI. To abiding For she would prefer to be addressed, replies, by that
tune—is the epigraph of a silver and brass coin of Fortuna Ob.requen.r.
On another coin of the same emperor, with
of Commodus, of which the type is a woman roarvsm onsnovcus for its epigraph, Fortune
seated, with a cornucopia: in her left hand, and
places hcr rudder on the prow of a ship. “ This
holding with her right a horse by the bridle. denotes, says Patin, that the goddess had shcwn
This shews that Commodns paid his vows to
herself condescending (obxeqm-ntenz) in all things
Fortune under the surname of Jlltmcmr ; a super to the emperor: the rudder and stern of a gal
stition of which, however, there are other and
abundant instances to be found amongst Roman ley appear to signify the achievement of great
writers. Fortune ammens is praised by Horace victories, and the happy return of the legions."
(L. iii. Ode 29), as opposed to Fortuna mobilis.
FORTVNA RED\’X.—-Fortune that brings
back [the Emperor in safety].
But the reason \vhy the goddess, as in this coin,
FORTuna REDu.t CAES. AVG. S. P. R.
should be holding in the horse, seems obscure.
——A silver and a gold coin of Augustus, struck
Perhaps it was because Fortune, who is here
A. U. c. 735 (B. c. 19), bear the foregoing
called manms, might have been the same as inscribed
Fortuna cqzzeslris, to whom Fulvius Flaccus,
on an altar; and it was frequently
adopted by his successors, as if emperors brought
after having by the strength of his cavalry forces
defeated the Celtiberiaus, vowed to erect a tem
with them the Fortune of the city, of the pro
vince, or of the world.—Augustus, when many
ple, which Tacitus alludes to as standing near
Antiuu1.——Sce Eckhel, vii. 15.
and various honours were decreed to him in his
absence, “ would accept nothing except permis
FORTVNAE MVLIEBRI. (To womanly sion to consecrate an altar to Forhum R¢'d1z.r,
Fortune).——A female figure seated, with a rud and that the day of his return should be in
der in her right hand, and a cornucopia in her cluded amongst the holidays, and called Augus
left. Gold and silver of Faustius the younger. talia.” This event tool: place in the year above
Engraved in Kolb. Ii~aile' Elémentaire. mentioned, and the numismatic monument cor
As For-tuna virili: was an object of adorationroborating the historian (Dion), is fully illus
at Rome, and that as early as the times of Ser trated by the ealendar, which records that the
vius Tullius, so the statue of Forizma mnlirbris emperor Ex. TRANS-MARIN. PBO\'I‘.\'C. vnema.
was, with her temple, consecrated at the time, INTRAVIT. ABAQ. FORT. nunvcl. coxsrrr.
when (as the legend relates) the cntreaties of FORT. RED. in others, l“OR'l‘\'N.~\E RE
his mother deterred Coriolanus from destroying DVCI COS. III. S. C.-—Fortnne seated, veiled
the city. To this deity reference is made in and robed, holding in the right hand a rudder,
the following passage of Festns:—“ Also, the which rests on a globe, in the left a cornucopia.
statue of Forluna Muliebris, at the fourth mile First brass of Hadrian.
stone of the Via Latina, is forbidden to be The Romans were accustomed to render
touched (nqfaa era! altinyi) save by her who thanks, and perform sacrifices, to Fartrma Re
had been but once married.” Faustina the lluar, whilst celebrating the return of the reign
younger (observes Vaillant, p. 175), owed a great ing prince from his visit to distant provinces.—
debt to that divinity, as she was the daughter This is shewn on coins, beginning as above
 FORTUNA REDUX.
stated, with Augustus, and occurring afterwards
under Vcspasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, M. Aurelius. L. Verus, Commodus, &c.
Fortune was said to distribute wealth by her
cornneopise, and to wield by her rudder the
government of human affairs.
Fortune seated, as in the above engraving,
was meant to denote that the fortune of the
emperor was firm and stable; whereas she is
almost always depicted as upright and moving
on. All these are equally appropriate to Ha
drian's return after frequent absences abroad,
and to the general strength and security of his
government at homc.
FOIt'l‘\'NAE RED\'CI.—This epigraph ap
pears on small brass coins, with the titles of
CAESarmn Nosfrorum, common alike to Dio
cletian and his colleague Maximiunus llcrculeus.
The goddess stands with a 20/mel at her feet.
On this particular Eekhel remarks that, “the
Rota, which was an attribute of Nemesis, should
here be appropriated to Fortune, will surprise
no one who knows that the two goddesses par
took of almost the same natnre.”—(viii. p. 8).
FORTVNA-—SPES.—Fortune and Hope; on
a gold and a brass coin of lladrian, engraved i
after the adoption of L. zElins, and struck by
order of the Senate to designate the Fortune and
the Hope which Hadrian anticipated and enter
tained from that adoption; for the personifica
tion of Fart//m’ occurs ns often on the coins of
the .4"//u.rfi, as that of 110110 does on those of
the (.1mars.—\'aillunt, Impp. Rom. T. ii. p. 14-3.
l-‘Ol{L7.\l. Market, public place.—ln ancient
times there was no city or town so small, but
it had its public place, where the inhabitants,
together with the population of the neighbour
ing country, might assemble. Those of the
Romans, distinguished by the appellation of
Ibrum, whether at Rome, or in the other capitals
of Italy, were of an oblong square in fonn, of
which the width was equal to two-thirds of the
length. There were at Rome seventeen of these
public places or markets, fourteen of which were
appropriated to the purposes of trade in provi
sions and other merchandise. These were called
fora venalia. The others, where assemblies of
the people were held, and where justice was ad
ministered, were named _/orn civilia and judi
ciaria. Among the most noted were those
marked by the epithets of Romanum, Julium,
Au_//mslum. The first of these was the grandest
and the most celebrated, now the Campo Vac
cino: it occupied the space between the Capi
FORUM TRAJANI. 397
toline Mount and Mount Palatine, surrounded
by porticoes (basilica), and the shops of money
changers (aryenlariez), and being the most an
cient, was sometimes callcd forum veins or Lati
mun, or simply _f0rum.—J ulius Cresar built that
which bears his name. And the increase of in
habitants still requiring more accommodation of
this kind, Augustus built a third. Several suc
ceeding emperors established new fora at Rome;
such as Vcspasiau and Domitian, whose work,
though only finished by Nerva, was calledforum
Nerue. Lastly, Trajan and Antoniuus Pins
equally contributed to the embellishment and
convenience of the great metropolis by similar
constructions.—Pitiscus—l\lillin.
‘?'(9l’.t*'M1?RAlA5‘*l
FORVM TRAIANL S. P. R. OPTIMO
PRINCIPI. S. C. View of one of the entrances
of the celebrated Forum of Trajan. The sum.
mit of the edifice is occupied by a triumphal
car, to which four horses are harnessed, and in
which the figure of the emperor may be dis
tinguished. To the right. and left of the quad.
riga are trophies and statues.—Obv. IMI’eralori
TRAIANO AVGu.rl0 Gldltmawieo DACir0 Pon
ti/ici ltlarirna Tltibunitia Potrrtatia COn.ruli
VI. Palri Palrirz. (To the Emperor Trajan,
Augustus, the German, the Daeian, Sovereign
Pontitf ; [invested] with the tribnnitian power,
consul for the sixth time, father of the country).
-—First bra:-s.
The Forum of Trajan, built by command of
that emperor, and so called by himself, was situ
atcd in the 8th district of the city, as P. Victor
testifies. Dion names as its architect Apollo
dorus of Damascus, the same who constructed
the wonderful bridge over the Danube.
It was to find a level and a suitable situation
for this renowned Forum, that Trajan ordered
the Mans Quiriml/i.r to be reduced in height ex.
actly so mnny feet as the spiral column numbers.
This fact has been expressly stated by Dion, and
is confirmed by the inscription on the pillar
itself. (See conuanva, pp. 236-237).-—Tlmt it
was embellished, in every part, with statues of
men and horses, and with military ensigns, is
shewn not only by the admirably executed coin
(from a finely preserved specimen of which the
above cut has been engraved), but has also been
recorded in history by Pausanias and Aulus Gel
lius; the latter of whom adds, that there was
inscribed on its walls EX. 1|/t.\‘\'Bl1-1lS me.) that
is, out of tile J7)0i1J,' namely, those which were
 -ml-Ii; -._
398 FORUM TRAJANI.
taken in the Dacian campaigns. Ammianus
Marccllinus speaks of “ its construction” as
“ marvellous from the concurrence of the deities
themselves" (diam rmmimun acsezwione mira
bilemj. And he states “its gigantic proportions
to have been such as surpassed description, and
could never again be produced by the agency of
man.” (L. xiv.)—.-‘imoug other pieces of sculp
ture with which it was decorated, the same
writer mentions the statue of Trajau:—“thc
very one (observes Eckhcl) which, in my opi
nion, appears on his coins struck during his
sixth consulate." But the splendour of this
edifice has been alluded to, at a much later date,
by Cassiodorus, where he says—Trn_jani forum
vel sub assizluilate videre miracu/um mt. Nay,
even at the close of the eighth century of the
Christian zera, its remains were still so remark
able, that Pope Gregory the Great, passing that
way, was seized with such admiration for the
genius of the prince who had raised so magnifi
cent a monument, that he had the hardihood to
supplicatc the Supreme Being for 'l'rajan’s ex
emption from the eternal pains oi hell ; a prayer
which, as the story goes, was granted; though
it is matter of astonishment, how Paul the dea
cou (in Will S. Grey. M.) could have coun
tenanced and published such a fa.ble.—D. N. Val.
vi. 432.
The excavations, executed by order of the
French government in l8l2, resulted in dis
covering the traces of divers edifices which for
merly ornamented the Forum, and afforded to an
able architect, Antonio di Romania, the oppor
tunity of laying out a plan of the Forum. This
plan is given in the 3rd edition of Nnrdiui’s
Roma Antica, published at Rome, in 1818, with
notes and additions by Antonio Nebby, member
of the Roman Academy of Archa:ology.—Lenor
mant, Icorzoyrzlplzie Romaine, p. 50.
The Forum contained within its spacious eu
closure, besides the edifice represented in the
gold as well as brass mint of 'l‘rajan, other ar
chitectural objects of great elegance of design,
and richness of ornament. On one side was a
temple; on the other, the Basilica Ulpia (see
p. 175), in which stood an equestrian statue of
'l‘rajau, in bronze; also near it a library. And
in the centre rose the beautiful pillar, which
exists in good preservation to this day.
In giving an engraving of the first brass coin,
which represents a temple with lateral porticoes
(and two figures sacrificing at an altar before the
facade), M. Ch. Leuormaut, in his Iconayrnp/zir, tributaries of the Danube. At present all that
says—“'l‘his is the temple of Trajan. It was was called Alamannia is included in Germany.
thought that Trajan had caused it to be erected in Fram:i.—The people so named in Constan
honour of some divinity ; and that it was Hadrian
who, after having deified his adoptive father,
consecrated this temple to him. It is more
probable, and it is what the legends of two me
dals give us to understand, that the temple in
question (see an engraving of it, p. 354 of this
dictionary), was dedicated to Trajan during his
life-time, by a Senatus Consnltum.”
FRANCIA—G.-\\'DI\"'M ROMANORVM.—
A trophy, near which is a woman, in the atti
tude of grief, seated on the ground.-—On the
__ _
FRANCIA.
obverse, CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Lau
relled head of Constantine the Great. Gold.—
Engraved from a specimen in British Museum.
Respecting the Frauci and the Alamanni, so
frequently and on various occasions vanquished
by Constantine, the ecclesiastical and secular
historians of the period furnish abundant in
formation, as do also the authors of the pane
gyrics. It agreeably tickles the ear of a people
to hear of their enemies’ defeat, and therefore
the expression Gaudium Romrmorum WK! no in
appropriate synonyme for the Alamanni and
Franci, in the estimation of apcople so inve
terately attached as the Romans were to the
cruel spectacles of the circus. For Constantine,
according to Eutropius (X.) “after the slaugh
ter of the Franci and Alamanni, took their
kings and exposed them to the fury of wild
beasts, by way of public sbews of more than
ordinary magnificence.” And from that time
the Ludi Franci took their commencement,
which are noticed in the calendar of Philocalns,
which Lambccius has published from the impe
rial library.~—Eckhcl, viii. 84.
FRANCIA, on other coins ALA“.-\N.\'-I.-\
GAVDIVM ROMANORVH. The type same
as on the above coin. Gold of C-rispus.—(Bau
duri—I’ellerin, Mel. i. p. 168).
The author of Doclrina snys—“ From this
coin we clearly perceive, that the exploits of the
father are recorded on the mintage of the son."
But this surely is not very extraordinary, since
it was Crispus who gained more than one of the
victories alluded to in the foregoing legend,
acting in his quality of Cnzsar, and as general
in command of an expeditionary army, under
his father, against these two nations, whose
united revolt from the Roman yoke, he effectu
ally suppressed in A. n. 320.
Frarwia.-—'l‘he country thus named was Fran
cin. Oricntalis, lying between the Maine and the
Rhine, antecedently forming part of Germanic.
Alammmia was a region chiefly lying between
the Danube and the Atmuhl, one of the northern
tine’sti1nc are not to be confounded with the
Gauls. And according to Spartianus and Victor,
the .4/1zmann.i were adistinct nation from the
Franks and Germans.-—See ALAMANNIA m-:
VICTA, p. 32.
FRV. 1"»-umenlum.-—See an rnv. EIV. p. 5.
FRVG. 1"ru_qr'.t.——Sce a.ror. rnvo. ac. p.65.
FRVGIF. ]"ru_q{f'er¢z'.—CEREli.l FRVGI
Fern. (To the fruit-bearing Ceres). See p. 196.
FRUMENTARIAE LARGITIO.\TES.—Gr-ants
of Corn to the Plebs, instituted by Nerve.-—
 FUFIA.
See Lanai-rio.—See also PLEBEI VRBANAE FULMEN. A thunder-boIt.—Lightning, the
Plt\'Ml-INTO co1\'s'rr'rv'ro. weapon of Jove, forged by Vulcan, is com
FUFIA gens, plcbeian, but of consular rank. monly delineated on ancient sculptures, paint
It took its surname from the town of Calcs, in ings, and coins, as cloven into three, and some
Cmnpauia Felix, whence K11/c11u.r is derived. times more, points or forks, like the subjoined
The coins of this family consist of only one figure :—
type, serrated denarii, and rare. The following
is a description of it :——
KALENI. Two conjoined youthful heads, the
former laureated, the latter galeatcd. Before
the one viar. behind the other no.
Rev.—eoani. Two female figures, one hold
ing a eornucopirc, and having a caduceus and
ITAL. behind her; the other paludated, and hold
ing a sccptrc, with right foot on a globe, behind
which is inscribed B0.
Respecting the heads of Honor and Virtue a
notice of the Mucia gens may be referred to.—
The type on the reverse, in which Italy and
Rome stand joining hands, is regarded by the
learned as allnsive to the restoration of peace
and amity between the Romans and the people
of the dittereut Italian states, when at length
those rights of citizenship were conceded to the
latter, which by a general revolt and resort to
arms, they had sought to acquire.——Barthclemy
refers this coin to the treaty catered into by
Sulla, with the nations of Italy, but only as
among other conjectures.
Eckhcl (v. 220), considers it diflicult to
divine, with what magistracy the Lucius Fufius
Calenus referred to on this denarius was invested,
and who was the Mucius Cordus with whom this
reverse unites him in colleagueship.—Riccio (p.
94-), states, that the first named was moneyer
of the republic about 664 (B. C. 90); and ac
cording to Dion, the same person was prctor in
conjunction with Mucius Cordus.—-Cavedoni
concurs in the opinion that, on this medal, in
highly expressive characters, is represented the
famous act of reconciliation accomplished be
tween Rome and Italy, after the murderous
social wars. He adds, that the remembrance
here petuated of that event, must have been
an especial subject of pride to Mucius Cordus;
because Italy pacified shewed his attachment (al
linenza) to the side of Papins Mutilus, first gene
ral of the Romans in the Italian war. On this
denarius we see Rome belligerent and Italy fer
tile, as distinguished by their respective attri
butes, reciprocally offer right hnnds to each other.
And, because such reconciliation had been effect
ed, not by force of arms but, through the vir
tue and honour of Italy, of which Rome was
the capital, so we see here the heads of these
two divinities, who had each their temple, but
so united together, that no one could enter that
of Ilonour, without first passing through that of
Virtue.—Sec Monet: delle Famiglie, &c. p. 94-.
FULMEN. 399
“ Virgil (observes Addison) insists on the
number tlzrce in its description, and seems to
hint at the wings we see on it. He has worked
up such a noise and terror in the composition
of his Thunder-bolt, as cannot be expressed by
a pencil or graving tool” :—
Trea imbris torti radios, tres nubis nquosaa
Addidernnt, rutili tres ignis, et Alitis Austri.
Fulgorcs uunc terrificos sonitumque mctumque
Miseebant operi, flammisquc sequacibus iraa.
Amid, lib. s.
Three rays of writhen rain, of fire three more,
Of winged southern winds, and cloudy store
As many parts, the dreadful mixture frame,
And fears are added, and avenging flame.
DRYDEN.
Amongst other examples of the fulmen ap
pearing on Roman coins, are the following :—
Vulcan is seen forging it in the presence
of the goddess Minerva, on a brass medal
lion of Antoninus Pius.-—First brass coins,
struck under Tiberius, to the memory of Augus
tus, bearing for obverselcgend nrvvs avovsrvs
and nrvvs avovsrvs r-area, typify his portrait
with a thunderbolt before it, as if he were be
come, through his apotheosis, Jupiter Latii,
and, invested with the fulminating power,
reigned in heaven with the king of gods and
men. And as Jupiter is represented bearing the
thunder-bolt, so the figure of Augustus, with
radiated head, and holding the fulmen, appears
on a brass medallion of Tiberius, minted by the
municipium of Tnriaso, now Tarazonu, Spain,
(engraved in Vaillnnt, Sel. Num. De.1camp.1).—
On a coin of another Hispanian colony, viz.
Caesar-Augusta (Zarayoza), struck in honour of
Augustus, during his life-time, is a winged thun
derbolt, similar to that on the above engraving.
One of the earliest examples of a Roman coin
with an eagle standing on the fulmen, is to be
seen on a denarius of M. Antonius (see p. 52
of this dictionary). The same symbol appears
frequently on coins of Augustus, restored by
Titus and by Domitian, either isolatedly, or
with an eagle standing on it. On a large brass,
dedicated to Caligula b_v the Spanish colony of
Caesar-Augusta (C. C. A.) the Roman eagle is
placed on a thunder-bolt between two stand
400 FULM EN. FUL\'lA.—FUNDANlA.
ards. The same type occurs on coins COL. A. reverse a lion, with radiated head, carrying n
A. PATRmm'.r, struck under Claudius and under thunder-bolt in its mouth.-—-On a brass medal
Ncro.——-There is a large brass of Galba, on which lion of Diocletiauus, Jupiter seated holds the
Rome stands holding transversely the legionary falnien and /uuta, and an eagle stands at his
standard, which is distinguished by an eagle, feet.-For a finely designed type of JUPITER
with the fulmen in his talous (jlarell. T/wsaur. PROPUGNATOR, brandishing the fulmm, sec
Im/2]). TAB. v.) The rinizs EXER(.‘l’l‘V\’M of Alexander Severus, p. 33 of this dictionary.
Vitellius has the eagle and the thunder-bolt for Augustus, when in Spain, narrowly escaped
its accompanying type.—Vespasian’s CONCORDIA being killed by lightning, and held a thunder
l~)XEltCl'l‘VVM exhibits also the thunder-bolt be storm in great dread ever afterwards.—See iovis
neath thc claws of the legionary eagle.—Ou roar!/mris).
silver of Ycspasian, and on gold and silver of FL'LVl.\ gens, plebeian but consular.——-A
Titus, appears a thunder-bolt, placed horizon family distinguished for the high otliees occu
tally on a throne (see wood-cut bclow).—Al pied, and the talents displayed, by several of
though peculiarly assigned to Jove, there are its members. It has only the two following
instances of this attribute being appropriated coins of Roman die :—
to another divinity, viz. Jove’s daughter.-—On 1. ROMA. Galeated head of Rome; before it
silver and middle brass of Titus, and more fre X.—Itev.—CN. rovi.. Below X. can. Victory,
quently of Domitian, Minerva stands holding naked to the waist, guiding a biga at speed.
the liasta in her left hand, and the _/‘ulmm in 2. M. CALID. Q. MET. ex. PVL. Same type
her right.——A large brass of Domitian exhibits as the preceding.
the sedent image of IVPPITER evsros, with the It is not known who were the authors of
tliunder-bolt and spear. (.-lion-ll. Impp. TAB. these dcnarii.
xiv.)—Another large brass of Domitian repre FU.\’DA.\llA, gens plcbcia, of which the fol
seuts the emperor /iiuiself holding Jovc’s thun- ‘ lowing two mouctal types only are known :-—
dcr in his right hand, and the /uulu of divinity
in his left, crowned by Victory from behind.
(Morell. TAB. xv. No. 2~t).—ivi>i>i'rr;iv. consan
vxron. Eagle with expanded wings, standing
on the fulnuen. Silver and middle brass of Do
mitian. (Ibizl, ran. vi. No. 14).-i>nii~ici=:i>s
IVVENTVTIS. Thunder-bolt surmounted by an
eagle. (Ibid. TAB. xvii. No. 14-).—Bet‘ore quit l. Bearded and laurcatcd head of Jupiter.——
ting the examples furnished from the Flavian Rev.—c. rvxoii. Victory holding a palm branch,
mintages, a specimen of \'espasinn’s silver is and crowning a trophy, supported on the shoul
subjoiued :— ders of a kneeling captive. Q//iuariua.
Rev.—'rii.. P. ix, IMP. xv. In reference to coin No. l, Eckhcl says “ Herc
cos. viii. P. P. The fal again the anticipation of historical interest,
. men placed on a throne (viz. raised by the nature of the above type, and
that of Jupiter). The which, if found on an imperial coin, would
lightning was regarded as scarcely fuil to be realised, is in this case of a
symbolical of warlike power family quinarius, disappointed. It is on no
(\‘l"ilde)—a power also con wcll authenticated grounds that antiquaries
joined (according to Beger) make out this Fundanius to have been a qmralor
with public utility, as indicated on a denarius of Scipio’s in the Numantine war, and that they
associate the types of Victory and the trophy
of the Fabia gens. (See p. 371 of this volume).
In the CONS]-IIIVATORI PATRIS PATRIAE, brass with the capture of that renowned Spanish city
medallion of Trajan, we see the figure of Jupi Numantia, alter its twenty years of resistance
ter holding his protecting hand, armed with a to the Roman power.” (v. 221.)
thunder-bolt, over the head of the emperor,
standing at his feet.—_~\ similar type is described
by Miounet, from a large brass of lladrian.—
A two-fold representation of this tutelary object
of imperial invocation is finely displayed on a
brass medallion of L. Verus, in which he and
M. Aurelius stand beneath the towering figure
of “the 'l‘hu.uderer."—On a gold coin of An
toninus Pius, the image of Jupiter is seated, 2. Galeated head of Rome.—Rev.—c. P\'_\'
with the fulmen and /uuta; the legciid in DAN. on the excrgne. Above is Q. (llltL‘l'p]"E{¢d
PERATOB. ii. (Spanheim, Pr. i. 4-2‘J).—'l‘hc qua-slur). A triuinphal figure with sceptre, or
lightning was embleinatical of Divine Provi sinall wand, in his hand, stands in n slow quad.
dence, as is clearly shewu on those coins which riga, guided by a naked child, who is seated on
represent the _ful/um, conjoined to the legend one of the horses, and carries a branch of laurel.
PBOVIUENTIA DEORVM, to be seen on gold, sil Cuvedoni and Borgliesi, cited by Riccio, think
ver, and large brass of Antoninus. (See above). that the little figure which conducts the quad
—Coins struck under Ciiracalla, and also under riga, represented on this denarius_ was mmnt
Maxiinianus, respectively bear for their type of for the jiliu: prwlertatur, or son of some pgq-i.
 FURIA. FURIA. 401
ciau triumpher, imidenrfunali equo (sitting on The triumvir, L. Furius Brocchus, son of
the horse next to that yolred to the pole of the Cerus, mast have been moneyer about the year
car) to whom it would well belong to bear the 64-0 (13.0. 114). The sella curulrlr with the
branch of laurel——that this coin recalls to rc fusccs, and the head of Ceres, doubtless allude
membrance the triumph of Cains Marius for his to some glory of the Furia gens, and perhaps to
victories over the Ciinbri, in 653 (B. c. 101) the first prctor of Rome, A. U. c. 388 (8.0. 366),
that the boy on the horse would therefore be and who in that age of the republic was collega
the young C. Marius—-that lastly, the moneyer conmlibus, alque iirdem auspiciia crealue ; but
in this case, would be Cains Fundanius, father it is more reasonable to regard the head of
of the father-in-law of the most learned Varro, Ceres, as referable to some distinguished curule
recorded by Tully (ad Fr. lib. i. ep. 2, § 3). edileship in this family, than to the achievements
[This is all very clever, and gives an historical of the first prctor; the chair with the axed
interest to the type far more attractive than a fasccs still more strongly points to the dictator
merely allegorical one could impart, but, after ship of M. Furius Camillus.
what Eckhel, coinciding with Passeri, says of These elegant deuarii, through the discovery of
such figures of children, it seems best to regard mouetal deposits, are shewn to belong to a time
the infant cavalier on the above reverse, as one anterior to 686 (B. c. 68). We here see accents
of those vague and fanciful creations of Roman employed in the abbreviation of words, and also
superstition called a winged _qeniu.s.——See Fou an example of refinement in pronunciation ; this
teia, p. 393, cut No. 3]. very word rval being used instead of rovni.—
The deaarius of this family having been found Riccio, 96-97.
amongst the deposit (uel ripostiglio) of Ficsole, 2. AED. ova. Head of a tnrreted woman;
it positively results, that it was struck before behind it is a human foot.—Rev.—P. rovmvs,
667 (B. c. 87).-—Riccio, p. 95). inscribed on the front of a curule chair.-On the
FUNDA'l‘Olt PACIS. (The founder or esta excrgue ca.\ssn=r:s.—See an engraving of this
blisher of peace).—This magnificent title, ac fine dcnarius in p. 12.
companying the type of the emperor standing, By the last word it is clcar, that from the
togated and veiled, with an olive branch in his thickness of the foot this branch of the Fiuia
right hand, appears on the reverse of a coin of gens derived its peculiar surname. P. Furius,
Sept. Severus (both gold and silver), struck pro of the thick foot (Cras.ri]2e.r), curule edile, must
bably afier his expedition against, and victory have been contemporary with Fannius and Cre
over, the Parthians. Not only his cruel son Cara. tonius (plebeian ediles, see p. 12), and con
calla, but even Julia Domna his wife was sequently magistrate in 709 (B. c. 45). By the
head of Cybele, and the chair of otfice, reference
allowed, by the flattery of the same mint, which
called her Mater Caatrorunz, to share the is made to the Megalesiau games, celebrated
honour of founding peace (as usual, on the with extraordinary pomp in the year above
wilderness-making principle of Roman policy.) named.—Riccio, p. 97.
FUNERAL PILE.—See cousncas-r1o—also 3. M. rovnr. L. r. Head of Janus bifrons,
noovs. bearded and lanreatcd.—-Rev.——1>u1Lr. nous.
FURIA, gens patricia; amongst whose mem Rome, stolntcd and galeatcd, stands holding a
bers was the great Camillus; but he is not noticed sccptre and the hasta in the left hand, and
on its coins. It also included other great men, crowninga trophy with the rigbt.—Engraved in
who filled high employments under the republic. M01-ell. Tliesau. Fam. TAB. Furia gens, No. iii.
This gens branched into families whose re M. Farina Philus, son of Lucius, is con
spective surnames, as they appear on deuarii, sidered by Ursin, followed by Vaillant and
are Brocchus, Or-assipes, Plrilus, and Purpureo. Havercamp, to have been nephew of P. Ihirius
It is uncertain whether the Brocchi were of Philus, consul, who together with Cains Fla
pntrician rank or not. Ten numismatic varieties minius, enjoyed the honours of the triumph for
are given in Morel, and eight in Riccio, who victories gained over the Ligurian Gauls, in 531
observes—-“si hanno di essa molte monete, ct (B. 0. 223), father of the pretor of 583 (B 0.
la term no db spesso delle nuove.” 171). In his inonetal triurnvirate, which oc
Gold very rare; silver common. Its brass are curred about the middle of the century after
the as and its parts. The following are among wards, M. Furius, in honour of his family, was
its principal deuarii :— pleased to represent the triumph in question.-—
See further remarks by Riccio on this denarius.
4. Head of Rome, galeated, behind it X
Rev.—PVRpureo. Diana with the crescent on
her forehead, in a biga at speed; above is the
murez, or purple-shell—allusive to the surname
of Purpureo assumed by this branch of the
Furia gens.
This coin is assigned by Eckhcl to Lucius
1. BROCCHI in. via. Bustof Ceres, crowned Furius Purpureo, who was prctor under the
with corn-ears, behind the head is nu ear of consul C. Aurelius Cotta, in 554 (B. c. 200).—-
wheat, and before it a grain of bar-ley.——Rev.-— Borghesi believes that the moneyer of the de
r.. IVBI. cu. r. A curule chair between two narius above described was the Lucius Furius
fasces, with axes. Purpureo, who in the year above-mentioned,
31"
402 G.~\BlI.—G.~\DES.
whilst his father served as pretor in Gaul, was
Iqqalua of the consul P. Sulpicius Galbs, in
Ilfitolia, as is stated by Livy (1. 31, c. 29.)—
See Riccio, p. U5-96.
G.
G.—Respecting this letter Rasche observes,
that amongst the ancient Romans C filled the
place of the later adopted G.
G.—Accordingly, in a very ancient inscn'p
tion, LECIOI\'lu'S is found occurring for LE
GIONES.—On a coin of the Ogulnia. gens
OCVLNIVS is written for OGVLNIYS.
G. as an alphabetical mark of the die is
observable on many family coins.
G. Galeriua.—G. na1u.\uAr~'vs. Gal. Mrz.ri~
mianus.
G. Germam'1'a.—vlCTOBIA G. M.— Germanica
Jl!n.rz'ma, on coins of Valerianus senior, and
Gallienus.—Khell, Supplt. to Vaillant, p. 184.
G. A. Gemella Accifana, colony of llispauia
Tarrnconensis. (See p. 3.)
GG. is constantly used to signify the plural:
for example, the word svco. is employed when
speaking of two Augusti, as vurrvs svoo. in
Cams and Numerianus.
GGG. in AVGGG. is a eompcndious mode of ex kaleuds of January, in the year 751 (run. 3.)
pressing ilrree Augusti or Emperors, as VICTORIA He belonged to the ancient and renowned family
AVGGG. in Arcadius, Honorius, Valentinian III.
&c.
GABII, a city of Latium, nearly equi-distant
between Rome and Praeneste. Frequent mention
is made of the Gnbini in the history of Tar
quinins Superbus, and his contests with the
Volscians.
GABIN. (7abim'.v.—See rorznvs. P. n. cvu.
GABIN. (p. 392).
GADES (Bceticre Hispauiaz) municipium, new
Cadil. The coins of this city consist of auto
nomes, and imperial mnnicipals (with a single
silver exception) in small and middle brass. obtained no ordinary credit by his justice. and
The nutonomes are with phcrnician inscriptions, by the valour and discipline he displayed in
and for types bear heads of the Sun, and of a military capacity. Later still he received from
Hercules, dolphins, tridents, and fishes. Fatlier
Florcz gives one autonome with Latin legends,
viz.—06v.—MvN. inscribed in two lines and a
corn-ear above.—Rev.—osm:s and s fish.—No.
109 of Mionnet has for obverse type the head of
Hercules covered with the lion’s skin, and with
the club near the neck. The legend of reverse
is nauzvs PONT. and in the field are a sinqnalum
and s liluua.
In reference to the antiquity of this city, Mr.
Alrerman observes, “ Both Strabo and Stephanus
call it Gadeira.” Alluding to the autonomes,
the same writer adds as follows: “ The larger
brass coins of Gades are extremely common, and
attest its importance as a commercial city,
before the subjugation of Spain by the Romans.
They remain to this day remarkable evidences of in his own favour, arriving shortly after, he
the imperishable nature of a national coinage.
* " " “ Hercules was the chief deity in
Gades ; and Hannibal sacrificed to him pre
viously to his expedition against the Romans.—
Philostratus mentions the temple, but says it was
of the Egyptian Hcrcnles—HpaxA£ovs A|'yv1r
GALBA.
1'wu."—See Ancient Coins qf (lilies, &c,, p. 31,
et seq. Plates iii. and iv.
The imperial Latin coins struck by this
muniripium are of Augustus, Caius and Lucius,
Agrippa, and Nero. The reverse types consist
of winged lightning; poutifical instruments; s
four-columned temple within a crown of laurel;
the simpulum; and the apluaire. For the latter
symbol, see MVNICIPII ram-::~‘s, and ;uv.\'1cu>.
as. PATBO1\'VS—5ee also asacvrms GADITAKVS.
GALBA (Servius Sulp1'ciu.r).-—Accordiug to
Suetonius, this aged depository of short-lived
imperial power was horn on the 9th of the
of the Snlpicii, whose founder, on the father’s
side, if we may give credence to Galba himself,
was Jupiter; and on the muther’s Pasiphse
the wife of Minos ; and this account is confirmed
by Silius Italicus. The mother of Galba was
Mummia Achaioa, great grand-daughter of the
L. Mummius, who destroyed Corinth. (Sucton.
c. B.) When arrived at the fitting age for taking
part in state affairs, he made his appearance
in public; and after a time was appointed
governor of the Galliae. Subsequently being
removed to a similar position in Africa, he
Nero the jurisdiction of Hispnnia Tarracoucnsis,
which he administered with fluctuating sucrose.
When urged by Viuder, governor of the Galliie,
to supplant Nero in the empire, he for some
time repudiated the proposition, but at length
consented, on hearing that Nero was plotting
his destruction. (Sueton._ c. 3). Being thr-n
saluted emperor by the aeclamations of the
army, he declared himself to be but the lieu
tenant (or deputy) of the Senate and People.
Tidings having reached him that Vindcx, after
being defeated by the troops of Verginius Rufus,
Iegalus in Gcrmania, had put an end to his own
existence, Galba had serious thoughts of em
bracing the same fate; but intelligence of .\‘ero‘s
death, and the Scnate’s unanimous declaration
accepted the title of Caesar (Sueton. c. 11), and
proceeded on his journey to present himself at
Rome. The massacre, however, which he causal
of certain soldiers of the fleet on his arrival at
Ponte-Mollc, angured ill for his reign.
Gulba, then about 72 years of age, was of I
 GA LBA. GALBA.—GA.LLlA. 403
good heighth and advantageous figure. His ‘ —PAX. AVG. (1.20 fr.)-nous asxasc. Mili
forehead was wrinkled; his nose aquiline, and tary figure. (Thomas sale, £9 10s.)—-nous
his head bald in front, although on many of his vrcraix. (Mt. 72 fr.)—ssr.vs om. nvusru.
coins (especially those in large brass), that (Thomas, £4 16s.)--rrnnais. (Trattlc, £2 16s.)
defect is more or less concealed. The employ —-VICTORIA P. n. (Trattle, £1 16s.)—Victory
ments through which he passed had given writing on a buckler. (Mt. 80 fr.)
him much experience, and he appeared to be SILVI-1B.—GALLIA—I{I8PANIA. (Mt. 30 fr.)
worthy of commanding Romans ; but his harsh —1.1an1rras BESTITVTA. (72 fr.)—aas1'.NvM.
inexorable character, and the sordid avarice of (72 fr.)—s. P. Q. a. oa. c. s. (Thomas, £4! ls.)
his disposition, which displayed itself in en —si:n. sva. GALBAE. Head of Spain. (20 fr.)
deavours by untimely parsimony to replenish an LARGE Basss.—sn1.oovr1o. The emperor
exhausted treasury; these, together with his haranguing his soldiers. (Mt. 30 fr. See wood
neglect of public aifairs, which he left to fune cut in p. 7.)—concoam.\. (Trattle sale, £7.
tionaries who committed infinite acts of in 2s. 6d.)—r.x. s. 0. oa. crvss sea. (E2 6s. at
justice under his name, rendered him so much the Brumell 8lll6).——-HISPANIA CLVNIA. SVL.
the more odious, as he had caused Nero's minis (Tkattle, £2 2s.)-—noNos r:'r VIBTVS. (Cam
ters to be put to death. The atfections of the pana sale, £1 9s.)—-LIBERTAS rvsuca. (Tho
pretorian guard, and of the rest of the army, he mas sale, 21 6S.)——-LXBEBTAS ansrrr. (Mt.
utterly estranged by the refusal of a danalive, 30 fl‘.)—QVADB.AGENS BEIISSAE. Arch. (De
to which they considered themselves entitled. vonshire sale, £2 25.)-BEMISSAE xxxx. (Mt.
The consequence of this was, that the army of 60 fr.)-—-noiusn nnsrrr. (30 fr.)-ssiuvrvs
Germnnia Superior took the lead in throwing otf PIETATI AVGVSTI. (48 fl‘).—ROMA. The city
its allegiance. When this event was announced personified, seated on armour. (A highly pre
to the emperor, he imagined that he had served finely patinated specimen brought £7 78
incurred contempt, not by his faults, but on 6d. at the Campaua sale).
account of his advanced and childless age, and GALEATVM CAPVT.-—The galeated or
accordingly he adopted Piso Frngi Lieiniauus helmed head of an emperor is not uufrequent
(Tacit. Hist. i. 18), a noble and distinguished from the time of Prohus; and it is still more
young man, on the lOth of January, 822 (A. D. common on gold coins of the lower empire,
69). But he marred the effect of a proceeding especially when the emperor is represented in
in itself laudable and acceptable to the people, full panoply. The helmet is sometimes encircled
by afresh instance of his innate avarice. For with the laurel crown, or with rays.—Dactn'na,
when, on the introduction of his adopted son viii. 361.
Piso, to the soldiery, he still omitted all mention GALERIA VALERIA.-—See vsnnars.
of the donative, at a time which so peculiarly GALERUS, or pileus, a cap; the mark of
demanded it—Otho, chagrined at seeing an Liberty. See mar.a'ras.—lt is also the attri
other preferred to himself as the adopted son bute of Mercury. See Pelaazzs.
of Galba, availed himself of the recently ex G.»lI.LA PL.~\ClDlA.-—See PLACIDIA.
cited feelings of the army, and took possession GALLIA, a plebeian family, belonging to
of the camp six days after the adoption. The which are the following three coins in large and
general feeling being thus transferred to the new middle brass, all common ;—
chief, Galba was deserted by his adherents, and 1. c. o.\1.1.vs c. r. LVPERCV5 nrvla. A. a. A.
together with Piso, was assassinated on the 15th r.r. (see p. 1) s. c.—Rev.-—on. civis stave
of January of the same year.—-See Eckhel, vi. 'r0s, within a crown of laurel, between two
299—Bcauvais, T. i. 1&8. branches of the same.
His style on coins is IMP. GALB.-\—IMP. 2. Obvcrse uniform with the preee\ling.——Rcv.
SER. SVLP. GALBA CAES. AVG. TR. P. svovsrvs TRIBVNIC. POTI-JST. in a laurel crown.
SER. GALBA Il\.[P. CAESAR AVG. Pater 3. cassaa svovsrvs Ta|nv.\'1c. ro'rEsr.—
Pah-iiz.——The brass and silver (with some dis Bare head of Angustns.—Rev.—-c. GALLVS
tinguished exceptions) nre common; the gold LVPERCVS mvm. A. A. A. 1:1’. In the field s. c.
are rare (restitutious by Trajan very rare) ; and Cains Gallus Lnpercus was monetal triumvir
notwithstanding his very brief reign, the whole under the government of Octavianus Augustus,
exhibit several curious reverses. not before 727 (B. c. 27), in which year the
For a specimen of his portraiture in silver, latter assumed the title of Cmsar. The crowns
see OB. C. S.-—0bn.-IMP. SER. GALBA AVG. of laurel are those voted to the Emperor by the
Bare head of the emperor. Senate and the Roman People; and the S. C. is
MINTAGES OF GALBA. allusive to the prerogative of the Senate to strike
Gonn.-conconnra PROVINCIABVM. (Valued brass coins, whilst to the emperor belonged the
by Mionnet at 72 fI‘.)—DIVA svovsm. (Brought privileges of the gold and silver mints.
at the Thomas sale £3 9S.)—-FOB.'l'VNA AVG. (.\lt. G.\LLl.\.—Gaul ancicntly comprised the ter
60 fr.)—uisP.mra. Female holding ears of ritories which are now called France and Lom
corn. (Devonshire sale, £1 12s.)——l.\IP. Em bardy. The former, being beyond the moun
peror on horseback. (Trattle sale, £2 25.) tains as regards Rome, had the name of Gal/ia
iur. AVG. Female with cars of corn. (Brought Transa/pina-, and the latter C:'.ra{pina.—'I‘rmis
£12 15s. at the Thomas sa.le).—Liherty stand alpine Gaul again was subdivided into three
ing. (Restored by Trajan. Valued by Mionnet parts, namely, Tngata, Comala, and Braccahz.
at 200 fr.)—1.1Bsaras RESTITVTA. (Mt. 50 fr.) Togata, which lay on the sidc of Italy, was so
3F2
404 GALLIA.—GALLlE~.\'U.\I. GALLIENUS.
called because its inhabitants had adopted the The Roman people fworlliipa) Gallienns the
Roman toga. Comata derived its name from August.-This inscription appears on the ob
the large heads of hair in which its people were verse of aseeond brass of Gallienns, with the
accustomed to luxnriate, and included all Trans bust of that emperor laureated, and with spear
alpine Gaul, except the Narbonmsis, that is to and shield.—Rev.-——OB CONSERVATIONEX sam
say, the whole extent of the country from the 'r1s. Hygeia standing.
Alps to the ocean. Gallia Comata is that which GALLIENVM AVG. SENATVS (that is to
Caesar subdued, and which, submitting to the say umeratur). The Senate (adores) the Em
Romans, was divided into Aqnitanniea, Belgica, peror Gallicnns.—Another second brass, with
and Celtica. The third, Braccata, so termed OB LIBERTatem RECept/ml, and a. woman
from the trousers or breeches made of a shaggy standing with palm branch and spear.
frieze, or other very coarse material, which the “This and the foregoing coin (observes
male inhabitants of that district wore, was situ Eckhel) are remarkable for the heavy gran
ate between Italy and Spuin.—-See "runs GALLIAE. deur and the novel style (molem cl noaam
GALLIA.—A female head, before which are Iegem) of their inscription. For the rest, the
two ears of corn-, behind are two small spears, base and lying adulation, as well of the Senate
and beneath is a small round shield.—Obv. as of the Roman people, must be glaringly
sr.a. GALBA IMP. Galba on horseback, gallop obvious to any one.”—vii. 408.
ing. Silver of Galba.—Engraved in Jlorell. “ ‘he emperor’s name in the accusalice can
Imp. vol. iii. ‘ran. iii. N0. 30. on these coins (Mr. Akerinan remarks) is curi
The head personifics Gallia; and the corn ous. It had long been a practice with the de
cars before her denote the abundance of that generate Greeks.”
grain, which her fields produce. The arms
represent those used by the Gauls, designating
their warlike character, and their eminence in
the military art. The equestrian figure of Galba
seemingly bears reference to the statue which
the Ganls had decreed to him. (Vaillant, Impp.
ii. p. 71).——Gallia, owing to the instigations of
Vindex, had the first and main share in procur
ing the empire for Galba; and even after the
death of Vindex, it was amongst the foremost
provinces which declared for him. Grateful for
such zealous services, Galba rewarded the Galli
with the rights of citizenship, and with exemp
tion thenceforward from payment of tribute; GALLIENUS (Pulaliru Licinius), the son of
and this is the reason for the occurrence of GAL Valerianus, by that emperor's first wife, whose
LIA as legend and type on his coins. name is not recorded; but probably his mother's
G.-\LLIA—HISPANIA.—A male genius of name was Galliena. Born in the year of Rome
Gallia, holding an inverted spear in the left 97l (A. 1). 218) he owed his own fortunes to his
hand, joins the right hand with that of a male father, by whom, when, on the death of Trebonia
genius of Hispania, in whose left hand is a nus and of }Emilianus, he had obtained the sove
round shield and an inverted spear.——Obv. reignty, Gallienns was chosen as his colleague in
IMP. e.»\L131\.-—Lanre-ated head of the emperor. the empire. Victor asserts that he was created
Silver of Galba.-—-Engraved in Akerman, vol. i. Caesar by the Senste.—“ On the truth of this
pl. v. No. 2. statement, says Eckhel (vii. 389), I will not dr
On the above dennrius we find mentioned in eide. At any rate, no coins have yet been dis
conjunction with each other, the two provinces covered with the title of Cwmr only; but all
which were so favourable to Galba’s claims. pronounce him Azzgu.stu.v.”
And as in Gaul, under Julius Vindex, the revolt In the year of Rome 1006 (A.D. 253), his
against Nero began, so it was in Spain that father Valerian, assumed the title of Augus
Galba was first saluted with the title of IMPera tus, and the Tribunieia Pctestas, and nomi
tor. Indeed, according to Suctonius, almost all nated himself consul for the following year.-—
the cities of Spain and the three Gauls simul He made his son Gallienns parlireps imperii.
taneously gave in their adhesion to his govern 1007 (.\.1>. 25-L).-—Gnllienus proceeded consul,
ment. lt is to be regretted that the heads of in colleagueship with his father (Consul ll).
Gallia and Hispania should have been repre ./Emilianus dying at Spolctnm, Valerian and Gal
sented, by the moneyers, with the. self-same lienns were acknowledged as Auyzuli, and as
attributes, so that, but for the legend, either of consuls for the year.
them might be mistaken for the other. 1008 (a.n. 255).—Gallienus proceeded eonsnl
For other denarii of Galba referring to events for the second, with his father consul for the
immediately concomitant with, and instrumental third, time. Valerian, intent on his operations
to, his accession to the empire, see HISPANIA. in the East, entrusted to Gallienns the European
PAGX-XLLIENAE A\"GVS'l‘AE.—Sec VBIQVE armies; and the conduct of the campaigns
against the Franci, the Alamanni, and various
GALLTENVM AVG. P. R. Grzllienum other rebellions tribes.
Auguctum Pojmlns Romrmw (ro/it understood). 1009 (A. D. 256).—It is probable that-, in thi=
 GALLIENUS. GALLIENUS. 405
year, Gallicnus was engaged in the war with the to whom historians have ascribed every vice
Germani, from which he derived his military imaginable, and whose proper vocation seemed
honours. to be, not the government of a State, but the
1010 (A. D. 257).—Consul for the t-hird time.indulgence of sloth and unbounded licentious
His repeated victories in Germania obtained for ness; and this at a juncture when an empire
him, as well as for his father, the surname of divided among so many usurpers; the incursions
Germanicus. of barbarian hordes from every side; the re
1011 (A. D. 258).-—Postumus invaded and newed ruvages of the plague which commenced
took possession of the Gallic portion of the in the reign of Trebonianus——demanded a prince
empire. endowed with moral [he was not deficient in
1012 (A.D. 259).—Postumus having got pos phys'cal] courage, magnanimity, and decision.
smsion of Saloninus, and, to his own incxpi Of the cruelty and vindictiveness of his cha
able dishonour, put him to death, Gallienus racter, we may gather some notion from the
contented himself with placing his murdered son cpistle, in which he enjoins Ccler Vcrianus to
in the rank of the gods ! destroy the partizans of the usurper Ingenuus ;
1013 (A. D. 260).-—This year, it is believed, ‘ mutilate them,’ he says, ‘ kill and exterminate
Valerian was made prisoner by the Persians.— them; you understand my mind respecting
Gallienus proceeded consul for the fourth time. them; make your own the rage of him who
1014 (A. D. 261).—During the captivity of writes these orders with his own hand.’ With
Valerian, several military governors in difl‘erentsuch perverted feelings, it is no matter of sur
provinces usurped the sovereign authority.— prise that to his other delinquencies he should
Amongst them was Ingenuus in Mresia, who, have added the almost incredible impiety of
however, was taken and decapitated by Gallienus. looking on unmoved at the captivity and igno
Also Rcgalianus in lllyricum; Macrianus and minious treatment of his father by the Persians;
his sons in the East; and other pretenders of and that this was the only injury which re
less importance. mained uuavenged by one, who in every other
Balista, prefect of the pretorians under Vale case behaved with implacable severity. There
rian, in conjunction with Odenathus, King of is, however, the best reason for supposing that
Palmyra, drove Sapor from Syria into Persia, he preferred his father's captivity to his freedom,
and re-established, or at least sustained for a inasmuch as Valcrian's strict morals were a per
time, the Roman power in the East. petual reproach to his own enormities. Con
1015 (A. 1). 262).—Gallienus, consul for the seqnently, it is not so much to be wondered at,
fifth time, celebrated a triumph over the Per that this unworthy prince was cut oil‘ at last by
sians conquered by Odenathus. As one set of his own subjects, as that so long a time elapsed
nsnrpers fell, others rose to assume the purple. before a Hercules appeared to suppress such a
1016 (A. D. 263).—Returning to Rome, Gal monster.—~D. N. V. vii. 394-.
lienus fulfilled the vata deeennalia. Trebellius The brass coins of Gallienus are for the most
relates that this emperor, having taken Byzan part common; so are those in billon; gold
tium, and in spite of his promise to the con and pure silver very rare. On these he is styled
trary, put its garrison to the sword, returned IMP. C. LICIN. GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX
in all haste to Rome, as though he had accom AVG. and sometimes GERMANICV S MAX.
plished a great and laudable work, and there Gallienus appears on some of his coins with
celebrated the decmmalia. Valerianus, Salonina, and Saloninus. Amongst
101'] (A. n. 264).-—Gallienus, consul for the the money struck by this emperor are to be
sixth time, invested Odenathus, for his victories noted the pieces which he caused to be restored,
over the Persians, with all the honours of an in honour of many of his predecessors, who bad
Augustus. been placed, by consecration, in the rank of the
1018 (A. D. 265) .—Valerianus junior, brother gods, from Augustus down to Alexander Severus.
of Gallienus, proceeded consul, in colleagneship It deserves here to be remarked that from the
with Macro Lucullus Rntinianus. reign of Sept. Severus to Gallienns the standard
1019 (A. n. 266).—Ga.llienus consul for the of the silver coinage was successively reduced.
seventh time. To this year 'I‘illemont refers the These pieces are customarily designated as being
destructive invasion of Bithynia, and a large of silver, although that metal had progressively
portion of Asia Minor, by the Scythians. been alloyed into billon of a very low standard.
1020 (A. D. 267).—-——The Goths this year From the age of Gallieuus, silver money becom
again laid waste Maesia, and the Heruli ravaged ing more and more debascd, and yet some coins
Greece and Asia. Gallienus set out for Greece, of pure silver having occasionally been struck,
to fight these barbarians. the billon pieces are classed separately. To take
1021 (A. 1). 268).—Recalled into Italy by the the date from Claudius Gothicus, these coins
sedition of Aureolus, who had declared himself were no better than copper washed with silver.
emperor, and whilst besieging in Milan the new Under Diocletian a coinage of tine silver was
competitor, Gallienus was assassinated by con re-established.—See Hennin, Manuel, vol. ii. p.
spirators, in the month of March, in the 50th 432, Nomenclalure.
year of his age. He had married Cornelia
Salonina, by whom he had Saloninns. MINTAGES OF GALLIENUS.
Such, observes the judicious Eckhel N0 pagan prince, perhaps, testificd his de
such was the end of Gallienus, an emperor, , votion to so many divinities as Gallienus did on
 406 GALLIENUS. G.-\LLl EN US.—GARCIL IA.
his coins. There are reverses in his mint which 8s. 'I‘rattle).—vin'rvs svo. (100 fr. A doubt
respectively exhibit the images of Jupiter, Nep ful specimen brought £2 19s. at the Devonshire
tune, Mars, Mercury, Diana, Minerva, the Sun, sa1e).—vo"ris DECENNALIBVS. (100 fr.)
Vulcan, Bacchus, Victoria, Hercules, Deus Au BlLLON.—-ABVNDANTIA ave. (Mt. 20 fr.)
gustus, and above all the rest, Apollo, whom INVICTVS. The Sun. (60 l'r.)——x.isx~:ns1.nas
the coins of this emperor dcpieture in various svo. (60 fr.)-—SlSCI.\ AVG. (:20 fr.)
attire. It would seem indeed that, amidst the Amongst the restitutions under Gallienus in
surrounding perils and calamities of his time, billon are
from pestilence, from earthquakes, and from Augu.rtu.r.—1vxoNi MARTIAL]. (100 fr.)
the slaughter of wars threatening him and the Traja!L.—VlA rnauss. (150 fr.)
empire itself with destruction, Gallienus was Bnsss l\lED.\LLl0NS.-—ADVEl\'T\'S nvoo. Two
accustomed to invoke almost all the dii majores emperors on horseback, Victory and a soldier.
for his conservation. ADLOCVTID avoo. Fine portrait and allocation.
The following are among the rarest reverses: Engraved in Ieanograpliie, pl. lii. (Mt. 72 fr).
Gonu M£n.u.uoxs.—cuons. (via) TERTIA —s.u.o.\'nu head of. (72 fr.)—rini;s axes
PBETORIA. Emperor standing in military habit, cirvs. (100 fr.)—vie1'0n1A oenuamca. (50 fr.)
holding the hasta pura, in the midst of four —Gallienus and Sul0ni|18.—-LIBEBALITAS svovs
military ensigns. (Valued by Mionnet at 300 ronvzu—a1JvE.\"rvs AVGG.—CONCOBDlA avoo.
francs).———r|n|~:I Eqvirvn. (Small medallion, with reverse of Liberalitas. (150 fr. eaeli.)
brought £3 9s. 0d. at the Bruniell sale).—rini»:s noxsrs ave. (72 fl‘.)—VIC'l‘0BIA svovs'ro
mlarvn. Woman and two ensigus. Double BVM. (100 fr.)
aureus. (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. Brought LARGE Bn.\ss.—-cononr. Pan.-‘.r. Pnixcirl.
£14 at the Thomas sale).—ntP. vl. cos. v. Ein svo.—nEs'rI'rvron onu1s—and s. P. Q. 1;. or
peror on horseback, holding a lance, preceded Tmo PRINCIPI, within a crown. (Mt. 24- fr.
by a soldier, and followed by a Victory that €3Cll).—-ADVENTVS avoo. Gallienus and Salo
crowns him.—(.\lt. 4-00 fr.)—vIn1'vs GALLIENI ninus. (50 fr.)
Avovsrl. Emperor, holding in each hand a GALLIE.\’\’S CVM. EXERC. SVO.-——A
labarum. (Mt. 200 fr.) cippus, or pedestal, with the legend iovr vic
SILVER i\lEDALLIONS.—0B. oonssnvivronsu TORI, on which is seated Jupiter, holding the
rA'rnius—0s. coxsnnvxronen s.u.v'ris—on. thunder-bolt in his right hand, and spear in his
nr-zoom‘. unsnr. (Mt. 72 fr. e8(:l1).—MONl-ZTA left. Silver of Valerinnus. Engraved in Bunduri.
svs. (M|'.. 100 fr. A specimen at the Cam Valcrinnus, when himself intent on the affairs
pana sale brought £1 39.)——PIE’l‘AS FALERI. (Mt. of the East, committed to Gallicnus the charge
300 fr.)—a1>\'zr~'rvs AVGG. Three emperors on of the western armies. The latter, therefore,
horseback, preceded by Victory, and followed on the occasion of any victory being gained (over
by several soldiers. (Mt. 300 fr.) the Germans, for example, who had made irrup
Gor.n.—anv1;.\:'rvs ,\vo.—06v. Gallienns and tions into Gaul), and which he was desirous of
Snlonina. (Mt. 100 fr.)—coNconn1,\ svoo. aseribing to the interposition of Jupiter, Wu
(100 fr. Brought £8 15s. at the Trattle sale). accustomed, in gratitude, to erect a statue to
coxconnu |:xencrr.—m-:o .u'ovsTo—rnLi that god, under the epithet of Victor, the army
crrss SA!-'.C\'LI—]?lDEI rnsnr. (.\It. 100 fr. each). "also joining in the religious act.
PELICITAS avoo. llalf aureus. (Brumell sale, The above serves, in a remarkable manner, to
£1 13s.)——rim:s mur. (Brought at the Cam interpret another coin of Gallienus, bearing on
pana sale £3 3s.)—ronrvivs RED\'X——[0Vl VL its obverse the legend IMP. C. E. S. namely,
TOBl—PIl-ITAS AVG.—0ll-[ENS AVt}.—LIBEB-TAS IMPeralar (Gallienus) Cum Ezerciln Sua, as
AVGG.—-VBERITAS Avo.—and VENVS YICTBIX. Banduri, confirming Hardouin, remarks. Thus
(Mt. 48 fr. eaeh).—1ano PATBI. (Mt. 120 fr.) by joining, on the coin of Valerian, the two
INDVLGENT. AVG. Quinsrius. (£2 9s. Thomas). legends of the head and the reverse, a perfect
—1ov1 CONSEBVA. (£5 7s. 6d. Trattle).— inscription is made :—-Imperator (Gallienns)
IOVIS srsron. (B1 9s. Trattle).—-mnriris cum Exereitu suo Jovi Victori (alatuam ponit).
svoo. (£4 2s. Thomas).—1.IB. AVG. 'r.— GARCILIA, gens plcbeia.—Couut Borghesi
Linen1u.n~.\s AVG.—llAB-TI Pll0l'VGNATORI— treats this as n new family, and assigns to it the
and SECYIHTAS OBBIS. (60 fr. each).—-1.iBI-; following types, supposed to have been struck
EAL. AVG. (£1 9s. Trattle).—0B. Linanrar. arc. about 670 (n. c. 8-ll) =
A half aureus. (Mt. 120 fr. Brought at the 1. Head of Apollo Vejovis, beneath it is the
Thomas £2 55.)-—PAX. sveo. Quinarius. (£1 fulmen.—Rev.—GsR. oovn. van. Jupiter in a
5s. Trattle).—-Jl‘B. 2. vii. cos. mi. The empe quadriga. A very rare denarius.
ror and two rivers. (Mt. 150 fr. £1 10s. Trut 2. [lead of Janus, above it |.——Rev.—GAR.
i;le).—PBOVIDEN‘l‘IA avoo. (72 fr.)-—sacvnrr. OGVLniu.r VERgiliu-I 01‘ Vcrginiu-I. A ship’!
renrnr. Lion within a crown. (100 fr.) prow. Semi-uncial brass. Rare.
s. P. Q. n. Lion with eagle. (150 fr.)—TBIB. The eminent Italian sntiqunry above named
ror. Mars and Venus. (150 fi-.)—vniQ,vs PAX. gives his reasons for attributing to one Garcilius
—0bv. asnnraenan svovsrsa. (200 fr.)——VlC the name of the first monetal triumvir, con
TORIA AVG. Emperor crowned by Victory. En cealed in the monogram GAR. of these two
graved in Akerman, ii. pl. ix. No. 5, p. 31. (£3 coins, and rejects the reading CAR. under which
18s. Thomas sale).—v1c'roars os1.1.. AVG. (72 Perizoni, and other numismatists, have ascribed
fr.)—vmr. GALLIENX avo. (Mt. 100 fr. 21 it to the Carvilii (see p. 187 of this dictionary).
 GA UDIUM ROMANORUM. GAUDIUM ROM.-\.NORUl\I. 407
Riccio cites and adopts this transferred attribu 1 tion (fanstam acelamationem)—that is to say,
tion, which accounts for the exclusion of can ' the Romans njoiced for vows acquitted xx. and
VILIA gens from his Monete delle Famiglie, &c. again made lxx.—See Eckhel, viii. p. 18.
Gr-\\'DE'I‘E R().\IANI.—Two Victories hold GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI.—This le
ing a tablet, on which is inscribed Sic Xx. SIC gend, which occurs only on gold and silver
xxx. that is, “ sic ad annum impcrii vicessimum medallions of Constantius and Constans his
sic ad tricessimum usquc victorins suas continent”
brother, indicates a public rejoicing. It may be
—er-rn as to the twentieth so also to the thir conjectured, that such coins as that on which
tieth year of the emperor’s reign may he pur this epigraph appears, were distributed among
sue his victoiies. the people at the festive celebration of solemn
This small gold coin of Maximianus Hercu vows, that all so advised might join in the gene
lius contains on its reverse a joyous acc1ama- i ral gladness.—-(Morel, rri numaria, p. 80).

GAVDIVM ROMANORVM.—-A paludatcd M. Steinbiichel, in his valuable “ Norton”

man, taller than the rest of the group, stands
resting his right hand on the hasta, whilst a
hand protruded from a cloud above him places u
crown upon his head. On his left stands an
other man similarly attired, but of shorter sta
ture, whom a victory by his side is in the act of
crowning; and on his right u third male figure,
of the same appearance, but shorter even than
the last described, upon whose head a personifi
cation of Rome, standing beside him, is placing
a crown. At the bottom, moons. Struck at
Constantinople.
0bv.—rL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS. son. cans. A
lanreated bust, holding in the right hand the
hasta, and in the left o buckler, on which is re
presented the emperor on horseback, charging
with levelled spear some suppliant barbarians,
whilst he is crowned by a Victory flying towards
him, and followed by a band of soldiers.
[The grand and interesting medallion, of which
the above represents the reverse, formed one of a
large deposit of Roman medallions in gold, seve
ral of them of unusual size, found with chains
and other objects of antiquity in the same pre
cious metal, in Hungary, during the year 1797.
of these and other gold medallions preserved in
the Imperial Cabinet, has given what he voiu-hes
for as being “ a faithful engraving,” and of which
Mr. Fairholt’s cut is an equally faithful copy.
Respecting monetal rarities, of such scarcely
appreciable value, so suddenly brought to light,
it appears to have been Eckhel’s intention at the
time to have contributed a dissertation, worthy
of his zeal, erudition, and judgment; but his
premature death in 1798, left him time only to
sketch a few notes, which remained in mann
script until M. Steinbiichel, his friend and suc
cessor in the directorship of the Viennigliuseum,
published them in 1826.
In elucidation of this splendid monument,
the subjoined extract from the manuscript in
question will scarcely fail to prove acceptable to
the numismntic student] :—
After having, with characteristic minuteness
of accuracy, described the piece, our illustrious
author sa_vs—“ It stands pre-eminent among the
most remarkable hitherto discovered, not only
on account of its great weight [nearly 74 Hun
garian ducats —aurez] but also for the design as
well as for the workmanship of the types,
4-08 GAUDIUM lt0l\1ANORU.\I. GELLIA.
its obverse and reverse exhibiting the highest GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, below which is
degree of elegance and finish, of which the S.-\Ri\IA'l‘lA.——A trophy, and woman near
state of the arts at that period admitted. it weeping. On silver and gold of Constanti
The head is that of Constantins II. second nus II.
of the three sons of Constantine the Great; Coins with the same legend, but inscribed
and as he is here styled Caesar only, not hav /llamannia or Frrmcia, were struck under Con
ing yet attained the title of Augustus, this coin stantine jun. and Crispus; but in no instance with
must have been struck between A. D. 323 and saa.\rar1a.—“ It is probable (says Eckhel) that
337; for in the former year he received the coins of the father (Constantinns M.) were struck
appellation of CK!S8.l', and in the latter, in con with this reverse; for whether the father him
sequence of his father’s death, that of Augustus. self carried on the war in person with the Goths
As, however, the countenance of Constantius on and Sarmatians, or whether he entrusted the
the obverse displays a fulncss and maturity of expedition against these people to his son Con
contour, I am inclined to consider that the coin stantine (A.D. 332), certain it is that warlike
before us was struck a very short time before the honours and distinctions were shared in common
death of Constantine the Great, when he (Con between father and son.”—(viii. i. 107).—See
stantins) was at least in the twentieth year of SARMATIA.
his age. The supposition is corroborated by the GAVDIVM ROD/[ANORVM.—A female cap
military garb in which he is depicted, for it was tive sitting near a trophy, otters her breast to a
at that very time that his father entrusted to little child.—This legend and type, which first
him the conduct of the war in Persia. To appears on a gold coin of Maximianus Hercnlius,
which may be added, that the presence of the and which are common on the money of suc
abbreviation CONS. (sure sign of the mintage of ceeding empcrors, shew the joy Qf tire Romans,
Constantinople) sufficiently proves, that this not only in having conquered the barbarians,
coin could not have been struck before a.D. 330, and driven them back from the confines of the
since we know that it was not till that year that empire, but also in having made slaves of them
the city was dedicated, and received from its and their wives. (D. N. viii. 19).—Thns like
founder the name of Constantinople.” wise we find
With regard to the reverse, adds Eckhel, GAVDIVM REIPVBLICAE on a very rare
“I do not hesitate to pronounce that the central gold coin of Constantine the Great; and sce a
and tallest figure of the group is Constantine trophy erected between an Alamzmnian woman
the father, whose venerable age and piety are and a male Frank, both captives, and sitting in
thus early acknowledged by a heaven-sent a weeping posture on the ground.
crown; that the figure on his left is the eldest GELLIA gens.—Whcthcr of the patrician or
son, Constantine; and that on his right, the plebeian order is uncertain. There are three
youngest, Constans. Constantius, already pour varieties in its denarii, on each of which ap
trayed on the obverse, does not appear in this pears the name of GELliu.9. The following two
group. Portraits of the reigning family, simi are coins belonging to this family :
larly distributed between the two faces of a
medal have already occurred to our notice on
coins of Septimius Severus, which I have brought
forward in my Dactrina, under the date 954
(A.D. 201). Constantine the brother is repre
sented as crowned by a Victory, because at the
exact time when I imagine this coin to have
been struck, he was in reality a conqueror, as
is testified by his coin inscribed, VICTORIA con
ST.-\N‘l‘lNI cans. and this type is also common 1. Galeated head of Rome; behind it x;
on the coinages of preceding emperors. * “ " within a crown of laurel.—1tev. A galeatcd sol
The galeated figure standing by the side of Con dier, in n rapid quadriga, enibracing with his
stans, being female in dress, must be that of Rome, right arm a woman, as if to retain her with
rendering the same complimentary ofiice to Con him in the ear; on his left arm is a shield.
stans, which Victory does to Constantine jun. (IN. GEL. below the horses. aosra on the
or, if you will, a figure of Virtue (Force), which cxergue.
frequently appears on ancient coins in a shape Every attempt to interpret with certainty the
not very dissimilar. Observe, that thus early type of the above reverse (pregnant with Inc-.an_
the gradations of rank and dignity in the im ing, either mythological or historical, as it would
perial family, are denoted by a greater or lesser appear to be), has hitherto signally failed ; and
bodily stature, a circumstance constantly to be it is even doubtful who was the Cn. Gellius,
remarked on Byzantine coins of later date.” whose name is stamped on this denarius.—-See
GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, with FRANC. Vaillant on the one hand, and Havercamp, in
ET ALA“. (Francia ct Alanmmtia).—A gold M01-ell. on the other, and compare with Cave
coin of Constantine the Great, struck on the doni, cited by Riccio, p. 99.
ocaasion of his having defeated those two 2. M. ANT. mr. AVG(VR) mvia. n. P. c. 0.1..
nations,. and brought them into subjection to GEL(Ll\'S) Q. r. Bare head of Mark Antony, be
the Roman a.rms.——See ALAMANNIA, p. 32, and hind which is the pra:fericnlum.-Rev.—c.u-Isak
raazvcra, p. 398. ma. FONT. rnvia. a. r. c. Bare head of Octa
 GE.\l.—GENIllS. GENIYS. 409
vianus, behind which is the lituus. This is a swore by the Genius of the Roman people, and
denarius of some rarity. afterwards by that of the Emperor. At both
The letters Q. P. nfiixed to GEL. on the ob periods, the violation of the oath was treated as
verse, are considered by Eelthal to signify Qumr the most heinous of perjuries, and was punished
lar Propnelore, rather than, as by others it is with the greatest severity.
thought to mean Qmeslor Pr0vinci¢.—Riecio, Genii are represented on Roman coins, under
however, adopting the latter opinion, says different forms, as well in the consular as in the
Lucius Gellius (Poplieola) was provincial ques imperial series.
tor of Mark Antony, at the time when that In his observations on Genii, as they are
famous Triumvir Reipuhlicu: Constituendu-. was typified on family coins, Eckhcl says that these
amicably colleagued with Octavianus, and coined come next in order of dignity to the gods and
the medal above described. He was also consul goddesses, meaning by the term—1. Certain
with M. Cocoeius Ncrvn, in 718 (B. c. 36). images (or figures) appropriated to some country,
This same Gellius, however, was one of the most city, or people, whether they were nothing
inconsistent and faithless of men, passing over,more than allegories intended to represent
in a treacherous manner, from the friendship of a province or a city by some peculiarity of
Brutus and Cassius to that of Antony, and from their habits or circumstances; or whether some
the party of Antony to that of Augustus. celestial powers, though of a subordinate rank,
GEM. GemeIla.—The cause why certain were actually supposed to preside over thcm.~—
legions were called Grrnella (or twins) is derived 2. The Virtues; such as clemency, faith, piety,
by the accurate Bimard from the Commentaries &,c. or those adjuncts which are always reckoned
of Caesar (Bell. Civ. iii. c. 4), where, in speak among the good thingsof life, but which are not
ing of the legions which Pompey had assembled, always under our own control, such as fortune,
he says, unam (LEGIONEII) ex Sicilia veteranam, honour, liberty, safety, victory, and health.——
qnam factam ex dnabus osunuau appellabut, 3. The vices and the ills of life; as pallar,
(ad Jobert, ii. 273.) pavar, febris, &e. These and similar subjects,
Geme/la, snrnamed Acci, a colony of Hispania the emblematical representations of which we
Tarruconeusis, to which colonists were sent from see on ancient monuments, were not regarded
the third and fourth legion, as coins of Augustusas mere idealities, but as actual beings of a
an_d Tiberius testify, on which it is called COL.divine nature, as is proved by the fact, that
our. acc1.—-See p. 3. temples were erected to their honour, equally
Gemellee mm Lupd.—-The twin children with the gods themselves. Some of these, snch
(Romulus and Remus) with the wolf is a fre as Virtus, Honor, Menu, Fortnna, under various
quent mark of Roman colonies, as on coins of titles, have been enumerated by Cicero, Plu
Corinth, Alexandria Troadis, Neapolis, Damascus, tarch, Juvenal; and many other examples may
and others. (Spanheim, Pr. i. p. 571).—See be found in P. Vietor’s work on the districts of
conounu: aosnmae, p. 282. Rome.
Gemme. Gems or precious stones.—'I‘hc use The subject receives illustration from a letter
of these as ornaments for the head is said to of Cicero to his brother Quintus (I. Epiat. i.
have begun under Aurelian. Other emperors § l0)—" Wherefore, since you are passing your
neither unwillingly nor unfreely followed the time, in a position of the highest authority, in
same example; and thenceforward pearls and those very cities, where you see your own vir
other jewels are seen on the diadems of the tues consecrated, and reckoned among the divi
Juyusli and Ju_q1uI¢. nities, &c." And thus, not only the Romans,
Gem and rings find in most instances their but the Greeks also, crowded Olympus with
sources of explanation on coins.——See Raschc’s fresh colonists. (See l"0r.r, p. 395). No one any
citations from Spanheim and Beger. longer cared to otfer sacrifices to the greater and
GEN. Grneris.—SAL/n HVM.-‘tNI GENE elder gods, \vhi_lst they lavished whole hecatombs
RIS of Galba and Csraealla. on Virtue“, Natura, Falum, and Forluna, who
GEN. Genius or Geni0.—GENIO AVGVSTL had but as yesterday found their way into heaven;
'I‘o the Genius of the Emperor. whilst a seztariils of ambrosia and nectar
GENlUS.—It was the opinion of the ancients i could not be bought for less than a mina, so vast
that every man from the moment of his birth i was the assemblage of celestial guests. And
had his genial, or according to others two ymii, _ yet one could have tolerated a superstition which
a good and a bad one; and that as the one or conceded divine honours to the virtues; but
the other of these personal tutelarics was the what could surpass the infatuation of placing on
stronger of the two, that individual became. a level with the gods, the vices, the diseases,
good or bad. In process of time each house and and the bugbears of mankind? ludeed, this
each town had its yeniuo; the former were called fanaticism was estimated at its true value, and
I/zrn, the latter were named Pennies. Rome detestcd accordingly, by all the ancients them
had her Genius-goddess, to whom a statue was selves who were possessed of superior intellects.
erected in the eighth region of the city. The A proof of this is to be found in the law intro
influential ]’)l'(‘nCllCt! of thcse unseen beings was duced by the wisest of the Romans, “But
held by the Remains in such high veuerution, those qualities, which entitle a man to ad
that when they entered for the first time into mission into heaven, mind, valour, piety, faith,
any place, they invariably paid a salntation to for their glorification let there be shrines. But
the ymiua loci. During the republic, they let no sacred solemnities be performed in honour
3G
410 GENIO AUGUSTI. GENIUS POPULI ROMAN].
of the vices." such was the baseness of the Senate, and such
(Cic. dc Le;/ib. ii. ch. 8.) These
expressions Cicero explains a little further on; the dread of his vengeance, which prevailed
“ t is well done, that films, Pieta-r, Virtus, and during his lifetime, that every mark, even of di
Hdes, are consecrated, to all of which temples vine honours, was paid to that fearful personifi
i
are publicly dedicated in Rome, in order that cation of mingled crime and folly. Hence we see
the possessors of such qualities (and all good his genius (evil as it was) immortalised by the
men do possess them), may reflect that the gods obscquious mint of Rome.
themselves are the occupants of their own Eckhel observes, “I/le Genius ..1I1yu.rii" so
bosoms. For that, on the contrary, was a dis frequent on coins was some species of divinity,
graceful circumstance in the history of Athcns, or it was designed to embody the intellectual
that after the crime of Cylon had been ex spirit of the Caesar himself, and his deity, such
piated, they followed the stiggestion of Epi as the superstition of the ancients taught the
meuides, and erected a temple to Contumely common people to regard as an attendant on
and lmpndcnee. For it is the virtues, and not men."——viii. 458.
the vices, which should be made the subject of
consecration. Now, there is standing in the
Palatium an ancient altar to Febris (Fever), and
another on the Esqujliie to Mala Forlmuz; all
of which anomalies should be abolished." He
then refers in terms of commendation to the
honours paid to Salua, Honor, Ops, Victoria,
Spas (consecrated by Calatinus), Forluna of the
prcscnt time, and retrospective, and to 1“or.9
Primiymia. He might have added some foreign
examples, such as the altars of Impielas and
1\'equitv'a, erected by one Dicrearchus, and the
shrine of Voracitas in Sicily. The ancients,
however, were not at a loss to find excuses for
the folly of this custum.—Plutarch informs us
(in /{girls et C/eomme, p. m. S08), that there
were among the Laccdzcmonians, “temples GENIVS POPVLI ROMANI. (Genius of
sacred not only to Fear, but also to Death, and to the Roman People).—~Upright figure of a young
Laughter, and other affections of the like kind. man, bare headed, clothed in the toga, bearing
To Fear, however, they pay this adoration, not on his left arrn a cornueopise, and holding a
as they do to other objects of detestation,. pater: in his right hand, which he extends over
because they consider it hurtful, but because in a lighted altar, as in the act of sacrificing.
their estimation it is a passion which mainly Although not the first in either chronological
contributes to the safety of n State." or alphabetical order of notice, yet as the largest
Valerius
hlaximus, when remarking that there were in and most boldly developed specimen of the type,
Rome three temples erected in honour of Febria a wood-cut is above inserted, engraved after a
(fever), adds that she was worshipped in order east from a large brass medallion of Hadrian,
that she might cause less destruction. Pliny also in the Cabinet de France, valued by Mionnct
ntlords similar informution.—See Dosh-inn, v. at 150 francs. The type has evidently been
85, 86, where will also be found a list of Genii, borrowed from Nero’s beautiful little coin Genie
selected from the coins of families under three Au_qu.m', but is of equally fine fabric, and from
heads, viz.: its superior magnitude forms a noble reverse.
l. Genii of Countries, Cities, and Peoples.— On a second brass of Antoninus Pius, with
2. Good Genii, under which virtues, honours, the same legend of reverse, the Genius holds
and other attributes of good ualities are sym the haste, instead of a patera in the right hand.
bolized.—3. Mali Genii; sue as Pallor and “The pagan religion, complicated and con
Paoor in Hostilia gens. No others of this tradictory in its dogmas, admitted besides the
absurd description are found on Roman coins. gods the existence of beings, who were sup
The Imperial mintages furnish a host of Genii. posed to have peculiar influence over states,
A few examples from each series are snbjoined and peoples, and even to inspire, for good or
hereto. evil, the minds of illustrious men.”—L¢-cons
GENIO AVGVSTI.—On athird brass of Nero, Nunlismatiques, p. l36.
revealing Greek art in its high relief, its fine G. P. R.——A bearded and diadcmed head.
design and finished workmanship, this dedicatory Behind it a sceptre, with the letters 0. P. R.
legend accompanies a male figure, typifying the Gwrius Populi Romani on a denarius of the
Genius of Ike Emperor, sacrificing at an altar Cornelia gens, struck by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus.
with fire kindled. That this cruel tyrant was It is also found on autonomes minted under the
held in universal abhorrence, except amongst emperors (see Incerti in Morel. TAB. ii.) with
the vilcst of the populace, and the most veual the addition of oz»:1\'|vs P. n. When, however,
of the soldicry, whom his spectacles and largesses flattery had insinnated itself into the operations
had seduced, is a fact proved by the burst of joy of the mint, the Genius of the people of Rome
and gladnesss, which spread throughout the assumed the features of the emperor for the
empire at the news of his death. Nevertheless time being. According to Dion, there were at
 GENIUS EXERCITUS. GENIUS LUGDUNI. 411
Rome temples consecrated to this Genius as of the same emperor. The first brass is engraved
a deity. Examples of this occur amongst the in the Cubinnl ale C’/mlrtine.
coins of Augustus, under the year 7341 (B.C. On coins of this emperor there are reverses
20), and also in Galba—see below. implying his acknowlcdgnient of obligations to
A beardless figure, representing the Genius DACIA, as well as to botlfthe PANNONIAE, supe
qf Ilse Roman People, appears on the reverse rior aud inferior, and here we have a still more
of another denarins of the Cornelia family, in pointed record of his gratitude to the army of
the act of crowning a warrior, alluding to the Illyria.
victories of Pompey in the East, 693 (B. c. The reason why such a distinction was eon
61), struck by cu. LENTVLVS MAKCELLXNVS, ferred upon these provinces is sufficiently ob
between G95 (B. C. 59) and 698 (B.C. 56). vious; for it was in them that Dccius was
Engraved in Morel and Riccio, Fam. Rom. first declared [mperalor by acclamation; and to
On another silver coin of the same family, the the fidelity of these legions he owed his victory
reverse exhibits the sedcnt figure of a man naked over Philip; while in turn he protected and
to the waist, holding in the right hand the freed them from the incursions of barbarian
cornncopim, and in the left the hasta; the right tribes, and so again obtained distinction for him
foot is planted on a globe; his face is directed self. A similar reverse is to be found on coins
towards a flying victory that crowns him. The ‘ of Julian the Usurpcr.
legend on one side is P. LENTVLVS P. r. (Publius Thus the Ecercitus Illyricianua had too many
Lentulus, son of Publius), and ou the other claims upon the immediate successor of the elder
sPlN. (Spint/zer). The seated figure is considered Philip, to make it difficult to account for this
to personify the Genius of Rome, a device re imperial compliment to its Genius.
peatedly associated with the alfairs of the Len GENIVS EXERCY . The Genius of the
tnli, and thence most probably allnsive to some Army.—Du Choul, in is observations on this
glory of the Cornelia farnily.——Engruved in and the various other numismatic dedications to
Jlorell. Fam. Rom. ii. 5, and in Riccio, Tau. Genius, snys—“ The ancients esteemed it to be
xvi. 32. the God of Nature. And such was the religion
GENIO P. R.——On a silver coin bearing on of the Romans that it assigned to every man
one side this epigraph, and on the other the his genius and his presiding spirit. Thus we
legend and type of llfars U/tor, the head of find inscriptions to the Genius of the Emperor,
Galha is figured, with a cornucopia: behind it. of the Senate, of the Roman People, and (as in
The forepart of the head is bald, as that em Aureliau and others) of the Army. This last
peror’s is described to have been. In their named legend is accompanied by atypc pour
general hatred of Nero and cxultation at his traying the image of Genius, with a cloak half
death, the people of Rome, ever prone to excess, covering the shoulders, and leaving the rest of
paid the veteran governor of the Ganls and the body naked, holding a cornucopia: in one
of Spain, now their deliverer from domestic hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other.
tyranny, more than mortal honours, by hailing Ccnsorinns, in his treatise De Die Nalali, says,
him as their tutelary demigod. The reign of that the moment we are born, we live under the
Gnlba was at first regarded as an epoch of guard and tutelage of Genius. Other writers
happiness and liberty; and frequent allusion is assert that the Lares and Genius were the same
made on his coins to these favourable anticipa thing. (pp. 1-L8, 149).
tions.

GEN. LVG. (The Genius of Lugdunum).—

GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLYRICIANI. S.C.
-—The Genius naked, except that the pallium
hangs from his shoulders on his left arm, on
which rests a conineopire, and close to which is
a military ensign. In the right hand is a patera.
On other coins there is nu altar in additiou.—
Gold, silver, and first and second brass of Tra
jan Dccius. The above is engraved from a spe
cimen in the British Museum.
GEN. or GENIVS lLLYRI(lI.—Male figure
standing, with patcra and cornucopize. Silver
3G2
This legend appears on the reverse of a rare
silver coin of Clodius Albinus, accompanied by
the type of a naked Genius, with turretcd head,
standing: he holds a spear in his right hand,
a cornucopiaz in his left; and thcrc is an eagle
at his feet. The above cut is after a cast from
a specimen in the British Museum.
“That Albiuus, when he came over from
Britain, took up his quarters at Lugduunm (now
Lyon, in France), in the vicinity of which he
was afterwards defeated and slain, is a fact dis
tinctly relatcd to us by llerodian. In that city,
therefore, the above described denarius, exhi
biting GENium L\"Gd/mi, was doubtless struck;
and it is very probable that in the same pluco
412 ’ GENIO SENATUS. GENIUS OF ALEXA‘.\*DRlA.
several other coins of Albinus, already named extinction, most degenerate, corrupt, and de
Augustus, were minted. The mint of Lyon graded body.
(Orlicina Lugdunensis) is mentioned as early as When indeed it is remembered that an assem
on coins of Antony the triumvir, but much bly formerly so jealous of its independence, and
more frequently on those of a lower age. The so haughty in the exercise of its power, at
eagle placed at the feet of the Genius indicates, length became the subservient tonl——the fulsomc
perhaps, that Lugdunnm was under the supreme panegyrist—of the weakest as well as the worst of
protection of Jupiter; indeed Albinus ascribed beings that ever wore the human form, of mad
the first victories which he gained to that deity, men and monsters permitted for the punishment
as is proved by a silver coin quoted by Vail of a wicked world to be its plagues in the shape
lant, with the epigraph IOVI vrc'ro|u.”—Eck of its rulers ; the fall of the Roman Senate into
hel, viii. 164. a state of slavery and thence through yet lower
0bv.—-oamo ANTIOXENI. A female figure, grades of humiliation, can be regarded in no
with turreted and veiled head, sitting on a rock; other light than that of a judgment as just as it
a river issuing from beneath her fect. Third was inevitable. Nor is there, perhaps, a more
brass of Julian II. (Imp. Mus.) striking lesson, it might be added, a more awful
()bv.—-er.N1o CIVITATIS. Female head, veiled warning, to be derived from the records of past
and turreted. Third brass of do. (Tanini, p. ages, than is handed down to us in the figraut
318). examples of base and impious adulation—of
These coins were struck at Antioch, in Syria. vcnal flattery committing open outrage upon
It is probable that they first saw the light dur decency by the most palpable falsehoods, which,
ing the reign of Julian (between A. D. 360 and with snch fulsomc frequency, present themselves
363). The obverse exhibits the Genius AnIi on Roman coins of the Imperial series, bearing
UL‘/(Elli, i. c. populi, under the figure of a wo the well-known impress of a Senafus Cnnaultuni.
man with turreted head, sitting on a rock, from GENIO POPVLI RO.\lANI.—The Genius,
which flows a river. The species of legend is having a madiua on his head, on his left arm
found more fully expressed on coins of Diocle holding a horn of abundance, and in the act of
tian's age, tlius—or:mo rorvu ROMANI. Re making a libation from n patera on an altar, ap
specting the Genii of peoples, cities, and locali pears on the reverse of a middle brass of Con
ties, &c. to whose guardianship they were re stantine the Great. Engraved in Banduri, ii. 2.
spectively committed, abundant information will There is an exactly similar type on the reverse
be found in the works of various learned writers. of a second brass of Licinius senior, with the
(viii. 141.) legend GENIO IMPERATORIS.
Baudelot De Dairval observes, that “ all the
medals which have on the reverse Genio Ju
_qu.rti, Genie Imperaloria, Genie Senalue, Gwiiu
Populi Romani, with other symbols of Lama-,
bear reference in their legends and types, either
to the princes themselves whom flattery caused
to be thus represented; or otherwise to the
guardian deities of those magistrates, or of those
cities, that struck the coins."——See De l’Uli1i!¢*'
dc: Voyages.

GENIO SENATVS. S. C.—The Genius of

the Roman Senate, under the figure and features
of a man, clothed in the toga, standing; he
holds in his right hand an olive branch, the sign
of peace ; and in his left the iv0r_1/ sceplrv, dis
tinctive mark of the consuls. Silver and first
brass of Antoniuns Pius. The above engraving
is from a specimen in the compilers possession.
On n first brass of Galba, bearing for its
legend of reverse, smmvrvs PIETATI .u'ovsTi,
the accompanying typo represents the Father,
or the Genius of the Senate crowning the Genius qf AIe.rana'ria.—Onr references to the
emperor. subject of Gcnii, so far as it receives illustra
Although Genii were usually represented by tion from coins, shall be concluded with the dc
young men, yet the Genius of the Senate is seription of a large brass of lcludriau, struck in
impersonntcd by a man of mature years, habited Egypt. The reverse of this piece exhibits a
in the I0;/a, very probably for the purpose of female figure in a short dress (somewhat rescin
making a more complimentary allusion (quite in bling that assigned to Diana Verzatrir), wear
character with that excellent prince Antoniuus ing as a head-gear the skull and proboscis of an
Pius) to the dignity and to the gravity of an elephant, n||d holding in the left hand a couple
ancient and once illustrious, but long before its of corn-ears. Standing opposite to her is n
 GENS. GENTILES.—GEl\"l‘ES. 4] 3
male figure of mature age, whose right hand nearest to the side (ad latus proxime). Slirps
she lifts up with her own, and kisses it. This in the last place may rightly be denominated a
mule figure, laureated and togated, holds in the branch of the branch (ramus rami).
left hand a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. In For a descriptive list of the Genie: and
the field of the coin is I. E. (marking the xvth Familie ROTIIEYII2, as found on Consular coins
year of a. reign). see Mionnct, Rarelé des Med.——Akermsn, Decor.
This unique, elegant, and remarkable type, is Cat.—Riccio, Monete delle Famiglie di Roma.
recognised by Eckhel (Doelr. vi. 489), and by GEN'l‘lLES.—Those of the same gens were
Millin (Gal. My/lliol. i. 378), as representing called yenliles, and those of the same family,
the Genius of Alexandria, hastening to meet a_//nati. The term gentiles, says Eckhel, was ap
Hadrian on one of his arrivals in that city, and plied not only to those who belonged to the same
to welcome him as her guest, which she does in gens, but also to those who bore only the same
the most expressive mode of shewing grateful name. Cicero tells ns—“ They are called gen
acknowledgment for benefits already conferred. tiles who share the same name.” He was,
[For the cast (in gutta perchn) after which therefore, justified in saying on another occasion,
the above cut has been executed, the compiler “Pherecydcs the Syrian was the first to make
is indebted to his friend Mr. Akerman, who was the observation, that the minds of men were
in possession of the original]. immortal; and he was one of a very remote
In Zoega (Nam. /Eyypt. vii.) is a similar age, as he lived during the reign of my gentilie
type with the addition of _ALEXANDBIA for its (name.ral'e)”—i.e. Scrvius Tulliua; between
accompanying legend. But it places a simple whom, however, and Cicero there was no
wand, or the hasta pura, in the emperor’! left point of connexion besides the similarity of
hand, instead of the eagle-topped sccptrc of name. Festus too gives the same account——
empire. “The term gmlili: is applied, both to him
GENS.-—A clan, embracing several families, who is descended from the same stock, and to
united together by a common name. This word him who is called by the same name; witness
has a ditferent meaning from that of Familia the expression of Cincius—“They are my yen
and also from that of iS'ti27».r. Amongst the files who bear my name.” Consequently, he
Romans there were Genie: and FfllIli1l¢t, so in who was connected with a certain lineage by
deed that the familia might be said to be com name, might easily appear, in the eyes of the
prehended as a species under the gens, or race. interested, to be allied also by blood. They
Gen: seems to belong to the name» or name ; who oppose their own conjectures to the autho
familia to the co_r/nomen or surname of a house: rity of Dionysius, tell us, for example, that
the former included the whole; the lntter only the later Junii passed over from the patrician to
a part. For example, all the Valrrrii were of the plebeian ranks. lt is not uninteresting to
the same _r/ens or race, because they were all call to mind, that in the earliest period of the
comprised under the same name. But this gens commonwealth the same impositon was practised
had several branches which were distinguished by a certain L. Jnnius of plebeian origin and
by the respective ¢'0_//naminu, and these branches ignoble station, who, when the people retired
were called Familia, Families. Thus in the to the Mons Sacer, in order the more etfectually
Gena Valeria there was the Maximi, the to direct their vengeance against the Pairea,
hlcssalm, the Flacci, the Laeuni, the Poplieolae, assumed the cognomen of Brutus, and was
who formed so many families of the some house. thereupon chosen the first tribune of the people.
Festus therefore gives a good definition of this —See Docir. vi. 20.
word Gem, in saying—-Gens appellatnr, quae ex GENT. Gmtium.—Of Nations.———-See DE
multis familiis conficitur. Accordingly, again, BELLATOBI onur. BARBAB. and TBIUMFATOR
if we take the Gena (brnelia, we have for its GENT. BARB.
familiar the Blasiones, Cethegi, Dolabellm, Len GENTES caphz, .1-ubaetw, decide, recepfa,
tuli, Scipiones, Sisennse, &c. These examples &,c.—-Nations or territories captured, subdued,
are confirmed by the testimonies of ancient vanquished, regained, &c. are recorded by name
writers; amongst whom may he cited Suetonius on the coins of Roman emperors.—9ce EGYP
and Livy. The former says—Imag'ines et elogia TUS, ALAMANNIA, ARABIA, ARMENIA, DACIA,
nniversi generis (Sulpicii) cxsequi longum est, PRANCIA, GERMANIA, wnaza, rnrms, san
familize (Galbae) breviter attingam.-—Livy says, MATIA, &c. Similar reference is made to na
P. Scipio Nasica tribunos appellavit, orationemque tions nnd countries subdued and taken posses
habuit plenam veris decoribus, non communiter sion ot' by the Romans, on coins of the Empe
modo Cornelia: gentis, sed proprie familite sum.” rors and Czrsara, bearing the inscription DE
—-Eckhel v. 54. PARTHIS, as in Augustus; on BRITANNIS, as in
There were patrician houses, and there were Claudius; on cum. or GERMANIS, as in Augus
houses of the plebeian order, and sometimes in tus, Nero Drnsus, Claudius, Domitian, M. Au
the same gem there were some families of relius, and others; and in Sept. Severus, the
patrician rank and others of plebeian. legend of emu. you suscnrrs; also the DE
Gena, says Rnsche, means all the offspring, IVDAEIS of Vespasian; and the nn SABll(A'l‘1S)
who, from one ancestor and as it were first of M. Aurelius and of Commodus. The same
parent, always by blood relationship (traduce token of conquest and victory is conveyed under
sanguine) had descended in a right line. Fami/in the name alone of a particular tribe or region, as
was zi branch growing out of the trunk or middle BRITANN. and BRITANNIA, on coins of Claudius,
414 GEOGRAPH Y.—GERMANIA. GERMANIA CAPTA.
Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Severus; nscu, as
in Trajan; rnancur & corms, as in Constanti
nus M.-—G0'rni on coins of Probus and Tacitus.
The accompanying types to these are for the most
part n woman veiled and weeping, or a captive
sitting hound at the foot of atrophy of arms.
On some of the imperial series, we also find the
highest terms of eulogy employed, not as for the
conquest of a single nation merely, hut for many
simultaneously vanquished, as in the ns:aar.1.s
roar oamivu BARBAIIAB-V1! of Constantine
the Great, the VNDIQVE or VBIQVE vrcron,
first in Numerianns, and afterwards in Constan
tine and his sons Crispus and Constantins; and This rare first brass is of the year 837 of
to crown the foolery of extravagant boasting Rome (A. D. 84). Domitian was no sooner
peculiar to the lower empire, vlcroa omuvu seated on the throne, than it pleased him to
GENTIVII appears on coins of Maxentius, Con undertake an expedition against the Catti, a
stantine, and Constantinns junior. German tribe, and though so fur from coming to
GENUS HUMANUM. The human race or action with them, he had not once even seen the
mankind.—'I‘his term inscribed on some coins, enemy, yet repassing the Rhine, this cowardly
signifies the world as it was comprehended under tyrant had the arrogance to take the honours of
the imperial sway of Rome.—See s.u.vs GENE the triumph for his foolish campaign against
nrs nvsum of Galba; also the BESTITVTOR this people, and to assume the surname of Ger
or-man. nvnsm of Valerian and Gordianus manicus. He caused slaves to be bought, who
Pius. were dressed after the manner of the Germans,
GEOGRAPHY.——Ilow greatly the study of and whose hair was sntfered to grow, in order
Ancient Geography is benefitted and assisted by that they might pass for Germans in the eyes of
a knowledge of the numismatic science is copi the Roman citizens.
ously shewn by Froélich (in 4 Teniamina, p. 46 On the reverse of another large brass, struck
et seq.) The utility of such authentic monu the same year as the preceding coin, and having
ments for that purpose had also been previously reference to the same ridiculous pretensions of
acknowledged by the father of revived geography Domitian to the honour of having beaten the
Abraham Ortelins, who availed himself of the Germans, represents some king or chieftain of
aid which coins atforded him to rescue from that people holding a buckler, and on his knee
obscurity and doubt the names of many cities before the emperor, who stands habited in the
and places. The learned work of Cellarins paludamenlum, holding in his right hand the
would neither have reflected so much credit on parazonium, and in his left the hastn. In the
its author, nor proved of so much use to literary field S. C.
men, unless many things read there had pre [Passing gladly from the sham victories of a
viously been confirmcd as true by the evidence cowardly tyrant to the real triumphs of a brave
of meduls.—Raschc, Lexicon Nam. defender of his empire, we proceed to notice
GER. GERM. Ger-mam'a.—GEIt. CAP. the two following monuments of important suc
Germania Capla. cesses gained by M. Aurelius in battle with the
GER. Germanici.—PAX. GERmam'ci, not Germans :—]
Germanica, on first brass of Vitellius.—See GERMANICO AVGu:to ll\lPeral0ri VI.
rsx. GER. nous. COnSuli III. S. C. The accompanying type
GER. Germanicus. of this reverse represents a very fine trophy,
GERMANIA.—This legend, and its type, a on one side of which sits a weeping female, on
woman standing, with spear and German shield, the other stands u tall half-naked man, whose
on a denarius of Hadrian, are considered allu upright posture and manly air are characteristic
sive to the circumstance of that emperor’s of the unsubdned spirit of the German tl'ibcs.—
passing over from Gaul into Gcrmania, as Obv. M. ANTONINVS A\'Gu.rlu.r. Lanrellcd
Spartian relates in the year 877 (A. D. 120); head of Aurelius, to whom the legend of reverse
and on which occasion, according to the same ascribes the glory of having terminated the Ger
authority, he imposed a king on the Germans. mamc war.
In reference to this subject see axnncrrvs GER GERMANIA SVBACTA. IMPcraf0r VI.
MANICVS, p. 366. COnSul VI. A female figure is seated at the foot
GERMANIA CAPTA. (Germania conquered). of a trophy, in an attitude of extreme dejectiou
—A female figure, personifying Germania weep and grief—her head bent down and her hands
ing, seated on a buckler, at the foot of a trophy joined upon her left knee; she seems to deplore
composed of German arms. On the right stands her lot as a vanquished province. The legend
a German captive, his hands bound behind him, of reverse is couched in prouder terms than
his shield at his feet. In the cxergne S. C.— those which usually record the victories of Marcus
OlIv.—IMPer:1I0r CAESar DO.\II'l‘ianus AV Aurelius—viz. Ger-mania .m6ju_qated.
Gn.s!u.s GEll..\Ianicur COnSz1l XI. CENSorz'a.' These and other epigraphs, accompanied by
PO'I‘e.slali.r Pater Patrzlz. Bust of Domitian types representing captive Germans, standing
lanrcated, adorned with the ilfigis. or sitting with their hands tied behind them,
 GERMANIA SUBACTA.
near a trophy, are amongst the coins, in large
and middle bronze, which record the reduction
of Germany, by repeated victories, to the power
of Rome, by the anus of Marcus Aurelius,
about the years 1:. c. 926 and 927 (A. D. 173
and 174).
The latter part of that emperor’s reign was
disturbed by wars, which he conducted in per
son. The discipline and valour of the legions
under his immediate command, proved as usual
irresistible by the barbarous tribes whom they
encountered, and gave rise to new triumphs,
and to the surnames of GERMANICVS and of
SAR1\lalicu.r, which are found on coins of that
celebrated prince.
GERMANICUS is a name, or rather a sur
name, which, having at first been justly ae
quired by the courageous and active Drusus, and
deservedly continued to his son Germauicus
Ca-ear, was afterwards assumed by many of the
emperors ; by some as the due acknowledgment
of their velour and success against the German
tribes, as in the instances of Tiberius, Galba,
Yitellius, Vcspasian, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Mar
cus Aurelius, Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, &c. ;
by others on the most groundless and disgrace
ful pretensions, as in the respective cases of
Caligula, Nero, Domitian, Commodus, &c.—
Amongst other surnames derived from con
quered countrics, Valerianus and Gallienus were
called not only Ger-maniei but even lllzzzinzi ;
and so likewise was Postumus; but the latter
with better reason, for he gained victory on vic
tory over the Germans, and built fortresses for
the Roman garrisous on the banks of the Rhine.
GERIVIANICUS Cresar, the son of Drusus
sen. and of Antonia junior, was born in the
year of Rome 739 (B. C. 15), for he was thirty
two years of age when he died in 772 (A. D. 19).
He derived the name Gerrnaniz-us from his father
Drusus. Being adopted by Tiberius, at the in
GERMANICUS. 415
stance of Augustus, in the year 757 (A.n. 4),
he began to be styled (bear Tiberii filiur, and
Augusli nepos. In 760 (A. n. 7), he held the
questorship, and was sent with succours to
Tiberius for the war in Dalmatia. For suc
cesses gained in this campaign, he earned tri
umphal and pretorian honours, 768 (A. n. 10).
In the year following, vested with pro-consular
authority, he, in conjunction with Tiberius,
made an expedition into Germany, to avenge
the slaughter under Varus. In 765 (A. D. 12),
he was elected consul, and in 767 (A. D. 14),
about the time of Augustus’ death, being ap
pointed to the legions on the Rhine, he quelled
a revolt of both armies, occasioned by their
repugnance to Tiberius, and their desire to have
him as a successor to the empire; threatening
them, in case of their persisting, that he would
put an end to his own life. And such was the
effect of his firmness, that they very shortly
gave in their adhesion to ’l‘iberius. For his
other exploits during the war in Germany, and
the honours which he thence acquired, from 7 67
to 770, see the biographical notice of Tiberius.
In 771 (A. D. 18), he was made consul for the
second time at Nicopolis, in Achaia, with Tiberius
for his colleague, and being sent into the East,
he established Artaxias on the throne of Armenia
(see p. 416), and reduced Cappadocia and Com
magene to the condition of a Roman province.
In 772 (A. D. 19), having gone into Egypt for
the purpose of studying its antiquities (ca_qnos
cendw antiqnitatis caurd), and thence passed
into Syria, he became the victim of the indig
nities and evil practices of Piso, prefect of
Syria, and his wife Plancina; unable to ea
cape their snares, he fell into ill health, which
was aggravated by the apprehension that poison
had been administered to him by Piso; and he
died at Epidaphne, near Antioch, on the 9th of
October of the same year. When the tidings
of his death spread abroad, it is scarcely cre
dible vvhat grief and consternation it caused
throughout the empire, and in Rome itsclf; no
one refraining from the most liberal abuse of
Tiberius, whom the popular voice condemned as
the instigator of Piso‘s crime. Nor was this
suspicion without foundation. For it is very
improbable, that Piso and Planeina would have
openly acted with hostility towards a Cmsar sent
with plenary powers into the East, had they not
been assured of the appioval of Tiberius and
Julia. Besides, it was a sutficiently well-known
fact, that Tiberius hated Germauieus, inasmuch
as he feared in him a successor to the empire, on
account of his popularity and the public animosity
against himself. The indignation of the people
knew no bounds; for even the altars of the
gods were pulled down, as though they had neg
lected their charge, the temples were dismantled,
and the Lares thrown into the streets. Even
barbarian tribes were alfccted with pity, and
there was n universal mourning, not only
throughout the Roman empire, but the entire
world. Assuredly, the history of ages does not
record a single instance, from the time of Alex
ander the Great, of any individns.l’s decease be
 416 GERMANICUS.
ing so bitterly and sincerely deplored: nor was
this the feeling of the moment only, but it con
tinued for many 'ears afterwards, insomueh that
the Romans use to rejoice in the prosperity,
and sympathise with the misfortunes, of the
children whom he left behind him. His praises
became the theme of all the writers of Roman
annals, who have extolled in the highest terms
his advantages of person and mind, his bravery,
his wisdom, his eloquence and learning, his cour
teous demcanour to his friends, and his cle
mency towards his enemies. His ashes were
transported by his wife Agrippina from Syria to
Rome, and deposited in the tomb of Augustus.
-—fl)octr. vi. 208).
He married Agrippina, by whom he had nine
children, six of whom survived him,—viz. Nero,
Drusus, and Cains, called Caligula; Agrippina cal; and also from a letter, replete with learn
(who married Claudius), Drusilla, and Julia ing and intelligence, from the pen of the late
Livilla.
The coins struck in honour of Gcrmanicus are
vcry rare in gold; of the highest rarity in first
brass; common in second brass; colonial rnre.
Those of Roman die, bearing his portrait, were
minted after his death, under Caligula and
Claudius. Some of them were restored by Ves
pasian. On these he is styled GERWANICVS
CAESAR 'l'I. AVGVST. 1". DIVI. AVG. N. (as
on the foregoing cnt)—also GERM. CAESAR;
GERMANICVS CAES. C. CAESARIS (Cali
gulre) PATER.
GERWANICVS CAESAR.—A warrior stands
with a sceptre in his left hand, guiding a tri
umphal quadriga.
Rev.—-SIGNIS RECEpti: DEVICTIS GER
l\‘Ianis. A warrior, clothed in a complete suit
of armour, stands with his right hand extended,
and in his left holds a legionary eagle. In the
field are the initials S. C. (struck by authority
of the Senate).
This middle brass, coined during the life-time
of Germanicns, is a monument of the honours
which were decreed to that prince, when he had
retaken from the Germans, and brought back to
Rome, the military ensigns lost by Varns, in
the reign of Augustus. And, although common,
these coins are of remarkable interest, as com
memorative of so important an historical event.
GER“.-\.\'lC\'S CAESAR Tlberii AV
G\'Sti Filiu.y DlVl. AVGu.sti Nepm. (Ger
manicus Caesar, son of Tiberius Augustus, grand
son of the divine Augustus.) Bare head of Ger
manieus. (Engraved in preceding page, from a
second brass).
R1'v.——Caiu.! CAESAR AVGu.r!u.\' GERMA
NICVS PO.\’l[fe.r l\1a.ri/nus 'l‘ltil1uniciw PO
GERi\l.»\Nl(Il7S.
Tcstalia. ln the middle of the coin S. C. (Se
natus Cormzlto).
The before described coin is, as the legend
shews, a mark of Culignlzfs professed venerntion
for the memory of his illustrious father.
In the Revue Numisvnulique for 1838, a gold
coin of Germanicu: is for the first time pub
lished. It had recently been brought from Asia
Minor, where it is considered to have been
struck. The legends and types are of surpassing
interest, inasmuch as they constitute an his
torical monumcnt, confirmatory of the fact, that
during the fatal sojourn of that heroic Roman in
the East, he conferred royal powers on an Ar
menian prince nalned Artaxins. From the able
commentary on the subject, inserted in vol. i. p.
338 et seq. of the above-named French periodi
Mr. Borrell, of Smyrna, addressed to Mr. Alter
mnn, and published in the Nimulmialic Clzronirle
for July, 1839, an article has been compiled,
which, together with a graphic illustration (un
avoidably omittcd here), will be found in letter
R of this dictionary, under the head of Re: AR
TAXlAS—Cae.1ar GERM.\NIC\'S.
[At the sale of the Sabatier collection, in
April, 1853, this unique denarius brought £30
10s. It is now in Lord Londcsb0rough’s cabi
net].
GERMANICVS COS. X.—A woman half
naked, sitting in a sorrowful
attitude on aGcrmanic shield;
below is a broken spear.-—
Gold of Domitian.-—\\'ith
the tenth consulate of this
emperor S37 (A. n. 84), the
title of Ger-1mmicu.r occurs
on his coins for the first
time; derived, as he wished it to be understood,
from his conquest of the Gvrmmlii Wl1L‘I'l'&§ 50
actually returned from that absurd expedition
without even seeing the enemy, as Dion has
testificd. (lxvii. §-t). Nor did he hesitate to
celebrate 3 triumph, \\'lllCl1, l\0\\’0\’0l', M Tacitus
informs us (Agricola, c. 39), furnished matter
for ridicule, from the fact that individuals were
paid to personate prisoners of war. The title
thus conceded to a contemptible vanity, he
made so much part and parcel of his designation,
that not only on all coins struck thenceforth up
to the day of his death did he insist on its being
added to the rest of his distinctions, but cvcn
Martial, Silius Itnlieus, and Statius, invariably
style him par enellence Gennanicus. Now this
may be tolerated as a poetical license, inasmuch
as the poets would naturally adopt a word,
which ofi'cuded less against the laws of metre
than that of Domitianns. But even that base
flatterer Quinctilian, though unconstrained by
any such metrical ditliculty, can find no other
appellation for him, than that of Grrlnnilivlu
.lu_qu:tu.r. (Just. x. 0.1.) There are numer
ous coins of succeeding years, which bear this
unfounded assumption of victory over a valiant
people in the legcud of their reverse; viz. Giza
HANICVS, or GI-IBHANIA CAPTA, or IMP. with
 GERMAN IS. GERMANIS. 417
the addition of various numemls; and of which by the elder Drusus, whose victories our coin
the types are, like the coin before us, Germania, ' here commemorates. North-east of the Frisii
as a woman sitting on a shield in an attitude of were the Chauci, distinguished by Tacitus as the
grief; the shield from its oblong shape being a most noble and just of all the German nations.
Germanic one, and distinctive of that people; South-east of the Chnuci were the Cherusci
or a trophy erected between a woman sitting (inhabiting the country now comprehending
and a German, with his hands bound behind Luneburg, Brunswick, and part of Branden
him, standing by his arms.-—Eckhel, vi. 379. burg). It was by this nation, in league with
GER-.\I.-\.\'lC\'S MAX. TElt.—A trophy be neighbouring tribes, under the conduct of Armi
tween two captives sealed on the ground. This nius, that the three legions commanded by Quin
silver coin of Valerianus is, on account of the tilius Varus, 762 (A. D. 9), were defeated and
addition -ran. treated with great distinction slain, in the Saltns Tcutobergiensis (Bialropric
by Banduri, who attirms that there is no coin qf Paderborn). And it was on this very scene
of any other emperor bearing such an inscrip of his countrymen’s slaughter, and of disgrace
tion. Nevcrtiicless, the same reverse is to the Roman arms, that, about seven years
plainly to be seen on a coin of Gallicnus, in afterwards, Germnnicus tenninated his cam
the cabinet of Vienna. Each emperor, on ae paigns in Germany by a crowning victory, the
count of the victories won by Gallienus triumphal result of which was the recapture, by
over the Germans, calls himself Germanicus that hero, of the lost ensigns from a brave but
Mrariznue, and the Ter. is attired in record of thoroughly vanquished, and for a long time
three victories gained. Gallienns, indeed, sup humbled foe; as recorded on his well known
plies several examples, shewiug that in that age, coin; SIGNIS nacnvrrs DEVICTIS or-:uM.——For
victories were enumerated, in like manner as at an account of the ditfcreut nations comprised
an earlier period the title of IMPe1-alor was ex within the division of Germuuia Inferior (now
alted according to the number of victories.—See Southern Germany), the principal seat of war
ozauasrcvs MAX. v. of Gallienus.—-D. N. vii. in the reign of M. Aurelius, see Ancient and
385 and 401. Modem Geography, by the late Bp. Butler,
GERMANIS (DE). Victory over the Ger edit. 1846.
. mans.—A trophy composed ‘
of German arms.——Obv.
NERO caavnrvs navsvs
GEBMANICVS IMP(ERA
TOR). Laurclled head of
Drusus senior. G0ld.—~
Engraved from a speci
men in the British Mu
seum.
GERMANIS fDE)- An equestrian statue on
a triumphal arch, between two trophies.—O!n1.
Same legend and type as the prcced1ng.—See p. GERMANIS (DE.)—I‘.\IP. VIII. COSIIII.
349 for a wood-cut of this gold coin. P. P.—A heap of arms and nrmour.——0bv.
The two subjects above described serve, with Marcus ANTONINVS AVGu.r!u.r GER-.\Iu11iclu
other nurnismatic monuments to rccal the SARMaiirua TR. P. XXX. P. P.—DE GERM.
honours decreed to Drnsns after his death; TR. iP. XXXI. IMP. VIII. COS. III. P. P.——
including the statues, both equestrian and pedes Gold, silver, and large brass of M. Aurelius.
trian, which were raised to his memory, and It is remarkable that in the graves in Ger
the triumphal arch built on the Appian way in many, no example of oblong shields are found,
honour of this celebrated general of Augustus. but all are round.—Sce Roach Smith, Collec
Of Germania, now, under the general desig tanea Anliqua.
nation of Germany, the most extensive country There is something not a little refreshing
in modern Europe, the derivation of the name is and satisfactory in the tokens of victory dis
not clearly ascertained. By some it is supposed to played on these military coins of the “philo
have been so called from the nation that passed sophie prince ;" because, unlike the vain eon
the Rhine and expelled those Gauls who, in the ceited lies of Domitiau’s prostituted mint, they
time of Tacitus, were called the Tungri (inhabit truly attest that series of arduous but even
ing the present territory of Juliers and Trcvcs). tually successful campaigns, his personal share in
Afterwards, the whole vast region from the shores which as Imperator and Augustus, obtained for
of the Baltic to the Rhzetian and Norican Alps, Aurelius the surname of Germanicua. What
was included under that appellation. It was renders them of peculiar interest is, that the
divided by the Romans into Germanic Prime, coins in question were struck at a period so
Superior or Upper; and Germnnia Sccunda, In calamitous and full of difficulties, that historians
ferior or Lower. The former so called as being compare the perils which then environed Rome
more inland, lay along the western hank of the to those of the Punic wars. In 920 (A.D. 167),
Rhine, and contained several German nations. with which the third consulate in the legend
On the eastern bank of that river, were the Frisii corresponds, the empire was ravaged by n pesti
(in part of Holland, Friesland, and Groningcn), lence, believed to have been brought from the
whose country was intersected by a canal, made East» by the legions of L.Verus. The Marcornanni,
8H
418 GERME.——GETA. GETA .
the Quadi, and almost all the barbarian tribes of from his father, and took the name of Publius
the North, rose in one wide circle of revolt from his uncle, a Roman knight. In 951 (A. D.
against the empire. It was at the commence 197), Severus having assumed the sole authority
ment of that year, that the two emperors, M. on the removal of his rivals, Geta followed his
Aurelius and L. \'erus set out for Gennania. On father to join the Parthian campaign in the
their arrival there, the barbarians asked for and East, where he declined to accept the title of
obtained peace. In Q21 (A. D. 168), the em Czcsar, though pressed upon him by the army,
perors returned to Rome. The following year approved by the Senate and the Emperor, and
saw the Germani in renewed and fonnidable though at the same time his brother Caracalla
insurrection, and the two Augusli made instant was already styled Augustus. But he received
preparations for another campaign The sudden the titles of Princeps Juventulis and of Pontgfex.
death of Verus, from apoplexy, left Aurelius
sole emperor, but after bringing back the re
mains of his colleague to Rome, and causing the
honours of consecration to be decreed to him,
Marcus, mindful of his duty to the State, re
sumed his march on rebellious Germania. In
923 (A. D. 170), pressing vigorously the war
against the Marcomanni, he established his head
quarters in Pannonia. Thence he pursued the
course of his victories over the Germans. And
in 925 (A. D. 172), the title of Germanicua was
conferred as a well-earned distinction upon
Marcus Aurelius. The interval from 926 (A. n.
173) to 928 (A. D. 175) was occupied, however, 951 to 957 (A. D. 198 to 204-.)—Bcing asyet
with an almost ceaseless struggle on the part of the too young to participate in affairs of state, no
barbarians in arms against the military power of events worthy of record occurred during these
the Romans ; but the enemy being beaten on all years.
sides, and forced to sue for peace, the brave and 958 (4.1). 205).—'I‘hc name of Lucius‘ was
victorious emperor added the title of Sarmalicus dropped, but that of Publiua retained. Getn.
to that of Gcrmanicus, and returned in triumph proceeded consul for the first time, as colleague
to Rome. In less than four years after to his brother, who was then in his second con
wards the Germans were again leagued against sulate.
the empire; and although they were defeated in 961 (A. D. 208).—Consul for the second time,
many bloody battles, and the Mnrcomanui in with his brother (Consul III.) he accompanied
particular nearly exterminatcd by his legions, his father and Caracalla to the war in Britain.
M. Aurelius was not destined to revisit his 962 (A. D. 209).—He received from his father
capital, but died 933 (A. D. 180), at Vindobona, the title of Augu-rtua, and was invested with the
(Vienna), in Panuonia, the base of his warlike tribunician power. The following year he began
operations and scene of his proudest achieve to be styled BRI’l‘rmirus.
ments. 964- (A. D. 2ll).—IIis father dying this year,
GERME, Galatiaa, colania, to the south of he began to be styled Pater Palria; and the
Pessinus now G/zermesfi in Asiatic Tnrkey.—The PO.\"I‘{fe.z was discontinued. On the death of
coins of this colony are Latin imperial, in first Severus at Eboracum, on the 4th February,
and second brass, from Domitian to Etruscilla, their father’s funeral being solcmnized, and
including Commodus, Diadumenianus, and peace being concluded with the Calcdonians, the
Otacilia Severn. One of the types consists of two brothers returned to Rome. Serious appre
an eagle with wings spread, on a pedestal hensions were excited throughout the empire by
between two ensigns, nllusive to the veterans of their disagreements. Caracalla, both on the jour
some legion whose name is not known, but who ney, and when nrrivcd at Rome, was constantly
from the legend COLonia A\"Gu.rla GER. engaged in plots for Getu’s destruction.
MENorum would appear to have been sent in 965 (A.D. 2l2).—No hopes being entertained
the time of its founder Augustus to people that of a reconciliation between thcsc two young
colony. It took the title of Felix out of ill princes; and the disturbances which arose in
bestowed compliment to Commodus. The other evcry quarter from their disscusions, increasing
types are the wolf and twins; a priest guiding day by day, a division of the empire was con
two oxen at plough. And the Etruseilla exhibits templated ; but given up at the instance of their
on its reverse, COL. GERl\lEl\'orum ACTIA mother. At length, having long in vain at
AVSARIA (tic). A table raised on three steps, tempted to put an end to Geta’s life, Caracalla
and on which is a globe between two urns. inveigled him by a show of afibction into
Above the globe is the torcular (wine or oil security, and killed him in the arms of his
ress) ; the whole within a crown of laurel.— mother, at the age of 22 years and ninc months.
unini, cited by Mionnet] “ Never (observes the author of Dorlrimz)
GETA (Lucius or Publius), the younger son since the days of the Thcban brothers (Eteocles
of Severus and Domna, brother of Caracalla, and Polyniccs), had the world bchcld a more
was bom at Mediolanum (Milan), about the year cruel and disastrous feud between men related to
of Rome 94-2 (A.D. 189.) He was called Lucius each other by the nearest ties of consanguinity.
 GETA. 419
That one of them would eventually perish by
the other’s hand, had long before been antici
pated, from the animosity so openly manifested
between them, and from the obvious intentions
of Caracalla. Yet all joined in the prayer that
a fate, which could not be averted, might at
last befall Caracalla, rather than Gets. The
ferocious and ungovernable disposition of the
former was well known; whilst Geta, on the
other hand, maintained a character for integrity LIB. svoo. v1. E‘! v. Caracalln and Gcta
and moderation ; he was courteous in his inter seated together on nn estrade; Liberalita-9 with
course with the world, particularly fond of the her teasera stands near them. Below is a reci
society of eminent men, and devoted to refined pient of their bounty.
pursuits; though Spartian attributes to him Ob0.—P. smrr. GETA mvs AVG. nnrr. Lau
a roughness of manners, unaccompanied how rellcd and bearded head of Geta. (Mionnet
ever with protligacy. The cruelty exercised values the am-eue, from which the above is
by Caracallu towards the friends of his murdered engraved, at 200 fr.)
brother, is recorded by historians. And, indeed, lmvlznv. s.\Nc'r. Pallas standing.-MINER.
that implacable hatred, which usually subsides vrcrmx. (Mt. 120 fr. eoch).—ror:r1r. cos. n.
on the death of its object, even if one not Minerva seated. (150 fr.)—Same epigraph.
connected by blood, yet in this case of n brother, Woman and t\vo children.——Same epigraph.
continued so nnnppeascd, that all who even Woman holding fruits. (120 fr. each.)——PmNc.
wrote or pronounced the name of Gctn were put IVVENT. cos. (A well preserved specimen of
to death; so that the very poets dared not this very rare coin brought £1-it 5s. at the
thenceforth use that customary and familiar Thomas snle).—rn1Nc. rvvmvr. Gets near a
name for a slave. His fury extended itself to trophy. (l00fr.)—sr.vr.n1 INVICTI AVG. Pll.
the statues and coins of the deceased, which he IIL. Radiatcd bust of Gets. (£14-, Thoma-s).—
destroyed. But he was foiled in his attempts srss. PVBLICA. (Mt. 110 fl‘.)——TRP. Ill. cos. n.
to obliterate all memorials of his brother; for Emperor trampling on a captive.—Same epi
not only are numerous coins of Gets extant at gruph. Gets stands before Rome seated. (Mt.
this moment, but some also of his statues 150 fr. each.)—vomi PVBLICA. A sacrificial
escaped, at sight of which, if we may credit group. (An extremely well preserved specimen,
Spartian, Caracalla was wont to weep. This £16 16. Thomas; £18 5s. Brnn1ell).—Same
emotion, however, was no proof of repentance, legend. Sl1Cl'lfiC0.--Obv.—GETA cans. PONT.
but only of unavoidable remorse. The erasure cos. (£13, Brumcll).
of Gcta's nnme from public monuments is SIL\'Elt.-—AE'l‘EllNl'l‘. IMPERI. Heads of Seve
tcstified by numerous marbles, nnd particularly rus and CBl't1(‘Ztll8. (Mt. 55 fl'.)—-IVLIA .\vovs
by the arch of Severus, still standing at Rome. rs. Head of Domna.——L. snrr. snvnnvs. Head
(See pp. 78-79). Not\\'ithstanding this relent of Severus. (45 fr. each).—Po.\"rrr. cos. 11.
less conduct, Caracalla bestowed greater atten The three emperors seated.—noM.u-1 Al-ITEBNAE.
tion thsn could have been expected upon his Rome seated in a temple. (40 fr. each).
brother’: funeral, and deposited his remains in Bnsss l\I1~;nAL1.1ons.—.\r.Qv1ryrr rvnnrcsn.
the tomb of Severus, on the Via Appin."-— (See p. 18. Mt. 100 fr.)—-ooivconnut mu
(vii. 227-230-233.) TVM. Emperor between five military standards.
It is not known whether this unfortunate prince Obv. P. SEPTIMIVS osrs CAESAR. Bust of Gets.
was married or not. (Brought £13 at the Cumpana sale).-Pnmc.
IVVENT. Three horsemen galloping.-lovr soa
MINTAGES OF GETA. PITATORI. Temple. (A specimen formed with
On his coins which are numerous (very rare parts of two different medals, joined together,
in gold, for the most part common in silver, and assisted by the graver, sold for £3 4s. at
rare in first but common in second brass), he is the Cnmpana auction). .
styled P. SEPT. GE'l‘A—GE'l‘A CAESar— F1ns'r Bn./iss.-—cAs'ron.—conconnm nvoo.
IMP. CAES. P. SEPT. GETA A\'G.—or P. Caracalln and Gets crowned by two figures. See
SEPT. GETA PIVS. AVG. BRIT. Some p. 2~L8.—-iovr sosm-mron1.—-roivrir. rn. P.
times the prenomen of Lucius, sometimes that of Three figures at s sacrifice. (£3 3s. Trattle).
Publins is seen on the Latin coins of Geta ; but i>n1.\'c. IVVENTVTIS. Three horsemen riding
on some Greek coins both narncs are found at full speed. For an explanation of the decur
together. There are pieces which represent him aizm type see pp. 314-315.
with Sept. Severus, Julia Domna, and Caracnlla. Olm.-oars c.u;sar roivrrn-:x consul. s. c.
The following are amongst the rarest reverses: Bust of Gcta, the head bare, and the shoulders
GOLD.—AN'l‘0NlNVS AVGVSTVS. Young head clothed with the paludamenlum. See wood-cut
of Caracalla. (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. and at the bead of biographical notice, p. 418.
55 fr. in silver).-—cAsron. (Mt. 150 fr).— This coin, bearing the youngest portraiture
CONCORDIAE AVGG. Caracalln and Gcta. of the prince, was minted between A. n. 197
(160 fr.)-—eo5. Ge-ta in a quadriga. (l 60 fr.)-— and 207, in which interval, Gcta, then about
rsucirss PVBLICA. (150 £r).—r1~:ucrr.is ten ycars old, was proclaimed Caesar by the
rsxron. (100 £r.)—r0sr. nnn. (120 fr.) Senate and the Army, but consented to receive
3H2
420 G1GAS.—GLOBULl. GLOBUS.
only the titles of Prince of the Youth, and of A globe appears on a great many different
Pontii‘ex.—See Pl?-INCEPS IVVI-‘.N'l‘V'l‘lS. coins of the imperial series, in the hand of Her
SAECVLARIA sscna. Temple and four figures. cules, of Jupiter, of the Sun, and of Oriana, an
(Two specimens of this type sold together for appellation of the sun. Also in the hand (sur
£15 15s. at the Trattle sale).—v1c'r. nan. (.22.mounted byaphmnix) of Eternity, of Felicity,
8s. Trnttl8)——\'lCTORIAE BRITANNICAE (Mt. 30 of Fortune, of Providence, of the Genus Hu
fr.) v1c'rom.s avovs-roavn. (50 fr.) manum, of ludulgentia, of Nobilitas, of Per
Snconn BRASS.-—PONTIF. cos. u. Minerva petuitus, of Securitas, and of \"irtus.——Rome
Medics seated, feeding a serpent.--See Lenor seated, likewise holds the globe in her right
mant, Ieonograp/lie Rom. p. 82, pl. xi. No. ll. hand, whilst resting her left on the hasta.—
GETA Ill \"IR.—See HOSIDIA gens. Italy is seated on a gl0be.—The same emblem
GIGAS. A giunt.—One of these fabled re repeatedly appears under the feet of Victory, of
bels against thc king of gods and men, is re Honour, and of several emperors.
presented as struck with lightning by Jupiter, A globe supported by two capricorns refers to
who stands in a quadriga. Sec a denarins of the horoscope of Augustus, on large brass of
the Cornelia gens, engraved in p. 286. The that prince.
monster beneath the quudriga is pronounced by
certain antiquaries to be Triton, whereas (says
Eckhel, v. 189) it is certainly meant for one of
the giants, whose lower parts are described to
have terminated in two serpents. There is no
account of enmity subsisting between Jupiter
and Triton ; but every ope is familiar with the ex
prcssion—Jupiter “ clarus Giganlum triumpho.”
Vain, therefore, are the conjectures of the
learned, to support which they have wrestcd
the interpretation of this type, which appears
to be wholly symbolicul, in allusion to some A globe, on the face of which a rudder is
sedition, quclled at Rome as effectually as placed, on a second brass of Augustus (restored
Jupiter put down the rcvolted giants. A by Ncrva), represents the earth, as the rudder
similar combat of Jupiter with a snake-legged does the sea, over both which the government
Titan is exhibited on a brass medallion of An- i of Rome had extended itself. A second brass
toninus Pius.—See Jupiter. of 'l‘iberius bears the same type as in the above
GLOBULI.-—Globules, or pellets, marked on engraving. On a gold coin of the last named
ancient coins, shew their weight and value. emperor, Victory seated on u globe holds a
For example . or a single globule is the sign of crown. The same emblem of power is held by
the uncid.-—Tw0 globules on small brass coins the Princeps Juventulir, or CQJEI‘, as the de
are the mark of the sezlarls in value, although it signated successor to the empire.
became less in weight on account of the dimi A globe surmounted by an angle with ex
nution of the coinage during the first and second panded Wings, serves to shew the supreme power
Panic war. It is thus on coins of the Abnria, of imperial Rome, and the subjection of the
Afraris, and other familics.—T/tree globules on world to its government; and is a type which
Roman brass denote the fourth part of the u.r, may be sccn on coins of Augustus, Vcspasian,
three quadrrms being three uncia in value. 'l‘itus, Iladrian, M. Aurelius, L. Vcrus, Per
They are seen on coins of the Aburia and tinax, &c. Or it is used for a symbol of Con
Domitia families.—Faur globules are the mark secrafiurz, as on coins of M. Aurelius, Verns,
of the trims, as on the brass of the Cornelia Pcrtinar, S. Severus, Csramlla, Alex. Severus,
gens.——Five globules, the quinczm.r.——.S'i.z- gla Carus and others. See coxsacnario, p. 249.
bules, the semie.—See as and its parts (p. 83). There is a coin of Antouinus Pins, on the reverse
GLOBUS.—A Globe is the symbol of the of which an eagle, with its wings shut, holds a
world,(0rbi.r terrarum), or rather of dominion crown in its beak.
in the world; hence it forms the sign of the A globe is held jointly byVespasian and Titus,
Roman empire. The same spherical figure is by Ncrva and a Senator, by Diocletian and
the type of eternity, because (according to Pie Maximianus. It frequently displays itself in the
rius on Hieroglyphics) it hath neither beginning hand of an emperor, as in the Reclor Orbi: of
nor end.—Rasche. Didins Jnlianns, the Victoria Aug. of Gal
The symbolical globe first makes its appear lienns; the Sarmalia of Constantinus jun. It
ance on coins of Augustus. " On this subject, was by this figure, as symbolical of the whole
Isidorus makes the following assertion (Orig. earth, that the .1u_//u.rIi proclaimed themselves
b. xviii. ch. 3):—‘Augnstus is said to have invested with imperial power. A vicloriola, or
used a ball as a military ensign (pilam in signo small image of victory, standing on a globe and
constituisse), to indicate the nations which he held by the emperor generally signifies that this
had subdued, in a pcrfcct circle around him, and dominion over the world was the fruit of suc
the more vividly to display the figure of the cessful wars.
world.’ With the same intention, it is ofien A globe, surmounted by avictoriola, is on
subsequently borne in the hand of emperors." coins seen delivered by Jupiter to Alexander
—Eckhel. Severus and to Carinus; by Hercules to Mari
 GLORIA CONSTANTINI. GLORIA EXERCITUS. 421
miau; by Jupiter to Diocletian; by Carus to If, says Vaillant (Nam. Impp. ii. 89), the
Numerianus; as if the gods and demi-gods authority of Nazarius is to be received, the
united in bestowing upon emperors the govern captive figures may be looked upon as represent
ment of the whole earth. Thus we likewise see ing those two kings of the Franvi, of whom the
the Genius of Rome giving the same symbol, writer above named says in his pnnegyric-“ Tu
respectively, to Tacitus, Probus, Maxentins, &c. ferocissimis regibus Ascarico, ct comito suo,
A 5/lobe, surmounted by a plmmiz, appears in tanta laude res bcllicas nuspicatus es, ut in
the hands of Emperors and Caesars of the Cou audits: mugnitudinis obsidem tenercmns.”
stnntine family.—See Fel. Temp. liq). (p. 378)
Gloria S1261!/II, &c. From the mint-mark SIS. the initiuls of Siacia,
a city of Pannonia, it may be inferred, that this
A globe, surmounted by the sign of the cross, coin was struck about 1079 (a.n. 326), when
either held by Victory, or placed, instead of a Constantine visited Rome, and, after a short
vidariola, in the hand Of the /1145/rzalus himself, , stay quitted the capital of the empire, never to
appears on coins of Christian emperors, from Va see it again. As to the epithet ferocissimi, ap
lentinian I. Theodosius II. Justinns, Justininnus, ‘ plied to the poor Francian kings, Ascaricus and
through the entire Byzantine series to the last Ragaiscus, his panegyrist with less of the courtier
of the Palzeologi, A. D. I4-53. but more of the man of truth, might have ad
The two symbols thus combined were received dressed the emperor himself with—“ Tufer0L‘i~!—
amongst the insignia of the lower empire, sime prim-ep.v,” &:c. No sooner, indeed, had Con
whence they have bcen uninterruptedly handed stantine become sole master of the empire, than
down to the present time. The meaning of this he abandoned himself to wrath and cruelty.—
cross-surmounted globe being adopted is ex “The punishment inflicted (observes the impartial
plained as follows by Suidaa, in his life of Beauvais) on two kings, his prisoners, whom he
caused to be devoured by wild beasts at a public
Justinian, “it signifies (says he), that through
Faith in the Cross, he (the Emperor) is made spectacle; the death of the two Liciuii, with
Lord of the earth; for the globe represents the whom he broke faith; and that of his eldest son
earth by the rotundity of its form ; whilst faith Crispns, who had won battles for him, and whom,
is designated by the cross on account of the neveitheless, he unjustly doomed to perish;—
Incarnate Deity who was fixed to it.” these and other barbarous actions of this nature
The cross is not placed on the globe, in the ' are indelible stains on his character.”
mint of Julian II. His hatred of Christianity GLORIA ET REPARATIO TE\.\'IPOR\-'M.
and love of idolatrons worship again supplied, The emperor standing in n. military habit, hold
in its stead, the small image of Victory used by ing a Victory and the labarum.—0bv. 1). MAG
other heathen emperors. NENTIVS P. r. svc. Laurelled bust of the
GLORIA. Glory.-—-This word, which appears usurpcr, with the pnludsmenturn.
for the first time on a coin of Probus, in con This gold coin was probably struck about
junction with Orbis (see below), and is repeated 1103 (A. D. 350), whilst Magnentius, his hands
with wcarisome frequency on coins of the lower just iinbrued in the blood of the Emperor Con
empire, is interpreted by Vaillant to mean stans, was endeavouring, but in vain, to effect
"manifestatio virtutis ct recti: factorum per terms of accommodation with the brother of his
ora hominum divulgntio”—(thc manifestation murdered prince, Constnntius the Second. To
of valour, and the publication of worthy ex n man of his perfidious and most cruel disposi
ploits, by the tongues of men.) For exam tion, whose usurped reign was one dark tissue
ple, the Glory of the Army—the Glory of of avarice and tyranny, nnrelieved by a single
the Roman people—the Glory of the Romans feature of distinction but what ability and valour
the Glory of the world. Yet never was glory imparted to it—such titles as are recorded in
more boasted of by those Romans than when the above legend, and also that of Restitutor
the once proud empire of the Caesars was with Libertatis, were flagrantly unsuited. But such
the greatest rapidity hastening to decay and perverted eulogia had only too many precedents
ruin. in the earlier mintages of Rome; and the later
GLORIA CONSTANTINI A\"Gu.rI1'.—'I‘hc the period of her empire, the more numerous
emperor, hclrned and paludated, stands with n are the examples of monetal flattery and men
trophy on his left shoul- ‘ dacity.—Sce _7iI/I_//nmlu/.!'.
der; he drugs by the hair GLORIA E.\'Elt(Jl’l‘VS, with soldiers armed
of his hcud n captive with spears and shields, standing on each
with hound hands; and side a labarum, or two military ensigus. On
treads with his left foot coins of Christian emperors the labarum bears
; on anothcr.—O/1v. \\'ith- ' the monogram of Christ. This legend and type
out legend. The head of are common on the coins of Constantine the
Constantine the Grcnt, Great, Dehnutius, Constantine jun. Constuns,
adorned with n geinmcd and Coustantius. They are regarded as bearing
fillet, face looking up to hcaven : on the excrguc . reference to the bravery and fortitude of the
SIS. soldiers in subduing the barbarous tribes, espe
Of this rare, clcgunt, and largest sized aurcus, cially those of Francis and Alamnnniu.
the above reverse is engraved, after a flower GLORIA EXERCI'l‘VS.—Two soldiers with
qf-tlae-die specimen in the British Musenm.— a tripod between them.—See Dnmurrus, p
For the obverse type see Diadem, p. 322. 31-5.—Amongst the Romans, the soldiers were
 422 GLORIA EXERCITUS. GLORIA ORBIS.
allowed to participate with their general in theA new style of legend, which, says Eckhcl
honours of the triumph, and with that view, i(in condemnation of the distorted fancies of
according to Plutarch, Marius on one occasion Hardnin respecting its meaning)» signifies
refused a triumph, that he might not by accept neither more nor less than predicting glory to a
ing it prevent his then absent troops from shar new government of the empire under Gratian.—
ing in it. The soldiers were accustomed to (viii. 159.)
march before the triumphal car, with branches
of laurel in their hands, as we see it on a me
dnllion of the younger Gordian. And in the
various Roman coins, especially of the Constan
tinian age, it is clearly shown by the trophies
with captives attached, and by the inscriptions
to the valour and to the glory of particular
corps, as well as of the whole Roman army,
that the emperors hesitated not to ascribe to _p_)t.1' ‘ .1 '
their troops the honour of victory, and to decree
the monuments which handed their exploits down
to posterity.—Spanheim's Casars qf Julian,
pp. 226-241.
GLORIA EXERCITVS GALLicani.—An GLORIA ORBIS.—On the exergne COS. V.
equestrian figure, bare-headed and paludated, In a trinmphal car, drawn by six horses abreast,
with right hand raised. On the excrgne PTR. the emperor Probns stands with his right hand
—-Gold of Constantine the Great. extended, holding a. volumen or a short baton,
Whether by Es-ercitus Gallicanus is to be whilst victory crowns him from behind. About
understood all the legions which served in Gallia the car are four figures on foot with palm
under Constantine Chlorns and under his son branches. Two soldiers, armed with spears,
Constantine; or whether by the term was meant lead the outermost horses.—06v.—nWic"rvs
the cavalry of the Gaulish nobility, fighting PBOBVS P. r. ave. Bust of Probus laureatcd
under the Roman standards; this legend has at and paludated, holding in his left hand a globe
least the merit (rare enough on imperial coins) surmounted by a victoriola.
of recording a complimentary truth; for it ap Of this large silver medallion, both Khell and
pears on gold and silver of Constantine the Buonarotti have given engravings. The former
Great, who mainly owed his repeated successes (p. 206), justly characterises it, not only for
over the Alamanni on the banks of the Rhine, weight and purity of metal, but also for superla
and his signal victory over Maxcntius near the tive elegancc of device, and vividucss of histori
Tibnr, to the aid and prowess of that army, cal interest, ss one of the most valuable relics
whose glory is predicated on these rare and fine of rnonetal antiquity.
c0ins.—Vaillant, Inzpp. Rom. iii. 89. The legends and types app ear to have im
GLORIA EXERCITVS KART. (or mediate reference to that brilliant period of
KARTH).—-An equestrian figure, in a pacific his brief career, between 1032 (A. D. 279) and
dress. In the ercrgue TPR. 1034 (A.D. 281), when, after having driven
Pcllerin, in the first volume, pl. xii. No. 2 the Franci and Alnmarmi out of Gaul; relieved
of his Mélauge, gives the engraving of a second the lllyrian and Thracian provinces from the
brass, which (from the legend of its obverse IMP. barbarian hordes that infested them; concluded
ALEXANDER P. 1*. AVG.) is ascribed to Alexander, a treaty of peace, on honourable terms, with
who in 1061 (A. D. B08), revolting against the Persians; and lastly, caused no less than
Maxentius, was proclaimed emperor by the three competitors to pay the forfeit of their lives
soldiers at Carthage. (See p. 34). Of this for their assumption of the purple,-—this great
usurper’s coins very few are extant; and the one prince and successful commander, at length
above cited is the more remarkable, inasmuch as enabled the empire to enjoy a genera] peace, and
no other has been seen with the legend inscribed himself to celebrate a series of magnificent
on this reverse. Eekhcl moreover points out triumphs at Rome, for his victories gained over
another remarkable feature on this coin, viz. many nations. This sudden lull, however, in the
that instead of an cldcrly and bearded head, like constant storm of invasions from without, and
that on other coins of the African Alexander, of interior conflicts, by which the State had
the obverse type of PeIlerin’s second brass alternately been assailed and laceruted—this ab
exhibits the profile of a young man, without rupt transition from world-wide war to universal
beard, which, from the narrative of Zosimns, tranqnil]ity—provcd fatal to “ Unconqncred
he thinks it not improbable to be that of Probns.” The legions, tired of planting vines
Alexander’s son—-the same whom Maxentins in Hungary, rose mutinously against their brave
demanded of the usnrper as a hostage, and who sovereign; whom, in their military licen
was then in the flower of his age. tiousness regarding him rather as their task
GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI.—The emperor, master than their general, they killed at Sir
in the paludnmcntum, stands with an image of minm, in the year U. C. 1035 (A. D. 282),
Victory in his right hand, and in his left the whilst he was preparing for another expedition
labarnm. On silver and third brass of Gra against the Persians, and had proceeded consul
tian. for the fifth time, as is indicated on the lower
 GLORIA REIPUBLICAE. GLORIA ROMANORUM. 423
part of the preceding revcrse.——Sic tranrivit Romano;-um are generally either Rome seated;
Gloria 0RBISl or the emperor on horseback, javclin in hand,
GLORIA REIPVBLIC AE.—Two sedent trampling on a kneeling or a prostrate captive.
female figures, each holding a llaafa. The figure Sometimes it is a woman turret-crowned, or an
to the right is galeatcd ; that on the left wears a altar inscribed with votive numerals. On gold
turreted crown, and places of Eugeuius, Rome and Constantinople are per
her right foot on the prow sonified scatcd together (as in Gloria Reipublica:
of a ship. Together they of Constantius above engraved). On a gold
support with their right medallion of Arcadius, that emperor nimbated,
hands a shield, on which right hand held up, the left holding a globe,
is inscribed vor. xxx.stands in a chariot drawn by six horses, full
MVLT. xxxx. (For the fnced ; and in the field is the monogram of
Christ. It is engraved in Vaiilant, Impp. Rom.
vows Q/' tlzirfy _1/ears mul
iii. 262.
tiplied for forty years).
06¢. DN. co_\'sra1\"r1vs MAX. avovsrvs. Dia There are, however, examples of types ae
demed head of Constantius II. On the exerguc companying GLORIA Roanuvonvn shewing that
res. (money of Thessalonica) between two stars, legend not always to identify itself with the
or CON.--Other coins of this reign exhibit the person of the emperor on whose coin the legend
same legend and type of reverse, but with V01‘. appears. One of these is a gold medallion of
xxxv. MVLT. xxxx. and on the exerguc SIR. Constantine the Second, the reverse of which
l( rum). The obverse legend is I"Luv1'u.s IVLiu.r exhibits a woman seated on a throne, holding
CONS'l‘A‘.\’TIVS PERPetuu.r AVGu.sln.s. The in her right hand a globe surmounted by a vic
type exhibits the bust of Constantius II. face to toriola, and in her left the lzarta, or a sccptre
the front, the head covered with 1| helmet, or with oval-formed top. Her right foot rests on
namented with a. diadem of precious stones, and the prow of a vessel.—When a highly-preserved
an aigrette, the shoulders clothed with the pala specimen of this extra rare piece formed part of
danu-nI1m1, holding in the right hand a javclin, the Thomas cabinet, Mr. Akcrrnan caused it to
and carrying on the left arm a bncl-rler, on which be engraved, for his Deacrzptive Cataloyue of
is represented a horseman (the emperor himself) Roman Coins. See vol. ii. pl. G. and also a
charging an enemy. note on the subject by the same writer, who
These elegant and peculiarly interesting gold suggests that the female figure may, from her
coins would appear to have been minted in 1114 imperial robe and embroidered shoes, probably
(A. D. 364), when Constantius, having driven he a portrait of the empress Fausta (p. 271),
back Sapor II. king of Persia, found himself he further remarks, that the symbol which she
free for a war against Julianns as Caesar, who hadsupports in her left hand resembles the thyrsns
already established his authority in Italy and of Bacchus.
Illyria.—-It was in the midst of preparations for There is a gold medallion of Valens, with the
this formidable struggle that he was attacked same legend and a reverse similar to the one
with sickness at Mopsucréne, in Cilicia, and died above described, but with ROMA on the exergue,
there. engraved in Steiubiichel, p. 21, pl. i. No. 6,
Alluding to the respective coverings to the but not in so fine a state of preservation as the
heads of the two pcrsouifications on the above one above described.
described reverse, Eckhel says-—“ By these GLORIA ROMANORUM.——The Emperor
marks the two Romes are distinguished. The (Vnlens) on horseback, with the nimbus, and
old, which sits on the right, wears a helmet; togatcd. Before him is the figure of n woman
the new, with towers around her brows, as ap habited in the stola, and wearing a turretcd
pears on those coins first issued from Constan crown, holding in the left hand a lighted torch,
tine the Great’s mint, and which are inscribed and with the right hand lifting a portion of her
CDNSTANTINOPOLIS. The vora xxxv. are rare; girdle, which falls to her feet. She bends her
the renewal of vows for the emperors being usu self as if to receive the emperor with the greater
ally, not qninqucnnial but, from ten years to degree of respect. Below is another female
ten years.—See Dosh". viii. 116. Also Khell, figure, recumbent, holding apples or other fruits
supplement to Vaillnut, p. 157. in the folds of her tunic, whilst on her left arm,
GLORIA ROMANORIY .\l.—This legend was as far as can be discerned, rests a eornucopim.
first used, as a new title of personal honour, Near the recumbent figure are the letters A. N.
under Constantine the Great, who certainly did shewing that the medallion was struck at An
perform so many remarkable achievements, that tioch, in Syria.
in his case, the emperor was the whole Glory Obv.—n. N. van-;1vs P. P. AVG. Bust of the
qf tlze 1?/nnans. The same cpigraph also ap emperor, the head crowned with a diadem of
pears on coins, not only of his sons Constantine pearls. The right hand held up, and in the left
jun. Constans, and Constantine; but likewise a globe. Gold, weighing 63 (Hungarian aura)
of Nepotinnus, Vetranio, Magncntius, Constan ducats.
tins Gallus, Julianna II. \'alcntiuianns, Va/ens There is another gold piece of the same em
(see p. 4:24), Procopius, Gratianus, Valentini peror, part of the Trésar trouvé en Hangrie,
anus II. Theodosius the Great, Arcadius, Hono 1797, since preserved in the Imperial Museum.
rius, Sec. It bears exactly the same legends and types as
The types assigned to the epigraph of Gloria the one above described, and surpasses in Weight
424 GLORIA ROMANORUM. GLORIA ROMANORUM.

all of nncient date yet discovered; being equal guishing symbol of any particular city, its ap
to 118 ducats. pearance, no doubt, indicates a compliment paid
The following is an extract from the manu toValens. For by numerous testimonies of
script of Eckhel, as published by Steinbiichel, ancient writers, and especially of lierodian, we
relative to these two medallions, the smaller of are assured, that it was the custom to bear
which is represented in the above wood-cut :— lights before the emperors, as a mark of the
“The type of this reverse, as it is evidentl_v highest respect; and we may venture also to
a novel one, and such as the numismatic soil ,_ say, as a kind of attribution of divinity. Dion
has nevcr before produced, so for various rea Cassius is the first to supply an instance of this
sons it presents several particulars deserving of practice, when, speaking of themodcsty of M.
remark. I shall not greatly err in pronouncing Aurelius, he says of him, that whenever he ap
that by this type is indicated the visit of Vulens peared in public unaccompanied by his father,
to some city of note. To cite one out of the he wore a cloak of a sombre colour, and never,
many instances contirnlatory of this opinion, on when alone, permitted lights to be carried before
a coin of Commodus, struck in 933 (.\. n. 80), him. We have a confirmation of the truth of
that emperor is represented mounted on a horse, Diou’s statement in the Commentaries of ‘.\[.
proceeding at a gentle pace, the accompanying Aurelius himself, where he remarks, that he had
legend anvnnrvs AVG. And, what points with learnt from his father the possibility of living
still greater certainty to an arrival at some even at court without a crowd of attendants,
place, is the figure of the genius of a city, shewn or an ostentatious display of dress, or flambeaus
to be such by the turreted head, in the act of and statues. According to Herodian, when
meeting the emperor, and paying him reverence Pertiuax, at s perilous juncture, was hailed im
by a slight bending of the body. Of this kind perator by acclamation, and made his appear
of meeting there are other examples. On some ance in the Senate-house, he suffered neither
imperial coins, struck in Egypt, a female figure lights to be borne before him, nor any other in
of the Genius of Alexandria (see p. 412 of this signia of sovereignty to be displayed. And the
dictionary) meets Hadrian, and takes in her same author informs us that Pescennins Niger,
hand, and kisses, the right hand of her imperial on being proclaimed Augustus in opposition
visitor; or the same Genius, bearing a vexillum to Didins Julianus, immediately arrayed him
and corn-cars, joins right hands with the em self in the purple and all the imperial pam
eror on his arrival; or, holding out an olive phernalia that could bc procured at short notice,
ranch, hastens to meet the emperor, who ap and, with lights preceding him, visited in pro
proaches iu a quadriga.—If more proofs were cession the temples at Antioch. The same dis
needed, I might add, that on another coin of tinction was accorded to Qnartinus, whom the
Hadrian, with the legend ADVENTVI AVG. ALEX Osrhaaniau soldiers set up in opposition to
ANDRIAE, even the presiding deities of that Maximinus, who had incurred their enmity on
city, Serapis and Isis themselves, have deigned account of the murder of Alexander Severus;
to honour with their presence the advent of the and not long afterwards the like compliment was
emperor. With regard to the torch in the left paid at Carthage to Gordianns Africanus. Nor
hand, since it cannot be considered as the distin did the Augusta" withhold this honour from the
 GLORIA l{Oi\I.-\NORL';\I.
cmpresses. The same llerodian informs us,
that Commodus, even after the death of L.
Vcrns, and her subsequent marriage with Pom
peianus, a privatc citizen, preserved to his
sister Lucilla all the insignia of imperial dignity;
for he permitted her to view the public games
from an imperial throne, and to have lights
carried before her. Indeed, that this “fiery”
distinction was by far the most exalted of the
honours paid to sovereignty, we learn again
from the statement of Ilcrodian, that Com
modus carried his infatuated attachment for
.\larcia to such a length, that her position
ditfered in no respect from that of a legitimate
wife, all the privileges of an empress being
showered upon her, except that of having
lights borne before her. I think the foregoing
testimonies from ancient writers arc sufficient to
prove the existence of the custom in question.
lint there are monuments also extant, which
corroborate their statements. Count Caylns has
published a marble in has-relief, which presents
the emperor delivering an adlacutio from a
ally]/rslus. By his side stand soldiers with
military cnsigus, one of which exhibits a lighted
fire fixed on the end of a spear (lice. /1’ Ant.
iii. pl. 66), intended doubtless to indicate the
custom of which we are new speaking. Who
was the originator of the practice, or what the
country from which it was first derived, are
questions about which Ido not much trouble
myself. It very likely came from the East,
where fire is held in such peculiar veneration.
And Ammianus, in reciting the customs of the
Persian magi, says, that a small quantity of
celestial fire was carried before the kings of
Asia; and generally we may remark, that
antiquity was in the habit of connecting every
bright and fiery object with its princes, witness,
on the coins of emperors, the radiated crown,
the nimbus, the emperors and empresses com
pared with the Sun and the Moon, &c.
“ As I have said that the type of this reverse
alludes to some imperial arrival, I must en
deavour to discover some probable conjecture,
by which the name of the very city may be
elicited. My belief is, that it refers to the city noph, (Jyropred, lib. iii. c. 3.
of Antioch, the most renowned in the East, and
where history informs ns that Valens resided for
many years, whilst engaged in the war with
Snpor the Persian; where, too, he built baths.
This opinion is confirmed by the letters AN. the
initials of Antioch. There can be no doubt that
the female figure lying on the ground is Mater
Tellus, so frequently observed in this posture on
ancient monuments. ' "‘ * " " By between the figure of the emperor and that of
the open fold of the tunic, with apples ap the province, it is evidently to indicate thanks
pearing therein, and by the coruucopire, she givings rendered to the gods for the happiness
boasts her own peculiar gifts, and seems to which the presence of the emperor had afforded
prognostieate increased abundance and fertility them. On most of these reverses the victim
from the arrival of the emperor. Nor was such
hope without foundation, for it was to Hadrian’s
visit that the Africans attributed the grateful
fall of rain after a five years‘ drought. Indeed
some of the ancients believed that fate itself was
controlled, or executed, by the power of princes.
On the obverse of the first described medallion,
SI
GLORIA ItOMA.\'ORUl\I. 425
Valens is typified raising his right hand, which
was the customary gesture of emperors, when
proclaiming peace and their own supremacy.”
[Such is the light which, with his peculiar
tact and ability, the Prince of the Science we
study after his system, has thrown on the subject
of these monetal prodigies. In fulfilling the
duty which had devolved to him, of giving
publicity to Eckhel’s manuscript, M. Steinbiichel
admits that nothing can be more clear than the
ma-emb/e of the elncidation—that it is the ar
rival of the cmperor—that the female figure
must be the genius of the city, or of the pro
vince, which receives him with all due sub
n1ission—and that the symbolical figure of the
earth, below, indicates an imperial journey into
distant countries. Having thus unhesitatingly
adopted the general views expressed in the pre
ceding observations, Steinbiichel proceeds to
animadvert on some points of detail, the mean
ing of which is less apparent, and the argu
ments adduced in support of which are less con
vincing, to him, than the other parts of Eck
hel’s explanntiom]
“The whole ditficulty (says the learned Ez
Direcieur du Musée I. It.) consists in the female
figure before the emperor. Eckhel, guided by
history and the expedition of Valens to Antioch,
coupled with that prince’s long residence in
the rich capital of Syria, has taken it for the
Genius of that city. His erudition furnished him
with the explanation of the lighted torch; he
derives its signification from the custom which
prevailed in ancient times of carrying the sacred
tire before kings and emperors. " * "
But it is necdful to observe, that this fire which
was borne before princes is not proved to have
been of lighted torches, as Eckhcl has supposed.
We are on the contrary persuaded that on these
occasions portable altars were used, such as we
see actually represented in the bacchanalian pro
cessions on some antique bas-reliefs. It is
generally allowed that this custom came from
the East; and we find these altars even dis
tinctly named by Cnrtins, lib. iii. and by Xe
“Again, it is necessary to observe, that on so
many coins and other monuments which repre
sent the arrival of emperors in different pro
vinces and cities, we in no instance find an
allusion to the usage in question, that is to say,
of carrying the sacred fire; or, as Eckhel says,
lighted torches before them. If sometimes we
find on these coins an altar placed in the centre
there seen offered on the occasion, is a bull ex
tended on the ground, in such a way as to lead
to the conclusion, that the ancients did not
employ the symbol of the lighted torch to re
present the arrival of emperors. Why then
should it have been adopted on these medals of
Antioch ?
426 GLORIA ROMANORUM. GLORIA SAECULI.
" The torch, without day reference to the action
space thus occupied in his pages, but he leaves
of the emperor, seems to us a distinctive and the respective points, on which a Steinbiiehcl
characteristic mark of the female figure. Our and an Eckhel differ and coincide, to the reader's
reason for believing it is this ;—In the .l[u.reum consideration and judgment].
T/mupolum, which the Emperor of Austria caused GLORIA RO.\fANOR\'M.-—Rome seated,
to be purchased for the Imperial Museum at holding a vietoriala in the right hand and resting
Vicuna—[an acquisition made subsequently to left hand on the hasta. In the cxerguc S!lN.—
Eckhel’s death]—there is a small Greek coin in Obv. without legend, Head looking upwards,
brass which exhibits on the obverse the bust of diadem with pearls, &c. (see p. 322). Gold
the Sun, with radiated crown, and a torch; on
medallion of Constantine the Great. Size S.
the reverse the bust of Diana, with the crescent [An unpublished specimen in the highest pre
and likewise a lighted torch. What constitute servation, brought £11 at the Sabaticr sale, cu
the merit of this little monument are the in
gravcd in pl. ii. No. 3, annexed to the catalogue,
scriptions ANA'l‘oM1 and ATEIE, that is to say [Of 532].
East and West. Are we to suppose that these
types represent to us only the two stars of day GLORIA RO.\IANORVM. Personificd Rome
and of night? Without entering into detail scated.—In the exergue 'ra.—Obv.-—rI.. r\'1..
respecting the times of M. Aurelius, to whose CONSTANTIVS non. c. Bast diademed with
reign the coin belongs, it is nevertheless cer pearls, and wearing the paludainentum. Gold
tain that the signification of it will prove medallion of Const-antius II. size 7.
altogether symbolical. There is no doubt but [A fine specimen, brought £9 at the sale of
that these same figures of the sun and moon have the Sahatier collection, tho catalogue of which
already been made use of on the triumphal arch contains an engraving of it in pl. ii. No. 4,
of Constantine the Great at Rome, for the pur lot 538].
pose of indicating the two great divisions of our
world (Oriana at Occidens), East and West.
Now, the spirit of Christianity no longer per
mitted it under Valens, to avail itself too faith
fully of pagan symbols. This accounts for our
no longer seeing the crescent on the forehead of
the woman on our medallion; but we have there
the torch and the turreted crown to replace them.
There is nothing, therefore, opposed to our re
cognising thc image of the West in this figure,
which seems to enter into the presence of the
emperor, and to receive him. In that case it
would be the grand expedition against the Goths
which was meant to be pointed to—an expe
dition whcnce a very different issue was assur
edly hoped for than a defeat, destined to cost GLORIA SAECVLI VIRTVS C.-\ESS.
Valens both throne and life. (Cmsarum). The valour qf Me (lmnrr is I/iv
“ But it will be said that, as on the coins _r/Iory of the a_qe.—The emperor, naked to the
of Valerianus and Gallienus, with Resli/utari waist, seated on a cuirass, and resting his left
Orimzlllr (Banduri, i. I10 and I24), the East is
hand on a long sceptre. In front of him stands
represented by a similar figure of a woman, with a young warrior, wearing the paludamenlum, he
the same radiated crown, although without
bears a trophy on hislcft shoulder, and with his
torch, why should she not be the East, on the right hand offers a globe surmounted by a pluzwir,
medallions of Valens, coming to mcct him, and
to the emperor. At his feet is a panther. On
why should not these medallions have actually the exergue, P. R. (PL-rcusaurn Roma-—-struck
been struck for his journeyinto Syria, and for the at Rome.)
expedition which he was contemplating against
the Persians? To speak frankly (concludes M. Obv.—CONS'I‘ANTIN'\'S M.~\Xi1nu.r AV
Steinbiichcl), we have nothing to oppose to such Gualus. Bust of Constantine the Great, wear
ing the paludamcntum, and a diadem omaments-d
an assertion, provided that the female figure re
mains the symbolical figure of the East, and with precious stones and laurel leaves. (Sec
not that of the city of Antioch, and that the this portrait engraved in p. 257.)
torch be then a fiambeau zlu soleil, the great Vaillant, in his series of brass medallions,
tulclary of the East, and not an indication of (Impp. Rom. 1'. iii. 237), has given a print of
ceremonies for the entry of the emperor into this fine historical monument. Buonarotti also
Antioch.”—Sce N0!/ce sur /ea illédailloru Ro (Medagl Aul. p. 390), has engraved it, and
main: en Or, zlu Mmée /is Wanna, p. '22 ct seq. moreover made it the subject of a learned com
[llcre then the opinions of two such high au mentary, Without however resolving all the
thorities as those above quoted are placed in ditiiculties to which the reverse has given rise.
jnxta-position, as well where they conflict as Eckhel makes no mention of it. Nor, indeed, has
where they agree with each other, on a matter Vaillant contributed anything to its elucidation,
of more than ordinary numismatic interest. but he at once pronounces Ci-ispus to be repre
In having done so, the compiler grudges not the sented in the figure of the warrior.
 GLORIA SAECULI. GOLD COINAGE. 427
M. Ch. Lenormant, on the other hand, and G. M. Germanicua 1l[a.tiuzu.9.—It thus ep
with greater show of reason, says—-“ The Caesar pears on a coin of Gallienns——rnr. GALLIENYS
who presents the globe appears to us indubitably P. r. AVG. G. 1r.—Banduri, i.
Constantius the Second. The trophy which he G. M. Q. or C. MESS. Q. &c.— Gneus Mea
carries, surmounted by aPhrygian cap, points rius Quinlus. These are preuomina of Trajan
to a victory gained over the peoples of the East; Dccius.—See DECIUS, p. 313.
and Constantius is the only one of Constantine G. M. V. Gemina Mlnervia Viclrzlr.-—Namc
the Great’s sons, who had been charged, two of o Roman legion.
years before the death of his father, with an ex GOLD COINAGE of the Romans.-—At the
pedition against tbe Parthians. The plural period when silver money was introduced into
car-zsanvx indicates, it is true, several Caesars; Rome, namely in the year U. c. 485 (B. c. 269),
but according to a custom, already become old Roman power had already gained a great in
at the epoch of Constantine, it is probable that crease. It extended itself still more and more
the achievements of one Caesar were inter as riches and the mass of the circulating medium
commenicated with the others. A more precise augmented. According to Pliny, gold was first
explanation of this plural is also capable of coined at Rome in the year of that city 547 (B. C.
being furnished. Constantine junior, five years 206). It has been supposed, that amongst the
before the expedition of Coustantins, had ob money issued from that epoch to the time of the
tained a great victory over the Goths; probably first Trimnvirate, some coins were minted, not
it is that prince whom the legend here asso in Rome but, in one or other of the Italian cities
ciates with his brother. The panther doubtless subject to Roiuc. ‘ But on this point suiiicicutly
alludes to the public shows celebrated with the positive data do not exist whence satisfactory
animals which Constantius had broughtto Rome inferences can be drawn.
from his eastern campaign. It will be perceived, When gold was first employed by the mo
that the young prince has his right foot placed neyers of Romc—namely, at the date above
on the tail of the panther, whose mouth is half mentioned, when the war with Hannibal was at
open as if crying out. It is indeed by acting its height, coinsin that metal, which, to abide by
on the tail (en ayirsant our la queue) that the the statement of Pliny, “ were struck like
most ferocious beasts are tamed. As to the the silver ones, in such a manner, that the
pfi¢m'.z-, Buonarotti, on good ground, afiirms, scruplc [twenty grains of gold] was equivalent
that this symbol of renovation had been adopted to twenty sestertii [of silver], which, con
by the first Christians, which serves to explain formably to the standard of sestertii then pre
to us why it is met with on a monument of the vailing, gave QO0 sestertii to the pound.—
last years of Constantine's reign. The same Snbsequently it became thc custom to strike
‘ Italian nntiquary even cites a passage from John 40 denarii to the pound of gold; and gradually
of Salisbury, a writer of the 13th century, ac the weight was diminished by successive empe
wrding to whom the symbol of the plmmiz rors; by Nero so low as 45 to the pound.”
sbewed itself from the foundation of Con And these coins are frequently called by Pliny
stantinople. To what more ancient author denarii, as their half were called quiimrii, a.
John of Salisbury was indebted for this piece of misapplication of the term, as they were neither
information, we have not been able to verify.” of the weight, nor of the relative value, of
Iz-ouographie des Empereur; Romaine, p. 121, the silver coins, though nearly the same in
pl. lvii. No. 13. dimcusions.—-Arriau, too, mentions ‘a. gold
There are gold and silver coins of the same and a silver denariua,-’ and Petr-onius says
emperor, but of the ordinary size, having for —‘ instead of black and white counters, he
legend of reverse GLORIA ssrzcvm vrarvs cans. used gold and silver denarii.’
with simply two figures standing, the one pre It is thus that the weight of the gold dena
senting u globe to the other. rius has been calculated from the ascertained
GL. P. R. Gloria Populi Romuni.—Rasche. weight of the silver one. From Pliny we know
GL. R. Gloria 1fmnan0rmn.—Vaillant, Pr. that 84 denarii were struck to the pound of
i. p. 300. silver. Since each of these weighed 75 Parisian
GL. E. R. Gloria Erercilus R0mrmi.— grains, the number of grains required to make
A.kcrman—Rascl1c. up the monetary pound would be 6,300. But
G. P. R. Gmiua Populi Romzmi.—Denarins as we have already learned from the same an
of Cornelia gens. 2 B. Hadrian and Antoniuus. thority, that 40 denarii were struck to the
GRA. and GRAC. Grace/m.r.-—-Surname of pound of gold, you will, by dividing 6300 by
Sempronia gens. 40, arrive at the number of grains which each
G. T. A. Genius Tu:‘elari.: /Eyypti, or Africa’. gold piece weighed, viz. 157§.—Hence it is
-—Sec silver of Caecilia gens. clear that the gold denariua weighed more than
GLYCERIUS (Flavius) usurped the ernpirc two silver ones by 7} grains. And thus it
after the death of Olybrins (the son in law of follows, that from Nero’s time, when -1-5 denarii
Valentinian Ill.) A. 1). 470, and the next year were first struck to the pound of gold, the
he was forced to abdicate, and content himself weight of the yolzl rlenarius was 140 grains.
with the bishopric of Salona, in Dalmatia.— The Roman aureu: held the invariable value
Died about the year 480. On his coins, which of 25 denarii, under such regulations, that any
are in gold and silver, of very great rarity, he increase, or diminution, of weight in the mu'cu.r,
is styled n. N. onrcsarvs P. r. AVG. should be attended by a corresponding altera
312
428 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE.
tion in the weight of the denariu.9.—The above entirely satisfactory; but in comparing these
mentioned weight of the aureus is confirmed by data with what we know respecting the value of
abundant testimony. Zonaras speaks clearly on the gold dcnarius, fixed at 25 silver denarii,
this point—“ Among the Romans twenty-five and in making the calculation of weights, rc
drachma: [drachm, 8th part of an ounce Troy sults are arrived st. Moreover we find in the
weight] make one gold coin.”—Xiphilinus says coins themselves sources of important informa
the same.-—-According to Lucian, 30 aurei are tion, which ought to serve us by way of guide,
equivalent to 750 drachmm, and consequently although they relate to only one epoch.
one aureus to 25 drachmsc, or denarii.—Sueto Three very rare pieces of gold money, which
nins relates, that Otho gave an aureus to each were in all probability struck in Campania,
of the soldiers composing his outlying cohort; under Roman authority during the republic,
and Plutarch, who records the same fact, says, are considered to have been issued, about the
in Greek——xpmroDv éxa.o~rrp 6ta.vé;4wv-—-distri time when gold coins of Roman die began to
butiug to each an aureua. What these authors be struck. These three coins bear the following
call an aurcu.r, Tacitus describes as a aeslerlius numeral marks; \1/x. (sixty seslerliij; xxxx.
—-“that he might distribute 100 numi to each (forty sealcrlii) ,- XX. (twenty seslerlii). There
man of the cohort, which was keeping watch is no doubt as to the accuracy of these interpre
and ward.” But 100 sestertii are equal to 25 tations. After the examinations to which the
dcuarii. Suetonius says of Domitian-——“ He weight of these pieces were submitted, with
added a fourth aureus to the pay of the soldier, us much exactness as circumstances would
which was three aurei.” Zonuras gives the same allow, the coins being very rare, and fcw speci
sum in drachmus——" Whereas 75 drnchmtc were mens of them extant, there appeared the fol
usually paid to each soldier, he ordered 100 to lowing results, which nevertheless ought to
be paid to them.” This will enable us to un be regarded only as approximations, for they
derstand the expression of Martial, when he de were not exactly in agreement with each other :
sires that, to the 57 years which he had already Piece of 60 seslerlii, weighing thrcc
lived, should be added twice nine more, that he -I'L‘1’ll]Jf€J of the Roman pound .... .. 64 grains.
might complete his tree aurei of life. He would Piece of 40 amlertii, weighing two
then have lived 75 years, the number of de scruples of the Roman pound .... .. 43 n
narii contained in three aurei. Piece of 20 seaterfii, weighing one
Most authors of modern times state the pro .r¢'rnple of the Roman pound .... .. 21§ ,,
portion of gold to silver, among the ancient The following calculations were subsequently
Romans, as nearly 1 to 12, so that 12 pounds of made:—
silver were exchanged for one of gold. Nor does The scniple of gold being the twenty-fourth
investigation materially contradict this state part of the ounce, an ancient pound contained
ment; since for the aureus, which was rather 288 scruplcs. In multiplying 288 by 21} gr-sins
more than double the weight of the denarius, weight of the gold piece of 20 sestertii, which
25 dcnarii were given in exchange. To c0m~ weighed a scruple, we have for the weight of
pare it, for example, with the modern coinage, the ancient pound 6,144 grains. The gold
an aureus of Julius Csesar, or Augustus, is worth scrnple being worth 20 silver sestertii, or five
2 k § 1 Hungarian or Dutch gold pieces [viz. dcuarii, the pound of gold, containing 288 scru
ducats, 2 dwts. 5 1‘ grs. 9s. 51-d. English plcs, was worth 1,440 silver dcnarii.
value], the weight decreasing gradually, in We know from Pliny, already quoted, that
successive periods. 84 silver denarii were made out of one pound of
The proportion or relation borne by Gold to that metal. Dividing 144-0 by 84, leavers 17%.
Silver in the coinage of Rome, is a subject, with Therefore the proportion of gold to silver was
the abstruse difficulties of which Eckhcl has then that of 1 to l71‘r pounds of silver, that
powerfully grappled, in his dissertation De is to say, one pound of gold was worth 17;
Moneld Auréa Romrmorum (v. c. iv. p. 28), pounds of silver.
whence the foregoing passages have been taken. It is necessary, however, to observe, that
Referring the reader to that portion of his these calculations, and the bases on which they
Docfrina, for other details too copious to be are founded, have not been generally accepted,
even alluded to within our limits, we hereto and that the results have been given by divers
subjoin an extract from M. Henniu’s lllauuel authors, in somewhat. different ways.-—'l'he fol
('r. i. ix. p. l83, on “The Value and Wei;/ht lowing are the principal of these valuations :—
of Am.-ient Jllonq/”), in which that scientific Savot fixed the weight of the Roman scruplc
French numismatist has given an analysis of at 21 grains, and that of the Roman pound at
the opinions respectively entertained by Savot, 6,048 grains.
Nauze, Barthel:-my, Letronne, and Eckhel, on Nauze carries them to 21 grains §, and to
the matter in question :— 6,144 grains.
The proportion of gold to silver is more Rome do l’Isle the same as Ssvot.
easy to establish by proofs, in the case of the Eckhel the same as Nauze.
Romans than of the Greeks, and \\'e have, M. Lctroune fixed these weights at ‘.21-;¥;,'{,~',;
in that respect, certain aids. which fail us in grains, and 6,160 grains.
investigating the monetary systems of other Be it as it may with regard to these difi"er
nations. The passages in ancient authors which ences, and some others which nre not of much
connect themselves with this subject, are not importance, the proportion of gold to silver
 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE. 429
was, under the adoption of this system, that of themselves as having been neither sufliciently
1 to about 17, when gold was for the first time numerous nor sufliciently exact.
employed in coining by the Romans. On the other hand, some passages of ancient
At this epoch, gold existed only in a small writers (Livy, l. 38, c. 11—Sucton. J. Cmsar,
quantity. It became by degrees less rare. It c. 54), point to data of a dilferent kind. It would
has been sought to fix the divers azrns to which seem, according to those passages, that the propor
the relation of this metal with silver was progres tion in question would have been, at first, that
sively rcduccd. The details on this subject would of 1 to 15, afterwards 1 to 10, ] to 0, and even
be too numerous for us to enter into them. It less. It is obvious then that these important
must suilicc here to point out what is the opi points have not yet been cleared up in a satis
nion most generally entertained on this point. factory manncr. From the reign of S. Severus
We subjoin therefore the indication of these the disorder which had introduced itself into
proportions, according to the most universally the coinage, with regard to standards, renders
adopted system :— the ideas relative to the connection of gold
with silver still more obscure and more intricate;
1. From the your of Rome 54.7 (a.e. and almost goes to set at defiance any further
206) to 560 (B.C. 193) .......... .. 1 to 17% endeavours to establish reasonable suppositions.—
2. From the above epoch to the year In the times of the lower empire this obscurity
620 (B. o. 133) ................... .. 1 to 14;} is still greater.
3. From that epoch to 635 (n.c.118) 1 to 13 At the epoch of commencing a gold mint
4. From that epoch to 650 (B.c. 103) I to 12% at Rome, there were, as we have seen, two
5. From that epoch to 717 (B.C. 36) I to ll.‘,—§ effective gold coins introduced, viz. a gold
6. From that epoch to 767 (a. D. 14) 1 to 11%} denarius (worth 25 silver denarii), and a
7. From that epoch to 821 (A. D. 68) quinarius of gold (worth half the gold denarius),
viz. from the death of Augustus to the gold denarius was also called an aureus. In
the last years of Nero .......... ..
,, ,, the third century of the Christian era, this
[“A reference to the scales (says Eckhel), money took the name of solidzu. Under the
proves the tnith of P1iny’s statement, that the lower empire the weights and dimensions of
emperors gradually diminished the weight of the these coins varied greatly, in consequence of the
aureus, 42, 43, and 44 aurei being now struck disorder which then prevailed.
to the pound.”] 2.—Goi.n Connor: or R0s{E—-WaJil,d!1rir1_q
8. From 821 (.\.n. 60) to 970 (A. D. t/re commouwealtle, struck under I/10 ordinary
217) viz. from the last years of regulation: (ex legs ordinariil)? This subject
Nero to the last of Caracalla, 45 is discussed by Eckhel (vol. v. pp. 37-42),
anrei to the pound, each weighing in a way so well calculated to assist in rescuing
1361*?‘ grains ......... .......... .. 1 to 12 from obscurity, and even to render generally in
[“ The coins themselves (says Eckhel) serve teresting, that reconditc but still, from histori
to confirm this rule; not, however, without ex cal associations, important branch of monetary
ceptions. For the coins of Domitian, Nerva, research—the origin and progress of a gold
and Trajan (in the first two years of his reign) currency in Free Rome—that, omitting those
weigh 14-0 grains and more, up to 145. From personal allusions with which his animadvcrsions
the period when 45 aurei were struck to the on the main question are mixed up in contro
pound, 96 denarii were struck to the pound of versy by our great preceptor and guide, we shall
silver. If, therefore, 45 be multiplied by 25 not be prevented, merely on account of the
(the number of denarii equivalent to one aureua), extent to which they run, from inserting the
the result will be I125, and this divided by 96, principal passages of so fine a display of learned
will give a quotient of ll §%, the proportion research, and acute argumentation. They are
of gold to silver, i. e. nearly 1. to 12.”]—D. N. to the following effect :—
Vet. v. 33. The remarkable paucity of coins struck in
This scale of variations in the proportion of gold during the republic serves to suggest doubts.
gold to silver is shewn by Eckhel to be far from And to render the fact more evident, Eckhel
certain. He contends that the doctrine of Barthe has brought together, at one view, those pieces
lemy and Nauze, which refers to the three aurei, which are attributed to the time of the common
exhibiting the arithmetical marks 1.x. xxxx. wealth down to the government of Julius Caesar.
and xx. is at once refuted, if that be true which Of these there are two kinds, viz. :—
is now supposed by the majority of writers, viz. Firat.—'[‘h0se which belong to Epoch I. (547
that those celebrated coins, which served as the to 560), inscribed with only the word norm, and
basis of Barthelemy’s calculations, arc not to be bearing certain arithmetical marks (see p. 428),
reckoned as belonging to the Roman mint, but the type being a head of Mars. And also
are rather to be regarded as the productions of those which belong to Epoch Il. (560 to 620),
Magna Grzccia or Sicily. In other respects he also with the sole inscription noun; the types
also difl'crs from his learned contemporaries being—head of Janus; soldiers touching a sow
above-named, whose calculations on this matter with their spears ; and the Dioscuri.
he criticises with great freedom and at consider Sec0nd.——Those inscribed with the name of
able length, pronouncing them not to have been
a famil_v——e.r. gr. Cornelius, Blasio, C. Servilius,
Nerva, Furius Philus, and Cn. Lentnlus; which
established in a clear and authentic manner, and
viewing the experiments made on the coins . are said to have been struck between the years
 430 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE.
547 and 650. After that time till the reign of poured into Rome the treasures of all Asia?
Julius Caesar, the following :—Cl. Clodius, —But silver coins of both those individuals
Numonius, Arrius, Cestius, Metellus, Sulla, are extant in abundance, while of gold not one
and Fufius Calcnns. has been discovered. If any one is inclined to
The above is the entire list of gold (.‘0n.ru/ar wonder, that, in a city of such power and wealth
coins hitherto discovered. Nor is evcn this per as Rome, gold was not employed in its coinage,
fect; for from it must be taken two, namely, the let him extend his surprise to the fact, that so
first cited, as inscribed with the word nous only; far as our present knowledge goes, the same
and which more correctly are to be ascribed to a custom prevailed among the Athenians, whose
foreign mint, as stated in Section I. on this sub power and rcsourccs are well known, but of
ject of the Gold (Joinagc. Also two, the date of whom not a single gold coin has yet been found;
which should bc fixed at the time of Julius Caesar, and that it prevails at the present day in the
or the Trinmvirs; for that which Nauzc assigns powerful Empire of the Chinese.
to them is often arbitrary, and founded merely on With regard to the statement of Pliny, Eckhel
conjecture. 1f then, all these be deducted from asks, “if this illustrious writer had bestowed so
the scanty number of gold consular coins, much pains on determining the date of the in
scarcely a tenth part will remain of such as by troduction of a gold coinage into Rome, why did
universal consent arc attributed to the age of the he abstain, in the gold coins alone, from noticing
commonwealth. Since, therefore, gold coins of the types by which they were distinguished, or
this class (acknowledged to have been certainly their division into parts, and the names of those
struck from the ycars 547 to the reign of Julius parts, when he has not failed to describe all
Caesar), are so rare, can these furnish any valid these particulars in the silver and brass coin
argument, that gold coins were struck, under age? How is it that Livy, who so lcarnedly
the consuls, by the law ordinarily in force (Icy/e recorded the first striking of silver at Rome, did
ordinarilif) The point might readily be con not introduce the slightest allusion to stamped
ceded, if abundant specimens were extant of the gold, when he arrived at that period of his
few coins of this class, as is the case in the history, when, according to Pliny, a gold coin
silver coinage ; but the fact is, that all the gold age was introduced? Why did no one of the
coins, properly assigned to the times of the con ancient writers, whilst narrating the cvcuts of
suls, arc either exceedingly rare, or unique ; a that age, make mention of Roman gold money?
paucity which so little favours the notion of Though, even if any testimony for it existed, it
their being regulated by the same laws as the would prove nothing more than that the author
ordinary coinage, especially under so vast an might have spoken by anticipation, and thought
empire, that it would seem rather to be totally only of an equivalent value ?—Indeed, according
at variance with i .” to the accounts of ancient writers, and especially
The question then, as to whether there was of Livy, the highest authority of all on this
no gold struck, under the Conmionwcultli, by subject, it appears, that, before the era stated by
any fixed law? the author of Dactrina meets by Pliny, or A. U. c. 547, the Romans, in making
demanding, that a probable reason be first ad payments, used gold by weight instead of by the
duced, why during the glorious period of a number of picces—(i. e. we1'_y/led instead of
mighty empire, extending over so long a time, counting it.) Every one is aware, how they re
scarcely even a few should have been left to us? deemed the capitol from the Ganls, viz. by gold
“It will he conjectured, that they have perished weighed out. In the year U. c. 5-14 (n. c. 210),
through the injuries of Time. But why should when llanuibal was pressing them hard, and
Time have directed his wrath so specially against the treasury was bankrupt, wrought gold was
this species of coins, when he has been so lenient liberally brought forward by the senators to dc
to the gold coins of Philip II. of Macedon, fray the expenses of the war. In the following
which preceded by 150 years the alleged date of year, U. c. 545, when the want of money was
the introduction of a gold coinage into Rome still more harassing, ‘it was determined to ap
and again those of Alexander the Great and Lysi propriate the gold raised by the ta: of the tumu
1uachus—that they have not even yet ceased to tiellz part (aurum vicesirnariurzlj, which was
annoy us by their abundance and vvorthlessness? reserved for emergencies in a more sacred trea
But to pass over these more important kingdoms ; sury.’ That, thcrefore, which supplied the place
thcre still remain numerous gold coins of Syra of money, would very naturally be called monqy,
cuse, Tarentum, and the remote Cyrene, all even subsequently to the period at which Pliny
struck long prior to the period of the golden aye has fixed the introduction of coined gold into
in Rome; and yet how insignificant the terri Rome.
tory of all these states together compared with “ Lastly, it may be inqu'n'ed, why we have not
the Roman Empire ! And so, forsooth, the gold a single gold Consular coin rwtored by Trajan,
coins of Julius Caesar, Sextus Pompcins, Brutus, when we possess several Imperial gold coins re
Cassius, the Triumvirs, all could escape destruc stored by that Emperor, who was in the habit
tion, but those which immediately preceded of adhering not merely to the types but to the
them could not l What more reasonable or ap metal also of his restitutions. From this fact a
propriate jnnctnre could there have been for suspicion arises, that at the same time that many
striking gold coins, than when L. Scipio,Aafter other privileges were conferred on Julius Caesar,
he conquered Antiochns the Great, or Cn. Pom there was granted to him also that of striking
pey, victorious ovcr Mithridatcs and Tigranes, gold coins in the ordinary course of things (leye
 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE. 431
ordinar-id}, a privilege retained through the conflicting testimony, however, does not give
licence of that age by those who immediately me much trouble; since I am not denying that
succeeded him, i. e. Sextus Pompeius, Brutus, gold was stamped under the consuls, but simply
the Triumvirs, and others; and that those few denying that it was stamped in the orrlinarg
gold coins, which we have a right to reckon as procedure of Me mint.—Livy himself may give
consular, owe their existence to e.rtraorzlinarg rise to a doubt on the question, when be tells
0cca.ri011.r, which like many other points in us that M. Valerius Lzcvinus, consul, A. U. C.
history have escaped us; though we may readily 64-4, on the failing of the treasury in con
account for the appearance of Sulla’s aurei (and sequence of the protracted war with Hannibal,
even they are extremely rare), when we reflect thus addressed the Senators: ‘Let us Senators
on that Dictator’s power and extravagance. It bring forward to-morrow, for the public benefit, .
is needless to insist on the evidence afforded of all our gold, silver, and stamped brass,’—words
the fact in question by the law which this very which may appear to indicate, that even at that
Sulln. introduced. ‘ By the Le: Cornelia,’ says time the Romans were using stamped gold. But
Ulpian, ‘ it is enacted, that whosoever shall mix I can easily prove, that in this passage of Livy
any foreign ingredient with the gold, or stamp the word Jigualum by no means refers to the
coins of adulterated silver, shall be convicted of gold, but only to the brass, or perhaps also to
fraud.’ Now, if it was then struck in the the silver. I have two reasons for saying this—
ordinary course, why does this law use the word First, if the word aignalum refers also to the
aurmu simply, and not aureos numos, just as, gold, it will follow, that so early as the vear
afterwards, numoo argenleas .7 If, however, 54-4, the Romans used a gold coinage univer
any one should consider such a practice to be sally; but on this supposition, we must throw
incredible under the commonwealth, and wish to over the authority of Pliny, who states that
have some more tangible reason assigned for it, gold was not stamped at Rome till the year
he would be acting in the same maum-r as if he u. c. 547. And secondly, that the sense of
were to require to be informed why, on the Livy's words is such as I have stated it to be,
other hand, from the time of Claudius Gothicus will clearly appear from the succeeding context.
to that of Diocletian, the silver coinage was For, when Lxnvinns defines how much of these
almost entirely stopped, whilst the gold money three metals might be reserved for the use of
continued to be struck under its usual regula each of the Senators themselves, he specifics the
tions and in abundance. There are many knotty brass only as clamped (sfgnalum), and sums up
points in antiquarian research worthy enough of the rest of the fund in wrought (factum) gold
an elucidator, but no deity has as yet appeared and silver : to each Senator he allows an ounce
to solve them. And for myself, I undertook of gold for rings for himself and his wife, and a
the discussion of these matters, not with a View bulla for his sou; a pound of silver for his
to convict Pliny of falsehood or a hasty con horses’ caparison, his salt cellar, and the patella
clusion, but to challenge those who espouse the of the gods; but of stamped 6ra.s-sfive thousand
side of Pliny, to produce in greater abundance pieces flmslertii.) In another part of his writ
coins, which by indisputable signs are to be re ings, Livy explains his meaning more clearly,
ferred to consular times. where, describing the same period of the war
“I will not conceal the existence of other with Hannibal, he introduces L. Valerius, the
authorities favourable to the upholders of the tribune of the people, thus speaking—‘Car¢-,
consular gold coinage, namely, those of Pom was taken that we should have no more wrouglzt
ponius and Cicero himself. According to Pom gold and silver, no more stamped silver and
ponius. ‘ the Monetal Trinmvirs’ were con brass, in our houses.’ The purport of which
stituted ‘ strikers (coiners) of brass, silver, and words has been well rendered by Isidorus——
gold,’ about the year 465 (B. c. 189). Cicero, ‘There are,’ he says, ‘three kinds of silver,
in his epistle to Trebatius, about the year 700 gold, and brass, the slumped, the wroug/ll, and
(B. c. 54-), says :—‘ I advise you to keep out of the unwrougllt. The clan/pea,’ is that which is
the way of the Treviri [the men of 'l‘reves—-a play coined; the wrong/It appears in vases and sta
on the words Triumviri Mouetalcs]. I hear that tues; the umoroug/ll in masses.’ ' " '
they are sharp fellows (capitales). I would “ Though, however we may come to the con
rather that they were charged with the striking clusion, that the Romans at the period in qucs.
of gold, silver, and brass.’ And again, in his tion almost wholly abstained from coining gold,
third book De Legibus, chap. 3, a work which there was, notwithstanding, no deficiency of
appears to have seen the light two years after gold money in Rome, when we consider the
Fabricius, he enuneiates this law: ‘ Let them abundance of it which flowed in from foreign
publicly coin brass, silver, and gold.’ The pas countries. I refer to the P/n'lippei, or coins bear
sage from Pomponius claims but little attention. ing the names of Philip II. king of Macedon,
That writer's statement, even if its truth be the extraordinary number of which that found
admitted, may certainly be modified in the in their way to Rome may be seen stated in Livy.
terpretation. But there is a wcightier authority Quinetius, returning in triumph from Greece,
in both the passages of Cicero ; for though the brought with him 14,515 Pltilippei; Scipio
former of them be spoken in joke, and in the Asiaticus, after the conquest of Antiochns the
latter he be laying down a rule of his own, it is Great, 140,000; M. Fulvius, on his triumph
nevertheless evident that the writer is alluding over the zlfltolians, 12,4-22; Cn. Manlius, hav
to a recognized institution of his country. This ing reduced the Gnllogrmci, l6,320.—If so
432 GOLTZIANI. GOLTZI.~\.\'l.
enormous a sum was thus transferred to the fidence it is reasonable to place in Goltzius with
treasury of Rome by the rnpinc of war, as stated reference to medals, which that antiquary had
by Livy alone, and that in a part of his writ professed to have drawn from the originals with
ings wretchedly mutilated, what must have been his own hand, yet which, on examination, are
the amount produced by private speculation, and not to be found at the present day.”—lt seems
by the commercial intercourse between the Ro that this dissertation never saw the light: a
mans nnd the Greeks? What I have advanced circumstance to be regretted ; inasmuch as such
respecting this employment of foreign money in a work, emanating from a man of Bimnrd's
Rome, receives remarkable confirmation from erudition, integrity, and judicious application of
the expressions of Pompeius Fcstus—~‘ For the numismatic knowledge, to every branch of the
Romans were in the habit, even from the time science, would have been a. great aid to simple
of Romulus, of using foreign fultramarinisj truth and justice in a case like the one in ques
coins of stamped gold and silver; a fact proved tion.
both by public and private memoranda.’ Lac Eckhel, who had entered early int/o the Golt
tantius relates, that the Sibyl demanded of Tar zian controversy, and with characteristic energy
quinius Prisons three hundred P/Ii/ippei for her encountered the arguments employed by the par
Nine Books of Prophecy.——I shall not stop to tisans of Goltzius to exonerate him from suspi
consider the absurd anachronism by which Tar cion of fraud—-avails himself of his Bibliollwm
quin and Philip are made contemporaneous. Nunzi.rmntica, to repeat his charges, the correct
Thus much the author, who in other matters ness of which further and more deliberate in
vestigation had only served to confirm in his
was well enough informed, intended to convey,
that when the Romans had no gold coinage of own mind. Rendering a free tribute of praise
their own, they availed themselves of that of a and appreciation to the singular diligence and
foreign nation. Consequently, if at so remote n industry of the celebrated author, in acquiring
period of their history, the Romans were well numerous coins, and obtaining access to others,
supplied with foreign money, how much greater and allowing him the merit that belongs to an
an abundance of it must they have had at their indefatigable spirit of research amongst ancient
command in after times, when the treasures of monuments, and of great learning, particu
so many vanquished kingdoms rolled into their larly in Roman History, displayed in the ex
cityl"——D. N. V. v. 3742. planation of those relics of antiquity; Eckhel
GOLTZIANI mmzi.—A term given to the coins nevertheless contends, that the greater part of
engraved in the Fasti-, the Historia lmpp. Jnlii, the coins contained in the plates of Goltzius are
Augnsti, et Tiberii; the Thesaurus; the Grzecizc counterfcit—-that scattered up and down his vo
et Sieilire numismata; and other works, by Hu lnmes many coins are to be found, genuine of
bert Goltz, or Goltzius. Of this extraordinary their kind, but which the author has dishonestly
man's proceedings, much has been written by nu fnlsified—that he frequently states a coin to be
mismatists both of the elder and the more modern gold, which in the original is only silver. That
school ; on the one hand to support his character; whilst he delineates an abundance of consular
and on the other to impugn not only his accu coins which no one ever saw, or is likely to see,
racy but his veracity and good faith. The most he gives many which have no pretensions to
unqualified panegyrist of the learned and indus rarity, and includes in his copious engravings
trious Antwerpian’s labours, and least scrupulous none of the restitntions of Trajan.——-Alluding to
defender of his literary conduct, is Mediobarbus. his work on Sicilian coins, the Prince of Torre
Next in the rank of admirers and supporters are muzza, speaking of the medals of Drepane, says,
antiquarian critics of no less eminence than “ the good faith of Goltzius is to be suspected.”
Noris, Pngi, Tillemont, and Dodwell: to these Florez, the devoted collector, and profound critic,
must be added the name of Pinkerton, who, of the llispanian mint, refers in terms of ridi
without hesitation, “recommends Goltzius, tho’ cule to_that cornucopia: of coins assigned to
all his works have many coins not found in cabi Spanish cities, as‘struck--after the reign of Cali
nets. Yet, adds our English Essayist on Medals, gula, and published by Goltzius.'—Sp:mheim,
it is certain that he was often imposed upon, mentioning a coin adduced from the same fertile
and his works must be used with great caution.” source, ohserves—" it has hitherto remained
-—Similar language had previously been used by elsewhere unseen, and is therefore justly to be
Vaillant, Morel, Havercamp, and others who held in suspicion."
profess general deference to Goltzius as a unmis Andrew Morel, in a letter to Pcrizoni, says,
matio authority, but who finish by exhibiting “Numi consulares Goltzii, ordine alphnbetico,
particular examples of his dealings with legends ad finem operis adjecti sunt, sicnt libri apocryphi
and types on both Greek and Roman coins, that eanonieis, quia dubia: snnt fidei, ct major pars
destroy the very foundation of confidence in hand incertas notas falsitatis pro: se fert.”—
what he has written and engraved respecting [The consular coins of Goltzius are subjoined,
them. The sentiments of Biinard de la Bastie in alphabetical order, at the end of the work,
and of Eckhel, are most decidedly Anti-Goltzian. just as the Apocrypha is added to the canonical
The former in his notes on Jobert, (T. i. p. 99), books of Scripture, because their gennineness is
intimates that it was his intention to have pub suspected, and the majority of them present
lished a dissertation on the subject of a MS. unequivocal indications of fraud.]
volume left by Goltzius on Imperial Medals, in Hnvercamp snbjoins to the foregoing, “ Tantus
which he would have shewn what kind of con Goltzianorum numorum est nunicrus, qui nus
 GOLTZIANI. GORDIANUS I. 433
quam observantur, quorundam qnoque non in family. His father was Metius Marulns, his
justa velut subditorum suspicio, ut a Morellii mother Ulpia Gordianu. He was born about the
sententia neqnaquam disccdam."—[So large a year of Rome 940 (A. D. 157). Of a mild, just,
proportion of the Goltziau coins have never and munificent disposition, correct in morals
come under observation, whilst to some of them and dignified in manners; well versed in the
attaches a justifiable suspicion of spuriousness, higher branches of literature, loving and eul
that I find it impossible to differ from the opi tivating both eloquence and poetry, he soon
nion of Morel.] obtained public ofiiccs, and displayed his vir
Entertaining such opinions as these, is it not tues and moderation in a remarkable man
to be lamented that they should have copied ner. His edileship was asplendid one; for the
so many of the Goltzians into the T/cesaurus, riches of his family enabled him to serve that
both consular and imperial, which one of these ruiuously expensive magistrature with great bril
learned men collected materials for, and the liancy. In 966 (A. 1). 213), he was consul
other contributed his explanatory comments for the first time. In 982 (A. D. 229), his
upon? It has doubtless tended much to mislead second consulate was in collcagueship with the
and confuse the student, and was an inconsistent Emperor Alexander Severus, replacing in the
step to take in a work of such standard value. middle of the year Dion Cassius, the historian.
“That Goltzius (says Eckhel) has in his The emperor sent Gordian into Africa, as pro
works presented an incredible number of coins, consul, and appointed his son to be his lieu
of which the like were never again seen from tenant. In that province he won, as governor,
that time—is a fact not only not denied, but the affection of the governed—and this popu
cven extolled by the writers who patrouise his larity proved at once glorious and fatal to him.
muse. I refer my reader however to testi 991 (A. D. 238).—A procurator (commis
monies of the most learned men, which shew that sioner) of Maximinus arriving in Africa, and.
it is not only extremely suspicious but positively having by his exactions exasperated the people,
beyond belief, that one man should have been was killed by some young nobles. These rash
able to obtain, or even to have inspected in men, to escape the anger of the Thrneian savage,
museums then known in Europe, coins of such'a who would have been sure to avenge the death
nature, and in such overflowing abundance, as of his oflicers in a cruel manner, compelled
neither the extensive means of princes, nor the Gordian, then 80 years of age, and who was at
stubborn cupidity of wealthy individuals, nor the the moment at Thysdras, to accept the empire,
eager competition of those who all their lives which they also decreed to his son. This choice
have been occupied in poring into the bowels of of the army and province was approved by
their native soil, for the purpose of extracting the Senate and by the whole city of Rome,
therefrom the relics of antiquity—have since who dctisted Maximinus on account of his
succeeded in discovering or procuring. In this ferocious tyranny. A senatus consultuni pro
respect the Kings of France, as well as Pellerin, claimed the dcpositiou of Maximinus, and the
Hunter, Ennery, 8&6. were nothing as compared accession of the two Gordiaus. The new Auyusti
to Goltzius.” did not long enjoy the honours of imperial
Now, it often happens in nnmismatic pur sovereignty. Cupellianus, governor of Maure
suits, that by the elfect of time and other tania, enraged against Gordian, the father, who
causes operating injuriously on the legends of had superseded him in that lieutenancy, marched
ancient coins, the eyes of the most skilful may upon Carthage with a numerous army. On rc
be deceived, and false opinions may be based cciving this intelligence, the elder Gordian,
thereon, without the least infringement on the under the desponding impression, that he should
principles of honesty. It is not, however, on not be able to resist so vast a multitude of assail
any such grounds that Eckhel accuses Goltzius ants, put an end to his life by strangulation. His
of imposture. He combats offences of quite an son was slain in the conflict which took place
other description. By examples taken from when the partizans of Capellianus entered Car
Goltzius’ own works, tested by coins in the Im thage. Thus perishcd both father and son,
perial Museum, Eckhcl proves that the cele after having jointly held the supreme power
bmted Flemish antiquary, not from error or about forty-five days. The Senate in token of
inadvertcncy, but with a deliberate attempt at its regrets placed the two Augurti in the rank
deception, has affixed to really genuine coins of the gods. Gordian senior had married Fabia
inscriptions of a different and a spurious kind. Orestilla, great grand-daughter of Autoninus
—See Doclrina Nam. Vet‘. v. e. xxii. p. cxl. et Pins, by whom he had Gordian, afterwards his
seq.—Pr0lc_q0mena Generalia. associate in the empire, and Mctia Faustino,
wife of Junius Balbus, a consular personage.
His style is IMP. C. (or CAES.) M. ANT.
GORDIANVS AFR. AVG. His coins consist
of silver and brass, and are of extreme rarity.
The Latin pieces are considered (by Hennin) to
have been struck at Carthage. If so, they arc a
credit from their workmanship to the mint of
the African province. But it is much more
GORDIANUS 1. (fllarcus 47.11”) Afri probable they were minted at Rome.
canns senior, was the issue of an illustrious
3K
 '-iI§ri.—- ___ _ . _

484 GORDIANUS I. GORDIAN US ll.

MINTAGES of GORDIANUS AFR. P.\'l‘ER. i
province (A. D. 238). He was killed a few weeks
SILVI-1R.——CONCORDIA ave. Woman seated. atterwards, fighting valiantly at the head of the
(Valued by Mionnet at 110 fr.)—1>. ‘M. TR. P. troops which his father and he had levied to
cos. P. P. Figmre standing, in the toga, with oppose the advance from l\Iaurctania of Capel
laurel twig. (£3 15s. Pembroke; £7 5s. Tho lianus, a ready instrument of Maximin’s cruelty.
mas; £3 6s. Brumell; £4 4s. 'l‘ove_v.)—sncv He was forty-six years old when he died ; hav
arms ave. or avoo. Woman seated. (E3 8s. ing occupied the rank of Augustus for only the
Brumell; £3 19s. SBlJflt.i8l').—VICTO]1IA avoo. short space of forty days. The name of his
(£3 8s. Thornas).—vuzrvs avoo. (£4 5s. Tho wife is unknown. His son was Gordianus Ill.
mas; £4 0s. Campana). called Pius.
noun; AETERNAE. Rome the victory-bearer The Gorzliani, father and son, having adopted
seated.—-Obv. IMP. M. ANT. GORDIANVS. arn. the same legend, it is ditlicult to distinguish,
AVG. Head of tho elder Gordian. (E3 3s. amongst the coins of those emperors, what be
Brumell; £3 6s. Sahatier sale. Engraved at long to the one and what to the other.-Eckhel
the head of this article). (vii. 31) has treated this question in a satisfac
Fins-r BRASS.——P. M. rn. P. cos. r. P. Figure tory manner. He agrees with Vaillant, that
standing, habited in the toga, holding in the the pieces which bear the legend P. M. TR. P.
right hand an olive branch, and a truncheon in cos. P. P. are the only ones which can with
the left. (Mt. 45 fr.) Engraved in the Cabinet certainty be attributed to Gordian the father.
de G/¢ri.s-tine.—-rnovinnnr. avoo. s. A woman As to the other pieces, the iconographic indica
stands with cornucopize pointing to a. globe. tions are our only guide. Frequently the lean
(£4 ls. Devonshire). Engraved in Akonnan, i. ncss of the father, the good condition and more
p. 461, pl. 8, No. 1.—s£cvnm\s AVGG. A marked features of the son, lead to distinc
- woman seated. (£3 ls. 0d. Thomas).—noMan tions nearly indubitable. In other respects,
A ETERNAE. Rome seated. (Mt. 45 t’r.)—-vrc the uncertainty remains complete; and above
TORIA avoo. Victory walking. (£3 11s. 0d. all, one is indisposed to ask how an octogena
Thomas; £2 12s. Campana). rian in age, and a man of forty-six years, could
‘Q The easiest method, according to M. Rol have been represented in a manner almost iden
lin, of Paris, for classifying the rare medals of tical? It is even possible that at Rome, where
the two first Gordians, is to remember that on these coins were struck in great haste, the
the father's the hair is fuller on the forehead, artists had at their disposal only the portraits
and the cheek is rather sunk in through age, of the elder Gordian, already old, and which
remountcd to the epoch of his maturity of man
whilst the son is bald in front, but has a much
fuller face.——NaI¢ in p. 126 qf the Campana hood.—M. Lenormaut, Iaonagraplzie Romaine,
Sale Cataloyue. p. 91.
If we apply these remarks to the denurii, we
shall unquestionably recognize each Gordian as
prefixed to the notices of their respective reigns.
The large brass are more embarrassing: and in
general it is to be observed, that these monies,
struck at Rome by authority of the Senate, are
those of which the iconographic characters are
less distinct. Some of them would appear to
belong to the son ; from their appearance more
GORDIANUS Il. (Marcus Anloninusj, son assimilating with the meridian of life; others
of Gordianus Africanus I. and of Fabia Ores would be assigned to the father, to judge from
tilla, was born under the reign of Commodus, the strongly indicated signs of old age, which
A. 1). 191. lie was instructed in the highest they present.
and most elegant branches of literature by Sere The two Gordiaus, proclaimed in Africa, had
nus Sammonicus the younger, who left him his neither time nor opportunity to arrive at Rome:
library composed of 62,000 volumes, and he a fact which shows that the Senate did not
profited from tho instructions he had received always wait for the actual entry of the new
from his friend and preeeptor to render himself emperor into the capital, before they caused
accomplished in the study of the law, and more brass money to be minted bearing his image
over gained a high reputation amongst the and superscription. "he abbreviation on some
writers of his time, in publishing several works reverses AVGG. for avovsronvsr, recalls to
both in prose and verse, which reflected honour mind that there were then two Augusti.
on his talents and attainments. Capitolinus, in
praising him for these high qualities, adverts to MINTAGES OF GORDIANUS AFRICANUS
his handsome figure, courteous demeanour, and JUNIOR.
mildness of character; but at the same time On coins he is styled IMP. C. (or CAES.)
remarks that he was too fond of womcn. He M. ANT. GORDIANVS. AFR. AVG.-—The fol
was qucstor under Elagabalus; pretor and con. lowing list of reverses in silver and large brass
sul under Alexander Sevcnis, by whom (A. D. shows, that like those of the father their rarity
229) he was appointed the legatus of his father constitutes their greatest merit.
in Africa, and was acknowledged emperor with Su.v1:n.—co:<coama svoo. Concord seated.
him at the end of eight years’ residence in that (Valued by Mionnet at l00f1'.)—-I'!!.0VIDENTlA
 GORDIANUS Ill. GORDIANUS III. 435
AVGG. Providence stands leaning on a column, but was defeated and taken prisoner by the go
a globe at her feet. (Brought £5 10s. at the vernor of Mauretania, through the treachery of
Devonshirc; £4 ls. at the Thomas; £5 at the his own party. The young emperor planted at
Tovcy, salcs.)———v1c'roiuA Aveo. (£4 5s. Vimiuncium (see the word), a city of Upper
Thoiuas).—v1u'rvs AVGG. A military figure. Macsia (now Widdin), a colony which dates its
(£6 10s. Devonshire; £3 15s. Pembroke; foundation from this year.
£3 14s. Thomas; B4 Campana; £4 2s. Brnmell). 994 (A. n. 24=l).—This year, which was that
LARGE BaAss.—Puovrnan'r1A Avoo. (Mt. of G0rdian's second consulate, Sapor I. king of
50fr.)—nonA1-1 AI-ITEBNAE. Rome seated. (£4 7s. the Persians, invaded Mesopotamia, thcu sub
Thomas; £4 18s. Campana.)—~v1croniA Avoc. ject to the Romans; and the terror which his
Victory walking. (Mt. 50 fr.).—via'rvs. AVGG. arms inspired, spread not only in the East, but
Military figure. S. C. in the field. (£2 125. Pem through Italy itself. The Sapor in question was
broke; £4 2s. Brumcll; £4 10s. Tovey.)— son of that Artaxerxes who, after overthrowing
Samc legend. Mars carrying a trophy and a the Arsacidaa, brought Parthia again under Per
lance (Pal. d’ E/mery; valued by Mionnet at sian rule, as it is said, during the reign of Alex-~
60 fr.) ander Severus. Gordianns Ill. made immense
preparations to meet this powerful foe. The
same year he married Sabiuia Tranquillina.
995 (A. D. 24-2).—Gordian left Rome and pro
ceeded through Maesia and Thrace into Asia,
and thence into Syria. He defeated Supor in
several battles; and, recapturing from hiin many
cities which the latter had taken from the
Romans, drove the Persian monarch out of
Mesopotamia.
996 (A. D. 243).—In consequence of his
brilliant successes in war, a triumph in a biga of
elephants was decreed to Gordianus III. (see
the monetal record of this fact in p. 203).—
Misithens, prefect of the pretorinn guard, father
in-law of the emperor, and who had greatly
GORDIANUS PIUS (or Ill.)—The year of contributed to his successes, on the same ocea
this young prince’s birth is not ascertained. sion triumphed in aquadriga of horses. That
All that appears certain is that his anniversary wise and true friend of the emperor died the
fell on the 13th of the ealends of February (20th some year, poisoned, as it was believed, by
January). He was the grandson of Gordianus Philippus, an Arabian, who fatally succeeded
I. but whether by his sou Gordiauus ll. or by him in the dignity of pretorian prefect.
his daughter, is still unknown. ln the year of 997 (A. D. 2~14).—'l‘his artful and ambitious
Home 991 (A.D. 238), the youngest Gordian, who
man, having an eye upon empire, intercepted
was at Rome when the two African Gordians the supplies for the campaign, and thus irritated
were mmsacred, was named Prince of the Youth the army against their prince. Gordian was
by the Senate. The people who loved him, in assassinated at Zeila, on the Euphrates, in the
remembrance of his relations, had never ceased month of February, in the 22nd year of his age,
to be-siege the capitol until the dignity of Caesar after he had reigned about six years.
had been conferred on him. He was then thir “Thus terminated the life of Gordianus III.
teen or sixteen years of age. Pupienus and Bal in whom nothing was wanting to establish the
binus were elected Augusta‘. The same year character of a first-rate prince, except a longer
Pupienus proceeded to the war against Maximi life. The love of the people, founded on the
nus, whilst Balbinus and Gordianus acted on the merits of his grandfather and father, conferred,
defensive at Rome. A serious tumult arising upon him first the title of Caesar, and then that
between the pretorian guards and the people, of Augustus; and so adored was he for the
the young Caesar was lifted up and shewn to the beauty of his person, and the suavity of his
contending parties, which had the effect of allay manners, that the Senate and army called him
ing their excited feelings, and bringing about a their son, and the people their darling. A rc
reconciliation. The authority of the new cm markahle proof of the excellence of his dis
perors was re-established by the death of Maxi position was shcwu in the docility with which,
rninus and of his son Maximus. At the end of at an age exposed to every temptation, he
the month of July, in the same year, Balbinus listened not to the voice of passion, but to the
and Pnpienus being put to death by the pre sage counsels of Misitheus, than whom the cm
torinns, Gordinnus was formally declared Au_r]u.s' pire could boast no one more learned, eloquent,
{us by the unanimous voice of the pretorians or distinguished in the arts of peace and war;
and the Senatc.—ln 992 (A. D. 239), Gordianus and whom he had chosen, not only as his prefect
lll. proceeded consul for the first time. History of the pretorian guard, but as his father-in-law,
records nothing certain respecting the events of by marrying his daughter Tranquillina. As he
this year. was happy, so long as he had the advantage of
993 (A. 1). 240), or the following year, Sabini such a man’s assistance, so was he most un
anus usurped the imperial government in Africa, fortunate in his selection of a successor. For
3K2
436 GORDIANUS III. GORDIANUS III.
by appointing Philippus, thro’ whose nefarious vonshire; £2 2s. Campana.-—P. ll. "ra. P. ii.
arts it was supposed that Misithens himself met Jupiter the protector and a little figure. (Mt.
his death, he fell a victim to his ingratitude and 50 t'r.)—P. ii. TR. P. iiii. cos. ii. Figure seated
hostility, in the atrocious manner above de with olive twig. (P3 (is. Sabatier sale).—-P. I.
scribed. The soldiers afterwards erected his TR. P. vi. cos. ii. Emperor with lance and
tomb at the Cireesian camp on the borders of globe. (£2 5s. 'l‘rattle).~=—vin1'vTi AVGVSTI.
Persia, and Animianus Marcelliniis aflirins, that llcrcules (Farncse) resting on his club. (£3
as late zu the time of Jnliunus II. it was seen by ltls. Thomas; £3 4s. Brumcll).
himself, and that it was a conspicuous object Sii.vi:n.—-P. M. TR. P. iiii. cos. ii. Emperor
from a considerable distance. The life of Gor in a quadrign, crowned by \'ictory.——i>ai.\'ciPi
dian III. has been given at greut length by IVVENT. Emperor with globe and haste. (Mt.
Capitolinus."-—.D. N. V. vol. vii. 309, 310, 313. 24 fr. each).
The Latin coins of Gordinnns Pins are rare Bnass Mi:n.u.Lio1~is.—.\i)i.ocv*rio AVOVSTI.
in gold; but for the most part common in silver Emperor and four other military figures.-—
and brass, except those with the title of Caesar. (Brought £7 10s. at the Thomas sale. In
Before his accession to the empire, the youngest Mioniict it is valued at 120 fl‘.)—M\'.\lIFl(:ENTl.\
Gordian is styled M. ANT. GURDIAN VS GOILDIANI AVG.—-Amphitheatre, bull and cle
CAES. (the head bare) A. 1). 288. The same phant combatting.-——See illmijficenlia. (Mionnet
year, ascending the throne on the death of Bal 300 fr.)—r. ii. TR. P. v. cos. ii. The great
binus and Pnpicnus, his coins exhibit the titles circus, with wrestling, chariot racing, &'.c.
of IMP. (J.\l'lS. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AVG. (.\It. 300 fr.)
and these he bore during the two first years of P. Ll. rs. P. v. cos. ii. Rome presenting
his reign.——-In A. D. 239, the title of Pl\'S was a globe to the emperor, in presence of two pre
added; in 240, the further addition was made t0rinl1S.—TRAlECTVS. 'I‘rireme, with several
of FELIX; and to the end of his life he pre ilgl1l‘t:S.—VlC'l‘0lllA AVGVSTI. Emperor and
served the style of IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS attendants, sacrificing before a round temple, am
FEIa'.1 AVG. in the silver medallion described abovc.—
(Mionnet values these three medallions at 200
MINTAGES OF GORDIANUS III. tr. each).—i.iBi~;aai.ir.\s AVGVSTI ii. The cm
GOLD Mi:i).\i.i.io1v.—-—iii.E'riiiui flric.) Pao peror and several other figures. (.\It. 150 tr.)
I’VG.\‘A'l‘OllE.\l (sic) Mars armed with buckler —I’AX AETERNA. Sun in a quadriga, the em
and lanee.—06v. iiiP. GOBDIANVS Pivs FELT. peror sacritieing, &c. (A specimen, partially
flric.) AVG. R-ndiated head of Gordianus Pius. injured, obtained £4 19s. at the Thomas sale.)—
PONTIFEX aux. TR. P. iiii. cos. ii. Emperor
(Mionnet values this piece, which is of barbar
ous workmanship, at 200 fr. See De Ia Rarelé in n qnadriga, full-faced, crowned by a victory,
dc; Med. 'r. i. p. 394). a foot soldier on each side of the horses. (£7 5s.
SiLvsa Mnnsi.i.io.\'s.—-ai:Qvi'rAs A\’G\‘S’1‘I. Thomas.)
The three monetic. (Mionnct, 200 fl’.)—‘w'1R'1‘\'S FELICITAS A\'GVSTl.—-VIC1‘. GORDIANI. Pm
AVGVSTI. Emperor and the Sun supporting a torian gi\ll0y.—l’0NTlFEX MAX. TR. P. ii. cos.
globe, with trophy, standards, captives, and ii. Emperor in a quadriga, holding a Roman
soldicrs. (Brought £12 at the sale ot Mr. Saba 0lLgl(.‘.-—PONT. sisx. TR. P. iii. Rome present
ticr's collection, lot 433).~—MONE'1‘A AVGYSTI. ing a globe to the emperor, accompanied by two
The monetie type. (Mt. 250 fr.)—Pnori-zcrio soldiers.—PONT. aux. rn. P. iiii. cos. II. Em
avo. Emperor on horseback and other figures). peror in a quadriga crowned by Victory; Rome
Mt. 300 fr.)—vicroius ave. Emperor and leads the horses, preceded by soldiers holding
several attendants sacrificing before a round pslms.—vicronis Ave. Emperor seated,\‘ictory
temple, on the front of which is read NEIKH crowning him; in the group are captives with
OHAOQOPOC. (Mt. 300 fr.) military (:i1Sigl1S.—VlCTORl.\ AVGVSTI. Emperor
. GOLD.—AETEBN1'l‘A’l.‘I avo. Sun standing. on horseback, preceded by a Victory, and
(23 3s. Brumcll B8l8).—-AEQVITAS ave. (£2. escorted by soldiers bearing trophies and eagles.
2s. Pembroke; £2 12s. Sabatier).—coiscoania This alludes to Gordian’s successes over the
avo.—Pi:i.icir. Tli‘-llP.—FXDES IILITVM. (48 £r. Persians. (The foregoing seven are valued by
eacli.)—iovi STATOBI. (£4 5s. Trattle; Saba Mionnet at I20 fr. each.)
tier, £2 12s.)—niaNA L\'ClP'EHA. (£2 3s. Trut viirrvs AVGVSTI. Emperor crowned by Vic
tle').—--i.Ai~:'ri'ria avo. N. (Trattle, £5 120. 6d.) tory; and three other figures. (.\It. 150 fr.)—
—LIBI-IBALIT.-\S ave. ii. (£4 5s. TratL1e).-—Pi1: rinss nxsacirvs. Two military figures joining
was AVGVSTI. (£5 12s. Trattle).—P. ii. "re. P. ii. hands—P. K. TB. P. vi. cos. ii. Imperator
and iii. cos. ii. P. P. Saerifieial group. (£3 10s. eques, Victory, and soldiers. (The two fore
Bruiiiell).—-P. ii. TR. P. ii. Soldier standing (a going 100 frs. each, Mionnct).
finely-preserved specimen bought at the Thomas P.K.'1‘R. P.VlI. cos. ii. P. P.—The interior
sale for £410s.)-—Pirovini-:.\"ri.\ ave. Provi of a circus. In the centre of the spiaa is an
dence with globe. (£3 10s.Th0maS).—SECVBl'1‘AS obelisk ; at each of the two extremities arethree
avo. (£2 Trnttle; £1 8s. Sabatiei-).—si:cvai'r. meta of a conic form. In the foreground,
PERP. Security leaning on n column. (Mt. several groups; the first, to the right, exhibits
48 f|‘.)—-VIC'l'OBIA ave. A Victory holding a two gladiators fighting; the second, two wrest
wreath and palm branch. (£3 ls. Trattle; £3 lers; the third, two alliletre, exercising them
10s. Thomas; £2 120. Pembroke; £3 7s. De selves in the use of the lzalteres (the dumb
 GOTHI. GOTHI. 437
bells of modern gymnastics); the fourth, two the Hons, having passed the Palus Maotir,
other athlete combatting with the cestus; came like an impetnous torrent upon the Goths,
the fifth, a wounded gladiator, led out of the subdued the Ostrogoths, and driving the Visi
circus by an apparitor. Behind the apina are goths from their new country established them
two qnadrigze driven at a racing pace by selves there in their room. The Visigoths thus
their respective auriyrv. And lastly, quite in compelled to emigrate across the Danube, applied
the back-ground, a. car drawn by six horses, for support to Valens, and that emperor, without
in which stands the emperor, holding a branch any treaty, and even without disarming them,
of laurel, accompanied by Victory, and pre gave up to their possession a portion of Thrace,
ceded by three pretorians carrying palms.—Obv. whence they soon afterwards began to make war
IMPeral0r GORDIANVS PIVS FELIX AV upon other provinces of the empire. Valcns pro
Gm-ms. Bust of Gordiuuus III. laureated, ceedcd to attack them near Hadrianopolis, but
clothed in the paluzlammtum, the lance resting his army having been cut to pieces, and himself
on his right shoulder. On the front of his wounded by an arrow, he took refuge in a cabin,
cuirass, the emperor is figured on horseback, where he was burnt alive A.D. 278. The Visi
overthrowing two barbarians. goths, intoxicated with this success, went on
This fine monument belongs to the last year of carrying fire and sword everywhere, and set
Gordian’s reign. For an engraving of the re about besieging Constantinople. Theodosius the
verse, see p. 208. That of the obverse is Great, Valens’ successor, from A. D. 379 to 382,
placed at the head of the biographical summary, gained several victories over them, forcing them
(p. 4-35). The original is in the Cabinet de and their king Athanaricns to submit to his
France. Mionnet values it at 300 francs. laws. After the death of that emperor (A. D. 395),
Lsnon BRASS.-—ADLOCV'1‘l0 AVGVSTX. (Ht. the Visigoths elected for their monarch Alaric;
40 fl'.)——AETERNlTAS AVGVSTI. Equestrian who, after the death of Stilicho, the intriguing
statue. (Mt. 3Ufr.) and ambitious minister of Honorius, invaded
LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI IIII. Three figures Italy, and besieged Rome, which was obliged to
seated, and several others standing.—P. M. TB. pay a heavy ransom (A. D. 408). The following
P. ii. cos. Emperor in a quadriga.—vm'rvs year Rome, again besieged by the Visigothic
AVGVSTI. Emperor on horseback. (Mt. 20 fr. king, was taken by him; and Priscus Attalns
each.) was proclaimed emperor under his protection.
Minnm-: BRASS.'—lfA!lT. vicroa. Sacrifice In A.D. 410, Attalns was deposed by Alnric,
before a round temple, on the frieze is in who was then on the point of concluding a
scribed 91'-LOT Ol'IAO<|>0POT. (Mt. 48 fr.) treaty with Honorius. But in a fit of irritation
PONTIP. MAXIM. 'ra. P. Rome seated, three and caprice, the Visigoth broke ofi‘ his ncgocia
figures standing. (20 fl'.)—-PONTIF. MAX. cos. tions with the emperor, and restored to Attalus
ll. Emperor in a quadriga, crowned by Victory, the imperial title; but almost immediately again
preceded by a soldier. (40 fr.) deprived him of it. He then marched to Rome,
P. M. Tn. P. vi. cos. ii. Apollo seated on a which he took and pillaged. Alaric died A.D.
throne, resting on the lyre, holding a laurel 410; and was succeeded by his brother-in-lnw
branch. Engraved in Lenormant, Ic0n0_//. Rom. Ataulphus, who after a time retired with his
p. 92, pl. vi. No. S.—-SECVBI‘l‘(AS) PERPE'l‘(VA). rmy into Gaul, where he instituted the king
Security stands resting herself on a column. dom of the Visigoths in Aquitanin and Gallia
Engraved in Iconoy. Rom. p. 92, pl. vi. No. 8. Narbonnensis (since called Languedoc), and
GOTHI—The Goths; ancient tribes of north Italy was once more left free from invaders.
ern Europe, who inhabited the borders of the In A. D. 476, Odoacer, king of the Heruli,
Vistula to its mouth in the Baltic Sea, where at being invited by the party of Junius Nepos to
the present stands the city of Dantzie. This bar enter Italy with a vast army of barbarians, com
barous people spreading themselves as far as the pelled the then reigning aud last Emperor of the
Oder, combined with the Hcruli, and during the West, ROMULU8 Auousrus, to abdicatc his
reign of Marcus Aurelius passed the Vistula, and throne, and retire as an exile "into Campnnia.
proceeding south eastward as far as the Palus In 477, the Eastern, or Ostrogoths, were called
Jlwolis (now sea of Asof), took possession of in to the assistance of Zeno, Emperor of the East,
Dacia after having crossed the Borysthenes (now against Odoacer, and the result, after many
the Dnieper). Afterwards those who inhabited battles, was their amalgamation in Italy with
the more eastern parts towards the Black Sea the I-Ieruli, and the foundation of a kingdom
(Pontus Enxinus), were called Ostrogoths, or there under Theodoricus, who died 526. The
Eastern Goths; the others who dwelt towards the Gothic monarchy in Italy lasted from that
west were called Visi-goths, or Western Goths. period till the year 553-77 years; and the
These two nations ravaged at different times many series of its kings is—Thcodoricus, Athnlaricus,
provinces of the Roman empire. In the time of Theodahat-us, Witiges, Hildibaldus, Araricns,
Gallienus, the whole of Thrace was dcpopulated Baduela, Theias. It was these diademcd chiefs
by them. (VaiIlnnt.)——Claudius II. Tacitus, of the hardy northern warriors, who under the
Probus, Constantine and his sous, Julian II. successive reigns of Anastnsius, Just-inus, and
Valentinian, and other emperors respectively de Jnstiniunus, occupied the western scat of the
feated them, and succeeded in confining those Roman empire, its “Eternal City ;” whilst
desolating hordes within their own natural con INVICTA [sometimes blundered into mvim]
fines. But during the government of Valens, nous, and the name of some Gothic aax.
 438 GOTHIA.—GRACES. GRACCURR.IS.—GRAECIA.
figured in strange companionship on coins of most beautiful of the goddesses. In various
the imperial seriesl—See Mionnet and Akcrman. parts of Greece there were temples dedicated to
GOTHIA, that is to say Gathia mbacta (sub their worship, as the acknowledged patroneases
dued), is read on the exergue of a very rare gold of refinement, gentleness, and moderation, in
coin of Constantine the Great, the cpigraph of social intercourse. The most perfect works of
which is DEBELLATORI GENTIVM sannananvar; art were therefore called the works of the Graces.
and the type, two military figures standing, the —They are represented on many ancient bas
hand of one (representing the emperor) resting reliefs, and in two or more nnmismatic monu
on the head of a youth by his side. ments, as beautiful women, standing together,
This singular coin relates to the year 822, entirely undraped, the central figure having an
when Constantine overcame the Goths and Sar arm placed each on a shoulder of the other two.
matians in repeated battles, both in lllyria and They thus display, as if in a dancing attitude,
in Maesia—thc remnants of whom, fleeing beyond symmetry of person, combining with elegance
the Danube, he pursued across that river, again of movement, unadorned beauty, unconscious
overthrew, and punished with an almost exter of otfence to modesty, designed to indicate the
minating slaughter. (Vaillant, iii. p. 87).-On constant reciprocation of kindness and friend
this signal success the emperor was congra ship, without concealment or reserve, but nn
tulated by a coin struck at Trcves, whence the tainted by any mixture of voluptuous fami
words GOTHIA Tlteveris, by the mint of which liarity. Such was the sentimental gloss put by
the imaginative Greeks on the questionable
colony the exploits of emperors were sometimes
commc|noratcd.—Banduri. exhibition of three young virgins in a state of
GOTHIC. Gotlzicua—on coins of Claudius, nudity.—It is, says Spanheim (in his Garars dc
snrnamed Gothicus, not only as a distinction Julien) not disagreeable to see the figures of the
from the former emperor of that name, but also Graces, as they are found on ancient coins, con
on account of a signal victory gained by him formable to those which the poets dcribe to
over the Goths. us. The one (see foregoing wood-cut), was dedi
GO'l‘HICO.—The surname, in the dativc case, cated to Alexander Severus by a city of Thrace,
conferred on the above mentioned Claudius, who called Cononu Fnavu Pscu-res [or Psccnsis],
reigned two centuries and more after the first Dnumuu [or Deultana]; and the other, bear
Claudius, and before Aurelianus. Several of his ing a Greek legend, struck by the inhabitants
coins bear this titular cognomen, and these of Hadrianopali-r, in the same country.—See
were struck as well during his life-time as afier Deultum, p. 320.—See also Vaillant, in Colonic},
his death; viz. =—c1-zmusxrco cornice orruro ii. 118.
rsmclrr—-and nwo onavmo oo'rrnco.—Ban GRACCURRIS, a Roman municipium of
duri, i. pp. 353-354. Hispaniu Tarraconensis, now Agreda, near
GO'I‘liICUS.—This appellation (says Ban Turiaso, in Arragon. It was aneiently called
duri) was fitly given to that Claudius who re Illuricis, but changed its name in honour of
covered Dacia to the empire, and conquered the Titus Scmpronius Gracchus, who repaired it
Scythians and the Quadi, having first of all rc after his victories over the Celtiberiaus. It pre
pelled from the Roman territory an irruption of served the memory of his name by a second
Goths and Sarmatians, whose cupidity of plun brass coin, on the obverse of which is Tl. cas
dcr he punished by a signal slaughter, to the san. mvl. avovsrvs, and the laurcatcd head of
amount (according to historians) of three hun Tiberius. On the reverse MVNICIP(1V3I) onsc
dred and twenty thousand men. Hence we cvnnls. The type is an ox standing, adorned
read on his coins ms. csnssn CLAVDIVS onn. with the infulu or veil, as a victim.—Engraved
oo'r1ncvs.—'l‘he same surname of Gothicus was in Vaillnnt, Cal. i. p. 76; and in the Cabinet
assigned by the Senate to Probus, but it no dc C/u-i.xIinc.—See Akermsn, Coins of (,‘iti¢;
where occurs on that emperor's coins. and Princes, p. 89.
GRAC.—GItACC.—G1'acclms.—Surna.mc of GRAECIA, Greece, formerly the most re
the Sempronia gens. nowned for polity and civilization, and still the
GRACES (Grati¢z, a translation of the Greek most classically interesting, country in Europe.
Xipvres). The three goddesses of favour, love The vast region to which this name, and that of
liness, and benevolence. They were respectively Hellas, were generally given, comprehended to
named, the first, Aglaia, the south, below Sinus Corinthiacus (Gulf of
(which means Venustaa, Lepanto), and Sinus Saronicus (Gulf of Egina),
or Beauty); the second, a great peninsula called the Peloponessus (Morea)
Euphrosyne (that is Hila —and this contained to the west the several states
ritas) ; and the third, of Ac-haia, Elis, and Arcadia; to the south-west
Thalia (1"e.rtivitaa). But Messenia; to the east Corinth, Me aris, Attica,
the ancients were not (including the city of Athens), an Argolis; to
more agreed respecting the south-east Laconica. The northern great
the number of the Graces division of Gnecia Anliqlltl comprised, from west
than as to their parent to east, Aearnania, Etolia, Locriozohe, Doris,
age; some making them the daughters of Jupi Phoeis, Bmotia-—-and stretching much further in
ter, others assigning to Bacchus the honour of the same northward direction, the more exten
their paternity. Homer describes them as em sive kingdoms and territories of Epirus, Thes
ployed in attendance on Venus and the other salia, and Macedonia. Of the Graacian islands
 GRAECI. GRAECI. 439
in the Ionian Sea, along the north and south ‘ ated to their gods—and in impressing upon their
western coasts—-and in the zldgaran Sea, to the coins figures and inscriptions never before used,
east and south-cast, opposite the coast of Asia but indicative of voluntary subjection on their
Minor, the principal were Corcyra (Corfu), Leu part to the meanest slavery. An exception,
cadia (St. Maura), Cephallenia (Cephalonin), perhaps, is to be made in favour of the Athe
Ithaca, Zacynthus (Zante), Euboea (Negropont), nians, who appear to have been free from this
Lemuos, Nuxos, Crete, Carpathos, Ceos, Cythera, black spot of servile adulation; nor did they,
and the smaller islands of the Archipelago, the before the time of Vespasian, allow either the
names of which, as also of the larger, are well name or the elfigy of any Roman personage to
known to every scholar.—“ It is remarkable be struck on their medals.
(says Dr. Butler, Arzcierzi Geog. p. 198), that the Mr. Akermau, in his learned and instructive
word Grzecia was not legally recognized by the “Remarks on the Coins of Ephesus, struck
Romans. The name of Grmcia, however, was under the dominion of the Romans,” makes the
sudiciently familiar among them, in writing and following observations respecting n coin minted
conversation.” at Ephesus, on which Hadrian is styled KAICAP
GRAECI. The Greciarzr, Greek.r.—Histori OATMHIOC, Cmrar O13/mpiu.r—“ Long before
cal references to Greece, and the coins struck by the days of lladrian, the Greeks had been in
the respective kings and cities of its various the habit of paying divine honours to the worst
distinct and independent states, high as are the of princes. Magnificent temples were built in
peculiar claims of both to the attentive study of honour of, and the most fulsome adulation was
the artist and the antiquary, form no part of the ollered to, men who practised every species of
compiler’s design to touch upon in this volume, vice that can dehase human nature. Hadrian
except from and after the epoch at which those was unquestionably possessed of qualities which
peoples were finally subjugated by the Romans ; if rightly exercised, might have rendered him
and then solely with a view to a brief numismatic without a parallel in the history of the Roman
notice of the few colonies planted by their con empire, but these were obscured by vices which
querors, iu .\'lacedonin, Achain, and Epirns, will hear neither description nor comment.—
whose mintagcs bear Latin legends. Not only Why and on what occasion, the people of Ephe
must thefabulaus, and the_flr.rt historic, age of sus gave to Hadrian the title of O/V//mpizu is, I
Greece be here passed by, but also the second believe, unknown. That odious system of poly
historic aara, commencing with the reign of theism which associated Jupiter with Ganymede,
Darius I. and finishing with the death of Alex might have suggested the epithet. Whilst the
ander the Grcat—-a period in which, besides the Ephesians were bestowing a surname of the
military glory which they acquired by their vic king of the gods upon their emperor, other
tories over the Persians, the Greeks carried cities of Greece were erecting temples to Anti
(particularly the Athenians) their philosophy nous l"—Numi.r1nalic Chronicle, vol. iv. p. 89.
and their oratory, their sentiments and tastes, “The practice of paying divine honours to
their knowledge in science, and their skill in their rulers was, as already noticed, 1|. very com
art, to the highest pitch of contemporaneous mon one with the degenerate and degraded
refinement and pre-eminence. Little more, there Greeks. Every one acquainted with ancient
fore, remains for us to observe on this subject, history will remember the account which Plut
than that after the war between Macedonia and arch gives of Antony and Cleopatra, at Alex
Rome, which, after seven years’ duration, ter andria, when the triumvir was styled Neos Aw
minated A. U. C. 586 (B. C. 168), in the defeat vmros (the New Baa:/ms), and his pnramonr,
and capture of king Perseus, by the town Nsa I01: (the New Isis), which latter title, or
destroying consul Paulus Einilius, when one rather that of Gen Nee or Nmrrepa, is found on
thousand of the principal Aehrcans (Polybius a coin of Cleopatra, doubtless struck at the very
amongst the rest) were sent prisoners to Rome. time of that insane mummery.—Buonarotti cites
In the year U. c. 607 (13. c. 147), Macedonia many examples of this practice, quoting a mar
was reduced to the form of a Roman province. blc from Spon, on which Sabina the empress is
The following year, war having been resumed styled the New Ceres, and another from the
between Rome and the Achazans, the latter were same author, inscribed to Julia Domna as the
defeated, and Corinth was taken and pillaged New Vesta.” lbid, p. 109.—See also DIANA
by L. Mnmmins, consul, A. U. C. 609 (B. C. mm-zsra, p. 324 of this dictionary.
145). The Romans, after having thus esta Greek coins, whet-her they were struck by
blished their power over all Greece (Grzecia states, or cities, or by colonies, are deserv
Uuiversa), divided it into two provinces, the ing of particular attention, not only on the
one called Macedonia, and the other Achaia, ground of their remoter antiquity, but also
which they respectively assigned to the govern chiefly because they are of a kind totally different
ment of a prctor, or a pro-consul. from what were issued from the mints of Greece,
It was then and thenceforward that this highly after that country had fallen under the sway of
polished but degenerate people began to vie Rome. Indeed, that the people of Free Greece,
with each other in flattering their conquerors— and even after the loss of their independence,
in literally deifying the Emperors, the Senate, were greatly superior to the Romans in the art
and the City of Rome—-in ostentatiously dedi of engraving money is a fact, to be convinced
cating to Princes and Empresses, their Neo of which we need only to examine those of the
coria, a worship till then exclusively appropri former which remain to us, and compare them
440 GRATIANUS. GRATIANUS.
with the mintages of Roman die, coined under too ready to exercise, whether against the hea
the empire, with the exception of such from then, or against heretics [the Arians especially]
Nero to Commodus, as are evidently the work of of their own body. Whilst by these excesses
Greek artists. of religious zeal, he cooled the attachment of
GRADIVUS.—See Mars. those of his subjects who were exposed to his
severity, his constant engagement in archery,
field sports, and other amusements, to the neg
lect of more serious matters, incurred contempt,
and rendered him unpopular with both the army
and the people.”
Eckhel says of him—“He was a prince of
many good qualities, by which he distinguished
himself at the commencement of his reign,
GRATIANUS, the son of Valentinian I. and though towards the close of his career, he was
Val. Severn, was born at Sirmium, in Pannonia, deficient in the discretion and energy so indis
A.D. 359, whilst his father was still a private pensahly requisite for managing the affairs of an
citizen. In A. D. 367, when eight years old, he empire, vast in extent, and involved in such
was declared Augustus at Ambinnum (Amiens), dilliculties and dangers as pressed upon it at the
having for colleagues his father Valentinian I. critical epoch, in which his lot was cast among
and his uncle Valens. Gratianus was sixteen the rulers of the Roman world. With regard
years of age when his father died, A. D. 375. to his attachment to the Christian religion, as
He immediately acknowledged as his colleague he was detested by the pagans, so was he rc
Valentinianus, his natural brother, whom on the gretted by the orthodox."——D. N. V. viii. 137.
death of his father the legions had proclaimed Gratian, in A. D. 378, married Constantia,
Augustus, though he was scarcely five years old. daughter of Constantine II. and Maxims Faus
The empire was then so divided between them, tina, who was born .\.n. 362, and died some
that Gratianus had for his share Hispania, the years before her husband.
Gallia: and Britain, and Valcntinian Italy, Illy The coins of this emperor in second and third
ricum, and Africa, but under the regency of his brass are common; nor are his gold and silver
brother, while Valens retained the East. He of the usual size very rare. But the few medal
was victorious over the Lentiani Alamanni, a lions extant in gold, are of extreme rarity. On
people inhabiting Rhsetia (the 13.1-01), in a me these he is styled D. N. GRATIANVS AVG.-—
morable battle fought at Argentovaria, or Argen D. N. GRATIANVS P. F. AVG.—-One of his
taria (at or near Colmar, in Alsace). He went coins bears round the head D. N. GRATIANVS
to reinforce Valens, who was hard pressed by AVGG. AVG. Of this singular legend various
the Goths in Thrace, but arrived only in time to interpretations have been given, which may be
find him overpowered and slain, A. D. 378. The seen in the “Rernarques” of Birnnrd (see Jo
barbarians completely over-running and devast bert’s Science dea Illédaillea, edit. 1739, 1'.
ating this region, he recalled Theodosius from ii. p. 32~t).~See also the observations of Eek
his exile in Hispania, and for his services against hel, Docfr. Num. Vet. viii. 158.
those tribes on the Istcr, gave him the title of MINTAGES OF GRATIANUS.
Augustus, at the beginning of the year 379, Gem) It-I1-:mi1.LIoNs.——o1.osis BOMANORVM.
and appointed him govemor of the eastern pro Rome seated. Engraved in Stcinbiichel’s notice
vinces held by Valens. Having set out on an of the Vienna Medallions. (Mionnet values this
expedition against Magnus Maximus, a man of at 600 fr. and another, with the same legend
energy and reputation (who, elected by the and type, at 800 fr.)—Samc legend, Rome and
legions in Britain, had assumed the purple in a turreted woman seated (at 200 fr.)
that island, and invaded Gallia), he found him SILVER MnnaLLioNs.—oI.oai.\ ROMANOBY){.
self abandoned by his troops near Paris, at the Emperor with globe and hasta. (Mt. 30 fr.)—
moment of his being about to attack the usur VICTORIA avoe. Gratian and Valentinian jun.
per’s army, who put him to death in his flight seated. (Tovey sale, £1 6s. Mt. 50 fr.)—vin
near Lngdunum (Lyon), A. D. 383, in the 24th rvs EXERCITVS. (l5s. Thomas. Engraved in
year of his age. Akerman, ii. p. 32-t).——vo'r1s v. MVLTIS x.—
“ llistorians, Pagan and Christian (says an VOTIS xv. srvm-is xx. (Mt. 30 fr. each).
able writer in Dr. Smith’s Biographical Dic Go1.D.-<:o:»1coams svoooa. (rim) Rome
tionary, ii. p. 302), are agreed as to the cha helmed and seated. In exergue CONOB. (Mt.
racter of Gratian. In person he was well made 2-tfr. (Brumcll, 13s.)—v1cTon1i\ AVGVSTORVM.
and good looking; in his disposition gentle and Victory seated and writing vo'r. v. nvm. x. (Mt.
and docile—possessed of a cultivated under 24 fr.)—vicroau\ aveo. The emperor and his
standing and of a ready and pleasing eloquence, father Valentinian I. seated. Struck A. D. 361.
he was chaste and temperate, but too yielding (Brought only 17s. at Campana sale). —oL0ai.\
and pliant, the influence of others leading him NOVIS (sit-.) or NOVI ssscvu. Emperor stands
to severities foreign to his own character. His in a military dress, supporting a victoriola on a
piety and his reverence for ecclesiasties, espe globe, and holding the labarum, adorned with
cially Ambrose of Milan, rendered him too the monogram of Christ. (Mt. 30 fr.)—
willing a party to the persecutions, which the Pamcirivin IVVENTVTIS. RESTITVTOR REI
Christians, new gaining the ascendancy, were rva1.1c/is.—von rvsuca. (Mt. 30 fr. each.)
 GRYPIH. IIADRIANUS. 4-tl
SILVER.-—GLORIA NOVI SAECLI. (sic) The augural priesthood. It is seen on coins of Pom
emperor holding the Christian lalnzrum.-—V0'rA pcius Magnus, Julius Cwsar, and M. Antonius,
PVBLICA. Hercules stands with right hand upon &c. accompanied by the lituua.—See Pmfer¢'cu
the mouth. (Mt. 24, fr.) lam.
vans l‘tO.\{A. Rome seated, holding the hasta H.
and a victoriolu.—0bv. 1). N. GRATIANVS P. F.
AVG. Diodcmed head of the emperor.—(Sce H. This letter, the eighth of the Latin
wood-cut at the head of this article). alphabet, has two general uses. The former
Bnass l\InnsI.L10N.—vnBs ROMA. (20 fr.) before vowels at the beginning of syllables, as in
SMALL BRASS.—-VOTA rvnmcs. Isis holding Honor ; and the second after consonants, as in
the sistrnm.—Sa.me legend. Isis in a car drawn tlzrouus. According to Quintilian, the ancient
by two mules.-—Su.mc legend. Anubis standing, Romans did not use the H. after consonants.
with caduceus and branch. “ Din deinde reservatum ne consonantibns ad
[It is curious, as an evidence either of im spiraretnr, ut in G2-accis and I51'unzpi.r." Cicero
perial inconsistency, or of monetal careless has also remarked, “ Quin ergo ipse, cum scircm,
ness, that whilst the sacred symbol of Chris ita majorcs locutos essc, ut nusquam nisi in vo
tianity adorns so many of Grntian's gold and cali, adspiratioue ntcrentur, loquebar sic, ut pul
silver coins, his small brass are paganised not cros et Cetegos, trimnpo.:, Cartaginem dicerem.”
only with Greek but with Egyptian mythology And on coins, for the most part, the words Grac
—Hercules with club and liou’s spoils; Isis cus and Triumpue, are found without this letter.
with her sistrum, and Anubis with dog’s head l] In the Latinity of the early age, as shewn on
GRYPHI. Grifliru or Gr]‘0n.r.--Fabulous the more ancient marbles, as well as on deuarii
animals, having the body of a lion, and the head of .the Marcia family, 1>u.irPvs——PiL1rP1 is
of an eagle or hawk, with a crest and wings.-— read for P/lili])p1A§', Pfiilippi.—i'Ps.\Evs also
They were sacred to Apollo or the Sun, and are instead of H3/p.wvu-r.—Nor, to quote the autho
often figured near him. On coins of Aurelio rity of Qniutilian and of other old grammarians,
polis, grifiius are represented drawing his cha is it to be ascribed to an error of the engraver,
riot. A third brass of Gallienus exhibits a grif when we find on the coins of M. Antony,
fin walking, the accompanying legend being cnonrls srncvnuonvn and CHORTIVM PIlAE
APOLLINI CONS1.>rvatori AVGusti. On a ronrsnvm. On coins moreover of Gallienus
brass medallion of Antouinns Pius, this monster we find coon. PRAET. VI. P. vi. r. Cofiors
appears flying, with a young man on his back, Prwtoria Sertum Pia, Seztum Felix, or Fidelis.
wearing a Phrygian cap. A woman seated on a The H is sometimes omitted as in nncvu,
griflin forms the reverse type of s brass me and sometimes doubled as in the conn. PRAET.
dallion of Hadrian. It is also seen on deuarii ('0/sorter Pretoriamc, of Gal1icnus.—Scc Eckhel,
of the Aelia, Junia, and Papia families. Vaillant vol. v. 75 and 171.
considers the gritlin to indicate the Apollinnrian H. This letter served to mark the standard
games. There is a griffin sitting, on a small of the Hnstati, who were accustomed to be
brass coin of Domitian (engraved in Morcll. placed in the front of the Roman legionnries,
T/leuzurua, TAB. 25). when in battle array, armed with spears. And
GUBERN'ACULUM.—The rudder of a ship H. P. signified Hastati. Prirlbiper. These
appears on numerous Roman coins, generally in letters inscribed on standards appear on coins of
the hand of Fortune; sometimes at the feet of the Neria and Valeria fnmilies.—Scc Rasehe,
Victory. This nautical instrument is delineated Lu. Nam. ‘r. ii. p. 2, et seq.
in types of the Pretorian gallies, on consular H. Heli0p0lia'.——Also Heremliua.
as wcll as on imperial coins.--See Fontcia gens. H. Hispani:c.—-P. H. c. Provincia Hispanim
p. 392-—Fe1iez'tat. Aug. of Hadrian, p. 381, and Citerioris.
Fortuna, pp. 394-396-397. HAD. Hadrianu.1.—Also nsmz. also HAD!!!
GUTTUS, an oblong vase, designating the and lIADB.IAN.—See below.

IIADRIANUS (Publius /Elias), born at
Rome, according to some; according to others,
at Italica, a colonial city of Spain, where his
family, originally oi‘ I-Iadria in Italy, was cata
3L
blishcd from the time of the Scipios—thnt is to
say, from about two centuries before Christ.——
His father was ./Elins lladrinnus Afcr, his mo
ther Domitiu Paulina; and he was born on the
4-42 HADRIANUS. HADRIANUS.
9th of the calends of February, A. U. 0. 829 time, he was victorious over the Sarmatzc,
(A. n. 76). Losing his father at the age of ten, through the instrumentality of his lieutenants.
he was placed under the guardianship of Trajan, 873 (l20).—It is conjectured by the learned,
his cousin and fellow countryman (afterwards that Hadrian this year commenced his tour
emperor), at that time holding the office of pre through the different provinces of the empire.
tor. After discharging the first otliccs usually He first visited the Gallise, and then Ger-mania.
conferred upon a youth, he was scnt into Micsia; 874 (121).-—IIe passed over into Britain,
and having subsequently set out to greet Trajan, where he constructed a wall from one sea to the
as the new Caesar by adoption, and to convey other, to keep the Caledonian tribes within
to him the congratulations of the army, he was bounds. Returning to Gaul, he proceeded to
ordered to remainiu Gcrmania Superior. Being Spain.
from the first a great favourite with Trajan, on 876 (]23).—lt is considered uncertain in
account of his handsome person and captivating which direction he went on leaving Spain. But
manners, he afterwards drew closer the bonds it is not improbable that he passed a portion of
of friendship by marrying (it is not known in the year at Athens.
what year) the empcror’s niece Sabina, daughter 877 (124-).—Hadrian is believed to have
of Marciano; and thus opened the path to his journied this year into Asia, and made the in
future greatness. In 854 (a.n. l0l), he be spection of its provinces.
came qucstor, and at the expiration of that 878 (125).—After having visited the islands
ofiice, followed Trajan to the Dacian war.-—In of the Archipelago, he returned to Athens, and
858 (105) he was tribune of the plebs; and it is thought that he then made a voyage to
having, about the same epoch, entered upon an Sicily.
other campaign in Dacia, he was appointed to S80 (l27).—It is uncertain where he went
the command of Lcgio I. Minervia; and gave this year, but he is supposed to have returned
signal proofs of his valour. At the termination from Sicily to Rome.
of this war, he celebrated games at Rome, with 881 (128).——-Hadrian accepted the title of
great magnificence, as pretor. After this he Pater Pa!)-1'42, and conferred that of Augusta on
was sent as pro-pretor into Pannonia Infe his wife Sabina.
rior, whers he defeated the Sarmatiaus, and 882 (129).—It is inferred from the proceed
earned his consulate; which, however, was not ings of the following year, when he visited
of the ordinary kind, but by szzbrtitzztian (suf Egypt, that at the end of this the emperor was
fectus). This consulate took place in 862 (A.D. in Arabia. That he went thither from Syria,
l09). Growing more and more in favour with Eckhel (vi. 481) gathers from Dion and from
Trajan, he was appointed, as legatus, to con the coins of Gaza, which town established (A. D.
duct the war then impending with Parthia.— 130) a fresh rera in honour of his visit. A
ln 870 (117), when Trajan was preparing to re temple of Rome, and another of Venus, were
turn from the East, in consequence of ill-health, built there in memory of the same event. The
he left to Hadrian the command of the army succeeding year lladrian returned from Egypt
in Syria, afier the latter had been nominated, into Syria.
through the agency of Plotina, as consul for the 885 (l32).——Eckhel thinks it probable that
year ensuing. Shortly afterwards, ’l‘rajan died in this year began the Jewish war, set on foot
at Selinns (now Sclmlij, Cilicia. And Hadrian, by Barchoecbas, though '1‘illemont dates it two
in virtue of letters of adoption, signed by Plo years later. The events of the two following
tina, and forwarded to Rome, took at Antioch years are uncertain.
the title of emperor, without waiting for the 888 (l35).—l-Iadrian returned to Athens, and
Senatorial confirmation. It was on the 5th day was initiated into the mysteries of Eleusis. Ilc
before the ides of August, that Hadrian re also completed a temple of Jupiter Olympius, at
ceived his letters of adoption, and thenceforth Athens, which had been commenced many ages
kept that day as his birlfi-day by ttd0p!i0n.— before. Finding himself in a declining state of
On the 3rd day before the ides of August, the health, he adopted L. 1Elius. It is probable
death of Trajan was publicly announced; and that the Jewish war was this year brought to a
this was afterwards reckoned as the natal day conclusion by the valour of Jnlius Severus.
of bi: rei_qn.—The samc year, he withdrew the 889 (136).—His strength being exhausted
legions from Armenia, Mesopotamia, and As by repeated bleeding at the nose, and his temper
syria, assigning as his reason for so doing. the in consequence becoming morose, he caused
difiiculty of keeping those regions in subjection; several individuals to be put to death, on charges
and fixed on the Euphrates for the eastern of attempted usurpation.
boundary of the empire. He sent to Rome the 891 (l38).—L. Elias, whom Hadrian had
ashes of Trajan ; and the same year was elected adopted, being dead, Antoninus, on the 25th of
consul for the first time, from the month of February, was adopted in his stead; Antoniuus
August to the month of January. at the same time having adopted Marcus Aure
A. u.c. 871 (A.D. 1l8.—l-lndrian made his lins and L. Verus. After protracted suffering,
public entry into Rome. And soon paid divine and having lost Sabina, he died of dropsy, at
honours to Trajan. Proceeding consul for the Baise, on the 10th of July, at the age of 62
second time, he remitted to the people all debts years and nearly six months, after a reign of 20
on account of taxation. years and 11 months.
872 (ll9).—Consul for the third and last -, The subjoined character of this celebrated
 IIADRIAN US. ll.\l)ltl.\NL'S. -H3
prince is by amaster-hand for fidelity, discri devoted, that he was culled by many GI'¢lL'l(lIl.t‘.
minntion, and judgment in the province of bio lie was a proficient not only in arithmetic,
graphical writing :— geometry, painting, and music, but even in the
“ Hadrian's name deserves to be handed down arts of moulding in brass and chiselling in
to posterity among those of the greatest bene marble; whether, indeed, in such a manner as
factors of the Roman empire; though his merits to rival the Polyeleti and Euphrnnors, we have
were tarnished by crimes of great magnitude, only the testimony of Victor to assure us. He
and by vices of the worst description.-—If we was so fond of travelling, that he wished to
credit the accounts of his life, furnished by his verify, by personal inspection, all the accounts
biographer Spartianus, and by Dion Cassius, we which he had read of different parts of the world.
shall find that there was no emperor who cuter His extreme addiction to sensual pleasures to the
ed more into the most minute details, as well as extent of indulgence in propensities not to be
into the highest concerns, of government. How named, nor, even to be alluded to, was afoul and
indefatigable he was in visiting all the provinces detestable blot upon his character. The infatuated
of the empire, and investigating in person their attachment which he manifested for Autiuous,
respective grievances ; how severe an exactor of and his ill-treatment of an amiable wife, cannot
military discipline, and how ready to share the be too severely reprobated. It is a matter of his
duties, not only of a general, but of a private tory, that his love of peace carried him beyond
soldier, a reference to his coins affords frequent bounds at all consistent with the honour of the
opportunities of proving, [as has already been empire. For, that he was in the habit of bribing
slicivn, and will continue to be shewn, in this foreign powers to forego their ofiensive designs,
dictionary.] Courteous in his deiucanour to all is stated not only by Dion, but Victor also more
persons, he was in the constant habit of joining openly charges him with boasting, after pur
the social meetings of his friends; the sick, chasing pacific relations from many kings, that
though of much lower rank, he used to visit he had gained more without stirring foot, than
two or three times n day, and cheer them with others had by their campaigns. But, much
encouragement; in short, conducted himself in more fatal in its efiects was the spirit of envy,
all respects as a private individual. As in in which he persecuted those who excelled in
social life, so in public, his liberality was dis any of the arts, going even so far as to
played in his remitting to the nation, A.U.C. 871 put some of them to death; among whom
(A.D. 118), an enormous debt to the treasury, were Euphrates, a celebrated philosopher of the
and relieving the provinces which had suffered period, and Apollodorus Damascenus, the urchi
loss, by money supplied from his private re tect of the Forum of Trajan, and the bridge
sources; also in the erection of temples of the over the Danube; nay many have supposed that
greatest splendour, especially at Athens, of which u desire of peace and public tranquillity was but
city he was very fond, and in the construction of an ostensible reason for the rclinqnishinent of
aqueducts and ports, by which he consulted both Armenia and other provinces, and the dis
the ornament and the utility of the differciit mantling of the famous bridge over the Danube,
cities.—'l‘herc is still to be seen at Rome a mau the actual one being his envy of 'I‘riijnn’s rc
soleum of vast proportions, built by bim near nown. His character, as drawn by Spartiun, is
the Tiber, accurately described by Procopius (now full of contradictions, shewing him at one time
vrcll-known under the name of the castle of St. cheerful, liberal, and merciful; at another severe,
Angelo) ; also the remains of the toivn of Tibur, a. obstinate, perfidious, and cruel. The sanguinary
lasting monument of his magnificence, where, as disposition, indeed, which at the commencement
Spartian relates, he built himself ii. villa, and in of his reign he displayed in putting several emi
troduced the novelty of inscribing on its several nent men to death, broke out with still greater
parts the names of the most celebrated provinces violence in the lutcr years of his life, when sour
and localities, such as the Lyceum, the Acade ness of temper supervcned upon the suderings of
mia, the Prytancum, Canopus, Psecile, and disease, and a morbid suspicion took possession
Tempe. Although, from the moment of his of his mind, which prompted him to take the
accession to empire, he devoted his whole atten lives of the most distinguished men in the state,
tion to the preservation of pence throughout the and many of consular rank, on tho charge of
world, in pursuance of which policy he volun cherishing designs upon the sovereignty.”-See
tarily ceded Armenia and the other regions Doctrina, vi. 473 to -£81-.
beyond the Euphrates, as being a perpetual He was buried first at Putcoli, in the villa of
liot-bed of war, yet he did not permit the Cicero; and subsequently his ashes were trans
soldiers to become enervated by inaction, but ferred to Rome, and deposited in the tomb,
kept them evcr on the alert and in the practice which he had built for himself on the banks of
of arms; a circunistance which rendered him the Tiber.
constantly formidable to foreign powers, and the Hadrian, in the first instance, not only took
more ready to suppress aggression, that he the name of Trajan [HADRIAN VS 'l‘RAIA
never himself took the initiative. NVS CAESAR]; but he also called himself
“Amidst these weighty cares of state, he Filiua Optimi Ti-ajani ,- and also the grandson
still found time to bestow on his bodily exer of Nerva [IMP. CAES. HADRIANVS Dl\"l
cise and intellectual pursuits. His coins bear NER. TRAIAN. OPT. FILJ Afterwards the
witness to his nntiring love of the chnce. 'l‘o style and title of this prince, as struck on his
Grecian literature he was, from his boyhood, so money, were for the inost part HADltlAN\'>‘
3L2
444 HADRIANUS. HADRIANUS.
AVGVSTVS P. P. with the addition, towards allowed their hcards to grow; unless Spartiau
the close of his reign, of Pater Patrirs. would have us believe, that they too were de
On Hrl0,'rian's coins, after A. u. 117, we read sirous of hiding personal defects. The fashion,
P. M. TR. I’. COS. And from a. D. 119 to thus introduced in connexion with philosophical
138, TR. P. II. to XXI. COS. III. P. P. IMP. II. habits, became in subsequent emperors a mere
For from COS. III. A. D. 119, the number of the custom, so that for a long period, all the em
consulates is no longer repeated, nor are the suc perors, however little addicted to learning, still
cessive investitures of the tribunitian power any persisted in wearing the beard.——See BABBA,
longer recorded, a circumstance which renders pp. 123, 12-1-.
it so dillicult to mark the date of his mintages. 'I‘hirdly.—\\'hocver will inspect attentively
'l‘hc subjoined observations on the obverse: of the coins of Hadrian, cannot fail to remark,
I-Iadrian’s coins are from Eckhcl, vi. 484 ct seq.: that on those struck in his first and second
Firstly_——'l‘hat Hadrian appears on them, for consulates, there appears rather a bust than a
the most part, with bare head, which is of less head of the emperor; in other words, a por
frequent occurrence in the emperors immediately trait, including the greater portion of the breast
preceding and following him. Some suppose and the back; also a considerable thinness in the
that this arises from the fact that, according to face, and sharpness of the chin; and further,
his biographer Spartianus, “ he was so inditl’cr that the inscription accompanying such busts
cut to cold and weather, that he never covered continues to give the name of TIIAIANI, in re
his head.” And this testimony is confirmed by ference to his adoption, whereas, subsequently
Dion ; “ he could not be induced by any extre where the head, and not the bust, is displayed,
mity of heat or cold, to go with his head and that too with fuller features, the name is
covered ; for even amidst the Celtic snows, and invariably absent. And this peculiarity, both of
the buming suns of Egypt, he always travelled the portrait and the legend, is observed also on
with his head bare.” This practice, however, some coins of the third consulate. Whence it
was eventuaHy fatal to him; for, according to
follows, that during the first year of his third
the same writer, “ after travelling in every direc consulate, the original mode of pourtraying and
tion with no covering to his head, and generally inscribing was retained, and consequently that
amidst storms of wet and cold, he at length fell all such coins must be referred to the beginning
a victim to disease.” of Consulate III.
Secondly. The beard is also a novelty; as
we gather not only from coins, but from the Fourthly.—Again, the custom of using the
express statement of Dion—" For Hadrian,” he zlative case in the legend, borrowed from the
says, “ was the first emperor who allowed his coinage of Trajan, is observed still in force
beard to grow.” We see, indeed, that on coins, during the first consulate of Hadrian, or the
both Augustus and Nero display n small heard, year U. (1. 870 (A. D. 117). Nevertheless, at the
but in their cases, as we have before remarked, end of the year, in which he is styled, cos.
the reason for its appearance was either some DES. II. the nominative case begins to take its
occasion of public mourning, or that their age place. There are a very few coins of the second
was not sutlicicnt to admit of their laying aside consulate, which retain the dative mac.
their beard, in accordance with ancient custom. Hadrian carried his display of reverence and
Spartian says, that the motive in Hadrian’s case atfection for his parents, by adoption, to so high
was “that he might conceal some natural ble a pitch, as to cause a gold coin to he struck with
mishes on the face.” But I suspect, that an the epigraph of nlvis PARENTIBVS, and the
other motive was at the bottom of this fashion, heads of Trajan and Plotina on the reverse; and
viz. that he was more constant in his devotion others with the head of Trajan and the inscrip
to the study of philosophy, than its professors tion nrvo rnaraxo PATRI or PATRI AVG. or
were to the cultivation of their beards. And nrvvs rnaranvs ave. (Sec p. 335.)
that such was the view of the subject taken by Hadfian’: various and continual jonrueyings
the Emperor Julian is evident from the fling he amongst the provinces of the Roman world—a.s
has at him in his Ctuar-r——“ After him (Tra for example into Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain,
jan) appears a venerable old man, with along Africa, Mauretauin, Asia, Achaia, Egypt, Szc.
beard. * * "‘ Silenus, observing him fre are narrated by Spartianus and by Aurelius
quently lifting up his eyes to heaven, and anxi Victor. No mention, however, is made on his
ously enquiring aftcr abstruse subjects, cxclaims, coins of the word pro/Z-clio, as we find it (PRO
what think you of this Sophist P” Certainly, FECTIO ave.) on the coins of succeeding em
it is well known, that Hadrian greatly encour perors. But on the other hand we find the com
aged the Sophists, with the exception of those memoration of arrivals (anvr.r\"rvs) no where
against whom he entertained feelings of envy; more numcrously or more curiously exhibited on
and Spartian informs us, that at the museum in any of the imperial series than on the coins of
Alexandria, he proposed many questions to the Hadrian. This geographical class of medals
professors, which he answered himself, and that present on their obverse the lanreated head of
the sole reason for his attachment to Athens Hadrian, and on the reverse the emperor and
was its long established reputation for the en another figure, generally a woman, in the act of
couragement of philosophy. His immediate performing sacrifice, and sometimes a victim
successors in the empire, devoting their atten before the altar, bearing for inscription the
tion with equal ardour to these pursuits, also . words Azlvcnlux or Adventui, prefixed to the
 HADRIANUS.
name of each province or city, viz. =-AFRICAE
—-ALEXANDR.IA.E——AR.ABlAE—ASIAE—
BITHYNIAE—-Bl{lTANNIAE—CILIClAE-
GALLlAE—HISPANIAE-—ITALIAE—
IVDEAE—MACEDONIAE—-MAYRETA
NIAE——MOESIAE-PHRYGIAE—SICILIAE
THRACIAE. _ 10s.; Thomas sale, B3 55.; sec same in brass,
And as no jonrneyings or progresses from the
capital into the difierent provinces of the Roman
empire were more numerous than thosc of Ha
drian, so neither were there any in which the
arrival of an emperor in u provincial city was
attended with greater benefit or advantage to
that city, either in privileges granted or in em
bellishments bestowed. These are indicated on
those of his coins which bear the inscriptions,
RESTITVTORI ACHAI.-iE—Al~‘RIC.>\E——
ASIAE—ARABlAE—BlTl~lYNIAE--—GAL
LlAE——HISPANIAE—-—M;\CEDONIAE—
MA.VR.ET.»\NIAE—PlIRYGlr\E—SIClLlAE.
——We find also on the coinage of this great prince
memorials of his visit to, or favours conferred
on, AEGYPTOS, and CAPPADOCIA, inscribed
on coins without the addition of either advmlu:
or reatillzloa-. “Fhilst first brass of the same
Emperor, bearing, in comprehensive magnifi
cence of terms, the epigraph RESTITV'l‘ORI
ORBIS TERRARVM, will be found described
and illustrated in its proper placc.—Sce also
anvsxrvs svovsrr, pp. 8 and 9.
It is stated by Spartian, that many cities
called themselves after him by the name of
Hzulriana, or Hadrianopolis; but that he docs
not remember any colonies to have been planted
by him; although Euscbius, in his Chronicles,
aflirins that the emperor scnt many into Lybia,
in the fifth year of his rcign.
With certain exceptions, arising from the
rarity, historical interest, workmanship, or pre
servation of the specimens, Hru/rian’.: coins, of
every metal and size, as well Greek as Latin,
are common; especially those in first, second,
and third brass. First brass colonial are rare,
the others common.
MINTAGES OF HADRI.-\NUS.
The following arc among the rarest reverses :
SiLv1:a MnnALI.roNs.—cos. m. Jupiter
flithophorus standing.—cos. III. l\Iinerva——
Pluto S: Cerberus-Apo11o—1Esculapius——Ephe
sian Diana.—c0n. BIT. Octostyle temple; on
its frieze non. s. P. AVG. (Brought only £1 4s.
at the Thomas sale) .-——['_The above seven Mionnet
values at 40 fr. ea.ch.]—c05. III. Neptune
Two Furies—Cybéle. (.\It. 48 fr. each).—PoN'r.
MAX. rn. POT. cos. III. Jupiter Victor seated.
[This splendid medallion (engraved in Mionnet,
who values it at 600 fr.) nearly the size of large
brass, is of Roman die. The preceding ones
were struck in Asia].
GOI.D.—-ANN. 1:. ccc. Lxxrnr. NAT. van. P.
cra. co.\'c.——[This, one of the rarest of
Hadrian’s aurei, and of high historical interest,
(sec p. 46), brought B7 15s. at the sale of the
Thomas collection. A specimen, at the Pem
broke auction brought £4 35.]
ADVENTVI AVG. ITALIAE. (£1 1-is. Thomas
HADRIANUS. 44-5
sale; Brumell, £2 2S.)—AEGYP'l‘0S. (£4 5s.
Thomas)
_ .--AFRICA. (£3 18s. 0d. same collec
t1on.)—-coNsncn.\'r1o. Emperor on an eagle.
(Brought at the Thomas sale £12 10s.)—-COS. n1.
Jupiter, Hadrian, and Rome. (£4 Os. Thomas).
—D[SClPLlNA AVG. (Mt. 72 fr.; Pembroke, £6
engraved in p. 333).—1nv1s PARENTIBVS. Busts
of Trajanus and Plotina. (Mt. 100 fr. ; Thomas
sale, £13; Brumell, £11 15s.)—nivo TRAIANO
PATH! AVG. Head of Trajan. (Mt. 120 fr.;
brought £9 15s. at the Thomas sale). Engraved
in Akerman, pl. vi. No. 4.-—nnac. GADIT.
Hercules standing. (Mt. 60 fr.—u1sPAN1a.
(£5 10s. Th0n.las).—IMP. HADRIAN mvl nan.
raamu orr. 1"lL. nnsr. The emperor sacri
ficing. (.\It. 150 fr.)-—P. M. 'ra. P. cos. 111.
Mars. (£3 ls. Pembroke).—P. ll. TR. P. cos.
III. Hercules and two figures in a temple.
(1\It. 60 fr. ; Thomas, £41. Engraved in p. 4-56).
—-P. 11. rs. P. cos. m. £3 lls. Thomas.—Same
legend. Hercules in a temple. (£3 19s. Tho
mas).—Same legend. Hercules seated on ar
mour. (£2 10s. 0d. 'l‘homas).——~anvr.:\'rvI
APBICAE. (Mt. 50 fr. Engraved in p. 9).
RESTITVTOBI HISPANIAE. (Mt. 60 fr.)—Rr;s'rr
'rv'ron.1 1'r.u.1.u~:.—1‘ELr.vs STABIL. A woman
seated on the ground. (Mt. 72 fr. each).—n0
MvLo CONDITOBI. (E2 Thomas.)—sAr:c. AVE.
P. M. &c. (Mt. 72 fr., Pembroke, £5 15s. 6d.
Thomas, El l4s).—s1zcvnm\s AVG. (£2 9s.
Brumcll).—VOTA PVBLICA. Emperor and four
figures sacrificing. (Estimated by Mionnet at
120 fr.; brought £16 2s. 6d. at the Thomas sale).
—Without legend. Wolf and Roman twins.
(£6 12s. 6d. Pcmbrokc; £4 10s. Thomas).
Without legend. The Nile seated, sphinx and
hippopotamus. (£3 10s. Thomus).—Without
legend. Trophy with shields. (Ha_I/' aureus,
(£4 ls. Thoma-a).—cos. 111. The emperor on
horseback. (This very fine aureu-r sold for £16
at the Thomas auction).
Sn.vr:n.—1r.u.r.i rnux. (Mt. 20 rr.)_
MARTI. (30 t‘r.)—1u-.'sr1rv'ronr acnamn. (24
fr.)—sAn1.\'ri svovsrs. Head of the empress.
(4-S fr.)
BRASS l\[cnsLI.r0.\'s.—coNconnui PARTII.
&c. Female sacrificing. (E2 14s. Thomas).
cos. Ill. P. P. Man dragging a ram towards an
altar. Engraved in Akcrnian, i. plate A. No. 1.
(Mt. 200 fr.; £2 14-s. 'l‘homas).—[A beau
tifully pntinatcd specimen of this rare and fine
medallion brought the sum of thirty pounds
at the sale of Signor Campana’s collcction].——
c0s.1!. P. P. Cybéle drawn by four lions.—
cos. m. P. P. Victory in a l1iga.—-DECVRSIO.
Two horsemen and one on foot.—Diana carrying
two torches. (Mt. 100 fr. cach).—c0s. ru. P. P.
s. c. A galley, on the sail of which Fenci
rarr AVG. (.\It. 40 fr. Engraved in p. 383).
—cos. m. Pour. nan. Fortune seated.—cos.
111. Romulus and Remus and the wo1f.—v0'rs
svscnrra. Two figures sacrificing. (Mt. 50 fr.
cach).—n:L1c1"rA'rr AVG. cos. 111. P. P. s. 0.
Pretorian galley, with eight rowers, gubernator,
&c. (£1 5s. Thomas.)—om\'lvs POPVLI non.\\'r.
Mt. 150 fr. Engraved in p. 4l0).—P. M. rn. I’.
446 lI.~\DRUME'l‘UM.
Roma Nicephorus seated.-——Without legend.
Apollo and Bacchus drawn by a goat and a pau
ther. See p. 120. (Mt. 150 fr. euch).—P. M.
‘rs. P. nu. Jupiter standing between two ga
lcated females. Without legend. Jupiler seated
between Juno and Minerva. (Mt. 200 fr. each).
—vm'1'v'rI AVGVSTI. Emperor on horseback,
chasing a lion. (E5 15s. Csmpana sale).——P. M.
rn. P. cos. m. Sow and numerous piglets.
(£4 16$. Campzma).
[The medallion with the Pons 1Elius, orna
mented with statues, quoted by the early unmis
matie writers, is a modern fabrication.—Mion
net~—Akcrman.]
Luzon BRASS.—-ADLOCVTIO con. PRAETOR.
—-ADVENTVI svo. ALEXANDRIAE. Serupis, lsis,
Hadrian and Sabina.—Without legend. Eagle,
peacock, and owl. (Mt. 24 fr. 041cl\).-—-AD\'EN
'rvr AVG. BRITANNIAE.-—ADVEN‘1'VI AVG. non
sra1:.—-Do. PHBYGIAE. (30 fr. caeh).—-cos. In.
Emperor fully armed. (£2 5s. Pembroke sale.
—cos. m. Emperor in the toga, addressing
six personage: from the steps of a portico.~—[Scc
this reverse engraved under the head of TEM
PLV!.]—EXEBClTVS srmacvs. (£2 15s. 0d.
Cuinpana).—-1-zxnucrrvs DACICVS. (£2 same
sale) .—r:xencrr\'s curanoclcvs. (Mt. 30 fr.)
—GEB}lANICV5.-—HAVllETANICVS.—-RHAETICVS.
(20 fr. 68.(:l1).—--MOESIACVS.—NORICVB. (40 fr.
each).—ron'rv1n REDVCI. Rome and the em
peror. (Not in Mionnet: brought B4 2s. at the
Brumcll sale).—Locvr1.m'a'rou1 ORBIS ransa
B.V'M.——RELIQ. versus, &,c. (30 fr. each).—
uovrvno conorrour. Emperor carrying trophy.
(24 fr.)—8ABINA. Head of empress. (.\lt.40 fr.)
-—SICILIA. Head of i\Icdusa.—vruTvs AVGVSTI.
Emperor on horseback, pursuing a lion.—v01‘.
PVB. Emperor and several figures at n sacrifice.
-Without legend. Pons 1Elius. (72 fr.)
Without legend. Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
seated. (30 fr.)
Mmnne Busss.—-s. o. Four children repre
senting the four seasons. (20 fr.)
Suam. Busss.—ar:n1s rrxcexsu, within a
crown of laurel. (18 fr.) Sec p. 15. gus, and Perseus employed it as a weapon to
HADR.——IIadrumelum, the capital of a par cut ofi‘ the head of Medusa.-—-Sec ssru u.\'\:s.
ticular country in Africa, culled Byzaema, be H.-\RUSPICES.—Scc ARUSPICES.
tween the Syrtis and Zeugitaua.—-“All authors Il.»\S'l‘A, a spear, lance, or pike—a weapon
who speak of Africa (says Pelleriu) make men
tion of this city as one of considerable import
ancc, and as the metropolis of the province in
which it was situated. Pliny includes it in the
list of free cities. Bet Gruter has given an in
scription by which it appears that it was made
a colony by the Emperor Trajan; and Ptolemy
in effect assigns to it the title of a colon_v.”—
Vaillant does not appear to have been aware of
the existence of any coins belonging to this
colony. But Pelleriu has published two. One
of these he shews by an engraving to be of a
module, which up roaches the size of a medal
lion, and which e describes to be in perfect
preservation ; the other is about the dimensions
of first brass. Both have on their obverse
llADR1unelum AVGVSTVS, and the naked
head of Angustus; and for their reverse the
bare head of Julius, with litnus and star, and
IIANNIBALLIANUS.
the legend CAESAR.—See vol. iv. pl. lxxxviii.
page 17 ; also Jlélanye, i. vignette title-page.
It is only by these two medals that the city
of Hadrunictum (although n considerable city
in the most fertile and corn-growing district of
Africa Propriu), is nuniismatically identified
with the imperial series of Roman colonies and
nzzenicipiu. lt is not, however, included in
Eckhel’s or Mionnet’s list of either.
HANDSj0z'ned.-See Jlazme /mmana.
IIANNIBALLIANUS (Flaviue Claudius),
nephew of Constantine tho Great, and brother
to Delmntius, born at Toulouse, in what year is
uncertain. He was called Nobilisairnua by his
uncle Constantine, who appointed him prefect
of Cnppadocia and Armenia, which provinces
he governed with the title of king, A. D. 335.
He and his brother Delmatius were killed by
the soldiers, A. D. 337. (See or-:Lu.u'ivs, p
315). Of this prince there are no gold or silver
coins. His third brass are very rare. 'l‘he_v
bear on their obverse PL. HANNIBALLIANO user,
with the bare head, and the paludamenlum ,
and on the reverse SECVBITAS PVBLICA, and also
REIPVBLICAE, with a river god.—The former
valued by Mionnet at 50 fr. the latter at 72 fr.
HARPA, a very ancient kind of instrument,
in the form of a denticnlated sickle, of which
Saturn, according to a horrid myth, made
use to mutilate his father Uranus, and is
therefore one of the symbols of that god.——
The harps is seen on a coin of the Neria gens,
behind the head of Saturn, and on a deuarius of
the Scutia family, in the hands of the same
deity; also on u silver coin of Valerianus, accom
panying tho epigraph of Eternitas. (Eckht-l).——
Mercury is also said to have used it to kill Ar
derived by the Romans from the Etrnriaus, who
called it Corim. By the Sabines it was nunied
Quiris, whence Romulus received the designa
tion of Quirinus, as Ovid ntlirn1s—
Siva quod hasla Quiris priscis est dicta Sabiuis,
Bellicus h telo venit in nstra Dena.
The Sabines called their kings Carilaa, that
is to say Jove; Iuutatos, because the spear was
with them the attribute of royalty. Per en
tempora (says Justin), Reges hastas pro diadc
mute habebant, quns Grmci sceptra dixére.
The Hasla was the symbol not only of power,
fortitude, and valour, but also of majesty and
even of divinity. Inverted or reversed it dc
noted tranquillity.——Havercamp, ad Harell.
Tlzesaur. Fam. p. 458.
Ilarta Pu/-a was a spear stnfi‘, without an
iron head-—as in Virgil,
Illc, vidcs, pnrll juvenis qni nititur hasté.
 llAS'l‘A.—-llELEi\'A. ll ELENA. 447
Whercupon Servius remarks, that the ancient after his elevation to that high dignity, A. D. 292,
Romans presented a spear, without an iron point, Constautius immediately afterwards took Theo
to him who had conquered for the first time. dora, daughter-in-law of Maximiauus Hercules,
Spanhcim (Pr. i. p. 455), says the /uulapura, for his second wife; and Helena retired into pri
as a kind of sccptrc, is an indication of power vate life; but was subsequently honoured with
both divine and human. It is one of the insignia the title of Augusta by her son Constantine the
of the Gods, and of the Emperors and Augushe Great. She died A.D. 328. There are brass
after their apothcosis, implying that they had medallions (rare) of this empress, and third
become objects of worship. It is generally brass which are common ; on thcse she is styled
found in the hands of female divinities and per FLavia 1VLia HELENA Al/Guata.
sonifications; as the war-spear is in those of Mionnet values s1-zcvarras AVGVSTA, and
warriors and heroes. PIETAS AVGVSTAE, two brass medallions of this
Hasta.-—We see this weapon on Roman empress, at 100 fr. each.
coins in the hands of various deities, amongst
the rest those of Apollo, Bacchus, Castor and
Pollux, Ceres, Cybele, Diana, Hercules, Juno,
Jupiter, Mars, Pallas, Sol, Venus, Vesta, and
(as a demigod) Romulus. In like manner it is
an attribute of qualities, such as 1Equitas,
11-lternitas, Annona, Clementia, Concordia,
Fccunditas, Felicitas, Fides, Fortune, lliluritas,
Honos, Indulgentia, Justitia, Liberalitas, Muni
ficcntin, Nohilitas, Paticutia, Pax, Pcrcnnitas,
HELENA (Flrwia), wife of Julian the
Perpetuitas, Pietas, Providentia,Pudicitia, Quies,
Apostate, to whom she was united in marriage
Snlus, Securitas, Tranquillitas, Virtus, &c. A
when that emperor was declared Caesar, 4.1).
man on horseback with the hasta in his hand,
355. She was the daughter of Constantine the
on imperial coins, betokens an emperor hasten Great by the empress Fausta. Her death took
ing to the wars. The type of an emperor place in 360, a short time after Julian had been
shaking his spear over an enemy lying prostrate
on the ground, denotes that his heroism in
proclaimed Augustus. The coins of this lady
have been by mistake assigned to Helena, wife
battle against the “ barbarians” shone like that
of Constantine I. The gold are of crtrcmo
of another Mars, and such like flattery The
rarity, but the third brass are common: on
genius of a city carries a hnsta in the right hand thcsc she is styled FL. HELENA AVGVS’l‘A.
for the defence of the citizens against the bar Au aureur, with legend SECVRITAS n.r.u>vn
barians. Rome, when personified on coins, is
LICAE. Female standing; s.1r.r. (Valued by
almost always represented holding the hastn,
Mionnet at 1000 fr.)
that particular mark of dominion and sove
[This coin Eckhel (see his observations, D. N.
reignty.
V. vol. viii. p. 143), confidently assigns to
Ham», placed crosswise behind a shield, are
Helena, wife of Julian.——-—Mionnet (De la
marks of the equestrian dignity. Sec EQVESTI-ZR.
Rareté dz: Med. vol. ii. p. 303), follows on
ouno PRINCIPI rvvnrrr. on a coin of Com this point the opinion of Eckhel.——M. Le Baron
modus. For the Romans under the empire were
Merchant (in his xviith Lellre Nurn£.vmah'(/m.-),
accustomed to ofi'cr such spears, as well as a at once repudiates the distinctions previously
shield, to young princes. established between the coins of the three dif
Haalati, infantry of the Roman legions, so ferent lleleuns, and ascribes all the pieces which
called because at the commencement of their bear that name to the mother of Constantine.
institution, they were armed with spears. ——In this absolute revolt against a part of the
Hastuti (says Varro), quod primo Hastis pug system of appropriation, laid down by the illus
nabaut. And though afterwards armed in 0.
trious German, aud for some time acquiesced in
different manner, they always preserved the
without further contest by the numismatic world,
name; for in Polybius’s time they fought with M. Ch. Lenormnnt has joined. And in vol. vi.
swords, and a dart called Pilum ; the Veliles,
p. 88 et seq. of Revue Nu1n1'.rmzzlique, the latter
or light troops, alone continued to use the has given his reasons in full for undertaking
javeliu termed Harm. (Pitiscus).-——Ha.stal£ to corroborate and out the ideas of Baron
and Princzpes are expressed on family coins by Merchant. To this luminous dissertation the
the letters H. and P. (See Neria gcns).—
attention of the student is particularly directed.]
The Principay, like the Haslali, were the most
distinguished of the Roman soldiers: their post
was at the head of an army, the first in rank,
and as it were, the princes; it also meant the
first cohorts and the first lcgions.—(Kolb.)
HEDERA.—See Iv]/.
HELENA (1"laviaJulia), born at Drepanum,
in Bithynia (A. D. 248), was the first wife of
Constantius Chlorus, to whom she was married
several years previously to his*being invested with HELENA N. F. (NabiIi.s.rinra Fem1'na).—A
the rank of Caesar, and by whom she was divorced third brass, bearing this legend and the imde
448 HELIOPOLIS. HELIOPOLIS.
corated head of a fcmnlc.—Rev. without legend. illum. On either side, elevated on a cippus, is
A large star within a garlund.—“ This princess a young draped female, each holding the ends of
is not alluded to in history, but from the men u veil, floating in the air above the head of
tion of her name together with that of Crispus, the goddess, whom Vaillant calls the _1]enius of
in the Thcodosian code, she is supposed to have Heliopolis, and Mionnet describes as Aslarle.—
been the wife of that Caesar, the son of Con It is at any rate as remarkable a type as any
stantine, although it does not clearly state that engraved on s colonial coin.
she was. The supposition is strengthened by Atlzleta (wrestlcr).—On a second brass struck
the style of the coin (engraved in preceding by the lleliopolitans, in honour of the emperor
page), which bears a strong resemblance to that Valcrianus, u male figure naked, stands with his
of Fansta, the supposed wife of Constantius the right hand placed on a vase (or is in the act of
Second.—Akerman, Descript. Cat. ii. 25.
[According to the new distribution by Baron
Merchant and M. Ch. Lenormant, this is,
amongst others, rendered up, as a coin struck
uudcr her son, to the mother of Constantine.—
See iV0liili:simu Femina].
HEL.—IIeIiopoli.r, or city of the Sun.
HELIOPOLIS.—There were more cities than
one of this name. That however, which is dis
tinguished numismutically, was situated near
Mount Lebanon; and having received from
the Egyptian Heliopolis an idol of the Sun,
adopted the same appellation. It became u receiving it as a prize). He holds in his left
Roman c0I0n_1/ under Julius Ca2sa.r’s foundation, hand a pahn-branch, the symbol of victory.—
and therefore called Julia. Augustus sent many [Coins were minted at Heliopolis to record the
veterans to it; and the name of Augusta was arrival of Valerianns in Syria, on his way to
consequently added to its colonial titles. undertake against the Persians (A. D. 258), an
The jus Iialicum was morcovcr conferred upon expedition, to the catastrophe of which he fell
it by Sept. Severus, for its attachment to his a miserable victim].
interest during his struggle for empire with The abbreviated legend con. csa. sac. c.u>.
Pcsccunius Niger. The ancient Heliopolis is oac. rsen. nan. Vaillant, supported by Bimard,
now called Balbea or Baalbeck ; and the ruins interprets Colonia Ceriamen Sacrum Capitali
of its once celebrated temple still exist. It num, Oecmnenicum, lrelaalicum, HeIiop0/ifa
is marked by some geographers a city of Phra mun, and considers that it alludes to the public
niciu, by others a city of Cmle-syria. Those, games which were celebrated at Heliopolis in the
however, who place it in Phreuicia, make a above named emperor’s presence, the same year.
double Phoenicia, one proper or by the sea In these games the objects of competition and
shore, the other Lybauisia or Damascnn (Da contest were of a three-fold kind, namely eques
ma.scenn—Plin. l. v. c. 18). That old soldiers trian, gymnastic, and musical. The certamen was
were sent by Augustus to Heliopolis as a rc called Oecumenicnm-, because not only Syrian
cruitment to the colony, drafted from the Fifth athletse, but other champions, from all parts,
or Macedonica, and the Eighth or Augustau were admitted as candidates for the prize .—
Legions, is shewn by its coins under Philip lrelasticum, because the victors were said elas
senior. This city inscribed money to Nervu, Aawew, to be carried in qundrigs: through the
Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Com country. The shows were called sacred (sacrum)
modus, Pertinax, S. Severus, Julia Domna, because they were celebrated in honour of some
Caraealla, Plautilla, Gets, Macriuus, Alexander deity; and at Heliopolis they were dedicated to
Severus, Gordiauus Pius, Philip sen. Philip Jupiter, surnamed Capitolimu by the Romans.
jun. Valcrianus, Gallienus; and styled COL. H. —C0lonia, 37.
or IIEL. Colonia Heliopolis. On one of Cara The above figure is that of an Athlela, who
ealla’s it bears the title of con. iv1.. ave. PEL.seems to have triumphed in the gymnastic branch
IIEL. Colonic Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolis, of the certamen, which itself comprised five
or Heliopolitani.-—The epigraph of this colony different kinds of bodily exercises, viz. running,
on a coin of the elder Philip is co1.. Hi-‘.L. LEG.
leaping, wrestling, pugilism, and throwing the
v. MAC]-ID. avo. Oolania Heliopolis Legionum discus, in all which they contended naked.
Quinlm Jllacedonim at Oclam Auyust¢.—Span The vase or discus was the prize, the palm
heim, ii. p. 602—Vaillant, in Col. i. and ii. branch the symbol, of victory.-—(ii. 2314233).
The coins of this colony are Latin imperial, Colonist driving Oren at plough, behind
in small, middle, and large brass (see Mionnet, which are two military easigus.—-Sec c0LoNi.u:
Supplt. T. viii. 208). Amongst the types which ROMANAE, p. 227.
occur on their reverses are the following, viz.: C01-nuco]>i¢e (double, with caduceus between
A.rtarte.—On large brass of Philip sen. A them). On third brass of Gallienus.
woman, with tutulated head, standing, and Eag!es.—Two legionary eagles within a wreath
clothed in the stola, holds a rudder in the right of laurel appear ou third brass coins of Helio
hand, and a cornncopirc in the left. At her feet polis, dedicated to Sept. Severus, and to his
are two small figures, each supporting a vec second sou Geta; also to his wife Julia Domna,
 IIELIOPOLIS. HELIOPOLIS. 449
who was a native of the province in which this ‘ is he herc surnamcd Heliopolitanus ,- and at both
colony was situated. The same type likewise places he was termed Optima: /llmrimus. Tlza
occurs on a medal of Philip jun.-—['l‘he eagle people of this Cmle-syrian colony, in return for
standard of the legionaries, exhibited on coins their obligations to Severus, who had conferred
of Roman colonies, indicates (us has already on them the jar Ilalicum, inscribed the above
been observed), the origin of such colonies from described coins to that emperor, adding the type
the veterans of a legion; and when two eagles and the name of the temple which they had
are represented, they argue that the colonists erected to Jupiter Hcliopolitunus. Coins with
had been selected and sent from the soldiers similar legends and types were dedicated to
of two legions. The two here alluded to were Caracalla.——Vaillant, ii. pp. l3 and 37.]
the 5th and 8th. See P/iilip :en.—Vaillant, Temple, upon u foundation of rock, with a
ii. p. 20.] flight of many stairs up to it. Before the tem
Fortmue Du¢.—On a coin of this colony, in ple is an arula (or small altar), and near that
scribed to Hadrian, two draped females stand a sacrificial urn. In the field of the coin, which
arm in arm. One holds aruddcr in the right is a first brass of Philip senior, near the top of
hand, the other a similar attribute in the left. the stair-case is a caduceus. Legend 001.. 1v1..
[The legend is LEG. H. 001.. u. which Vail ave. I-‘I-IL. nan.
lant (i. 158), interprets Legio HeIi0p0Ii.\'—— [Judging from the caduceus, Vaillant (ii. 167)
Colonia Ileliopo/is; adding that, “under the adopts the opinion that this reverse typifies the
cftigies of two Fortunes, which ofien stand for temple of Mercury, to whom another coin of
gmii loci, the people of this city, mindful of the same colony, struck under the same empe
their Roman origin, dedicated the genius of the ror, and already noticed in this list, points as
legion and that of the colony to Hadrian, then to a favourite object of religious worship at
tarryiug within the borders of Syria.”—Bimard, Heliopolis. The situation of that city being on
in noticing the same coin, whilst admitting that one of the spurs of Mount Lebanon, is supposed
it is properly assigned to Heliopolis, in Owls to account for the temple being delineated as
syria, expresses his opinion that LEG. H. should built on a rock].
be explained by Legio Octava ,- the 8th legion Pcllerin (in illélanye, i. pl. xxii. No. 5, p.
(Macedonica) belonging to this colony, and the 328), has engraved a coin of Vulerianus, which,
letter B. being employed, afier the fashion of with legend con. BEL. typifies two temples,
the Greeks, for a numeral sign. This eminent placed sideways opposite each other. Above are
nnmismatist supports himself in this hypothesis three urns or vases, with palm branches in each.
on the precedent of a coin struck in the same Vii-tors at Gamec.—On a second brass of the
colony, also under Philip, and which exhibits same emperor, having for the legend of its rc
the union of a Greek legend with a Latin legend. verse sac. car. one. ISE. but without the con.
(ad Joberl, ii. 187).—Pellerin, commenting on HEL. engraved on the preceding coin, the type
these two opinions, says “ there is no apparent consists of two seated male figures, facing one
likelihood that the city which coined the medals another, each wearing the pallium, and placing
here quoted by Bimard, should have used nume with his left hand a crown on his own head.
ral letters purely Latin on the one, and Greek Thcse two figures sustain between them with the
numerals on the other, for the purpose of de right hand a disczzs, or broad round vase, in
signating the Roman legions which were sta which are two palm branches. Between the
tioned in this colony.” He therefore infers, as two men is an altar.
Vaillant does, that it was a legion bearing the [The two figures above described are evidently
name of Heliopolis, the initial of which follows designed to represent victors at the cerlamen
the abbreviated word uzo. in the reverse legend sacrum, celebrated at Heliopolis, although the
of this coin, and he adds that it was, beyond epigraph does not give the name of that city.
doubt, struck at the Cecle-syrian llcliopolis.— At such public trials of skill, all the conquerors
Me’/an_qe, i. 273]. were crowned. But the question is, which kind
Jllercm-_y.—On small brass of Philip senior of crown was given as a prize at these Capito
and junior, this deity, standing clothed in a line games? Yaillant thinks it probable that it
short dress, holds the crumena in his right hand, was the olive leaf, as at the Olympic. The
and the caduceus in his lcft.. From this and seated figures both supporting the same vase,
other numismatic evidences, it appears that which has two branches in it, serve to indicate
Mercury was, as well as Jupiter, worshipped in that they had both come off victors at one of
the Heliopolitan colony.-—Sce Vaill. ii. 166. the three exercises (viz. gymnastics, equitation,
TempIe:.—Thcre are two specimens of this and music). In this case there is room for con
_ on second brass of Sept. Severus, one pre jecturc that it was for music, because the two
senting the front of a temple, with a portieo of figures arc seated, and invested with the pallium
ten columns. The other exhibits a side view of or cloak. In wrestling and in horsemanship the
the whole building, which has steps leading up candidates exercised naked. In music they per
to it. The legend is con. n1-21.. 1. 0. ll. n.—— formed clothed. The altar is placed between
Colonia Heliopolis Jovi Optima Maximo Helio them on the coin, to denote that sacred rites
polilano. had been paid to the gods before and after the
[Both these types are intended to represent games were celebrated.-—Vaillant, ii. 231].
the temple dedicated at Heliopolis to Jupiter, The other types, occurring on coins of this
who, as he was called Capitolima at Rome, so colony consist of a turreted woman, repre
3I\I
450 HERCULES. HERCULIS LABORES.
sented both as u whole figure and as a bust, rius of this prince (r. M. TB. P. cos. in. P. P.)
portraying the genius of Heliopolis. Also urns his image standing on a basilr, has a club in the
(disci), from one to three in number, in each of right hand, and an apple in the left (allnsive to
which are from one to three palm branches, the Hespcridcs); the skin of the Nemman lion
struck on the occasion of the Capitoline games, being thrown, like the pallium, over his shoul
celebrated there, in honour of Jupiter, as al ders, and falling on his left arm.—-On a first
ready mentioned under the head of Atlzlelw in brass of the same emperor (s. P. Q. 11. orr.
this article. rum.) appears a club resting perpendicularly on
the head of a lion placed on s pedestal. But it
was left for Commodus to shew his folly in
affecting “the Herc’les vein.” And not only
does the cfiigy of the demi-god appear on numer
ous coins of that pest of society, but his own
head is covered with the leonine attribute, and
he assumes the appellation of “the Roman Her
cules.”--Gallienus, Postumus, Probus, Maxi
mianus Hercules, and other emperors, also se
lected this deity as the peculiar object of their
worship.
Hercule: and the Cem.‘aur.r.—On a silver coin
of the Aurelia gens (see p. 111), Hercules stands
in a car drawn by two ceutaurs, holding branches
in their hands. His victory over these quadru
pedal monsters is referred to on several coins;
llERCULES.—This cclebrated hero of my amongst others a beautiful medallion of Anto
thological romance was at first called Alcides, niuus Pius. (See the subject described and en
but received the name of Hercules, or Heracles, graved in p. 194).—On a highly-relieved brass
from the Pythia of Delphos. Feigned by the medallion of M. Aurelius, Hercules bearing a
poets of antiquity to have been a son of “the trophy on his left shoulder, and holding the
Thundcrcr,” but born of nu earthly mother, he club in his right hand, stands in a car drawn by
was exposed, through Juuo's implacable hatred four centaurs. (See Temporum Felicitas.) Eu
to him as the ofl‘spring of Alcmena, to a course graved in Mionnet and in Akcrman.
of perils, which commenced whilst he was yet in
his cradle, and under each of which hc seemed HERCULIS LABORES.
ready to perish, but as constantly proved vic M. De Witte, an eminent uumismatist, resi
torious. At length finishing his allotted career dent at Cologne, in an elaborate and ably written
with native valour and generosity, though too paper, addressed to the Editor of the Revue Nu
frequently the submissive agent of the mean mirmaiigue (vol. vii. p. 330 to 369), respecting
ness and injustice of others, he perished self the vencration which Postumus manifested to
devotedly on the funeral pile, which was lighted wards Hereules, gives a description of a set of
on Mount Octa. Jupiter raised his heroic pro coins, struck under that prince, the reverses of
geny to the skies; and Hercules was honoured by which present a complete series of the labours
the pagan world, as the most illustrious of deified of Hercules. It is from the engravings (plate
mortals. The extraordinary enterprises cruelly vii.) which illustrate the dissertation in question,
imposed upon, but gloriously achieved by, this that the subjoined cuts have been copied; whilst
famous demigod, are to be found depictured, not advantage has also been taken of M. De Witte’s
only on Greek coins, but also on the Roman series commentary on the different types, to throw
both consular and imperial. The first, and one of fresh light on the uumismatic as well as mytho
the most dangerous, of undertakings, well-known logical bearings of the subject :—
under the name of the twelve labours of Her
cules, was that of killing the huge lion of
Nernam; on which account the intrepid warrior
is represented, clothed in the skin of that forest
monarch; he also bears uniformly a massive
club, sometimes without any other arms, but
at others with a bow and quiver of arrows. On
a denarius of the Antia gens he is represented
walking with trophy and club. (See BESTIO.)—
When _his_ head alone is typified, as in Mucia
gen_s, it is covered with the lion's spoils, in N0.1.—HERC\'LI NEMAEO. Hercules suffo
which distinctive decoration he was imitated by cating a lion, that tremendous beast, which ra
many princes, and especially by those who vaged the country uear the Nemaean forest, in
claimed descent from him—-as for example, the the neighbourhood of Cleonas, and which he had
kings of Macedonia, and the successors of Alex in vain endeavoured to kill, with the sword, the
ander the Great. Among the Roman emperors club, and the stone; and the skin of which he
Trajan is the first whose coins exhibit the afterwards wore as a trophy of his victory.
figure and attributes of Hercules. On a dena ltlythographers speak of two or three lions
 HERCULIS LABORES. HERCULIS LABORES. 451
slain by Hercules. That of Mount Cithera, piece (says M. De Witte) formed part of a depot
or rather that of Mount Helicon, that of Les of medals found in the environs of Cologne.-—
bos, and that of Nemzea. His combats with the Compare with Banduri, Nam. Imp. Rom. vol. i.
“ king of beasts” have often been represented by p. 286.
ancient artists; this group offering favourable Hercules and the Hydra are represented on n
combinations, as well for sculpture as for paint tolerably large number of monuments in mnrblc
ing; numberless and very varied repetitions are and on painted vases. With regard to coins,
also found of it, especially on Greek coins. It this type is found on some Greek money, and
is the lion of Nemzca, the slaying of which was upon imperial Latin coins of Maximianus Her
the first of the hero's twelve labours, that is cules, bearing the legends HERCVLI DEBELLA
shewn by the inscription on the denarius of Pos TORI (brass medallion, and gold and silver)—
tnruus, N0. 1. HEB-CVLI vreroiu (gold)—aud nnacvu INVICTO
Mionuet has described an aureus similar to ——and on those of Constantius Chlorus, vnrrvrr
the above, with the legend H1-tncvm INVICTO; AVGG. (also gold). It has been conjectured that
which accompanies the group of Alcides and the the extermination of the Hydra, which is often
lion on n reverse of Postumns. Lastly, Ban repeated on coins of Maximianus Hercules, bear
duri cites a brass coin of Postumus, which bears reference to the persecution exercised against
on its reverse the legend VIRTVS Posrvm ave. the Christians.
s. c. with the same type. The marshes of Lorna were situated in Ar
No. 2.—Rev.—111:acvLl ABGIVO. Hercules golis, whence came the epithet Aryivua, which
armed with the club, the skin of the lion wrap- ' Hercules bears on the denarius of Postumus, en
ped round the left arm, attacking the Hydra, or graved in preceding page. “ Of all the reverses
many-headed serpent of Lcrna. of the labours of Hercules, says M. Dupré, that
Obv.—i>0s'rvMvs mvs FELIX ave. Jugated with the legend HERCVLI ARGIVO is the most rare.
heads of Postumns and Hercules, both crowned Published solely by Goltzius, and not being
with laurel, to the right. (See obverse of a found in the greatest collections, its existence
silver medallion of Postnmns, p. 382). has been doubted. But we are acquainted
From an unpublished denarius of billon, be with an indubitable specimen of it, discovered
longing to the collection of M. Dupré. This amongst a deposit found near Treves.”

No. 3.——1>os-rvuvs P. r. ave. cos. Radiatcd Erymanthus. The lion's skin is hung on the
head of Postumus to the left. lefi: arm. At his feet is a piflms or wine-jar.
Rev.--v1n'rv Posrvm avo.—Herculca seizing Denarius of billon in the Cabinet de Franee.——
by the antlers, the hind or stag Cer_r/quite. Mionnet, ii. 61. Banduri i. 285 and 291, in
Middle brass, in the Cabinet de France.—-Mion whose work it is engraved.
net, Rarelé des filed. ii. 68.
The hind, with golden horns and brazen
hoofs, furnished to Hercules his third labour.
This is a rare subject on ancient monuments,
J
except on the has-reliefs dedicated to this series
of representations. A few paintings on vases
refer to the capture of this wild stag so famous
for its swiftness. Sometimes also Hercules and
Apollo are seen contending for this fleet animal, 4. 5.
a struggle figured on a magnificent helmet of Hercules, carrying the huge wild boar alive
bronze, in the collection of M. le Due de Luynes, on his shoulders, is often depictured on painted
and on two painted vases. The type of the hind vases as well as on marbles, on one of which
tamed by Hercules, although not of frequent Eurystheus is seen hiding himself in the pillias.
occurrence, is not unknown in Greek numis The king of Mycénaz, alfrighted at the sight of
matics; and it is found on the gold and small the enormous victim to heroic strength and
brass of Diocletian, and of Maximiau Hercules; courage, lifts up both his arms, and seems to
TIRTVS avoo. or VI]?-TVTI AVGG. The brass conjure Hercules to take himself away with his
coin of Postumus (engraved above) is unique.— dreadful burthen.—On coin No. 4, neither the
De Witte, Revue Nam. vol. vii. head nor the arms of Enrystheus are visible.—
No. 4.—nnacv1.r EEYMANTINO flsic.)—Her On other coins the pi!/ms is seen, and Eu1'ys
rules carrying on his shoulders the wild boar of theus concealing himself therein, in the same
3M2
452 I-IERCULIS LABORES. HERCULlS LABORES.
manner as on the painted urns—as for example,
on n brass coin struck at Alexandria, in Egypt,
under Antoninus Pius; on another brass coin,
struck at Hndrianopolis of Thrace, under Cara
cnlla; and lastly, on three brass medallions of
Pcriuthus, struck under Caracalla, Gcta, and
Gordiauus Pius.
No. 5.—nr:nc .... .. 1>1s.\r-:0. Hercules naked,
carrying on his right shoulder what H. Dc Witte
calls a kind of 1:01/an piac/u: (but what in the No. 6.—Rev.-—nsncvr.r Av(n). Hercules
engraving looks more like s club), proceeding standing, the liou’s skin on his shoulders,
to the task of cleansing the Augean stables.—— shoots with his arrows two of the SI_t/mp/zalides.
A deuarius of Postnmus in billon, unpublished, On an nureus of Postumus in the Cabinet de
from the Treves Museum. France.——Tanini, Num. Imp. Rom. TAB. ii.
The myth of the stable of Augias is re Hercules killing with shafts discharged from
presented only on a small number of ancient his unerring how the birds of Styrnphalns, is a
monuments ; for instance, on the celebrated cnp subject found on ancient monuments of every
Albnni ; on the Borgia marble; and on the altar kind, and on many Greek coins. This nureus,
of the Giustiniani gallery. The representation which bears on its obverse the jngated heads of
which corresponds most closely with the type of Postamus and Hercules, both crowned with
this rare deuarius (No.5), is the bas relief on laurel, is a fine one, and may be considered to
the altar last named, and on which Hercules is have been unpublished until engraved in the
seen walking to the lcfi, armed with a o'xn1rarr| Revue Numismalique to illustrate with others
(hoe or mattock), by means of which he prepares M. Dc Witte’s dissertation. Mionnet has not
to split rocks, and open a passage for the waters described it. Tauini has given a very bad copy
of the Alphcus and the Pencus. The clnb is of it, the only one heretofore known. Nor are
placed against the rock. the birds of Styrnphalus represented on any other
'l‘he coin (No. 5) is unfortunately defective in Lafin coin.
point of preservation. “In the type of the [These birds were so called from the lake
reverse (remarks M. De Witte) may without Styrnphalus, in Arcadia, the neighbourhood of
hesitation be recognized the fifth labour of llcr which they infested. They were said to have
culcs—that in which thc hero cleansed the Elide. been of prodigious size, of insatiable vomcity,
But there remain difiicultics attached to the task and to have fed on human flesh. With the
of reading the legend, in which it might have assistance of Minerva, they were partly de
been supposed that more than one surname stroyed by the arrows of Hercules, and the rest
would have been found connected with the oper driven away by the sound of brass timbrels.
ation—-such as those of Herculi A/11/£80, Eleo, A specimen of these winged monsters (which
or Peneo. The first letter especially is of an ditfcrcd from the Syren and the Harpy), is sup
uncertain form.—\{. Chassot dc Florencourt, to posed hy certain'numismatists of the elder
whom I had communicated my doubts, shewed school to be exhibited on a well-known dennrius
in the most convincing manner, that it was a of the Valeria gens. That type, however, does
n P, and that it ought to be read nsncvu not agree with Pausunins’s description of the
rrsuso." SI;/mp/mles Aves, which the Greek writer com
Piazza: is a new surname for Hercules. This pares to a crane in size, and with n head and
epithet alludes to the territory of Elis, within beak somewhat like those of an Ibis. It were,
the confines of which once stood the city of however, worse than trifling to criticise the form
Pisa, of which no vestiges are now discover and dimensions of creatures about which even
able, although known to have been situated near fable contradicts itself, and the existence of which
the plain of Olympia, where the Olympic games probably had no place but in the imagination of
in honour of Jupiter were celebrated. the ancient poets].
“ Pisa was regarded as the residence of king No. 7.—neacvr.1 CR1-ITENSI.——IIercuIcs, naked
Angias, and the capital of the country called (turned to the right), seizes n bull by the horns.
Pisalis. Some authors seem to make a distinc 0&v.—Pos'rnrvs Pivs raux ave. Jugated
tion between Olympia and Pisa; others say that heads of Postumus and Hercules (as in p. 35:2 .
it was the same city. Seneca the tragedian On gold, in the Museum of Bcrlin.—~Mionnet,
gives the epithet of Pisaaus to Jupiter (Aga Rarelé dc: lied. v. ii. 6l—Banduri, Nam. I/npp.
memuon, 930) : i. 287.—-For a cast of this unique aureus, M.
“Et ista douum palms Pismi Jovis.” De Witte acknowledges himself indebted to M.
M. De Witte concludes his learned commen Th. Panofka and to M. Pinder, keepers of the
tary on coin No. 5, by observing, that on a bas Berlin Cabinet.
rclicf in the Vatican, and on n brass coin of The type of Hercules, struggling with a bull,
Egyptian Alexandria, struck under Antoninus also appears on a middle brass of Postumns,
Pius, Hercules, nftcr having finished his labour with the legend naucvn 11vvrcro.—Engraved
(of opening a passage through a rock for the in Putin, Imp. Nam. Rom. p. 335, edit. I696.
waters of two rivers-——symbolizcd under the On other monuments, Hercules is sometimes
figure of stable-cleansing), is seen wa.sIu'n_¢; In"; sccn endeavouring to bind a bull with cords :—
Iiamis. viz. on an amphorn with black figures, in the
 HERCULIS LABORES.
Mu.s-e'e Gregofim, at Rome; and on another
(unpublished) amphora, also with black figures,
in the collection Panckoucke.
[Diodorns designates Hercules by the sur
name of Crelerui-9. And the reverse of this
coin typifies a great success which the hero
achieved in taming a wild bull. The scene of
the exploit is assigned to Crete; and it is enn
mcratcd as the seventh of the labours awarded
by his tyrant brother to this never-daunted,
ever-victorious, undertaker of apparently im
practicable enterprises]
No. 8.-rosrvaivs .\vo.—Bust of Postumus,
with face to the front, and head encircled with
a radiated crown.
Reo.—-liencvu THBACIO. Ilcrcules taming
n horse. On gold, in the Cabinet ale France.
Lcnormant, Iconayrapll-ie due Empereur; R0
maina, pl. lii. No. 1~t.—-Mionnet, 1£are!e', &c.
ii. 62.—On a denarius of billon the same type
of reverse occurs.
[Hercules T/sracius was tho conqueror of Dio
lucdc, king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrcnc,
who fed his horses with human flesh. It was
one of the formidable tasks imposed on Hercules
to destroy Diomede. And accordingly the hero,
accompanied by some of his friends, attacked nariusunpublished
the cruel monarch, forcibly took possession of pré,
his horses, and gave him up to he devoured by
1Vumi.ymafique for the dissertation of M. De
the same savage animals which he had employed
Witte, who says “ this unique piece was found
to destroy the unfortunate dupes of his barbar in the neighbourhood of Cologne, at the same
time as denarius No. 2.
ous treachery].
The subject of Hercules taking the horses
[In type No. 10 is to be recognised the fabled
of Diomede is rarely represented on monuments
conflict bctwccu llercules and the triple Geryon,
of antiquity. Independently of a group in marble
preserved at the Vatican, it is recognised on a
painted cup in thc second collection of Sir Wm.
Hamilton. Several Greek medals hear the type
of the horses taken away by Hercu.les.—Eckhel
quotes, after Tanini, a billon of Postumus, which
on the reverse of a galeatcd head of that em
ror, exhibits Hercules accomplishing his Sth
abour.
No. 9.——Rev.—HERCVLI lNVICTO.—HCPOUlCS
standing, presses with his right foot on the body
of a draped female, stretched on the ground
beneath him, and from whose waist he is pre
paring to detach the girdle. The club is in his
I-IERCULIS LABORES. 453
left hand, and the lion’s spoils are wrapped round
his left arm.—0bv.—1>osrvnvs PIVS FELIX AVG.
Tétes accolées de Postume ct d'Herculc.—“ This
denarins of billon, unpublished, from the col
lection of M. Dupré, was found ncar Rcnnes,
in Britanny.”
[The type alludes to the combat of Hercules
with H]/ppolita, whom, having overcome (in
scarcely to /rim very creditable fight) he forth
with dispossesscd of the baldrick or sword-belt
of Mara, which this queen of the Amazons car
ried at her girdle, as tho mark of hcr royalty;
and which Admcta, daughter of Eurystheus, and
a priestess of Juno at Argos, had ordered the
Theban hero to bring to her.—Iu Millin, Gale
rie ]ll_1/llzologiqrze, ii. pl. cnii. No. 4-43, the sub
ject, copied from n Greek vase, is artistically
dealt with, at an earlier stage of the encounter ;
when the beautiful equestrian is about to hurl
her ineffectual lance at the man of the ponderous
club].
“ Hercules fighting with the Amazons (says
M. Dc Witte), a frequent subject on painted
vases, is of very rare occurrence on monetary
types. Hercules is seen pursuing an Amazon
on horseback, on brass money of Hcraclea, in
Bithynin. There is also a specimen of the same
type in the Cabinet de France, of médiocre pre
servation; but there is in the imperial and royal
cabinet at Vienna a third example, as well pre
served as that in M. Dupré's collection.”
No. l0.——uEacvLI o,\n|'mN0.—-Hercules
standing, with the lion’s skin suspended on the
left arm, and the right arm raised as in the atti
tudc of fighting against armed men. On a de
of billon, from the collection of M. Du
till engraved in the Revue
represented in this instance by three heavy-armed
soldiers), in the garb of Roman warriors.
The passage in question, like several others
connected with the labours of Hercules, is very
confused and contradictory. Geryon is de
scribed, by the poets, as a giant with three
bodies, three heads, six arms, and six legs.
This monster, who lived in the island of Gadira
or Gades, kept numerous herds of oxen ; Eurys
theus, the hard and malignant task-master of
Hercules, believing that it was impossible to
take away thcse cattle, charged Hercules with
the consummation of this exploit. The hcro
nevertheless went to Gades, destroyed Geryon,
although the giant was succoured by Juno, and
carried away all the cattlc to 'l‘irynthus.—Ac
cording to Servius, Geryon was king of the three
Balearic islands, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica;
from which circumstance the ancients have made
him with u three-fold set of bodies and limbs.
—In latcr ages, the people of Gades (now
Cadiz), reverencing the valonr of Hercules, de
dicnted a temple to his memory under the name
of Hercules 0aditanu.r.—Sec owns].
 454 HERCULIS LABORES. HERCULIS LABORES.
“The combat of Hercules with Geryon (ob Having challenged Hercules, the cruel savage
serves M. De Witte) is figured on only one brass was three times prostrated by the intrepid hero,
coin of oriental fabric, and of which there are but in vain. Hercules, perceiving at length the
but two specimens extant. The following is a source of the giant’s force and security, lifted
description of the piece :—Obv. Hercules armed him up from the ground, and caused him to ex
with the club, and wearing the lion’s spoils, in pire by violently comprcssing him in his arms].
a fighting attitude.—Rev. Geryon with three “ In the series of the twelve labours (observes
heads, each covered with a Phrygian cap, and M. De Witte), the wrestling of Antreus is sub
armed with a round buckler, in the act of com stituted, on the reverse of Postumus, for the
batting. E. 3. taking away of the apples of the Hesperides.—
“ The above was not long ago the only medal Sometimes in the succession of the labours the
known, as oifering the type of Hercules fight order is changed. At other times, some sub
ing with the triple king of Iberia. But Mr. jects are omitted, or one of the twelve great
Samuel Birch has recently published a rare brass labours is replaced by one of the other exploits
medallion of Caracalla, struck at Blandos, in of Hercules. It is thus that Pausanias, in de
Lydia. This medallion is preserved in the Bri scribing the pediment of the temple of Hercules
tish Museum. Its reverse type exhibits Her Promachos at Thebes, makes a remark, that
cules, armed with the club, seizing the heads of Praxitéles, instead of the combat against the
Geryon, figured under the form of a little man, birds of Stymphalus, and the cleansing of the
entirely naked, having three heads. On the left Augean stables, in other words, the drain
arm the triple giant carries a buckler, which ing of the country of Elis, had introduced
resembles a wheel. In the field of the coin are the contest with Antazus. Moreover, the
two oxen. IE. 1, 2.” scene of this wrestling with the giant, as
M. De Witte contends for the Asiatic origin well as the garden of the Hesperides, was
of the myth of Geryon, remarking the “ a placed in Lybia; thence the epithet Lybicus,
which Hercules bears on the aureus of Postu
tradition, preserved by Pausanias, places the
tomb of Geryon in Lydia.” The coin of Blandos mus; and Servius gives it to be understood, that
alludes to that local myth—a circumstance which it was in pursuing his course towards the abode
he regards as corroborative of his own views on of the Hesperides, that Hercules vanquished
the subject. Anta2us.—“ Item ad Hespcrides perrexit, ct An
The legend 1111110. oanrr. appears on an au thzeum, filiam Tcrrsa victum luetatione necavit_"
reus of Hadrian; but the type of that coin docs Some painted vases, and several Greek coins,
not represent Hercules fighting with Geryon: exhibit the conflict of Hercules with the Libyan
but the uncouquered hero holds the apples of athlete. This group is also found on a small
the Hesperides, whilst at his feet is the recum brass of Maximisnus Hercules, with the legend
bent figure of Oceanus. vrarvrr avoo.”
No.12.—-uancvu rumoaraar. flsic.) Her
cules, with the club and lion's skin on his
shoulder, drags Cerberus enchained. Dillon of
Postumus, in the imperial and royal cabinet of
Vienna.—Spanheim, i. 265; Mionnet, ii. 61;
Bandnri, i. 291.
[The twelfth and last labour of Hercules was
that in which, conducted by Minerva and by
Mercury, he descended into the kingdom of
Pluto, whence he delivered Theseus; and drag
No. 11.—m:acvL1 Lmrco.—IIercules, wrest ged forth iuto the light of day the watch-dog of
ling with Antasus, suifocates him in his arms. the infernal regions. Eurystheus, however, after
Gold of Postumus, formerly of the Cabinet de having seen that triple-headed monster, ordered
France, disappeared at the time of the robbery Hercules to lead him back again. Of this
in 1831. Mionnet, T. ii. p. 6l.—This piece, crowning and closing trial Ausonius sings
which will be found in Bauduri's work (T. i.
287), was engraved after a cast preserved at the Cerberns extremi supreme est meta laboris.
French Institute. The myth of Cerberus describes him as born of
[Fable tells us that when, in the course of his Typhon and Eehidaa; huge in size, extremely
peregrinatious, Hercules arrived in Lyhia, his cruel, with a terrible voice, and of extraordiu
progress was opposed by a mighty giant named strength. Guard of the gates of hell, and of
Antmus, son of Ncptunus and Terra, whose the dismal palace of its sovereign, this fearful
strength as a wrestler was invincible, so long dog was not less cunning than ferocious; he
as he remained in contact with his mother earth. fawned upon and gave a deceitful welcome to
Boasting that he would raise a temple to his those who entered; but he never permitted them
father's honour with the skulls of those whom to go out again, and devoured those who at
he conquered in ceriamine luclationir, he com tempted to escape from the dark realms of
pelled the strangcrs who came to the country of “ gloomy Di.r.”—See Milliu, Dictiomzaire de Ia
Irasa, of which he was king, to engage in Fable, for an article on Cerberus, full of well
athletic combat with him, and slew his antago condenscd mythological information].
nists, when he had exhausted them with fatigue. The subject is typified on a great many paint
 HERCULES. HERCULES. 4 55
ed vases, engraved stones, and Greek coius;— vested with the Tribunitian dignity for the
also on an aureus of Maximianus Hercules, in eighteenth time, Consul for the fourth time,
which the dragging forth of Cerberus is accom Father of the Country). The type represents
panied by the legend mzncvu r.\'1u0a1'a1.i, ex Hercules holding a branch in his right hand,
actly the same as is read on the denarius of bil and in his left his club and the spoils of the
lon engraved in No. 12. Nemaean lion.—See AESCULAPIUS, p. 21.
All the labours of Hercules being then accom
plished, his submission to Eurystheus no longer
continued, and the hero reposed. This repose,
like his labours, was a favourite and a noblc
subject of composition for artists; n fine exam
ple of which, though prostituted to the flattery
of an execrable prince, will, for its monetary
excellence, be given in another page.—See 111-111.
CVLI BOMANO.
'I‘heu commenced a series of exploits, per
formed, so to speak, from his own will and on
his own account. Amongst other desperate en
terprises, he descended again into the regions
below, and rescued therefrom Alceste, who had
devoted herself to death for her husbaud.—
" These descents into the subterranean world of Hercules, the dealra]/er q/' Cacus.——The myth
paganism (says Millin, Gal. dlyt/ml. ii. 18]), of Cacus, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represents
are allegories of the mysteries of Eleusis, into him as a monster of enormous size, half-man
which he gained initiation.”—Unable, after suf half-snake, and as vomiting flames. He resided
fering horrible tortures, longer to endure the in Italy; and the paths to his cavern, dug in
efl'ccts of wearing a tunic tainted with the em Mount Aventine, were covered with human
poisoncd blood of Nessus, which that centaur bones. Setting, as usual with these legends,
had deceitfully persuaded Dejanira to send her geographical and other probabilities at defiance,
husband, he, to terminate his miseries, caused the story brings Hercules, the conqueror of
an immense funeral pile to be raised on Mount Geryon (see Herc. Gadit.) to the immediate
Oeta; and Philoctetes lighted the fire in which vicinity of what afterwards formed one of the
the hero was consumed. The idole of the great seven hills of R.ome.—Cacus stole some of the
Alcides descended to the infernal regions, but oxen of which Hercules had forcibly dispos
he was himself conducted by Iris and by Mer sessed the triple-giant of Cadiz, and which the
cury into the presence of the celestial deities; hero was driving along the banks of the Tiber.
Jupiter reconciled him to Juno ; he received the The lowing of the cattle of Hercules was an
honours of the apotlieosia, and obtained the swered by the stolen ones shut up in the den of
hand of Hebe. Cacus, and the robbery was thus revealed to Her
And here, in direct reference to the tradition cules, who attacked the horrid monster and
of his deificatiou, this coin presents the type strangled him in his blood-stained cavern. Her
of his concluding work, and conformably to cules is said to have erected an altar to Jupiter
pagan assumptions, the legend records the title Conservator, in commemoration of his victory,
of his immortality. Tacitus says—“Hcrcu]es and the inhabitants of the surrounding country
and Bacchus among the Greeks, and Quirinns every year celebrated n festival in honour of the
(Romulus) amongst the Romans, are placed in occasion.
the ranks of the gods.” And thus by com It is to this that allusion is made, on a brass
paring the reign of Postumus with the career of medallion of Antouinus Pius, published by Ve
Hercules, the people of Gaul sought to honour nuti, from the Museum Albaniz the valiant and
an emperor who had long prosperously governed, all-conquering Aleides has just slain the giant
and against all opponents gloriously defended robber, half of whose dead body is still within
them. the cavern, the upper extremities alone being
Ilercules Ale:-z'acus.——Among other attri visible. 'l'hc inhabitants of Mount Aventine
butes this apotheosised hero had a medicinal in are returning thanks to the hero for having deli
fluence assigned to him, and for that reason was vered them from the tyrant of their fields, and
surnamed Alexiacus (one who drives away ill they kiss the hand of the brave champion to
ness). He was likewise regarded as the pre whom they owe the blessing.
siding divinity over baths of health supplied Hercules Biba.r.—On another brass medal
from hot springs. This serves to explain the lion of the same emperor (published by Vaillant
meaning of one of two medals struck during the from the Decamps collection), without epi
last years of Ca1~acalla’s reign, and which bear graph on the reverse, Hercules is represented
reference to the precarious state of the health sitting before a table, with club in left hand,
of that emperor, which the remembrance of his and patern in right. Opposite to him sit several
crime, as the murderer of his brother, was figures holding pateras: around are urns and
secretly underminingf The silver coin in ques vases of various sizes ; and on each side are vine
tion has for the legend of its reverse P. M. Ta. trees spreading their branches.-——\'aillant con
P. xvin. cos. rm. P. P. (Sovereign Pontifl’, in siders this unique type to be one of the attempts
456 HERCULES. IIERCU LES.
of Antoniuus to restore an old local tradi were appointed to guard the golden apphs of n
tion-—namely, tho sacrifice performed by Her tree planted in a delightful garden, situated near
cules before the grcat_nltar (ara nzazirna) at Mount Atlas, in Africa. But the nymphs, in
Roms ; and he describes the piece as exhibiting stead of preserving their splendid charge from
the demi-god sitting with Pinnrius and Poti depredation, were always gathering for their own
tius on bundles of grass. The vines and eating; Juno therefore confided the care both
vases, and especially the huge bowl above the of the fruit and of the Hesperides themselves
great altar, he considers to indicate a liba to a terrible serpent, which never slept. It was
tion poured out by the hard-drinking hcro imposed by Eurystheus, as an extra labour, on
(Hera: biba.r).—Eckhcl, on the other hand, ex Hercules, to procure some of the golden apples
plains the type as allusive to the banquetin from the garden above named. This he effected,
stituted by Hercules himself, after he had put after having killed the watchful monster, whose
Cacus to death. This feast was afterwards made dreadful folds were always coiled around the
an annual one; the Pinaria and Potitia families tree which bore those precious fruits].
being the superintendents of the sacred cere On this medallion, the hero, pcrsonifying
monies, to which Virgil rather copiously alludes manly strength and symmetry in perfection,
(Ell. T. viii. 268). The guests at these ban after having slain the serpent, which remains
quets did not assume the recumbent posture, but entwined about the tree, elevates his right hand,
out at table. This would seem to be a pecu as if about to pluck one of the apples. He
liarity of the feast; for says Macrobins (cited holds in the other hand the club and the lion’s
by Eckhcl, vii. 30), "It is a distinguishing skin. On the other side, standing close to the
custom connected with the worship of Hercules, tree, are the three nymphs, whose neglect of
that the guests are seated at the banquet. Cor duty, according to the fable, led to an under
nelius Balbus, in his 18th book, says that, in taking full of danger to Hercules; but who suc
the ceremonies of the Ara J[a.z-ima it was cus ceeded in bringing away the golden produce of
tomary to have no triclim'a.”—Sce LECTlSTlIB the tree, and in releasing the Hespcrides.
NIUM. Ifcrcules between Virtue and V0lupla.r.—
Hz-rculic Ara Jlarima. The great altar of P.1l. TR. P. cos. 1U.—A temple with two columns,
Ht-rculcs.—-A denarins of the Antia gens has for within which a naked male
its obverse legend RESTIO, and for type an altar figure stands with n club in
with flame kindled. Its reverse exhibits the his right hand, whilst a
name of c. ANTIVS, and the head of a bull, or draped female on his right,
namented with the izgfulrz. Comparing this coin and another on his left, ap
with another of the same family, on which a pear endeavouring to attract
naked Hercules is carrying his club uplifted in him each to her side. Gold
one hand, and a trophy in the other, Eckhel is of Hadrian.
of opinion, that the altar called mru-ima at This coin involves in itself a moral subject.
Rome, dedicated to the above-named dcmi-god, The remarkable type is explained in the words
is here represented. of Cicero himself (De Oficib, i. e. 32). Ac
cording to Xenophon, "Hercules Prodicius, as
soon as he arrived at years of puberty, a time
assigned by Nature for every individual to choose
his path in life, went forth into some desert
spot ; and, sitting there a long time by hirnself,
was much perplexed with doubts, whilst he re
flected that there were two ways, the one of
Pleasure the other of Virtue." Respecting this
Hercules Prodicius, Eckhcl refers to Xenophon,
Quinctilian, and others enumerated by Potter"
(ad C/emcnti: Alerand. Pezlagog. ii. ch. 10).
The fable was afterwards elegantly applied by
Silius Italicus (Punir, xv. v. 20) to the elder
Afrieanus; and in later times, as we here see,
the moneycr compares Hadrian with Hercules.
Ilercules in the Garden qf the Harper-ides. For, as that demi-god, with a disposition averse
This subject is so vague in itself, and treated to pleasure, chose n life of severe discipline, and
even as a myth in so unsatisfactory a manner, by exterminating, with vast exertions, the mon
by poets and seholissts, that it would scarcely sters thnt infested it, restored tranquillity to the
claim notice amongst the exploits of Hercules, world,—so Hadrian also, eschewing the allure
but for the fine has-reliefs, and other monuments ments of a luxurious life, preferred, with a re
of antiquity, on which it is grouped, especially markable endurancc of fatigue, to travel over
on that noble brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, the Roman world, and by chastising the extor
in the Cabinet de France, from a cast after tions of the governors of its provinces, by set
which the above wood-cut is executed. tling legal disputes, and by alleviating the con
[The Hesperides are described to have been dition of the destitute, to leave behind him im
thrcc (some say four) young women, celebrated perishable monuments of his benevolencc.—\\'e
or their beauty, daughters of llesperns. They have already seen, that Hadrian is compared
 HERCULES. HERCULES. 45 7
with Hercules repeatedly throughout the types which symbolize the hero, with whose \vorld
of his coins ; “ whether, however (adds the wide fame his own contemptible notoriety dared
Author of Doclrinaj, there be really such coins to compare itself.-— Sec nsncvu nouano.
in existence as the one which Casaubon declares HERCVLES ADSERTOR. (Hercules the
that he has seen apud pnecidem T/uummn (ad Auister or Liberator).-—See FLORENTE roa
Spnrtiani Ilrulr. ch. 13), inscribed A'I'l‘. K. AA rvna P. a. p. 391.
PIANOC. CEBACTOC. HPAKLHC. PQMAIOC. HERCVLI. COMITI. AVG. COS. III. A
and representing the emperor with the attri naked Hercules, standing with club and lion's
butes of Hercules, I am much inclined to doubt. skin, near him the emperor veiled, sacrificing
It is probable that this is a coin of Commodus, over a tripod; the victimarina stands beside him
who was often styled Iferculcs Romanus both holding an ox. Brass medallion of Postnmus.
on Roman and Greek coins; though there is (dlorelli. Specimen. p. 41).
actually quoted, among the medallions of the On this coin, which Morel states to be in the
Museum Thenpoli, page 778, one on which the highest state of preservation, and of the most
head of Hadrian is said to be covered with the elegant workmanship, not only do the portraits
skin of a lion; provided, indeed, that this coin of the obverse correspond in every feature, but
is considered to be genuine. What is meant by the countenanccs of Hercules and Postumus,
the aged and reclining figure, I am at a loss to given on the reverse, also bear the closest re
semblance to those on the obverse. And from
discover. If it either held a reed, or were lean
ing on the customary urn, I should pronounce this circumstance, it is evident that the jugated
it a river; but even then I could not account heads, which so commonly appear on the ob
for its appearance." verses of Postnmns' coins, are not those of lwo
Hercules, /ti: attributes and armr.—On a Postumi, but those of Postumus and Her
denarius of c. corornvs PB. s. c. is a club erect, cules (see p. 382.)—To the worship of that deity
with the skin of alion; on one side a dart or the Gunls were much devoted, and to the sculp
arrow, on the other a bow. The arms of Her tured lineaments of his countenance Postumus
cules undoubtedly bear allusion to Copouiua de studionsly conformed his own, in the hope of
riving his origin froru Tibur, in which city rendering himself personally more sacred, by
great honours were paid to Hercules, whence this conciliatory homage to the popular super
Propertius calls it Herculemn (ii. Eleg. 32); stition of the provinces he governed.-Doctrina,
and Strabo states that there was a temple of vii. 4-1-3.
Hercules at Tibur.——See comma gens, p. 279. This title given to Hercules as Come: Auyrtsli
A second brass of the Curtia gens (engraved (companion of the emperor), was in compliment
in Mm-ell. T/zesaur. Fam. Rom. vol. ii.) exhibits to Postnmus, who, bravest in war, faithful in
on its obverse the beardless head of Hercules, peace, grave in character and counsels, was rc
covered with the lion's skin; and on its reverse gnrded as accompanied every where by the cour
a bow, club, and arrow are typified. ageous genius of Hercules himself,—and this
On a brass medallion of Commodus, with legend brave prince is on the above medal rendering
of reverse P. ll. 'ra. P. x. um vn. cos. rm. Her thanks to his tutelary divinity for being present
cules is represented naked, standing with the club with him as his companion in the triumph he
and lion’s skin, lifting up with his right hand a had just achieved over his enemies the Germans.
crown to his own head. To the right are a bow On a gold coin of Maximinus Daza appears the
and a quiver of arrows, suspended from a branch inscription of Hercule: Come: Cwrarum Nostra
of a tree; to hisleft is an altar with the fire ram, as indicating the companionship of the
kindled.—See a cut of this reverse, engraved same deity with himself and Constantine.
after a cast from the original in the Cabinet zle HERO. COMM. or COLIMODIANO. P. M.
France, at the head of the article uuncvnrgs, TR. P. XVI. COS. VI. Hercules, standing before
p. 450. an altar, with patera in his right hand, and cor
nucopiae in his left, near him a tree, from which
is suspended the skin of a lion. Gold of Com
modus (engraved in Caylus)—-Brass medallion
of do. (in Mus. Albaui).-—First brass, engraved
in the Cabinet de Christinc.—See unncvu.
HERCVLI CON Servalori AVGVSti. ('I‘o
Hercules the Prcscrver of the Empcror).—On a
very rare gold coin of Gallienus, having for the
type of its reverse the Calydonian boar running,
a symbol of Hercules.
HERCVLI CRETENSI. See Herculia La
borer, p. 452.
HERCVLI DEBELLATORI. (To Hercules
The same vile caricature of an emperor, to the Vnnquisher) .—This legend, with the killing of
whose fertile mints, nevertheless, our unmis the Hydra as its type, appears on a coin of Max
matic treasurics are indebted for many a fine imianns Hercnlius, respecting which Eckhcl ob
and interesting coin, caused, in his llerculcnu serves as follows :—“ As his colleague Diocle
frenzy, the above legend to be struck, with the tian made an ostentatious display on his coins
type of the club, bow, and quiver full of arrows, of his attachment to the worship and name of
3N
4-.38 HERCULES.
Jupiter, so Maximianus, in like manner, boasted
of Hercules. Thus we find on the medals of
the latter emperor, Hercules the 1’re.server, the
(,'mzquz>r0r, the lfuuanquis/Iezl, the Peacebe11r
ing, the Victorious, with various accompanying
types, which exhibit different labours of the
god, and many others occur on those coins of
Maxentius which arc inscribed VIRTVS aveo.—
This was the reason why sometimes he appears this Hercules derived his appellation. Few will
on his coins in the worship of his favourite imagne, with Harduin (ad Plin. vi. p. 344-),
deity, his head covered with tho skin of the
lion, as though he made his son Msxentius heir
of the glory symbolized in this reverse. And
if we consider the barbarians every where van
quished and subdued by him, as monsters dan
gerous to the empire, Maximianus may be es
teemed, if not Hercules, at least his most sedu
lous and warlike imitator.” viii. p. 19.
""\
1 2
1. HERO. DE\'SONlENSI.—Heren1es, with
the club in his right hand, and the lion's spoils
on his left arm, stands in a temple of four
columns. On a dcnnrius in billon of Postamns,
whcncc cut No. 1 is engraved.—()n another bil
lon coin, engraved in Banduri, Hercules stands
(not within a tcmplc), but with the usual attri
butes of club and lion’s skin.
This appellation was given to Hercules £rom
a place where he was worshipped, though it is
not as yet sufliciently ascertained where Deusa
or Demon was situatcd.—T1-istan, following
other writcrs, considered it not improbable that
this place was the same as that of which Hiero
nymus thus speaks in the Chronicon of Ense
bius——-“ The Saxons were slaughtered at Deuso,
in the district of the Franci.” Tristan conjec
tures that Deuso may possibly have been what
is now called Du]/2, on the Rhine, opposite to
Colonia Agrippinn: (Cologn). If resemblance
of name be the object, it is not necessary to
look for the site of Deuso, on the other side
of the Rhine; for there are on this bank at
the present day several towns called Duisburg,
which may have derived their name from Denso.
It is the opinion of the authors of awork en
titled La Religion rles Gauloi-r, b. iii. ch. 8,
that this Hercules was identical with the Her
cules Magnsanns mentioned below.
2. HERCVLI MAGVSANO.—Hcrcnles
stands, in repose, the right hand placed on the
right hip; whilst his left hand, on which hangs
the lion’s skin, rests on the club.—Silver and
first and second brass of Postumus.
As in the case of Hercules Dcusoniensis, so
in this of Hercules Magusanus, there is a dis
pute as to the locality. It is probable, that
Macusa, or Mngusa, was a town celebrated for
the worship of Hercules. Muratori cites (p. 6-l-, , r. n. TR. r. cos. Ill. described and engraved in
IIERCULES.
Nos.l and 2), two marbles dedicated to this
Hercules, and states that they were discovered
in Belgium. -—See various conjectures on this
subject in Tristan, Muratori, and the authors of
the work entitled De la Religion des Gauloi.!.——
An anonymous writer of Raveuna enumerates,
among the towns situated on the river Moselle,
Macusa (Gmgr. iv. c. 26), from which perhaps
that he was so called from Magusa, in fEthiopia.
Keyslcr has published a marble found at West
chapel (lVe.1't¢'a11eHa'), on which is inseribed—
HF.ncvLI Maovsano - - - 'rsn'rivs. v. s. 1.. 11.
with a figure of the deity, representing him as
standing naked, and holding in his right hand
n dolphin, in his left the trunk of atrec cleft
in two, and at his feet u scorpion (Antiq. Sq»
tembr. p. 200); “though (adds Eckhel) 1 mu
not aware how these attributes can appertain to
Hercules, such as through classical myths we
are made acquainted with him. The types of
the coins in question differ in no respect from
the Hercules of the Greeks." vii. 444.
HERCVLI ERYMAN’l.‘HINO.—SeeLabours
of Hercules, p. 451.
HERO. GADIT. P. M. TR. P. COS. III.
Hercules standing, rests his right hand on the
club; in his left hand are three apples. On one
side of him is a man reclining on the ground;
on the other is the hall‘ of a ship. Coinage of
Hadrian. Engraved in Caylus (No. 379), gold
imperial series, in the Cabinet do France.
“Transported from the metropolis Tyre to
the colony Gndes, Hercule: Gadilanu: became
celebrated, not only in Spain, but at Rome it
self; insomnch that, according to the Roman
law, the Hercules of Gudcs acquired a privi
lege, denied to most other foreign deities, of in
heriting property by bequest. (Vlpizm I"ra_/;m.
xxv.)—~'l‘his deity appears on the coinage of Ha
drian; firstly, because the town of Gades, from
its proximity to Italics, his native place, easily
communicated to it the worship of Hercules,
Domitia Paulina, his mother, also deriving her
origin from Gades; and in the next place, be
cause Hadrian, by visiting all the provinces of
the empire, and conferring benefits on each of
them, in a certain sense earned the name and
honours of Hercules. The ship doubtless alludes
to the maritime power of the Gnditaui ; but the
reclining figure, which most other writers have
pronounced a river, Eckhel agrees with Flora
in considering to be still a matter of dispute. lt
is not, perhaps, a very rash conjecture to say,
that it is a figure of Oceanus. At any rate, on
coins of Tyre the metropolis, we see Oceanus rc
presentcd under the same figure of a man re
clining, and inscribed near it, to prevent misin
terpretation, the word QKEANOC; and it is
known to every one, that Gndes was situated on
the sea coast.”——Doz'!rina, vol. vi. 504.
A similar figure of a. man reclining appears
on a coin of Hadrian, referring to the anecdote
of Hercules (Proiliciua) standing between Vir
tu: and Vuluplas, accompanied by the legend
 HERCULES. HERCULES. 45 9
p. 456. To the same subject may be referred this coin shews that Postunius chose to ascrilic
the gold and silver coins of the same emperor the accepted peace to his own valonr, rather
inscribed cos. iii. or _r. M. "rn. 1». cos. Ill. and than to the calamities of the state. There are
the type of which is a naked Hercules, sitting siniiliir pieces in brass. vol. i. p. 292.
by his armour, with the club in his right hand, HERUULI ROMANO A\’GVS'l‘O.——'l‘his
and a thunder-bolt in his left. Engraved in Cay legend appears on a silver coin of Commodns,
lus, gold, No. 380. which has for its type Hercules standing; he
HERCVLI INVIC’I‘O.—See Labours of Her holds his club and lion’s spoils, and is crown
cules, No. 9, p. 453. ing a trophy. On first and second brass of the
HERCVLI NE.\IAEO.—See Labour of Her above emperor, with the snnio legend, we see,
cules, No. I, p. 4-50. in the place of Hercules, only his attribute of
HERCVLES MVSAlWi\"l.—See Pomponia the club, either by itself placed upright within
gens. alnurel crown; or accompanied by a bow and
HERC. PAC.—Hercnles naked, stands hold quiver.
ing a branch. Gold of L. \'erus.—“No men HERCVLI ROM¢e CONDiIori COS. VII.
tion (says Vaillant) is made except on ancient P. P.—Herc|iles driving a plough with oxcn.—
coins of Hercules Pacifcr (the pacific Hercules). On the other side of a gold medal is the head
In ancient times strong men were called Her of Commodns covered with the lion's skin.
cules, and muny Roman princes were exhibited Commodns carried his ridiculous vanity and
under the name and image of that hero. Vcrus presumption so far as to cause himself to be
also, after having performed his labours in the called the young Jupiter, and the Roman Her
Parthinn war, B0ll(lL’JCfI1d8ll to give peace to the i cules (Hercules
The above three Augustus, or Cominodianus).——
coins furnish additional proofs
enemy, and was called Hercule: I/ie Peace
bearer.” of this fact, as regards the latter assumption.
HERCVLI PAClFERO.——IIercules naked, It appears that in order the better to aceouiplish
stands with the face turned to the right, holding his preposterous design, he laid down the laurel
up a branch in his left hand, whilst he bears the crown which emperors were accustomed to wear,
club and lion’s skin in his right.—Postumus. atlcctiug to cover himself with the li0n’s skin,
Banduri is of opinion that this rare silver and to carry a club like Hercules. He appeared
coin is most correctly to be referred to the year in public in this costume, and with these ac
A. D. 266, in which Gallienus, despairing of an coutrements. llis statues and his medals often
opportunity to avenge the murder of his sou Cor represent him in this new dress. Indeed, hav
nelius Saloninus, left off carrying on the war ing given multiplied proofs of his prodigious
which up to that period had, with mutual loss, strength, and even of physical courage, in
been waged in Gaul between him and Pos vanqnishiiig divers ferocious animals in the
tumus, in order that he might, with the uni Circus, he might well, on that account, be com
versal strength of the empire, resist and repel pared to Hercules.
the Scythian nations, who had for nearly fifteen The last quoted coin, bearing the extraordi
years been ravnging both the European and the nary inscription ot'—" To Hercules the Founder
Asiatic provinces; for such was then the condi of Rome,” has reference to the insanity of Com
tion of the Roman government, that it was un modns, in decreeing to change the city of Rome
able to sustain against one sutliciently formid into a Colony, bearing his name l—See COLo;iia
able enemy two wars at the same time. But Lima ANl0ni/ziana (,‘O.\Iuz0r./iana, p. 234.

HERCVLI ROMANO AVG. P. M. TR. P. 0bv.—L. snuvs AVBELIV8 coimonvs AVG.

XVIII. COS. VII. P. P.—Hercules stands lean
ing with his left arm on the club, which is
placed on a rock. His left hand grasps a bow,
behind which hang the lion's spoils. His right
hand rests on the hip. An attitude which the
artists of antiquity were fond of assigning to
their statues of this hero.
SN2
rivs ri-mix. Laureated head, exhibiting the
likeness of the emperor, but covered with a
lion’s skin, being intended to represent Coin
modus as Hercules.
[Brass medallion, engraved after a cast from
the original in the Clllli/[El de France._ Besides
the very fine preservation and high relief of this
460 HERCULES. HERCULES.
particular specimen, the compiler has been in sters, which were universally believed to be
duced to select it for the classic example which fabulous, he had men sewn up alive in sacks,
its reverse presents of Ifercules in repose ; and and made into the form of giants, and then
also because the obverse serves, as a striking killed them with darts. A report having been
type, to illustrate those portraitures of Roman spread that the emperor intended to put several
emperors who successively adopted the titles and persons to death by shooting arrows at them, as
attributes of the denii-god] Hercules had done in one of his encounters, few
'l‘o such a pitch of madness did Commodus had the courage even to appear in the amphi
arrive, as not only to give himself out as theatre. And all this took place before the eyes
a god, which indeed he would have done in of the people and the Senate. To such a depth
common with several of his predecessors, but of infamy had sunk the son of Marcus, and to
throwing aside even the laurel crown, the cus such n degree of degradation was that venerable
tomary badge of sovereignty, he caused his por assembly of the Fathers reduced by fear. The
trait to be exhibited on his coins with the attri people, indeed, as for as they could, took their
butes of divinity. Up to this time, such an revenge in lampoons, of which the following
indulgence had been conceded to Grecian vanity, example from Lampridius is not without merit.
which was wont to liken its kings to various Commodus Herculeum nomen habere cupit,
deities, as it also did some of the Augusti, of Antoninorum non putat esse buaum,
which we have seen instances in the coins of Expers humani jnris et imperii,
Nero of foreign die. But till this moment the Sperans quinetiarn clarius esse deum,
mint of Rome was guiltlcss of so base an adula Quinn si sit princeps nominis egregii,
tion; and though its reverses sometimes clothed Nun erit iste dens, nee tamcn ullus homo.
an emperor in the attributes of n god, it was (I.amp.'in Diadumeml
still done with some shew of reverence ; for thc [Commodus covets the name of Hercules, nor
legend invariably abstained from the name of a thinks that of the Antonines good enough for
deity, nor was any change made in the attire of him. Setting at defiance all human law and
the head, inconsistent with the majesty of the control, and imagining it a more glorious lot to
empire. Those barriers, however, were broken be a god than a prince of noble fame, he will
down by the shamelessness of Commodus; and not after all be a god, nor in any sense a man].
from that year to the end of his life, both the One writer, however, has been found some
legends and types of his coins speak of him as a what to mitigate the sentence of condemnation
present deiIy,—on the same principle that he in on this emperor's follies. “ Why then (says
sisted, as Lampridius observes (ch. 15), on having Athenreus, xii. p. 537), should we feel so much
recorded in the annals of Rome, all the base, foul, surprize, that the Emperor Commodua, when
cruel, hutcherly, and profligate acts of his life. riding in his chariot, should have had placed
Having the power to assume what character he beside him the club of Hercules, and the lion’s
would, he chose that of Hercules, because he skin spread beneath him, and desire to be called
wished it to be thought, that in the slaughter Hercules, when Alexander, though imbued with
of savage beasts he had rivallcd that personage. the precepts of Aristotle, could liken himself to
This folly of the sometime man, but now, for pp.
the 125, 126.
deities, nay even to Diana.”—Eckhel, _
sooth, divinity ! is proved not merely by numer
ous coins, but by a host of ancient writers, the HERCVLI THRAClO.—See Hereulu La
most remarkable of whose testimonies are here bores, No. 8, p. 453.
sabjoined :— HERCVLES \"IC'l‘OR.—Seo RESTXO.
Commodus was first called Hercu/P.r Romanur IIERCVLI VICTORI.—Hercnles naked,
on account of his having slain wild beasts in the stands with club reversed in his right hand rest
amphitheatre of Lanuvium. If we may credit ing on the ground, and holding a bow in his
the accounts of historians, his personal strength left-. the spoils of the lion hang from his left
entitled him to the name, for hc transfixed an arm.—This appears on a silver coin of Emili
elephant with a spear ; and in one day killed a anus, struck on the occasion of a victory gained
hundred bears with darts; fatigued with which by that emperor over the Scythians. (Banduri).
exploits, he drained at a draught a cup brought The temple of Hercules the Victorious was built
to him by a git-l,—fnitht'ul to the character of at Rome, by Octavius Hereunius. (Havercamp).
Hercules even in his drinking and amours.- -—'l.‘his surname of Victor, amongst the many
These particulars are related by Dion, an eye appropriated to Hercules on Roman coins, agrees
witness, and by Lampridins. That a hundred with the epithet Callinicm, given to him by the
lions were killed by him in one day, is stated by Greeks, and which was borne by the successors
Herodianns and Ammianus. Being regarded, of Alexander the Great, who pretended like him
on account of these doings, as a second Alcides, self to have descended in a right line from Her
and wishing to be so called, a crowd of statues cules. (Spanhcim’s Cmrars of Julian).
were instantly executed, representing Commodus HERCVLI VICTOltI.—A naked Hercules,
in the attributes of that deity, and soon after, standing with a club in his right hand, and an
sacrifice was ofi‘ered to him. So persuaded was apple and lion's skin in his left ; in the field the
he that he was indeed Hercules, that when he letter Z, and at the bottom S. M. S. D. Gold of
went abroad, he ordered the lion’s skin and club Fl. Severus, in the imperial museum of Vienna.
to be carried before him. And to carry on his “This fine coin (says Eckhel), which came
imitation of Hercules in the slaying of mon- | into my possession many years ago, I published
 HERCULIO MAXIHIANO.
at the time with the greater satisfaction, that it
was then an unique specimen of a gold coin of
Severus, bearing the title of Augustus. Tauin
has since added two more, one of which is of
medallion size.” vii. 444.
HERCVLI VICTORI.—This legend also ac
companies the typo of Ilercules Iteqzaiescerrs,
which represents the demi-god reposing after his
victorious labours, either standing with his right
hand resting on his club, and his left holding
the apples of the Hesperides, as is secu on a
second brass of Val. Maxilnianus, or sitting on
a rock, with his bow and other attributes, as
on coins of Constantius Chlorus, Valcr. Severus,
Maximinus Daza. There is also a most rare
brass coin of Constantine the Great, with the
same legend and type, quoted by Banduri from
Mediobarbus and Spnnheim.
HERCVLIO MAXll\IIANO AVG.—Maxi
mianus in the paludamenlum, seated with n
globe in his left hand, on which side sits Her
cules. Victory flying behind crowns them both ;
at the bottom ROM. Brass medallion of Dio
cletian. The above cut engraved after a cast
from the original in the French Cabinet.
In illustration of the meaning of this coin,
as well as of a gold medallion of the same
emperor (see IOVIO ET 1-IERCVLIO), the author of
Doclrina (viii. p. 9), quotes a passage from
Victor (in Qesaribzzaj; “ He (Muximiauus) after
wards acquired the surname of Hvrrulius from
the circumstance of his worshipping that deity,
just as Valerius (Diocletian) did that of Joviua;
whence the name was also applied to such por
tions of the army as had evidently distinguished
themselves."—The first part of this passage
receives confirmation from the coin before us:
and the second, as Banduri observes, from the
fact, that in the Nolilia imperii, there occur re
peatedly the expressions——ala Jnvia, I1-_//i0 Jovia,
ala H»,-rculia, aurilia Ilerculia, Ilerculiana,
Herculenria, &c.—Claudian (de bella Gild. v.
418) makes allusion to them as late as the reign
of Houorius :—
llerculeam sun: Alcides, Joviam que cohort/em
Rex dueit snpertlm.
[The Herculean cohort is led by its own Al
cides, and the Jovian by the king of the gods]
That these Jovian and Herculean bands held
the most exalted position in the Roman army,
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS. 4-61
and acted as body guard to the emperor, we
learn from Sozomen, speaking of the reign of
Julian (vi. ch. 6).—Respccting this absurd vanity
of Diocletian and Maximian, in their adoption,
respectively, of the titles Joviua and Hereulius,
see further remarks in Spanheim (vol. ii. p. 494-),
and Banduri (p. 13, note 4); also the inscrip
tion VIRTVS IIERCVLI CAESARIS, and Eekhe-l’s
comments on a coin of Constantius I.
HERENNIA gens.-—-A plebeian family, but
of consular rank. It has many varieties on its
coins. The only one of any interest, and that
not rare, bears on its obverse PIETAS, with a
female head; on the reverse M. HEB]-JNNI, and
the group of a young man carrying his father
on his shoulders.—Who this Herennius was, and
what occasion led to the adoption of this type,
is uncertain. But it evidently alludes to the
story of the two pious brothers of Catana, who
rescued their parents from the flames of Etna,
during an eruption which endangered their lives.
—Sec Amphiuomus and Anapis, p. 4-].
HERENNIA ETRL‘SClLLA.—See maus
CILLA.
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS (Q. Meuiua
Decius), eldest sou of Trajanns Decius and
Etruseilla, was named Caesar by his father, A. D.
21-9. Ile gained the following year the battle
of Nicopolis against the Goths; but was after
wards surpriscd and defeated at Berén. In A.D.
251, he was named Augustus; served the con
sulate, fully associated with his father in the
empire. lie perished with Trajan Decius at
the battle of Abrittium, a town of Maesia,
the same year.—On his coins, which, with the
exception of the silver (some of which are com
mou), are of more or less rarity, he is styled
unnmv. ETRV. nus. Qv. DECIVS csessn or nvo.
'l‘he following are the rarest reverses :—
Go1.n.—rnmc. IVVENT. A seated figure.
(Valued by Mionnet at 600 fl'.)—PRlNCIP1 iv
vsnrvrrs. A military figure standing. (Mt. _
600 fr.
Su.vEa.—Same epigraph and type. (Quinn
rius. Mionnet, 24 t'r.)——co1vconmA AVGO.
Right hands joint.-d.—-Obv. Q. nsa. rzrn. MES.
nservs non. cars. Radiated head of Heron
l1ll1S.--SECVRITAS AVGG. Woman standing, rest
ing on a column. (Mt. 24 fr.)—v1c'roa1a GER
462 IIILARITAS. }IIRTIA.—~HISPANIA.
names. Victory passing. (Mt. 10 fr.)—vo'r1s found on coins of M. Aurelius, Faustino jun.
DECENNALIBYS within a crown. (Mt. 30 fr.) Lucille, Commodus, Crispina, Julia Domna,
Lance B!LASS.—PACl. Temple of six cols. Plautilla, Caracalla, Tetrieus senior, Claudius
(Mt. 20 fr.)—rnmon>1 IVVENTVTIS. Prince in Gothicus, &c.—See LAETXTIA.
military habit, holding a sccptre and the hasta. HIPPOPOT.-\.\IUS (river horse).—.-\ huge
(Large size, Mt. 24 fl'.)—PIETAS AVGVSTORVM. amphibious animal, inhabiting the Nile, and
Sacrificial instruments. (Mt. 20 fr.; brought at also found on the Ganges. On coins which
Thomas sale 1()s.) serves to symbolize Egypt (see the word mnvs).
HESPERIDES.PSec Hercules in the garden The figure of this remarkable beast occurs on
of, p. 456. several coins of the two Philips, and also on
HILARITAS (Gaiety or Joy personified). those of Otacilia Scvcra, with the legend of
On most Roman coins this legend has for its sancvnanns svoo.—Spanbeim (Pr. i. p. 175)
accompanying type the figure of a matron, stand shows when this fluvial monster was first ex
ing with a long foliaged branch of palm in her hibited at Rome in the public spectacles.
right hand, which she plants in the ground. HIRCO (a goat).-—'l‘he figure of this animal
Green branches are the signs of gladness; and is seen on some consular coins. A family de
thence amongst almost all nations, on occasions nariiil exhibits a naked man, riding on a goat,
of joy both public and private, it was the cus at full speed, and holding a branch in his right
tom to ornament streets, temples, gates, houses, hand.-—See CORNELIA gens, Cclhcgzw, p. 285,
and even entire cities, with branches and leaves No. 5.—On a silver coin of Fonteius, a winged
of trees. In her left hand Hilarity holds the boy is typified riding on a goat.—Sce FONTEIA
cornucopim; sometimes a patera supplies the gens, p. 393.—On a dcuarius of the ltcnia
place of a branch; sometimes a hasta; at other family, a woman, in a biga of goats, is going at
times a flower; but the palm is the most fre a rapid pace.—Sce RENIA.
quent and peculiar attribute.

HIRTIA, gens plebeia.—Its coins, rare and

IIILARITAS P. Romani (Joy of the Roman
People), S. C. COS. llI.-—-On a first brass of
Hadrian, Hilarity, figured as above, appears be
tween two draped children. According to Arte»
midorus, the children of princes are themselves
designated by palm branches. In Scriptural
language, the olive emblcmatically designates
the products of conjugal union.
Referring to this reverse, old Angeloni (p. 112)
in substance says—“'l‘o fill up the emperor’s
cup of glory many coins were continually de
creed to him by the Senate. And amongst
these, none held a superior place to those
which represented the provinces he had visited,
or which, having been first conquered and then
lost by others, he had recovered back again ; or
\vhich he had enriched with his favours, em
bellished with bnildings, furnished with laws,
loaded moreover with gifts, and afterwards re
stored to the Roman Republic; one remarkable
instance of which was that of Egypt.”
HILAR. TEMPORUM. (Joy of the Times).
By the same type of a woman holding a palm
brunch and cornucopire, was the delight of the
Romans intended to be signified, at the period
which gave birth to children by Didia Clara,
only daughter of the emperor Didius J ulianus.
'l‘he same legend and type of Hilaritas, with
the addition of AVGVSTI avo. avoo. (Hilarity
of the Emperor, Empress, or Emperors) are
in gold only, have but one type, as follows :-—
0bc.—c. cuzsan cos. 111. A veiled female
head.——Rm‘.—A. HIRTIVS P. 1;. Pontifical
instruments, viz. Iituu: (the augural crook),
urceu: (the pitcher), and cecesjaila (the axe).
Eekhel reads the legend of reverse thns:——
Aulus Hirtius Prqfectua and not Prelor, as
some have done. (Sec his explanatory reasons,
in Ccstia gens, vol. v. 269.) A. llirtius was a
great favourite of the Dictator Cxesar, to whose
commentaries he is believed to have put the last
finishing touches. Consul in the year of Rome
711 (B. c. 43), he perished, together with his
colleague, Vibius Pansa, at the battle of Mntina.
HlS.—'l‘his abbreviation of Hilrpiznia appears
on a vcxillum behind the head of Coelius Caldns,
who, having, subsequently to A. U. C. 660, been
sent as proconsul to Spain, gained in that coun
try much military renown.——See COELIA gens,
p. :223—also rzrunonns, p. 360.
IIISPAN. His-pania.—Sce rosruans gens.
Hispanic (Spain).—'l‘he Romans under this
name comprehended all that extent of territory,
which is bounded by the Pyrenees on the east,
by the Mediterranean to the south and east, and
by the ocean to the north and west.—Thc same
motive which carried them into Sicily, led them
into Spain; that is to say, the political neces
sity of opposing the Carthaginians who occu
pied the larger portion of the country. After a
long and bloody struggle the Romans succeeded
in driving the Carthaginians entirely out of
Spain. It was Publias Scipio, afterwards sur
 HISPANIA. HISPANI.-\. 463
named Afi-icanua, under whose command the branches of olive, corn-ears, and fish.—See
legions triumphed over the troops of Hannibal. Akerman, Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,
And Hispnnia being thus subjected to the power p. 9 to 120.
of the republic, was divided into two provinces. HISPANIA.-—A woman, clothed in a long
Augustus afterwards made three of it, Bmtica, dress, stands holding in her
Lusitania, and Tarraconensis. He left the last right hand some corn-ears;
named to the Roman people, who sent a Pretor and in her left she bears two
there; and he reserved the two other portions, short javelins, and the small
which were governed by his Lientenants. Bcetica round Spanish shield. This
comprised the kingdoms of Grenada and Anda reverse legend and accom
lusia, Estremadura, and some places in New panying type appear on gold
Castillc. Lusitania included the kingdoms of and silver coins of Galba,
Portugal, the Algarves, and some parts of the (06v.—oaLBa urr. Lau
two Castilles. Tarraeonensis comprehended the reated head of that emperor), under whom Spain
kingdoms of Valentia, Murcia, Arragon, Na and the provinces of Gaul were highly favoured,
varre, Galicia, and Leon, a large part of the because they had been the first to declare them
two Castilles, the principality of the Asturias, selves against Nero. The corn-ears indicate
Biscny, and Cntalonia.—(See l’itiscu.!). the fertility of Spain; the bnckler and the two
spears represent the weapons in use amongst
her warriors.—(Kolb. vol. i. p. 124.)
An elegant silver coin with the some epi
graph, exhibits the head of a woman, with two
javelins. On the obverse is the figure of Galba
on horseback.
This female bust represents Spain; her head
of hair flows curling upon her neck; the small
shield behind hcr is what Livy calls the cclra.—
llispanin is struck on the coins of the emperor,
not only because it was in Spain that he was
first proclaimed, but also on account of the
equestrian statue which the arerrilus Hisparxicua
HISPAN1A.—On several imperial coins His decreed should be erected to his hon0ur.—
pania in genera is personified by a female figure, (Vaillant, Pr. vol. ii.)
clothed sometimes in the stola, at others in the llISPANlA.——A woman standing, with cars
lighter folds of the tunic; holding in one hand of corn in her extended right hand, and two
corn-ears, poppies, or (more frequently) an olive spears in her left; a Spanish bnckler hanging
branch, emblems of the fertility of that country; behind her.
and in the other hand s garland, or some war On a gold coin of Vespasian, the reverse type
like weapon. The rabbit too, a well-known of which so closely resembles the preceding
symbol of Ilispania, appears on coins of Hadrian silver coin of Galba, Eckhel gives the following
and Antoninus Pius. On a first brass of the description and commentary, as from a specimen
last-named emperor (engraved above from a cast in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna,
after the original in the British Museum), with “ This beautiful coin (says the author of
the legend of reverse HISPANIA s. c. cos. 1|. Doctrina, vi. 338) I formerly published in my
The province represented by a turreted woman, S3/[loge i. where I remarked, that it was intended
stands holding in her right hand a crown of to commend the attachment shewn by llispnnia
laurel, and in her left a spreading branch of towards Vespasian; it being a well-known cir
olive. At her feet is a rabbit. The quantity of cumstance, that at a very early period, and at the
rabbits in Spain was such, that, according to instigation of Primus Antonius, that country
Pliny, they nndennined a whole town with their favoured the pretensions of Vespasian, at the ex
burrows; and Strabo aflirms, that a portion of pense of Vitcllins, as Tacitus has recorded. (Hist.
the inhabitants entreated the Romans to give iii. ch. 53, 70.) It is probable, that it was on
them a settlement elsewhere, because they were this very account that, as Pliny expresses it (iii.
no longer able to prevent the increase of this p. 144), “ Vespasian, Imperator and Augustus,
race of animals. when tossed by the storms of civil commotion,
Iliqmnia was greatly replenished with nu conferred upon the whole of Hispania the Jus
merous colonics by Julius Cnzsar and by Augustus, Latii.—Indced, in such a position of affairs.
under whom, as well as under Galba, Vespasian, Hispania might have been a formidable auxiliary
Hadrian, Antonine, and other emperors, coins being, as Tacitus says, considered in conjunction
were struck referring in legend and in type to with Gaul, “the most powerful portion of the
Roman domination in the provinces of Spain. earth.”-—Juvenal, too (Sat. viii. 116), cautions
The types of the autonomous coins of the the governors of those provinces against harass
Spanish cities make the same kind of reference ing and provoking such robust and hardy tribes,
to the fertility of the country, to its produc as though they were so many etfcminate Asiatics.
tions, and to the warlike spirit of its natives. Perhaps, also, this type was intended to intimate
Coins bearing the inscription HISPANOBVM, the transfer to Vespasian of the affections of the
exhibit horses, cavaliers armed and crowned, Legio Hispanics, which formerly accompanied
$64 HISPANIA. HISPANIA.
Gnlba, and kept guard‘ in Rome. (Tm-it. Hist. See Eckhcl's remarks on the rabbit as a sym
i. ch. 6.) All these circumstances may have bol of I-lispania, in his pralegamena to the coins
combined to induce a repetition, on Vespasian’s of Hispania, vol. i. p. 8.
coins, of a type frequently observed on those of
Galba. This coin appears to have been struck
at Rome immediately on the accession of Ves
pnsian, and whilst he was still absent abroad;
for, though it is of undoubted antiquity, yet the
likeness of the portrait is not very striking, and
we do not find on his later coins the ave. placed
before the Ves7m.rianu.s."—The coin in question
is not included in the catalogue of either
Mionnet or Akermnn.

HISPANIA CLVNI.-\ SVL. S. C.——A large

brass coin of Galba, bearing this remarkable in
seription, is equally remarkable for its finely
designed type, engraved above. The emperor
is there seen, seated, armed with a euirass, the
head crowned with laurel. He holds the para
zonium in his left hand, and extends his right
to a woman who stands opposite to him. She
is clothed in along flowing robe, and holds in
HISPANIA. S. C.-—-Spain personified on coins her left hand a horn of plenty, whilst with her
of Hadrian. Capt. Smyth, R.N. thus describes right she presents the figure of a Victory, or
and animadverts upon the reverse of a large some trophy, to the emperor. Round it we
brass of Hadrian, with this legend, in his own read Hiaparzia: Ulunia: Sul(picia).
cabinet of first brass :—“A robed female re The explanation of the subject rests entirely
clining against a rock, holds in her right hand a on the following statement of Suctonius (ch. 9),
branch of olive—which, according to Pliny, that Galba, when hesitating whether he should
flourished luxuriantly in Bcetica. Her head is accept the sovereignty, “ was encouraged to do
encircled by a sort of Wreath, which some me so both by the most favourable auspices and
dallists have also pronounced to be of olive, from omens, and also by the prediction of a virgin of
recollecting the ‘Ba'{i: alivifera crinem redi good birth, to which was added the circum
mite corona,’ of Martial, and the description of stance that the priest of Jupiter at Cl/mia, in
Claudinn, ‘g/aucia tum primd Minervw, Nam strueted by a dream, had discovered in the pene
cornam soliis.’ ” (p. 105). trale of the temple, the sell‘-same verses, simi
The same type appears on other reverses of larly pronounced by a young prophetcss two
Hadrian, in gold, silver, and second brass. hundred years before; the purport of which
IIISPANICVS EXERCl’l‘VS. S. C.—The verses was that at some future time a prince or
emperor on horseback, addressing his soldiers. Lord of the world would arise in llispania.”—
First brass, engraved in the Cabin:-I de Cliristine. We must not (says Eckhcl. vi. 294) omit, what
HISPANIAE RES'l‘[TVTORI.—-—Hadrian Plutarch (in Galbrz, p. 1055) relates, viz. that
togated, raises a kneeling woman, who holds a Galba, on hearing of the death of Vindex, re
branch in her left hand, at her feet is a rabbit tired to Coluuia, and actuated by repentance
an altar between the two figures. Silver and for his past conduct, and a longing for his for
first brass. Sec p. 365. Engraved in Cabinet mer life of case, took no decided steps on his
de C/zrialiue. own account, but remained at that place till the
In respect of his ancestors, Hadrian's native S1-nalus Cousullum was brought, by which the
country was llispania, and the place of his birth empire was decreed to him. There is no doubt,
was Italica, a municipium of Bmtica; though that the Kokouvm of Plutarch is identical with
Hadrian himself first saw the light at Rome. the Clunia mentioned on the coin; and that this
When aboy he spent some time in Spain, till city was an especial favourite with Galba, both
he was called away to Germany, and subse on account of the prediction above alluded to,
quently to Rome, as has already been observed. and as being the place where he was first msurcd
After his accession he went to Ilispania, on of his accession to empire; in consequence of
leaving Gaul, and having held a congress of all which he loaded it with honours and benefits, as
the Ilispani at Tarraco, he wintered in that is proved by his conferring upon it even the dis
place, and at his own cost restored the temple tinguished name of SVLpicia, as testified by the
of Dian: Augustus. Though then within so coin before us.”
short a distance, he did not visit Italica; never HOC. SIGNO. VICTOR ERIS.—Victor_v
theless, he lavished upon it many honours and crowning the emperor, who stands in a military
munilieent presents. Spartian positively informs dress, holding in his right hand n ladarum, on
us, that he there celebrated quinquennalin, to which appears the monogram of Christ, and in
do honour to the place. D. N. Vet vi. 495. his left n spear. Second brass.--See VETRANIO.
 IIONOR AN D IIONOS. HONOS ET VIRTUS. 465
This is a coin, common in Constantius II. The laureated head of Honour also appears on
and Vetranio, though rare in Gallus. The mo coins of the Lollia (Murdl. Fam. Rom. p. 2-$9),
nogram of Christ (see the word) was intro the Memmia (p. 277), and Sulpicia families
duced by order of Constantine the Great on a (p. 405). _
standard, when setting out on his campaign Honour is generally depictured on the mint
against Maxentins. This standard being carried ages of Republican Rome, with a long robe, or
into the middle of the ranks, where the danger toga, as though the Roman Magistrates derived
appeared to be greatest, and invariably bringing their dignity from that divinity. The jugated
victory with it, according to Eusebius, it at heads of Honour and of Virtue (or Velour) ; the
length became the belief, that success was to be former designated by a laurel crown, the latter
attributed tothe standard alone; and hence is by a helmet, appears on deaarii of the Futia
gathered the sense of the legend, H00 SIC-NO and Mucia t'amilies.—Seo FUYIA gens, pp. 399.
vloroa ERIS, which, in all probability, was
inscribed upon the actual standard. Some have
referred this reverse to the cross seen by Con
stantine in the heavens, accompanied with the
w0rds~—EN. ’I‘O'!'l‘fll. NIKA. in hoe (signo)
vim'e.—-Sec Eckhel’s remarks on the legend
srss PYBLICA. viii. 117.
HONOR and HONOS. Honour. The Ro
mans, not satisfied with receiving amongst the
objects of their worship, the gods of Greece,
of Egypt, and even of Persia, thought fit to
deity the virtues, the qualifier, the qflectionr
of the mind, and to represent them by various
attributes, on their monuments, principally I-IONOS ET VIRTVS. S. C.—Honos, naked
those of a monetal kind. Such diviuities were to the waist, stands with spear in right band,
called allegorical, but had not, like the others, and cornucopia: in the left; whilst W1 has stands
a mythological history. opposite, with galeated head, a parazrmium in
the right hand, and a spear in the left, and with
the right foot planted on a stone. First brass
of Galba. The above engraving is after a east
from a. specimen in the British Museum.
We have already seen on coins of the Fufin
family the head of HONOS joined with that of
vlarvs. And here both those diviuities are re
presented on the coinage of Galba; but why
they should have found a place there, Eckhel
says he has no reason to assign, any more than
their appearance on a similar reverse of Vite]
lins. Respecting the temple erected at Rome to
Honour and Virtue, see Livy, uvii. c. 25.
HONOS. S. C. A young man togatcd, stands, Honour, says Gesner, is occasionally exhi
with a branch in his right hand, and the cor- - bited on coins as the associate of Virtue, in
nueopise in his left. On gold, silver, and first which ease he bears a spear as well as a cornu
brass of M. Aurelius. copixe. Virtnc stands face to face with Honour,
The above is not the only occasion on which indicating that through the temple of Virtue
n0.\'os occurs on the coins of this prince that of Honour was to be entered.
“Rare proofs (says Eckhel), vii. 4), in the Du Chou] in his ingenious book De la Reli
mint/ages of a youthful Ciesar, of his bins to gion (lea Romaine, cites the fact of Marius
wards honour and virtue, even in such times.” having been the first to erect a temple to Honour
HONORI.—0bv.—nononi sr. nvanrvs III. and Virtue—and observes, that “the temple of
via. A youthful head on the dcuarii of the Virtue was ancicntly placed before the temple of
DUBMIA geas.—See p. 350. Honour, which had only one gate, shewiug that
The obverse of these denarii constantly pre the path which leads to honour was inaccessible
sents a head of Honor, just as on similar coins but by means of virtue. This (he adds) is what
of Aquillius Florus, the triumvir, struck at the Marcus Marcellus designated to impress on the
same period there appears the head of Virtus.— understanding of the people ot Rome, when he
Dion Cassius states, that in the year U. 0. 737 built two square temples joined together, one
(B. 0. 20), Augustus made some alteration in consecrated to Virtne, and the other to Honour.
the games consecrated to Virtus and llonos, And unquestionably great honours spring from
in consequence of which it appears, that Aquil the pure and beautiful root of Virtue, whence it
lius and Durmius, who in the years immediately happens that they are rendered more illustrious,
following 73% were Triuinviri Monetules in more glorious, and full of immortal recollec
conjunction with Czininius and Petronius, intro tions.” (p. 3t).
duccd the personiticd head of each of those IIONORIA (Jus/a Grain), daughter of Con
qualities on their coins. (v. 236.) stantius III. and of Placidia, was born at Ravcnua,
30
4-66 HONORIA. IIONORIUS.
in Cisnlpinc Gaul, A. T). 4-17. Brought up at the with round jewel in front: above the head a
court of her brother Valentinian lll. under the hand holding a wreath.—Rev.—noNo ar-:1rva
eyes of her mother, who kept her under great LICAE. Victory standing, holding a long staff
restraint, she received the title of Auyusla, surmounted by a broad cross, near which is ‘n
about A. D. 433, being then sixteen years of age. star. On the exergue c01\‘0s.
The above is engraved; after a"cast from the
original, in the finest preservation, in the Bri
tish Museum.
Rev.—saLvS B.EIl"VBI.lCA!-‘.. Crown of laurel,
in the middle of which is the monogram of
Christ. On the excrgue COMOB. (Quinariu-t.
Mionnet, 150 fr.)
Rev.—v0'r. xx. MVL1‘. xxx. Victory stand
ing, holding a cross. (i\It. 200 ft.)
It is conjectured that this elevation was con SlLvaa.—Rev.—Withont legend. Cross with
ferred upon her, in order to prevent her from in a crown of laurel; on cxergue conon. (Qui
entering into any matrimonial engagement, by nariur. Mt. 100 tr.)
raising her above the rank of a subject. Thus
debarred from marriage, however, she secretly
communicated, by one of her eunuehs whom she
sent, with Attila, who had lately become king
of the l-luns, inviting him to come into Italy,
and to marry her. It is most probable that at
the time of this mission (exact period unknown)
she conveyed her ring to Attila, as a pledge of
her faith. But the barbaric chief treated her
invitation with apparent inattcntion. And she HONORTUS, the son of Theodosius the
afterwards dishonoured herself and the imperial Great, and 1-El. Flaccilla, was born in the year
dignity she held, by an illicit connection with a of our Lord 384-. When ten years old, he re
man named Engenins, her own household stew ceived from his father the title of Augustus;
ard, by whom she became pregnant. On the and at his death in 395, he presided over the
discovery of her condition, she was expelled from Western Empire, under the guardianship of Sti
the palace; and sent (A. D. 434-) to Constanti licho. Being at the first much favoured by
nople, where Theodosius II. and Pulcheria re fortune, he quclled the revolt of Gildo in Africa,
ceived her with kindness. It appears that she and of others in difl'erent parts of the empire.
remained in the East, until the death of Theo Alarie, king of the Goths, and Radagaisus, king
dosius, which occurred A. D. 450. In that year, of the Huns, elated with their occupation of the
Attila, desirous of some pretext for qnarrelling very centre of Italy, were checked in some me
with the Emperor of the West, sent an em morable engagements by Stilieho, who, even
bassy to Valentinian, setting forth the Wrongs of then, however, revolving in his mind plans for
Ilonoria, and claiming her as having engaged securing the sovereignty, invited Alaric into
herself to him; furthermore he said, that he Italy, and other barbarians into Gaul, but was
regarded her as his wife, and was entitled to put to death with his son Eucherius, by his own
have half of the empire as the dowry of the soldiers, at Ravenna. Alarie, finding no oppo
princess. The answer of Valentinian was, that sition, besicged ltomc, which he took and sacked
llonoria was already married (supposed to be a A.I). 410; but died shortly after in Lueania,
forced alliance with some obscure person) ; that whilst preparing to pass over into Africa. His
women had no part in the succession of the cm successor Ataulphus, leaving ltaly, tumcd his
pire, and that consequently his sister had no steps towards Gaul, where he had married Galla
claim. The fatal war which followed this re Placidia, whom he had forcibly taken away from
fusal, and which brought so many calamities her brother Honorius; and proceeding thence
upon the Romans, having been terminated, Ho into Hispania, he died at Barcinone (Barcelona).
noria passed the remainder of her days in Italy, —Amidst these disturbances in Italy, the Ala
where there is reason to believe she died, though manni occupied the part of Germany adjoining
at what time, or in what place, is doubtful, but the Alps, and the Franci, under Pharamond,
later than A. n. 454. Gallia Belgica; whilst the Alani and Vandals,
The coins of this princess are in gold and sil coming down from the shores of the Baltic, and
ver, and of the highest rarity. On these she is scouring the Gallia-, made an incursion into
styled D. N. lVS'l‘. (or IVSTA) GRAT. (or Hispanin ; and the Burgundiones retained forci
GRATA) HONORIA P. F. AVG. ble possessiou of that part of Gaul bordering on
Gm.n.—'l‘he a reu: described below is valued the Upper Rhinc.—Pressed on all sides by so
by Mionnet at 20 francs, and brought at the many dangers, Honorius, in the year 4-21, con
sale of the Pembr ‘ e collection £7. ferred the titlc of Augustus upon Constautins,
n. n. IVST. uaar nouonra. Bust stolala to a man of distinguished military reputation, with
the right, a cross (ll the right shoulder, double whom he had already allied himself, by giving
necklace, ear-rings, and helmet-like head-dress, him in marriage his sister Plaeidia, the widow
formed of double diadem of laurel and pearls, - of Ataulphus; and in 423 he died, leaving no
 HORATIA.—HOSIDIA. HOSIDIA.—-HOSTILIA. 467
issue by either of his two wives; a prince of a
slothful disposition, to whom, if Procopius has
told truth (Bell. Vand. i. c. 2), the safety of
his wife Galliua, whom he used to nickname
Roma, was matter of much greater solicitude
tlhan that of the city itself.—See viii. 171 and
72.
His coins in each metal are common, with the
exception of medallions, which in gold and sil can IIWIR. Bust of Diana with jewels,
ver, are of the highest rarity. On these he is mitella, and ear-rings. On her shoulder the
styled—HONORlVS AVG\‘STVS—D. N. HO bow and quiver.
NO(l;1IVS AVG.——D. N. IIONORIVS P. F. Rev.——c. 11os1n1. c. r. A wild boar trans
AV . fixed with a. dart, and followed by a dog. There
The following are the ran-st reverses :-— is one variety of no importance.
GoLn l\f1-:n.u.1.|0Ns.—o1.oa1.\ nouanonvm. The precise period when Cains Ilosidins Geta
Rome seated. couoa. Front face. (Valued by , was monetal triumvir is not known. The type of
Similar type.
Mionnet at 300 (Mt. 600 fr.)
francs.)—o1.0a1a Same legend. reverse is supposed by Hnvercamp to refer to the
uomuvoavu.
great hunting parties with which in 734 (a.c.
Emperor drawn in car and six. (Mt. 200 fr.) 20), the birth-day of Augustus was so magnifi
S11.vzn 1\Ien.u.1.1oN.~—rarva1rnon GENT. 7 cently celebrated. Eckhel gives his reasons for
BARB. Emperor holding Christian labarnm. regarding this coin as older than the age of Au
S11.v1:a.—1vssv. RICHIARI. axons flia.) round y gustus, and considers the wounded boar only as
a crown, within which is X between B. and a. an apt accompaniment to Diana Venalrir, whose
(Mionnct, 250 fr.) bust Hosidius has, for some reason, chosen to
EXAOIUM So1.1I>l.—n. N. HONORIVS P. r. AVG. place on the obverse of his deuarius.
Bearded head of Honorius.—-—Reo.~—EXAGlVM HOSTILIA gens patricia; an ancient and
so1.1n1. Equity standing. (Mt. 18 fr.) illustrious family, which claimed descent from
Tullns Hostilins. Sascrua and Tubnlus are the
R-ev.—EXAG. so1.. sva. v. 1111.. IOANNI (.ric.)
COM. s. 1.. In exergne cons. (24 fr.) two surnames, attached to it on coins. There
HORATIA gens-—a most ancient and noble ‘ are five vnrietics. The silver are rare. Two
family, of consular rank, bearing the surname denarii of llostilius Saserna (whom Cicero men
of Cacles. The following denarius is of the 1 tions as among the most eminent senators living
highest rarity, inscribed cocmzs. Galcated head in his time), are reinarknble for bearing, one
of Rome; behind it X.—Reu.——B()MA. In the the head of Pallor, the other that of Pavur.
exergue The dioscuri on horseback, galloping
with levelled lnnces, and with their caps laure
ated, and stars above.
Mionnet values at 150 francs this elegant dc
narins (of which an engraving will be found in .
p. 316 of this dictionary, nnder the head of
or-:.\'an1us.—'l‘he same restored by Trajan he
prices at 300 fr. There is a modern fabrication
of this coin, which must be guarded against.
1.—Ilead of Pavor (Fear or Dread), typified
by the bearded head of a man, with hair on end;
The name of lloratius Cocles recalls the me
behind it a feather, or leaf; in some, a buckler.
mory of transcendant benefits derived from
Rev.—i10s'r11.1vs SASERNA. A naked man,
members of that family to the primitive Romans.
Two are most remarkable. The former was the in a rapid biga, turns himself to the rear, and
fights with spear and shield, perhaps against
successful resistance ofiered by the first Cocles,
on the Pons Sublicius, to the troops of Por enemies who assail him, and the biga is driven
senna, king of Etruria, who attempted to take by an auriga also naked, who whips the
\
horses.
Rome by a coup-de-main.-—l<‘or a medallion of
Antoninus Pius, representing this exploit, see
p. 221.
On account of this valuable service the Romans
erected a statue to his honour in the Comitium,
and gave him as much land as he could plough
round in a day. The other benefit rendered to
Rome by the Ilvratii, was their combat with 2.—Head of Pallor (Paleness), behind whose
the Curiatii, who to the number of three, rc head, as a follower of Mars, is the military
maincd slain by the last of the Homtii. The lituus, or trumpet.
cognomen of Coc/er was attached to the first Rev.—~L. nosriuvs sasnnna. Diana stand
Horatius, from the circumstance of his having ing, vn'th the radiated crown, and dressed after
lost an eye on the occasion of some fight with ‘the Ephesian fashion of that goddess. The
the enemy. right hand holds a stag by its horns, and the
HOSIDIA geus.—It is not known whether left carries a spear.
this family was patricinn or plcbciau. 'l'he The image of q>o€os (Terror) ornaments the
following is its sole type. breastplatc of Ptolemy Philadelphos, on a splcn.
3 O 2
468 HOSTILIA. HOSTILIANUS.
did Camko, which formerly belonged to Madame narius of Hostilius Saserna, where he says, King
Buonaparte. The Romans worshipped Terror Tullus Hostilius (ale Rep. ii. 17) “ fecitquc idem
under the name of Favor, and they also ad et septis de manibus Comitium cf O1m'mn. Come
dressed their invocations to Pallor, which is at la'Curia dal nome lui fu detta Orli/ia, il simile
once the result and evidence of terror. pub crcdcrsi avvenisse ancora del Couzi:io.”—
The story on this point is that Victory hav Borghesi throws some doubt on the genuine
ing, through the treachery of the Albani, existence, of this medal, on account of his never
threatened to turn against the Romans, in a having seen it. But Riccio (p. 102) confirms its
battle they fought with the Veii, King Tullius authenticity from his own possession of the
Hostilius made a vow to cousecrate a temple to coin.—'I‘here is no specimen of it in the British
Palencss and to Terror. The enemy were finally Museum.
routed; and from that epochs Pallor and Pavor All these denarii would appear to have been
were honoured as divinitics at Rome. One is struck, in from the 704! to 712th year of Rome
represented to the full as spectrally woe-begone as (B. C. 50 to 42), and, according to Eckhcl, with
he that “ drew back Priarn’s curtains in the dead whom Csvedoni agrees, belong to the brother of
of night”—the other, with every particular hair . P. Saserna, whose surname is not known; or to
on end, “like quills upon the frctful porcupine.” L. Hostilius Saserna, son of the one or of the
Hostilius Sascrna, as one of the mouetal trium other, who had fought in 708, with Caesar in
virs of the republic, caused these t\\'o ima Africa, against Scipio and the other adherents of
ginary persouifications to be engraved on his Pompey the Great.
family denarii, with the view to have it believed
by posterity, that he was descended from Tullius
Hostillius. “ The trick of an insignificant per
son (/zomuncio) remarks Eclihel, whose only
pretence for so vain an assumption was a coin
munity of name.”

Obv.——Head of Pallas, to the riglit.—R<-!>.-—

3.-—IIead of Venus, richly adorned with
laurel, flowers, mitella, ear-rings, and necklace.
Reu.—L. HOSTILIVS sassaxs. A winged
Victory in a long light dress, walking, carries a
trophy on her left shoulder, and a caduceus in
her left hand.
The head of Venus bears, on other coins,
allusion to the origin of Caesar. Victory refers
to Cazsarian prosperity, given by signal (per
teasem) to his legions. The head of Diana on
the denarius l\'o. 2, bears reference to that
divinity, whether worshipped in the place where
the coin was struck, or more peculiarly the
object of devotion with the family of the
moncyer.
4.-—There is another denarins of the Hostilia
gens, on the obverse of which are the word
SASEBNA, and the bust of Pallor, with the
right hand raised up to the chin, as in u
thoughtful attitude; behind the head is a mili
tary lituus. On the reverse L. HOSTIL. A
bridge, on which three toyzutcd figures stand, as
on the Cancelli of the Comitia to give their
votes.
This very rare coin constitutes an honorary
representation of the Comilia at Rome, in which
the Hostilii allude to the election of Tullus
Hostilius, which the Romans carried by popular
suffrage, according to Havcrcamp, in which
opinion Eckhel concurs.——Cavedoni adds,
" Cicero poiuts to the true and sole nature of the
Cancclli of the Comitiu, as exhibited on a dc
L. H. rvn. (Lucius Ilostilim Tuba/us) in the
field of the coin, and within nn ouken crown;
below ROMA. On an uucia of brass.
Patiu first published this very small and very
rare coin, and afterwards Pcrizoni gave the
attribution of it, in which he was followed by
all the numisznatists. The subject of the coin,
and the precise time when it was struck, are
equally unknown, according to Eckhel and the
other later writers; although some of the cldcr
school have ascribed it to a certain Hostilius
'l‘ubulus, who was pretor in 611 (B. c. 143).
HOSTILLXNUS (Cam; Valens J1essina
Quintus), second son of Trajauns Decius, was
created Czcsar at the same time with his brother
Hcrennius Etruscns, A. D. 249, and on the
death of his father, being proclaimed Emperor
by the Senate, reigned in association with
Treboniauus Gallus, whom the soldiers elected
A. D. 25l. In order to the proper understand
ing of this prinee’s history and coins, the fol
lowing requisite particulars are premised by
Eckhel:—
“That, during the reign of Decius, there
was one third person of the male sex dis
tinguished with the title of Cicsar, we have
already seen from coins of Decius, inscribed
CONCORDIA avoo. or PIETAS AVGVST()R\’)I, on
which, in addition to the heads of DOI.‘lllS,
 HOSTILIANUS. HOSTILIAN US. 469
Etruscilla, and Herennius, there appears another lntions, not only from their fathers and mo
joined with that of Herennius. That this .thcrs, but even from their grandfathers and
belongs to the individual, whom several coins grandmothers. Many years earlier, M. Aure
describe as C. Va/en-I Hnslilianus llleuius lius was called Annius Vcrus from his grand
Quintua, is a point upon which all antiquaries father; Catilius Severus, from his great grand
are agreed. For, not only is Herennius joined father on his mother's side; Gcta, the son of
with Hostilianus in express words on a coin, Severus, took his name from his paternal grand
which Spanheim has given from the Barberini father, or from his uncle. (Spartian in Geld,
collection (ii. p. 256), inscribed Q. HER. BT11. c. 2). Caracalla was named Bassianus from his
DECIVS c. van. HOSTILIANVS, but also on a maternal grandfather. Elagabalns, before his
marble, which Muratori cites from Gori. But, accession, was called Ynrius Avitus, from his
there is an old dispute among the learned, some 1 father and grandfather. Consequently, as Heron
stoutly affirming Hostilianus to be the son, ) nius, the son of Decius, derived his names from
others the Jon-in-law of Deeius. Those who both his father and mother, it is most probable,
consider him the son, and their opinion Eckhel that the second son llostilianus, took his from
himself embraces, rest on the authority of 1 his father and his grandfather, either paternal
Zosimns, who expressly mentions a second son or maternal. Neither am I much disturbed by
of Decius, though without giving his name, who, the testimonies of Zonaras and Ccdrenus re
after the miserable end of his father and his , specting one Severus llostilianus Aug. as their
brother Herennius, was associated by Treboniunus credibility has already been called in question
as his colleague in the empire. And, moreover, by Tillcmont (Nata ii. in P//ifipp.); nor do I
the custom which was retained even up to this suppose that such insignificant writers would
period, of considering as sons of an emperor, have had much weight with the eminent nun1is
those individuals who are represented on coins matists above mentioned, who are in favour of
in juxta-position with him, accompanied with the can in law theory, had not their judgments
the appellation and dress of Caesars, unless been warped by the authority of Goltzius, from
where some special reason demands a different whose dictum it is thought a crime to differ, and
account of the matter, and such has not as yet who has put forward a coin inscribed IMP. cans.
been adduced by the partizans of the opposite L. AVE. srzv. HOSTIIJANVS AVG. P. ll. TR. P.
theory,—thia very custom will go far to prove, (T/res. p. 105), which we had better look upon
that l-lostilianus was the son of Decius, from his as coined by Goltzius himself out of the words
being in the same manner associated on coins of Zonaras.
with Decius, Etrnscilla, and l-lerennius. To “ llostilianus, then, the second son of Decius,
this may he added the fact of the name Illesrim as he most probably was, remained at Rome,
Quinta: being assigned to Hostilianus, which he when his father and brother set out on their
certainly could have derived only from hisfather campaign. Both of them being killed in battle,
Messins Quintus Decius. Those who consider Trebonianns Gallus, the successor of Decius,
Hostilianus to have been the son-in-law of adopted him, in order to pay a public compli
Decius among whom (after Panvini, Tristan, ment to the late empcror’s reign; but shortly
Spanheim, and others), is Liebe (Gtflfi. Num. p. afterwards, through apprehension of revolution
42-9), endeavour to support their case by the ary designs, he plotted against him, with a total
authority of historians, and by the very names disregard both of honour and of the relation
of Hostilianus. ship existing between them by adoption. Entro
“ I pay no regard (continues the Author of pins also records his elevation to the sovereignty,
Doclrina) to the historians who have recorded fisafiexerau -my Baoikeiau I‘aA7\os, ‘Oo'1-imavos,
the events of this period, as it is well known mu do -ram-ou mus Bovkomnavns; which passage
that they have contradicted themselves in so Paeanius renders, more agreeably to fact, thus—
barcfaced a manner, that you find yourself in ‘ The emperors then appointed were Gallns, Hos
the end utterly at a loss for a true conclusion. tilianus, and Volusianus, the son of Gallus.’—
As regards the names Valera; Hoslilianus, these, The former Victor says—‘ When these things
they say, belong neither to Decius nor to Etrus came to the knowledge of the Senate, they de
cilla, and thence argue, that he was transferred ereed the rank of Augusti to Gnllns and Hos
from some other family into that of Decius.— tilianns, and that of Caesar to Volusianns, the
They, therefore, think it probable that Decius son of Gallus.’ And Victor II.-—‘ In their
gave some daughter to this stranger in marriage, time (viz. that of Gallus and Volnsianus), Hos
and thus made him his son-in-law, with the tilianus Pcrpenna was created Impcrator by the
rank of Caesar. To strengthen the credibility Senate.’ ”——Sce Doclr. Num. Vet. vii. 350, 351,
of their views, it occurred to them, that Zona 352.
ras and Cedrenus mention a certain Severus Hos From the foregoing observations it is plain,
tilianns, who, they say, was amongst the suc that the coins of Hostilianus will be found to
cessors of Gordian III. and whose son was the belong to two reigns, viz. those on which he is
Hostilianns of the prment memoir; and thus he styled Caesar, to the reign of his father, and
received the names ]l[e.m'u.s Quinta; from his those which bear the title of Augustus, to that
adoptative father Decius, and those of Valma of Trebonianus.
Iloatilianua from his natural parent.—But after Hostilianus received the title of Augustus
all, this argument founded on the names, is a from the Senate and Trcbonianus A. D. 251, and
weak one. For sons have derived their appel not long after either fell a victim to u pestilence
470 HYGIA. HYGIA.
which was then committing great ravages, or signed divinity. The other figure represents his
he had met his end through the machinations daughter Hygia, clothed in the stola; she stands
of Gallus. near an altar, and in the act of sacrificing.—
On his coins, which are rare in each metal, Behind the goddess is a tree.
and of the highest rarity in gold, he is styled Pedrusi having thus described the reverse type
C. VAL. II()S'l‘. M. Q,\"IN'l‘VS NOB. CAE.— of this unique and remarkable medallion, and
IMP. C. VAL. lI()S'I‘lL. MES. QVINTYS caused it to be engraved in the 5th volume of
AVG. the Jlluamzm I"ame.1e ('1‘av.ix. fig. 6), a faith
MINTAGES OF HOSTlLIA_\’US. ful copy of it is inserted below, together with
The following are the rarest revcrses:—
the purport of some of the learned Italian’s
auimadversions on the subject :—
GOLD.—PIE’1‘AS AVG. Sacrificial instruments.
-—PIETAS AVGG. Mercury Stt|.l1(ll1\g.—I‘ltiNC.
IVVENTVTIS. Emperor with baton and lance,
by the side of two ensigns.—Same legend, with
slight typical variety. aosun AETERNAI-2.
Rome seated. (These five aurei are valued by
Mionaet at 600 fr. each.)
Su.vsa.—-aEQ,v1r.-is avoo. Equity standing.
The obverse legend of this denarius is co. VAL.
in. QVINTVS AVG. (Mt. 12 fr.)-——s1\scv1.v1u
NOVVM, Sc vicroam or-znnamcn. (15 fr. each).
Bnass l\l1-JI)ALLl0NS.—PRll\'CIPl 1vvr._\"rv'r1s.
(Mionnct, 200 fr.)—v1croa1a avec. Victory.
—-Same cpigraph. Apollo. (100 fr. each.)
LARGE ]3n.xss.—s.u.vs AVGVS. Hygeia and
a serpent.—vlc'r0mA AVGVSTORVM. (24 fr.
each).-—-voris DECENNALIBV8. (30 fr.) This pious but mistaken display of per.
ll. S.—Scc Seslerlius. sonified deification has for its object to promote
HUM. Ilumani.-—-—See SAL. GEN. nvn.— the health of a beloved monarch. All united
Salua Gfiltris Humani. in putting up vows for its restoration, for every
llYDRA.—See II:-rnulis Laborer, p. 451. one enjoyed the results of the imperial bene
IIYPSAE AED. C\'R..—See Plautia gens. ficence. Punctiliously courteous to his subjects,
HYGIA, the daughter of 1Esculupins Medicus, “ Impcratoriurn fastigium ad summam civilita
called by the Greeks T-yam, and inscribed on Ro tom deduxit:”—-Kind and considerate with the
man coins s.u,vs. 'I‘he Gentiles are supposed to Senate, to which "tantum detulit Impcrator,
have adopted the serpent as the symbol of health, quantum, cum privntus esset, dcferri sibi ab
from the brazen one of Moses. The peters in alio Principe optavit:"—\lost benignant to
Hygia’s hand indicates that health is to be Wards the people, among other examples——“ Bal
sought through religion. On coins of Deultum, neum, quo usus fnissct, sine mercede, populo
struck under Alexander Severus, llygia stands exhibuit."—-Provident, and always attentive to
with serpent and pat-era. Of Alexander himself the good of the conquered provinces, it was under
Lampridius says—“ He visited the sick soldiers Antoninus that all the provinces fiourished.—
in their tents, even those the most distant, Most holiest in his opinions, he was resorted to
causing them to be conveyed in waggons, and by nations even as distant from Rome as the
assisted them with all things needful. Bnctrians and the Indians, when they had dif
When mention of Hygia, or of zlfisculapius, ferences to settle, soliciting his decision as that
as deities of health, is made on the imperial of an oracle. A monarch adorned, then, with
mint of Rome, it always indicates that those so many estimable qualities, might well lay
emperors are at the time themselves labouring claim to the public vows in favour of his own
under disease; or that sacrifices have been per health.
formed for their recovery.—Sec s.\1.vs.—sa1.vs But the true Esculapius, who watched over
avovs'ra.—s1u.vs AVGVSTOBVM. the health of Antoninus, was the celebrated
H;/gia et dz‘¢¢.-ulapiu: cum cane suo.—Pausa Galen, to whose consummate knowledge this
nias alludes to the magnificent works which An prince, in one of his dangerous sickncsses, was
toninns Pius dedicated to the honour of 11scn indebted for the preservation of his life. ' ‘ '
lapius. The vcneration of that emperor for the The ancients frequently associated llygia with
god of medicine has been evidenced by a brass Esculapins, and in Achaia and other districts of
medallion (see p. 20 of this dictionary), bear Greece, their statues stood together in the tem
ing on its reverse the name of aF.scv|..u>i\'s, ples ereeted to their united honour. And at
and a type allusive to the legend of that divi Rome the same union took place in the worship
nity’s arrival in the form of a serpent at Rome of father and daughter, with this sole ditt't-rcncc,
from Epidaurus. Another brass medallion of that the goddess whom the Greeks called Hy
the same emperor exhibits ]Esculapius, seated geia, was by the Latins termed Salsa or Bonn
on a throne, with a dog at his feet. In his left Valetu/1'0.
hand he holds a staff, round which coils a ser Eckliel (vi. 33) remarks, that frequently as
pent; in his right is a patera, attesting his as the image of Esculapius appears on ancient
 HYGIA.--JANUS. JANUS. 471
coins, the dog is rarely seen as his companion. All these coins present a double head, which
Pansanias, however, affirms n. figure of that procured for Janus, among the ancients, the ap
animal to have been placed at the feet of the pellation of Bi rons. Both faces exhibit a long
celebrated statue of IESClllt\])lllS at Epidaurus.— beard, while t e head itself is variously orna
The reason, as explained by the same writer, mented. Generally it is vneathed with s crown
was that having soon after his birth been loft of laurel. Sometimes he has a half moon (lunii
exposed, he was sucklcd by a goat and guarded lam) intercepted by both heads. On other asses,
by a dog. “Canes adliibebantur ejus (‘Escu as in the Csesia gens, the double head is covered
lnpii) templo, quod is ubcribus eanis sit nutri Wltll a sort of cap. The same representation of
bus.”-—“ Cane ad pcdes (simulacri Ifisculapii) Janus, Just described from Roman coins, un
decumbcnte.” (Pausan. ii. 61). doubtedly found its way into several coins of
The appearance of the tree rising in the field foreign die; as on coins struck at Panornius
of the reverse, is supposed to bear reference to (Palermo). The same double head also appears
another superstitious belief of the ancients re on coins of Aniphipolis and Thcssalonica, in
specting 1Esculapius, that the god of medicine Macedonia. We have not, says Eckhel in de
took no satisfaction in the worship of his vota scribing thcm (vol. i. p. 234), to pronounce
ries unless paid to him in his own grove. On them portraits of Janus. No doubt the different
this point Pansanias (ii. 60) sa_vs—-“ 1Esculapii peoples of Greece often had come under Roman
lucum, circumqnaque, montes incingunt, intra dominion, by representing on their coins the
cujus ambitum mori quenquam, ant nasci, reli figure of Janus, who, from the very infancy of
gio est.” Rome, was worshipped among her principal
divinities, testified that they paid to the Roman
I. gods the same adoration, which in private they
did to their own; just as several other Greek
I a Latin vowel, which Cicero (Oral. iii.) cities exhibited on their coins Jupiter Capito
calls Iota. Sometimes it is made a consonant, linus. See v. 216.
either simple as in Ivivo, ivrrrsn, Sic. or double From the above examples, and others that
as in Eivs, XAIOB, &c. The ancients some might be adduced, it is shcwn that the Janus of
times changed it into v, and wrote MAXVMO for the Romans invariably appeared with a beard.
MAXIHO, of which there are not only examples Nor are monuments of a later age at variance
from Pliny, Livy, and Cicero, but the proofs with this rule. For he appears bearded on brass
appear also on coins. Rasche. coins of Hadrian, Antouinus Pius, Commodus,
I is the customary mark of the Ac. See the and Pcrtinax.
word (p. 83). The Author of Docfrina then alludes to opi.
I. This letter, by itsclf, signifies Jovi, or nions entertained by other men of great loam.
Julius, or Juno. ing, who have pronounced certain bearri/e.r.r
I. This Latin lcttcr served as a numeral sign heads, joined in the same manner, to be those
in the products of the Roman mint. Thus I. of Janus; and confesses that before he bad suf
II. III. Illl. &c. as may be seen within a laurel ficicntly considered the subject, his own opinion
crown on brass of Augustus. cos. n. Ill. 1111. was the same. (See his observations, i. 94).——
Consul for the second, third, fourth time. " One reason for their supposition (says he), is
LEG. l. ii. iii. mi. First, second, third, fourth the resemblance of the mode of joining the
Legion. II Vin. 'Daumvir, [ll Vin. Triunwir, heads, being such as Janus exhibits. But it is
mi vin. Quatuorvir. found that this mode was in vogue with foreign
JANUS, the fabled offspring of Coclus and nations, who certainly employed it with no re.
Hecate, or of Apollo and Crcusa, reigned, says ference whatever either to the religion or cus
Aruobius (Adv. Genius, iiii. p. m. 69), in early toms of the Romans. From such evidence it
times over Italy, and was the founder of the is clearly shown, that this unnatural device was
town Janienlum, the boasted father of Fontus. in use both among the Greeks, the Etrurians,
[For a learned dissertation on the myth of and the Romans.”—Passing over the conjectures
Janus, see Nauvelle Ga./lerie J[_z/t/zologique, par of those who have attempted to ascertain to
M. Ch. Lenormant, p. 5]. which people's imagination the invention of such
Representations of Janus occur, as well on a monster is to be attributed, Eckhcl prefers
the early Roman A: (see p. 83, et seq.) as on rather to consider the question, what the an.
those of much later date, marked by the names cients understood by those two-headed figures?
of families, to which are to be added the follow That some allegory lay beneath them is evident,
ing specimen, which forms the obverse type of a even from the accounts which Roman writers
deuarius of the Furia gens, described in p. 401. have given of their Janus. Some have said
that he was represented with two faces, because
he had been endowed by Saturn with the know
ledge of past and future events (Ccdrenus ex
Dione). Others, in order that, bv being placed
between them, he might seem to he looliing up.
on the commencing and the retiring year.—
Servius says, in one place (ad Vz'r_r/. /Eu.) 1. v.
291)—-“ It is stated by some that, Tatius and
Romulus built a temple, after entering into a
472 JANUS. JANUS.
treaty with each other, whence Janus himself ' Saturnus, who had come with a fleet to Italy,
has two faces, as if in allusion to the coalition and after having been instructed by him in agri
of the two kings.” And, in another passage culture, had improved the rude and savage mode
(ad Jfneirl, I. v. 198)—“ It is with propriety of living which had prevailed before fruits were
that he invokes him (Janus) as he presides at known, he bestowed upon him (Satnrnus) a
the ratification of treaties; for after Romulus share in the kingdom. Ha was the first also
and Titus Tntias had entered into a compact, a who stamped brass; and in this, too, he dis
statue was erected to Janus, with two faces, as played his respect for Satnrnus; for, as he had
if to represent the two nations.” And lastly, arrived in a ship, on one side was expressed a
Pliny (xxxiv. § l6)—“Thc double Janus was likeness of his own head, and on the other a
consecrated by king Numa, and is worshipped ship, to perpetuate the memory of Saturnns.—
in matters both of peace and war.” The double That the money was so stamped, may be gathered
heads of Janus, as well as those of the man and from the game of ‘pitch and toss’ at the pre
woman on the coinage of Tenedos, have been sent day, in which boys, throwing up their dc
explained by ancient writers allcgorieally. The narii, cry out ‘head; or J/zips ?"’—Anrclins
devotion of Caracalla to the memory of Alex Victor gives the same information. And Ovid,
ander the Great becoming the subject of general having made the following enquiry of Janus—
remark, a circumstance occurred which is re (Fast. i. 229):—
corded by Hcrodian (iv. in (kzraca/l.)—“ We “Malta quidem didici; scd cur navalis in acre
have also seen figures absurdly represented, with “ Alters signuta est, altera forma biceps?“
one body and one head, but two half faces, of [“ I have learned a thing or two in my life;
Alexander and Antoniuus (i. e. Caracalla).”— but, why is the figure of a ship stamped on one
These instances of allegory may sutficc ; altho’ side of money, and a double head on the other ?”]
it is not necessary, at all times, to suppose an
allegorical allusion. For it might happen, that
—reccivcs from that deity this answer :
an artist would represent some deity with two “ Causa ratis snperest; Tnscum rate venit in amnem
“ Ante pererrato falcifer orbe dens. - - -
heads; because, perhaps, the statue was in “ At bona posteritas puppim servavit in aara,
tended to be so placed, that every one, whether “ Hospitis adventum testificata dei."
within or without the building, might have a
view of his countenance; such as was the case,
[“The reason for the appearance of the ship
remains to be explained. The scythe-bearing
according to Lucian, with some of the Hcrmrc god (i. e. Saturn) entered with his vessel a river
—-“ two-headed, and alike both ways, in which of Etruria, after traversing the earth. Now,
ever direction you turn yourself.” “I have worthy posterity has preserved the ship on
seen (says Schultze, in his Intraduzione alla
money, in commemoration of the arrival of their
scienza della Jlonele Aniiclle), a four-faced
Janus on a coin of Hadrian, in the rich and
divine visitant.”]
noble collection of the illustrious Antonio GuntPlutarch speaks to the same ctfcct. (Quart
ler.” R0m.)—Draco of Corcyra has the following in
When, therefore, you see double heads on allusion to Janus (apud At/leuaum, xv. p. an.
coins, either of the Etrurians or the Syracu 692), that “ he first invented crowns, ships, and
sans, or the Athenians. You may be sure, that boats, and first stamped brass money. On which
they convey some allegory, though it may often account, many Greek, Italian, and Sicilian cities
he beyond our power to discover its meaning.— engraved on their coins a double head, and on
And, when we sec on Roman coins the two the other side either a boat, or acrown, or a
heads in question, sometimes with beards, at ship."—The same also is to be found in Eusta
others without, we need be in no doubt, that if thius (ad Ozlyu. E’. v. 251). We have no coin
they are bearded, Janus is intended; and if of any Greek or Sicilian city with these types on
beardless, some other account, and without both sides. All that are extant are undoubtedly
much ditliculty, can be given of them. Thus, Roman. According to Pliny (xxxiii. § 13),
in the case of the gold coin, on the reverse of when the as fell as low as the serlarztariiw, “ the
which is a double /mad wit/soul beard; and on mark of brass (i. e. of the as) was, on one side
the reverse ROMA, and the .mrr§/icing qf a sow , a double Janus, on the other the beak of a ship,
since this type of the reverse, undoubtedly sig and on the trim: and guadrana, boats."--Eclb
nifies the rite of ratifying a treaty; and the he], v. p. 14.
coin was unquestionably struck without the walls
of Rome, it is not necessary to suppose that the
double head on the obverse belongs to Janus,
but that after the fashion of the Greeks, some
reconciliation between themselves and the R0
lnans is thereby allvgorieally signified. See
Dart. N. Vwl. v. 216 to 333.
Janus’ Ilmd on Ute .-llurzvtal A.r.—The /mud
qf Janus on one side, and the prow qf a .2/lip
on the other, is an almost perpetual type on the
Roman As. Several ancient writers have alluded
to this fact, and the reason for it.—Ma.crobius The half-naked figure of Janus‘ Bzfronr stand
says—-“ This Janus having hospitahly received ing, with spear in right hand, cos. in. s. c. be
 JANUS. JANUS. 473
longs to the second brass of Hadrian. states, of the alliance made between the Romans
I. A.—-Imperator Augustus, or Indulgentia and the Sahines. Also, perhaps, according to
Augusta‘. other writers, to signify that he knew both the
IAN. Jmt1|m.——IAN. ci.v. Jamnn. Ohm‘! past and the futu.re.—The as, the most ancient
or Clauait, the temple of Janus closed. coin of the Romans, bears on one side the head
Janus, the fabled son of Uranus, is believml of Janus with two faces, bearded, and above it
to have been the most ancient King of Italy, a crescent, symbol of eternity; on the reverse,
who hospitahly received Saturn, when, as a we see the prow qf the s/zip which brought
fugitive from Crete, the father of Jupiter, Saturn to Italy: a type which has caused this
banished by his son, arrived in a ship on the coinage of brass money to be called ratiti, from
shores of I.atium.—According to the account of the Latin word mtis, u ship or galley. These
Aurelius Victor, Janus was the master-mind of pieces are common in nuinismntic cabinets.—Tho
the age in which he lived; he was the founder half naked figure of two-headed Janus, standing
of a city called Janiculum, taught his people with a spear in his right hand, on a first brass
the divisions of the year, the use of shipping, medal of Antoninus Pius, indicates either some
and of money, the rules of justice, and the sacred honours paid to Janus by that Emperor;
mode of living happily under the authority of or that thesecnritv of the age was established
the laws; he also instructed them how to build by the providential care 0fAI1l.0IllI\l1B, as formerly
temples and to honour the Gods with sacrificial under the reign of Janus. The legend of this
worship; to surround the cities with walls, to coin is Tn. Poo‘. cos. III., which Eckhel gives
grow corn and to plant the vine. It was out of to v. c. 893.—'l‘here is a brass medallion of
gratitude for these alleged benefits that Janus Commodus, which exhibits on its reverse the
was placed by the Romans in the rank of the head of Janus, one of the faces having the
Gods, and regarded as presiding over treaties. likeness of that Emperor: the epigraph which
On the first of January, or in the calends of accompanies it iS——P.l(. rn. P. xii. IMP. viii.
that month, they celebrated the Jannalia. At cos. v. i>.r.—See also the TELLV8. STABIL. of
that festival they offered to Janus a mixture comronvs. on a brass medallion.
of flour and salt, with incense and with wine. There are other medallions of Commodus,
The temple of Janus was said to have been which all present the figure of the double Janus,
built by Romulus, after he had made peace with and are remarkable for their elegance and rarity
the Sabines; and in this temple was a statue though the reason for the selection of such a
with two faces. King Numa ordained that it type remains nnknown.—This adoration of Janus
should be opened during war and shut during on the part of Commodus, appears to have been
peace. In the seventh book of the Eneid, an exemplificstion of that Pielm of which we
Virgil has described, in some fine verses, this see him styled the Auctor. The excess of his
imposing ceremony. The figure ol this temple predilection for Janus is manifested by a coin of
is preserved on medals. It was shut only twice the Medicean collection, on the obverse of which
from the foundation of Rome to the year 725 ; the head of Commodns is_ represented with
namely, under the reign of Nnma, year 38, and double face, like that of the god.—D. N. Vet.
after the second Pnnic war, in 519, under the vii., 119.
consulate of 'l‘itus Manlius.It was shut three The head of Janus, with its beardless faces,
times under Augustus, first in 725, after the after the likeness of Cnmins Pompcius ‘(Pompe
Actiac war, and subsequently in 729 and 752. the Great) appears on the obverse of Pompey's
Therefore it became an important event to shut first brass, and the prow of a ship on the
Me Janus, an allegorical expression signifying reverse.
the restoration of peace to the empire. The Janus is said to have had a son, named
poets celebrated these memorable 010.:-in_/]s.— Fontus, from whom the Fonteii assumed to
From the first book of Ovid’s Tristia, it appears derive their origin, and their right to place the
that the temple of Janus was shut under the head of Janus on their coins.—See Fontein.
reign of Tiberius. On a brass coin of Nero Janus Quadrz:/'r0n.:.-—Janus with four faces
we read race. r. R. TERRA MABIQ. PABTA IANUM (three of which only are seen), is found on a
ci.vsrr. (after having procured peace for the second brass coin of Hadrian.
Roman people, on land and on the sea, he, the IAN. CLV.—On a silver coin of Augustus,
Emperor, has shut the J'anus,) because this and either relates to the second time of that
temple was called the Janu.r.—Lucan makes Emperor’s closing the temple of Janus, viz., in
mention of the closing of this temple under the year of Rome 729 (A.D. 25), after the
Nero, to which the coin referred to above conquest of tho Cantabri (of northern Spain);
refers. Other princes afterwards performed the or it was struck to renew the memory of the
same ceremony, on a similar consummation of year 725, when the temple was closed on the
general peace. Trajan not only shut the Janus occasion of terminating the Bellum Anliacum,
but embellished its site with an enlarged area. or the war ending with the battle of Actiimi,
The last epochs when the fane of this deity was which ruined Marc Antony, and made Augustus
closed was under the Emperor Constantius master of the Roman world.
(Gallus), about A. D. 353 or 4. For the most detailed architectural representa
Janus Bi/'r0n.i.—'I'liis was an appellation tion of the temple of Ja'nus closed, to be found
nssigmed to Janus, because he was represented on the imperial mintages, is the first brass of
with two faces, in consideration, as Serviu: Nero, in which this celebrated fane is typified
3P
4.74 JANUS. ICONIUM.
with one gate, and a double door. lts form is and insects, in which Egypt abounds, and which
it pursues and kills.
The Ibis is seen at the feet of a female figure,
lying on the ground, with the epigraph AEGYFIOS,
on gold, silver, and brass of Hadrian.—Sec
P . ICONIVM,
13. (now Koniek, or (logmj) the
ancient capital of Lycaonia, (now Kammauia,
Asiatic Turkey). This city is mentioned in the
Acts of the Apostles, c. iriii., v. 51.—A Roman
colon]/, its coins (besides autonomes in sm. brass
and iiiiperial Greek in brass) consist of brass
of the three modules, with Lalin legends. The
pieces with Greek inscriptions are respectively
of Nero, Hadrian, and Fiiustina, jun. The
following are its Latin brass :—
square, and its walls are ornamented with laurel Gm-a'iam¢.r Piu.:.—Rev. coi. AI-IL. ICONIEN.
garlands, which the Romans placed on it aft/er V s. a—A veiled priest~tracing the limits of a
a victory. The doors are shut.—See the colony with plough and two oxen. In the field
legend race i>.u. TERRA MARIQ. PARTA KANVM two military cnsigns.—1i’ev. ICOMENSI. cow.
cnvsrr. s.iz. Fortune seated.
IANO CONSERVAT, Janus with two faces, 1 Valerianzw, :en.—Same legen . Fortune
standing with a spear in the right hand.-qsilver seatacd, a wheel nnder her chair.
of Pei-tinax. a1lienns'.——-Rte. ICONIENSIVM co. s.a.—
“ Pertinax here styles Janus his preservcr, The twins and the wolf—came legend, Hercules
and with some reason; for at the very time that standing—.uune legend, Minerva seated.
Janus begins the new year, he commenced his Immcula (from icon) a small image ‘of fre
reign; and this appears beyond question to he q}ilient_occurrence on Roman coins, sometimes in
the motive for the adoption of the type.”-— t e right, sometimes in the left-hand of the
Eclthel vii., 141. priiici al figure.
IANO PATRI.—'l‘wo head Janus, with ope Iduii, the Ides, from Illuu-9, an Etruscan
face bearded, the other without n beard: t e verb, iduare, to divide, because t c Ides
whole figure stands clothed in the toga, h_oldin_g 2 divide the month i_iito two almost equal parts.—
lflft]lB:lCl’lLdll1S:.}l;0 nlglht anrtlaga scefptié his $hheyIvlv1erc (fsaylsi l/Elllmlt.) 8flCl:(i(1lol;) £u‘piter._—
c an .— go min es 0 cnus, e cs o i are are mar e enarins
p. 406. of Jimiiis Brutus—Ein. i|.m.—Sec Marcus
Pcllcrin, in his Melange i. p. 166, gives an - Brutus, p. 145 of this Dictionary.
engraving of the above, and merely says ‘_‘ the I -Teruaalmri, the most_illustrio_us and most
legend i.iNo_Ps'rni_which one sees on this silver | celebrated city of Palestine, besieged and de
plece of
other Gallienns, is singular.
knowncoin.”—But Itis _t'ound ou_no It strayed
Eckhehanimadverting by 'litns;
own expense. Forrestored
furtherbyallusions
Hailrian toat this
on the still more singular circumstance of its i place, in its state of subjection to the Romans,
exhibiting a bearded head joined to a head with see AELIA CAPITOLINA. p. 15.
out a beard, enters at some length into arcaearch II. S¢’!,‘I.IIl(llk1'.—-COS. II. Consul Secunllusr.
into all previous numismatic examples which ‘ Consul for the second tiine.—iMP. II. Imperator
show that the two faces must be bearded in . Se’0InLll1lm.——LEG. ii. Lfgid Sevunrld, &c.
order to be characteristic of Janus, and concludes i IIS. or HS. Seats-rtiu.r.—Sce the word.
with saying, “I think, therefore, it may be 1 II. Ilerum. TB. P. II. Tribunilia Polealale
allowed one to suppose either that the portraiture Iterum.
of Pellcriu is fallacious, which depictures Janus IIVIR. Duumm'r.—A dignity in place of
with one head only bearded, the other without Consul, in the Roman colonies.
beard; or that in the age (of Gallicnus—.\.n. I IIVIR. QVINQ. Duumvir Quinquena!i:.—
253 to 268), there was something in the mode The dignity of the Qiiinqneuniel Duumrir in the
of representing this deity which deviated from Colonies rivallcd that of the Censorship at Rome.
the old iinmutible imagery."—Vol. vii., p. 397. II. VICT. Dua Victoria. VICTORIAE moo.
1be.z.'.—-A figure of this animal, walking ii. oEuii.—'l‘wo Germanic Victories of the
towards the right, with the epigraph SAECVLARES g Einperors—on a coin of Gallicnus.
avoo, and the note VI. (perhaps bccausc on the ‘ Ill. Vllt. A.A.A.l~‘.F. Tr-iumoiror Trimm-iri
sixth day of the games this alpine animal was i (moiietalcs), Aura, Argento, Jere, Flmulo,
exhibited) appears on a silver coin of Philip Ferizmda.—One of, or all, the three Roman
senior.—An_r/elnni calls it the Ga:elIe. Magistrates appointed to superintend the coin
Ibis, a bird held sacred by the Egyptians, age of moncy.—Sce p. l.——Also Moneta Ifonuzna,
similar to a stork, except that its beak is some and Salurmu.
what thickcr and more crooked.—'I'he Ibis is the III. VIR. R.P.C. Triumvir Rcipublicie
peculiar symbol of Egypt, on account of the Constitucndie—Triumvirf0r tlu: ectablisking qf
benefit which it rendered to that country in the Republic.
constantly waging a destructive war with serpents IIII. VIR. Qualuorviri a. P. i=.*.—See p. 62.
 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR. 475
ILERCAVONIA, or Ilergsvonia; a Roman sometimes see the prince declaring himself
municipium in His ' Tnrraconensis (now Emperor for the fifteenth or twentieth time,
Amporla in Catalonia, near Tortosa.) It was \ and giving himself for surnames, titles formed
the capital city of the llereaonenses, situated on f out of the names of the vanquished nations.
the coast near the mouth of the Ebro. Its ~ '1‘o such a pitch of mad presumption was this
coins struck, in alliance with Dertose, under ' imperial vanity carried, that we sometimes see
Augustus, Ag-rippa, and Tiberius, bear on their an emperor assuming the marks of triumph,
reverses the legend ll. HI. ILEBCAVONIA near. and impudently pretending to be the conqueror
The type is a galley, with sail set.-—Sec Aker- t of people who had actually defeated his armies.
man, “Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes.” Afier the extinction of the consular government,
P . ILERDA,
91. a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, the name of Iurnnsron was very seldom con
ferred upon private individuals, either on account
the capital of the Ilcrgetes, which by s slight of military command, or of victories gained;
transposition of letters, is now called Lerida, and it soon became the exclusive appendage of
in Catalonis.—Under the Roman sway it became Imperial rank and power.—This title is expressed
s municipium, as is proved by u small brass coin in Greek by the word A'I'l‘0KPA'!‘.Q.P, which is
of Augustus, inscribed mm. umuns. with the often abridged.
type of a wolf walking:-See Akerman, “Coins After the death of Caligula, the title of
of Ancient Cities, &c.” p. 92. Pl. x., No. 1, I Emperor became elective, and it was the soldiers
2, 3, 4, and 5, for specimens of the Celtiberian of the Praetorian Guard who proclaimed the
and Latin brass of this munici ium. Emperor Claudius. The children, however,
ILICI, a city of Hispsnislnrrsconensis. It l of the deceased Prince, or he whom the Em
was situated in the country of the Contestani. peror’ had adopted, pretty generally succeeded
It is now called Elcfie, and gave tl1e name to the empire, not by right of succession, but
to the port called Alicant—-portus Ilicitanus.— because the reigning sovereign had, during his
It appears from the legends of its coins G. 1. LL. A. . life-time, associated them in the government, or
struck under Augustus and Tiberius, that it was had created them Caesars, that is to say,
a colony, and the second letter is considered the ! appointed them his successors, with the con
initial of Immu1u'.r.—Col01|ia Immum'.s Illici ; currence of the armies, who, having the strength
Juguata.—See Akermnn, same work, p. 94.' to enforce their wishes, had wrestcd from the
The Imperial Latin coins of this Colony are Senate the right of election. The choice of the
engraved in Vaillnnt, vol. i. p. 37., p. 73~—78. i soldicry almost always fell on some one of their
ILLVRICVS or ILLYRIAN \"S.—Sce Genius I own chiefs, whose bravery was we-ll known; and
Excrcitus lllyriciani, p. 411. held higher in their appreciation than either
I/l_1/n2-um, or as it 1s otherwise called Illyris, ‘v birth or political abilities. It was thus that the
is a region lying on the shores of the Adriatic, empire frequently devolved into the hands of
opposite to those of Italy, and extending inwards 5 more soldiers of fortune, whose only merit was
from the Alps and the sea, to the Danube By . their ferocious velour. On the other hand,
some writers this tract of country is considered ' when the Senate could influence the choice of
to be what is now culled Dalmalia. an Emperor, that body, with all its faults, con
IMP. Im]1eral0r.——CAESAR. IMP. ms. sulted with more judgment the qualities most
IM I’ERA'l‘0R.—The title of Emperor (Impe- ‘ suitable in the master of so mighty an empire.
ralmj was, at first, only uscd as a surname, l Immediately alter their election, the Emperors
and placed after all the names of the individual I sent their image to Rome and to the armies, in
on whom it was conferred. But at the esta order that it might be placed on the military
blishmcnt of the empire, this appellation took f standards. This was the customary mode of
another nature. The prince being general- i acknowledging the new Princes. Their accession
issimo of the Roman legions, appropriated to ; thus announced, they failed not to distribute
himself the merit of all the victories twllieved, ilargesscs amongst the troops, each soldier rc
whether he commanded the army in person, or l ceiving his share as he marched past the
whether he merely carried on the war by his emperor, to mark their joy at whose election
lieutenants. When the Senate in the year 29 ' they carried crowns of laurel on their heads.
before Christ (725 of Rome) bestowed on The first who introduced the system of giving
Augustus the title of Imperator, it was placed money to the soldiers was Claudius, who, in
after his name. Subsequently we sec it borne | gratitude for their choice of him, promised them
by Emperors from the first days of their reign; 1 fifteen sesterces a head. Soon after the election
and without any victory, even without any war ‘ of the Emperor, the Senate conferred the name
to give occasion for it. In fact the word, from of A1/_qu.rm on his wife and daughters.
that time, became one of the attributes of That the Imperial title, or appellntive of the
sovereignty; but, in this latter case, it is found Roman general was augmented according to the
preceding all the other names and dignities, number of victories, so that on coins it should
even that of Caesar, and is not followed by any be found marked by the inscription of IMP.
number as I. 11. III. &c., on medals. But rrr-znviror nI., rv., &c., there are frequent
when, on the contrary, the word IMP. or proofs, in the series of the Augusti; norare like
mrnnsron was designed to enumerate victories, examples wanting, during the existence of the
it is usually placed after the name, and often republic, or at least before it was utterly
at the end of all the other titles. Thus we abolished, though these however are more rare.
3P2
476 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR.
Sylla is aumismatieallv called mrsa. rraavir; styled mo. or macs. Pivs. IMP.-—-See the
whilst Cn. Pompey M., after having gained the Pompeia family.
greatest victories and those of the most varied IMP. BRVTVS.—See Bavrvs nrr.
description, is styled on his coins only urr.— IMP. or lMPER.—Imperaf0r is frequently
Cszsar the Dictator, only nu>. I'l‘ER.——N0l' is read on coins of Julius Caesar, flie being already
Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey the Great, dead) on which this single title of honour is
assigned to him, in place of the 1m-nomen;
mentioned as having oficner enjoyed the title.
But Antony the mvia is recorded as mr. mi. not for any victory obtained, but by that signi
—And it is certain that after Blsesus, who was fication which rcfers to the heighth of power
the last private individual (by 'I‘iberius's per conferred upon him, he is called cazsan. IMP. or
mission) to be called Imperator, the important IMPER. and afterwards with the Julian star.—
honour, although obtained by the Lieutenants of For as in others, struck before his death, he is,
the Augusti, belonged to the Prince alone, after the ancient manner of the republic, called
because wars were carried on under his sole mr. Qvm'r., on others me. sex. and besides
auspices; thus a prmtor of former times derived DICT. Q_VAl1T., or DICTATOB PERPETVO, so this
the title of Imperalor from a victory achieved one title IMP. on only two coins, and n few
by his quaastor, of which Varro records one struck after his death, can hardly be understood
example. If Dio is to be relied on, it was the otherwise than as that highest title of Imperulor,
Roman custom to assume the name of Imperator then for the first time granted to him by the
not oflener than once, for one war; and this Senate, not long before he was slain; because,
practice was abused by Claudius Aug., who as occurs on many other coins of Roman
allowed himself to be called by that title several Emperors‘, that name of supreme power docs
times on account of victories over the Britons. not occupy the place of a prmulnm but rather
——lt is very questionable, however, whether this that of a surname. Such is the opinion of
usage was, even in the earlier age, religiously Vaillant and of Spanheim on these coins of
observed, for from the coins of Sylla it is Julius.
probable that he was called Imperator for the ' I.\iP.—Ou a silver and a gold coin of Galba,
second time, during the same War. bearing this word on its reverse, that Emperor,
It is abundantly clear on inspection, that the in the paludamentum, appears on horseback,
greater part of the Imperial coins exhibit a extending his right haud.—The figure of Galba
numeral addition to this inscription of in |>1-:u.\'ron appears to refer to the statues erected to his
on account of fresh victories gained. But it is honour in Gaul and in Spain, as he does not sit
observable, that Caracalla was the last who on horseback in the garb of peace, as emperors
stamped this illustrious title on his coinage, as were accustomed to do when approaching Rome,
now by degrees the ancient institutions ‘of the but he is represented as they are dcpictured
Roman empire had begun to be neglected or when setting out on a military cxpedition.—See
corrupted. Neverthi-lesa,in the mint of Postumus, HISPANXA.
singular to say, there occur ms. v. and liar. x. IMP. AVG.—Imperator Azlyusiuc. On
-—But Dueangc adduces from marbles, some another silver coin of Galba, a female figure,
exam les of adding numbers to the title eon clothed in a robe, holds an olive branch in her
tiuu to a later period, although of rarer right hand, whilst her left rests on a shield
occn.rrence.—'I'hc gold solidi of Theodosius placed on the ground.
II. are common, bearing amongst his titles This figure of a woman nifies Pence,
even mr. XXXXIL, which Dncange considers bearing the olive branch which was peculiarly
to import the old acclamation of the soldiers. dedicated to that goddess, and was also worn on
Bat Eckhel is of opinion that on the coins of the head at pacific celebrations. y
this emperor the years of his reign are indicated Gulba, through the concord of the two
by that number.—Gallienu.s, for the reiterated provinces, Spain and Gaul, by whom he was
title of Imp. called himself Germanicus elected Emperor, declared his conciliatory feelings
Maxiinus III. or v., or inscribed on his coins to the Roman people.
VICTORIA AVG. vi. vn. vm.; and similar IMP. CAES AVG. LVD. S.-\EC.—On a
examples occur on the medals of Postumus, as coin of Augustus, in memory of the Secular
before observed; especially on one bearing the games, which that Emperor restored and cele
legend of P.M. TR. r. in‘? v. &c.—0ther brated afresh.
evidences which verify the derivation of the title IMP. CAES.-—A naval trophy fixed on the
from Victories, are to be found in the Doct. prow of aship, with spoils of arms also appended,
Nam. Vet of Eckhel. DeNomin.e Imperaloria. and a rudder and anchor added.
vol. viii. p. 346. This appears on a silver coin of Aligustus, by
IMP.—Imperator. Cassius, the assassin of whom, after the defeat of Antony at Actium,
Caesar, is so-called: c. CASSI. nu. Caio Ca.!.ri0 this trophy seems to have been erected. Others
Impcratori.——In like manner, Brutus, BBVT. think the coin was struck in memory of the
um otherwise Q. case. Bavr. un>.—see the naval victory gained by Angust;us’s lieutenant
Junia famil_\'.—-M. LEPIDVS oht.-lined the title of over Sextus l'nnipc_v, near Sicily.
IMP. in Spain, and received triuniphal honours IMP. C.»\ljS.\lt AVG. FILI. COS.—Severus
for his victories there.—ln imitation also of M. seated on a ruyyealum (or raised platform)
Antonius ms. the title of Imperator is given on between Caracalla and Geta.—On a silver coin
coins to Cains Caasar.—Moreover Pompey is of Caraoalla. The epigraph of the reverse (says
 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR. 477
Eckhel) is thus to be read ;—Imperat01' (An IMPERATOR VII. Septimum.—The Em
tnninus—meaning Caracalla) et Cwsar (Gem) peror sitting on an estrade, haranguing the
Au!/urli (Severi) filii corwules, who doubtless soldiers.
made their consular procession together in This legend and type, on a very rare gold
the year when the coin was struck, viz., A.D. coin of Trajan, refer to an anecdote of that
205. Emperor, who assumed the title of Imperator
The type represents Severus distributing the i for 1‘-/1e seventh time, on the occasion of his over
c0n_1/iarium to the people, after his return from coming the Adialieni and Assyrians, a.v.c. 867.
the East. Being about to wage war against the Parthians,
IMP. NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST. Trajan made an oration to his assembled troops.
—(Cimcl. Vindob. Eekhel.)
—This legend appears on a brass medallion, by
which the Emperor Ncrva restored the memory
of Augustus and of his eonsecration.——VaiZl.
Pr. III. p. 101.
IMP. PERP.—Impemtor Perpeturu, is read
on coins of Alexander and of Probus.
IMP. QVART. Imperalor Quarlum.—Julius
Caesar was styled Emperor for the fourth
time.
IMP. INVICTI PII AVGG.——Laureated
heads of Severus and Caraculla, side by side,
each with the paludamentum.
Rev.—YIC'l‘0BlA PARTIIICA MAXIMA. Victory
marching with a garland and palm branch. Silver
and gold.
IMPERatore RECEP'I‘o.—'I‘his inscription IMPERATOR VIII. (or VIIII.) S. C.
is found on a gold coin of Claudius, placed above The Emperor seated on a uzyyeslum, attended
the gateway of a structure, designed to represent by two figures: below and before him stand four
, ' the camp of the Praetorian or five soldiers with standards and a horse.—
D‘ , ard.——It serves Claudius
what manner to shew This legend and type appear on a first brass of
Trajan.
_ was presented to the Prie IMP. X.—Augnstus was called Imperalor
‘-". " torians, recognised by them Decimum, in honour of a victory gained by the
as Emperor, and tukcu under Roman legions in Pannonia.
their protection.—AsEckhel IMP. X —A military figure presents a branch
observes this rnrc aumua to the Emperor, seatcd.—'l‘his silver coin of
together with the equally remarkable one of Augustus refers to the signal victory gained by
1’r¢tor-iania Receplis, confirms history with Tiberius, as that Empcror’s lieutenant, over the
wonderful precision, both in legend and in type. Paunonians.
Suctonius relates that “he was received within IMP. X.—Two male figures, or 'I‘ibcrius and
the cntrenchments [of the Praetorian camp] and his brother Drusus, otfer a laurel to Augustus,
passed the night amongst the sentinels of the sitting on a curule chair; the former for the
army ; where also on the following day, according Pannonian, the latter for the German conquest;
to the account of Dion Cassius, the empire was or they are two ambassadors, with olive branches,
otfercd to him with the unanimous consent of the asking terms of peace with the Emperor.
soldiers, as the descendant of au imperial line, IMP. X. SICIL. Inrperatar Decimum Sicilia.
and as a man of good reputation.”-—Su: PRAETOB —Sec sIcn..
Bl-:cEP., which has for its type the Emperor and IMP. XI. ACT. Impcralor Undecimum,
one of his guards joining hands, allusive to the Acfiacu.r.—Sce ACT.
protection which Claudius extended in his turn SeeIMP. XIII.—Sow and Pi gs . Vespas ian.-—
Rnsehe.
to the Prmtorians, who took an oath of fidelity
to him, on the same day that he received the IMP. XIIII. I1npemt0rDecimum Quarium.
imperial power. —'l'hc Emperor, seated on an eslrade, receives
IMP. TER. Imperzztor Tertium.-—Empcror into his hands a child otfercd to him by a
for the third time.——This inscription with a man wearing a chlamys.—G0ld and Silver of
trophy, and two bucklers and spears, appears on Augustus.
asilver coin of M. Antony, who, having captured The learned widely dilfer in their explanations
Artavssde, King of Armenia, triumphed at of this type, which is the more to be regretted,
Alexand.ria.—Gessner. Irnpp. Rom. because it obviously refers to some rather inter
IMP. TR. P.V. COS. II. P.P. Imperutor,
eating point in the history of Augustus. Some
Tribunitia Polutaie Quinta, Consul Scoun think it represents Germaniens presenting Cains
dum, Pater Patria.-—Oiselius in his Select. to the Emperor; but this idea is not probablc.—
Numis. gives a coin with the foregoing Vaillmrl pronounces it to be Tiridntcs, who, driven
legend, and for its type, a most elegant and from Parthia by Phruat-cs, fled with his infant
sumptuous building, with trophies and victories son to A1uzustus.—I'.'ck/wl, however, adduccs
about its upper ranges, and a quadriga on the chronological objections to this otherwise likely
top of it. supposition; but suggests no opinion in its
478 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR.
place. “ It is certain, however (ha says), that to all the functions of the priesthood; and from
the dress of the person offering the child, on the very moment of their accession to the
this denarius is foreign, and, as it seems to me, i am ire, they sacrificed bare-headed and covered,
is that of a German.”—(Vol. vi. Ill) an in quality of pontitfs performed sacred rites.
IMP. XXXXII. COS. XVII. P.P.—On a The Emperors, on their coins, are represented
gold coin of Thcodosius II.—The number of in the act of sacrificing. We see the contents
forty-two, hitherto unusual, and almost Without l of the pafera poured out by them on the lighted
precedent, doubtless indicates the years of l altar; the pupa, or priest whose province it was
Theodosius’s reign, when this coin was struck, E to slay the victim, standing near it, and ready to
Therefore, as he was proclaimed Augustus .\.n. I perform his ofliee. Amongst the numerous rc
402, the year XXXXII. n in the year of l presentations of this kind to be found on the
Christ 44-3; and he was the Consul for the I Latin Czesariau medals may he mentioned——
seventeenth time, as the fasti testify; and 9 Caligula sacrificing in fmnt of a temple (see
about to enter into the eighteenth consulate the . PIETAS.) Alexander Severus sacrificing before
following year. Why this particular year should l Jupiter. On coins also of Trajan, M. Aurelius,
thus ostcntatiously be stamped on the gold ‘ L. Vcrus, Commodus, Severus, Alexander,
coinage of Theodosins II., adds Eckhel, I do I Maximinus, Gordianus Pins, we see some fine
not inquire, because I may judge rashly. It is, i sacrificial groups, in which the Emperors are the
however, extraordinary that the same reverse ~ prominent figures.—See Sacn_'fizre-9.
should appear on coins of his wife Eudoxia, of his ' Some of the Imperial series bear legends and
sister Pulchcria, of Galla Placidia, Valcntinianus , types; which testify the piety or religion of the
III. and Leo I., although to them belongs irelgning prince towards the gods, as in the
neither
. 182. the year nor the consul.ate.—Vol. r RELIGIO AVG. of M. Aurelius and Valerinnus;
P I/nperaIor.—This title is not found attached and in the PIETAS AVG. of Trajan, lladrian,
Antoninus, M. Aurelius, and others, with an
to the names of the Roman Emperors much p altar, or with the Emperors sacrificing ; or with
beyond the time of L'0nslanIi11e. For the pontifical instruments, or with a temple, or
sons of that great prince, instead of Impemfor, ;‘with Piety personified under the figure of a
caused themselves to be called D. N. Domini woman, standing with a patera in her hand
Noslri. . ' before an altar; also with the image of Mercury
_ Imperwtare.r.——AtterNero, the Emperors for the holding his caduceus, and crumena, or purse.-—
most part ceased to govern by hereditary right. Even the truculcnt monster Connnodus is on one
(Spnnh. Pr. p. 238). Writing to the governors of his coins called AVCTOB 1>1s:'r,\'r1Ls.—~ln token
of provinces they called themselves, nut /luyu-rti, l of Piety, the temples of the Gods were frequently
but Imperatores (ibid. p. 374)—nay, some .either erected, or repaired, or dedicated by
times they even mentioned themselves as of the ' the Emperors as well at Rome as in the pro
number of the Senafors (ibizi. p. 413). , vinces; a custom which explains why on so
Empcrors were called Patres, after the example | many of their coins, we read, AH’-DES ave. or
of Jupiter, as Patres Auaonii, Patres Latii, . use DIVI ave. a1-:s'r; DEDICATIO AEDIS, and
&c. (ibid. p. 450).—Appcllations peculiar to ‘ similar inscriptions.
the Impemlorea Romrmorum, and observable IMPERI, instead of IMPERlI.—Sce deter
on their coins, are Pater Uaclronzrn, Pater ) nitas Impwii.
Ererciluum, which as words denoting the IMPERII FELICITAS.—.-\ female standing,
highest rank were accustomed to be exclusively holding an infant.
applied to the /11¢;/uvsli, or to their appointed | On a silver coin of Marcus Aurelius, which
heirs._ Moreover a new surname was invented ! appears to have been struck on the birth of a
in honour of the Emperors, viz., that of Paler I son of that Emperor, through which event the
Senalus‘, which was first received by Commodus, .Ha])pine.9.! of t/re Empire was predestined, an
called on his silver coin PATER snusrvs; and i heir having at length been born afier so many
afterwards by Pupienus and Balbinns, as appears adoptions. The goddess of Felicity, therefore,
on their coins, inscribed PATBES sar1.\1'vs.— I holds in her hnnd the child Annins Verus, who,
(Vaillant).—Some Emperors were called Opiimi, l however, died in his seventh year, alter Aurelius
|omcMa.s-imi, and others Oplimi lllru-imi, the two )proclaimcd him Ou:sar.——(Vaill., Pr. ii.
being joined as if equalling them with Jupiter
himself. (Spanh. Pr. 500-501).—.Pii and lMPERA'l‘ORI.—See I)ES'1‘INA'l‘O inasm
Felice: were also among the titles of honour. | TORI.
And in like manner some of them were cslledl Imperium Romrmum.—'l'he Roman Empire
Orbia Restores, Reslitulores, Locsqaletatorea 1 was sometimes governed by two Jugusli, at
orbis !errarum——also Pzwatarea Orbit, Ubigua first as a compact and undivided territory as in
Wrtores, &c., &c. the case of M. Aurelius and L. Vcrus, and also
The Ir/zjwratores Rmmzni had by right no of Diocletian and Val. Maximian; but after
other power in sacerdotal and sacred atfairs than wards divided into two parts, the Eastern and the
that which they derived from holding the highest Western.—'I'he Imperial coins are distinguished
pontilicate (ma.rimu.r pontf/icatua), and the Em by their chronological order, as belonging either
perors thcmselves exhibited their testimonies of to the earlier, which is called the Higher Empire,
piety to the Gods, in discharging the oflices of or to the age of its decline, which is called the
pontitfs. For utter Tiberius they were admitted lower Empire.
 IMPERIAL SERIES. IMPERIAL SERIES. 479
CATALOGUE OF THE IMPERIAL SERIES.
Strictly speaking the Imperial Series commences with Angustns ; but many of his coins
properly come under the Consular or Family Series, in which department all prior to Augustus
may, with propriety, be ranged. But the following catalogue is drawn up in accordance with the
usual sequence in which the coins are arranged in cabinets and described by numismatic writers :—
Cnueius Ponipeius. I Murciana. Herennius Etruscus. Romulus.
Caius Julius Caasar. l Matidia. Hostillianus. Alexander II.
Cuaeius Pompeius, the l Hndriauus. Trebonianus Gallus. Licinius, the Father.
son. | Sabina. Volusiunus. Licinius, the Son.
Sextus Pompeius. I Lucius Aelius, Aemilinnus. Martinianus.
Marcus Junius Brutus. i Autoniuus Pius. Cornelia Supem. Constautinus I.—
Cains Cassius longi l Faustina the Elder. Vuleriunus. flllarimuaj.
nus. , Gulciius Antoniuus. Muriniaua. Fuusta.
Marcus Aemilius Le Marcus Aurelius. Gallienus. Crispus.
pidns. l-‘austinn the Younger. Salonins. Delmatius.
Marcus Antonius. Annius Verus. Saloninus. llanniballiauus.
Octavia. Lucius Verus. Postumus. Constautinus II.
Marcus Antonius, the Lucille. Postumus, the Son? Coustaus.
son. Commodns. Lnelianus. Coustantius II.
Cleopatra. Crispina. Vietorinus. , Nepotianus.
Cuius Antonius. Pertinax. Victorina? Vetranio.
Lucius Antonius. Titians. Marius. Magnentius.
Didius -luliunns. Tetricus, the Father. Dem-entius.
Mnnlin Scantilla. Tetrieus, the Son. Coustantius III.—
Didin Clara. Macrianns, the Father. (Gallua).
Pesceunius Niger. Maerianus, the Son. . Juliunus II.
Fulvia Pluutiana. Quietus. Jovianus.
Cains and Lucius. Clodius Albinus. Alexander Aemilianus. Vulcntiuianus I.
Postumus Agrippa. Scptimius Severus. Regalianus. Valeus.
Tiberius. Julia Domna. Dryantilla P Procopius.
Nero Claudius Drusns, l Cnraealla. Aureolus ‘P Griltiuuus.
son of Tiberius. Getn. Claudius Gothicus. Valentiniunus II.
Nero Claudius Drusus, Pluutilla. Quintillus. Theodosius I.
brother of Tiberius. J ulin Mnesa. Aureliauus. Aeliu Flsccilla.
Antonia. Muerinus. Severiana. Magnus Maximus.
Germanieus. Diurlumenianus. Odcnuthus. Victor.
Agrippiuu, senior. Elagabullls. Zenobin. Eugenins.
Nero and Drusns. _ Julia Paula. Vahalathus. Areadins.
Cains (Caligula). Aquilia Severe. Athenodorus. Aelia Eudoxia?
Agrippiua, junior. Annie Faustino. Tacitus. Honorius.
Drusilla. Julia Soaemias. Florianus. Constuntius IV.
J ulin. Severus Alexander. Probus. Gulls Placidiu.
Claudius. Burbiu Orbiuna. Bonosus ? Constantinus III.
Messnlina. Julia Mammaea. Carus. Constans II.
Claudia Antonia. Uranius Autoninus. Cnrinns. Maximus ?
Britannieus. Maximiuus I. Maguin Urbica. Jovinus.
Nero. Paulina. Nigrinianus. Sebastianus.
Octavia. Mnximus. Numcrianus. Priseus Attulus.
Poppaea. Gordiuuus Africanus, J uliunus II. I Theodosius II.
Messalinn. the Father. Diovlctiunus Aolia Eudoxia.
Claudia. Gordianus Africanus, Muximianus I. (Hen § Johsnnes.
(‘lodius Macer. the Son. cu/e*u.r). Valentinianus III.
Galba. Balbinus. Cumusius. . Licinia Eudoxia.
Otho. Pupienus. Alloctus. ' Ilouoria.
Vilcllius. Gordisnus Pius. Domitius Domitisnus. I Petronius Maximus.
Vespasianus. Tranquillina. Constantius I.— Murcianus.
Fluviu Dmuitilla. Philippus, the Father. (C/tloms). Puleheria.
Domitillu, junior. Otacilia Severu. Helena. Avitus.
Titus. Philippns, the Son. Theodora. Ieo l.
Julia . Murinns. Maximinnus II. (Gale Verina.
Domitimius. lotapianus. rim Vale;-iu.r). Majorianns.
llomitin. Pacatiauus. G-aleria Valeria. Severus III.
Nerva. Sponsiauus. Severus II. Anthcmius.
Trajnuus. Trajauns Decius. Muximinus II. (Daza). Euphemia.
Plotiua. Etruseilla. Maxentius. Olybrius.
480 IMPERIAL SERIES. IMPERIAL SERIES.
Placidia. Aelin Zcnouis. Anastasius. Justinns II.
Glyeerius. Lcontius. Justinus. Sophia.
Leo II. Julius Nepos. Vitalianus. Tiberius II.
Zeno. Romulus Augustus. Justinianus. Maurieins.
Basiliscus.
The Int-ua, in the field of a coin, is a mark Roman process of coinage, namely, the incur,
of the monctal triumvirs, designed to shew or anvil; the forceps, or tongs; and the malleus,
either the instrument or olfiee of the mint, or or hammer.
the power of striking money. It is seen on Incu.re.—This epithet is applied to coins,
eoins of the Annia, Apronia, Claudia, Livineia, which exhibit the same image, concave on one
Naevia, Rubellia, Silia, Statilia, Valeria, and side, convex on the other. Some of these,
other families. So on deunrii of Claudia, from the rudeness of the workmanship, are
Livineia, and Statilia families, the incur, as a obviously of the most ancient date ; others, it is
mint mark, is seen opposite the letters III. VIR. no less evident, were thus stamped through
ass. r.r. added to their surnames PVLCHER. the carelessness of the moneyers, in putting
nvavs. REG\'I.VS.—OI1 a denarius of the the metal to be struck on a coin already
Cariria family we see all the tools used in the struck.

Accordingly incuse coins (numi incnsi) ar_e_fou_nd may be taken as an emblem of Africa.—Severus
to bear neither a new figure nor a new inscrip was of African origin, and, attached to the land
tion on the opposite face. The example here of his birth, conferred benefits (among others
given is a second brass coin of Diocletian. the Italivum) on Carthage and Utica, accord
IND. In!licti0.—This form of IND. II. began ing to Ulpianus.—A medal of Caracalla exhibits
for the first time to he struck on small brass of the same reverse.
Mnuricius, about A.D. 532. INDVLG. AVG. Irululgentia Au_¢u.rti.—
Indie-tio. Indictiou.—Indietion, a mode of On a medal of Gallienus, Indulgence is repre
reckoning, which contained a revolution of 15 sented under the form of a woman seated, holding
years. Under Augustus, the indietion, according out the right hand, and grasping /uzsfa pura in
to some authors, signified the year when tributes the lefi. On another of the same reign, she
were paid to the Roman Treasury. Most writers, appears in the act of walking, with a flower held
however, insist that the indiction was not known in the right hand and spreading her robe with
till long after the reign of that Emperor, and her left, “ as if (says Millin, fancifully enough,)
that under Constantine the Great it was intro for the purpose of skreening the guilty.”
duced, not for the payment of tributes, but INDVLGENTIA AVG.—On a first brass of
simply to obviate errors in the mode of counting Antoninus Pius, the virtue is personified by a
years. It would, however, be difiieult to fix woman seated, having in the left hand a wand,
the year in which they began to reckon by and the other open, or holding a patera.
indiction, as indeed it would be to explain the
reason why the indiction is comprised within
the spaee of fifteen years, or why this appellation
as given to it. _
Iullu/gentill. Clemency, lcnity, grace, favour.
—This word is used on Roman coins to denote
either some permission given, some privilege
bestowed, or some tribute rcmitted.—In inscrip
tions of a very early date, princes are called
irsdrz/gerzlissimi.
INIWLGENTIA. AVGG. IN. GARTH.
Silver and middle brass coins of Septim. Severus
bearing this inscription on the reverse, have for
accompanying type, Cybele with u turreted crown
on her head, seated on a lion; she holds a Eckhel observes that " by this coin the words
thunderbolt in her right and a spear in her left of Capitolinus are confirmed, where he asserts
hand. The mother of the Gods was the favourite that Antoninus Pius was eminently disposed to
deity of the Carthagcnians; here the lion, which acts of indulgence and favour.” (Ad indu@enlia:
Virgil tells us (AEneid lib. 3) was tamed by Cybele, pronirrimumj
 INDULGENTIA. ‘INDULGENTIA. 481
INDVLGENTIA AVGG. IN ITALIAM.— 004.111): the military standards re-taken from
A female figure with turrcted crown, sitting on the Parthians, an event commemorated on
a globe, boars a trophy in her right hand, and coins of Augustus (Siynis Parllzicia Receptir,
a cornucopia in hcr lcft.—Silvcr of S. Severus. S. 1’. RJ ,- the victory gained over the Par
In memory ofthis Emperor’s indulgences towards thians under Sept. Severus (Victoria Partlcica
Italy. Vaillant connects this with a passage in 1/{a.'z.'ima,.)—Other inscriptions express titles of
Spartianus, and supposes it to relate to some honour given to the prince, as S. P. Q. R.
remission of the we/Liculalio (or posting impost) Optima Primripi, in Trajan, and in Antoninus
of Italy, by which, as in the case of Nerva, the Pius; and the Adsertori Public-re Liberlatia of
burthen was taken oil’ individuals and transferred Vespssian. Others are marks of grateful ac
to the public treasury. knowledgment from the Senate and the People;
INDVLGENTIAE AVG MONETA IMPE as in Vespasian, Libertate P. R. Reatituta
TRATA. (The privilege of coining money ea: S. C. In Galba S. P. Q. R. O6 Ctvea Servator.
obtained by permission of Augustus.)--This In Augustus, Galba, and Caracalla, Sahu Genenll
legend appears on the reverse of a brass Hmnani. Some of these inscriptions have re
struck by the colony of Patro: in honour of Julia ference only to particular benefits granted on
(or Livia) wife of Augustus.—-—See Paine colonia. certain occasions and to certain places, or to the
INDVLG. PIA. POSTVMI AVG.——The vows (vota) addressed to the Gods for the re
Emperor seated, extends his right hand to a establishment, or for the preservation of the
woman bending the knee before him.—-This health of Princes, as objects of importance to
legend on a gold coin of Postumus, is to be the state and of interest to the people.
remarked for its novelty ; and also for its reference The ancients seem to have been of opinion
to the indulgence of that powerful usurper both that medals should be charged with none but
in remitting tribute at the supplication of the very short and expressive inscriptions; the
Gauls, and in showing mercy to condemned longer ones they reserved for public edifices,
criminals. for columns, for triumphal arches, and for
IN. I-IOC. SIGNO VICTOR ERIS.—On a tombs.—-Sometimes monetary inscriptions simply
coin of Constantius.—See noc SIGNO, &c. comprise the names of magistrates, as in a coin
Ina, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, and of Julius Caesar, L. lhnilius, Q. F. Buca
the unhappy wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. lIlIm'r. A. A. A. F. F.; and in Agrippa, ll.
She was mother of Melicerta, and regarded as a Ayrippa C0.r.De.rignatu.s-. <
goddess by the Greeks. On a first brass coin It is well and truly observed by the learned
struck at Corinth, underDomitian, and on another Cluzrle: Paiin, that how justly socver we may
minted in the same colony under Lucius Verus, prize the different reverses of medals, as deserv
a female is holding an infant in her arms towards ing to be ranked among the most precious remains
a male figure, seated on a rock by the sea side. of antiquity, it would ill become us to neglect
A fish appears at his feet.—Above this group the the i1wc1-ipliom which we read around the por
legend is rsair. me. (with the permission of thetraits of those whom they represent. “We
Emperor). This, says Vaillant (in col. I. 140), behold there (says he) all the dignities with
refers to Ino presenting her newly born son to which the Romans honoured their Emperors,
Neptune, and imploring his assistance and pro and indeed they often serve to authenticate
tection (see Ovid Mctam. 4). The rock is that chronology by the number of ymrs of their
of lld0ll1l'i5;~ and the fish bears allusion to the reign, which is marked upon them. The style
dolphin, on the back of which Melicerta was of these two kind of inscriptions (that of the
carried away and saved from the unnatural obverse and that of the reverse) is as simple as
persecutions of Athamas.——See lllelicerta, also it is grand; and I believe that with all the
C01-inflnu colonic. rhetoric of our modems, the thought cannot be
I1ucription.—A brief statement, or sentence, more nobly expressed, although it may be with
by which a memorable event is recorded on some greater delicacy. The ancients despised all
monument. The Latin word irucfiptio is derived affectation, and dwelt more on the grandeur of
from two words, in, above, and :01-ibere, to the subject they described than on the cadence
write; as the Greek word, for the same thing, and the pomp of words, which they deemed
is derived from epi, above, and yra/plrein, to unworthy of their attention. Demosthenes and
write.—Properly and distinctively speaking, the Cicero give us the first proof of this, in their
inscriptions are engraved on the field of the coin ; writings, which are altogether of a grand and
the legend, epigraplze, is placed around it. (See natural style, a style of which the magnificence
Legend).--On many Greek and Latin medals, has nothing of the alfected. And I take the
no other inscription is found than a few initial second from medals, wherein we see histories
letters, such as s. c., that is to say, by a Senatua perfectly described in two or thrcc words, as
Cons-ullum-—-or Ii. E. letters which indicate the may be seen in the following examples :
Tribzmilian Power, mostly enclosed in a crown. ADLOCVTIO conourrvn.
On others the inscriptions form a species of sa1.vs GENERIS HVMANI.
epochns, as in Marcus Aurelius (lb-in/,i De FAX onnis rnnusnvzu.
cemzales, Cos. III.) Sometimes great events vrcroms AVGVST1.
are marked on them, such as the victory gained DECVRSIO.
over the Germans in the third consulate of concoanm sxsacrrvvu.
Marcus Aurelius (Victoria Germunica, Imp. VI. vmrvs EXERCITVS.
3Q
482 INVICTA. INVICTUS.
IVDAEA earn. Rome helmetcd; and the reverse is inscribed
ADSEBTOBI LIBERTATIS Pvsmcan. REPARATIO Mvmznis, rsucirsa, with the type
1.1n1cs'ras nss"rrr\"ra. of a hunter killing u hear; another repre
sax raarrrns nsrvs. sents a gladiator victorious and his antagonist
axons ADSIGNATA. slain, referring to the same barbarous and cruel
anon ilvrvvs Avovsroavx. sports with which princes calling themselves
rax rvnnzrra cvn PERSIS. Christian entertained the people of Constan
RESTITVTOR vams. tinople.—(See Morell, Num. Contorn.)
PACATOB oasis. INVlC'l‘A VIRTVS.—The Emperor on
sacvan-as ORBIS. horseback trampling on a captive. This legend,
LOCLVPLETATORI OBBIS TEBRARVH. of which the accompanying type renders the
VICTOR oamlvn GENTIVM. meaning sufiiciently clear, as a compliment to
AMPLIATOBI clvivu. &c. Imperial valour, appears for the first time on a
Eckhel, with his usual sagacity, remarks thatsilver coin of Sept. Severus. There is a similar
the brevity of inscriptions on medals is the reverse on one of Carat-alla’s medals.—Ths
character of a flourishing empire; whilst their warlike virtus may be said in the case of
loquacity, consequent upon flattery, vanity, and Severus to have been unconquered, if what
ambition, is, on the contrary, the sign of a state Spartianus asserts be true, that he was victorious
tottering to its fall. in every action with the enemy, and no less dis
Instruments of sacrifice, and relating to the tinguished for science in the military art than
priesthood, designate Piety; and it was cus for courage in the field.—(Vaillant.)
tomary to stamp the figure of such instru INVICTI.—'l'hose military commanders were
ments on the coins of a new emperor or thus called who gained a glorious victory over
of a recently proclaimed Caesar, as if to shew the enemy. On some coins, Severus together
that the business of empire began with the care with his sons Caracalla and Gets, took this sur
of divine things. (See the word Augur.)--The name on account of their united successes in
tripos, patera, capeduncula, and lituus, all warlike ex 'tions.
appear on a coin of Nero. (See sncrzauos INVICTVS. AV.—-The Sun holding up his
ooomwrvs, &c.—The lituus, capednncula, and right hand and bearing a globe in the left. On
aspergillum, on a first brass of Maximus Cmsar, a small bran of Carausius.——There are numerous
&c.—See rncras avo. coins in the Roman Imperial series which refer
INT. VRB —This appears on a coin com to the worship of the S1m—in the same manner
monly assigned to Gallienus. Putin thinks it as oansus. AVG. with a similar type, or racaron
was dedicated to that Emperor Iurmnti \'1r.Bem, ORBIS, with the radiated bust of the same deity,
on the occasion of his re-entry which name and types are frequently found on
into Rome. The
legend of this obverse ozmvs Populi Romani, the coinage of Aurelian, Probus, and those Em
connected with that of the reverse lN'rra vanes, perors to whom the disturbed condition of the
seems to explain it flattcringly to the Prince. Eastern provinces gave much employment.
Eckhel quotes Patin’s opinion, and refers to But to Carsusius (says Eckhel), who governed
Banduri, but declines adding, “in so doubtful in the furthest (then known) regions of the
a case,” any conjecture of his own. West, the affairs of the East do not belong.
INV. and INVIC. Invictus.—laxENTI\'s. It must therefore be understood to be one of
P. r. ave. INV. ave. according to Khell. those types which his mint-masters restored,
nlr. c. raoavs mv1c.—Probus took this without attention to appropriate circumstances.
grand surname, as having been the conqueror of Vol. viii. 45. '
of all the barbarous nations, and also victor over INVICTVS. PROBVS. P. F. AVG.—Bust of
the .—1av. also, occasionally, appears the Emperor luureated, in his right hand a globe
on the coins of Caransins. surmounted by a Victoriola.—-For the reverse
INVICTA ROMA AETERNA. Rome type of this fine silver medallion of Probus, see
sested.—This ridiculous and insolent epigrapll GLORIA nonsnonvu, in Khcll, p. 206.
appears on s third brass of Priscus Attalus.— INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG.——The Em
The epithets of Unconquered and Eternal are peror togated, stands before a lighted altar,
here applied to a city which had already been with a palm branch in his lefi, hand; on the
three times besieged, whose impending destruc ground is a bull ready toserve as the victim: in
tion wns delayed only by its submission to the the field of the coin is a star. Silvcr.—This
commands of the barbarians, and by the almost is one of the coins which serve to attest the
total exhaustion of its wealth; yet such was insane passion of Elagabnlus for the worship of
the inscription invented at the period of her that Syriac divinity, whose priest he was at
ruin ; for it does not occur before. Emesa, when, under the name of Variu Avihu
INVICTA ROMA. FELIX SENATVS.— Bauianus, he was, through the intrigues of
This sounding legend belongs to no part of the his female relations, called to the empire. The
regular coinage of either Rome or her colonies ; mad adoration which this young monster paid to
but appears on one of those Contorniaiea, which his idol, is referred to on the coin which is
relateto amphitheatric shews (munera) of glu inscribed ssucr. nso. sou. commemorative of
diators and wild beasts; which were struck in his introduction of it into Rome, and of his
the times of the Christian Emperors. The performing the part of Chief Pontiif to his
obverse exhibits the bust of the Genius of favourite saacasaavs, who, from the star on
 JOVE, OR JUPITER. JUPITER. 4-83
his coins, is believed to be the Sun, although hula and fulmen standing between Atlas and
the idol for which he built a temple was only a an altar surmounted by an eagle. The altar is
large black stone of conical form.—See sacnaoo oranamented with a has-relief, the subject of
on sous; see also svamvs sacannos. which is Jupiter overcoming the Titans.
JOVE, or JUPITER, the king of Gods and On a medallion of Hadrian, Jupiter, full face,
men, was the son of Saturn and of Rhea. The is seated between two female figures also seated ;
Greeks called him Zeus, and he was their prin the one on his right hand, Minerva, wears a
cipal deity as well as of the Romans. Fable has helmet and holds the hasta; the figure on his
been more than usually whimsical and obscure lelt, Juno, holds the patera and hasta.
in describing the circumstances alleged to have
been connected with his birth and education.
We find him, however, at length arrived at
adolescence, and making no ceremony of de
throning and mutilating his very unnatural father;
he then divided the empire of the world with his
brothers ; to Pluto he assigned the infernal
regions, to Neptune the seas; for himself he
reserved the whole of term firma, with the air
and the heaven. But before he was allowed to
remain in peaccable possession of his new govem
meut, Jupiter, having already dispatched the
Titans to Turtarus, had to encounter the Giants,

Jupiter was venerated as the supreme deity,

and received the name, therefore, of orrmvs
MAXDIVS. The attribute of his majestic power
was the lightning. On coins he appears some
times with naked hcad; on others crowned with
laurel or olive; and often bound with a small
band, his form and aspect being that of a
venerable man in vigorous old age, with a hand
some beard, and generally an eagle near him;
when seated he is naked to the waist, and the
lower half of his body clothed. On most Roman
Imperial medals he holds a figure of Victory in
[Medallion of Antoninus Pius, in brass] his right hand.
his memorable victory over whom is represented The Greeks and Romans, but more particularly
on a great number of monuments. We see him the former, gave Jupiter many surnames, taken
on marbles, on engraved gems, and on medals or derived from some quality ascribed or some
represented in the act of hurling the thunder action perfonued, otherwise from some province,
with destructive aim at his gigantic foes.-Jupiter city, or temple, where he was worshipped. On
was worshipped in all the states of Greece, and Roman coins we find this deity distinguished by
throughout the whole Roman empire. At Rome, the following names :—
his principal temple was in the Capitol, with IVPITER AVGVSTVS.—Jupiter the August
those of Juno and Minerva; for which reason is seated, and holds in his right hand a globe
they are often called the three diviuities of the with victory, as may be seen on coins of Dio
Capitol. cletian. -
IVPPITER CVSTOS. Jupiter the Preserver.
—Under this title, on the coins of Nero and
-> '"“ others, he is generally repre
sented seated, holding in
his right hand something
intended to resemble the
thunderbolt, and in his
left a spear.—IVPPITER
LIBERATOR of Nero has
a similar type.—Vaillant
observes that Nero caused a eoin to be struck, on
which the etligy of Jupiter is seen sitting, with
the epigraph of JupilerLi6eraIor, on the occasion
of the Pisouian plot having been discovered, in
acknowledgment that the deity had rescued him
from so great a danger, as in the former medal
On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the of WPPITEB he recognised Jove as his keeper
French cabinet, Jupiter is represented with and guardian.
aqz
484 JUPITER. JUPITER.
This execrable tyrant was, however, not con or because (as Cicero up to indicate) all
tent with honouring Jupiter as his liborator from things exist and are established by his bcneficcnoc.
the pouiurds of his enemies; but he made a —Romulus dedicated a temple to Jupiter Stator
bloody libation st the shrine of his tutelary on the Palatine hill afier he had overcome the
divinity, by putting Seneca and Thrssess Paetus Sabines. The example here given is from n
to death, with ahccatomb of other victims, (rovr large brass coin of Antoninus Pius.
vmnicl) to the svenging Jove of the Capitol,
or rather to the sanguinary impulse of his own
vindictive and cruel nature.
IVPITER CONSERVA'l‘OR.—Jupiter the
Protector is depicted either sitting or standing
with thefulmen in his right hand, and a hssta
in the other; or to the same attributes are
nerally added the eagle; and a figure of
ictory which he holds in his right hand.
On a Ia;-ye brass of Commodus, (edited by
Pezirusi, in Mus. Farnese vii. xxi. 2) Jupiter the
Conservator holds the rcqztre, extends his mantle
and raises his thunderbolt over the head of a
small figure representing the emperor, who has IOVI TVT.-\TORl.—-This word Tutator,
also in his hands the acqitrum and the fulmm: which is derived from tutari, to defend or keep
around it we read IVPITEB consszavsron rs. r. safe, Banduri observes :—Minm Latinum em
Ill. ms. llll. cos. Ill. P.P. plerique volurzt: certain it is that except on the
The annexed cut represents Jupiter standing coins of Diocletian and Val. Maximian, it is
not easily to be found. Besides which we find
him named in coins of Commodus nun-:1\'son
SALVTISAVG. and srossoa sscvarnrris AVGVSTI.
Amongst the Consular coins, on which the
figure or the head of Jupiter is ofien seen, there
is one which has for its type the temple of Jnpiter
Feretrius (Jovis Fcretrius.), in which stands
a triumphant warrior, who bears the apolia
opium’. This figure may be found in Morel!
on the coins of the Claudia family, in which
Marcellus is represented in the act of carrying
into the above-named temple the spoils which he
had just captured from the slain king of the
Gauls, Viridomarus.—-Iupiter Amman, with the
horns of a ram on his head, is seen on coins of
the Cornuficia, Pinsria, and Papia families, and
between two to gated figures, Antoninus and on medals of Augustus, M. Antony, Trajan,
Marcus Aurelius. It is en graved from a fine and M. Aurelius.—Jupiler Serapie, the Jove of
medallion in the British Museum. the Egyptians, with the medias on his head,
IVPITER. PROPVGNATOR.—Jupiter the appears on a medallion of Antoninus Pius, sur
Defender is represented on foot, or walking in rounded by Zodiucnl signs, struck at Alexandria.
the attitude of attacking an enemy, and for the IVPITER VICTOR.—Jupit,er the Victorious
most part he is naked, having only s mantle —sitting with the image of Victory in his right
hanging from the arm. hand, and an eagle near him-—is found on
IOVI PROPVGNATORI.—On a silver coin coins of Vitellius, of Domitian, of Numerian, of
of Alexander Severus this legend appears with Claudius Gothicus, 8m.
the type of the god standing with thunderbolt Jupiter is named Victor, as being regarded
and spear. the conqueror of all things, according to Livy.
Jupiter is ofien exhibited in the Imperial His temple was on Mount Palatine. He appears
Series with the surname of Propugnator, to on the coins of Vitellius, in commemoration of
denote that the emperors in their contest with that emperor’s army having vanquished the forces
the barbarians were defended in battle, as it were, of Otho at Bebriacam, on the feast day of
by Jove himself; hence they made sacrifices of Jupiter, celebrated at Rome in the Ides of April.
congratulation on their own safety, in the temple (Vaillant, p. 81.)
of the god, according to Gruter.——(Vaillant.) IOVI VlCTORI.—Wben the emperors repre
IVPITER STATOR, or IOVIS S'I‘A'l‘OR.—— sent Jupitcr the Victorious on their coins, they
Jupiter Stator appears also on foot, naked, resting either intend to ascribe the glory of their victories
himself on his spear, and sometimes holding the to him, or rather to designate themselves under
thunderbolt in his left hand—on silver coins of the form and attributes of Jupiter Victor, as
Gallienus. though they had conquered the enemy llll(lCl‘ his
Jupiter was denominated Stator, either because nuspir.-cs.—'l'his legend appears first on a coin of
he restored stability and firmness to an army of Commodus, and afterwards on those of many
the Romans which was fleeing before the Sabines, other emperors.—Eckhcl vii. 108.
 JUPITER. JUPITER. 485
On the coins of Gallicnus and of Saloninus, IOVI FVLGERATORI.—Jupiter hurling a
we sec Jupiter repre thunderbolt at a Titan: in the exergue PR. upon
sented as a child riding
on a goat with the inscrip
t-ion IOVI cs.1=:scni~m.—
[See Eckhcl vii. 33 me
dallion of Antouine.]—
This reverse bears rela
tion to the fable of Jove
having been suckled by
the goat Arnalthzea.
IO. CANTAB.—-Jupiter standing with thun
bolt and spear Silver and small brass of
Gallienns. Herc we have a foreign Jupiter ; this a gold coin of Diocletian. The same legend
medal being dedicated lOvi CANTABri0rum— occurs on coins of Claudius Gothicus.
to the Jove of the Cantabri, a people of His IOVI IVVENI.-—Com1nodus represented as
ia Tarrscoucnsis. Jupiter with his attributes. At his feet are an
IOVI CONSERVATORI.—Jupiter sittin
or standing, holds a Victory in his right an
the hnsta 111 his left. This appears ona first
brass of Domitian, and on a. silver coin of S
Severus, &c.-—And (as Vaillnnt remarks) it is
not to be wondered at, if that Emperor, after
so many wars conducted on his part with sur
passing valour and military skill, should have
performed sacrifice Joni Conservator-i, as ascrib
ing his own preservation and success to thc help
and assistance of the Optimus Ella;-imua of the
Roman Pantheon; and it is in memory of so
many victories that Jupiter himself bears the
image of Victory.”——(p. 219.)
IOVI EXSVPER.—This legend, with Jupiter

eagle, and an altar with a has relief, the subject

of which is Jupiter launching :1 thunderbolt
against the Titans. Brass medallion of Com.
modns.
IOVI. OLYM. To Olympian Jove.—A
temple of six columns, surmounted by n pediment,
This is considered to
represent the temple of
Jupiter Olympius, the
budding of which was
seated, holding a branch in his right hand and n commenced st Athens at
spear in his left, appears on a large bra-rs of a very early period, and
Commodus. the completion of which
That this abbreviated word nxsvrnn is to be was eifccted at the common
filled up thus—EXSVPERantia.rim0, is shown expense of the kings in
by that celebrated marble which Spon has alliance with the Roman
published, and on which is read 1. 0 M. svmno. people, by whom it was dedicated to the genius
EXSVPEBANTISSIHO (to Jupiter the most benefi of Augustus.
cent, the greatest, the highest, the all surpassing.) IOVI PACATORI ORBIS. To Jove the
—~Of this Jove the Vienna marble published by Appeascr of the world.—Ou s silver coin of
Scipio Matfeus speaks more copiously as follows: Valcrianus (given in Banduri) this cpigmph
SVMMO ‘appears with Jupiter seated, and an eagle at his
SVPERANTISSIMO cc .
mvnunvm nv Eckhel observes, “This is a rare inscription,
nausnvsxqvn and it is remarkable that the title of the Appeaser
nnnvm R1-:c'ron1 of the world Qacator orbiaj should he assigned
mronvnqvs AB to Jupiter at a time (from A.D. 253 to 260 and
nnno. uficrwurds) when the whole earth was shaken by
Commodus himself added the title of E.1.mpera a vast movcincnt of all people. But, indeed, it
{arias to his oum, as if he hnd excelled all other is sufficiently evident clscwhcrc that the typos of
mortals in all things, (according to the explana coins were often ordered to be struck in con
tion of Di0).—-See nxvrnnuon. formity with Lhc public desire."
486 JUPITER. .llIl’ITER.
IOVI PRAE. OR.l3IS.—This inscription attacked when at Tarragona, in Spain, and when
appears for the first time on s silver com of public vows were made for his restoration and
PescenniusNiger, (edited safe return.
by Vaillant). Severus,
however, immediately IOVIS CVSTOS.—
afterwards adopted the Jupiter standingand hold
same dedication in his ing the hmrta yum and a
own coinage. The ancients patera: at his feet is a
always believed Juqzpiter small lighted altar. On a
to be Pnesea Orbi-r—the denarius of Titus.
governor of the world—
and on this occasion (of I. O. M.—Jovi Optima Jfarimo, under which
contest for the empire between Pescennius and name Jupiter Capitolinu: is always understood.
Septimins) the deity was equally acknowledged by
each of the two competitors, when the one
refused to yield superiority to the other.-—[_Eckhcl
v. 155.]
IOVI. TON. To Jupiter 1bmuu.—'I'he
image of the thnnderer
stands in a temple of six
columns, bearing the usual
attributes. Augustus, on
the occasion of his escape
from imminent danger
during a storm of thunder
and lightning, encountered
in his Cantabrian (Spanish)
expedition, dedicated a temple in the Capitol of
Home -/ovi Tammti, in the year 732.—[Dio.
lib. 53.]—The engraving is from a denarius of I. O. M. D. Jovi Optima Jlarimo Dicalmn.—
Dedicated to Jupitcr the most excellent and the
Augustus.
IOVI VI/l‘ORI.—On first and second brass greatest of deities.
of Alexander Severus, (P.M. rs. P. III. cos. er.)
statue of Jupiter seated within a temple standing
I. O. MAX. CAPITO
LINUS. Statue of Jupiter
seated in s temple.—Silz-er
* q/‘ Vitelli|u.——See Eckhel
v. 6 p. 312.

I. O. M. ET VICT. CONSER. DD. NN.—

On second brass of Licinius and his son appears
this legend, with the type of Jupiter standing
crowned by Victory.
I. O. M. SPONSORori SECur1'tat1'.| AVG1uh'.
—IOVl. DEFENS. SALVTIS.AVG.—On silver
in a spacious enclosure.-Also on coins of Galli coins of Commodus these inscriptions respectively
enus this dedication appears with Jupiter and appear, in which Jupiter is recognised as the
his fulminating attributes. The name of Ultor sponsor or watching over the security, and as the
was given to Jove because he was considered to defender of the health of the emperor.
be the avenger of wicked men’s i1npietics.— I. 0. M. S. P. Q. R. V. S. PR. S. IMP.
According to Pliny, tho temple, called also the CAES. QVOD. PER. EV. R. P. IN. AMP.
Pantheon, was erected to his honour by Agrippa ATQ. TRAN. S. E.—Jom' Optima bfarimo,
the kiasman of Augustus. Another temple was Senatu: Populuaque Ronuznu: vota ruscepta pro
also built and consecrated—Jovi Ultori—by salute Imperatonlr Caesar-is quad per eum Re;
Alexander Severus, and the type of one of that Publica in ampliore atque tranquilliore stain
emperor’s large brass is regarded by Vaillant as eat. [struck about 738 v.c.]—The Senate and
confirmatory of the fact. the Roman people have addressed vows to the
IOVI VOT. SVSC. PRO. SAL. CAES. best and greatest Jupiter for the preservation
AVG. S.P.Q.R., with a crown of oak leaves. of the Emperor Caesar, in acknowledgment of
Jovi Volia Susceptis Pro Salute Cmaris Anguati his having re-established the republic in a better,
Senatua Populuaque Bomanu.s.—G0ld of An richer, happier, and more tranquil condition.
gustns. 'I'he above long and remarkable inscription, within
_ This and the coin inscribed PRO VALI-1'l‘\’D[NE. an oaken or civic crown, is stamped on the reverse
csnssars are considered to bear reference to the of gold and silver coins of Augustus, in relation
dangerous ilhiess with which Augustus was to which Suetonius (vita c. 23) says,—" Vavit
 JUPITER. JUPI'l‘ER.—ISIS. 487
at maguos ludos J01/1' Optima Mm-imo, -'1' T" lion of Diocletian, edited by Banduri, that
publica in meliorem stalum vertissei, quad emperor appears, with his colleague Maximianns,
Faclum Cimbricu lllursicuque belle rmt." sacrificing at a tripod to Jupiter and Hercules.
Jupiter Feretriu.r.—See l'ERETB.IUS—CLAV'DlA Jupiter was the favourite deity of, and his name
family. was assumed by, Diocletian, as Hercules was, in
Jupiter Ann-.—See nxvn, or Vijovis. like manner, by Maximian.—Sec nnncvmo.
Jupiter Capitulinu-9.--A large brass of Ves IO. IO. TR]Vi\lP. I0. SAT. I0.-—Eckhcl
pssian exhibits the facade of n temple of six in his Section II. on Pseudo-Moneta, notices two
columns, the exterior and pediment of which are small brass teuerw, one with the former, the
ornamented with statncs.—Inthe inside the figure other with the latter inscription.—The Ia
of Jnpiter is seated, having Minerva on his right Triump/re doubtless relates to the joyous accla
and Juno on his left hand. In the exergue mation which welcomed the victorious charioteer
18 s.c. at the circns.—The other epigraph is explained
The temple of Jupiter in the Capitol at Rome, by Seguin, who reads it IO. SA'l‘urnah'a IO.—
burnt during the disorders which prevailed in (See Eckhel, vol. 8, p. 316.)
that city at the close of Vitellius’ reign, was Jovianua (Flavius Claudius), born in Pan
rebuilt with costly magnificence by Vcspasian.— nonia (A.I). 831) son of Varronianns, an illustrious
It was the Jews who contributed the most largely nobleman of that province. He distinguished
towards the expenses of this grand undertaking; himself in the war against the Persians, during
for whereas being by their own laws obliged to the reign of Julian the Apostate, at whose death
furnish each two drachmas towards the mainten he was elected emperor by the army. Compelled
ance of the temple at Jerusalem, they received by necessity, he agreed to conditions of peace
the emperor's order to surrender this money to with Sapor, far from honourable to the Romans.
the proposed purpose of rebuilding the temple of Though luxurious and even dissolnte in his
Jupiter. The statues of the three divinities were manners, Jovian possessed many excellent
placed in the same manner that they are repre qualities; he was watchful over the tranquillity
sented on the medal, in which we sec Minerva and zealous for the happiness of his subjects. He
occupying the place of precedence to Juno. It recalled the bishops and priests whom Julian had
was certainly the custom at Rome to render to banished, and was judiciously promoting the
Pallas the first honours after Jupiter. Thus restoration of Christianity through the empire,
Horace, speaking of the god, snys—“ Prozimos when he died suddenly in Bithynia, a.n. 364,
illi lumen nccupavit Pallas lwnorea.” On a after reigning little more than four months.
brass medallion of Trajan, the three divinities of His style is 11.21. r1.. c. rovmrvvs. P. P. AVCL;
or n.1v. rovrsuvs P.r. AVG.

His brass coins, of which an example is here

the Capitol are represented standing, Minerva given, are scarce; silver rare; gold very rare.
being on the right of Jupiter. Jovinua, the most noble of the Gallic chiefs,
For the same reason there appear on a medal in the reign of Honorius, assumed the imperial
of Antoninus Pius the birds consecrated to these purple in the Gaulish provinces, .\.1). 411. He
three deities, in the order above described, viz., was, however, taken prisoner by Adolphus,
the eagle in the middle, the owl of Minerva on King of the Goths, and put to death a.n. 413.
the right, and the peacock of Juno on the left. On his coins, which are all of extreme rarity, he
is styled n.n. rovnvvs P. r. svo.
I. S. Juno Si.17n'ta.——I. S. Juaru Senatm.
ISIS, the most ancient and most celebrated of
the Egyptian divinities. Her husband was Osiris,
the symbol of the sun and of the source of all
fertility. Amongst the various foreign deities
whose worship became in time introduced among
the Romans, I.»-is appears to have been one of
the greatest favourites of that superstitious
people. In Rome itself she had several temples,
the ceremonies in which, whatever might be
their mystic meaning, real or pretended, tecmed
with abominations. The festivals of this goddess
IOVIO ET HERCVLIO.—~On a gold medal were indeed so frequently marked by indeoencies
4,33 ISIS.
that decrees were passed for their abolition, but
they were as often re-established. In the year
of Rome 711, Augustus and Antony pandercd
to the depraved and dissolute taste of their age
by dedicating to Isis a temple in the centre of
the city Even 'I‘iberius, however, found it
needfnl to close it. But the prohibition of her
worship was not of long duration. Domitian,
Commodus, and Caracalla became her priests.
And some of the ernprcsses are represented under
the figure of Isis.—On a coin of the Cecilia
family, edited by Morell, (p. 52 tab. iii.) Isis
appears standing: she has the head of s ll0I],
ornamented with the lolusflower; she is clothed Large brass of Antoninus Pius, struck in
in the Egyptian fashion, and holds in her right Egypt.
hand the sistrum, and hcr left hand is in the act I. S. M. R. (Juno Sta-pita, or Sospita, Jlfagm
of pressing the right breast. The legend to this .Reyina.)—On a coin of the Thoria family, we
typeis Ml'i'I‘ELlus. PIVS. SCIPIO lMPerator. find these abbreviations, accompanied with the
Near the head of this figure are the letters 0. '1‘. A head of the Lanuvininn Juno, covered with the
which are interpreted by some to mean ‘Genius goatskin, and even the leg and hoof of the goat
Tulelarilr Afriae, (by others Aeyyptt), Isis being are seen below the neck ot' the bnst.—Soe Juno.
called the tutclury genius of Afr-ica.—We also IT. Iterum. COS. DES. I'l‘. Consul
see the figure of this goddess on coins of Com Des-ignatua Iterum.—Consul Elect for the second
modus and Caraeulla, with the sist-rum and time.
situla (or bucket) and sometimes carried by a ITALIA. Italy.—This most noble and most
dog.-—See Osiris. - interesting of European countries was thus called,
from Italus, ancient King of the (Enotrians, or,
as Thncydidcs says, of the Sicilians, previous to
which it bore the name of Hesperia, from Hes
pcrins, brother of Atlas, l\'ing of Mauritania..
Lalium and Aueonia are also names of certain
parts of the same celebrated and beautiful region,
ISIS FAltIA.—Thcse words, inscribed round which has for its natural boundaries the Alps and
the bcardlcss head of Julian II., on third brass the Mediterranean Sea.
of that emperor, have reference td' Isis as pro I'l‘ALIA.—Ita/y’: fertility and power over the
tectress of the P/taro: islet at Alexandria. Ban rest of the world are exprcssed—the one by the
duri quotes Statiua to show that Isis was the comucopia: and the ears of corn, the other by
“ reyimz P/sari, numenque Orientic anlieli." the secptre, on coins of Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian,
Respecting the cialrum and the silula in the Ste. First brass medals of Antoninus Pius and
hands of Isis, Servius, as quoted by Eckhel, also of Commodus represent ITALIA under the
says, “Isis is the genius of Egypt, who by figure of aimatronly female (the latter with head
the movement of her sistrum, which she carries turritod) sitting on a globe and holding the Iuuta
in her right hand, signifies the access and recess pura and cornucopia.
(or the rising and falling) of the Nile; and by
the situla, or bnckct, which she holds in her lefl
hand, she shows the filling of all lacuna, that
is of all ditches and furrows into which the
stagnant water of the Nile is reccivcd.”—See
Pluzria Isis.
1:11: and Serapis.—Bnsts of Isis and Serapis,
face to tam: her head ornamented with the
lotus: lull, with the modius. DEVS sn.A.—It’ev.
vcvra rvnmca. Isis suckling Horus. Small
brass struck under Julian the Apostate.

ITALIA.-—A woman standing with spear in

her right and coruucopize in the left hand. It is
thus that Italy and its personified genius are
stamped on silver coins of Hadrian, whose
arrival in that country (anvnrrrvs AVG. ITALIAE)
Iris suckling Ilorus.-—This Egyptian goddess is also marked on others of his medals. A
seated in a chair before an altar, with the lotuswoman with eornucopim, holding a patcra on a
flower upon her head ; in her lap a. naked infant lighted altar, on the other side of which stands
whom she is suckling, and who has also a flower the emperor: ADVENTVI ave. ITALIAE: on the
upon his head: in the field 1.. B. gold, silver, and brass of lludrian.
 ITALIA,—ITALIC. ITALIC. 4-89
Had]-ian’s first coming to Italyis dated in the After the example of many cities who, after
year of Rome 871, and this advent was ofi;eu com the apotheosis of Augustus, built temples to his
memorated; as often, indeed, as he returned to the honour, the people of this municipium placed
capital of his empire from his accustomed pere on their coins a representation of the altar,
grinations. But it also appears that the mistress which they erected to the Providence of their
of the world received many benefits and embellish benefactor—as if in his deified capacity he still, as
ments from him. He remitted her fiscal debt; whilst living, happily administered the aflhirs and
an indulgence which greatly relicvcd Italy.—In watched over the interests of the Roman world.
an increased spirit of liberality he remitted to A similar reverse appears on a second brass of
her moreover the aurum coranarium (sec the the same colony, struck in honour of Tiberius,
words) -, and he augmented the fundswhich Trajan with the sole difierenee of the words PRO
had destined for the maintenance (alimenta) of a VIDENTIAE auous-r1 being engraved on the side,
certain number of the Italian youth of both instead of at the foot, of the altar. The Pro
sexes. He likewise bore annual honorary oflice vidence which the coin is meant to commemorate
in the magistracy of many cities of Italy; thus is, "in the opinion of Vaillant, not that of
establishing, beyond the mere claim of imperial Tiberius, but of his imperial predecessor mvvs
flattery, his pretension to be called RESPITVTOB svevsrvs PATER——tl1e august Father, whom
ITALIAE, as he is styled on a fine large brass by the ceremony of consecration Rome had
medal, the reverse of which exhibits the emperor placed among her Gods I
who, standing, raises with his hand a woman bend Woman seated, holding in her right hand a
ing the knee to him, and holding the cornucopisa. patera, in her left the luuta. This type appears
ITALIA RESTz'tuta. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO on the reverse of a rare and elegant coin dedi
PRINCIPI.—The Emperor, in the toga, with eated to Julia (Livia), called in the legend
sceptre surmounted by an eagle in his left hand, avovs'rA.—The obverse presents a female head
stands holding out his right hand to a female (that of Livia. herself) surrounded by the in
wearing a turreted crown, who kneels before him, scription of uvmc. 1'r.u.1cs. PERM. ave.-—
accompanied by several children, who hold n [The seated female figure seems to be the statue
their hands to “ the best of princes.”-—-On secon of Livia, which is often found represented on
brass of Trajan. coins struck by order of the Senate, in refer
ITALIC. Italicum. Italics. ence to statues raised to her honour.—The colony
Italica was a city of Hispania Bactics (Anda of Italica, mindful of the privileges bestowed
lusia), and a Roman municipium, situate on on them by Augustus, and amongst others the
the river Bzetis (Guadalquiver) : it is now right of coinage, placed the statue here depicted,
called Seville la Vieja (Old Seville). An inscrip in token of their congratulation, that Livia his
tion of Gruter’s refers to this place under the title wife had been adopted into the Julia. 1'a1nily.]
of conoms ITALICENSIS IN Paov. BAETICA. It ——Vaillant, i. 51.
was in the neighbourhood of Hispalis, the native Le]/ionary Eagle and Vezillum, a second
country of Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius brass, noticed as elegant and very rare, by Vuillaut
senior.—In the year v.e. 654, when Scipio (i. 92), bears on its obverse nnvsvs ea]-:s.\n TI.
Africanus, after bringing the atfairs of Rome ave. r. with the bare head of Drusns. And on
with the Carthaginians in Spain to a pacific its reverse appear the aquila et verillum of a
settlement, contemplated his return to Italy, he lcgion.—[The Duumviri who struck the above
allocated all the Italian soldiers, disabled by coin in honour of Drusns obviously designed
wounds and fatigue, in one town, which, from by this type to indicate the military origin of
their native country, he called Italica. This is the muuicipium.—Thcre is the same reverse and
what Jppianu: Alexandrina: states in his the same legend (srvruc. ITALIC. PER. ave.) on
Bellum Hiqmm. p. 463.——'1'he town had after a second brass of Germanicus. Thus the
wards the title of municipium bestowed upon it; veterans of Italics pay a compliment to each of
but as the number of its citizens became greatly the two young Caesars: to Drusns, indeed,
diminished by the wars, it seems to have been because, as the son of Tiberius by natural
re-peopled with legionary veterans‘ sent thither right, he stood apparent heir to the empire;
by Augustus. Hence its coins, dedicated to Augus and to Germanicus, because being adopted by
tus, Livia, Drusns, and Germanieus, bear the in Tiberius at the desire of Augustus, he became
scri tion IVN. 11-41.. 0rl[VNIC.01' IKVNICIPJTALIC. the associate of Drusus.]
- t here deserves remark that the privilege of There are pieces which on one side bear the
coinage granted to the Spanish municipium by Au name of Italics, and on the other that of Bilbilir.
gustus, is noted on all its coins by the abbreviated This circumstance is noticed in IIardouin's Oper.
word res. or PERM. ave. Permisru Auguati. Selec.—M. Hennin also mentions it, in the
The following are among the types of this nomenclature of his Manuel, as indicating that
Roman municipium :—— an alliance subsisted between the two cities.
Altar.—0n a second brass struck by the Itia, a family of unknown rank; its denarii
Ila/icen.ve.r, in memory of Augustus, (whose of a single type; rare, but devoid of both munic
radiated head appears on its obverse with legend matic and historical interest. Winged head of
of nrvvs AVGVSIVS rarna.) an altar is repre Minerva: X.—Rev. L. ITIu.r. The Dioscuri on
sented on which is the word PROVIDENT. The rest horsebaclr.—In the excrguc nous.
of the legend is MYN. ITAL. PEIUI. avo.—.-lIuni Itinera Hadriani. Hadrian’s t:rave1s.—Sec
cipium Italica, or Italiceme, Pcrmissu Auyurti. Raschc. Ir.—1016.
3 It
490 JUDAEA. JUDAEA.
IV. Juventutis.—'l‘itus and Domitianus are female clothed in the stole, and holding a patera
called PRlNcipea IVvenluti.v. over an altar, by the side of which is a victim
Juba l., son of I-liempsalis, and King of for sacrifice. By the side of the woman stands
Numidia, in the time of Sylla and Pompey, died a child; and two children, bearing palms,
in the year of Rome 708, 46 years before Christ, approach the emperor: in the excrgue is in
A silver coin of this prince bears on one side the scribed IVDAEA.
Latin legend of BEX IVBA, with the head of the On a very rare first brass of Vcspasian, bearing
king, bearded, and curiously curled hair on his the usual mark of Senatorial authority, but
head ; on his shoulder a sceptre, the sign of royal without lcgcnd, the Emperor, with radiated
majesty. On the reverse are unknown characters, head, is represented standing, with his right
supposcd to be'Numidian, and a temple of eight foot placed on a ship’s prow, or on a helmet;
columns, with a flight of steps to the portal. he holds the hasta in his left, and a. vicloriola
IVD. Judaea.-—-Juzlzwa, a region of Syria, in his right hand ; before his feet an old man is
comprising the whole country of Palestine, but kneeling, behind whom, under a palm tree,
more strictly speaking that art inhabited by the stands n \voman in a tunic, raising her hands
two tribes of Judah and enjamin. It was towards the Prince, in the act of supplica.tion.—
conquered by Pompey, and given at first to
Herod, then to Antiochus, next to Philip, and
to a second Herod, and afizcr their time it became
a province of the Roman empire. But, revolt
ing against the tyranny and exactious of Gessius
Florus, the people of Judaea waged a long and
bloody war with the Romans. Flavius Vcspasi
anus was, however, at length sent by Nero
against them with a vast army, and brought
them again into complete subjection to the Roman
power. He took and entirely destroyed-lcrusulem,
and since that time the Jews, driven from their
country, have been scattered as Wanderers over
the face of the earth.
It was under Vespasian that thosc medals were There is a large bronze coin, which Vaillant
first struck which record the victories gained by gives as struck under Titus, and which agrecs
the Romans over the Jews. They bear the in with it in type except that the head of the
scription of IVDAEA, IVDAEA Emperor is hehncted. This medal is described
earn, IVDAEA DEVICTA, to bear the legend of rvnuza.
me rvmmrs, and their types IVDAEA CAPTA. S C.—-On the well-known
are most interestingly allu coin of Vespasian, in large brass‘, Jmlaca ap
sive to the conquest of under the figure of a woman, clothed in :1 tunic,
Judaea, and to that awfully with short sleeves: shc sits, in the attitude of
dmmtructive war which ended
in maldng “ Jerusalem a
hcap of stoncs."—There are
coins of Titus, bearing the same character-.—
On a large brass of Hadrian (in the Farnese
Museum), with the legend rvmm, the van
quished country is personified by a woman
bending the knee before that Emperor. She is
accompanied by three children bearing palms,
and who, according toWink]eman, are intended
to represent the three divisions of the province,
namely, Iludma, Galileea, and Petraaa. Another
coin of the same emperor represents a togated
extreme sorrow, at the foot of a palm, which
tree is peculiarly the growth of Palestine:
behind her stands the Emperor habited in
military vestmcuts, holding a spear in his right
and the Il8l‘3Z0l1ll11ll in his left hand; and with
a bucklcr or a helmet under his lefi foot.—A
medal in the same metal, and of the same
module, struck undcr Titus, exhibits the same
legend and a similar type.
This coin presents the emblem of Judnea,
whose inhabitants, not easily to be ruled over,
were compelled at length to crouch under the
Roman yokc, in consequence of the wise and
figure (Hadrian himself), standing opposite a skilful measures taken by Vespasian, and espe
 JUDAEA. JUDAEA. 491
cially after the taking of Jerusalem by Titus, in indigenous to the country.—It is engraved in
the 70th year of the Christian era. Akerman’s Deacr. Catalogue; in liavercanip’s
Cabinet de C/irzlrtine; in Kolb’s T/"aité 11'/e'
mentaire.
In explanation of the unique and very re
markable legend attached to this reverse, the
observations made by the author of D01.-lrimz
are hereto subjoincd as worthy of the coin’s
historical interest, and of his own learned
sagacity:—l-‘rom the earliest period of the
Jewish Commonwealth, the Jews were enjoined
to pay the half of a ficlua, or two draehmm,
for the service of the altar, as may be seen from
the Book of Exodus (ch. xxx. 12, 13.) This
money, in after times, went towards the ex
IVDAEA CAP'l‘A.—On another first brass penses of the Temple, being collected, not only
of Vespasian a female sits weeping beside a from the inhabitants of Judma, but from all
a palm, close to which tree n man stands with Jews, in whatever part of the world residing; and
his hands tied behind him.—-liavercamp gives this private system of taxation was sometimes
a first brass of Titus, with a slight variation in prohibited by the Romans, of which I have
the grouping of the figures, and with a helmet given instances, under the coins of Vespasian
and buekler on the ground before the eaptivc.— (p. 327), and sometimes sanctioned by an edict,
The legend of this fine medal is inscribed IVD. an example of which, issued in the name of
car. s. c. in the field. Augustus, has been given by Philo Judteus (de
Legal. ad Caium, p. 592); and several by
Josephus (Anliq. xvi. c. 6.) The same Philo
frequently throughout his treatise calls this
money &-rapxm, firslfrzxita (or qferinga);
and, consequently, it was of the same nature
as those gifts, which colonies were formerly in
the habit of presenting every year to their
mother-countries, to support the worship of the
national deities; just as Polybius has applied
the term dwrapxcu to the contribution which the
Carthaginians used to send to their mother
eountry Tyre. Now it is certain, that the‘Holy
City was regarded by the Jews of every elime,
as their mother-country. But the luz(f _/iclus
IVDEA DEVICTA.—This legend is read alluded to above was the well-known didrachm,
.. on coins of Vespasian and which our Saviour paid for himself and Peter
Titus. The type is a with the staler miraculously found in the mouth
woman standing in a sor of the fish, as recorded in the Gospel of St.
rowful posture under a palm Hatthew (eh. xvii. 24-.) When Jerusalem and
tree.—l\lionnet and Aker its Temple were overthrown by Vespasian in the
man give examples Of this year v.c. 823 (A.D. 69), the Jews, wheresoever
in all the three metals. residing, were ordered to continue the payment
of this didraehm, not, however, to be applied
DE IVDAEIS. A 'I‘r0phy.—On gold coins of to their own religious uses, but to the worship
Vespasian. of Jupiter Capitolinus, as is expressly stated by
l"lSCl. I\"D.~\l(‘/I. CALVMNIA. SVBLATA. Josephus (dc Bell. Jud. c. 6, §6) and
S. C. A Palm 'l‘ree.——First brass of Nerva. Dio (lxvi. § 7.)—Suetouius relates CDOmii. e. 12)
that Domitian “rigorously exacted the Jewish
tax, under which were charged all, who either
elandestincly lived after the Jewish fashion
within the walls of Rome, or who, concealing
their origin, had evaded the payment of the
tribute imposed upon their nation.”—Spanheim,
who has proved his learning and eloquence in
his explanation of this coin (vol. ii. p 500),
argues from the terms of the legend itself, that
it was not intended to convey the notion, that tho
Jewish tax or didrachm, as many have sup
posed, was abolished by Nerva, but simply that
the cahmmia (r_1/slwri qffa/se accusation) was
The type of this historically interesting re done away (rub/am) ,- that is to say, exemption
verse is, as well on ancient Jewish as on Roman from the tax in question was thenceforth secured
coins, symbolical of Judma, the palm being to all who did not admit themselves to be Jews,
3 R 2
492 JUDAICUS.-TULIA. JULIA.
and their names no longer entered on the fiscal Julia ('l‘raducta), aeolony of Hispania Baeties
lists as belonging to that nation. For the (now Algcsiras).—See Ikaduvfa.
iniquitous inquisitorial system pursued by Domi Julia.—'I‘his illustrious family is that of Julius
tian towards those who were suspected of Ca>.sar.—The name Julius is derived from Iulus,
Judaism, is circnmstantially recorded by Sue whom some believe to be Ascanius, the son of
tonius in the passage above referred to. Eneas; and others, thc son of that Ascanius.
In confirmation of this mode of interpreting In claiming to be descended from this stock,
the legend in question, Eckhel adduees an ad Julius Caesar prided himself on his origin from
mirable example :-—According to Eusebius fin the Goddess of Beauty, and hence the images
wild Cami. c. 45), Constantine the Great, of Venus, and of lfineas carrying Anchisea,
with a view to repress the excesses of idolatry, which are often found on his denarii. Be the
drew up two laws, one of which was called “a question of pedigree decided as it may, it appears
law to suppress the abominations so long per that alter the destruction of Alba, the family
tcd by idolatry throughout the cities and came to Rome, and eventually furnished twelve
' tricts.”——Not a few individuals have taken personagcs, honoured as Irnperalorn, with the
these words to mean that Constantine wished, highest offices and dignities of the Roman
by this law, to put a stop to all the rites of Commonwealth. According to Eckhel it is
Paganism; a notion entirely at variance with patrician in the Caasruian branch, and uncertain
history.—Euscbius merely says that such abomi in that of Burs-io, the only two surnames which
nations (-rd ulhmpa) were forbidden by the occur on its coins.—There arc seventy-five
Emperor, asthe ancient superstition cherished, varieties, of which the rarest type is a silver
especially beyond the walls of the city. That onc, bearing on its obverse a youthful head,
the Jews were not afterwards exempt from the ornamented with wings, and having hair hang
payment of the didrachm, is shewn from an ing down in riuglcts, behind which is a trident
epistle of Origeu to Afiricanns, in which the and two arrows (in others, a scorpion),—the
expression occurs :——“ Since even at the present reverse is inscribed L. rvnr. avnsio (in another
time the Jews still pay the didrachm to them ax A. r.), with Victory in a qusdriga holding a
(the Romans.”)—It is sufficiently evident that crown. The head which presents itself on the
the aflhir of the Jews had become one of con obverse of this denarius is of an unusual kind,
siderable moment (rem Judaicum m11_(/nifuisn’ and there has been much ado amongst anti
mommiti) even within the walls of Rome; and quurians to find out its meaning. Ursin and
that the people generally suffered so much indis Vaillant takc it to be that of Mercury, whilst
criniinate severity, on account of suspected Hn\'crcalnp boldly calls it the head of “Triumph."
Judaism, that, when at last the evil was re But it is evidently not a male but a female head,
moved, the Senate considered the event of and, as the judicious Eckhcl observes, it is
suflicient importance to be perpetuated on coins. scarcely worth while to enter into a new field of
—Eckhel, vi. 405. conjectures about what nymph or goddess (of the
l\'l)AIC\'S.—_-\lthough it was a frequent sea or sky) it is meant to depicture. And, even
custom with Roman conquerors to assume the aftcr the prolix gucasings of Vaillunt and Haver
appellation of a vanquished people as a surname camp, it is perhaps bettcr openly to confess
of honour, as D/u-Zeus, Par!/zicus‘, Brilanniclts, ignorance as to who Barrio is, to whom these
300., yet ncithcr Vcspasian nor Titus was called medals belong.
Juzlairnu, so greatly were the name and the re Those denarii of the Julia funu'ly with the
ligion ‘of the Jews held in detestation. elephant trampling on a serpent, and Pontifical
Jugurtha, a King of Numidia, grandson of instruments on the reverse; also with the head
Masinissa, delivered by his father-in-law of Venus, and Eneas bearing the palladium in his
Boat-Ina, King of Gmtulia to Sylla,when the latter hand and his father on his shoulders, are common
was lieutenant to Msrius.—See Cornelia family. enough. The name of this family is also found
IVL. Julia.——A colony is thus called as on coins struck by the mint masters of the great
having been planted by :Julius Caesar, as the Julius.—See caasaa—mc'r.
name indicates, or as having received benefits Julia is a name frequently found given on
from him. Such for the most relates coins to the wives of Emperors, and in several
to Africa.—'l'he cpigraph COL. IVLia, or in instances to their daughters and mothers.
reversed order AVGuat¢ IVL, when it occurs Livia, fourth wife of Aiuzustus, assumed it when
on colonial coins is considered to signify a by adoption she had passed into the Julia family.
colony established in the first instance by Julius We find also medals of Julia Agrippina, senior,
Cmsar, and afier augmented by Augustus. mother of Caligula; Julia, mother of Cains
IVLI. Julii.—n1vi ivm. The customary and Lucius, by Agrippa-, Julia, sister of Caligula;
epigraph on coins of Julius Caesar struck afier Julia, daughter of Titus; Julia Jgrippina,
his death. junior, second wife of Claudius, and mother of
Julia Au_qusia.—From an ancient inscription, Nero; Julia Aquilia Severe, second wife of
edited by Mark Vclserus, Julia Augusta, it Elagabalus; Julia Paula, first wife of
appears, is the Augusta Vina'Pli1.'0r1un, now balus; Julia Domna, second wife of Severus;
Augsburg, in Germany. 'l‘o this splendid colony Julia Mrwszz, grandmother of Elagabalus and
of the lthrctian province, rcfcrencc is made on Alexander Severus; Julia Mamam, mother of
coins of Augustus, Ncrvn, and Gordianus Pius, Alexander Severus; Julia Paulina,‘ wife of
under the name of con. 1vL. avo. Maximinus.
 JULIA. JULIANUS. 493
IVL (or IVLIA) AQVIL. (or AQVILIA) Julia 4u_9usta, the wife of governs, is styled
SEV. (or SEVERA.) A\'Gu.:ta. Julia. Aquilia Julia Augusta, or Julia D0/mna Aug. ; or Julia
Severa.—Scc Aqui/ia Seuem. Pia Augusta ,- or Julia Pia Felix Jug. as upon
IVLIA AVGVSTA GENETRIX ORBIS.—— the large brass of which an example is sub
See Livia. joined.—-Sec Dmrma.

Julia Cornelia Paula, said to be the recorded, and the honours of deification paid to
daughter of Paulns, praetorian prefect, was the
her memory at the will of her prolligate uncle,
first wife of Elagabalus having been married by an obscquious senate, in the following dedi
to that odious miscreant A.D. 219.—Divorced catory inscription, DXVAE IVLIAE ave. DW. rrrr
shortly after hcr nuptials, on some pretence of
r., accompanied with the type of the carpentum,
bodily defect, she died in rctircment.—Her gold
or funeral car, drawn by mules. There is no
coins are of the highest rarity, silver by noportmit; but the emperor’s titles, and the mark
means scarce, first and second brass very rare.
of cos. xv1., shew the direct influence under
Ilur name of Cornelia, to which illustrious which the eoin was struck Senafua Cmumltu ,
family she belonged, is omitted on her Latin and in the name of that body and of the Roman
medals, on which she is styled only rvua PAVLA people (S.P.Q.ll.) On s silver medal the image
AVGVSTA.
Julia Maem, the grandmother of two Em
perors, Elngabalus and Alexander Severus, is
honoured on medals with the title of Augu-Ila.
-—See Mae-sa.
Julia Jllamaea, daughter of the Julia Jlfaesa
and mother of Alexander Severus, bears the title
of Augusta on her coins.—See Jlamaea.
Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus.-—See
Soaemiaa.
Julia, the daughter of Titus, by Furnilln,
his second wife; she was a woman of great
beauty, at first refused the infamous addresses
of her uncle Domitian, married Sabinus her
cousin german, afterwards became the mistress
of her fathcr’s brother and successor, who IVLIANVS. ' (Didiu SeveruJ.)—The futher
caused her husband to be put to death, and of this emperor was Petronius Didius Severus,
lived in open concubinnge with her. Julia his mother Clara Aemilia, and his paternal
abandoning herself to debauchery, died in the grandfatherInsuberllrlediolanensis. (S];art:'an)—
attempt to destroy the fruits of her incestuous According to the calculation of Dio, whom, in
connection. She was nevertheless placed by‘ the disagreement of other writers, we prefer to
apotheosis amongst the deities, and is called follow, as he lived at Rome pat that period,
DIVA on her coins, which in bras: and silver Didius Julianus was born A.V.C. 886, at the end
are rare, and in gold of the highest rarity. of January. Being advanced in due time to a
On medals struck diu-ing her life-time, she is share in public business, he defeated, in the
styled IVLIA AVGVSTA TITI AVGVSTI reign of Marcus, the Cauci, a people living on
Filia; also IVLIA IMP. 'I‘. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. the river Albis, and gained his Consulate; after
(The August Julia, daughter of the _August which he succeeded Pertinax in the government
Titus). The reverse of one of her gold coins bears of Africa. (t%artianJ——Pcrtinax, having been
the legend of DIVI Tl'l‘I FILIA, with a pen put to death by the Praetorian guards, and those
cock; and on a silver coin of hcrs appears the soldiers having fortified their camp, and from
word VESTA, and that Goddess seated, whence its walls proclaimed the empire open to the
it would seem that she wished at least to be highest bidder, though all men of standing and
t/nought chaste; and this incident agrees with integrity strove to avert such a disgrace, Julian
the attempt to conceal hcr pregnancy, to which listened to the instigation of his party, and
she fcll o victim. taking his stand outside the trenches, blushed
On a large brass of this princess, who died not to bid against Flavius $ulpicinnus, the
in D0m.itia.n’s reign, we see her consecration father-in-law of Pertinax, who within the camp
494 JULIANUS. JULIANUS.
offered his own'price for the empire.-—Julian, AID. 355, and married Helena, sister of Con
however, made the most liberal offers, scaling stantius ll. The government of Gaul, Spain,
ladders were let down from the walls, and he was and Britain was committed to his charge. He
received into the camp, acknowledged Emperor, repulsed the Germans from Gaul, and esta
and, escorted by a guard of Practorians, was blished himself at Luleliw, now Paris, in 358.
conducted to the Senate-house. But the people, Proclaimed Emperor by the troops in 360 ; the
irritated no less by the undeserved fate of Per death of Constantius soon after left him sole
tinax, than by the recent disgraceful sale of the master of the empire.——Ju1ian was a great general
empire, attacked the newly-crcatcd Emperor -—a man of 1earning—a fine writcr—possessing
first with abuse, and then with a shower of many qualities of a wise, energetic, and excellent
stones; nor would they be satisfied without prince; but in matters of religion one of the
demanding as their Emperor, Pcsccnnius Niger, weakest, most fantastic, and mischievous of
the newly appointed Governor of Syria. On mankind. This declared and inveterate enemy
learning this position of a.fl'airs, Pesccnnius of Christianity made war upon Persia, with
allowed himself to be declared Emperor by his decided success; but was slain in an engage
friends, but neglecting to follow up his ad ment on the banks of the Tigris, at the age
vantage, Severus, the Prmfcct of Pannonia, in of thirty-one, A.D. 362, in the fourth year of
obedience to the wish of a party, put in his his reign. His second and third brass coins are,
claim to the honours of the sovereignty, with certain exceptions, common; his silver of
and taking all his measures, made a hasty the usual size, are by no means scarce; but his
journey to Italy. (Eckhel, 148, Didius _1/old are rarc.—On these he is styled D. .\'.
Julian.)—~lntelligence of this movement being IVLIANVS uoa. cu:s.—mP. FL. CL. Jvr.r.ss-'vs
received at Rome, Julianns gave orders that PERP. or P.r. AVG.
Severus should be declared by the Senate as the "The Crcsars” of Julian, a work which
enemy of his country; but he found the army that Emperor wrote in Greek, is a remarkable
less prepared than he expected to act on the de proof no less of his scholarship than of his
fensive; andin a state of disafl'ection,partly because talent for raillery and satire. The translation
he was dilatory in the liquidation of the sum he of that extraordinary production by zec/4.
had agreed upon in the purchase of the empire, Spanlwirn, illustrated by the most learned re
and partly because, from being long habituated to marks, mythological, historical, and numis
sloth and inactivity, they wanted the courage to mntical, enriched by a profusion of medals and
cope with the hardy soldiers of Scverns.—Seve-rus other ancient monuments, is one of the most
meanwhile threatening the city, Jillian is driven interesting as well as instructive volumes which
to adopt milder counsels, and induces the Senate can be perused by the student of the medallie
to allow him a participation in the sovereignty ; science. _
but a universal turn of feeling in favour of Julian is noted, by Ammianu: his pagan
Severus having taken place, he is deserted by admirer, but by no means indiscriminate pane
all, and put to death. His body was restored gyrist, for having made himself very con
by Severus to his wife Scantilla for burial, and spicuous in wearing a long and bushy beard,
deposited in the tomb of his great-grandfather which amongst the courtiers of Constantine
on the Via Lavicana.—According to Dio, he procured for him the dcrisive appellation of a
lived sixty years, four months, and four days, goat (capellam non /mminem). ln continuation
and reigned sixty-six days. It is generally of this alleged peculiarity we find him on many
admitted that he was a distinguished lawyer. of his coins “bearded like apard ;” as Caesar
Spartian speaks of his economical habits, his he appears with naked head; but as Emperor
gentle manners, and other virtues; but Dio, his he wears s diadem ornamented with precious
contemporary, and also Hcrodian, assert that stones.
his vices were numerous.——E<-khel, vii. l47. Under the reign of Julian coins were struck,
Julianna (Flavius Claudius), usually called which Bandnri exhibits, and which Eckhel
Julian the Apostate, because he, at an early comments upon, inscribed nr.-:0 SERAPIDI (see
age, abandoned the Christian faith, and, as the words), and vo'r,\ PUBLICA, shewing that
soon as he had the power, restored the this philosophic contemner of the Christian
worship of idols, which he pretended to re mysteries was not ashamed to stamp his im
form, but which he in fact enforced in all the perial coinage with representations of Serapis,
Isis, and Anubis, and to revive the monstrous
Egyptian idolatry.
Julianna (Marcus Aurelianus}, an nsu
of the imperial purple at the period of Nume
rianus’s death, from which time (.\.D. 884)
Pannonia acknowledged his claim and submitted
to his government, imtil defeated and slain in
a battle with Carinus, near Verona, in the fol
bigotcd extravagance and blind absurdity of lowing _vear.——Therc are gold and brass coins of
Pagan superstition. He was the son of Julius this “ tyrant," all of extreme rarity, and on
Coiistnntius, nephew of Constantine the Great, which he is styled nu’. c. M. AVIL l\'LlA.\‘\'S
and brother of Constantius Gallus, born at Con P. r. AVG.
stantinople s.n. 331. He was created Caesar Julius (0.) C¢.:ar.—See Cains Julius Caesar.
 JUNIANUS. J UNO.—-TUNO AUGUSTAE. 495
IVN. Junior.—Auguali reigning together, The brass of this family are the Ar, or parts of
but with unequal authority, were called majores the As.
and seniores, or minors: and _7'uniore.r. Thus Juno, daughter of Saturn, and at once the
Commozlus, advanced by his father, M. Aurelius, sister and the spouse of Jove, the goddess of
from the Cecsarship to the title of Augustus, is kingdoms and of riches, was believed to preside
called on one of his coins lvN. Ava, or Junior over marriages, and thence received her appella
A1/_qu.riu0.—In like manner Galeriua Man'mi tion of Pronuba; and from her supposed
anus, in contradistinction to his father-in obstetrical tutelage over women, was likewise
law, Diocletian, is called IVN. .ivo.—We find called I/um'na.———The Romans, as well as the
also Constantinus IVN., and Constantius lVN., Greeks, assigned to her the highest rank amongst
&c. the goddesses, and the poets relate many fables
IVNI. Jum'a1m.:.—P. cn,\s.1vu1. LEG.PROPR. respecting her jealous and imperious disposition,
Publius Crassua Juuianm Legalus Propraelor, which she carried sometimes to the length of
that is to say, of Metellus Scipio in Africa. attempting to put even Jupiter himself (who
See Cwci/ia family. gave but too much cause of offence) undcr her
Junia, this celebrated Roman family was feet.—Thc figures of Juno differ from each other,
patrician under the kings, but, as it appears inasmuch as we find this deity on the most
from coins, was regarded as plcbeinn under the ancient coins of the Romans, as Juno Lanuvina,
consular government. The surnames are Brutus, or Sispita (Sospita), and Juno Monela. She is
Silanuc, and perhaps Lido. It took its name most frequently represented with her head veiled,
from Junins, the companion of /Eneas, from and when, as Juno Pronuba, the goddess patro
whom, as Dion Halic. writes, this family derived nises a solernnization of nuptials, she is covered
its origin. It took the cognomcn of Brutus on with a veil that conceals half the body. Whilst,
account of the idiotic folly which, through fear on the other hand, as Juno Sospita, her head is
of Tarquin, was feigned by Lucius Juniua, adorned with the skin and two horns of a goat.
previous to the overthrow of the monarchy, as The distinctive symbol and protege’ of this
Plutarch informs us. Of this renowned avenger goddess is the peacock, into which bird she had
of his conntry’s liberty upon a proud tyrant and changed her faithful Argus, after he had, as the
his licentious sons, there are no coins extant of guard of Io, fallen a victim to the pandering
contemporaneous date; but in honour of the artfulness of Mercury, and the intriguing revenge
of Jupiter.
man who was the first consul, with his colleague
On the imperial coins Juno appears under
Collatinus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins,
the head of Lucius Junius, with the inscription various ospects—viz., sometimes standing, some
aavrvs, has been placed on the obverse of a times sitting, as in Faustino, jun., at others in
denarius belonging to the Servilizz family, which a walking attitude, with a serpent at hcr feet,
hears on its obverse the naked head of Servilius holding a flower, a sceptre, a patera, the hula,
AHALA. or a child, as"-Tana Augusta, Juno Regina,
Of the name of Brufur there are also two Juno Conservatriz, &c. '
individuals recorded on the coins of the Jania On a first brass of Faustina the Younger, the
fa!nily—viz., M. Juniua Brutus, likewise called reverse, without legend, is charged with a
Caepio, the assassin of Caesar the Dictator, and female figure, clothed in the stola, standing
Decimur Juniua Brutus, an orator and lawyer, between a peacock and a lion.
who each of them gained a very conspicuous IVNO.—On silver and second brass coins of
place in the history of their age.—'l‘he coins of Julia Domna with this inscription, the goddess
M. Brutus Caepio are ranged with the Imperial stands veiled, holding a patera in the right, a
series. (See aavrvs.) hasta in her left hand; and a peacock stands at
The coinage of this family, which Morell her feet.
states to consist of more than seventy varieties, The Empress herself is exhibited under this
exhibits an interesting type on a denarius, of image, for, in order to conciliate greater dignity
which the following is a description :— and reverence towards women, the Empresses
LlBER'l‘AS.——-Head of Liberty. were fond of assimilating themselves to the
Rev. Bav'rvs.—The march of the Consul goddesses, and were accustomed to represent
(Consulis Prdcessus) between two lictors, carry their own forms, under the names of female
ing the farms, and preceded by a. verger or diviuities, to the people.
usher (accen-rue.) IVNO AVGVSTAE.—Silvcr and brass
coins of Julia Manama, with this legend,
exhibit the goddess sitting, holding in her
right hand aflower, and in her left an infant
in swathing bands. This Juno qf the Em
press is obviously Juno Lucina, and the
coin is struck in acknowledgment of the
favour of the goddess at the birth of an im
perial heir.
IVNONEM (in the aecusative case), occurs
on silver and brass coins of Julia Domna.—
Some of the silver pieces are restored by See p. 493.
Trajan, and are rarer than the original coins. IVNO CONSERVATRIX.—Juno, the pro

/"
496 JUNO CONSERVATRIX. JUNONI LUCINAE.
tectress or preserver, is another surname given on her.—'I‘herc are some writers, indeed, who
medals of the Auyushe to think this Juno Lucina to be the same asDiana,
the great Queen of the and with Luna, one deity.
Goddesses. Her figure IVNONI LVCINAE.—The Goddess sits with
on silver, gold, and brass, a flower in her extended right hand; in her left
of Julia hlamma, Ota an infant in swathing bands.-—Silvcr and brass
' eiliaSevera,andSalonina, coins of Lucilla, with the above legend and
is that of a female stolated type, present that tutclary goddess presiding
and veiled, holding a over child-birth, whom the Greeks called
patera and the basta. I”!/l_1/id, and the Romans denominated Juno
' pura, and generally with Ludna.—It is in reference to the custom of
a peacock at her feet. part1u'ient women to address their prayers to
Juno Lamwina, or with the title in full, Junoto her that Terence, in his Andria, puts these
Sirpita, or S0-rpila Jlzuima Reg/ina, as it is words into the mouth of Glyccrium =
expressed on denarii of Thorius Balbus ; see the Juno Luciaa, fer npem, rerra me, obsrcro.
initial letters I.S.M.R., p. 488 of this Dict.—The For this reason, therefore, she holds a child in
goddess bearing this surname is found on the her left hand, whilst her right is extended with
silver coins of those Roman families who drew a flower in it, because this is the symbol of
their origin from the town or municipium of hope, and she delights in hoping well of the
Lannvina, to which the Cornufieii, the Mettii, safety and growth of the child; or rather,
the Papii, the Procillii, the Roscii, and the says Eckhel, she herself displays her attribute
Thorii belonged. Her appearance on these coins manifestly as indicated by Ovid. In the speci
nearly corresponds with the description given by men here selected from the first brass of Lucilla,
Cicero, in lib. i. zle nut. Dear. cap. 23, viz., the right hand is extended empty.
cum pe/la caprina, cum hula, cum scululo,
cum calcealis rcpandia (shoes turned up at the
points), to which it only remains to be added
that her head is covered with a goat’s skin, as
Herculcs’s head is with that of a lion, having,
moreover, two horns, and her entire vcstmeut
is composed of this skin, with the fur outwards.
On a denarius of the Cormlfinia family is an
eagle on the top of her shield (probably intended
for a legionary one); at other times she is
depietured in a higa, as on some medals of the
Mellie and Pracilia families, a great serpent
preceding her, and in the act of raising itself.
On a denarius of the Ros;-ia family we see Juno was called Jlfqqmz Regina.-—See I. s. M. R.
opposite to the serpent a woman olferiug food IVNONI l\I.\R'l‘lALI.—Jana Marlialis, or
to it, the meaning of which may be learnt in the warlike Juno, is seen seated with globe
Elianus and Propertius. Cicero teaches us in in left hand and corn ears in right. She is also
his Oration pro Murmza, in what high estima seated in a round temple, with a shield or
tion this goddess was with the Romans, to
which may be joined the testimony of Livy,
who says that she was worshipped fmajoribus
hoaliis) with sacrifices of the highest order,
shewing that the Romans granted to the
Lanuvians the right of citizenship, on condition
that they themselves (the people of Rome)
should have a share in the Temple, and in the
sacred grove of the Goddess.
In the lmpcridl series, Juno Lamwimz, or
Sispita, is seldom lo be seen. Mediobarba,
however, notes two medals of Antoninus Pius
(A.D. 14,0), and one of Commodus (A.D. 177),
with the inscription rvnom sosrrrsn: after [Large brass of Volnsian.]
which period it disappears.—Sec Juno other attributes, on silver and first brass
Sospila. 4 coins of 'l‘1'cbonianus Gallus, and also of Volu
Juno Lucina.—It was under this name, as sianus, by the latter of whom the legend
has been already observed, that Juno presided and type appear to have been restored. The
over parturition; and accordingly on medals of legend originated with Trebonian, and was
those Emprcsses, who either had brought forth struck about the period when a dreadful
a child, or who had invoked the aid of the pestilence excited the then reigning princes of
goddess in their approaching acwuclzement, we the empire to “ weary" all the gods, of every
see her represented seated, holding an infant and name in Olympus, with victims and with prayers.
a flower. On coins of Fanstina, wife of M. Juno might appear at that juncture a deity
Aurelius, she appears with two children near whose aid ought tn be propitisted, because,
 JUNONI REGINAE. JUNONI SOSPITAE. 497
according to Tully, “The air which floats a favourite patroness of the Empresses, and thus
between the skies and the ocean is consecrated to she appears on coins of Sabina, Lucilla, Funstina,
the name of Juno; and it was this region (or junior, Mnnlia Scantilla, Julia, Soaemias,
element) which, having contracted some taint, Etruscilla, Cornelia Supera, and others. With
brought destruction on men.” And the same some of the Augustus, the inscription (in the
author says shortly aftcrwards—“But I believe dative case) was simply a dedication of the
the name Juno to be derived a juvendo, from medal to the honour of the goddess; with others
rendering aid.” it was a positive appropriation of the name in
“But why Juno is in this instance called flattery to the Emperor’s wife, who was herself
Harlialia, I have not (says Eckhel) been as yet in a concealed manner represented under the
able satisfactorily to ascertain.” Yet by that figure of Juno.
title the goddess was commemorated not only Juno Soqrita, or according to the more ancient;
on medals, but in a temple erected to her mode of writing it Sispita, J uuo the preserver;
honour as thelllartial Juno, in the Roman Forum. also called Lauuvina (see above), because she
Juno 2lIoneia.—According to Suidas, Juno had a temple and statue at Lanuvium. On a
was snrnamed Moneta by the Romans, a coin of the Pracilizz family she has on her tunic
mouenda, because this goddess is said to have a goat-skin, which also serves as the covering
counselled that very docile and acmpulouc people of her head. The points of her shoes are
to undertake none but just wars, promising them, turned up, after a fashion which was' renewed in
that, in that case, they should never want for the twelth century of the Christian era. She is
money. A pretty story; but it would be much armed with a buckler and a lance to defend the
more to the purpose to suppose that she was people under her protection. The serpent which
honoured with this cognomen, as denoting her is at her feet is a symbol of the health and
presidency over the Roman mint, which was safety which they owe to her, and also serves to
established in the precincts of the temple. typity the serpent to which a young girl of
The (supposed) etfigy of Juno, with the title Lamwium went every yezn"to otfer it nourish
of Moneta, appears on a dennrius of the Canlria ment in its cavern. This denarius was struck
family; the reverse of the coin exhibits a by L. Pracilius whilst he was monetary triumvir.
hammer, a pair of tongs, and an anvil, above He chose this type because his family was
which is the bonnet of Vulcan, with the originally of Lanuvium, where he perhaps pos
circumscription of '1'. CARISWS, and on some sessed the estate called Pruciliana, and by
coins SAL\"l'Al1lS, the whole surmounted by a corruption Porcilien, which has become cele
laurcl.—See Cari.ria—l[0neta. brated for the great number of monuments dis
Juno Re_qina.——This surname of REGINA was covered there.—See Pracilia.
given to rvxo, because she was the wife of Juno Sospita crowning an Augur, is seen on
Jupiter, who was the King of Gods and Men. a dennrius of the Cornuficia family, bearing the
The type,which generally accompanies this legend inscription of Q. CORNVFICI. aveva. uu>.—For
on coins of the Imperial series, is that of a by an institution of Nnma, perpetuating a
woman standing or sitting, veiled, who holds in the most ancient ceremony of the Aborigines, a
right hand a putera, and in the left a hasta pura, goat was sacrificedat the altar of Juno, in the
or rather, perhaps, a sceptre; and frequently at presence of an Augur, as appears from a dena
her side the peacock, a bird consecrated to her, rius of Licinius Varus; whence Juno Sospita
either because it is so beautiful in plumage, or herself is made to place a crown on the head of
because all the colours in its tail are comparable Quintus Cornuficius, standing in his an
to the rainbow, or Iris, who was the messenger robes and with his liluu: of otfice. The Em
of Juno, as Mercury was of Jupiter. peror Trajan restored this numismatic monu
ment, relating to the religion and to the history
of times long antecedent to his own.
IVNONI SOSPI'l‘AE—-and SISPITAE.—
On first brass of Antoninus Pius and of Com
modus, the former legend spelt Saspitaa, the

IVNONT REGINA.E.—A throne and a pea

cock with tail spread beneath it ; on some a
sccptre is placed transversely upon the th.rone.—
On large brass of Faustino, scuior.
IVNO REGINA and IVNONI REGINAE.
-This legend is never seen on coins -of the latter Sispitae, the Godess appears with goat
Emperors, except one of Claudius Gothicus. skin and horns on her head, and casting a
But as the venerated Queen of Deities, Juno was javelin, having a serpent before her.
3S
498 IUPPITER CUSTOS. J USTINIANUS.
Juno Samia.—Thc Samian Juno, so called Honorins. It is inscribed round.a garland,
from the island of Samoa, where she was (also within which is a cross, between the letters
as Pronuba) worshiped with great devotion. A a. 1:.
figure of the Goddess in question, standing with This singular coin was first published in the
an cur of corn at her feet, appears on a silver Catalogue of the D’Ennery Cabinet (p. 393), the
medallion of Hadrian, with the legend cos. III. author of which adds that it was found at
n legend very common on that Emperor's silver Tolosa (Toulouse), where reigned Thcodoricus,
coins. King of the Goths, who, about the year 449,
Juppiter and Jupiter:-On coins this name is gave his daughter in marriage to Rechiarius,
spelt both without and wit/t the double P. son of Rechila, King of the Suevi.—Tanini,
IVPPITER CVSTOS—IVPPITER LIBE who republishes the same coin, merely adds:
RATOR.—Jn iter seated, holds the thunder Riclxiar-£14: Suenorum re.-r in rnmmmentus: pad;
bolt in his rig t hand and a spear in his lett. hunt
“ Thatcinyularem
celebrated collection
nummum percutere
(says Eckhel in his
The above two legends (with the double P),
accompanied by the same type, appear on gold note on this subject), well deserved to have been
and silver of Nero.—“ It is very probable (says more thoroughly examined, nor ought it to have
Eckhel) what Vaillant thinks, that those coins been so loosely asserted that the medal in question
were struck on the occasion of the tyrant’s was struck by Rechiarius, the son-in-law of
escape from, the conspiracy of Piso, about the Theodoric. The former, according to Idscius
year of Rome 818, under the peril of which he and the Chronicle of Isidorns, became King of
acknowledges the interposing guardianship of the Suevi, in Spain, in the year 447; but
Jupiter the Protector and the Liberator. It Honorius, to whom the coin is inscribed, had
appears that Nero, afier the defeat of that plot already paid the debt of nature (423). This
against his life, consecrated in the Capitol the coin, therefore, must necessarily belong tosome
dagger which had been aimed at him, and in King of the Suevi of the same name, who,
scribed it Iovr vmn;cr.—The Greek colonies of during the reign of Honorins, might have
Patras and of Corinth, were also induced, in obtained kingly power over his countrymen, or
consequence of this danger, to inscribe on their a portion of them, and to whom it may have
coins under Nero, rvrrrrna uar:aa'roa.—-See seemed fit thus publicly to honour this emperor.
Paine col. in which he is represented standing In the same manner at a later period, the
with Eagle in right and haste in lefl hand.— Gothic Kings of Italy adopted the practice of
And not only with Nero, but also with others, placing the heads of the Emperors of the East
at the same period, was Jupiter the Liberator on their coinage."
held in honour, though from dilfercnt causes. Mionnet gives the above coin, as from the
For Seneca and Thraseas Prctus, doomed by that cabinet of M. Gosselin, and obscr\'es—Ci'II¢:
sanguinary monster to sutfcr death, sprinkling médaille unique paroit Eire la seal monument
around the blood from their opened veins, ex que l'on ail tie: Suéves. ~
claimed tibemua Jovi Litemton'.——See Jupiter. IVST. Ju.rta.—lVST. VENER. MEMOR.
-In appellandi or provocandi —The exercise understood).--Legend on a coin of(Solula
—Jueta Venera.na'¢e Jlemorim Constantine,
of this privilege is well represented on a coin of
the Porcia family, on the obverse of which there mentioned by Bimard in his notes on Jouéerl,
is the head of Rome helmcted, with the in vol. i. p. 283.——See also Eckhel, vol. viii.
scription Pudliua LAECA nous: on the reverse p. 93.
is a fi in a military dress between two Justinianw I. (Flaviuc Aniciua), born in the
others, of whom the one on the right hand is district of Bederiana, or in the town of Tauresium,
togated, or in the habit of a Roman citizen, near Bcderiana, in lllyria, A.D. 488, was the
over the head of which the other extends his nephew of -Tnstinus the First, by his sister
hand; on the left is a Lictor with rods: in the Vigilantia, the divorced wife of Sebatius, and
exergue we read rnovoco.—See PORCIA family. adopted by his uncle in 527, succeeded to
——'l‘his medal is amonumcnt of alaw carried by the empire a few months afierwards. He was a
u Tribune of the People, called the Lew Port-ia, prince of weak, ungenerous, vain, and heart»
that no citizen of Rome should be beaten with less character; whose reign, though marked
rods. The advantages of this law have been by events of honour to the Roman name, was
attested by many writers; and especially by no less stained by the Emperor's meanness
Ciccro.—0n mother coin of the same family under adversity, overbearing cc in more
is found a monument of this Tribune in‘thc prosperous circinnstances; and, worst of all, by
safety of the main liberty ot‘ Roman citizens. his ingratitude to Bclisarius, the most illustrious
The obverse of this is nearly like the one above of his many nblc generals. Of a studious dis
described; but on the reverse appears the position, his talents for jurisprudence have
Goddess of Libcrty with the pi/cu: or bonnet in served more than his princely virtues to hand
her right hand, and with a spear in her left, down his name to posterity. For, by his
standing in a qnndrigza, and c-ruwm~d by a fi_-zure command, all the laws, as well as edicts of
of Victory. The legend is Murmu PO1tCtuasovcrci§_'ns, and the opinions of jurist-on.-'ults,
Rt)“.-\. were collected into one body, afterwards digested
IVSSV. RICHIARI. REGES. (rie.)—~This into those celebrated volumes called the cadet,
memorial of Richiarus, Ring of the Suevi, paudects, institutions, &c. Before his death
appears on the reverse of u silver medal of (a.n. 565), he made a titty years’ truce with
 IUSTINUS. JUSTITIA. 409
Chosrocs, King of the Persians, which, how country, A.D. 568.—~Italy lost, Justin had to
ever, that scourge of the Romans broke under struggle with the increasing ditlicultics of a
Justinian’s imprudent successor, Justinus the Persian war, and died in the midst of it, a
Second. Pelagian hcretic, in the year of Christ 578,
Justinianus is styled on his coins D. N. and the thirteenth of hisreign, having appointed
rvs-rmranvs. r.r. ave. and appears, afier the Tiberius as his successor.—He is numismatically
manner of Constantinopolitan Emperors, crowned
styled D.N. rvsrmvs. INN. PP. AVG. His coins
with a gemrncd diadem. His brass coins are in gold are common, except those with title of
common; silver and gold less so. An unique junior, and with the legend of Gabalarum;
gold medallion exhibits his full-faced bust silver are very rare; brass are common, except
on one side; and his equestrian figure with those on which his name is conjoined to that of
sanvs and GLORIA aoxanoavn, on the re his truculent and im 'ous wife so1>ma.—“'l‘he
verse.——See Mionnet. coins, however (says Akerman), of Justinus the
Justina: I. born of a peasant family at Second arc diflicult to distinguish from those of
Bedcrinnn, in Thrace, in the year 450, and the elder Justinus; but those which are supposed
employed during his earliest years in the lowest to belong to the latter are more common than
occupations. He travelled to Constantinople in the others.”
his sirtmutlr year, and there exchanged his Justitia, the virtue that renders to everyone
ragged garments for the dress and arms of a his own (suum cuique). On coins of the Roman
soldier. His striking figure recommended him mint, struck under the Emperors Tiberius,
to one Emperor, and his military qualities to Nerva, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Pescennius
another, till at length, by dint of cunning and Niger, Sept. Severus, and Alexander Severus,
courage united, the poor cottager’s half-starved Justitia, or Justilia Augusta’, is represented
son contrived to mount the first throne of the under the type of a woman, standin with
east.—On the death of Anastasius, whose pstera, sceptre, hast-a, or rudder, in her ands;
Prmtorian prefect he had become, s.n. 518, he or, like AEQ\‘IT.\S, sitting with balance in one
was proclaimed emperor at Constantinople. hand, and holding the Iuuia pura in the other,
Considering his origin, it is not surprising if his or a cornucopim.
natural abilities proved greater than his educa l'VSTITIA.—On a gold coin of Hadrian’s,
tional acqnirements. In fact, he could neither Justice is seated on the curule chair, as on a
write nor read. But, says Beauvais, “The tribunal; with the insignia of the Ila-tin para
mildness of his character, the aifability of his and the extended palrrra she displays her care
deportment towards his subjects, the justice for religion.—'l‘he head of this goddess, whose
with which he governed them, his zeal (carried, other name is T/ienzis, appears adorned with the
however, to a. rigorous excess against the Arians) diadem on n coin of the ./llami/in family, in
for the purity of the Christian faith, marked the memory of a law made respecting boundaries or
course of his reign, and have entitled him to a land marks.
place in the rank of princes.”—In 526, I\-'S'[‘l'l‘IA.—On a second brass, Livia, or
Cahadcs, king of Persia, having broken the Julia, appears with the name, and after the
peace which snbsisted between the two empires, form of Justilia. It is one of three medals on
Justin sent against him an army commanded by which the mother of Tiberius is repre-Ienled
the cclebrated Bclisarius, who marched vic under the figure, or attributes of different
toriously into the heart of Persia; but the Divinities. She is culled on the first, saavs
Emperor did not sec the end of that war, for he svevsra; on the second, rvsrma; on the
died on the first of August, 527, having a few third, PIETAB. These medals were struck under
months before associated his nephew Justinianus Tiberius; the two latter were afterwards restored
in the government. He had no children b his by Titus.
wife, named Eufcmia.—On his coins (whicli are IVV. Juventuiis.-—PRlNceps l'VVe1llvti:.—
wrmnon in gold, with his head only, and in See the words. _
brass of every size; but rare in silver, and very IVVENTAS—lV\’EN'l‘A—~IVVENTVS.—
rare with his figure and that of Justinian) he is The Goddess Juventas, or of Youth, the same
styled D.N. rvsrnvvs P.r. .svo.—0n the reverses with her who was called Hebe by the Greeks, is
of some, appear the monograms of Thcodoricus thus made by Ovid to perform the otfice of cup
and of Athalaricus, kings of the Ostrogotbs. bearer at the feasts of the Gods =—
Juslinus II. (Flavius Anicius), who had Nectar, ct ambrosinrn, latices, epulasqnc. deorum
held the oflice of master of the palace to Det mihi formosa nava Juventa manu.
his uncle -lustinianus, was the son of Dulcissi Pontic. Epist. I. X. 11.
mus and Vigilantia, and became, by succession,
Emperor of the East, .\.n. 565. A weak and There was s temple of Juvenhu at Rome,
imprudent prince, addicted to pleasure, and where, by n very ancient custom, money was
selfish in policy, he re-called and ill-treated dcpositcd hy those who assumed the toga eiri/is.
Nurses, his prcdeccssor’s wise general, and Atter Autoninus Pius, adopting M. Aurelius,
conqueror of the Goths in Italy; who, in had nominated him as his successor, a medal
revenge, invited the Lombards flongobardi) was struck, on the obverse of which we sec M.
into ltaly, which that Scandinavian people over Aurelius having the down merely on his checks,
ran, with 200,000 fighting men, making them and with the inscription AVE. can. ave. Pp. r.,
selves masters of the greatest portion of that and on the reverse a crown, within which is the
SS2
500 JUVENTAS. LABARUM.
word rwmrrvs, or in some coins IVVENTAS;
and, below, s. c.——Antonio Agostini believes K.
that this medal was struck in remembrance of
that important day when the beard of Aurelius K, the Kappa of the Greeks, and thc tenth
was first submitted to the tonsor's operation, letter of their alphabet, very seldom appears
and the downy fruits wcrc, according to amongst Latin letters, and then only in small
established usage, consecrated to this same words. On Roman coins, with Latin inscriptions,
goddcss.——Allusive to the some event, there are the K is used only in the instance of Karllnzgo,
the coins in which Juvenia: stands under the as raux |mn'r., and that not always; for on
figure of a woman placing frankinccnse on a the well-known coins of Scvcrus we rmd
candelabrum, with her right hand, and holding rnnvnonnrra IN ciun‘.-—See the legend.
K and C were formerly, from similarity of
sound, employed indiscriminately the one for
the other, as in the above-named example-—
unrnaoo, KALENDAE, &c. But though this
was the most ancient custom, yet in inscriptions
of a subsequent date the K was relinquished
and those words remained written with the letter
C. In later times the K resumed its ascendancy.
K is found in use on Latin coins of the lower
empire, viz.: KAA. and BKA., on medals of
Tacitus, Florianus, Prohus, Carus, Numerianns,
Carinus, as mbrignationea (or monetary under
signings.)—Tristan, in his remarks on the
Carthaginian state, has attempted an interprets’
a patera in her left, ashore shown from a second tion of these letters.
brass coin of Marcus Aurelius.
IVVENTAS. S. C.——On a first brass of M. L.
Aurelius, bearing this legend, the type, instead
of the goddess above described, presents the L.—Thc eleventh letter of the Roman alpha
figure of a young man, in a short dress, stand bet.—A single L is sometimes put for a double
ing with a branch in one hand, and a Ira-rta in one, as APOLINI for APOLLINI. Banduri i. p.
the other, near s trophy. 157. AQVILIVS for AQVILLIVS. Seethe Aquilia
The type of a young man standing with a family.—-This letter is used as a mint mark on
spear near a trophy is frequently seen on coins many family coins.
of subsequent reigns, with the accompanying L.—This letter signifies the colony
legend of Pamcars 1vv1:Nrv'r1s ; and this, Lam, or Julia Laua. It also signifies
Leyro
we
perhaps, was intended to represent the statue (Leg-ion), or Lucius, or Ludi, the pubhc
dedicated to M. Aurelius as Prince of the Roman games.
youth. L. on a tablet means Libero. See the denarius
IVVENTA Il\IPERII.—This legend appears of the Coelia family, on which are the letters
on a denarius of Caraculla, on the reverse of L. 1)., Libero, Damno, struck in memory of C.
which the Emperor stands, in military garb, Coelius Culdus.
holding a globe surmounted by Victory, and a L., Lugdunum, or Lugdrmi, the city of
spear; a captive crouching at his feet. Lyon.—L. P., Luyduni Percuara (money) struck
Caracalla, say Vaillnut, when his father at Lyons; or Lugdunenri: Pecunia, money of
Severus had already become an old man, was Lyons.—L., on coins of Carausius and Allectus,
called Juvenla Imperii, the youth of the empire, Londinium.
because great hope was entertained of him in his L. is a Latin sign for the number fifty.
early years. Thus we see him represented on LA., Latimus, as in F0almnus'. \
this coin with a Victory in his hands, having, in Labarum, a Roman military ensign, which is
conjunction with his father, conquered the described to have been n more distinguished
Parthians, as the captive at his feet serves to species of vex-illum, or cavalry standard, and,
testify. Hence also on another silver coin of like the rest, was an object of religions vaneration
this ferocious priucc, struck during the reign of amongst the soldiers, who paid it divine honours.
his scarcely lcss truculcnt sire, he is fondly That the Labarum dated its designation as the
called Imperii Felicitaaa imperial standard from an early period of the
Juventia ; this family is scarcely to be classed empire, is a supposition confirmed by a colonial
amongst those of the Romans. The colony of medal of Tiberius (dedicated to that Prince by
Casar-Augusta exhibits on its coins thc names of Czerarea Au;/11sta——Saragozza), on which may
magistrates who bear the surname of -/uvlmfimr. be remarked the form of that ensign. It was
For example the Luperci: rvvmv-r LVPERCO originally a kind of square banner of purple
IIVIIL Juuentia I/uperco Duumviro. bordered with gold fringe, attached to the upper
Juvenhu.—See PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS. end of along pike or spear; on the drapery of
IX. Numeral marks——as IMP. Ix. &c., on this banner an eagle was painted, or embroidered,
coins of Augu.stas—Imperator Normm for the in gold tissue, and it was hoisted only when the
ninth time. Emperor was with the army. But Constantine,
 LABIENUS. L. AELIUS CAESAR. B01
atter having abandoned paganism, caused a against the Germans on the Rhine, where he
decided change to be made in the ornaments of fortified several towns; but after a few months,
the labarum. The statf of the pike was crossed in the midst of his labours, he was treacherously
at a certain height by a piece of wood, forming slain by his troops, at the instigation of
a cross. At the upper part, above this cross Vietorinns.—He is styled nu’. c. var. con.
piece, was fastened a brilliant crown of gold and LAELIANVS. P. r. ave.—His gold and base silver
precious stones, in the middle of which appeared are the rarest of all the coins struck by the
the monogram of Christ, formed by two Greek usurpers in the time of Gallienns. Those in
initials, X. P., joined together thus and third brass are also rare.
often accompanied by two other letters, A. Mr. Akerman, in his “ Descriptive Catalogue”
and 0., placed on each side, indicating the belief (vol. ii. p. 63), observes :—“ The names of
of Our Saviour's divinity, in the words of St. Laclianus, Lollianus, and Aelianus, are used
John’a Apocalypse, as noted in Eusebius's Life indiscriminately by historians, who appear to
of Constantine. From the two arms of the apply them to the same personage, namely, the
cross-piece, hung the purple banner, richly usnrper who assumed the purple in Gaul, during
ornamented with jewels and with gold embroidery. the reign of Postumus in that country; but,
And, instead of the Roman Eagle, the former according to some coins, upon which the preno
object of the soldiers’ idolatry, Constantine men is different, the above names belong to
caused the monogram of Christ to be placed on three different persons. The coins of Laelianus
the banner also. In the space between the are fully authenticated; not so those ascribed to
crown and the flag, the Emperor placed his bust Lollianus and Aelianus.”
in gold, or those of his children. But this L. AELIVS CAESAR.——LueiuaAeIius Cesar,
feature is not engraved on the medals.——Fifty son of Anuius, created Caesar by Hadrian, and
chosen men were charged by him with the adopted as his suceessor.—See asmvs.
appointment of carrying and defending this Laelilia, Jay, or Rejaicing, is personified on
sacred standard at the head of the army, when many Roman medals, and characterised by
commanded by the Emperor in person, and were different attributes. This Lzlilia first occurs on
thence culled Labarzferi. a gold coin of Antoninus Pius, struck in his fourth
The Labarum marked with the monogram of consulate (v. c. 902), under the figure of a woman,
Christ is seen on coins of Constantine the Great, having corn-ears in her right hand and an apple
also of Constans, of Jovianus, of Valentinianus, in her lefi; and the same type is frequently
&c. A verillum, or cavalry standard, resembling found, in subsequent reigns, engraved on Im
the Labarum, appears dh several colonial coins, perial coins, with various additions to the name,
such as Acci, Antiochia Pisidixe, Cmsar-Augusta, viz., L¢titia,Aug., Temp0rum,Pu6lica,Fundala,
&c.—lt is also found in the lefi: hand of emperors, &c. Nor (says Eckhel), is there any room for
on some military figures, on coins of Nero, doubt but that sacred rites were publicly dedi
Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antouinus Pius, M. cated to her, the same as, on an ancient marble
Aurelius, Commodus, Severus, and other princes we read, were paid to Jucuna'i!as:—
anterior to Constantine, with whose family and ammo IVCVNDITATI iuvsis rnoaanq. s.
successorS it appears on coins with the Christian On other coins she appears, sometimes holding
symbols to the end of the imperial series. a sceptre or wand in one hand, and in the other
The Labarum, or at least the ve.z-illum, is an a crown, because in public festal rcjoicings the
attribute which accompanies the nlunismatic people were accustomed to wear crowns. Some
personification of many of the Roman provinces, times she holds a branch of a tree, because the
viz., Afrira, under Diocletian, Maximiaii, verdure of bonghs and branches delight the
Galerius, Constantins Chlorus.——Armem'a, under mind; on which account, during public ocea
Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus.—Britannia, sions of rejoicing, the houses and streets of a
under Antoninns Pius, and Sept. Severus. city we're ornamented with them.——On some
Uappadocia, under Hadrian, and Antonine.—— medals Laetitia holds an ane/mr, to shew that
Dacia, under Antonine, Philip seu., Trajanus the cause of hilarity was of a solid and lasting
Decius.—Ilium, under Caracalln.——Pann0nia, kind. It is thus that we see her represented on
under Aelius Caesar. coins of Gordianus Pius, Philip senior, Valerian,
LABIENVS, a Roman General under the Gallienus, Victorinus, Quintillus, Anrelian and
Republic, surnamed Par!/zicm, for his hav Sevcrina, Tetrieus, Florianus, Probus, Caransius,
ing conquered the Parthians, is thus re Alleetus, Galerins.—Sometimes Laetitia is de
corded on a dcnarius of the Alia family ;——Q. pietured standing, with a garland and a rudder,
LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMPeralor.——Rev. as on coins of Crispins, Lucilla, Severus, Domna,
A horse saddled and bridled.——This coin is of C*1l'8¢8118,Elflg‘flblll1-1, Aql1ilia,Alexander Severus,
the first rarity: in gold unique.—Sea Alia. Maasa, Philip senior, Tacitus, and Carinus.—
Laeliamu (I/Ipiue Cornelius), one of the On other medals she is seated with the same
usurpcrs in the time of Gallienns.—He appears attributes, as we see in the case of Philip senior.
to have been of Spanish origin, and when —See Ili/arilas.
Postumus was slain by his soldiers, he seized LAE'l‘ilia FVNDATa—Well founded re
upon the government at Magliiitiaeum, (Mayeuce, joieing.—-On coins of Crispiua and also of
in Germany), about a.n. 267. An active and Philip senior, with this inscription, a woman
very courageous man, he was distinguished for witha garlandin her right hand; and in her left
his military knowledge and skill, and made head the rudder of a ship placed on a globe; because,

f
I502 LAETITIAE. LAODICAEA.
says Oiselius (Sel. Num.}, “the pilots of vesselsLAETITIAE C. V. S. P. R.—Lac(ifia
direct their course firmly through the waves of Clipeum Vovit Senalmr Populuaq. R11manu.r.—
the ocean to the place of their destination.” This appears on a first and second brass of Com
LAETITIAE PVBLICA_E—To Public Joy. modus.
Lan11vina.—Juno with head covered with the
goat-skin, carrying spear and small shield, and
wearing shoes turned up at the tocs.——See Juno
Soapila or Sispila.
Lamwina, the virgin who, according to the
ancient Calnpnnia fable, was yearly sent to offer
a serpent food in its cave, represented on a
denarius of L. Papius Cclsus, to shew his origin
from the city of Lanuvium.—The mme virgin
is seen on coins of the Papia and Roscia
families, offering food to a serpent, which is
raising itself in coils before her.—A bronze
medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the Mus. Pisau.
——La:titia stands with corn-ears in her right exhibits a girl standing near a tree and feeding
hand and the hasta pura in her left: on first a serpent folded round the trunk.
brass of Faustina jun. The Lamwinian serpent, or dragon, coiled in
LAETITIA A\"G.—On coins of Gallienus, folds, appears on coins of Pomponia and Pspia
in all the three metals, this legend appears families, with the figure of a woman near it.
with type of a woman holding a garland and an Lanuvinium, or Lanuvium, also Laviniuru,
anchor, struck by order of that voluptuous, a municipal and_ colonial city of Campania,
heartless, and eccentric emperor, when his whose temples were restored by Antoninus Pius.
father Valerian was actually groaning under the LAOCOON, with his two sons, entwined in
cruel and ignominious captivity of the Persians. the folds of serpents, appears on the reverse of
._,\¢cm-(ling to Pollio, “ Gallienus, aware a conlorniale medal (in the Imperial Museum at
that Macrisnus and his children had been Vienna), having on the obverse the head of
slain, and that' his father was still a pri Nero, and the legend rue. NERO carsan avo.
soner to Sapor, in fancied security against con_ Laallicea Syria (now called .Ladl"e_yah or
sequcnces, abandoned himself to lewd plea Lain‘-ia), s maritime q'ty situated on a peninsula
sures, gave public gzuncs, and invited the people towards Phoenicia, and possessed of one of the
as if in days of victory to festivity and re finest harbours. It was founded by Seleucus
joicing.”——S0metimes the legend of Lmtilia Nicator (one of the most powerful of Alcxandcr’s
Au_qu.rti (Joy of the Emperor) has for its accom generals, and the first of the Seleucidae, Kings
panying type a galley at sea, with rowers pro of Syria). It afterwards received many favours
polling it, and the Emperor standing at the helm: from Cmsar, and in consequence took the name
as on gold, silver, and brass coins of Postumus. of Julia, about A. v. 0. 707, from which time
it dates its new epocha (before Christ 48).—It
LAETITIA COS. IIII. struck both Autonomous and Greek Imperial
Two female figures stand coins. The former offer the head of Alexander I.,
ing together; one holding Balm, King of Syria.—An Imperial Greek of
corn-ears,the other a globe. Hadrian bears the name of Aradus, in token of
On a gold coin of Anto its alliance with that island; but it was not till
ninus Pius. the reign of Sept. Severus that this Lsodicca
became a Roman Colony. By the same Emperor
LAETITIA TEMPORVM'.—A galley with it was constituted a Metropolis, and invested
sail spread, about which qurulriga! arc running; with the privilege of striking coins with Lalin
and many anima]s.—This unusual type, on the legends, which it exercised under his reign,
reverse of a gold coin of Sept. Severus, serves (including his Empress Julia Donlns), and
to illustrate s passage in Dio, wherein that continued to do so in considerable numbers,
writer referring to various spectacles, exhibited under the succeeding reigns of Cam:-alla, Gcts,
by the above Emperor on his return from the Macrinus, Diadumenianus, Elagnbalus, Philip
East, and in which a great many wild beasts senior, Trebonianus Gallus, and Valerian senior;
were killed, soys——“ A receptacle was built for on which were inscribed cor. SEP. sun. moo.
thcm in the amphitheatre, constructed in the mrrno. Calonia Se]/fimia Aurelia Lwdirm
form of a ship, so that 150 (0. 1).) wild beasts lllvlropolis. The name of Seplimia being adopted
-A might be received into it, in memory of its benefactor Severus, and the
and at the same time be at former name of Julia abandoned.
once sent forth from it. Vaillant has not enumerated any colonial
The ship suddenly falling to medals of Laodicea in bzyria ad mare, struck
pieces, there issued out of it under S. Severus. But Pellerin has supplied
bears, lionesses, panthers, that omission by giving engravings of three fine
lions, &c.”——A gold coin of large brass of this colony dedicated to that
Caracalla here engraved emperor, viz. :
has also the same reverse. 1.—IMP. CAES. L. SP. SEVERO AVG.
 LAODICEA. LAODICEA. 508
T. IVL. AVG. M.C.—-Radisted head of Severus, quiver which hangs at hcr back, and holding
joined with that of Julia Domna.—It is judged the bow in her left.
that this legend should be read lMPerato'ri [The Laodiceans of Syria, from the variety
CAESari Lucio Sr]-Vimio SEVERO AVGzuto of coins which they dedicated to Elagabalus,
c T. IVLi¢ AVGurt¢e Matri Cartrorum. a native of that country, seem to have been
Jievers-e.—SEP. LAOD., that is to say, among the first who proclaimed him Emperor.
SEPtimi'a LAOD1'cea.-—-Tupiter seated, holds a They selected Diana as the type of this reverse,
Victory in one hand, and ‘rests his other hand doubtless,_ on account of her being the object of
on a s . Under his chair is an eagle. Before supreme worship in their city, as Lampridius
him is s table, on which is a large urn. records, in noticing her image placed in the
2.——On the second medal are the same legend adytum, a most secret and sacred place of her
and portraits on the obverse; and on the reverse temple there]
a figure of Silenus standing. Diana also appears on a small brass of Philip
3.—The third coin has the single head of senior, standing with bow and arrow in hsr
Severus on its obverse; and on the reverse ANT. hands, and with two stage at hcr fcct, one on
AVG. GET. CAE.—Caraca1la and Gets joining each side; those animals being sacred to her,
hands. as Apollodius atIirms.——ln this medal the goddess
The following are also amongst the types of appears with the iuluhu on her head, and clothed
this colony, as given in Vail1ant:— in a long 1:unic.—ii. p. 162.
Temple.——On a second brass of Caracalla, Ihrreled /zead.—()n a small brass of Elega
which bears the legend gt‘ COL. LAODXCEAS balus is the turrcted head of a female, with
u2'rn.o|>o1.nos, and the initials A. 12.; in the the legend l.AODl(;EON.—0Il another of the
field of the coin an eagle, with its wings same size, is the some head, placed within
spread, stands within s temple of two columns a temple of two colunms: in each are the
surmounted by a dome.—Tbe same reverse letters A. E.
appears on a coin of Elagabalus.—[The eagle in [Vaillnnt gives what appear to be sulllcicnt
the temple is considered by Vaillant as referring reasons for regarding this type as representing
to Jupliter rather than to the Roman cmpii-e.— the Genius of the City, and not one of the Dii
ii. 38. majorum genlium, such as Pallas and Diana, as
In Vaillant’s work there is only one medal Putin seems to consider it.—ii. 82.]
of this colony inscribed to Cs.racalla.—Pellerin, Wres!1ars.—Oii a small coin of the some
however, speaks of no less than ten others Emperor are two naked At/ilehz wrestling.
struck under the same emperor. Among the Le nd naonrzcsox.
more remarkable of these he mentions those that These male figure s indicate certain cerlamina
have for their legend an-rsauvm Bnnnrlcivsr, or public sports celebrated at Lnodicca. On
and for their type a measure full of corn-ears; such occasions the competitors for the prize
also those attributed to this city which repre were stripped of every particle of clothing, and
sent the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, being previously annointcd with ceroma (oil
with the lcszend ROMAE FEL. mixed with wax), they contended together with
Laurel Cr0wn.—-A small brass, inscribed to mutual grappling and lilting, whilst each
Gcta as Cmsar, bears for legend ssrr. 001.. endeavoured to give the other “a ilooring.”—
LAOD. in-zrao. Seplimia Colorzia, &c., within llcrculcs was, according to Pausanias, the re
a laurel wreath. ' puted institntor of the olympic games.—'I'here
[_Laodicea, as has been already remarked, are colonial medals of Caracalla which inform
computed a new era from the times of Severus, us that the verlarrzina 0l_1/mpia were performed
to whom, deserting the cause of Pcscennius, at Tyre; and this coin shews the probability of
this city adhered, during the brief but bloody the same contests having been celebrated at
struggle of those two ambitious men for the Laodir-ea.-—ii. 83.]
imperial throne. The consequence was that Woman, with a tutulnted or turretcd head,
Pcsccnnius treated her with the greatest stands holding in hcr right hand an eagle, and in
oppression and cruelty. But as soon as he was her left a rudder, on a small brass of Philip
slain, Laodiceli was invested with the colonial senior; on another the same female figure ex
privileges of which Severus had instantly stripped tends her hand but without the eagle ; and on a
the ple of Antioch, who had sided with his third she appears sitting on the rudder, holding
riv . As Antioch, however, was afterwards the handle of it in her right hn.nd.—The legend
pardoned by Severus, he, as if by way of com of the reverse, on all three coins, is coL. LADD
pcnsation, made Lacdicea s colony, and amongst or LAODIC nun mrrsoronnos.
other great privileges allowed it to assume [The woman delineated in these difi'erent ways
Ilelropolia for its second titlc.—The laurel represents the city of Laodicea, and is the
' wreath alludes to the victory gained by Severus Genius loci, adorned with towers as if strongly
over the Parthians, and on which account the fortified; bears a ship’s rudder, to indicate its
title of Cwsar was conferred upon Gets by his maritime site, and its possession of a directing
father ——ii. p. 57.] influence. As a Roman colony, the Genius
Diana.———On a middle brass of Elagabalus of Laodicea holds an eagle, the symbol of
(ll. 82), this goddess in her character and Rome. (The port of the city appears, Irom
costume of huntress stands in the attitude of the description given of its ruins by Shaw,
drawing with her right hand an arrow from the to have been spacious and well sheltered.)

/G‘
504 LAODICEA. LAODICEA.
The Genius being seated on the rudder (an second brass of Philip junior, inscribed to him
unusual mode of representation) argues the by the Laodiceans.
tranquil state of the colony; for Laodicen re Lapia, a stone, was with certain oriental
osed awhile afier peace had been entered into by nations of antiquity u symbol of divinity.
hilip with the Persians, who, occupying part (Jobert, i. p. 394-i23.)—.~\ stone shaped in
of Mesopotamia, threatened Syria herself, and the form of a cone, or of a pyramid, and placed
therefore the city, in congratulation, inscribed in a temple, was the type of Venus. And
these coins to the Emperor.——ii 168.] under this lapidary form Jupiter himself appears
Woman standing with tutulus on her head to have been worshipped, and was hence called
and clothed in the tunic, places her right hand Jupiler Lapis. (Bimard, i. p 423.)—A huge
on the tiller of a ship’s rudder, and in her ex stone in the form of a mount, and placed in a
tended lefi hand holds two small images. car, was the representative of the Silk, whom
[The personification of Laodicea here supports Elagabalus worshipped, and by whom this type
the small statues of Trebonianus Gallus and his was impressed on silver coins, with the legend
son Volusianus, as if those two.princes were the of CONSERVATOR AVG. and SANCT. Dar. sou.
Genii of the city, in like manner as on coins of ELAGABAL.-—SC8 those inscriptions.
Phillipo lis, Rome seated is seen bearing in Larva, household gods, who were supposed
her ban the images of the Philips, father and to take care of both house and land; and hence
son.—ii. 214.] the Latins called them Dii frzmiliares. Each
Silenu.r.—0n a first brass of Trebonianns tutelary deity, chosen by a family, received this
Gallus, struck by the Laodiceans, Silcnus appears appellation. They were at first worshipped on
in his usual posture and with his usual attributes, the domestic hearth (focus), but afterwards in a
the right hand uplifted, and the goat-skin bag particular chapel or oratory named the Lararium.
on his left shoulder. The Lures‘ were commonly represented undu
[This type shcws that the deified tutor and the figure of twins in the age of adolescence;
associate of Bacchus was worshipped at Lao still oftener as young men, between whom was
dieea.--ii. 215.] " placed s dog, the usual house-guard.——There
Wolf sue/rlinpq Romulus and Remus‘:-This was a more than ordinary display of superstition
type appears on a second brass of this colony among the Romans with regard to the Larea.
struck under Macrinus, omitted in Vaillant, but They were crowned with flowers, and at each
meal s portion of the victuals was served to
engraved in Pellerin (llfil. i. pl. xviii. No. 11),
with legend of reverse ROMAE FEL—also them, no one daring to touch it; but it was
on a very fine first brass of Diadumenianus, not burnt in honour of them. Slaves on their
noticed in Vaillant, but given in Planch. xix. of emancipation consecrated their chains to the
the Mileage, roar. i. No. 2., Larmr; and youths arrived at manhood, dedi
Women with turrated lzead:.—On a large cated to these household gods the symbols of
brass of Elagabalus struck in this colony, the their minority; that is to say, the golden built:
reverse presents for legend con. moo. intrau as children they had worn on their breast.
ronaos, and for type a group of six figures, the Young women did the same when they married.——
centre one of which represents a woman with The Lures were considered to be the guardians
towers on her head, seated, having the figure of of the cross-ways. And Augustus, according
a river god at her feet. Four other females to Ovid in the Fasti, decreed that, at the com
standing, two on each side of the middle one, mencement of spring, the cross-ways (compile)
have the like turreted ornaments on their heads, should be adorned with chaplets of flowers.
and have their faces turned towards the woman A denarins of the Ca-sia family (see the
who is seated. In tho field of the coin are the word, p. 197), on one side of which appears
letters A E.—This rema rkablc and elegant medal the image of the God Vsjovis, represented
is described in Pellerin’s fllélange, T. i. pl. xix. in the manner in which Anlus Gellius de
No. 7. scribes it at Rome near the capitol; with the
Quadr-iga.—On a second brass of Laodicea letters AP. (Argentum Pnblicum) in monogram.
struck under the same emperor, is another re —On the reverse of this ra.re silver coin, we
markable reverse, allusive to the stone worship see the legend of L. CAESI; and the type consists
introduced by that Syrian priest of the Sim of two juvenile figures with spears, seated
into the ci of Rome. The reverse COL0m'a together, each with helmets on, the upper part
SEPtimia diam; and the type, a ear drawn of their bodies naked; the lower part clothed;
by four horses, on which is the image of the with a dog between them, and above them the
God Elagaballu, represented nnder the symbol bust of Vulcan, with forceps. In the field on
of a round conical formed stone.—This also is one side is LA. on the other 11122., both in
engraved in Pellerin’s Milange, pl. xix. No. S. n1onogram—which put together makes Lana;
For further explanation of the type see con and which fully warrants the supposition that
snavsroa. svo. of Elagabalus. the Vejovis on the obverse was a god chosen as
Tabla, with um and palms-.-On a second Lar or special protector of L. Caesius-, who
brass of Gordianus Pius, with lL‘_'..’.0I1(l con. caused the medal to be struck.
HELIOP. is a table on which is placed a large This reverse exhibits in the seated youths two
urn, containin three palm hranches.—Pellcrin, of the Lares, whose domestic and familiar
Mél. i. pl xx. o. 11. . guardianship has just been adverted to; and to
Colonist alplou_r/1|.-This type appears on a these household gods the head of Vulcan is
 LARGITIO. LAUREA CORONA. 506
appropriately conjoined, because the fiwua or ceded, and of what rights it consisted, Bimard
hearth, whose protection was religiously assigned ale la Bactie, in his notes on Jobert, has shewu
to the Larer, was moreover sacred to the God in a very able and diifuse inquiry.
of Fire (Volcanu-!J The figure of a dog seated Laliurn, or the country of the Latins; a
between them refers to the fidelity and domestic region of Italy, between the Tiber and the plains
habits of that animal. The composition and of Circe, a city of the Volscian territory.
union of such objects as these was not of rare Lavinium, aeity of Latium, built, according
occurrence among the Romans, as the following to Servius, by Lavinius, brother to Latinus,
words of Ovid very illustratively shew :— King of the Latins, imder whose reign ]Eneas
Przestitibus Maiae Larilma videre Kaleudra landed in Italy.—For an interesting illustration
Aram eonstitui, signaque parva deum. . . . . of the story of the arrival of Eneas on the
At ca/nis ante pedea saxo fabricatus eodem shore of Latium, see /Ehezu-.
Stabat. Qua: standi cum Lare causa fuit? Laurea corona, the laurel crown, among the
Servat uterque domum,domino quoque, fidns uterque, Romans, was rightly conferred only on those
Compita grata deo, compita grata cani. who had acquired pro-consular dignity; nor was
Exagitant et Lar, et turba Diania furcs, it granted even to the Cmars, unless they had
Pervigilantqne Lures, pervigilnntque canes. been invested with the title of Emperor.—
Bina yemellorum quzercbam szgna deorum. . .
Fasti. Lib. v. l. 129. Respecting the laurel crown of Julius Cm-ar, Sue
tonius (in his “Life” of him, c, 45) says: “He
InBana'el0l dz Dairvrzl’.r curious work entitled manifested much impatience under the blemish
De l’ufili{é des Vuya-_r}¢'s‘, vol. i. p. 171, the of baldness, which often exposed him to the
medal in question is given, with some learned jest of malicious detractors. It was on this
remarks on the Larva and Penalea of the account that he was desirous to remedy the
Romans. deficiency of hair on his head; and of all the
LARGITIO, abountiful largess.—This word, honours decreed to him by the Senate and
indicative of the Liberalitaa Imperalorum, people, there was none which he more readily
occurs on a brass medallion of Constantius II. received or more freely availed himself of, than
(son of Constantinns Magnus), on the obverse the jua lacrew pezpetuo ge.1l¢mda;—the privilege
of which is n. N.CON8'l‘AN'1‘IVS P. 1'. avo.; and of perpetually wearing the lau.rel.—This state
on the reverse, the Emperor, crowned with a ment is confirmed by Dion Cassius (L. xliii.)
tiara, sitting between two figures standing, the who observes, speaking of Julius—o“ Always
one belmeted and in a military dress, the other and everywhere be wore the laurel crown,
wearing a radiated crown, and extending the with which he covered his head, because he
right hand to Constantius, from whom it appears was bald.”—'l'he laurel crown, as the prin
to be receiving something—with the epigraph cipal ornament of Auyusli, is seen for the most
of LABGITIO. part on Roman coins, tied with n kind of
The learned dilfer in their explanations of ribband, which they employed in place of a
this very rare medal.liou.—Eckhel, however, diadem, although that specially royal emblem was
adopts, and apparently on the better grounds, itself not placed on the head of an Emperor.
the opinion of Gori, the Florentine uumismatist, Augustus, after the example of Julius, by
that Constantinople is personified by the type of whom he was adopted, frequently allowed the
the woman with radiated head: that the female laurea corona to be assigned him. Referring
with a helmet is intended to represent Ancient to this point Dion (L. xlix.) says—“ By
Rome ; sud that the whole relates to donations unanimous consent, at Rome, among other
on an extensive scale distributed to the troops honours, this also was decreed to him ul semper
and people by Constantius. The word LAB-GlTl0 laura cor0naretur.”—Hence, on many of his
is introduced in this instance for the first time coins we see the laurel encircling his head.
on coins, instead of the Liberalilar, and the And the same author aifirms (L. liii.) that,
Congiarium, previously in use. “ In fact (adds in addition to numerous honours already cou
Eckhel) this was the term peculiar to the period ferred on Augustus, it was ordained by the
in question, whence the expression Camiles Senate and people that laurel trees should be
privaiarum, or aacmrum largitionum, 8w.” planted in front of his palace, and oaken crowns‘
[vol. p. 1l7.]—See ABVNDANTlA—LIBE suspended on them, as though he were the
BALITAS. perpetual conqueror of the enemies, and saviour
Laricec, larch trees.—For the fable of three of the citizens of the republic.”
nymphs, sisters of Phaeton, changed into these In memory of this Senatorial decree, a gold
trees, see Accoleia. coin was struck, having on the obverse the
LARISCOLVS, surname of t e Accoleii, naked head of Augustus, with the legend of
from the abundance of the larc tree. P. cnasaa cos. vrr. CIVIBVS SERVATEIS, and on
ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS, whose name appears the reverse the words avovsrvs s. c. with the
on a denarius of the Accoleia family, is believed type of an Eagle, whose wings are expanded,
to have been appointed monetal triumvir by and who stands on an oakcn crown, behind
Julius Csrsar. which are two branches of laurel.—A denarius
LAT. otherwise LATI. Lalie/ma: one of of the Caninia family bears a type which
the prenomina of Pmrtumu; senior. alludes to the same event. _
Latii ju.r.——'l‘o what regions, states, and The s. c. observes Eckhel, in this coin,
cities, the privilege of this Latin law was cou “ shews both Caesar called Augustus, Smalu:
3T
506 LAUREA CORONA. LAURENTIA NICA.
Coiwullo, and by the same law decreed the Probns, Licinius, and Julian the Apostate.—The
oaken wreath and the laurels. Illustrating the laurel branch in lite band of Apollo is a
voice of Pliny, that Augustus having put an frequent type on coins of Trajan, Cara:-slla,
end to the civil wars of Rome, accepted a Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianns, flfimilianus,
civic crown from the human raec.”——vol. vi. Vulerianns, Gallienns, Quintillus.
P . Dion
58. further mentions that afler the death L. AVREL. Lucius Aureliru.——See Cone
moduc.
of Druszu, Augustus carried the laurel into L. AVREL. COMMOD. GERM. S.-\R.\I.
the temple of Jupiter Feretriu-I, prreler con Lucius Aurelius Commodus Germanimu Sar
sueludi/mn Ronuznam, and that ascending to maticus.
the capital, he took oil the laurel from the LAVRENTIA NICA.—Amon.gst the Con
fasces and placed it on the lap of Jupitcr.— torniate medals described by Eckhel from the
L. liv. Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, is one bearing on
The head of Tiberius likewise occurs, on its obverse the head and superscription of Nero;
coins, adorned with a crown formed of laurel, and on its reverse the above legend. The type
which sign of the highest rank is known to represents an instrument, composed of pipes
have devolved to him from Julius Cmsar him
self, although it is also known that he wore it
as a preservative against danger from lightning,
conformably to “a vulgar error” of the ancients,
which even Pliny adopts, and which encouraged
the belief that the electric fluid never struck the
laurel. His predecessor and relative Augustus
is said to have had the same dread of thunder,
and to have worn the laurel for the same reason.
The numismatic portraits of succeeding emperors
are crowned with laurel, generally tied round
the head with a fascia or fillet, of which the
ends hang down behind.
The laurealed ornament of the Imperial head
does notgppear beyond the reign of Constantine.
It is indeed found as far down as on coins of ranged in regular order, joined together, and
his sou, accompanied with the title of Caesar; descending in size, as the pipes of Pan are
but afterwards the Auyuati assumed the diadem, represented. Nmr it stands the figure of a man
the use of which Constantine had already intro holding out something similar to a fan. The
duced, as may be seen on the chief portion of legend expresses a wish that Laureutius (the
their coins.——See Diadem. organ player) may succeed or conquer.
Upon a medal of Probus we see the laurel All the learned, in explaining this and similar
between two Victories. The laurel appears in medals (of which Havercamp has given engrav
the hands of Pirlas, of Securilas, of (llementia, ings in his Diuerlalio de Nununi: Contomialir),
agree in pronouncing the type in question to be
on medals of Tiberius, of Helena, wife of Con
that of a musical organ, thus exhibiting the
stantius Chlorns, Sac. 'l\vo laurels before the
pdace of the Emperor Augustus are given image of a machine already known to the
amongst others by Oiselius, plate 92.—The ancients, and which serves also in our age for
laurel is also to be remarked on coins of the various uses. This organ was also of two kinds,
Aria, Caninia, Claudia, Cornelia, and Junie the hydraulic, which was worked by water, and
families; and the Emperors Augustus, Nero, the pneumatic, in which bellows, or a ball filled
Vespa-rizm, Domitian, Nerve, &:c. The same with wind (follis) was employed. Of the fonner
type also exhibits itself on coins of Trajan, more frequent mention is made by ancient
Caracalla, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, authors.—“ Nero,” says Suetonins (in allusion
1Emilianus, Valerianns, Gallienus, and Qniutillus, to the eccentric manner in which that prince
The branch of laurel is sometimes in the hand tritled away time which ought to have been
of another figure, but often in the hands of the devoted to state etfairs), “Nero, at the sug
Emperor. gestion of those who were now really his
The laurel crown is observable on coins of greatest enemies, spent the principal part of the
colonies, families, and emperors, from Julius day in shewing the first men of the city certain
Caesar to Honorius, sometimes by itself, some hydraulic instruments (oryana) of a novel andf
times containing an inscription within it; at zhitherto uuhknown description.”-—Tcstimony o
others with the addition of emblems; or placed ] n more de nite kind, adds Eckhel, is to be
on the head of n figure. The laurel in lite found on this subject in Theodoretus (de Pra
llandof Victory, or of Jove, of Minerva, and videnl. Oral. 3.) For it was, says that writer,
other figures appears on coins of_the Cordia, "of the same construction as the organ com
Julia, and Sallustia families ; and in the lmpcria.l posed of brass tubes (or trumpets), and blown
series on those of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, into by bellows, which when put in motion by
Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Curacalla, &c.— the fingers of the player produces those har
The laurel in the beak of an eagle appears on monic modulations."
coins of the Emperors Gets, Maerinus, Gallienus, It would seem that the hydraulic were on
 LECTISTERNIUM. LECTIS'l‘ERNIUM.——LEGEND. 507
a small, what the pneumatic organs were on a eagle on his right hand and a luwla in his
larger st-ale.——“Athenreus (observes Millin) in left.—The same deity is in like manner fimired
the chapter wherein he treats of musical instru on a coin of Pergamus. By Jupiter’s side a
ments, speaks of an hydraulic orgail, and in a woman is seated, and there is also a young man
way which proves that it was sufiiciently small who seems to wait at table.
to be capable of being transported from place to IA9t‘ti.r!erniu1n.—\Ve also see this represented
place like the hand organs of our Savoyards. on medals of Marcus Aurelius, Lucilla, Alexander
The same passage informs us that the people Severus, and Philip senior, whereon Fortune,
were in extacy when at a fair they heard un Isis, or some other female figure is seated.—On
expectedly an instrument of this description.” a coin of Nero, there is upon this prepared bed
L. CAN. Lucius C¢miniu.r.—Name and pre of lumour a. woman who offers food out of a
nomen of a man. small vase to a serpent.—Some authors consider
L. D.-»- Letters inscribed on tablets, exhibited this figure to be meant for Hygeea; others refer
in a denarius of the Coelia family, to signify the type to Agrippina, mother of Nero, who
the words Libero Darrmo, in giving votes at was desirous of passing with the Roman people for
elections.—1.n, a mint-mark, Lugdunum. Hygeia Salutaris—the health-giving Goddess.—
LE. Lepidur, On the medals of Vespasian, Titus, Domitian,
Lectiaternium, a species of sacrifice, at &c., there are lectisterns on which a thunderbolt
which, in times of great public calamity, the is placed. Several coins of the Elder Faustina
Gods themselves were invited to a solemn feast. present a lectistern, with a peacock having its
Their statues were taken from their pedestals, tail spread, and the llasta pura, or sccptre of
and they were laid on pulvinaria, or let-Ii., that divinity. These medals evidently refer to the
is to say, on beds prepared purposely for their upotheosis of that Empress, the wife of Anto
reception in the temples, with pillows under ninus, indicated sometimes by the word IVNONI
their heads, and in this posture they were each BEGINAE, in others by that of CONSECRATIO.—
day of the festival served with a magnificent A coin of Faustina the younger, in first brass,
banquet, which the priests never failed to sancvu rsmcrr. s. 0., has for its type a
clear away in the evening. There were tables lectistern, on which are seated two young
set out in all the different quarters of the city,
to which every one, without distinction, was
admitted. The festival, whilst it lasted, wsm a
signal for reconciliation, and an occasion of
universal good-will, in which enemies were
treated as friends, and liberty was given to all
prisoners and captives. This ceremony was \
appointed by the order of magistrates called
Quindecmvifi maria faciendi-s, and the feast
was prepared by those who went under the
appellation of Septerrwiri epulorzes, or Epulones.
The first celebration of the kind was held by
Duzmwira, in the year 356, after the foundation
of Rome.—Livy (in his xxii. book, cap. x.) gives
an account of the most splendid Zectiatemia, children, viz., Commodus and Annius Verna,
reckoning in them the twelve principal cities. who were twins. The same legend Saeculi
Tum leclzlriemivzm, says he, per triduum Feliciiaa (the happiness of the age) occurs also
kabilum decemviria sacrorum curantibua; sea: in silver.——On s coin of Septimius Severus
pulvinaria in compectu fuere: Jovi at Jummi appear the lectisternium and the corona laurea,
Imam ,- alterum Neptune ac Minerva; fertium both of them insignia of the Emperor's cou
Marti et Veneri, guartum Apollini ac Diana; secration.
quintum Vulcano et Vesta; seztum Jllercurio LEG. Legatm, a Lieutenant or Deputy.
cl Cereri.-—The Word leciislernium signifies theLEG. AVG. PR. R. LEGatua AVGu.:ti Pro
act of making or preparing beds. It is derived Prwtore. Lieutenant of the Emperor for the
from lectua, a bed, and sternere, to raise, Prwetor.
prepare, spread. The word also designates LEG. Legio, the Roman Legion.
sometimes the bed itself, on which was placed Legend.—By this appellation numismatists
the statue of the divinity in honour of whom the distinguish the words engraved on coins around
above-mentioned ceremony of the lectistern was heads and types, from the inscripfion which, on
celebrated.-—-A true representation of a lowli the contrary, is an assemblage of words that hold,
sternium, with the recumbent figure of Jupiter in the area, or middle, of the medal, the place
upon it, is seen on a dennrius of the Coelia of a type. After this distinction, it may be
family, with the inscription L. caanvs VIIVIR said that each medal bears two legends, that of
EPVL. Seplemvir 1'}]mlonum.—ln further numis the head and that of the reverse. The former
matic illustration of this subject, it may be generally serves no other purpose than to make
mentioned that a medal of Caracalla’s, struck known the personage represented, by his proper
by the colony of Sinope (0. 1. A. v. snvor.) name, by his oflices, or by certain surnames
exhibits in the attitude of lying on a lectisiemiuln, which his alleged good qualities have assigned
Jupiter, who has a calatlnu on his bead, an for him. The second is destined to publish,
3T2

r
508 LEGEND. LEGEND.
whether justly or unjustly, his virtues and his Philip senior, there is this legend, FAX PVNDATL
fine actions; or to perpetuate the remembrance cvx PEBSIS (Peace concluded with the Persians);
of advantages derived through his means to the i by which that Emperor has left us a monument
empire; and also of the glorious monuments of the pacific treaty which he made with the
which serve to dedicate his name to immortality. people of that powerful monarchy.-—The legends
Souietiiues great actions are expressed on medals, of some coins shew, as has alrezidy been hinted,
either in a natural manner, or by symbols, the professed attachment of certain princes
which the legend explains. It is thus that on for particular deities. For example, we become
a medal of Trajan, which shews that prince acquainted with the marked veneration of
putting the crown on the head of the Parthinn Numerianns for Mercury, from the circumstance
King, we find the legend to be REX PARTHIS of several medals of that Emperor exhibiting on
narvs. (a King given to the Parthians). On their reverse the legend PIETAS AVGu.;li,
the other hand, by a symbol, the victories of round a figure of Men-ury.—Jnpiter was
Julius and of Augustus in Egypt are repre the tntelary deity of Diocletian; and we see
sented by a crocodile chained to a palm-tree, on medals of that prince the legends of
with the words 2-—AEGYP‘l‘O cans. rovi CONSERVATOBI; lO\'I PROIWGNATORI (to
A considerable number of legends are only Jupiter the Preserver; to Jupiter the Defender).
the explanations of symbols which form the This Emperor also took the surname of Jovius.
types of medals, intended to proclaim the —Gordianns Pius, having gained a battle by the
virtues of princes, together with certain events firmness of his soldiers, who would not abandon
of their life, the honours decreed to them, the their position, caused a medal to be struck
services rendered by them to the state, the which has for its legend I0\'I s'r.u'om. The
monuments of their glory, the deities they good fortune of the Roman Emperors is often
profciacd in an especial manner to worship, and recorded, in a dcdicatory fomi, on their coins.
from whom they believed, or pretended to believe, The names of particular legions are also re
that they had received particular protection. corded in the legends of medals which likewise
The legend of a medal, therefore, is (so to make known the names of public games, the
speak) the key to its type, which without it vows for the Emperors; their titles, alliances,
would sometimes be with difficulty explained. adoptions, &c. It is by means of these legends
Amongst Roman medals, the typcs of those of that we also ascertain how long their gratitude
the first Emperors are always studionsly chosen, lasted, who, having recciyed the empire from
and applied from some motive which the legend their father, or from their predecessor who had
reveals to us. In the lower empire, on the adopted them, soon aficrwnrds quitted the name
contrary, the same types and the same legends and uality of son, which they had at first most
are continually and without discrimination re eagery a.ssumed.—'I‘rajan began his reign by
curring under all the Emperors. The legends joining to his own name that of Nerva, whwe
which express the benefits conferred on the successor he was by adoption. Sometimes, how
cities, and spread over the provinces of the ever, either ambition or vanity prompted certain
em ire, are generally very short and simple; emperors to retain and even to assume the names
wit out being on that account the less mag of princes, whose memory was cherished by the
nificent; such as conszavsroa vnms svxa (the people. Accordingly we find that of Antouinns
saviour of his city); sasrlrvroa vanis used by six Emperors down to Elagabalns. The
HISPANIAE—GALLIAE, &c. (the Prince who has circumstance of this name having become
re-established the City, Spain, Gaul, &c.); common to several princes, has indeed occa
sanvs GENEBIS BUMANI (the safety of the sioned much difiicnlty in numismatic researches.
human race); EXVPERATOR oxmrvm GENTIVM The natural position of the legend is along
(the conqueror of all the nations); nous the round of the medal, within the engrsiled
BENASCI-INS (Rome reviving), &c. The par ring, commencing from left to right; there are
ticular acts of public benefit conferred by the instances also in which it is read from right to
reigning prince are sometimes more distinctly left; and even where it is partly to the left,
expressed in the legends of Imperial medals, as partly to the right. Some legends appear only
nnmssa DVCEN'1‘ESIMA.—Legends also occa on the erergue (see the word); or upon two
sionally point to events peculiar to a province, parallel lines, one above the type, the other at
when they are represented only by ordinary the bottom; sometimes they are placed across;
symbols, such as a military trophy, a figure of at other times sallier-wise.
Victory, &c. At other times the legend speci LEG. Le_qio.—Lc;zion, the body of soldiers
fically indicates the victory and over whom it thus named by the Romans, was composed of
was gained. Thus on a medal of Claudius the cavalry and infantry, but the number of which
legend tells us of the glorious reception which it consisted diifered considerably at different
the soldiers of his army gave to that Emperor. cpochas. Under the republic, the legions were
In the same manner, the unusual mark of favour commanded by one of the consuls, and by their
shewn to Nero, whilst he was as yet only lieutenants. Under the emperors they were
Princcpa Juvenlutis (Prince of the Roman commanded by a pmfeclus ererrihcum. In the
Youth), in admitting him a member of all the earliest ages of Rome, when the number of
saccrdotal colleges is a fact which has been pre the legion did not exceed three thousand foot
served by the legend Sacerdos co-optalua in soldicrs, there were only three tribunes in mch.
omnia colleyia mpra mmIerum.—In a coin of I But when afterwards the legion was angmted
 LEGIONS. LEGIONS. 509
to four thousand and five thousand, that of the i Roman coins exhibit the number of the legions
tribunes was carried to six; and on a further ‘no further than the twenty-second: the seven
increase to six thousand infantry, the number of
‘following are not mentioned'on them. But
tribunes was increased again, even to sixteen.
y the fliirlicl/z is again found on medals of Severus,
Each manipulur or division of two hundred‘ of Gallienus, of Victorinus, and Carausius.
men, had .for its chief an ofiicer named Some of these intermediate legions arc, how
duceuariua ; and he who commanded a ever, recorded in lapidnry inscriptions.
century, or one hundred men, was called a ; Legiomr were, after Augustus's time, some
centurion. Each legion had for its general _times designated by the same number. Thus
ensign an eagle with stretched-out wiugs.— there were three “third legions,” distinguished
The cavalry which belonged to each legion bore from each other by the surnames of Gal/im,
the name of aliz, because usually placed on its Oyrmaica, and Auyzzrta; also two “sixth
flanks it formed its wings. It was divided into . legions," the one called Viclria‘, and the other
ten parts, called turmw, as many as them were Ferrafa. The Emperor Galba raised a Leyio
cohorts. The cavalry of the Roman armies Prima, snrnamed A1{7'u!r1'.r, although Nero had
were heavily armed; hut made no use of spears, already formed a first legion, called Italica.
and had only fiat saddlcs.——Among the Roman With regard to the probable motives which
legionaries under the republic there was no light led to the inscription of legions on Roman
cavalry; it was a species of force known only medals, it may be observed that not only Mark
among the auxiliary troops. But the Emperors Antony and Clodius Macer; but in later times
established troops of light horse under the name Septimius Severus and other Emperors were, in
of sayittarii, or archers, armed only with certain periods of their career, dependent in a
sword, bow, and quiver of arrows. When great measure for their very existence on the
the legions had gained a victory, the Roman favour of the troops, whom they thus sought
eagles were adorned with laurels, and so were to conciliate.—-On colonial coins, the legions
the standards of the cavalry, and the ensigns Were numerically cited, either in consequence
on which the portrait of the Emperor was of certain veterans belonging to these legions
placed, and before which perfumes were burnt, having been sent by some of the emperors into
as a relimous ceremony. those cities; or because the particular legions so
The Legion: were distinguished by the order marked happened to be stationed there. Accord
in which they were respectively raised, as prima, ingly, on coins of Enierilu (now hlerida in Por
secunda, tria, (Lao. 1. II. Ill.) &c.—Previousto " tugal), we see LEG. V. and LEG. x., correspond
the time of Mark Antony, no mention is made ing with the fact adduced by Dion Cassius, that
of the 'ons on Roman coins. The thirtieth a colony of old Legionaries was established in
(LEG. xxx.) is the last noted on the denarii of that Lusitanian city by Augustus. The coins of
that Triumvir. The series up to xx. is perfect. Viminiaculn record the Fourth and Seventh
From that to the thirtieth there are several gaps. Legions (LEG»io-mar IV. and VII.) sshaving been
The twenty-fifth, the twenty-eighth, and the placed there.—l*‘rom the same cause the coins
twenty-ninth are not to be found on coins. The of the Dacian province present to us Legions V.
twenty-seventh appears, indeed, on one medal, and XlII.; and those of Egypt LEG-ia II.
but its genuincness is not authenticated. The Traiana——(thc Second 'I‘rajania.n Legion.)
twenty-second, surnamed Primigenia, is found Legions derived their peculiar appellutions
on coins of Carausius.——Besides the denarii of from various causes.—Whilst the republic existed,
Antony, of which an example is here intro they were almost wholly distinguished by their
duced, we find the number number alone, as Legio I. lI. &c.—Some,
of the legions marked on however, even at this period, received their .
coins struck under the Em names from those of their commanders. The
perors Sevcrus, Gallienus, Legiones Valeriamr, or Valerian legions, were
Victorinus, Curausius, &c., thus denominated, because they were raised by
as well as upon many colo Cains Valerius Flaccus, the same chief who
nial meda.ls.—lt is to be re gave the name of Valeria to the Twentieth
marked, that upon the coins, legion. On the denarii of Mark Antony we
not only of Mark Antony, but also of many have the legions called Antigua, Claarimz, I4/bica.
emperors, the indication of legions, between Under the Emperors, the legions received titles
the numbers twenty and thirty were incomplete. derived from the names or families of the
Their number, which had too much increased reigning princes, as Auyusta, Flazria, Ihajana,
during the civil wars of the republic, was Ulpia, &c. Also from deities, asillinervia ; or
diminished by Augustus.-—Dion Cassius relates from regions, as Italim, Part/aim, Jllacedonica,
that in the year of Rome, 758, the number of &c. ; or from some event, as Victrir, Aafiulriz,
legions of Roman citizens was, according to some, Liberalrzlr, &c. Sometimes the legions bear
twenty-three; according to others, twenty-five. the name of GEMELLA or GEMINA. But of all
Under Alexander Severus, there yet remain the surnames assigned to the Roman legions,
nineteen. As to the legions not composed of none are so common as those of Pia and
Roman citizens, the same author says that F1'deli.r.—Dion fully explains these names, and
they had been either totally disbanded, or shews that Ti. Claudius caused the Seventh and
amalgamated with the other legions under Eleventh Legions, who in the sedition of
dilferent emperors. The imperial series of Camillus had preserved their fidelity to him, to
510 LEGIONUM INSIGNIA. LEIBERTAS.
be named Claudia: et Fidelea el Pia, by a During peace they were employed in working on
senalu: c0n.rultum.—-To this may be added the the fortifications of towns and of camps, as
celebrated marble, adduced by Grater and well as in repairing the high roads.
Fabretti, inscribed under the reign of Commodus, LEGi0 IV.—'l‘he legionary eagle, between
on which C. Vesnius Vindex is called TRIB. two military ensigns.
MIL. LEO. vm. AVG. Qvo. MILITANTE. cvx. Ii'ev.——'l‘he Praetorian galley, with the legend
LIBERATA. ESSET. NOVIA. OBSIDIONE. LEGIO. of ANTom'ua AVGur Ill. VIR. Rei Pu61ic¢
PIA. rmams. c01vs'r.uvs. COMXODA. COGNO Conaiitzzendre.
umsra. asr. Monumental inscriptions should Many legions are found on the denarii of
be studied conjointly with coins for the location Antony, which he caused to be struck with
of the legions: much information of importance ensigns and numbers, in order to ingratiate him
will be found in Horsley’s Britannia Romana, self with the soldiers, and to display his resources
a standard work on the Roman inscriptions re both by sea and land.
lating to Britain up to 1732. Gough, Lysons, LEG. Vlll.—See Pinaria gene.
and others, including Wellbeloved's Eburacum, LEG. M. XX.—Leyio Mavedonica, or Jlinerria
J. E. Lee’s Caerleon, and the Colleclanea Vicerima, on a silver coin of Gallienns.—V.
Antiqua, may be consulted for the more recent Banduri.
discoveries in Great Britain. LEG. PRI.—Leyio Prima, with the eagle
Leyionum In.rignia.—Most of the insignia and ensigns of the First Legion, on a silver coin
of the Legions may be seen on the silver coins of M. Antony.
of Gallienus. As the legion was composed of LEG. PRO. COS.—LegaluJ Pro-com-ale,
Imrtati, principcr, and Ieyimuu-ii, even after Leg-ate for the Consul.—See Sempron-ia family.
the form of the Militia Romana was changed by LEG. PRO. PR.-—Le_qalu.! Pro Pr¢etore.—
C. Marius, so there are to be observed on denarii On a dennrius belonging to the Cecilia family
of the Claudia family, and others, three military we see on the obverse METEL. Pivs. SCIP. nun,
ensigns; the first of which may denote the a male head, with curled beard and a fillet;
Hastati, that is to say, those who formed below, an eagle's head and sceptre.—On the
the first line of the army, carrying spsaffl; reverse, cnass. IVN. LEG. Pao. PR., a eurule
another, the Prirwiper, who formed the second chair, on the right of which is the head of an
line of battle array, and were of a more eagle, and above it are a cornucopise and a pair
robust age; and the third the eagle of the of scales.
legionarii placed in the middle, between the two On another silver coin of the same family,
above mentioned. Upon a second brass of Galba the legend METEL. rrvs. SCIP. um, and the
type of a trophy between the lituus and
prefericulum occupies the obverse; and the
reverse exhibits a female head, with tnrrcted
crown, between an car of corn and a caduceus,
the legend being the same as above, shewing
that Crassusjun., whilst1.ss.~\'rvs PRO PRAETORE,
caused these dcnarii to be struck in honour of
his celebrated ancestor Metellus.
The Legato, or Deputy of the Prsetor, was an
oflicer who, according to the institution of
Augustus, held the chief authority in the
province of the Emperor, at the discretion of
are three military standards, which, from being the Pro-consuls, who govemed the provinces of
mounted on prows of gallcys, denote the two the Roman people, and at the same time were
services, the army and the navy. The eagle is accustomed to coin money for the use of the
army, especially when war broke out in the
the especial symbol of the legions. The legions
were divided into cohorts, maniples, and province where they administered the govern
centuries. To the second of these the hand, ment.—Henee P. CARISIVS LEGa!u.r PRO
rnanur, which is often seen npon some of the Pltzelore, under Augustus, for the public con
standards, may apply. venience, ordered a coinage of denarii for ten
asses, and for the daily pay of the soldiers; also
Le_qionan'i.——'l‘his is the name given to the
foot soldiers of the Roman legions. The horse quinarii, the half of the dcmzriu-r—viz., five
men were distinguished by the appellation of asses —These denarii bear on their obverse the
Equiler. Amongst the Legionarii the V2/iles, portrait of the above named Emperor, and on
the Haatati, the Prirwiper, and the Ybiarii (see their reverses trophies of victory.
these words), held a conspicuous place, as has LEIBERTAS, instead of Ll BERTAS, accord
above been alluded to. The term of sixteen ing to the ancient mode of spelling with the
years was the period fixed for the service of the dipthong El for the single letter I.——lt is thus
Legionarii. Before the reign of S. Severus that it appears, with his head, on the denarius
they were not permitted to marry, or at least of M. Brutus, to show that he was the asserter
to have their wives with them in the camp. of Libert_v.—See Junia.
The military discipline of these troops was very LEIBERTAS, with the head of the Goddess
severe. They led a life of great hardship, and of Liberty veiled, appears on a coin of C.
made long marches, laden with heavy burthens. Cassius, in memory of the event in which he
 LENTULUS. LEO. 511
and Marcus Brutus, with the other conspirators, of the same emperor, four lions draw a car in
killed Julius Caesar, and asserted what they, who which are Trajan and Plotina.
“ called” it freedom when themselves were free, The Lion is the sign of Fortitude. Hence we
termed the Liberty of the Republic. see him on a coin of Gallienusas the accompany
LEN .—Lentulu.r, a surname of the Cornelia ing type of LEG112 Illl. FLavia.—By the same
family. rule the Lion is the symbol of Hercules, and of
LENTVLVS SPINTer.—'l'his inscription lerculean labour and fortitude.—Representcd
appears on a silver coin of Augustus, having for with radiated head, and with the thunderbolt
its type the Liluu-r and the Prue/'eri¢:ulum (see between his teeth, as on coins of Caracalla,
those words) which instruments of augury Alex. Severus, Probus, Val. Maximinnus, and
Lenluhu, surnamcd Spinler, caused to be en other emperors, the Lion is the acknowledged
graved on the said coin, to shew his sacerdotal symbol of Empire and of Providence.
functions. ‘ On an elegant gold coin of Gallienus in the
L. LENTVLVS FLAMEN. MARTIALIS, Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, the type of a lion
of whom and of whose sumptuous supper see with an eagle on its back ap within a crown
ltIacrobins.—-The name appears on a deuarins of of laurel, and below are the initial letters
Augustus. s. P. Q. n.—The lion’s skin is seen on the head
The Lion. appears in the attitude of walking of some Roman Emperors, such as Commodus,
on coins of Mark Antony, of Antonine, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, and others; also, though
Philip, Gallienus, Anrelian, Probus, and other more rarely, on the head of Gallienus.
emperors.-—In this attitude he is also the Leo (Flavius Valerius), surnamed the Great,
symbol of Imperial Conan-ration, see MEMOBIAE of Thracian origin, was raised to the Empire of
srrrnansn ; likewise of Mumficence, see the East, .\.D. 457, on the death of Marcianus.
MVNIFlCEN'l‘lA—SAECVLABES AVG. A prince of high character for clemency,
A Lion with a thunderbolt in his mouth is generosity, and piety. He died s.n. 474-.—His
style on coins is D. N. LEO. PERPctuua F.
AVG.—Gold and silver, common; third brass,
rare. .
Leo II., the son of Zeno and of Ariadne,
daughter of Leo I., was born at Rome s.o.
459, and created Cmsar while as yet a youth,
by his grandfather. The following year, Leo
the First dying, he was proclaimed Augustus, but
soon after he himself died, having reigned only
six months.—His style, as associated with his
father, is on coins n. N. LEO 1-:1". znuo 1>.r. svo.
—AkeQnan observes that “ if any coins exist on
which the style of this Emperor is found alone,
they are confounded with those of Leo l.”—
seen on coins of Caracalla, of Aurelian, of Gold and Quinarii very rare.
Postnmus, Probus, and Diocletian.—He stands Leo III., snrnamed Isaurua, from an Isaurian
at the feet of Hercules in a brass medallion of family of ignoblc rank to which he belonged,
Hadrian, and at the feet of Cybele (see usrai was proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers near
naval), who also is seen seated on a lion.—On Nicomedia, and crowned in that royal city A.D.
account of the abundance of these animals in 717, when Theodosius III. abdicated the throne.
that quarter of the globe, Africa is personified,
He was a prince of some military talent, but of
having likewise a lion at her feet on coins of tyrannical disposition, and stands condemned by
Hadrian, Commodus, and Diucletian.—A biga ecclesiastical Writers of that period as impious,
of lions, with the legend of AETERNITAS, is the having been a great hater and destroyer of
type of Consecration. sacred images. Leo died a.D. 741.—His style
A Lion pierced with a lance, which the is n. N. LEON. P. AV.—His gold coins are
Emperor on horseback holds in his hand, is seen common; silyer and brass more or less rare.
on a coin of Commodus, with the legend viarvri Leo IV., sumamed Cluzzanu, because his
AVGVS'l‘I.—()n a first brass of Hadrian, the mother Irene was the daughter of a Khan of
emperor on horseback is striking his dart at a the Chozars, was the son of Constantinns
lion running before him, with the legend vln.'1'Vs Copronymus. He was born at Constantinople
avovs'r.——0n a silver medal of Constantine is s.n. 750, and proclaimed Emperor in the
the same type ; see LIBERATOR oasis. following year, in association with his father,
A Lion fighting with a stag, which it is tear whom he succeeded A.D. 775. He died s_1),
ing to pieces, appears on a coin of Augustus, 780, in the fourth year of his reign, and the
struck in memory of a grand hunting of wild thirtieth of his agc.—His coins, on which he is
beasts, instituted in celebration of that emperor’s styled LEO, are very rare in gold, and equally
birthday.——Sce Durmia gens, rare in third brass, if indeed there be any of his
A Lion and a boar yoked together to a chariot authentic in that metal.
in which Victory is seated, and before which Leo 7., snrnamed Armenur, son of the
Hercules marches, is given by Havercamp among patrician Bardus, of Armenian origin, on the
the Contorniate medals of ’l‘rajan.—0n a coin expulsion of Michael I., whose general he was,

/‘
512 LEO.-—LEPIDUS. LEPIDUS.
was proclaimed Emperor by the army, A.D. 813. of his more astute colleagues, the legions he
He was, however, assassinated in about seven commanded were seduced from him by the
years after he had ascended the tbrone.—’I‘here blandishments of Octavius, who, depriving him
are only third brass extant of this insignificant of his triumvirship (v.0. 718), still allowed him
Emperor of the East, coins equally rare and to pass the remainder of his life in tranquil
barbarous. obscurity at Circmuin, on the shores of Latium,
Leo VI., surnamed Sapiens, or Philosopher, where he died (v.c. 741, n.c. 13) despised for
the son of Basilius, succeeded his father as his indolence of character, and total want of
Emperor of the East, A.D. 886.——A learned the talents necessary to sustain that leading
man, but an indifferent soldier, he was first part in the tragic drama of the times to which
beatcn by the Bulgarians, and afterwards by the selfishness of his ambition had induced him
the Saracens. He died A.D. 9ll.—His style to aspire.
on his coins is LEON. BASILEVS. n0M.—'l‘he The gold coins of this Triumvir are of the
brass of this prince are rare, the silver still highest rarity; the silver also are rare, especially
rarer, the gold most rare. those with the head of Octavius, and those
Leontiue, an usurper in the reign of Zeno, without the head of Mark Antony, on the
who having assumed the purple in Syria, when reverse.—On these he is styled H. LEP. un.
he was soon afterwards taken prisoner by the nrvm. a.1>.o. Jlfarcur Lepidus Imperalor
Imperial army, and beheaded at Constantinople Triumvir. Rei Publicae Consliluendm.
A.l). 4-88.—'l‘hcre are gold coins of Leontius, on
which he is styled o. N. LEONTIVS. P. r. ave.
They are very rare.
Leontius, surnaxned I-rauru: from the birth
place of his family, was the second usurper of
that name, and belonged to the patrician order.
He employed the armies of Justinianus II. to
overthrow that emperor, and to obtain his
throne, s.n. 695.—Absimapus, however, de
feated him in Dalmatia, and, cutting oil‘ his M. LEPIDVS. IIIVIR. R.P.C. Head of
nose and ears, imprisoned him in a monastery, Lepidus to the left.-—Rev. Imvia. A. P. r.1..
where he was put to death, together with MVSSIDIVS. 'r. r. LONGVS. A nude warrior
Absimarus himself, on the restoration of Justinian standing with his left foot upon a shield, holding
the Second, A.D. 705.—On his coins which are a spear and purazonium. In gold and silver.
gold, of the highest rarity, Leontius ll. is styled 'l‘hough_thc head of Lepidus appears on silver
1). LEONTI. 1t.—The unique third brass, pub and gold coins of the Roman mint, yct it
lished by Mionnet, is supposed to belong to is never seen on those of brass of the same
Icontius I. fabric But on some very rare brass medals of
LEPI.—Le;n'dm', the surname of a'Roman certain Greek cities, and also of some colonial of
Patrician family, in which are found seventeen Gallia Narbouensis, his portrait is found.
of the greater Magistracies. LEPIDVS. FONT. MAX. IIIVIR. R.P.C.
Lepidus (lllan-us), the most celebrated of (Lepidus, Sovereign Pontifl’, Triumvir of the
his name and race, is that Triumvir whose Republie.)—On a silver medal, the naked had
weakness was as fatal to the Republic as the of Lepidus has this legend around it.—On the
sanguinary disposition of his colleagues, Octavius reverse cans. ma. inv1n.n.i>.c. The naked head
and Antony. The year of his birth is unknown, of Octavius, general of the armies, triumvir of
but in the civil wars he is found following the republic.
Caesar’s party, and his colleague in the Consulate, Mongez, in his Enq/elopédie Jlfélkodique,
v.c. 708. The year following he was appointed recueil d'antiquil¢"s, Observes, pointedly, “ Lepi
Master of the Horse to the Dictator, at whose dus was a man without talents, without energy;
death he contrived to obtain the vacant high whom whimsical fortune took plwsure in ele
dignity of Pontgfzz JI[a.rimu.r.—Entrusted by vating; who was twice consul, sovereign pontilf,
the Senate with the government of Transalpine triumpher without having fought an enemy,
Gaul, he, through perfidy or the most incon commanding thirty legions without knowing the
siderate fear, soon after gave up his legions to art of war, triumvir and master of the fate of
Mark Antony and Octavius, by whom he was at his two colleagues (Octavius and M. Antony)
the same time admitted into that political without being able to profit by it; and who
association on which the second Triumvirate was finally dragged on a long old age in shame and
formed, in the year of Rome 711 (43 a.c.), contempt.”
and took the honours of a triumph for his (M.) LEPIDVS. COS. IMP.—Sac-rificial
previous successes in Spain.—In recompense of instruments (viz.: Capedumrula, asperyillum,
his nefarious share in the prescriptive horrors Jeceqaila, ape.r),——Reverse: ll. A.\'r0.v. cos.
that ensued, Lepidus had Spain and Gallia IMP. Augural symbols (viz.: Lituus, pnrfe-ri
Narboncusis assigned to him in the division of culum, coruusj.
provinces; elected consul for the second time Ou this denarius we see the title of I.\IPvralor
(ilerum) v.c. 712, he had the care of Italy given to Lepidus, who, before medals of that
whilst his brother-triumvirs were engaged in kind were struck, had been already culled
war with Brutus.—Having answered the purposes Imperator ilerum, according to Cicero. And
 LEPTIS MAGNA.—-LEX. LEX DIDlA.—LEX JULIA. 513
not only had he legions under him, but he laws were published, either by the Decemvirs
twice enjoyed triumphal honours, although from under the name of the Twelve Tables, or by the
no personal claim to military merit.—On this Consuls, or the Dictators, or the Tribunes of
coin Lepidus, as sovereign pontilf, exhibits the the people.-—-The following are those few laws
instruments of the priesthood, just as Antouy’s to which allusion is made on coins of the
quality of augur is designated by the augural Romans :—
insignia.—See Aemilia. Lez Didia, dc Pmiia JIilitum.—Traces of
Leptis Magna, a city (says Pellerin, Recuil, this law, in reference to military punishments,
vol. iv. p. 15), situate at some distance from are found, or said to be found, on a silver coin
the river Cynipas (Wad-Quaham) in the Syrtica, of the Didia family; on the obverse of which
by which is understood the entire space between appears the head of Minerva, and behind it
the Syrtis Major (Gulf of Sidra) and_ the ROMA, in monogram. On the reverse arc two
Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Cabes), the shores of men engaged in combat, one of them armed
which form at this time the greater part of the with a whip, the other with a sword, and both
territory called the kingdom of Tripoli. It was bearing shields. The legend on the exergue is
called Magna to distinguish it from another T. DEIDI1u.—Opiui0ns amongst the learned
leptis, which was in Byzacium or Emporise, respecting this representation are various enough,
and which was called Lepli-r Parva, below and the question seems still undeciderl.—~Haver
Hadrumetum, now called Lemta.-——Lcptis Magna camp has given a long account of them in his
is now called Leb/la, not far from Tripoli. It Commentary on Morell's Thesaurus. Some
is marked as a Roman colony in the Itinerary refer it to the castigation of slaves, during the
of Antoninns.—Vaillant states it to have been servile war; others to the restoration of military
invested with the Jua Italicum, by Sept.‘ discipline by a law proposed by T. Didins (Lea:
Severus; but gives no description or engraving Didiz), and to the punishment of the soldier with
of any of its money.-—Havercamp, in his notes the centurion’s rod (cenlurizmis viiis); others
on the Queen of Sweden’s medals, has given a think otherwise. But none of their explanations
second brass, which bears on its obverse nnvso V curry conviction of the truth, nor even of that
CAESAR! with the head of Drusus, son of which is probable, to our minds, respecting the
Tiberius, and on the reverse a head of Mercury, meaning of this very curious and unique type.——
with the following legend =—PERMISSV Lucii See
APRONH PROCOnSuli: III. This medal he Le: Julia, dc Mm-itandis Ordinibu.r.—History
attributes to Leptis; baton no other apparent bears testimony to the good intention of Augustus
ground than that the said Apronius was the in renewing by this enactment, the provisions of
successor of M. Camillns in the Pro-consulate an ancient law (Le: Papia Poppmzj, com
of Africa. The coins of this city consist of pelling and encouraging men of a proper age to
Colonial Autonomes, with Latin legends, and take to themselves wives, giving rewards to
Imperial of Augustus and Tiberius, with Latin those who had children born to them in wed
or Greek legends.-—Autonomous and Imperial lock, and on the other hand inflicting penalties
coins, with Punic legends, are also assigned to on daclle/ors.—Arnongst the coins of Augustus,
Leptis Major, (which is said to have been founded there is one on the reverse of which appears the
by the Phmnicians). But, says M. Hcnnin, Emperor seated on a small eslrade, and before
an attributimw cont douteu-ree.—Pelle1-in has him a figure standing, in the act of presenting
given three medals, which he inclines to to him a naked child; on the exergue we read
assign to the greater Leptis—-1. Hafi the nrr. xm.—-Schulze, in the introduction to his
helmeted head of Rome, and COL. vie. IVL. Science of Ancient Coins, expresses an opinion
LEP. Reverse: a bull, with names of Duumvirs. that “the type of this medal seems to be ex
-—2. Female head with same legend on obverse, plained by those words of Suctonius (In Aug.
and same type on reverse.—3. A female head, cap. 34), in which he says :——Sic
with palm branch. Over the head is Pa. Ir. abolilionem (Legal! Julia)pudlic0 qzzviaoulo
v1a., and below it c. v. r. 1.. Colonia Victria: pertiruwiter postulante Equite, adcitos Ger
Julia Leptis, shewing its origin under Julius manici liberos, receplorquepartim ad ac, partim
Caesar. in patri: gremium, osteniavit: manu vultuque
significam, ne gravarentur imitari juvemlr
Le:-, a Law.—This word in its peculiar sense,
as applied to the Romans, signifies that order e.1.'emplum."
or command, which was decided upon by the Lea: Papia.—A law carried in the time of
Roman people in their assemblies by centuries; the republic by C. Papius; a Tribune of the
Lea: at quam Populus Centuriatia comitii: people, for excluding foreigners from Rome.-—
sciverit. The laws were proposed by certain There is a denarius of the Papia family, edited
high magistrates, most frequently in the Forum, by M01-ell, which close to the head of Juno
or in the Campus Martiua; under stated pre Sispita exhibits a tablet (tabella), on which is
liminary forms, which being gone through, every inscribed the word PAPI. and which is supposed
one was permitted to speak for or against them.to allude to this Le: Papia, which in the
And if a law passed, it was engraved on a tableopinion of Cicero was equally unjust and
of brass; and being thus received, it remained inhuman.
in force until it pleased the people to abolish, Le: Pan-ia.—The law so called was made by
Porcius Laeca, Tribune of the people in 453,
or, as it was called, abrogate it (abrogare leyem).
Daring the republic a very great number of in favour of Roman citizens, whom it exempted
8U
514 LEX TABELLARIA. LlBER.—LIBERO PATRI.
from being subjected to the ignominious punish LIBER.—'I'his appellation was given to
ment of the scourge.—Pan:ia Lez, says Cicero, Bacchus, for various reasons noticed by his
virgas ab amnium civium Romanorum corpore torians. Not from a license of expression, says
amavit. [Pro G. Rabir. c. iv.].—This ex Seneca, is the inventor of wine called Liber,
ample took place only in the cities, and was but because he rescues the free mind from the
not allowed to prevail in the camp on behalf of thraldom of cares, and impels it with more
the soldiers, who were entirely dependent on quickness and greater boldness into all enter
their general.—An allusion to the law of appeal prises. His feasts were called Li6eralia.—
(Provocu-tio) offers itself on a coin of the Macrobius aflirms that Liber and 31¢» were one
Porcia family; on the obverse of which is the and the same deity. And it was under that
winged head of Minerva, with the legend notion that the Romans worshipped both by
e. macs and non/t.—On the reverse is a figure the appellation of Pater.
in a military dress; a Lictor behind crowning LIBERO PA'l‘RI.—-This legend appears on a
a citizen: on the exerguc we read the word rare gold and on an equally rare silver coin
Paovoco.—See Porcia. of Sept. Severus, having for its type the
Lea: Tabellaria.—A law carried by L. Cassius god Bacchus, under the
Longinus, a Tribune of the people, and which image of a young man
prohibited the Roman citizen from giving his who holds in his lefi hand
sutfrage viva voce, and required him to write the thyrsus, and in his right
do\vn on a tablet (see tabella), the first letters a dish or ~cup; at his feet
of the name of the candidate for whom he is a panther or tiger.
voted.——The tabella was also used in public It may be supposed, says
judgments (in judiciis publicia), and the Praetor Pedrusi, who gives an en
distributed to the Judges three tablets; viz.: graving of this medal (.-’lIu;. Fumes. vol. iii.
that of absolulion, marked with a letter 4.; p. 291), that the vain devotion which Severus
that of condemnation, on which was written the professed towards this divinity might occasion
letter 0. ; and the third tablet, demanding more him to believe himself indebted to the high
ample information, was marked with the letters patronage of Father Bacchus for the favour
N. and L., signifying N011 liquet.—'l‘he memory able issue of his military enterprises in Asia
of L. Cassius Longinus, and l1is Le: tabellaria “ Nella stolta credenza di guei tempi reneracasi
are recalled by a denarius of the Cassia family, Bacco come Signore e Conqueslalore dell’
on the obverse of which is Orienle ; e in consequence preyiavasi mollo in
the head of vas'r.\; and on quelle regioni la di lui protecione.”
the reverse a round temple, The alleged reason for giving the appellation
within which is a curule of Liber to Bacchus has already been stated.
chair (rella curulia). In The thyrsus, observes Pedrusi, is the appro
the field of the coin is on priate sceptre of Bacchus, but in the present
one side an urn, and on the instance he holds instead of it a spear in his
other a labella, inscribed left hand; and in that peculiarity the type
A. 0., that is to say Absolvo. conforms to Macrobius's description of the
—C07tde1rm.0. This Cassius, having, in_the year image of Liber Pater worshipped with peculiar
of Rome 641, been appointed, under the attachment by the Lacedemonians,'and which bore
Pedueeian law, Commissioner with prretorian (says the writer) " Hula insigne, non Tkyrao."
power to investigate cases of violation of chastity Bacchus is attended by a tiger or anther, as
in Vestals, summoned again to trial, and con an animal consecrated to him, and) which is
demned (to death) Licinia and Marcia, who had often seen on medals and has reliefs drawing the
been acquitted by L. Metellus P.M., accordingto chariot of the gorl.—Alluding to this Seneca (in
Asconius Pzedianus on Oic. pro Milone.—Cassius Hyppolilj is thus descriptive in his poetry :—
was so great an exemplar of severity, that he
was commonly called reorum -scopulue, and Et tu t]:_|/rsigerzi Liber ab India
Intonaijuvenis perpeluum. comd
Cassianajudicia became a proverb. [See Morell] Tiyres pampinea cuspide territam, 4e.
—Thc curule chair within the temple denotes the
Praetorian power. The u.rn (or cista) is that into And thus also sings Martial (lib.8, epig. 26) :—
which the tabellm were cast.—There is also Nam cum captives aye-ret sub curribua Indo:
another silver coin of the same family, which bear Conlentus gemimi tigride Bacchus erat.
ing the same reverse, but having on its obverse the The head of Liber, crowned with ivy, appears
head and name of Lrar:u'r.\s, belongs to the on coins of the Cassia, Prtrania, Porda,
history of the same Cassius. In these designs Vibia, Vipmnia, and Voltria families.
the ballot law concerning trials is alluded to, by LIBERO. P. CONS. AVG. Libero Pain’
which, in all cases except that of treason, the Con-rervatori Augu.sti.—Witb a panther or
people were allowed to vote by tablets (i. e. the tiger, sacred to Bacchus, who is the same with
ballot), “a regulation (odds the unsuspecting Liberpater. Gallienus on a silver and a third
Eclrhel, who had not lived to see the shameful brass coin calls him his Conservator, as indeed
example of the United States as to the abuses, he was in the habit of calling Jupiter, Mars,
corruptions, and intimidations practised under Mercury, Neptune, and other members of the
it), eminently adapted for the preservation of Heathen Pantheon—all were Prescrvers of
.I4'6eriy." Emperors.
 LIBERALITAS. LIBERALITAS. 515
Lz'6eraIila.r.—Liberality, being one of the I standing by herself, holding a horn of plenty in
princely virtues and at the same time a most I her left hand, and in her right hand a te:-rera,
popular quality, appears both as a legend and as or a tablet, which specifies the quantity of wheat
a type on a great many Roman Imperial medals. , delivered to each person at a low price through
These attest the occasions when the Emperors the liberolily of the Emperor, or on which was
made a display of their generosity towards the ‘ inscribed what was given to each citizen.—A
people by all kinds of distributions amongst them, gold coin of Elagabalns exhibits that Emperor
in money and provisions. In the earlier age this 7 sitting on a ruggeslum, with Liberality standing
was called Congiarium. fflfunus), because they on one side, and the Prmtorian Prefect, or a
distributed congios olea pIen0s.—In the time of Lictor, on the 0ther—distributing the aonyiarium
the free republic, the Ediles were specially to the Roman citizens.—In that emphatic tribute
entrusted with these distributions, as a means of of eulogy to Hadrian’s unexampled munificence,
acquiring the good-will of the people. 'l‘he~ the celebrated coin which bears the legend of
same practice was followed under the Emperors; LOCVPLETATORI oasis TEBRARVK, we see that
and we occasionally find on their coins the word 1 the type refers to the Liberalitates of that
CONGIARIVM, but the more common term is‘ emperor, who, under the auspices of the Goddess,
LIBEKALITAS, to which is frequently added the I is distributing his bounties with an outstretched
number of times, I. 11. III. up to VII. and vnr. hand.—Many medals consecrated to the liheralily
that such liberality has been exercised by each of the emperors shew by a numeral cipher how
Emperor.——On these occasions of Imperial many times that liberality has been repeated by
munificcnce, a certain sum of money was for the same prince.—Thus, a coin of Antouinu
the most part given to each person, and when Pius, struck a short time before his death, under
grain was distributed, or bread, to prevent the his fourth consulate, in the year of Rome 914,
evils of dearness and famine from atfecting the bears the epigraph LIBERALITAS svo. 1x., that
Roman populace, it was called Armona; (see the ‘ is to say, Me ninth Liberalily or distribution
word.) But when something beyond their made by the Emperor.—The medals df Com
ordinary pay was bestowed upon the soldiers, it modus and of Caracalla present to us eight
was denominated Donalivum, a word, however, 1 liberalities or donations; those of Hadrian and
not found on coins, but comprised undcr that of 3 M. Aurelius record seven. On the coins of
Liberalilas, or of Congiarium ; and alter the Sept. Severus and of Geta, we find indications
reign of Marcus Aurelius, coxoumvu is no of six libcralities; there are five recorded on a
longer found, and the expression LIBEBALITAS medal of Alexander Severus; four on coins of
is alone employed. Elagabalus, of Gordianus Pius, and of Gallienus;
Liam/11, is personified under the image of a three on some of Verus; and of the two
woman, holding in one hand a tessera, or Philips (in these the Emperors, father and son,
square tablet, furnished with a handle, and on are represented sitting together, without atten
which is a certain number of points, shewiug dants or recipients). It is, however, to be home
that the prince had given to the people money, in mind as to the emperors of whom some
corn, and other articles of consumption. In medals offer us a more considerable number of
the other hand she holds a cornucopia, to liberalities, that some others give us also most
indicate the abundance of wheat contained in of the preceding liberalities.—-The greater part;
the public granaries.-—Li6erali!a.r is represented of these coins refer to the times when it was the
as presiding at all congiaria (see the word). custom to bestow on each citizen a quantity of
The liberalities of the Auyusli, by which the . corn from out of the public grauaries.—0ne of
distribution of their bounties to the people is the most remarkable of Hadrian’s liberalities
signified, were of two kinds, ordinary and was that of his having remitted to the people
extraordinary.—The first mention of Liberalilar . their arrears of taxes accumulated during
occurs on coins of Hadrian; on those of suc the space of sixteen years, and of his having
ceeding Emperors it is frequently reiterated. caused the vouchers, by which the Imperial
Indeed these instances of imperial generosity Treasury could have made good its claim to
are more carefully recorded on medals than they fiscal dues, to be burnt in the Forum at Rome.
are by history.—On a coin of Hadrian, struck See sauqvs varaas, Sac.
under his second consulate, in the year of Rome
870, we see two figures seated on a -mggestum,
or raised platform. The genius of Liberality,
with the attributes above described, stands
beside or behind them ; and another figure is
ascending a small flight of steps, which leads to
the raised platform, where the gift of the Em
ror is received.—On a gold coin of Antoninns
fins, and also on one of Philippus senior, the
Emperor sits in a curule chair, placed on a
raised platform ; before him stands the image _of
I/iberalitas, pouring out from a cornucoplaa
money into the bosom of s man, who is ascend
ing by steps on the opposite side.—Ou a silver LIB. AVG. TR. P. COS. II. S. _C.-—'l'he
coin of Antonina we see the figure of s woman ' Emperor, on an estrade, distributes a hberaltty.
3U2
 516 LIBERALITAS. LIBERALITAS.
Behind him is the prmtorisn prefect; on the many passages of his history notices the mn
right, a little in advance, stands the Goddess _//iaria and the donatives bestowed by Antoniuc,
Liberalitas ; a recipient of the bounty is ascend and nil/i, olei, cl lrilici, pennrimn per aerarii
ing the steps.—Large brass of Pertinax. aui damna emeudo, cl _(/rafia populo danda,
LIB. AVGG. VI. ET V.-—LiberaliIa.s Augu aedrzvif. But he mentions these generally with
lorum Sula at Quin!a.—This, which appears out making mention of the time. Of these
on first brass coins of Caracalla and of Gcta, li,bcralities, however, which the coins in question
means the sixth liberality of the former, and extol, one doubtless seems to have been that of
the fifth of his brother Geta.—'l‘he two princes which Capitolinus speaks thus——Nuptia: filin!
are sitting together on an estradc, and a figure sue 1"auetin¢ urque ad donalivum mililun
stands at the bottom of the steps. ccleberrimasferit.
LlBERA‘Ll'l‘AS AVG. TR. P. II. COS. LlBElt.~\LI'I‘AS COS. IIII. AVG. IIII. or
S.C —On a first brass of Septimius Severus we V.—LIBEltALITAS AVG. V.—On first brass
see that Emperor sitting on the same cstrade of Antouinus Pius. Similar type to the pre
with his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, and ceding medals, except that here the prsetorian
'Liberality, with another figure standing near prefect stands behind the Augustus.
them: a fifth figure appears in the act of LIB. Ill]. COS. llll.—A woman stands
ascending the stcps.—Herodianus says of Severus with the Iabarum in her right hand and u
that he made the most profuse and costly dis eornucopiazin her left.—Silver coin of Antonina.
tributions.—'I‘here is a gold coin of the same According to Capitolinus, on the day when
Emperor inscribed LIBEBALITAS vi., with the Verus took the toga virili.r, Antouinus Pius
above type. dedicated the temple of his father and was
LIBERALIT.-\S AVG., in others with II. liberal to the people. This silver coin, in which
Ill. lIII.——-On a gold coin of Gordianus Pius the Liberalilas is represented as holding the splendid
personification of Liberality stands holding up labarum instead of the accustomed leuera,
the [aware in her right hand, and two horns of teaches us that the libcrality of the Emperor
abundance in her left, as designating a double was also extended to the soldiers, as indeed is
gift made at that time; or, as was usual to be testified by Capitolinus, -who, however, takes no
done, a douative to the soldiery, a eongiarium notice of the time: Congiarium pqnllo dedit,
to the people.—A great many “ Liberalities” of mililibuc donativum addidil.
Gordianus Pius appear on the coins ot‘ that
prince, of which no notice is taken by historians.
LIBERALITAS VII. IMP. VIII. COS. III.
S. C.—This legend appears on s first brass of
Marcus Aurelius, which has on its reverse the
usual type of Liberality standing alone. Noris
pronounces this seventh Liberalilar to have been
the donative given by that emperor to the
Lemons in Germany.
LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM.——TheLihe
rality of the Emperors.—On a large brass of
Balbinus and Pupienus, with this legend on the
reverse, we see an eatrade, on which are seated
those two emperors and the young Gordian, LIBERALI (tas Aug. Cos. mr.)~A woman
then only Cicsar, between two figures standing, standing, holding in her right hand a tgg_~;¢|-1,
one of whom holds a tablet; and at the foot of and in her lett a labarum, in which is VI.—
the estrade is a riztlz figure.—lIcre, then, we First brass of Antoninus Pius.
have three imperial personnges, attended by the LlBEItALila.r AVG. lI.; in others III.; in
praatorian prefect, and in the supposed presence others llII.—Liberality is standing (in the field
of the Liberal Goddess, presenting a gift to a of the coin a star).—Elagabalus. Silver and
Roman citizcn.—On a coin of Valerianus, with second brass.-—On a first brass medal of the
the above legend, that Emperor and his son same Emperor he is figured seated on an estrade
Gallienus appear, both clothed in the toga and distributing gifls.
laureated, sitting on raised curule chairs ; This n'le youth profaned and degraded the
another figure stands near them, extending the name of Liberality by having two about the
right hand, and holding a wand or sceptre in year A.D. 220; but the cause of them is not
the left. assigned.—Thus much is known on the authority
LIBERALITAS. AVG. II (or III).-The of Lampridius that the mad-brained monster
type of a Congiarium, in which the Emperor, caused a species of lottery tickets to be dis
seated on an estrade, is distributing presents.— tributed amongst the people, which assigned to'
On_ gold of Antoninus Pius; also with legend of " the fortiulate holders” ten camels, or ten
LIBERALITAS. AVG. VII. ma. VIII. cos. 11.; on pounds (librm) of gold, or as many pounds of
first brass of the same Emperor. lead, &c.; whilst other lots appropriated to
We peroeive from his coins that the first those who drew them ten bears, ten donnice,
Liberality exercised by this Emperor took place ten lettuces, &e., whereby the populace, whether
in his second Consulate. The third Consulate desirous of gain or of amusement, wen:
offers two following each other. Capitolinus in abundantly delighted.
 LIBERALITAS. LIBERATOR. 517
LIBERAL. AVG. TR. P. COS. II. SC. assnmptive, appears on a third brass of Con
The Emperor seated on an estrade; in advance stantine the Great, the type which it accompanies
of him, on the right hand, is the personification being that of the Emperor on horseback with
of Liberality; behind him stands the prretorian his right hand raised, and a lion crouching
prefect-, s figure is ascending the staves ot' the under his horse’s t'eet.—Eckhel refers it to the
raised plntform.—On a first brass of Pertinax successes of Codstantine over either his rivals or
this legend and type appear, and with apparent. the barbarians whose incursions were pernicious
fidelity and truth, for Capitolinns observes that to the whole Roman world, and who there
the donatives and congiaria which Commodus fore on this medal are shadowed forth under
had promised Pertinax distributed.—['l‘here is the image of a lion trampled upon by a horse
also a second brass of Pertinax with the same man.
legend, but the type is simply that of Liberality LIBERATOR REIPVBLICAE.—Thislegend
standing] is found on a gold coin of Mngneutius, who is
LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI. III. S.C.—The typified on the reverse as on horseback, ofi‘c1'ing
Emperor seated on a nzggestum, two figures his right hand to a woman turret-crowned, hold
standing behind him, the statue of the goddess ing a palm branch and cornucopiie.—It forms
at his right hand, and a figure ascending from one amongst several medals struck under this
bclow.—On a first brass of Alexander Severus, usurper, in which, prematurely enough, he
under whom were struck other coins in each boasts of himself as the liberator of the republic,
metal, recording afourlls act of similar muniti the renovator of the Imperial City, and the
cence, and on which seven, and even eight restorer of the liberties of the Roman World,
figures are seen at the foot of the estrade.—'1‘he chiefly grounded on his victory over Ncpotianus,
who only imitated him in assuming the purple,
and in acting with great cruelty during s short
career.
LIBERI IMP. GERM. AVG. Liberi Im
peraloris Germanici Ar/gusti.—This legend
appears on an elegant gold coin of Vitellius,
which has for the type of its reverse the naked
heads of that Empcror’s two sons, looking
towards each other. -The names of these chil
dren are not known. Of one of them Tacitus
speaks (Hist. ii.) in reference to the time
when reports were sent to Vitellius respecting
the death of Nero :—“ J10: univermm exer
citum occurrere infanii filia jubet: perlalum,
ct paludamento opertum, sinu reiinens, Ger
illustration selected is taken from a medallion of manicum appellavz't."—According to Suetonius,
this Emperor. he perished at the same time with his father
LIBERALITAS AVG. or AVGVSTI.-—On and uncle.
a first brass of Maximinus the emperor is repre LIBERI IMP. AVG. VESPASianua.—'l'he
sented sitting on a cnrule chair surmounting a heads of Titus and Domitian, on a silver coin
platform on which are three other figures; and of Vespasian.
there are several small ones at the foot of the This reverse is taken from the above cited
suggestum. coin of Vitellius, except that the faces in
LIB. Liberta:.—LIB. AVG. Liberia: Au the latter look towards, and these look from,
guali, or Auyusim. each other. Titus and Domitian are here
LIBERATIS ClVIBVS.—To Citizensrestored called the children of the Emperor Vespasian;
to Liberty.—'l‘his inscription, which appears on their mother was Flavia Domitilla; and each in
a rare silver coin of Pertinax, is new to the his turn reigned after the father, but both died
Roman mint; but its meaning is obvious, as without male issue.
struck by the virtuous prince who restored There is another rare and elegant silver coin
Rome to liberty, after the tyranny of Commodus of Vespasian, with the same legend, but of
had been abolished. It is, however, more which the type consists of two veiled figures
difiicult to find any agreement between the standing, each holding in his right hand a
epigraph and the type of this medal, which is patera. These represent Titus and Domitian,
simply the usual one of Liberality (a woman on whom their father conferred the honours of
with teuera and cornucopiar). It appears that the priesthood, in the anticipation of their
by this reverse only the liberality of Pertinax is future succession to the empire. This custom
indicated, which has been noticed on a preceding was borrowed from the example of Augustus,
medal, but which was the more agreeable to the in his adoption of Cains and Lucius, on
Roman people, because it was a liberality no which occasion that Emperor placed the one
longer bcstowedion citizens oppressed with amongst the Poutitfs and the other amongst the
tyranny, but granted at length literati: cimbu-: Augurs.
to frecmcn. LIBERIS AVG1uti COL. A. A. P.—The
LIBERATOR ORBIS.—The Liberator of Colonia Augusta Aroé Palrenaia (in Ac/uzia)
the World.—Th.is new title, and sufiiciently is pronounced by Vaillnnt, and confirmed by
B18 LIBERTAS. LIBERTAS.
Eckhel, to have struck a second brass coin, Vitellius, Galbs, Vespasian, Nerva, Trajan,
which throws a light on the domestic history of Marciana, Hadrian, Antouine, Commodus,
Claudius. On the obverse is that Emperor's Severus, Caracalls, Geta, Elagahalus, Alexander
image and superseription; on the reverse is the Severus, Momma, Gordianus Pius, Trajanus
uncovered head of Britannicus between the heads Decius, Treboniauus Gallus, and Claudius Gothi
of his sisters Antonia and Octavia, placed on a cus.—On a medal of Hadrian we see Liberty
cornncopise—a proof of the fecundity of the seated, holding in the left hand a branch, and in
Imperial house.--See Patrae Col. the right a spear.—A coin of Galba shews us
LIBERT. Libertas.—~This word appears this Goddess Standing, with a horn of plenty in
behind the head of the Goddess of Liberty, onthe left hand, holding in her right the pileus or
s silver coin of the Cassia family. cap of liberty.—On a coin of Antoninus Pins
LlBER'l‘AS.—Liberty is represented in two she holds a patera in her right hand.—On I
ways on coins: the one as a woman with a medal of Clodius Mncer, and on a gold coin of
naked head, which is the image of Roman Galba, restored by Trajan, she holds a cap i.n
Liberty; the other having her head covered the right and the patera in the left hand.-The
with aveil, and adorned with a diadcrn, is the pileus held in the right and the cornucopia: in
efligy of the Goddess of Liberty, whose temple the left are the attributes of Liberty on coins of
was on Mount Aventine. The veil is in this Antoninus, Elagabalus, Volusianus, Gallienus,
case the token of divinity, as indeed the diadcm Quintillns, Aurelianus, Juliunus the usurper, and
is the ornament of a goddess.—Liberty is repre Julianus II.
sented not only on Consular medals, but also LIBERTAS AVGusla (August Liberty), or
with considerable frequency on those of the LIBERTAS AVGusforum (the Liberty of the
Imperial series. Emperors), “ who called it freedom when fluen
The bead qf Diberty is the type of many selves were free." We find the title of LIB. P. I.
medals of Roman families; she is crowned with (the Liberty of the Roman people), indis
an olive garland in Liciuis; with laurel in criminately expressed on coins of Gslba,
Junia, Pedania, Servilia, Vibia; and her Vitellius, Vespasian, Ncrva, Hadrian, Antonius,
head-dress in difierent styles on coins of the Commodus, Gordiauns Pius, 'l‘rcb. Gallus, and
Caacilia, Cassia, Considia, Junis, Petillia, Gallieuus, as if LIBERTAS rvsmcs and unrzsns
Porcia, Postumia, Sempronia, Silia, and Valeria BESTITVTA were cpigraphs applicable to the
families; she appears veiled on the denarii of political state of the Roman Commonwealth
the Emilia, Calpuruia, Crepusia, Lollia, Lutatia, under the best and mildest of those princes,
Mamilia, Marcia, and Sulpicia families ; and she even a Ncrva, or an Ant-onine.
is both veiled and laureated on a medal of the Liberty is a type especially repeated on
Sestia family.—On the greater part of the the medals of Galba; a circumstance not sur
denarii, struck by the conspirators against prising, when it is considered that after the
Caesar, we see the /Lead qf Liberty, sometimes death of Nero the people testified so lively a
ornamented, at other times veiled. “By this joy, and so fully believed that the republic was
s bol (says Millin) they intended to shew that re-established, that according to the testimony
t ey had taken up arms only to deliver Rome of Suetonius, they ran through the streets, their
from the tyranny of Julius; whilst on the other heads covered with the cap of liberty.
hand even Cazsar himself pretended also that Liberty, in a biga, appears on coins of the
to avenge the liberty of the Roman people was Crepusia, Mamilia, and Marcia families; and
his sole object.”-—On a celebrated silver coin the in a quadriga on a denarius of the family Cassia;
head of M. Brutus appears on one side; and on she sometimes holds a cap with one hand and the
the other a. cap between two daggers, with reins of the horses in the other, or otherwise
this historically interesting inscription E[Dibu.| she holds the reins with both hands.—On a
MAR/tiis ,- “ to the Ides of March,” the day of silver coin of L. Dolabella, in the Cornelia
Caesar’s murder.—-Dion Cassius (in the 25th family, a figure of Victory flying through the
chap. of his 47th book) also acquaints us that air olfers a crown to Liberty.
Brutus caused coins to be struck, of which the LIBERTAS. Head qf Liberty.-—Rever.re.
type was similar to the one above described. asv'rvs.—Procession of the Consul, betwasn
The same writer adds that by this type and by a two lictors, preceded by the accerwus, a public
medal bearing the legend of unsnrss an. officer of Rome, appointed to call courts and
BEST. (Liberty restored to the Roman people), assemblies.——On a. silver coin of I. navrvs.—
Brutus wished to shew that, conjointly with See the name.
Cassius, he had restored the liberty of his LIBERTAS. Head qf Liberfy.——Rez=erse.
country.—See EID. sras..—m. nsvrvs—and Popula Romano RES'l'itula.—The pileus or cap
Junia family. of Liberty, between two daggers.—On another
Liberty is often depicted under the figure of denurius of M. BRVTvs.—See the name.
a woman standing, with a hat or cap (pilcus) in LEIBERTAS for LIBERTAS.—'l‘he head of
her right hand, and holding in her lelt a hasta, a female crowned with a nimbus or glory; on
or perhaps that particular wand which the others veiled besides ——On a dennrius of C.
Romans called rudis or vindicta, with which Cassius Longiuus, the colleague of Brutus, who
slaves were slightly struck, at the moment of here places the head of Liberty on his medals,
their emancipation. Under this form and with because he had taken up arms in her cause.
such attributes she is seen on medals of Claudius, LlBERTATIS.—-See Lollia gens.
 LIBERTAS. LIBERTAS. 519
LIBERTAS AVGVSTA S. C.—The goddess appear on a second brass of Claudius, _as if he
standing, holds the pileus in her right hand, had restored liberty to the Republic after
and extends her left —'l‘his legend and type Calignlifs tyranny and oppression.

LIBERTATIS P. R. VINDEX.-—'l‘his flatter This coin of Galba evidently formed the prototype
ing title—Vindicator of the Liberty qf like from which Hadrian afterwards took his tvpes in
Roman Peop1e—appenrs on the obverse of a reference to restored provinces. '
silver medallion of that Liberlu-ids, Augustus! On a first brass of Hadrian, with the same
So much for Roman flattery. It is, howfivef, legend, we see the Emperor seated on an estrade,
the only instance in which the adopted son of below which stands a woman, who ofiers in her
the great Julius received such adulation on ii left hand _a child to the Emperor.—Eckhel
coin, and none of the sncceeding_ emperors Offer expresses himself at a loss to know what this
on their respective coins a similar example.—— type signifies, unless it be to what Spartianus
The reverse of this coin exhibits a female figure, mentions: Liberi: proacriptorum duadecima:
holding n caduceus; near to which is_an_ altar bonorum eoncesnt.
with a serpent on it. The word PA_X is_in_ the LICI. Licim'u.r.—LICIN. Lieinianus.
field of the coin, and the whole is within a Lic£m'a.—-A plebeian family. Its surnames
laurel garland. _ on coins are Cmuua, Macer, Illurena, Nerva,
LIBERTAS P. R.—The Liberty of .the Stolo. From this stock many illustrious branches,
Roman People.—'I'his legend appears OH B adorned by men of . consular and pontifical
denarius of Galba, which presents the iinag_e of dignity, have sprung, as the above appellations
Liberty iii an unusual attitude. She is depicted serve to impart.—-There are silver medals bear
under the form of a woman standing between ing the name of this family amongst those
two corn ears, and raising her hands towards struck by the moneyers of Aug'ustns.—The
heaven.—“ It seems (says Eckhel) that this type brass pieces are the As, or its parts, and some
involves a fine allegory, namely, that Liberty are also by the moneyers of Angnstns.~—'l‘here
exhorts the people to devote themselves ai_iew_ to are thirty-one varieties. Silver and first brass
the pursrdts of agriculture, afier the extinction rare -, the rest common.
of that execrable tyranny with_ which Nero had The following denarius of this family, bearing
desolated the einpire—as if in ]0_\’fl1l accents she the surname of Crassus, is rare :—
exclaimed to the Roman husbandmen, with The head of Venus: behind which is S. C.
Maro=— , Rev. P. CRASSVS M. r.—A soldier standing,
“Pascite at ante bores, pueri, submittite tauros] holds in his left hand a spear and buckler, with
LIBERTAS RESTITVTA. S.C.—The restor his right he holds a horse by the bridle.
ation of liberty is for the first time typified on a This silver coin appears to have been struck
first brass of Galba, by a group representing that by P. Crassus, the son of Mai-ens Crassus, killed
Emperor standing, in the toga, and raising up by the Piirthians, and who himself lost his life
in the same war; but who, previously to the
Parthian war, followed the camp of Caesar in
the Gallic war, as the latter often testifies in his
Commentaries. Whether this denarius, as some
have supposed, was struck by him whilst he was
qniiestor in Gaul, or at another time, is un
certain.—The type of the reverse is believed to
allude to the ceremony of the trzmavectio equi,
or parading of the horse, accustomed to be
performed before the Censor, thus recalling to
remembrance an ancestral honour, for both
his father and grandfather were censors.—See
Spsnheim, TOM. ii. p. 99.
The following denarius of the same family,
under the surname of Siolo, is also rare :—
a kneeling female figure, whilst a soldier stands AVGVSTVS TR. i>o'i'.~Augiistus on horseback,
behind him, allusivc to the freedom of the holding ii garland in his right hand.
Roman people rescued from destruction by the Rev. The pontifical Ape: between two ancilia,
death of Nero, and the accession of Galba. with i>. sroi.o i1rvm.—0ii first and second

P
520 LICINIUS. LITUUS.
brass of Augustus we read P. mcnvrvs s'1‘0L0 They were usually taken from the dregs of the
mvln. people, but were nevertheless free, and some
This Licinins, who, as tribune of the people, times emancipated by the magistrates they
caused a law to be passed, prohibiting any served. Their functions were various :—1st.
Roman citizen from possessing more than five They walked in procession before the magistratu
hundred acres of land, was, according to Va.rro, with fa-aces, composed of axes and rods. 2nd.
called Stolo, because he bestowed so much care They gave notice to the people to render to
in cultivating his land, that no one could find a the magistrates the honour due to them. 3rd.
atolo, or off-shoot of a plant, on his farm.-— They walked before the magistrates, not two and
One of this man’s descendants was Stolo, whom two, nor confusedly, but ranged one afier the
these coins shew to have been a monetal trinmvir other in single file. 4th. When the magistrates
of Augustus —Vaillant is of opinion that on pronounced these words :-—I, Lictor, adde virgin
these denarii Augustus is exhibited on his return rm, at in 1.-um {eye age, they struck the guilty
from Syria, entering the city with the honours person with rods, and cut 0E his head. The
of an ovation, because without bloodshed he bad Dictator had twenty-four of these officers in
recovered Roman citizens and standards from attendance on him; the Master of the Home
the Parthians, as Dion relates; to which event six ; the Consul twelve; the Praetor six.
the reverse type is also thought to bear reference, A denarius of the Junia family, bearing on
for these military standards were hung up in the its reverse the head of Liberty, exhibits oil its
temple of Mars Ultor, whoseflamen, or priest, obverse a group of four figures, considered to
wore the ape:-, and whose dutyit was to preserve represent the sons of Junius Brutus, guarded by
the ancilia.—See the word. the lictors.——See BRVTV8.
Licinins (Pu6liu.r Flavius Claurliu: Galeriua A Liclor standing with the virga or rod is
Valeriua Lieinianua) was born of an obscure seen on u brass coin of Antoninus—also on a
family in Dacia, A.D 263: distinguished him second brass Liberalitaa of Alexander Severns.—
self against the Persians.—Upon the death of See likewise the denarius inscribed Pnovoco.
Severus II., he was named Csesar and Augustus L. I. MIN. RESTl'l‘V'l‘A. Le]/io Prime
by Galerius Maximianus, who associated him in Minervia RealituIa.—On ~a brass coin of Aure
the empire, A.D. 807, and assigned Pannonia olus, who is figured joining hands with Minerva,
and Rhmtia to his government.—Covetous, and a palm branch being between the-an both.—
of infamous habits, be cruelly persecuted the Banduri, i. p. 328.
Christians. In 313 he espoused Constantia, Lituu: Auyurum, the augu-al staff, like 5
the sister of Constantine the Great, and daughter Bishop's crosier, but shorter, which the angui
of Constantius Chlorus. The same year he defeated held in his band, whilst describing and measuring
Maximinus Daza, and reigned with Constantine ; oil‘ the different regions of the sky, is found on
caused the deaths of Valeria and Prisca; made a denarius of the Licinia family, bearing the
war upon Constantine; was beaten at Cibalis portrait of Numa Pumpilius—and also is seen
in 314, and was offered terms by the victor; behind the head of King Ancus, on a denarius
declared his son Licinins, Caesar; and again of the Marcia family, inscribed ANCVS. Ancus
appealed to arms against Constantine, by whose Martins being the king who restored from their
generals he was defeated at Adrianople, in 323, neglected state the institutions of religion which
and at Chalcedon; shortly afterwards he sur Numa had formcd.—The same augural instru
rendered himself at -Tbessalonica, where, by ment appears on coins of Julius Cwsar, M.
order of Constantine, he was strangled A.D. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Cains Lucius, and
32-1|——The style of this prince on his coins Caligula,~—frequently accompanied with other
(which are very rare in all metals except second religious utensils, such as the pra:fericulnm,
and third brass) is non. c. can. van. mom. secespita, &c.
ucnnvs r. 1'. AVG.—-The coins published by The Lzluus .»lu_quraIia, or pontifical symbol,
Banduri, on which Licinins is styled Caesar only, ahso appears on coins of Vespasian, Nerva,
when it would appear that Galerins had first Hadrian, Antonine, M. Aurelius, Commodus,
given him that title alone, are regarded by Eckhel Elagabalus, Gordianns Pins, Maximns Ciesar,
to be either false or to belong to Licinins jun. Philippus junior, Herennius, Hosti1ianus,-Voln
Licinins (Fl. Val. Licinian.) the younger, sianus, and other En1perors.—'I'he Liluus is like
son of the elder Licinins, by Constantia, was wise observed on medals of the Annia, Cassia,
born a.o. 315, and declared Caesar A.D. 317; a Cornelia, Domitia, and other Roman families.
prince of great promise; but the victim of Lituus Iililifari-r, a military instrument, so
Constantine's policy, he was stripped of his called from its resemblance to the angnral lihuu,
title on the death of his father in 323, and put was a species‘ of curved
to death in 326. His style is IJCINIVS trumpet, which served in
IVN. NOB Ca>.mr—aJso rs. var. ucmisnvs camps to mark, by its
1.rcr.vrvs nos. caEs.—-—On the same coin with sounding, the day and night
his father it is no. NN. IOVH LICINII. INVIC1‘. watches of the soldiers. In
ave. E1‘. c.u-:s.—His gold and silver are very the Junia family, a denarins
rare-, bran: medallions still rarer; third bras: exhibits on its reverse two
very common. of these military Iitui, placed
Lictore.r.—Lictors, oflicers established by crosswise, with bucklers at
Romulus, after the example of the Etruscans. top and bottom. A silver coin of the same
 LIVIA. LOLLIA. ' 521
family bears for type Jupiter in a quadriga, who, as may be implied from the addition
holding a military liluua; as does Mars, on a PRAEF. VR., was one of the Prsefects of the
coin of the Domitin family —'[‘\vo military litui City, whom Julius Caesar, when he went to
appear placed with shields and spears, on a coin Spain, loft at Rome (as Dion relates), and who
of Marcus Aurelius. assumed to themselves the jus liatorum at -vellw
Livia Drusilla, also called Julia, was the curulia, as the coins of this Regulus seem to
daughter of Livius Calidianus of the Claudia. shew, unless perhaps the type in the above
family, and the fourth wife of Augustus. She described deuarii more correctly belongs to the
first was espoused to Tiberius Claudius Nero, Praetorship of Regulus the father, especially as
by whom she was yielded up to Augustus, who there are no axes (secures) to the fnsces; and
divorced his third wife Seribonia in order to we learn from Spauhcim that such was the case
marry her; she being already mother of Tiberius, with the fasccs of the prazlorer urbani.——By the
and pregnant with Nero Drusus. Handsome, type of the combat of men with wild beasts,
and of great abilities, yet proud, cruel, and the magnificent gladiatorial shews, given by
unprinciplcd, she eompassed the deaths of Julius Caesar, are probably indicated.
August-ns's heirs, Marcellus, Agrippa junior, LN., ns amint-mark, bugdunum.
and Germanicus, in order to raise her son Lollia, a plebeian family, having for its sur
Tiberius to the imperial throne. name ranrmnvs. Its coins offer twelve
The coins of this princess, of Roman mintnge, varieties, two of which deserve note, viz., one
do not bear her portrait. She is represented as a dcnarius with legend LIBEBTATIS and head
JVSTITIA, as rra"ras,.and as s.u.vs, on second of Liberty, and the other inscribed noivoals,
brass (which are scarce) struck under Tiberius: with laureated head of Honour.
the two lattcr restored by Titus. A first brass LIB!-2RTATI5.—Thc head of Liberty.
with the head of Justice is very rare. (See Rev. r.u.1KANvs.—A portico, to the columns
1vs'rma) It was after the death of Augustus of which are aflixed the beaks of ships. and on
that she took the name of Julia, and these the top of which is placed atable.—'1'he fore
pieces are of that epocha.—0n Latin coins she going is Eckhel’s description of the type.—By
is always styled IVLIA svGvsra.—On some Mionnet it is described as a bridge with several
Greek medals she is called L!VIA.——Tlm legend arches; a table above, and three gallcys below.
avovsra HATER PATBIAE is found on a coin The brass pieces of this family were struck
struck in her honour by some unknown colony. in Cyrenaica, by L. Lollius, one of the lieu
LIVIAN. Livianus, surname of the ZEmilia tenants of Augustus.
family. noNon1s.—A juvenile head laureatcd.
Lirineia, a plebeian family, whose surnames Rev. Paiilmisvs.-—A curule chair between
on coins are Reyulus and Gallua. Its medals two ears of corn.
present thirteen varieties, extremely rare in The reverse of the first denarius exhibits the
gold ; somewhat common in silver, except those rostra Populi Romani, an appellation given to the
pieces restored by Trajan: the third brass of sugyealum, or clevntcd platform, constructed in
this family are by the moneycrs of Augustus, the forum, and adorned with the beaks of gnlleys
and are common. captured from the Antiatcs. The type is ro
The following are among the few interesting garded as referring to M. Lollius Palikanus, who,
deuarii of the Livineia family : being tribune of the people in the year of
r.. nnovnvs. PR.—The bare head of a young Rome 684, succeeded, with the assistance of
man, without beard. Pompey the Consul, in restoring to the tribune
Rev. m;cv1.vs. r. rnanr. va.—A curule ship its ancient power, of which Sylla had left the
chair, upon which is a crown; on each side are shadow without the substance. [See Tribunitia
thefa.rce.r without axes. Potestas.] By the head of Liberty, therefore,
Same head.—Rev. Two men, with spears, the restoration of liberty to the Roman people
fighting with a lion, a tiger, and a bu1l.—In is clearly indicated : whilst the raslra point to the
the excrgue L. BEGVLVS. place where the tribzmi plebi: were accustomed
The portrait on the obverse of these coins to speak on behalf of the assemblies of the people.
is certainly intended to represent some one of LOCVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM.
the more ancient Reguli, but which of them in S.C. (To him who enriches the world).—~The
icular does not seem to be known.—Haver Emperor Hadrian, seated on an eatrade, has
camp thinks that the letters PR. following the
word REGVLVS should be read Pater Reguli,
because on the reverse of the first coin we read
REGVLVS F1Tlius.—Eckhel clearly proves, how
ever, that there should be no point between the
P and the R, as erroneously engraved in Morell,
but that it should be read Plwlar. He, more
over, entertains no doubt of the epigraph of the
reverse reading REGVLVS Fi/ius, meaning the
son of the Praztor Regulus. It is thus also
on coins of the Valeria family that we read
MESSAL. F.——Thesc coins, in the opinion of
Havcrcamp, were struck by that L. Regulus,
3X
522 LUCILLA. LUCIUS.—LUCRETI.
Liberalilal beside him, who, from a horn of and of Faustina the younger. Handsome, and
plenty, pours forth gifis into the bosoms of two at first virtuous, she was married to Lucius
figures standing beneath. Verus. Forsaken by him, she gave herself up
The generwity and munificent largesses of to lewdncss and excess. After \’erus’s death,
Hadrian, after having been recorded many times to which Lucilla is accused of having been an
on various coins and in divers ways, are on the accessory, she espoused Claudius Pompeianus, is
reverse of a first brass medal of great rarity, Roman senator; lived with Commodus as his
glorified altogether by the above splendid title_- mistress; abandoned by him she conspired
“The Benefactor of the World"—a superlative against that tyrant, by whom she was exiled to
the more remarkable, inasmuch as, neither Caprcm, where she was shortly after put to
before nor aflcrwards, is it found conferred on death.
any other Empcror.—-Dion Cassius_ at once She‘ is styled on her coins (which in every
illustrates and eountenanccs the otherwise hyper metal are more or less common), LVC-ILLA
bolical character of this legend—locupletator AVGVS'l‘A—and as the daughter of Marcus
orbilr terrarum, in a passage wherein he says Aurelius, LVCILLA AVG. M. AXTONINI
of this prince that he was accustomed enrich AVG. Filia. The types of some of her brass
whole provinces with his gifts, which were medallions are of great beauty and rarity. She
bestowed on a crowd of citizens of all ranks had children by her two husbands, and her
and classes, and that he never waited to be medals often ‘make allusion to_ her fecundity.
asked, but bestowed his beneticenee wherever LVCIN.-t. See iv.\'o LVCINA.
the necessity of the case required it.—See LV(JI_().——Sce CAIO rrr hvcio.
Hadrian. Lucius, born seventeen years before Christ,
Lo/li¢mu.i.—See Laelianua. was one of the sons of Agrippa, by Julia,
LON. Lorigu.9.—Surname of a man. daughter of Augustus, and with his elder
LONGVS is a surname common to many brother Cains was adopted into the. Julia gnu,
families of different races. It is iin addition to and at the same time into the family of the
the Caaca branch of the Servilia family Ciesars, by his grandfather Augustus, and was
casca LONGVS. called Prineep; Jiwm!u!i.i-—Prinee of the
Lorim, the cuirass of the Romans. This Roman youth. His portrait appears on second
pieee of defensive armour, which the ancients brass colonial of Augustus (L. avo. or L.
at first made of leather, was afterwards formed cans ave. F. PBINC. IVVEN.) Sent to the
of iron rings, and lastly of steel, brass, silver, army of Spain, he died on his way, at Marseilles
and even gold scales. The lariczt JQIUIIIIEIZ of (Massiliii), A.D. 2; supposed to have fallen a
the Emperors is frequently seen on their coins. victim to the poisoning arts of Livia.
—See ])0mitirm, Severus, &c. _ LVC. or LVG. P.S. Lur,-dam", or Lugdlmi,
L. P. D. AE. P. Lucius Papiriu: Desiguatu: peeunia .i-ignata.—Money struck at Lugdunum,
1E'dilia Plebi¢.—Plebeian Edile elect.—Vai.llant now Lyons.
in his coins of Families gives this as inscribed LVCR.—LVCRETI —'l'he name of Lucretia.
on a remarkable brass coin, having on one side -—See I/ucretia gens, a family extinct in its
Janus, and on the other the prow. patrician branch; but its plcbeian eognomen of
L. R. Du:-'iu.1 Rubrius or Roseius. Taio is preserved on eleven varieties of coins;
L. S. DEN. Lucius Sicinim Deritatus.— none, however, of any remarkable interest.
Preiiomen, name, and surname of ii man. The following is a rare denarius; but as
L. VAL. Lucius Valeriua.—Prenomen and restored by Trajan it is trebly rare :
name. I. Head of the Sun radiated.-—Re0.
The
LVCIF. I/uei_'fera.—Seo DIANA Lvciriiaa.— crescent Moon between the Triones, or constella
LVNA LVCIFERA. tion of seven stars——I.. LVCRI-.'l‘l T310.
Lucilia, ii plebeian family, whose eognomen There is an elegant though by no means a
is Rig/in. It has only one type, winged head of scarce silver coin :——
Minerva, behind it A. i>v., the whole within a II. Head of Neptune, behind it a trident
laurel crown.—1i‘n. Victory in a biga, inscribed and xxxi.--Rev. Cupid riding on the hack of
ll. LVCXLI. avr. Silver common. a dolphin, which he guides with a bridle—
L. Lvcasrri Tiiio.
It is evident that the seven stars, or Triones,
are placed on this family coin in allusion to its
nnme.—Eckhel adds, “The symbols of the sun
and moon were, moreover, engraved on it,
because those planets diffusing, as they do above
all others, an abundant light, have a reference,
in my opinion, to the nanie of Lucretius."
Cupid mounted on a dolphin is a doubtful
subject on this second denarius of Lucrctius.——
Vailliint refers to the naval victory of Aemilius,
Prretor of Sicily; but that eminent writer
carries his perspieuity so far as, from the
numerals XXXI. which he sees near the head of
Lucilla (A/mia), daughter of i\Iarcus Aurelius Neptune, to gather the very number of ships
 LUDI ROMANI. LUDI ROMANI. 5 23
captured! Quis /use rqutabit? drily asks coin bearing the inscription CEB. QVINQ. non.
the unimnginative but sagaeious Eckhel. co. Cerfamen Quinquennale Roma Con
LVD. Ludi, Ludis, Ludos. atitutum.—Sce can. QVINQ. aoil. eo.——Aud
Ludi. Garnes.—Public sports or spectacles from a legend on a. Greek coin of Caracalla, it
exhibited for the amusement of the people. is ascertained that at Ancyra in Galatia games
These celebrations formed part of the religion had been celebrated in honour of Escnlapius, in
of the ancients; the games themselves were like manner with those already dedicated in the
solemnized for the professed purpose either of Isthmus of Corinth to Apollo.
appeasing the wrath of the gods, and meriting Irudarum Pmmia, the prizes or symbols of
their favour; or of invoking the blessing of public games, were the caduceus, the corona or
health for the people, whose good graces were garland, the laurel, the palm, vases, &c.
also sought to be couciliated by those who The following are the only Roman games
instituted and arranged them.——The Grecian alluded to on medals with Latin inscriptions :—
states, in the ages of their independence, carried Ludi Jpollinares, which we're instituted in
-the system of holding public games to the Rome to the honour of Apollo by a Senatus
highest point of national distinction. After consultuln, and celebrated for the first time in
wards when Greece submitted to the Roman 543. These annual games consisted of horse
yoke, her conquerors encouraged this extravagant racing in the circus. Several coins of the
taste, which better suited their ambitions policy Calpurnia family offer types which, in the head
than to leave her to the gelling thoughts of lost of Apollo, the laurel crown, the vase, and a
liberty. And from numismatic evidence, it horse at full gallop with its rider, are considered
would even appear that the provinces increased as having reference to the Apollinarian games,
the number of their public games in the very which were identical with the Pythian games of
ratio of their decreasing prosperity.——From the the Greeks.
time of Septimius Severus, medals are found Ludi CereaIes.—Thcsc games, common to
to indicate many new institutions of this sort, Ceres and to Bacchus, were under the direction
of which no preceding record had been made. of the Cnrule Ediles.
But their number was never so great as under I/udi Circeme.1.—The games of this name,
Valerianus and Ga1licnus—that is to say, during borrowed from the Greek, were first celebrated
reigns in which the Greek provinces of the at Rome, when the Elder Tarquin built a circus
empire were in the most neglected and ruinous between Mounts Aventiue and Palatine. They
state. Passing over (by no means as uninterest commenced on the 23rd September, lasted five
ing but simply as exceeding the limits of a work clays, and five sorts of exercises, called
expressly confined to Roman numismatics), those Gymnici, were performed at them—viz.,
notices of Grecian games which Millin has so racing, pugilism, wrestling, the discus, and the
nobly given in his Diclionaire des Beau: Arts, dance. The procession from the Capitol to the
we proceed to enumerate and shall attempt con Circus, on the opening day, was of the most
cisely to explain the Ludi Romani. These re imposing dcscription.—A coin of Nerva records
ceived their respective appellations from the the games of the Circus in connection with their
places where they were celebrated, as t'irce11.rian reputed founder, Neptune ; and an equally
and as scenic games; or by the name of the interesting allusion to them is found on coins of
deity to whom they were consecrated; and these Roman mintage, that which is inscribed on a
latter were divided into sacred games, and votive coin of Hadrian, inscribed ANN0 DCCCLXXIII
games, funeral ganzea, and games of amuse NATali VRBi.i- Prinmm Cllicenses CON.:lituti,
ment. The Plebeian Ediles had the manage recording the revival and re-establishment, utter
ment of the plebeian games. The Pmtor, or long disuse, of the (fircensian games,_in celebra
the Cnrule Edile, took the direction of the tion of the 874th anniversary of Rome's natal
games dedicated to Ceres, to Apollo, to Jupitcr, or foundation day (see the words ANNO, &c).-—
to Cybele, and to the other principal deities, Havercamp, in his remarks on Contorniate
under the name of Ludi Megalenses. Amongst medals, shews to what an insane pitch the love
this variety of public spectacles, there were some of these games was carried, even under the
which were specially denominated I/udi Romani, Christian Emperors.
and which were themselves divided into magni, I/udi .Dece1male.1.—Gzuncs which theEmperors
and man-imi. gave to the people on the tenth year of their
Ludi Publici, the public games which the reign The custom of celebrating the decennial
Roman Emperors dedicated to the amusement of games derived its origin from Augustus, after
the people, were a species of feasts or holidays; whose example other Emperors adopted it, as
but it was not every public festivity that was Dion Cassius teaches us (L. iii.)—See I‘RlMl
accompanied by public es. On coins these DECENNALES and DECENNALIA.
ludi are very frequently noticed.——Besides being Ludi FloraZe.r.—Floral games which were
indicated by vases, whence spring palm branches, celebrated at Rome in honour of the Goddess
or ovcr which appear crowns, they are dis Flora, under the direction of the Curulc Edilcs,
tinguished by legends, which for the most part on the 29th of April, to invoke the seaaonablo
exhibit either the name of the author, or that appearance of the Flowers.—A record of one
of the deity to whose honour they were insti of these celebrations is seen on a denarius of the
tutcd.——Thus Nero is shewn to be the author of Servilia fa1nily.—See F/ura.
certain contests celebrated every five years by a Ludi Func&res.—I"uiieral games given in
3X2

/‘
524 LUDI ROMANI. LUDI SPECULA RES.
honour of persons of distinction after their death, torniate medals, with the head of Trajan on
under the superstitious idea of satisfying their them, to be distributed amongst the people."
names, and of appeasing the wrath of the Ludi Sa’c11lares.—Seculur gnmcs, so called,
infernal gods. hay included combats of because they w'ere celebrated only once in a
gladiators; and this cruel spectacle was called century or age, or perhaps because it was
munus, that is to say a gift.—-The Romans for scarcely given to a man to sec them more than
bade women being present at these murderous once in his life. They constituted one of the
exhibitions. The games lasted three or four most solemn-of the Roman festivals. Their
days, and the people attended them in mourning actual origin is thus related. In the same year
habits. ~ when the kingly government was abolished,
The ludifimebre: in honour of Divusdugustus, Rome became atfiicted with a dreadful pest ilencc;
instituted by the Col. Viclr. Jul. C'artli., are and Pnblius Valerius Publicola, then one of the
referred to on coins of Roman families, edited two consuls, sought to stay the vengeance of
by Havereamp and Morel]. the offended deities, by causing sacrifices to be
Ludi Francis-i.—In the calendarium of otfered on the same altars to Pluto and Proser
Philocalus, published by Lambecius, mention is pine ; and, as we are told, the plague ceased.—
made of games bearing the name of Francici, Sixty years afierwards, the same rites were
and which arc supposed to have been instituted repeated by order of the priests of the Sybilline
on the occasion of the victory gained over the Oracle, and certain ceremonies were added, as
Franks and Alemanni by Constantine the Great, pretended to be prescribed in the sacred books
who, according to Eutropius—“ C’a's-is Francis of the Sybills; and then it was ordained that
alque Alemannis rages eorum cepit, et besliis, these feasts should take place at the end of
cum 5'/ieum apeclaculum muner-is parasset, each century. The preparation for and arrange
0bjeci!."—If this horrible act of ungcnerons ments of these cs were extremely imposing,
bloodthirstiness was really committed by this first especially during the period of the empire, with
professed imperial convert from Paganism to the whose preservation they were, in popular
religion of the Cross, the GAVDIVX which stands opinion, identified. When the time arrived for
on the numismatic record of his achievement, as holding these secular sports, the Q,uindecemH'rs
the vanquisher l"RANCor1m: at ALAMarmo1-um, sent heralds throughout all Italy, for the expres
should have been written CRVDELITAS urpose of inviting the people to assist at a
ROMANORVM. The man, indeed, who could festival “which they had never seen, and which
deliver up the chicfs of his no longer resisting they would never see again.”—\\'hen everybody
foes to Wild beasts at the games which he was assembled, the solemnities began with a
exhibited for the amusement of the people, was procession, consisting of the Priesthood, the
not a monarch but a monster—not a Christian Senate, and the Magistrates, accompanied by a
Emperor, but an incarnate fiend.—Eumenius,in multitude of citizens clothed in white, crowned
his panegyrics, lauds Constantine in giving with flowers, and each holding a palm-branch.
his Franldsh prisoners in such numbers to the For the three days and nights that the festival
wild beasts that they at last stood still, satiated lasted, three ditfcrcnt hymns were sung in the
with slaughter.—Sce a notice of the amphitheatre temples, and various shows were exhibited to
at Treves, the site of the carnage, in Mr. Roach the people. The scene of action was changed
Smith’s Col. Ant. vol. each day. The first was in the Campus Martins;
I/udi Magni, or Romani, were instituted the second at the Capitol; the third on the
under the Kings of Rome, and were called Palatine Hill. Afier a preparatory form of
magni, because they were given on a grand scale devotion, called Pemiyilium, when lustral cere
and at a great expense. They were dedicated to monies were gone through, and black victims
Jove, Juno, and hlinervn. The curule chair, ofl'ered up to the Infernal Gods, the multitude
with the thunderbolt and face of Jupiter above assembled in the Field of Mars, and sacrificed to
it, on the obverse of denarii, shew that it was Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Ceres, and other
the Ediles who celebrated these grand or Roman divinities. The first night of the games, the
es. Emperor himself, at the head of fifieen Pontiffs,
Dudi Jllegalenses, or Megalesii, in honour of proceeded to the banks of the Tiber, and
Mater Magus, the Idmau Goddess (Cybele), there at three altars erected for the ocmsion,
were held in April, with great religious pomp. and sprinkled with the blood of three lambs,
The early coinage of Rome shews that the above they dedicated victims and other burnt-offerings.
namcd goddess was a principal deity, whose A certain space of ground was afterwards
favour it was sought to invoke, and whose wrath marked out, and converted into an illuminated
to appease, by these games. Their types are scene. During the first two days appropriate
found on certain denarii of Roman families (sce hymns were chanted in chorus; diliercnt kinds
Havcrcamp; and Morell, Fam. p. 298). These of games were performed; scenic pieces were
public games were celebrated by Scipio at exhibited at the theatre; and at the circus there
Nassica, in Spain.—Sce CrzZa_1/urris. were foot, horse, and chariot races. The third
Dmii Part/u'ci.——'l‘hc Parthian games were day, which concluded the festival, seventeen young
celebrated at Rome in remembrance of the men and as many young women of condition,
victories gained by 'I‘rajnn over the l’nrthians.— and having their fathers and mothers living,
"It would seem (says Millin) that the com entered the temple of Apollo Palatiuus, and
memoratious occasioned a great number of Cou sang hymns in Grcck and Latin, invoking
 LUDI SECULARES. LUDI S/ECULARES. 525
upon Rome the protection of the gods, who had ten years, in taking for a base the 737th year
just been honoured by the most solemn sacrifices. of Rome, when Augustus re-established them;
At length the Sibylline Priests who had opened or else the period of one hundred years adopted
the ludi emrulares with prayers to the deities, by Claudius, Antoninus Pius, and Philip—in
closed them in the same manner. taking for a base the secular games celebrated
In giving an account of the various epochas in 957 under Severus, according to the corn
when the Secular games were celebrated under putation of Augustus, they ought to have been
the Emperors, M. Millin observes that after an celebrated one hundred and ten years after, that
interruption which lasted for n long series of is to say, in 1067; but Mnximianus was dead
years, these festivities took place for the sixth in 1063. The same reasoning may be employed
time from their original institution during the in order to prove that during the reign of
reign of Augustus, and in the ycar of Rome Gallieuus, which comes in the series between
737.—'l'he Emperor Claudius, indeed, when he that of Philip and that of Maximian, there should
was but sprivate individual, had borne testimony not have been any secular games. It is this
to the fact that Augustus’s calculation of the circumstance which induced Eckhel to suppose
year for performing the secular games was care that, having found the period of a whole century
fully and correctly made. But when Claudius too long, the Emperors determined upon cele
became emperor he found fault with this brating these splendid feasts at the end of half a
calculation, which hc said had anticipated the century. This hypothesis acquires great weight,
time; and he pretended that the celebration ought when it is considered, in the first place, that at
to have been reserved to the cud of the century this cpochn, the ltoman empire was utflictcd with
in which he was living. In conformity with pestilence and ravaged with wars, and that it
this his professed opinion, Claudius repeated was expressly with the view of removing these
these games in the 800th year after the founda scourges that the celebration of the secular
tion of Rome. games was instituted; in the next place, accord
It is in reference to that
occasion Suetonius remarks that the pro ing to the newer computation, the time for per
clamation of the herald, abou “what people forming them coincides with the reign of
had never seen and would not see again,” failed Gallicnus, and with that of Muximinnus, imder
in its application to this particular instance; whom the testimony of medals shows that the
because many persons who had witnessed the took place.—Severus celebrated the games in
secular games under Augustus, were then still 957, on the computation of Augustus. In
living; and because there were even actors that adding thereto 55 years, the half of 110,
had been employed on the former occasion, who according to Augustus, composing the period
took part in the spectacle of this Claudian cele required to elapse between one celebration and
bration.—Forty-one years afterwards, Domitian another, we arrive at the year 1012, which
renewed the secular games, not according to the corresponds with the seventh year of the tri
calculation established by Claudius, but agree bunitian power of Gallienus, a period at which
ably to that of Augustus, by which it had been his father Valerianus was taken prisoner by the
laid down that the games in question were to be Persians—-—an event which perhaps induced Gul
celebrated every hundred and ten years.—Tacitus licnus to give the secular games as a supposed
was then prretor, and actively assisted at this means of appeasing the anger of the gods.——
celebration of Domitian, in his olfice of quin With respect to Maximinnus, it must be con
decemv-ir, or sibylline pontifl’, as he calls him cluded that he took for the basis of his calcula
self, says in his Annals (Lib xi. c. 11).— tion the gnmcs celebrated in 1001 under Philip,
Antoninus Pins, as Aurelius Victor informs us, adding thereto fifty years, as the half century,
celebrated the 900th year of Rome, with great according to the computation followed by Clau
magnificence; it is not said that the secular dius, in which case the secular games would
games were then exhibited, but that they were have been celebrated under ltkimianus, in the
is the more probable, inasmuch as the writer year 1051 of Rome—the thirteenth year of his
above-mentioned does not even use that ex tribunitian power.—Constantine did not cele
pression when speaking of the secular games brate them in the year when he was consul,
celebrated in the reign of Philip.—'Scptimius with Licinius for the third time, in the 1066th
Severus adopted the computation of Augustus, year of Rome, or n.1). 3l3.—But the Emperor
in giving the secular games at Rome, in the Honorius, having received intelligence of the
you 957. It is well-known that Philip repeated victory gained by his general Stilico over
them with unexampled magnificence and splen Alanc, permitted all the Pagans again to cele
dour, in the year of the city 1001. The types brate the secular games; and these were the last
of several medals of Gallienns shew that, under of which history makes mention.
his reign, there was a performance of thcsc L11/ii Votim'.—Games which Roman Generals
es. And Eckhel, S;/Ilog. i. Nam. Vet. has caused to be celebrated when they were
published (plate 10, No. ll) n coin of Maxi about to depart for the wars, or which they
minnus, which goes to prove that under that made a vow to celebrate in the event of
prince also the same games were celebrated. their escaping some imminent danger.-—The
Nevertheless, according to the two modes of lud: votiai were performed on various occa
calculating the cpochns of the secular games, sions, bcing of a private as well as public kind.
which we have seen were adopted by preceding Mention is made of them on n coin of the
emperors, viz., a period of one hundred and Nonia family, the reverse of which has for its
526 LUDI SECULARES. LUDI SECULARES.
circumscription SEXtu.r NONIius' Pltimus (or
as some read it Pltator) Ludus Votivu-r Publicoc
‘z'1rit.—-'l‘o this may be added a medal of the .-llaria
family, in tab. i. no. 5 of Morell’s T/neaauru-9.
LVD. SAEC.—0n a rare silver coin of
Augustus is a eippus on which are inscribed the
words me. cans. ave. Lvn. sane. In the
field, on one side, is xv., on the other, s. P.,
which means Cesar Augustus Judo: seculares,
(subandilur feciI,) Quindccenlvir .ra,cr1'.rfacizm.
die. (The Emperor Cmsar Augustus instituted
the Secular games as Quindecemvir having the
care of sacred things.)
Augustus, as has been stated, restored the hlear the Emperor, a woman holding a cornucopia:
secular games in the year of Rome 737, when 1s seated on the ground; whilst on the other
he was one of the Quinrlecemviri, or officers side we see a harpcr, a flute player, and a papa
appointed to superintend the sacrifices. Hence (or priest who slew the victims) with a sow.—
we find it recorded on the cippus, as on the The woman whom we sec on the ground, says
coins of Domitian and of Philip. Eckhel, is Tellua, or Mother Enrth—the fertile
LVD. SAEC. FEC. COS. XIIII.—Ludo.r nurse of all living creatures, characterised as
such by the horn of plenty. The sow which we
see brought to the altar is destined to be sacrificed
to her, as the verses of the Sihylls, quoted in
Zosimus, indicate, by mentioning the /log and
the black sow as fit immolations to the Goddess
of the Fertile Earth. Hence also Horace,
amongst other deities, to whom vows were
accustomed to be made, invokes Tellus, in the
Carmen Sreculare.-—
Fertilis mgum, pecorisque Telluc
Spwea t Cererem corona.
uecularea fecit Consul XIIlI.—Thc Emperor On another first brass of Domitian, hearing
(Domitian) caused to be celebrated—or rather the same legend of Lvn. SAEC. rac. cos. Xllll.
under the reign of Domitian, and during his 14th B. 0., the Emperor stands in front of a Temple,
Consulate, the secular games were celebrated, hflldlflg a patcra over a lighted altar; opposite
about the year of Rome 841; 104 years after h1m_is a man seated on the ground with a harp
those of Augustus, and 41 aft/er those of in his hand ; behind are two flute players.
Claudius. The coin above, in second brass, _ 0" B_9ooond brass of Domitian, the Emperor
commemorates this event. is seen 111 the act of sacrificing at a lighted altar,
Of all the medals struck under ditferent
Emperors in commemoration of the secular
games, none are more curious, none are more
replete with antiquarian interest, than those of
Domitian, representing the solemn ceremonies
of these gamcs.——On one of these (a dcnarins) S1
we see a man habited in the toga, standing near
a eippus inscribed as above,
and wearing on his head a
helmet, whence spring two
wings ; in his right hand he
holds a small stafi, and in whilst onepope holds down an ox, the second popa
his lefi: a round bnclrler.-— strikes him with his axe. This t_\1)e refers to the
This figure, it is conjectured, custom which prevailed at the Secular games of
is that of the herald whose offering up while hulls to Jupiter and Juno, and
duty it was to announce the black ones to Pluto and Proserpine, as Horace
celebration of the games; or perhaps one of the says——Qu¢que 1:0: bobus veneratur alibi}.
quindecenzvirs who presided at them. The same
figure (says Millin) is found on coins of the
Sanquinia family, of which the type recalls the
memory of those secular games which Augustus
re-(mtablished (737), and when one of the
members of the above named family was
monetary triumvir.
On a first brass of the same Emperor, bear
ing the same legend, we sec his figure standing,
clothed in the toga, holding a putcru in his right
hand, and performing sacrifice before .an altar.
 LUDI SECULARES. LUDI SZECULARES. 527
Sheep and goats were also sacrificed on these on which is written svrrn ; and, unattended by
occasions, as may be remarked on other second the usual assistants, he is making a distribution
brass coins of Domitian, which bear equally to a man and a cbild.—This type, according to
specific reference to the Secular games. the concurrent opinion of the learned, refers to
On a first and second brass of the same certain functions performed by the Emperor as
quindecmnvir Jacris facimulis. The letters
SVFPD being explained to mean SVF_/imenta
Populo Data LVDO.r SAECuIare.! FECit, that is
to say, per_7"ume.r (for the purpose of lmlraliorzs)
given to t/Le people, some days before the com
mencement of the Saecular games.
A large brass of the same Emperor, which
has for the legend of its reverse cos. Xllll. LVD.
sasc. A. roe, and on the base of a suggestum
rnvo. ac.-—~Herc we see Domitian seated;
before him stand two figures, in front of a
Emperor we see a river personified in a recum temple. This last legend gives rise to two
bent posture, and holding a coruucopiie —This interpretations. Some read; cos. xnu. I/udi
river, says Eckhel, is the Tiber-, for, according Svzcularibu; a Populofi-uye: aecqfit; which
to the laws of these games, as Zosimus instructs alludes to the first fruits of the harvests olfered
us, the victims were immolated on the bank of to the Gods by the people. But the greater
the Tiber, near the Campus Martius, at the number of unmismatists, holding opinion with
spot called Terentum. Spanheim, think it should be interpreted C00.
On a first brass of Domitian the Emperor XIIII. Ludo: Szcidares, (the word fecit being
appears clothed in the toga, and holding a understood) a Popu-lo frugea acceplze, it being
remembered that after the games an abundance
of distributions were made to the multitude.
Another first brass, with the same legend (but
without the abbreviated words rnvo. ao.),
represents Domitian near a temple, having
before him several figures kneeling, with their
hands raised towards the Emperor.
LVDOS. SAECVL. FECIT. COS. III.
Bacclms with panfller, and Hercules with club
standing; and between them ucippus bearing this
legend constitute the reverse of a second brass
of Severus in the Queen of Sweden’s cabinet.
A gold coin is given by Mionnet, which he
values at 150 francs, bearing'the same legend
volummz, or roll of papyrus, in his lefi hand-, and type, but apparently without the cippus.—
behind him is another togutcd man ; whilst near These medals record the renewal, by this warlike
him is a procession of three young persons, whose Emperor, of the Secular games celebrated by
hands are raised, and who hold palm branches. Domitian; but not till after a lapse of 116
This type has relation to the twenty-seven boys years, as perhaps on account of the civil wars
and the twenty-seven girls, who (ambos parenlrr he was unable to give them at the prescribed
rzdlmc supersiiles lmbenl) had both parents still time. Herodiauus (as quoted by Vaillant) thus
surviving, and who chanted hymns in Latin and alludes to them—“ We see also under him
Greek.—Horacc illustrates this custom thus in his (Severus) certain games of every kind produced
at all the theatres, and at the some time public
Cam. Swc. .-—
festivities celebrated, and vigils after the manner
Condito mitis, plwcidusque telo
Supplices audipueros, Apollo; of the initiated in the rites of Ceres; these are
Sillerum 1'6_!]i7l(l bicrrrnis audi now called the Secular games."—Dion Cassius
I/una, puella.r. states that Severus built a large temple to
And Catullus still more pointedly :— Bacchus and Hercules.
Diana» sumua in fide COS. Ill. LVD. SAEC. FEC. S. C.—Thg
Puellw, el pueri integri,
Diamrm pueri iniegri,
Puellzerque canamus.
On a first brass also of Domitian, which on
its obverse bears his laureatcd head, with the
newly assumed title of CEN-wr PERp¢-tuus,
and which on the reverse is notified as having
been struck in the 14th Consulate (cos. xnn).
“'0 read as on all the foregoing :—
_ LVD. SAEC. FEC. S. C.; and we sec the
Emperor clothed in the toga, sitting in front of
a temple on the ruyyeslurn, or raised platform,
523 LUGDUNUl\I.—LU'NA. LUNA LUCIFERA.—LUNUS.
Emperor sacrificing before an altar, attended by moon, over or under the head of the Empenor
Hercules and Bacchus. In the back ground a or Empress, on coins of Augustus, Nero,
flute playcr. In the front, on the left, is Tellus; Commodus, Mamiea, Otacilia, Etruscilln, Salo
on the right, a boy holding the victim.—First nina, Saloninus, Postumus, &c.
brass of Severus. The Luna. Crescens, with seven stars, appears
Thus we see from the above cited instances of on a silver coin of Hadrian.
Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, and Severus, LVNA LVCIFERA.—A female figure in a
that in spite of their name (ssscvmnss), these car drawn by two horses, sud having a crescent
solemnitics had no decidedly fired epochas; the moon on her head.—This epigraph and type
will of the reigning prince, and the circumstances appear on silver, gold, and second brass coins of
of the empire, uniting to alter the cm from Julia Douma. The ambitious wife of Severus
which their return was computed.
I-VG. Lu_qdun.erwis'.—C. C. COL. LVG.
Claudius Copia Colonia Lu_qdunens'i-r.-—-The
Romau colony of Lugdunum.
Lugdunum, a city and colony of Gaul;
according to Hr.-rodianus a large and opulent
city, now called L]/on-, in central France.—
Havercamp (ad Jllorell Fem. p. 26) states that
Lutzdnnum was made a Roman mimicipiwlm
under the provincial qumstorship of J1. Antonius
Oreliz-us, the father of Mark Antony the
triumvir. It was furthermore invested with the
ju civilahlr Romamz by the Emperor Claudius, is exhibited on her eoius now as Cybclc, then as
who, by his mother Antonia, was related to the Venus, but here as Diana, or Luna. Just as
Antouii.-——An ancient copy of the decree of her imperial husband is styled numismatically
Claudius, upon brass plates, is preserved at Pzwa/or Orbia under the 1‘i411rc of the Sun,
Lyon. ‘They were discovered in 1528. so Julia on account of her fertility in bearing
LVGDVN I A. XL.—-A Lion 1011./L~in_q.—This sons, is called Luna Lm-5'/'»-r1I., for as Cicero says,
inscription and type appear on a quinarius of M. (Lib. ii. De Nat. Dear.) Diana was invoked by
Antonius, and shew it to have been struck at women at the time of child-birth.
Lugdunum in Gaul, now Lyon. It is singular to find such a legend asthis,
Lugduni Gmiu.r.—The Genius of Lyon, with the type of the Goddess (her head adorned
personified by a male figure, turret-crowned, with a crescent, walking and holdlng a torch
standing with a spear in his right, and a in her hand), on a coin (third brass) of Gallienus;
but that Emperor was a complete pantheist in
cornucopia: in his lcfi, hand, with an eagle at his
feet, appears on a silver coin of Clodius his mint, and has dedicated his coins to all the
Albinus.—See oezv. ave. Goddesses as well as Gods of Heaven, Earth
Luna, the Moon.—'l‘his deity was by the and Hell I
Romans, who borrowed their worship of her Llmua, a deity; that, by the testimony of
from the Greeks, generally identified with Diana, many coins, and also according to Spartianus
from which chaste goddess she is, however, to (.4m‘on. Oaracallus, c. vii.), was a peculiar object
be distinguished, inasmuch as to Luna, or of Pagan worship throughout ahnost all Asia
Selena, were attributed certain amorous adven Minor and Syria. It was in fact Luna, or_ the
tures, amongst others that with Endymion, of Moon, adored by several nations under the figure
which the fable is depicted on one of the of a man, because, as the above-mentioned
Conlorniales in Havcrcamp’s collection. author affirms, they persuaded themselves that
The symbols of Luna are various on Roman he alone would obtain obedience from his wife
coins-, on those of Vcspasian, Titus, Domitian, who worshiped Lunux as a male divinity; but
Trajan, and llndrian (second brass), the figure that he who adored the moon as Luna that is
of Eternily holds in her hands the heads of the to say, as a female divinity, could not assure
Sun and }[oon.—' ‘he moon mingled with stars himself that his wife would obey him. The
is a type of Canserralian, and serves on a Romans called him Mensis as well as Lunus.—
second brass of Faustina senior to designate the On medals of Antioch in Pisidis (sec Vaillant,
reception of that Empress amongst the celestial Col. i. p. 180), struck under Antoninus Pius, we
divinities.—-On s second brass of the younger sec this deity standing, clothed in the long dress
Faustina Luna is seen standing with s torch in of a woman, wearing a phrygian pileus, or cap;
each hand, symbolically pointingto that princess holding the hasta in his right hand, and extend
as srnsaiavs a.scrn>'rs.—~See that legend; also‘ ing his lefi with a Victory in it. At his
see AETIERNITAS and CONSECRATIO. feet is what looks like an eagle, but which is
Luna is represented in ditferent designs on described to represent the gal/us‘ gal/irlarmu,
coins of the Empressos, amongst others in those or cock. At his back isa crescent, the cha
which exhibit Julis Domna, whether in allusion racteristic attribute of Lunus. The legend of
to the fecundity of that princess, or as flattering the reverse is MENSIS 001.. caEs. ANTlOCH.——
her with the fond idea of being another light to “The Antiochians of Pisidia by this medal
the world. She up in a biga of bulls on (says Havercamp in Mus. Christ. 896), appear
coins of Caraeslla.— crescent, or two-horned to have designed the congratulation of Antonino
 LUNUS.—LUPA. LUPA.—LUPUS. 529
on some victory gained by his lieutenants under The illustration, taken from a large brass of
his fourth consulate (cos. nu. as recorded on Autoninus Pius, exhibits above the cave a bird,
the side of the portrait).”—It is not without a
cause that mentionis made of Mensis (or Month)
in the inscription of the reverse, for the people
of Pisidiau Antioch reudcrcd a religious worship
to the month, called Asvens, as we learn by a
passage from Strabo (L. xii. p. 557), quoted by
Vaillant, in Cal. roar. i. p. 240.—Lunu-!, as
distinguished by the above noted attributes,
appears on the reverse of a first brass of Sept.
Severus, in the Colonies of Vaillant (TOM. u.
p. 4), who shews that the worship of this god
was particularly observed in Pamphylia, and
that the Antiochians had consecrated this medal
to Severus after his victory over Pescennius which has been usually considered to be an eagle.
Niger.——In the coin of Severus, the legend of It may be so-, but Ovid describes the wood
the reverse is COL. cans. ANTIOCH. Colonia pecker as otficiating at the nursing of the
Geaarea Arrliachenria. In the field are the infants.
letters s. 11., which Vaillant interprets Senalus Besides those of Antoninus Pius, the well
Romanua; but without assigning his reasons known type of the I/upa cum puerulia, occurs on
for so doing.-—On the medal in question, as coins of that Eu1peror’s predecessors Tiberius,
engraved in his “ Colonies,” the god Luuus is Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian;
represented in male attire; a similar medal of and of his successor; M. Aurelius, Commodns,
Severus and of Julia Domna (in Mus. Christina) Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Alex.
gives him the long robe of a femalc.——See Severus, Gordianus Pius, Philippus, Trebouianus
Anlioc/zia Piridia’. Gallus, Vulerianus, Gallienus, Aurclianus, Probus,
Carausius, Maxeutius, and Constantine the Great.
The last-named exhibits the wolf suckling
the twins; and, on some, two stars appear
above the wolf, an emblem under which
Castor and Pollux are generally represented.
With the mint-masters of the Roman colonies
this is a frequently recurring t_vpe.—Sce Deal
t1m1.—On a coin of Maxentius quoted by
Vaillant, the same type is united to a singular
epigraph, viz., awrnaua rE|.1c1ras.—On a
family coin of Sextus Pompeius (having the
helmctcd head of Rome on its obverse, and for
the legend of its reverse sax. Pour. POSTVLVS.)
we sec the wolf standing before the fig-tree
quietly devoting hcr teats to the mouths of
Lupa.—The she wolf suckling Romulus and Romulus and Remus.
Remus. On one of the coins (struck in each LVP. I/upercu-:.—The name of a man.—
metal) of Antoninus Pius, we see the fabled On a coin of the Gallia family is read o. oa1.1.|vs
cohabitation of Mars ' Rhea Sylvia, the LVPEBCV8 m. VIR. A.A.A.F.]".
Veda! daughter of Nu r; and on another L. V. P. F. I/udos Vofivoc Publicos Fc'ciI.—
we see the fruits of that alleged connection in In the collection of Ursinus, p. 188, and in
the birth of the twin brothers, and in their Vai1lant’s Fam. Rom. ii. p. 172, a coin is given,
preservation by the popularly credited miracle in which a togated figure, sitting on spoils, is
of a savage animal performing the otfice of a crowned by a victory; with the inscription of
mother to the exposed and deserted babes.—We SEXlu.| NONI14: PR. and the above letters —
see on a second brass of M. Aurelius the wolf The I/udi Votioi in this instance are con
in the cave on the banks of the Tiber, with the sidered to relate to the celebration of a victory
two sturdy infants imbibing nourishment at her gained by Sulla, the uncle of this Nonius, over
pendent dugs—a representation consecrated on Mithridates.
innumerable monuments, and held as a symbol LVPO PR. C. CAESAR. Lupo Prafecfo
indicating the origin of the Roman Common Cobartis C'ae.rarea;'.—On a coin of Livia in
wealth, cspecially of the Colonies : the whole is Vaillant’s Colonies, i. p. 50.
singularly illustrated by the following verses of Lu]ms.—The wolf was sacred to Mars.——-On
Virgil :— a coin of the Salrieua family, we see a she
wolf walking, and above it the word a0na.—
Fecerat et m'1-idifialam Mavortis in antro
Procubuisse lupam : geminoa huic ubera circum. A wolf is also the distinctive sign of the Roman
Ludere endentes pueros, er lamberc matrem colonial town of llerdu, now Lerida, in Spain.—
lmpavizfiu; illam tereti cervice refiezam See Ilerda.
Mule-ere alternos, et corpora fingers lingua. On a coin of the Papia family, we see a
din. viii. 630. wolf holding a log in his mouth, whilst an eagle
3Y

1'“
530 LUR.lA.—LUTATIA. LYRA.
stands by it with expanded wings, near a fire. Catnlus gained at over the Carthsgenians,
This coin was struck to shew the origin of the in the year of Rome 512, and which at a late!
Pnpii in the town of Lannviuxn, of whose period this Lutatius Cerco has in this manner
“ wonderful wolf” Dionysius Halicarnassus re alluded to in honour of his family.
lates a strange story.—Sec Pepin. LVX MVNDl.—Banduri gives this epigraph,
LVRIA, a family little known. Its cognomen ona silver coin of Tiberius Constantinus (Em
Agrippa .~—1=. Lvnivs AGRIPPA mvia. 8-:c., on peror of the East in s.n. 578), with s croa in
first and second brass of Augustus. the middle.
Lusitanllz, part of Hirpania ulterior, which I/yra.——The lyre was generally regarded as
Pliny (L. iv. c. 12) bounds by the river Durius the instrument of Apollo, although artists have
(or Douro), calling the other and by far given it also to other divinitics. It was distin
the larger portion by the name of Hiapania guished by many names such as Iyra, clselys,
cilerior. But Straho and Mela ascribe to it barbiton, cilliara. It seems that the grand
much ampler boundaries. It is now called lyre of the Apollo Citharoede and Palatine
P0rluyal.——Vaillant in his Colonies (L. p. 35) was the barbiton. The number of strings to
shews it to have been a province under Augustus. this instrument varied much; that of seven
-—Thc Lusitani offered a resistance of some strings was the most used, it was that appro
duration to the Romans, but were conquered by priated to Apollo, and was the most perfect.
D. Brutus. The lyre was played with the fingers, or with a
Lu;-tratio. Lustration.—A ceremony by which small ivory instrument, or a reed, called pa.-ten,
things both animate and inanimate were purified. or pleetrum, which was employed to save the
The Romans regarded it as so solemn a rite, fingers; but it was deemed more slrilfnl to
that on certain occasions not only the army but touch the lyre without the plectrum. The lyre
also the city itself was lustrated, crimes being was also performed upon with both hands, which
' then expieted, and the polluted citizens purgated was called touching or nipping it ins-ide and
with pure water.-—Thc manner of purifying the outside. The great lyre was considered to be
armies was by dividing a sacrificial victim in the invention of the God of Music, the divine
two, and causing the soldiers to march between Apollo, whilst the smaller or citluzra was re
the two portions, in pronouncing some form of puted to have been invented by Mercury.
prayer.—'l'he rite of Lnstration is shadowed The Lg/re is ti on various coins both
forth on a coin of the Postumia family (see Roman and Greek. One or two of these instru
the word) .—-A large brass medallion of I/ucilla, ments appcar on medals which have been struck
without legend, is also considered to be a monu in those cities where Apollo Act-ins, or the
ment of the lustral ceremony performed on God of the Muses, was worshipped.—A single
infauts—viz., a female shaking a tree, from lyre is found on coins of Aemilia, Papia, and
which an infant is falling; another female Petronia families; and in the Imperial series on
bathing an infant in the sea; three winged medals of Augustus, Hadrian, and Domitian.
genii; one on an estrade, the other on an altar, The L3/re, as displaying the image of cclstial
the third on a garden wall. harmony, is represented in the hand of Apollo,
I/upercal, a place thus named, was situated or the arm of ‘that deity is seen resting upon it,
under the Palatine Hill at Rome. It was on coins of Augustus, Nero, Domitian, Hadrian,
sacred to the God I/upercua whom the Romans Antonino, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, Tre
otherwise called Pan Lyewua. 'l‘hcrc were bonianus Gallus, Valerian, Gallienus, Probus,
yearly feasts termed Lupercalia, on the days of
&c.—In the hand of Calliope, or the Muse
which the I/uperci or Priests of Pan, ran naked
Clio, and of Hercules Musagetes, in the Pompoaia
through the streets, and with the whips they fa.mily.—In the hand of a citllaroedu-r, or
carried struck the hands of women, who held harper, it is a frequent type in sacrificial
them out to receive the lash that they might solemnities; likewise in the secular festivals-—
conceive and bear childrcn.—As bearing allusion see LVD. sane. rsc.—0n Nero’s coins, we see
to this piece of indecent superstition, Du Choul, it in more than one instance in the hands of
in his Reliyiau dea Anciem Romaine, professes that imperial “fiddler.”
to copy a large brass of Lucilla, exhibiting The lyre and laurel branch is exhibited on a
Juno I/ucina sitting with a sceptre in one hand coin of Domitian.
and a whip in the other. Two I/yrs; suspended, one on each side of
LVTATIA, aplebeian family, whose surname an altar, on a coin of the S01-ibonia family—and
on its coins is C’erco.—It has three varieties. the same number with a caduceus in the middle,
The following is a rare denarius, viz., cnnco on a silver coin of Domitian.—Havcrcamp on
Rom. Helmeted head of Minerva.—~On the Morell (Fam. p. 204) gives the type of two
reverse Q. 1.v'ra'rr. Q. A galley within an oaken I4/re.y, on which an owl is standing, designating
garland. as he interprets it, Concord assisted by prudent
The type of the reverse is supposed to indicate counsel, or indicating simply the worship of
the celebrated naval victory, which Lutatius Apollo and Minerva.——See Cilllara.
 MAGISTER. MACEDONIA. 531
M. as a numeral signifies Mille, a thousand.
M. MAC. or MACED. Macedmaica.-—Lno. v.
Mac. Leyio Macedonica Quinta, Serla, §’*‘c.
M. The twelfih letter of the Latin alphabet. MAC. AVG. Macellum Auguati.—On the
A capital M appears ou coins of Annstasius, reverse of al and amiddle brass of Nero we
Justinus I., Justinus II., Tiberius Constantinus, find this inscription, and for its accompanying
Mauricius, Phocas, Heraclius, and other Em type an elegant edifice, with many columns,
perors of the East. into which the ascent is by a flight of steps,
M. as a letter of the alphabet is observed on ornamented with a statue in its portico. These
many coins of Roman families. rare coins were struck in memory of the Mur
M. Magi.rIer.—EQ,. M. Equitum Magister. ket-place, which, as Dion relates, was con
Master of the Horse. ' structed by order of Nero.—See a view of the
M. .Magna.—1.s.x.n. Juno Sospita Magus building, p. 77.
Regina. The Macellum was a place where meat and
M. Marci.—I. I’. Marci l*‘ilius. In like other eatables were sold. It appears that at Rome
manner as M. N. Marci Nepos. the place appropriated to the slaughtering of
M. or MA. Mar6ia.—-AQVA. ll. on a beasts was not the same as that destined to the
dcnarius of the Marcia family. sale of meat, but that each had its particular
M. Marcia, a prenomen and name of a locality. Hence the word macellum, which is
woman. - commonly translated buts/levy, properly means
M. Mare.-iua.-—Q. ll. Quinta: Marciua. a market for meat, fish, and other eatables;
M. or MA. Marmu, a prenomen, frequently and in this sense the word as used by Varro,
found on coins of Roman families, and likewise Plautus, and other writers, must be understood.
on those of the Imperial series, where we see -On the above quoted medal of Nero, we see a
um c. 11. (or IA.) AVEEL. amomnvs; on building equal in exterior magnificence of archi
a coin of Caracalla. tecture to the public baths, to the circusses,
M. A. MarciaAnIoniua,alsoMareuaAureliu:. and to the amphitheatres. This Market-place
M. AVR. Marcia Aurelius. is perfectly characteristic of the Roman empire,
M. Martia.—1.no. xrm. ommm. 1|. v. which lavished the utmost grandeur of design
Leyio Xllll. Gfllnffld Martia Victn'.1:.—'I‘his and splendour of art, on the simplest monu
epigraph, with the legionary eagle between two ments of public utility.—The word mace!/um
standards, appears on a very rare silver coin of (adds Millin), written on tbe map of the capitol,
Sept. Severus, as edited in Khell’s Sujqal. p. 108. in front of an edifice adorned with columns,
M. Jllaler.-——l, c. Mater Oman}; or leaves no doubt as to its destination; but it
Jlaler Ca.5>lrarun|.—M. PATB. Mater Patria. does not appear to be the same with that repre
M. Jla.rima.—vicToaiA o. ll. Ge;-manica sented on the medal in question.
Mazima, on a. coin of Gallienus, in Khell’s Therefore by this epigraph of MAC. ave.
Suppl. p. 184. and the type above described the macellunt
M. _7|Ia.rimo.—See I. 0. ll. Jovi Optima is recorded, respecting which Xiphilinus from
.Ma.z-imo. Dion thus speaks:—“ Then also Nero dedicated
M. Ma:-imu.r.—P. I. Pontffer Maa-imu. the forum of provisions, which is called the
M. Men-i1¢:, prcnomcn of Trajan!“ Deciu-9. mac.-elIun|.”—The name is derived from Macellus,
ll. Q. TRAIANVS. formerly s noted robber in Rome, on whose con
M. Metropolz'a.—co1.. snr. AVE, LAOD. M. demnation the censors ordained that in his house
Cblonia Septimia Aurelia Melrrpolia. victuals should be sold. Suetonius also mentions
M. Militan'.1.—n. I. Rei Jlilitaris. annona macelli. This coin of Nero clearly then
M. Minervia.-—1.ec.u.xx. Lcyiozllinervia confirms the words of Dion, and at the some
Vice;-ima. time shews the form of the building, with which
M. 1lI0ea1'¢e.-—-P. M. s. con. vnl. Provincia that emperor embellished theforum obsoniorum.
Jloeaie Super-ioria Colonia Viminiacmn. The ever visionary Hsrduin interprets the epi
M. Moneta.—x. sscaa AVGG. 171' csass. graph MAu.roleum Creaanls AVG1uh' I
KN. Jloneta Sacra Auyurtorum El Casarum MACED. Macedom'ca.—-Lao. v. xacnn.
Noatrorum. vm. svo. Leyionis Quinta Macedonica
M. Multic.-—-See vorls x. M. xx. on coins Octave Auyusla. On a colonial coin of Philip
of Galerius. senior.
M. Mum'ta.—Qvon. v. 11. s. &c. Quad Macedonia, an ancient Greek monarchy, in
Via Manila Sunt. the south of Europe; the kingdom of Philip
M. JIunicipes.—-11.IVL.VTICEN. Munieipes and of Alexander the Great. Afier royalty
~ Julii Ulicerwia. became extinct in Macedonia, the people govemed
M. Municipium.—M. B.——}funicipium Ra themselves by their own laws. Conquered by
vermalum.-—Vaillant, Pr. i. 300. ZEmilius, it was at first left free, but was at
M. at the end of Roman words was now length made a Roman province by Cccilius
and then formerly omitted; for example we find Metcllus, and was divided into four parts.
it wanting ou denarii of the Aemilia family, as During the empire it struck Greek medals in
Pllvzn. CAP‘l‘V.—li. is also sometimes observed honour of Augustus, Claudius, Nero, Vitcllius,
to be left out in the word avovsroavu, as Vespasian, Domitian, Hadrian, Antonius, Marcus
vlcroau avovsrosv. Aurelius, Faust-ina, Commodus, Severus, Gor.
3Y2
532 MACER.—MACRINUS. MACRINUS.
dianus Pius, and Diadumenianus.——The four silver are of base metal (often described as third
Roman colonies in Macedonia, of Cassandra, brass). On these he is styled sr.ica1_\Nvs,
Dium, Pella, and Philippi, indicate their esta NOBIL. CAES., or IMP. c. rvnvrvs. Macarlrrws
blishment by Julius Caesar, or Augustus, on 1>.r. AVG.
their coins which bear the inscription con. IVL. “It would appear (says Mr. Akerman) from
AVG. Colonia Julia Augu.s'ta.—Macedonia, as the first of these titles that, contrary to the
a province under Imperial Rome, is personified testimony of historians, Macrianus the younger
on two distinct coins of Hadrian, viz., the was first declared Caesar, and that the title of
anvnurvs and the nnsrrrvroa rnrcanomar. of Augustus was conferrred upon him subsequently.
his large brass geographical series: the latter The Latin coins of the young Macrianus do not
exhibits in its type the pointed cap and the bear the prenomen. His Greek coins differ in
round bucklcr of the Macedonians. the name; some have MARCVS, others rrrvs.
MACEDONIC. lllacedoniczar, a surname of If any of the coins with these names bore an
Metellns. Q. METE. MACEDONIC. Quinta: old head, instead of the youthful portrait always
Metellua Jllacedonicmy, appears on the denarius found on them, it might reasonably be supposed
which records the triumphal honours decreed that either Titus or Marcus belonged to the
to Metellus on the conquest of Macedonia. elder Macriauus. Nevertheless, it is certain
MACER (Lrwius Olodiu-9), Proprietor of that many of the Imperial Greek coins have
Africa under Nero, and afterwards for a short portraits but little resembling those on the Latin
interval invested with the title of Augustus, coins of the same emperor.”—De.scripf. Calal.
until he was deposed and put to death by order vol. ii. p. 77, 78.
of Gulba. His coins, struck in Africa, are in MACRIN US (llarcus Opeliua Severus), the
silver, and very rare, those without the head successor of Caracalla, who was assassinated in
being, perhaps, somewhat more common than Mesopotamia at his instigation. He was born
those with the portrait. They present several in Africa, of an obscure family (.\.D. 164-). At
varieties of type, one of the most interesting of first an advocate, he came to R-orne and was
which is here engraved :—Obv. L. CLODIVS favourably received by Septimius Severus; after
wards appointed Praetorian Prefect by Caracslla,
but having ascertained the intention of that
ferocious tyrant to destroy him, he took the
above-mentioned effectual but treacherous step
to prevent it, and was proclaimed Emperor
A.D. 217. He was a prince well skilled in the
laws, and just in their administration; a pro
tector of literature, and a great disciplinarian,
MACER s.c. Bare head of Clodius Maser. but somewhat cruel and voluptuous. Although
Rev. rno mun. ararcas. A galley upon confirmed in the government by the Senate, he
which is a military standard.—Valued by did not proceed to Rome, having immediately
Mionnet at 300 francs. entered into a war with the Parthians, by whom
M. ACILlVS.—Prenomen and name of the he was defeated, and at length was constrained
A:-ilia family. to make a peace with their King Artabanes on
MACRIANVS (Marcm Fialviua) the elder, terms disgraceful to the Roman arms. Having
one of the many usurpers who took advantage of by his parsimony and severity indisposed the
the distracted state of the empire, during the troops towards him, and being attacked by the
reign of Gallicnus. The friend of Valcrianus, generals of Elagabalus, he was defeated, pursued,
he excited him against the Christians, and then and slain, in Bythinia, A.D. 218, in the 5-1-rh
betrayed his cause. Electcd Emperor A.D. 261, year of his age, not having completed the
he appointed Balista his general, and defeated second year of his reign.—The coins of Macrinus
the Persians. But soon afterwards marching are of extreme rarity in gold; not scarce in
into Illyria against Aurcolus, another tyrant, he silver; but rare in first and second brass, and
was himself defeated, and fell a victim to the his brass medallions are very rare. Ou these he
treachery of his own soldiers A.D. 262.— is styled IMP. cans. M. orsn. snv. MACRINVS ave.
Beauvais, in his History, quotes coins of the On the obverse of a first brass medal, with
elder Macriauus; but according to the opinion the above names and titles for its legend, is the
of Vaillant, confirmed by later writers, there laureated head of the Emperor.—Ou the reverse,
are no Latin coins of his extant; but those the epigraph is SECVRITAS rmlroavn, and the
which remain belong to the younger Macrianus. ype a woman holding the hasta in her left
Those, in potin, struck at Alexandria, are of hand, and resting her right hand on a column.
extreme rarity. The more frequently revolutions multiplied
MACRIANVS junior flllarz-‘us, or Titus, themselves under the Emperors, the more the
Fulviu-1), proclaimed Augustus at the same time throne tottered on its base; and the princes who
with his father, by the legions of the eastern pro
were called to the government of the empire
vinces A.D. 261. He was agood soldier; actcdas affected to invoke a security of which they
a tribune under Valerianns ; associated in govcm would hardly have been otherwise than doubtful.
ment with his father, whose fate he shared after For the portrait of Macrinus, see .1m1rma_lu_q.
their just defeat by Anreolus.—Thcre are no M. rEl\l. Marcus 1Emilius.~—-Preuomeu and
gold coins of Macrianus juu., and those called name of a man.
 MECILIA.—M./ENIA —MAESA. MAESA. 533
M./ECILIA, a plebeian family; surname l adroitly induced Elagabalus to adopt for his
Ihllzu. I‘-‘our varieties of coins, all common.— , successor, and by whom she was honoured with
1| HAECILIVS. rvnnvs. mvm. A.A.A.F.F. This , the ceremonies of con.recmtion.—Her coins are
inscription is found on first and second brass of ‘ of extreme rarity in gold; but common in silver
Augustus. l and first and second brass. On these she is
ltI.E~.\'IA, a plebeian family, which extended 1 styled IVLIA amass avovsrs, and, after death,
itself from the two Mmzii, tribunes of the i mva MAESA ave.
people. Its surname is said to be Antialicus. Il On a. large brass medal, with the head of
There are four varieties on its coins, which are \ Mzesa, we read IVLIA amass AVG.; and on the
rare in silver, and nmch rarer in third brass.— 'reverse saucvnr FELICITAS s. o. A woman
The types of the silver (Mmnia) are the common standing, with a caduceus in her hand; at her
ones of Mincrvn's head on the obverse; and , feet a modius, or bushel, out of which issue
Victory in a quadriga, or the Dioscuri on horse , ears of coins; in the field of the medal is a
‘ star. The greater part of Mtesa’s coins probably
back, on the reverse, with the legend P. MAE. or
P. MAE. s1vr.—A small brass of this family . belong to the reign of Elagabalus.
bears on one side the head of Hercules, and on MAG. Magi.sler.—MAG. IVVENT. Ma
the other the prow of a galley, with the inscrip yisler ‘Juventutia.
tion P. MAE. ANT. Mn. MAG. PIVS. Jllaynus Piu.r.—Grcat and
Aloysius Odericus thus signally explains the Pious, names and titles of Cneius Pompey.
above coins in the dissertation which he has ‘ See Pompeiafam.
given in Sag]/i di Cortona. Havercamp, says MagislerJuve1rlutie.—One of the coins on
he, from these contracted epigraphs, (epigrap/lea which this title is read, according to Morcll, is
si_1/la, for the letters are tied together) (colligataj ;of the Jllitreia family, thus—on the obverse
has made out three persons, viz., P. Mtenius, ‘ C. MITREIVS L. F. MAGi.rIer IVVENTulis,
Antonius (or Antronins), and Metellus, when with the naked head of a man.—On the reverse
nevertheless only one individual is named, that ‘V the number XII. within a laurel crown.—In the
is to say, P. lllrenimr Antialimu, Mrgellm, or Pembroke coins this is placed amongst the
Jledullinus, or what other surname soever l Spiniri¢2.—The otfice of the zllayiater Juventutia
begins with the syllable ME. The first surname seems to have been that of instructing in
rightly belongs to the Menia race, of which , military discipline and equestrian exercises the
was C. Mscnius, who, in the year of Rome 416, i Roman youth——i.e., the young nobility, and,
triumphed over the Antiates, according to Livy’s in the first place, Cains and Lucius, on whom
history, and the Fasti Capitoliui, in which Augustus had conferred the title of princijie:
latter appears as follows :—C. MAENIVS P. juvmluti.:.—On one of the ancient inscriptions
F. P. N. COnSuZ DE AN'l‘IA’I‘lBVS.—The by Gruler is read M. Pvanonvn non. avovsr.
second cognomen, whatever it was, distinguishes filagialerpuerarum domua Au_gu.9f¢.—The word
this Maznius from other Aniirdici, just as the Magirter properly signifies a man invested with
cognomen Spintlzer serves to distinguish the some authority—s master, onc who has more
Cornelii Lentuli from the lllarcellini. power than another.
/lIa,gi.rlralu.r.—Mag'ist-racy or the dignity of
Magistrate.—This name was at Home given
only to those otfices, which were discharged in
that city, and the functions of those who
governed in the provinces were simply denomi
nated Poie.:tate.:.—Mayi.rtraiua also (derived
from Jlayiater) signifies the Magistrate, of
whom there were several sorts among the
Romans. 1. The ordinary magistrates, and the
extraordinarymsgistrates. 2. Patrician,Plcbeian,
and mixed magistrates. 3. And these were
again distinguished as the great and the lesser
MAESA (Julia), born at Emesa in Syria, magistrates. Therc were, moreover, Ourule;
daughter of Julius Bussianus, priest of the Sun, and Non Guru/ea, Magistrates of the City, or
sister of Julia Domna, and grandmother of Capital, and Provincial Magistrates.—The Jlrlygy.
Elagabalas. She married Julius Avitus, by tratua Ourules were those who had a right to
whom she had Julia Sotemias and Julia Mamaea, the curule chair, as the Dictator, the Consul,
the mother of Alexander Severus. She was a the Prmtor, and the Cnrule Edile, and these
woman of great sagucity and courage, possessed alone possessed the jua imaginis, or right to
of vast wealth. Retiring to Emesa, at the have the images of their ancestors in their houses,
period of Caracalla’s death, she gained over the &c.-——The Jlagiatratus Ma_jore.!, or superior
soldiery by her largesses; proclaimed Elagabalus magistrates, were so called because they had
emperor; fought at the head of his troops the grand auspicm, the right to have lictors and
against Macrinus ; proceeded t/0 Rome, took her messuagca, and were chosen in the vomilia by
seat in the Senate, though contrary to the laws-, centuries, such were the Consuls, the Praators,
gave good counsels, but in vain, to her infamous and the Censors.—'l'he Illagistratus Minorea
grandson; and died regretted in the reign of were those who were appointed in the comitia
Alexander Severus, A.D. 223, whom she had by tribes—viz., the Cnrule and Plebeian Ediles,
B34 MAGNENTIUS. MAGNIFICENTIA AUG.
the Tribunes of the people, the Questors, the MAGNIA VRBICA, whose coins in every
Monetary Trinmvirs, and the Provincial Magis metal are extremely rare, has by some been
trates, both ordinary and extraordinary.-— ascribed as the wife of Maxentius, by others of
Magirlraius Patricii: At the commencement Magnentius or Decentius, by others again of
of the republic the mamstrates were all patricians, Carus and Ninncriauus; but Khell and Eckhel
but in the end the people acquired a share in all assign her to Carinm.%w l/'rbi4:a.
these dignities, except that of the interre.r.— MAGNIFICENTIA A\'G.—The mag
Mayiatratw Plebeii : The plebeian magistrates nificence, or as it is generally expressed mum'
were the Tribu.nes and Ediles of the people ;_ all jicence (MVNIPICENTKA) of the Emperors, is
the others were mixt..—JIagi:lralua Praznncaales a legend which has relation to public gain,
were those the exercise of whose functions was through the attractive medium of which the
limited within the provinces to which the Roman Emperors strove to gain the affections
republic sent them, as governors, in quality‘ of the people. The usual type is the figure of
either of Proeonsul, of Praztor, of Proprietor, an elephant standing, as we see it on coins of
and for the purpose of administering justice, Autoninus Pins, of Commodus, of Sept. Severus,
according to the Roman laws. and of Elagabalns.
'l‘he insignia of Roman Magistrates, repre MAGNIFICENTIAE AVG. COS. VI. P. P.
sented on the reverses of Consular medals, are within a crown.———Secoud brass of Commodus.—
calla aurulea, fiwces, secures, gubernacula, This coin is wanting in Medioharbus, but
fripodes, &c.—See those words. appears in Vaillant, and in Havcrcamps’s Cabinet
MAGN. Magnen!ia.—SALVs 1». N. naon. 0 Queen Christina, and is recognised by Miunnet
ET. CaEs.—Salu.r Domini Noatri Magnmtii at and Akerman. It is an unique example of
Ca!.rari.r—(Deceniii understood.) Magniflcentia (says Eckhel) inscribed on coins;
MAGNENTIVS (Fl. Magnuaj, born in Gaul, an epigraph the adoption of which any occasion
of obscure British or German parents, about A.D. or motive, how trifling and absurd soever, might
303, was brought up by Constans, with whom suggest to so very vain a man.
he was so great a favourite, on account of his heroes,
MAGNVS,
kings, and
a surname
emperors. or The
titledeities
of were
skill in military afl"a.irs, that in a tumult when
the soldiers were on the point of putting him as generally culled Magni, and the term was par
captain of the guard to death, his imperial ticularly applied to Jupiter, Diana. &c.—-Mayan
master threw his paludamentum as a protection and Ma.:imu.r are titles often found assigned
over him, and thus saved his life. This kind to Roman Emperors. The inscription Dlvo
ness Magnentius most nngratefully reqnited with ANTONINO mono appears on coins of Cm-acalla
treachery, and the basest machinations, through struck afier his death; for that bad prince, as
which the Emperor fell a victim, and this vain as he was ferocious, loved to be saluted
usurper obtained the empire, after having with the distinctive appellation of Magma, afler
assumed the purple at Aulun. (Augustodunum), the example of Alexander the Great, whom he
a.n. 350. He was a man of studious habits, affected to imitate.
powerful in conversation, but hard-hearted and MAGNVS is a cognomen ascribed on certain
cruel. He named as Caesar his brother Decentius consular coins to Pampqy and to his sons,
whom he sent with an army to defend Gaul Onaeus and b'e.rtu.r ,- to the father on account of
beyond the Alps ; and he himself marched against his victorious exploits, and to his posterity as an
hereditary distinction —See Pompeia family.
The name of Ilfagnus was assumed by the
usurper dlagneniiua, and also by his brother
Decenliu.s.—J[a.zimu.r, another pretender to the
imperial throne, during the reign of Theodosins
I., took the prenomen of Magnus.
Magusano, or Mamlaano, on coins of Pos
tumus.—See Here-uli M/rgumno.
MAIANIA, a family of uncertain rank, and
respecting which no mention is made by ancient
writers. Its coins bearing on the reverse C.
MAIANI. present three varieties; are rare in
Constantine, brother of Constans, whose terms silver; common in first brass, being parts of
of peace he had rashly rejected, and by whom ' the an; but very rue in third brass, which are
he was defeated in two engagements, one in by the moneyers of Augustus.
Italy, the other in Gaul. Fleeing to Lyons, and The deuarius of this family bears on its
unable to retrieve his atfairs, he then slew him obverse the head of Minerva, with winged
self .\.n. 353, in the 50th year of his agc.—’l‘he helmet.—Rev. 0. auuaru. A winged figure,
second and third brass of Magncntius are very with a whip guiding a biga at full speed. In
common; his gold are rare; his silver rarer. the exergue ROMA.
On these he is styled IMP. can. MAGNENTIVS Vaillant assigns this silver coin to the Maenia
AVG.—DN maennnrrvs r.r. AVG -—IMP. FL. family, and Havcrcarnp leans to this opinion:
IIAGNENTXVS 1=.r. AVG.—Also MAGNENTIVS TR. but Ursin and Morell place it nnder the head of
1>.r. ave. ‘The signification of the letters rs. Maiania, and in doing so appear to have the
has not been explained. sanction of Eckhel.
 MAJORIANUS.--MAMEA. MAMILIA. 535
MAJORIANVS (Flavius Julius), appointed at Rome. It derived its surname Limeiamu, it
by Leo, Emperor of the East, to be his general in is believed, from its being given at first to C.
chief, and sent by him to occupy the government Mamilins, tribune of the people, because he (v.0.
of the western empire; assumed the title of 589) carried the [er dc limitibur or boundary
Imperator, at Ravcnna, after the deposition of law. In its coins which are for the most part
Avitns A.D. 457. He had proved himself a. common, there are eighteen varieties; the
good general under Aetius, and possessed great silver pieces restored by Trajan are extremely
and excellent qualities. He inflicted severe rare, amongst these is the following interesting
injury on the barbarian tribes both in Italy and type :—
in Gaul: Whilst his friend and general, Ricimer, C. MAMIL. LIME'l‘AN.—A man in a short
defeated Genseric, 4-58 ; Majorian beat the Goths habit, wearing on his head the pileus, or
under Theodoric; but he had scarcely made hemispherical bonnet, and holding a long knotted
peace with Genseric, when Ricimer conspired
against and deposed him at Dertona, now
Tortona, in Lignria; and he died by his own
hand A.D. 461.-—The gold coins of Majorianus
are esteemed rare; the brass still rarer; on
these he is styled n. N. IVLIVS. MAIORIANVS.
mzux. Ave. Y.
M. or MAM. Mamercus; a prenomen, and
afterwards a name of the Aemilia family :——
mm. LEPIDVS. Zllamervus Lepidua.
stick, and a dog at his feet fawning on him.——
MABIAEA (Julia), daughter of Julia Mazsa, The obverse of this denarius bears the head
sister of Julia Soacmias, and mother of Ale! of Mercury, as designated by his attributes,
andcr Severus. She took the name of the Julia the winged cap and the caduceus. This coin
family from her father, whom some call Julius has bccn explained as representing Ulysses
Avitus, but her surname of Mamea, like that of recognised by his dog.———According to the
her sister Soaemias, is believed to be Syriac. Homeric recital, that Grecian hero, after an
absence of twenty years, resolved to repair once
more to his kingdom of Ithaca without making
himself known. Accordingly he disguised him
self, as a pilgrim, or traveller, and effectually
escaped discovery by any man, when his faithful
dog Argus, knew again his long lost master,
and by wagging his tail, and other canine
blandishments, testificd his dying joy at the
sudden recognition——
" Et moriem reminiseitur Argos.”
The affecting incident is most graphically re
corded on this elegant denarius. The Mmnilia
Inlia Mamaea was married to Genesius Mar family pretended to derive its origin from
cianus, by whom she had Theoclia and Alexander Mamilia, the daughter of Telegonus, the reputed
Severus. On Roman coins she is honoured with son of Ulysses and Circe; and C. Mamilins, as
the title of Augusla (a.D. 222). By her sagacity a monetal triumvir, caused this subject to be
she conciliated the good-will of the soldiery in adopted on one of his medals.
favour of her son Alexander, of whom by There is another denarius, with same reverse,
education she made a perfect prince; by her but, instead of the bust of Mercury, its obverse
assidnity with her mother Mnesa she promoted exhibits that of Diana Venatriz, below which
his adoption to the empire, whilst by her pru is s. c. ~
dencc she extricated him from the snares laid MAN. llaniru ; a prcnomen, which, in
for him by Elagabalus. She ruled under her linked monogrammated letters (MN), appears on
son with talent and courage; was his companion coins of Fonleia family.
even in the Persian war; but ambitious, haughty, M. AN. Marcus Anm'u.r.—-See Florianua.
and covetous, she committed some acts of in Manma, an epithet of Fortune, on a coin of
justice from the love of money. It is said, on Commodus.-—Soe FOBTVNAE xmnnrr.
historical authority, that she had embraced the MANLIA, a plebeian family. The coins said
Christian faith. This princess was murdered to belong to it are passed over by Eckhel as
at the some time with her imperial son A.D. 235. “numi Goltziani,” and not noticed by Mionnet
The silver coins of lllamaea are common; or Akerman.
the brass, first and second, very common; //rird lllanijmlus, a band or company of Roman
brass rare; her yald are of the highest rarity. soldiers, whose military ensign was an extended
On thae she is styled IVLIA MAMAEA hand placed on the to: of a spear.
AVG1m‘a lVIATer AVGu.rla. On the reverse is Mi\\'L. or MANL . ]lIanliu.r.
sometimes MATER CASTRORVM. MANLIA, a patrician family, of the most noble
MAMILIA, although a most noble and most descent. Its principal surname is Torqrlatiu,
ancient family, emigrating, it is said, from celebrated in its association with lllanlius in
Tnsculum, or from Tibnr, yet it became plebeian Roman story.—The gold coins are very rare;

/*
sas MANLIA. MANLIA.
the silver common.—This family took the sur of extreme rarity, the gold, silver, and second
name of Torguatua from the valour of T. brass particularly so.—The silver and bronze
Manlius, who, in the year of Rome 393, slew have on their reverse l\'N0 a1-zoixa, and a veiled
in single combat a Gaul of superior strength to female, or deity, standing with a patera in her
himself, and took away his collar (torques). right hand, a luula in her left, and a peacock
Thenceforward the Jlanlii adopted the honour at her fcet.——The illustration has been selected
able addition, and stamped it on their coins. from a gold coin in the British Museum.
—'l‘hus on the reverse of u silver medal of M. ANN Illarcua Amiiur; prenomen and
this family we see L. TORQVA. Q. EX. s. c. name of a man.
lllanue Humane, the human hand, is some
times the nnmismatic index of Liberality; at
other times two hands joined together serve to
symbolize the concord of individuals, and to
designate the confirmation of friendship and of
trcaties.—We see a human hand, intended to
represent “the hand divine,” put forth from
clouds on a coin of Constantine the Great;
A man, armed with helmet, spear, and buckler, another-eholding the cross or a crown, on coins
galloping on horseback.-—-The obverse presents of Areadius, and of Eudoxia his wife.
the winged head of Pallns, the word Rona and Manna du¢juncl¢.——'I‘wo hands joined, hold
x., all within a t0rguea.—On the reverse of ing a caduceus, or corn-ears, with poppies, or
another denarius of the Manlia family we read other fruits, in indication of the happy con
the words L. svnu. IMP., and the type represents sequences of concord, appears on coins of the
Sylla in a triumphal quadriga, holding in his Junia family; also on medals of Julius Caesar,
right hand a caduceus, and crowned by a flying M. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Vespasiun, Titus,
Victory.—The obverse of this coin bears the Domitian (see Caduceus), Antoninus, M. Aure
legend L. MANLI. PRO. Q., and for its type has lius, Albinus.
the winged head of Minerva.—We learn from Jllamu dwejun!.'i¢.—TWO hands joined, hold
Plutarch that Manlius Torquatus, who on the ing a. military ensign placed on the prow of s
above is called Proquazstar, was one of Sy]la’s galley, symbolical of the concord of the army,
generals.—Another coin of the Jllanlia family is a type found on coins of M. Antony,
exhibits the same reverse of Sylla triumphing, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, M. Aurelius, Com
and bears on its obverse ROM. and the mark x., modus.-=§ee C0-ucordia Erercitazum.
together with the head of Pallas, all within a Two hands joined, occur on silver of Balbinns
torques, or ornamental collar, allusive to their and Pupienus, with anon nvrvvs aveo.;
intrepid and victorious ancestor. and PII-ITAS MVTVA avoe.; and on silver of
Besides the silver coins above described, there Carausius with the legend conconma mnirvsr.
is an elegant one inscribed sen. (Serranua, or Three hands joined, appear on coins of Anto
more probably Sergiu-1), with the head of ninus, Salonina, and Valerian, jun., and the
Minerva for the type of its obverse, and ROMA same holding u caduceus on a. coin of Augustus.
before it; on the reverse of which is A. MANLI. MAQ. Moneta Aquileiw Percu.rsa.—suaQr.
Q. r., and Apollo, or the Sim, in a chariot Seem lllonela Aguileia Pereuasa.—These letters
drawn by four horses, on his lefi X., on his appear on the excrgue of a coin of Gratianus;
right a crescent, and on each side a star.——See also on one of Theodosins M.—[.-tquileis, for
soL. merly a rich town, near the Gulf of Venice, is
Also another denarius, with female head, and now a small village]
inscribed SlBVLLA.—Rev..- L. TORQVATua MAR. Jllarce/linu.!.—I.E1\"l‘. sum. r. Les
III. VIR. A tripod, above which are two lulua fllarcellini Fi/ius.
stars, the whole within an ornamental circle. MAR. Marcel1ua.—uau. c1..—J{m-celln
See Sib_1/Ila-. C'l011iu.r.
MANLIA SCANTILLA, the wife of Didius MAR. ]l[1zrcu.e.—na1L svannrvs PROB\'S.—
Julianna, by whom she had the beautiful Didia Banduri, i. p. 456.
Clara, she being herself the most deformed of WAR. Mars, Marti.
women. On the same day that her husband MAR. The month of March.—nin. MAB.
became Emperor (a.n. 193), she was proclaimed Idus Martii. The Ides of March.——See Jamia
Augualzz, by a decree of the Senate, but her family.
happiness was of brief duration, for Julianna MARCELLINVS.—On a denarins of the
having in u few weeks Claullia family ap the name of MARCF.L
been put to death, the LINVS., and the head of Claudius Marcellus,
imperial titles were taken behind which is the triquetra (or three mens'
away both from her and legs), allusive to his conquest of Sicily. On the
her daughter by Severus, reverse of the same denarius appears the word.
and Mnulia Scantilla died MARCELLVS, the surname of the abov -
in obscurity.—She is nu mentioned plcbeian family. uaacsnnvs cos.
mismatically styled MANL. QVINQ. (Consul Quinquies, five times Consul.)
(or MANLIA) SCANTILLA. The type represents this valiant commander,
avo.—All her coins are clothed in the toga, carrying into a temple
 MARCIA. i\IARCIANA.—MARCIANUS. 537
of four colnmns, a trophy formed of amour medallion is valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. ; and
which he had himself taken from the person of there are others, of equal value, which he
Viridomarus, a Gaulish cl1ief.—-See Claudia. describes in his Reeueil (lea Médailles Romaines,
MARCI. Jlarcius. and on which, in the opinion of Vaillant, the
MARCIA, a family originally patrician, head of this Amazonian female is to be re
but afterwards plebeian. Its surnames are eognised.
Censorinua, Libo, Plu'1ippus.—Morell
gives MARCIANA, sister of the Emperor Trajan,
forty-two varieties of type, of which the and mother of Matidia, an accomplished woman.
silver are common, the brass rare. Many She lost her husband previous to the accession
of the latter pieces are asses or parts of of her brother to the empire, and lived as a
the as, or struck by the moneyers of Augustus. widow with the Emperor’s wife, Plotina, to
—'I‘he Marcia family claimed to derive its origin whom she was united by the tenderest and most
from Ancns Marcius, King of the Romans—a uninterrupted friendship. She died about a.n.
claim which is plainly indicated on a silver 114, and received the honours of Consecration
coin of that house, on which are exhibited the (see that word).—She is styled MARCIANA avo.
name and portrait of ANCVS, with the lituus sonoa. IXP.1‘B.A!ANl—DlVA AVGVST.-\ MARCIANA.
behind the head ——On the reverse are the word The coins of this princess arc, in every metal,
PHILIPPVS, and an equestrian statue on a exceedingly rare. The brass which form a
monument of her consecration are all of the
first size.—The annexed cnt is from a specimen
in the British Museum.

bridge, underneath the arches of which we read

AQVA .\1ARcia. This is allusive to the famous
Marcian aqueduct at Rome, whence flowed another
honour to the family. Respecting it Pliny ex
presses himself in the following emphatic terms:
“The most renowned of all waters (conveyed
by aqueducts) for the merit of coolness and
wholesome qualities is, by the city’s testimony, In commenting on the medals of Plotina,
that of MARCIA. Ancns Marcius, one of the Marciana, and Matidia, the intelligent and accu»
Kings of Rome, was the first to introduce it rate author of Leyons de Numismafique Romaine
into the city. In after times Marcius observes, in reference to the types of Consecration,
restored it, during his prmtorship, and the which appear on the coins of these three princesses,
same thing was done subsequently by M. that “although the Roman mintage retraces,
Agrippa.”—With respect to the fignr e of= from the earliest reigns and in divers manners,
the horseman placed on the arches of the the apotheosis of Emperors and Empresses, yet
aqueduct, Eekhel observes that as the same the word CONSECRATIO appears only for the first
recurs on several coins of the P/u'li;qn', it is time on the medals of Marciana ,- and with that
probable that it may allude to the surname legend a funeral pile, an altar, chariots of
Pfiilijqvur, although he would not deny that it various forms, &o., serve to represent the
may probably refer besides to the domestic apotheosis, without its being possible to deter
praise of the family, since both Livy and Pliny mine the rules by which one type was employed
bear witness to an equestrian statue publicly in preference to another. Nevertheless the
erected to Q. Marcins Tremnlus, on his victory eagle taking its flight, a type at first common to
over the Samnites.—See Am-us ]l{lZI'L‘ill8, p. 44. both sexes (as is shewn in a large brass medal of
MARCIA, the prenomen of a woman, taken Marciana), was afterwards reserved for the
from Man-u.r—as MARCIA OTACILIA snvnas, Auguati alone; whilst the peacock (a bird con
wife of Philip senior.—See Oiacilia. secrated to Juno), and the covered car drawn by
M.~\RCI.~\, a concubine of Commodus, to whom two mules, known by antiqnaries under the
(according to Lampridius and other historians) name of carpenturn, became types exclusively
above all others that profligate emperor was the appropriated to the Empresses and otherAugu.mv.
most passionately attached, appears depicted on MARCIANVS (Flzwius Valerius), born of
his coins under the form of an Amazon. (Span humble parentage in _'l'hrace, or in Illyria, but
heim, Pr. ii. p. 292.)—On the obverse of a an accomplished soldier, he was honoured in
fine bronze medallion of this prince (having for marriage with the hand of Pulcheria, sister of
the type of its reverses sacrificial gronp) are the Theodosius the Second, who proclaimed him
joined heads of Commodus and Marcia; that Emperor of the East, A.D. 450. From that
of the former is laureated; that of the other time to the end of his reign, seven years after,
helmcted. The bust of this woman is some he preserved the peace and integrity of the
times clothcd in a cuirass; at other times it is empire; refused to pay tribute to _M_l1]8;
accompanied by the Amazonian pelta. This destroyed paganism; favoured the Christians;
3Z
538 MARCUS.—M.-XRIDIANUS. MARlNIANA.—MARIUS.
and died regretted, at Constantinople A.D. 457, adopted, lengthened out the name, and was
supposed to have been poisoned, in the 65th called Mm-idi¢mu.s.—c. MARIDIANVS, who is
year of his age.—All his coins are of the highest read on the denarii of Julius Carsar, was of the
rarity, and on them he is called n. N. uaacumvs Cossutia family, that is of the equestrian order.-—
P. P. AVG. As one of the monetary U‘ll\Ill\'ll‘S, he placed the
MARCVS, a frequently recurring prenomen, figure of Venus Victrix on Jnlins’s coins, to
which on silver coins of the Emilia, Antonia, indicate the lattcr's pretensions to divine
and Aquilia families, is commonly found joined origin. '
With the prenomims of relations and ancestors, MARINIANA, the second wife, as it is be
for we read sr. AEMILI. M. 1'. H. N. Marcus lieved, of Valerianus, and the mother of Valeri
Aemiliua, Marci Filiu-9, Marci Nrpos. In like anus, jun.—This princess is known only through
manner u. .\q,vn.rvs M. r. M‘. N.—-The Emperor the medals on which her
Commodus used the same prenomcn of Marcus, name as DIVA MARINIA as
which, as well as that of 1/uciua, by the initials appears, and from which
ll. and L. is designated on his coins. it is inferred that she
Marcus Agri_1q;a.——See Vipsania family. died at the beginning of
Marcus Jntoniu.a.—See Antonia fam. \"nlerian's reign. it is
Marni: AureIiu.r.—See Aurelius. still a matter of doubt
MARI. Mariu:.—See Maria fam. whether she was the wife
MARIA, a plebeiau family. Its surnames, of Yalerianus; but she
on coins, are Capita and Tro_qu.r.—~The varieties certainly was of hisfarnily.
are forty-six—most of them rare. Connected Her silver coins, or rather /lil/on, are very rare,
with its surname of Marcus, is a denarius, on on the reverse of which we see a peacock, the
the obverse of which we read o. MARI. c. r. 5 symbol of her consecration. The brass are still
(CrLiu.r Jlariua, Caii Filius) carrr. xxvnn, rarcr.——Sce Akerman’s note on Mariniana.
with head of Ceres.—Rev..- A man driving MARIQ,VE.—Soe PACE r. a. wanna MARIQVI
two oxen. on a coin of Nero.
7k0_qua.—C. Marius Trogus was one of the MARIT. Jllaritinm,-.—ra.\sr. ems. 1-rr on
moncycrs of Augustus, as is shewn by his MARIT. Prafectus C’Ia.m'.r E! Om Maritime.
denarii, which are all honoured with the portrait See Pompeia.
of that prince. It is probable that they were Maritime, or naval power, is denoted on
struck about the year v.c. 741. As these Roman coins by the prow of a ship, as on a
denarii, with the exception of the name, olfer denarius of Pompey the Great (with legend
nothing that relates to Trogus, but refer in all MAGN. rno. cos.), or by the Roman Eagle and
their types to Augustus and his family, and they two standards, the latter resting on the prows of
are also of doubtful explanation, it will suflice to vessels, on a second brass of Scrgius Galba.-—
notice n few, and those briefly :-— The prmtorian galley, with rowers, also serves
l3n'_qrapIi.-c. maivs. -rao. mvm., or c. to mark the prefecture and command of the sea,
lrsnlvs. c. r. Tao. as on medals of Hadrian and other emperors.-—
Ijqn-.r.—On the obverse, as has been stated, See Pretoria Nam}: and 1"eIi¢-ilati Auguali.
the head of Augustus.—0n the reverse, the MARIVS (0aiu:.)—It is observed by Plutarch
head of Julia, daughter of Augustus, between in the beginning of his life of this man, ennobled
the heads of Cains and Lucius, her sons by by so many consulates and by two triumphs,
Agrippa.—This coin was struck under Augustus, that he had no vognomen or third name. That
about the year 737.—See avovsrvs nivr. r., this, however, is not to be referred to the entire
in which the type is explained. family called amongst the Romans by the name
Two men, clothed in the toga, standing, one of Maria, but only to the branch of the house
of whom has his head lnureated, the other wears whence Marius descended, the surname of
a turretcd crown; they both hold a roll in their Capilo and of Tragua struck on other coins of
left hands, and at the feet of each is something the same family serve abundantly to shew.
that resembles an altar, or pedestal; or, as MARIVS (Marcus Aurelius), called also Mm
Havercamp thinks, the am-inium (or casket), nuriua and Vrriuriua, from being an artificer in
such as it was customary to place at the feet of iron and an armourer, became a Roman General,
senatorial statues. The same writer recognises and proclaimed himself Emperor 4.1). 267, by
in these two figures, Augustus and Agrippa, and favour of the Gaulish legions, after the death of
the latter especially from his turreted crown. Victorinus. He was a bold and active man,
A priest veiled stands, holding in his right conspicuous for prodigious powers of body, and
hand the Jimpu/um (or small chalice used in of especial strength in the use of his hands and
sacrifice). This is perhaps intended for Augustus, fingers. According to Pullia he reigned only
promoted to he ponfi/'e.z: mmrimus, in the year three days, having been killed by one of his
of Rome 741. ancient comrades with a sword which he had
Some pieces in gold and silver of this family himself fabricated. The mode of his death may
are by the moncycrs of Augustus; and there have been authentically described; but that the
are denarii restored by Trajan. career of his usurpation should have bccn so
MARIDIANVS.—Caius Cossutius, a very extremely short is scarcely credible, when regard
rich man, seems to have adopted Haridiua, who, is had to the abundance of coins (of limited
according to the custom of those who were variety) struck with the name and portrait of
 MARIUS.—MARS. MARS. 539
Marius, and which though of ca. BLABIO c.1v. r —See Visconti and Riccio
exceedingly rare in gold; on this point.
are scarce in potin or base The temple of Mars, with the epigraph of
silver, and in third brass, Man. v1:r., Marti Ullori, appears on coins of
but less so in the latter. Augustus. On medals of Caracalla, Gordianus
lle is styled IMP. c.n. Ill. and other emperors, he has the name of
AVE. MABIVS. r.r. AVG.— rnorvonaroa (the defender); and Constantine,
The cut is taken from a , previous to his profession of Christianity, dedi
gold coin in the British cated a coin to his honour, with the circum
Museum. scription of MABTI rxrnr PROPVGNA'l‘0Bl.—
MARS, the god of war, was, according to the The legend of MARS vlcroa is found on medals
common belief of the ancients, the son of Jupiter of Domitian, Antoninus, Numeriunns, Claudius
and of Juno; or as some of the later poets Gothicus, Probus, &c. mans. vxrroa (the
have pretended, the son of Juno, by whom solely avenger) on those of Alexander Severus, and
he was generated, as the goddess Minerva was others; mans PACIPEB (the peace-bearer) on
brought forth of Jupiter alone. Mars was rc those of Gallienus, &c.; mas consnuvaros.
garded as a great leader in battle; as presiding (the preserver) on those of Licinius, Constantine,
over discord and contest, everywhere exciting &c. We see, moreover, on other products of
daughter and war. Although this divinity had the Imperial mint, that this favourite deity of
numerous adorers in Greece and in many other warlike Rome was distinguished, according to
countries, there was no place where his worship the occasion on which the medal was struck, by
became more popular than at Rome.-—On a titles of snsanrou, s'rs-ron, and PACATOIL
gold coin and also on a middle brass of Anto MARS ADSERTOR. (Mars the Assister.)—
ninus Pius, appears a type which reeals to mind On a silver coin of Galba this legend appears,
the legendary origin of Rome. It represents with the type of Mars in the paludamentum,
Mars armed with helmet, spear, and shield, standing with trophy and shield. Like that
descending to Ilia or Rhea, the Vestal mother which bears the inscription of runs vmon,
of Romulus and Remus, who is depicted half with the same type, it was clearly intended
naked in a recumbent posture, and buried in as a memorial of acknowledgment on the part of
a profound sleep. lt was to support the fable the veteran general of Nero's Legions in Spain,
which made Romulus pass for the son of Mars, that he owed the success of his enterprise
that the Romans gave to their first king, in his against the tyrant, and his own elevation to the
apotheosis, the name of Quirinua, and afterwards empire, to the assistance and tutelary favour of
to Mars himself many temples, amongst which the god of war.
that built by Augustus alter the battle of MARTI AVGVSTO.—Mars helmeted, march
Philippi, under the name of MARS vrcron, was ing with spear in right hand and trophy on his
the most celebrated. The priests of this deity, lett shoulder. On silver of Pesceunius Niger.
called Salians, had the custody of the ancilia, Sec Fe-rcemaiua.
or sacred shields. The Latins derived his name Khell, in recording this coin from the Imperial
from Hare; (males), because it is men who Cabinet at Vienna, says—“ Unicum luuw, atgue
are employed in wars. They also called prelii non watimandi pronunciare covgfidenler
him Gradivu-I and sometimes Quirinua; and audeo/’—Vaillant notes two coins of Niger as
established this difference between the two rarinimi, with the epigraph of Marti Victari;
appellations, that the former indicated this god and with the exception of the parazonium
during war, and the latter during peace. The instead of the qwar, the type of one of them
Romans likewise denominated him PATEB, on is the same as that above described. The legend
several of their imperial coins, in allusion to of Mar: Augustus appears on no other Roinan
his being father of Romulus and Rcmus.—On Imperial medals as yet discovered.
medals and other ancient monuments Mars is MARTI DEO.—See nso nsa'r1.—On s
represented under the figure of a man armed silver coin of Gallienus we see this rare inscrip
with a helmet, a lance, and a shield, sometimes tion, with a figure of Mars, supporting his left
naked, at others in a military habit, or with a hand on his spear and his right hand on his
soldicr’s mantle over the shoulders; in some shield, standing hehneted in a temple of four
instances bearded, but more frequently without columns.
a beard. Mar: Viclar appears bearing a MA R'1‘I.—The figure of Mars stands helmeted
trophy, and Mara Gnzdivua is depictured in and in a military dress, his right hand grasping
the attitude of a man who is walking with the /uutaferrata or iron-headed lance, and his
t strides. The wolf was sacred to Mars, left placed on a shield resting on the ground.
and the Romans sacrificed a horse to him on the On this rare silver medal Hadrian is depictured
12th of October. His familiarity with Venus under the form of Mars.—“A similar image,
is shadowed forth on coins of Marcus Aurelius says Vaillaut, may be seen in Parian marble at
and Faustino jun., in which we see the goddess the Capitol in Rome, with this sole difference,
of beauty, as VENVS VICTRIX, embracing him that in the statue Hadrian is represented naked ;
in her arms, and retaining him by her blandish while on the coin he appears in the costume
ments. of a warrior.”
The nnhcardcrl head of Mars appears on a MA RTI CON SERVATORI.—Respccting this
denarius of the Cornelia family, with inscription dedieatory inscription which appears on coins of
8Z2
540 MARS. MARS.
Maxentins, Licinins, and Constantine,—Sps.n MARTI PROPAG. IMP. AVG. N.—Ma.rs,
heim, in his “Cresars of Julian,” observes—— in military garments, stands with spear in left
“Ancient medals present to us this son of hand, and joins his right hand to that of a
Jupiter, not only under the images of an avenging, woman standing before him, between both is
a victorious, and a fighting god—Marli.s Ulforia, the wolf suckling the twins.—Hespecting this
Victoria, Propugnatoria-—-in a word, hewho takes epigraph and type on a silver coin of Maxentius,
delight in nothing but war and combats ; but they Eckhel observes that Mara Propagaior impel-ii,
also designate him to us under the appearance like Prinrrepa imperii Romani, on a gold coin of
of a pcaecable and peace-making, o. preserving, the same Augustus, is a new title, contrived by
and fatherly deity—1lIarti.r Pam;/ici, Pizcatoris, the ingenuity of Maxentius, to he conferred
Cmnservatonlr, Staloris, Patria, in order to teach upon this deity.
ns what are the duties of conquerors, and even Vaillant says, “ At a time when Constantine
what ought to be the aim of their conquests.”-— was in possession of great part of the empire,
Banduri gives a second brass of Mazentius, and Galerius with Licinins governed a still larger
with an armed Mars walking, and the legend portion, Maxentius invokes Mars as the author
MARTI. CON SERVATon' AVGu.1li Naatri. of the City of Rome, praying him that he
(To Mars the Preserver of our Emperor.) would amplify and propagate the boundaries of
MARS PACA'I‘OR.—A half-naked figure of his empire."
a man, with helmet, a branch in the right and MARS PROPVGnator, and MARS PRO
a hasta in the left hand. On silver of S. PVGNA'l‘ori. (Mars the Champion or Defender.)
Severus. Mars here carries the olive branch, a ——A helrncted figure, clothed in armour, walk
symbol of peaee.—As the supposed father of ing, with spear and buckler. The former legend
their city's founder, the Romans (observes appears on a silver piece of Gordianns Pius, and
Vaillant) paid the highest honours of their re the latter on a denarius of Gallienus, who, as
ligious worship to Mars, whom they denominated his coins teach us, paid particular adoration to
Gmdimu, and otiered sacrifices to, when on the Mars. Indeed he is known to have raised a
point of war; but whom they called Pacalar temple to the worship of that divinity in the
when they entered into pacific treaties with the Circus Flaminius, and to have called the god
enemy. To this Ovid alludes in the 3rd book Propugnatar. See Hoatilianua.—Wcll indeed
of his Fasti :— he might, being at that period sore pressed in
Nunc primum atudiis pacis, deua utili: armis, every quarter of his government by both civil
Advocor. and foreign wars. (Vaillant.)—'I'here is a second
MARTI PACIFERO.—This dedication, with brass of Constantine which presents on its
the image of the god holding the olive branch, reverse the naked figure of Mars, with spear
appears on a silver coin of Volusianus, who and bueklcr, marching, and the inscription
thus assumes to be Mars the Pacificator, or HART! PATRI PROPVONATOB-l.
Peace-bearer, on account of the peace made, MARS VICTOR.—A helmeted figure walk
under his father, with the Vandals. The same ing, holding a spear tmnsversed, and in his lsfi
legend appears on coins of Florianus, &c. hand a trophy resting on the shoulder.—A very
MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI.——This rare gold coin of Probus bears this legend and
new title on a second brass of Constantine has inscription, by which this warlike emperor is
for its accompanying type an armed and helmeted compared to Mars—no inappropriate or an
efligy of Mars, under whose lineamcnts Bcger meaning compliment to a prince, of whom it
thinks the features and helmet of Constantine has been recorded that every part of the Roman
himself are plainly to be recognised. Hence he world was rendered celebrated by his victories.
observes we may understand that it was the
emperor himself rather than the heathen deity
who is on this medal represented. Constantine
is called Mars on the occasion of his great
slaughter of the Franci and Alemanni, and his
capture of their kings, thus preserviny Gaul to
the empire.
The surname of Cons-ervalor is found assigned
to Mars, not only on coins, but on an ancient
inscription, given in Grutcr-—(p. lvii.)
Mar: is called Pater, as Liber (or Bacchus)
was called Pater, and as Janus was called Pater,
because, as Laetantius writes, it was “ the
custom to invoke by that name every god when [From a large brass of Caracal1a.]
offering to him solemn rites and prayers ;”
besides, who does not know that Mars was MARTI VICTORI.—In noticing this legend
commonly held to be the parent of the Romans? of Pcscennius Niger, Vaillant (Pr. ii. 204)
MARTI PATRI SEMP. VICTORI. (To observes that Mars, in his quality of presiding
the ever victorious Father Mars).—On another over war seems to have had the cognomen of
second brass of Constantine the Great appears Viz-tor assignedjto him; and that, as the coins
this epigraph; and it occurs only in the case of bearing that epigraph denote, it is probable that
this emperor. Peseennius performed sacrifices to the God of
 MARS.—MARTINIANUS. MATER AUGG. 541
Battles, propitiating his aid to gain the hoped MATER AVGG.—C_g/bele in a quadriga of
for victory over Scverus—a rival who, how lions, holding a branch. This appears on gold
ever, proved to he his conqueror.—Sce Manrl and silver of Julia Domna, wife of Severus; and,
avovsro. as Eckhel observes, there docs not exist on coins
MART VLTO.—On a dcnarius of Augustus a weightier proof of servile adulation. Here
we see a round temple, in which is s figure of we behold Domna held out as the object of the
Mara Ultor, whose temple Augustus caused to high worship paid to Cyhelc, and that, too,
be built in the capital. when this “ Mother of the Gods" was really the
There is another silver parent of Caraculla, and of Gcta; see also by
coin of the same Emperor, how subtle a device these two young Augusti
with the same epigraph, are placed on an equality with the gods them
and a similarly formed selves !—'l'his coin was struck when Geta, as
edifice, in which is a .well as his elder brother, had attained to
military ensign. This Augustal honours.
represents the temple of MAT AVGG. MAT. SEN. M. PATH.
Mar: the Avenger, which Mater Augustorum, Hater Senatua, Mater
Augustus ordered to be Patr-ia.—A female figure representing Julia,
built at Rome, in imitation of that of Jupiter sitting or standing, with corn ears in one hand,
Fcretrius, in which the military standards and the lrasta in the other.—Gold, silver, and
restored by the Purlhians were suspended. large brass of Domna exhibit this unique and
MARS \'L'l'OR.—l\1ars walking with spear remarkable inscription.
in hand, and trophy on his shoulder; on coins of On this medal we see not only new titles, but
Alex. Severus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus, such as no other princess ever before assumed.
Tacitus, and Probus.——With the ancient Romans, For one Domna to call herself, on her coins, the
as well as Greeks, it was one of the principal Mot/zer qf the Sena/e, and the Mother of the
marks of worship paid to their gods, to honour Country, was bold indeed. It was the result of
them as Avenger: of “injuries received; hence that iusensate veneration which her son Caraealla
originated, amongst others, the titles of Jupiter aflectcd to entertain for her, it being also under
U/tor, of Mars Ultor, and the like, which his reign that the surnames of PIA, FELIX, were
medals so frequently exhibit to us. conferred on the imperi widow of Severus.
MARTI VLTORl.—On a silver coin of MATER AVGVSTI ET CASTRORVM.—
Galba edited in Morell’s Impp. Rom. we see The Mother of the Em ror and of Camps are
this legend accompanied by the type of Mars, the titles assumed (on large and second brass
naked, except the helmet, walking; he brandishes coins) by Marnma, mother of Alexander Severus,
aloft a dart in his right hand, and holds out a who in all things acted under her counsels, and
small round shield on his left arm. who, with her, was assassinated by the troops
MARTI CO.\IITI AVGuati Nostri. (To of the ferocious Maximinus.
Mars, the companion of our Emperor.)—A MATER CAS'l‘RORVM.—A woman seated,
second brass of Maxentius bears this sufliciently having before her three military ensigns. This
presumptuous inscription. '1'he Emperor who reverse of a large brass of Faustina the younger,
thus makes a colleague of his deity is represented is remarkable. The title of Mother qf Carrlpa,
on horseback, with right hand uplifted, and a which no empress previous to her had borne,
soldier with spoils preceding him.—The epigraph though others afterwards received it, was given
and type occur only on the money of Maxentius, to Faustina, on thc occasion of her having
who on other coins treats Hercules with the followed her husband, M. Aurelius, in his
same familiarity (Hereuli Comiti). victorious expedition against the Quadi, a.n_
MAR’l‘IALl.—See rvuom MARTIALI. 174, a campaign memorable for the victory
MARTINIANVS (Marcus), general of regarded as miraculous, and ascribed to the
Licinius, in whose palace he held the post of prayers of the Theban legion, called Le;/io
Mayiuter Oflieinorum .——l-le was created Czcsar by fulrninan.r.——~lulia Domna, and Julia Mamasa,
that prince, atter the latter had declared against successively exhibit the same title on their coins,
Constantine, A.D. 324.—Mar-tiniauus usurped the latter (as
of Maren above observed)
avovsrr, prcfixing
as the mother to it that
ofizilexander
the style and title of Augustus, as appears by
his coins, which are in third brass, and most Severus.——The type in Julia Domna's first and
rare, n. N. M. MARTIANVS P. r. avo.—-Two years second brass, with this legend, is a female
afierwards he shared the fate of his master, both figure, sacrificing before three military ensigns.
he and Licinius, after the two disastrous battles MATRES AVGUSTORVM-—Thc following
of Adrianopolis and Chalcedon, having been put are nearly all the mothers of emperors of whom
to death by order of Constantine. there are authentic coins :—’
Martiua, formerly the first month of the year l.—Livia, of Tiberius.
with the Romans, it being named by Romulus 2.——Ant0ni¢z, of Claudius.
after his reputed fathcr.—It appears on certain 3.—Agr-ippina, of Caligula.
celebrated coins.-—See Ell’). MAR. 4.—Agrippina, of Nero.
MASSO, a surname of the patrician family of 5.—l)omitilla, of Titus.
Papiria. 6.—Jutia Dumna, of Caracalla and of Gets.
MAT. 1lfater.—Thus Julia Momma is styled 7.—Ju!ia Soacmias, of Elagubalus.
rut. avovsrr. (Mother of the Emperor.) 8.—Jutia Jllarnaea, of Alexander Severus.
542 MATER DEUM. MATIDIA.
9.—Mn.rcia Otacilia Severa, of Philip veiled before s small altar, and two, or three
10.—Mariru'ana, of \"ale1'isnus jun. military ensigns, performing sacrifice, as though
ll.—Flavia Ile/ena, of Constantine the Great. partaking the councils of her husband, in his
To no living mother was there by any son, warlike expeditions, she invoked success on his
being emperor, any coin struck representing enterprises, and made herself a consort in his
two portraits, cxccpt to those who either hadvictories.—This title of Maler Cas-lrorum con
mingled in the atfairs of state, or had sons ferred for the first time on the unworthy wife of
under their guardianship who were aficrwards M. Aurelius, was afterwards, in the same spirit
advanced to the empire. Of these there were of congratulation to the husband, bestowed on the
six, viz., Livia with Tiberius. 2. ,_lgr1pp1_na masculine and ambitious empress of Septimius
with Cfli\15(C£|.ligl1lZl). 3. 4yn'pp»Hw.iuu-.w1\h Severus.—We see the same inscription and a
Nero. 4. Domna with Carncalla and Geta, similar type on a medal of Julia Sowmias ; whose
whose coins, however, were struck with the claim to this martial appellation of honour,
heads of the sons upon them during the life as an imperial camp mislmsa, is in like manner
time of their father Severus. 5. Julia Samara; substantiated by her historical character as a
with Elagabalus. 6. Julia Mamaea With courageous princess and a leader of armies.
Alexander. MATIDIA, the daughter of Marciana and niece
MATER DEVM. See ‘C3/bele.—Numerous of Trajan; she was the mother of Sabina, who
coins of pro-consular cities in Asia. attest the became the wife of Hadrian. She was declared
worship of this Phrygian deity, by the exhibition Augusta along with Plotiua, by a decree of the
of her image. The same Magna Deum Meier, Senate about the year of
or Great Mother of the Gods, celebrated under Christ, 113; possessing
so many names, was worshiped in her inmost all the virtues of her
sanctuary under the form of nothing more than mother, she equally re
a black stone (lupia niger), as Arnobmsi L ceived with her the
vii., from personal observation describes.—ller honours of the apotheo
temple was repaired by Augustus.—As identified sis, under the reign of
with Telhu, Cybele carries the t_1/nipanum, by Hadrian, some say of
which the terrestrial globe was signified; and Antoninus Pius. The
the towers on her head bespeak her influence medals of Mutidia, like
over towns. those of Plotins and Marciana, are in each
HATER DEVM. and MATRI DEVM.— metal of the highest degree of rarity, especially
Cybele seated between two lions, or Cyhele the first brass. On these she is styled MATIDIA.
AVG. F.—MATIDIA AVG. DIVAE MAR
CIANAE Filia.—also DIVA MATIDIA
SOCRVS.—Tbe annexed cut is from a denarius
in the British Museum.
MATRI DEVM CONSERV. AVG. (Con
aervatrici Auyu.rti.)—This legend, with Cybele
riding on a lion, appears on first and second
brass and on silver of Commodus; who with his
characteristic audacity, whilst he was violating
every law, divine and human, calls the Mother
of the Gods his preserver; in like manner as on
other medals he selects Jupiter himself as the
standing, with s lion at her feet.—On gold, sponsor for his security (sponaor -recurilizlis),
silver, and brass of Julia Domna, called on the and as the defender of his health and safety
obverse IVLIA .\vovsr,\.—'l‘he ambitious wife of (d4;f‘en.ror .ralulia~.)
Severus is not more fully exhibited by the title MATRI DEVM SALVTARI.—A temple
of Mater Augualarum than she is as Cybele; in which Cyhele is seated: on the outside
but on the above coin, with the epigraph of stands Atys near a tree, which he touches with
Mater Deum, she is represented as though his left hand.—Bronze medallion of Faust-ins,
Cybcle and Julia were the same. _ _ senior.
MATRI CASTl{ORVM.—On her coms, U1 The type of Cybcle, or mother of the gods,
is common on the coinage of Fanstina the elder;
but on this exceedingly rare medallion we see
also introduced, Atys both the priest and the
lover of Cybele. He stands near a tree, and
touches it; either because he was detected by
the goddess in a forbidden amour, and being
sought after to receive punishment, hid himself
under a pine tree, or because he was changed
into a pine tree by Cybele (which are the several
opinions of certain mythologists), or because
this was the very tree on whose existence de
pended the life of the nymph Sangaria, with
gold, silver, and brass, Julia Domna stands whom Atys had fallen desperately in love, and
 MAURETANIA. MAURICIUS TIBERIUS. 548
which tree the goddess, in wrath at her lover's leader Lusius Quintus, in the various wars of
infidelity, had cut down and desti-oyed.—Sce Trajan, is attested in several passages of Dion;
Cf;/bele~—and A13/.1. and the Trajan column itself affords a lasting
Matrix (Mntrice).—This word is used by testimony to this fact, in that compartment of
some numismatic writers to signify the die, its sculptured shafi, on which the Moorish
square, or puuc/1, that is to say, the mass of horsemen are represented making a furious
hardened medal, on which is engraved or sunk, charge upon the Dacians.
the inverse way, the type of the medal, in order The Mauretanian is depictured on the coin,
to impress it, the right way, on the blank which walking with bridle and lance in his hand,
is exposed to its stroke. The word by which because that people, according to Strabo, gene
the Romans designated the die, or as the French rally fought with spears and on horseback.
call it the coin of the medal, is not known. MAVRETANIA. COS. II. S.C.—A man,
MAVRE'1‘ANIA—spelt with an 1-‘. as well on with garment tucked-up, standing with basket
inscribed marbles, edited by Gruter, as on coins in right hand, and spear in lefi. First brass of
of Hadrian, Antonina, and Commodn.s—a region Antoninus l’ius.—Eckhel.
of Africa, separated from Spain by the straits For other numismatic memorials connecting
of Gibraltar (frctum Gadilanumj, and from the same province with the Emperor Hadrian,
Numidia by the river Ampsaga. It now forms see ADVENTVI AVG. MAvnE'raNiaE.—ExE1ic1'rvs
the kingdoms of Fez and Morocco.—i\'lauretania HA\’BE'l‘ANICVS.—llESTITVTORI HAVRETANIAE.
was made a conquest of by Julius Caesar, who i\IAVltlCi\'S TIBERIVS, as on coins he is
having vanquished its king, Juba, reduced the styled, was born in Cappadocia, but of a family
country to a Roman province, giving the govern of Roman extraction, A.D. 539. Adopted by his
ment of it to the Pro-consul Crispus Sallustius.— father-in-law Tiberius, he succeeded to the
Augustus afterwards exchanged it with J uba, the empire in 582. An energetic prince, skilled in
son, for Numidia.-—This region remained under war and not less conversant with peaceful arts,
subjection to the Romans till about s.n. 441, but avuricious and wrathful. He conquered the
when Genseric, King of the Vandals, gained Persians, by his generals Philippicns and Ger
possession of it. The Emperor Valcntinian dis lnanus: he also fought many battles, with
puted with him its retention, sword in hand, difierent degrees of success, against Chosroes,
for three years, with various success; and at king of Persia, and also against the Avurs,
length peace was established between these two who had invaded the eastern provinces. His
potentates, who divided Northern Africa betweensoldiers revolting, under the leadership of Focus,
them. At the death of Valcntinian, Genscric either because they had not received their pay,
not only recovered all which he had ceded, but or because the emperor had refused to ransom,
again overthrew the Empire of the West. at a small price, many thousand captives taken
Justinian re-conquered this territory ninety-five by the Avars, paid the forfeit of his outrageous
years afler the Vandals had permanently occu covetousncss; the emperor himself, with his
pied it. whole family, having been murdered by the
Spanhcim (Pr. ii. p. 583) atfirms that the traitorous nsurper Focas, A.D. 602, in his 63rd
ensigns of royalty were accustomed to be sent to year and 20th of his reign.—The gold of
the Mauretauian Kings by the Roman Emperors, Mauricius are common; silver rare; brass com
and in no other way were they confirmed in mon, except quinaiii. His name and titles are
their regal dignity. n. N. Mxviuc. TIBEB. P. P. Avo.—'l'he legends
M.-\\"RE'l‘AI\' IA.—An inhabitant of this pro of bis medals are in the Lalin character, but
vince stands with a spear in his lcft hand, and like nearly all the rest of the Byzantine series,
holds with the other a horse by the bridlc.— the types are uninteresting and the execution
This name and appropriate type of the Moorish barbarous.
race, appears on a large brass of Hadrian, MAX. Ma:r1'ma.—See VICT PART. MAX.
of which an illustration is here given. The Victoria Parlbica Ma:-ima on coins of C-aracalla.
MAX. Ma.z-imo.—i. o. MAX.—~Jovi Oplimll
Zllarimo.
MAX. .Ma.rimus.—A title of the chief pontifi.
Thus, P. MAX. Pant;/‘ex Jllazimua, in Nero;
PON. MAX. in Domitian.
MAX. J[a.rimus.——A masculine surname de
rived from illustrious exploits.
MAX. ]|1a.z'imus.—An epithet of honour
applied to several emperors, as referring to some
conquest or victory. Thus M. Aurelius, L.
Verns, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, were dis
tinguished by the title of Par!/licua Illa;-imu; ;
cavalry of the rllauri was renowned of old Commodus with that of Brilannicua Jlnrinzue.
both for the excellence of the horses and the Constantine the Great, after overcoming Max
skill of the ridcrs.—Accordingly we find the entius, assumed this superlative MAX., which was
figures of horses stamped cvcn on the earliest afterwards conferred on Constans and Valeus.
coins of the Mauretanian Kings. That this MAXEN'l‘lVS (Marc. Aurel. Va/erim), son
equestrian people were employed, under their of Maximiauus Hercules and of Eutropia, was
54-t MAXIMIANUS. MAXIMIANUS.
hem A.D. 282.—-Diocletian wished to have that the appellative of IVN. or junior is found
named him Caesar; Galerius was opposed to it. on the coins of Galeriua. For as Hereuleus
This neglect, and the promotion of Severus, Maximianus alone had hitherto borne the title
Maximinus Daza, and, later, of Constantine to of Augustus, it was the less necessary by the
that rank, made him a mal-content; and he word SENi0r to distinguish him from Galerius,
caused himself to be declared Emperor at Rome who was at that time only Cazsar. Nor was?
by the Prctorian soldiers; the Senate assented, there any risk of Galerius being confounded
and proclaimed his assumption of the purple, with Hcrculeus Maximianus, because the title of -4"
according to history, in 306. But “the medals, Caasar sufiiciently distinguished his coins from
which assign to Maxentius the title of Caesar those of the elder one, who is said never to have
only, lead (as Mionnet observes) to the belief received the dignity of Cuasar, but was declared
that this prince was at first content with that at once Augustus by Diocletian. Hence it
honour, and that he did not receive the title of that the title of IVNiar is never found con
Augustus until some time atterwards. In that joined to NOBili.m'mu.r CAESar on the medals
case the coins arc at variance with the historians, of Galerius; nor is the prenomcn of Gale:-in
who make him Cresar and Augustus at once, by by any means common on them, as for example
the united voice of the soldiers and the senate.” by MAXIMIANVS NOB. CAES. Galerins is
Maxentius was a monster of cruelty and lust; indicated, although no mark of the prenomen
he compelled his father to re-ascend the throne GAL. should be found, the title NOBilua-imu
in order to maintain him in the government of CAESar sufficiently distinguishing him from
the empire; he ruled Rome like a sanguinary Herculeus. But when Galerius became Augustus,
tyrant, resembling his parent in harshness of the prenomeu of each might be lcfi out, and the
disposition; pillaged Itsdy by his eonfiseatious of
title alone of IVNior and of SENi0r might be
private property and by fiscal extortions to placed on their respective medals. And we find
increase his revenues, till he became the objectthis done on their coins which are inscribed
of universal hatred. Afier having sustained his M AXIMIANVS SEN. ,P.F. AVG. when Valerian
authority against Severus II., and against Gale Jiarimianru is indicated, or IMP. MAXI
rius Maximianus, by whom he was successively .\IIANVS IVN. P.I". AVG. when Gain-in:
attacked; he drove Maximianus Hercules, his Ma.z-imianua is intended to be desiguated.——'I'he
father, from Rome; defeated the usurper Alex following are the observations of the perspicuous
ander in Egypt, which he ravaged; burnt and accurate Bimard (in his notes on Jobert),
Carthage in 311; and having qnarrelled with with reference to this point, than which nothing
Constantine, his former ally, he proceeded is better calculated completely to remove the
horribly to persecute the Christians. Con difficulty which some learned writers have started
stantine, however, secretly invited by the thereupon:——“ History, both ecclesiastic and
Senate, marched from Gaul, and arriving near profane, teaches us that there were two, and
Rome, gave battle at the Milvian bridge to only two Emperors, of the name of Maximiauus;
Msxentius, who being totally defeated, threw one of whom called himself 3!. Aurelius
himself as a fugitive into the Tiber and was Valeria; Ma.rimianu.r, and the other C. Galeriu-r
drowned, on the 28th December, 312, in the Valeria; J[a.rimi1mu.r. The former was, on
30th year of his age and sixth of his reign, the medals struck after his abdication (as
leaving his victorious rival Constantine undis Diocletian's colleague), called Miuirnianu
puted master of the Roman empire.—l\laxentius Senior Augustus; the latter to distinguish him
had a son, named Romulus, who died before his self took at the same time the appellation of
father, in the fourth year of his age, to whose Jlarimianua Junior Augustus. It is, however,
AETERNA MEXORIA medals were struck, and are needful to observe, that Junior is never found
extant in each metal. except on medals whence we see only the name
(See a0s(v1.vs.)iThc of Ma.timianu.r, and which we have not yet
style of Maxentius on his remarked on those which bear the family name
coins is MAXENTIVS of Gulerius Maximianns, because then the name
NOB. CAESAR.-—IMP. of Galerius sufiices to distinguish him from
MAXENTIVS. P. F. Maximianus Aurelius. Nor do we find Mafi
AVG.--MAXENTIVS. miarma Junior Nobiliarimus Cesar, because the
P. F. AVG.—MAXEN quality of Ca!-Mr sutficiently distinguished Gale
TIVS PR.INCep: IN rius Marimianns from Maximianus Hercules,
VIC'l‘1u.—Several of the who always bore the title of Angustu.s.”—(vol.
reverses are of historical interest. ii. p. 809.)
MAXIi\IlAN\"S.-—'1\vo Emperors rejoiced MAXI MIANVS fllfarvua Aurelius Valerius),
in the common name of Maximianus; and of surnamed Ilercule-u.:, on the ground of his pre
these Galerius Mmrimianus was calledjunior, to tended dcscent from Hercules, was born at
distinguish him from the elder by birth, and Sirmium (Sirmich), in Pannonia, in the year of
who in respect to the other was called senior. our Lord 250. Entering the army he served
This distinction, however, we do not always see with distinction under Aurcliau and Probns. It
observed in either case. For the coins of was on account of his valour and military
Maximianus the elder born, called by the other talents, and in spite of his unpolished mind and
name of Herculeua, do not all present the harsh temper, that he was associated in the
name SEN. or senior; and it is very seldom empire with the title of Augustus, by Diocletian,
 MAXIMIANUS. MAXIMINUS. 545
A.D. 286, having previously been created Caesar look, voice, and gesture inspired terror by their
by the same emperor._—Muximianus was an out savage rudeness. Ignorant, arrogant, bnital,
rageous tyrant, covetous, violent, and cruel; and cruel, his lust for power was equalled only
an abominable persecntor of Christians, against by his ingratitude to his benefactors; he per
whom he further instigated his sutfieiently pre secuted the Christians with unexampled bar
judiced colleague. He conquered and kept down barit_v-, constrained Diocletian and Maximian
the Bagandie, the Persians, and the Gcrmans.— to abdicate, and reigned in their place with the
In 292, whilst Diocletian adopted Galeriu; assumed dignity of Augustus, A.D. 305. This
Maximianus, he on his part conferred the title prince founded the colony of Valeria, in Hlyria ;
of Caesar on Constantius Chlorus, and besides defeated Nurses, King of Persia, and forced
adopting the two emperors joined them by the him to conclude a peace favourable to the em
closer bond of relationship. After becoming pire; declared Constantine Caesar, and Severus
Augustus, he defeated and dispersed the Jllauri Augustus, s.n. 306; died in 311 of a most
of Africa (296).-—On the day of Di0cletian’s horrible disease, nineteen years after being
abdication (305), Maximianus renounced the nominated Cmsar, and the seventh from Diocle
empire also, the former retiring to Nicomedia, tian’s abdication. He was buried in the place of
the latter into Lucania, having named Severus his birth, and placed in the rank of the gods by
in his place. At the solicitation of his sou Maxcntius.
Maxeutius, or as some say for the lust of power,
The second and third
he resumed the quality of Emperor at Rome
brass coins of this Maxi
(307); but driven from that city, he fled (308) , mianus are common; his
into Gaul, and received protection from Con
,,‘. silver are rare, and gold
stnntiue, afterwards the Great, who had married
On them he is
his daughter Fausta, and to whom he had given styled GAL. MAXIIIANVS
the title of Augustus. Lodged in the palace of c.\ss.—I.\n>. osn. van.
Constantine at Axles, he, in the absence of that .\i.\.u.\nanvs r.r. svo.——
prince, once more attcmptcd to regain the nivvs MAXIMIANVS socnn
imperial dignity A.D. 309. But Constantine (that is to say soc!-:11. /llazentiij
having retraced his steps back into Gaul, soon It-IAXIMINVS ((‘4u'u.: Julius Verus), born
compelled Maximianus to make his escape to the in Thrace, s.o. 173, of an obscure and bar
city of Marseilles, where he was made prisoner, barous family, the son of Micca, a Goth, and
and for the third time forced to abdicate his pre of Ababa, an Alanian. This hcrdsman, by
tcutious to empire. Having, however, entered
into a plot against his son-in-law, he was
detected, through thc disclosures of his wife,
who preferred, in this case, hcr husband to her
father, and Constantine ordered him to be
strangled, at Marseilles, in the 60th year of
his age, and in the ycar of Christ 310. He is
nnmismatically styled VAL. MAXIMIANVS
NOBili.!.rimua CAES.~IMP. M. AVR. VAL.
MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG.-—HERCVLEVS
MAXIMIANVS AVG. &c.—The same as in
the instance of Diocletian, the medals which give
to Maximian the epithets of SENi0r, BEA'l‘IS
SIMUS, I<‘ELICzk-rimus, and the title of original occupation, entering into the Roman
Dmninue Nosler, are posterior to his first abdi cavalry, attracted by his extraordinary size and
cation, as above noticed. Maximiauus the elder strength the notice of Sc-ptimius Severus, who
boasted of celestial origin; hence on his coins eventually raised him to military dignities.—
is read HERCVLI DEBELLATORI, with the Alexander Severus caused him to be elected a
figure of Hercules striking the hydra; then senator, and appointed him to different govern
HERCVLI PACIFERO; and also HERCVLI ments. In the war against Persia he shewed
VICTORI. His head not unfrcqucutly appears his courage and capacity. Accompanying that
covered with the lion’s skin. (See IOVI 1-:1‘ excellent Emperor into Germany, he bascly pro
nnncvu avoo.)——Eutropia, a Syrian woman, cured his assassination; and then usurped the
was the wife of this Mavimianus. His silver empire a.D. 235. The army having proclaimed
medals are rare; his gold still rarer; second him Augustus, he associated with himself his
and third brass for the most part very common. son Maximus, as Caesar, and the Senate con
—-See Herculio J[a.z-imirmo. firmed their election. A harsh and distrustful
MAXIi\'IlANVS (Galerius Va.lcn'ua), the son tyrant, pride, insolencc, avarice, and blood
of a peasant, was born near Sardica, in Dacia; thirtiness governed all his actions. Of gigantic
he distinguished himself by his ability and stature and of prodigious rnuscular powers, the
valour under Aurelian and Probus; in the year wondrous proofs of his bodily form obtained for
of the Christian era, 292, he was declared him the names of llerculcs and Milo. His
Czcsar, by Diocletian, who ndoptcd him, and ferocity was equally manifested in his devasta
gave him his own daughter Valeria in marriage. tions of Germany by firc and sword; and in
A man of lofty stature and robust frame, his letting loose his fury against the Christians as
4A
546 MAXIMINUS. Msxnrus.
well as his other subjects. At length, justly and a half afler assuming the pnrple.—Advcrt
sbhorred for his cruelty, and declared the enemy ing to the dreadful tortures both of mind and
of the country, this sauguinary despot was body which marked the end of Maximinus
massacred by his own soldiers, at Aquilcia, Daza, Beauvais observes—“ This destroyer of
(together with his son.) in the 65th year of his the faithful exclaimed in the paroxysm of his
age, A.D. 238.—Muximinus married Paulina, torment ;—It is Me blood q‘ I11: C’/1ri.vt|'a1u'
by whom he had Ma:-imu.r.——'l‘his Emperor’s which I have mused to be aired that Isa; re
brass and silver coins are common, but the gold duced me to this state. His memory was
extremely rare. His numismatic titles are IMP. stigmatised as that of a brutal ruflian; his
HAXIMINYS Pivs ave. (for this most impious children were put to death; and his wife was
usurper assumed the honoured surname of the thrown (at Antioch) alive into the river Orontcs,
good AntoninusI)—MAxnnNvs PIVS avo. where by her orders a great number of Christian
Gl?.‘BM.—-IMP. c. 1vL. MAXIMINVS 1rvo.—Thc women had been drowned "
reverses of the large brass medals are common
enough, such as LIBERALITAB avo.—r1nss
HILITVM.—VlC'l‘OB.IA GERMANICA.
There is a large brass medal of Maximinus,
which exhibits the laureated bead of that cm
pcror, and which has for the legend of its
reverse mu. ra. P. nu. cos. r.1=. s.c. (Sovereign
Pontitf, possessing the tribuueship for the fourth
time; Consul; Father of the Country; struck
under the authority of the Senate.) The type
is the Emperor standing, holding his spear, in
the midst of three military ensigns.
The above medal has an interest in reference
to chronology. Historians were not agreed The coins of this emperor are extremely ram
respecting the duration of Maximinus’s reign. in gold: of still greater rarity in silver; but
Several assign to him only two years, whilst for the most part common in third brass, and
others suppose it to be five or six. But we here vcry common in second brass. On them he is
see by the fourth tribunitiau power, which this styled suxnunvs nos. c.urssn.—o.u.. VAL.
coin records, that the third year of his reign lnuumnvs NOB. C.—MAXlMINVS r11.. AYGG.—
was at least begun when it was struck. On the mr. GAL. v.\1.. MAXIMINVS. v.r. mv. AVG.
other hand, the fifth tribunitian power for M.-tXIi\1VS, a surname of the Fabia family.-—
llariminus, is found on no public monument The title of Marirnu-9 appears on Imperial coins,
whatever: and since chronologers determine the as ascribed to some few princes, not as a family
commencement of his reign to have been the name, but as an adjunct to the surnames of
month of March, in the your of Rome 988; conquest. Thus we find Partlzicus JIa.r-inuu
the fourth tribunate of Maximinns must be home by S Severus, who subdued the Parthiaus;
referred to the year of Rome 991, the more .4rmeniacu.9 Ma:-inm: is included in the style of
probable epocha of the death of this barbarian, Lucius Verns, for his successes, or rather for
as well as of the ephemeral reigns of the two those of his colleague M. Aurelius, over the
Afi'ican Gordians, immediately followed by those Annenians.-—Weread on the coins of Valerisnns,
of Balbinus and Pupienuc. Gallienus, and Postumus, Gerrnanirus Ma.z-imu,
MAXIMINVS II. (Galerius Valeriua), a title which these princes assumed on account
snrnarued Daza, born in lllyrin, was the son of victories gained by them respectively over
of the sister of Galerius Maximianiis, and the Gennans.—Constantiuc the Great is called,
like his paternal ancestor, rude and un on his coins, nsxruvs, as a title of the greatat
educatcd.—Importuned by Gnlerius, Diocletian distiuction.———Thc idea of Harduin, concurred in
reluctantly confers upon him the dignity by Jobert, that 17141.:-imur was a name belonging
of Czrsar, a.n. 805. He governed Syria and to Constantinc’s family is clearly shewu by
other provinces of the East. Timid, super Bimard, in every point of view, to be unsus
stitious, addicted to drunkenness, cruelty with tainable.
him went hand in hand with debauchery. This MAXIMVS.--See GERHANXCVS.
savage tyrant persecuted the Christians in the l\lAXll\lVS.—Sec Petronius, on whose coins
most horrible manner. In the year 307, the circumscription of the head is PETRONIYS
Maximinus received the title of Elia; Auguati, xsxmvs.
at the same time with Constantine, conferred MAXlMVS.—See Pupieluu, whose coins bear
by Galerius Maximmnus. The year following rvrnsnvs mumuvs. AVG.
he caused himself to be proclaimed Augustus, l\vlAXIMVS (Caiul Julius Verna), son of
by his army. In 313, he having imprudently Maximinus I. and (as is supposed) of Paulina,
allied himself to Maxentius, the enemy of Cou came into the world about s.n. 216. He passed
stantine and Licinius, the latter marched against for one of the finest and handsomest young men
him into Thrace, and defeated him in a decisive of the empire; but early abandoned himself
battle. Pursued and besieged by Licinius, he to pleasure and luxury. After the elowitioa
poisoned himself at Tarsus, in Cilicia, A.D. 313, of his father, who declared him Caesar (235),
sight years after being named Caesar, and five he became so proud, insolent, and vicious, as
 MAXIMUS. MAXIMUS.——MEDAGLIONI. 547
to render himself as much detested by the The annexed cut is from a fine silver medallion
Romans as Maximinus himself was. This in the British Museum.
beautiful and accomplished but ill-mannered
prince, who was eighteen years of age when
clothed with the purple, eifioyed his honours
but a short time, for being obliged to join his
father in Germany, he_wns assassinated with
him by his soldiers near Aquileia (238), just as
he was on the point of uniting his barbarian
blood to that oi the illustrious family of Anto
ninus Pius, by a marriage with Junia Fadilla.-—
His silver coins are rare; the gold exceedingly
so; the brass scarce. Ile is styled c.
IVL. vnuvs. amxmvs CAES.—)‘[.-\XlM\'S cans. The portrait of Magnus
Gaul. Maximus on some of
\ the brass coins is very
@'\ different from the above,
Q l as is shown by an example
J‘ found at Richborough, in
‘ Kent, and published in
Mr Roach Smith’s “An
tiquities of Richborough,
Reculvcr, and Lynine.”
It appears to exhibit much individuality of
features.
MAXIMVS (ffyranmuj, on the death of
Constans II., was proclaimed Emperor in Spain
by Gerontius, one of the generals of the usurper
MAXIMVS (Flaviu: Magnuaj, born in a Constantinus, A.D. 409. But divesting himself
of the purple, he returned into private life, and
family of little distinction in Spain, he rose,
from serving in the army of Britain, to be a might have died in peace.—“ The caprice (how
general under Theodosius. Profiting by the ever, says Gibbon,) of the barbarians who
hatred entertained by the legions in that island ravaged Spain, once more seated this imperial
towards Gratian, who neglected them, he cor- phantom on the throne : but they soon resigned
ruptcd their fidelity, and was proclaimed by him to the justice of Honorius; and the tyrant
them Emperor. This usurpcr then passed over Maximus, after he had been shewn to the people
from England into Gaul, A.D. 383, and assem of Ravenna and Rome, was publicly executed
bling around him a large force, marched .\.D. 411.—There are two varieties of silver
against Gratian, who was encamped near Paris, coins of this Maxinius, bearing his portrait,
seduced that emperor’s army from their alle and the legend n.1v. maxmvs r.r. avo. The
giance, and caused him to be assassinated at reverse of one is inscribed VICTORIA aavooo,
Lyon the same year. Thus become master of a hclmetcd woman holding a globe, surmounted
Gaul, Spain, and Britain, with all the legions by a Victory ; and that of the other 'v1c'ronIa
of the west under his orders, Maximus sought uoiuivonvii, a similar type.
alliance with Theodosius, who, on certain cou M. C. I. or IV. Municipium Calagurria
ditions made in favour of Valcntinian the Julia.—The Municipality of Calagurris Julia,
Second, conferred on him the title of Augustus. (now Lahorre, in Spain.)
He subsequently established his residence at M. COi\1MODVS ANTONINVS AVG.
Treves, rendering himself formidable to the gustus
BRIT. Marcus Commodus An/toninua Au
Bnilzznnicua.
nations surrounding him, especially to the
Germans, whom he laid under tribute. His M. D. M. I. Magm Demn .Matri Idew.—
ambition leading him to drive Justina and Valen Todsldlean Cybcle, the great mother of the
tinian II. from Milan, he was attacked by go .
Theodosius, defeated on the Save, near Siscia, MEDAGLIONI. Medsllions.—Everybody in
and being taken prisoner at Aquileia, was the least acquainted with the Italian language
put to death by the soldiers of Theodosius, knows that the augmentation: end in one; thus
in spite of the wish of that emperor to spare the of medaglia, medal, they have made medaglione.
life of a man who had borne with glory the The French have borrowed from the Italians
title of Augustus for more than five years.— the word médaillon, grand médaille; and we
" Brave, skilled in war, active and vigorous, have taken from the French our word medallion,
this tyrant (says Bcauvais) would have appeared to express a large medal.
worthy of the throne if he had not asccndcd it MEDALET, an appellation given by Pinkerton
by means of a crime."-—Ilis coins arc rare in to a curious though not uncommon class of
gold and in second brass; common in silver of Roman pieces not intended for currency, which
the usual size; but extremely rare in large silver consists of small coins, or misrilia, scattered
or medallions; and scarce in third brass. On among the people on solemn occasions; thoso
these he is styled D.N. nae. MAJUMV8. r.r. ave. struck for the slaves in the Saturnalia; private
4A2
 548 MEDALLION. MEDALLION.
counters for gaming; tickets for baths and as the fdmdracluns and the airlopbori, the only
feasts; tokens in copper and lead, and remains pieces with which the province of Asia payed
of a like kind. its tributes to the Roman republic; and by
MEDAL, from the French word méa'ru'lle, analogy, all the Greek medallions of the same
which takes its derivation from the Latin, weight and form. Millin himself goes on to
V metallum. The appellation of medal is given instance the fine gold medallion of the Emperor
to every piece of gold, of silver, or of brass, Augustus, found at Hercnlaneum, which “ought,
which bears an impression designed to preserve he says, to be regarded as a piece of money, so
the remembrance of s great man, of a sovereign, likewise those of Domitian and Commodus, all
or of a remarkable event. Medals or coins in these quadruples of the am-ei of Augustus,
the monetary sense of the term may also be which weigh nearly two yroa. Whatever might
defined as pieces of metal on which public have been the weight of their monies, the
authority has stamped ditl'c-rent signs to indicate Romans neither lmew, nor employed, more than
their weight and their value, in order that they the two synonyms numi and asumis-mats to
might serve for the acquisition of things neces designate them all. Marcus Aurelius caused s
sary to human existence, and that they might great number of medallions of the largest
facilitate commerce, which, without that means volume to be struck, munos mazimoa, says
of exchange, would be too diflicult. Julius Capitolinus. A particular word would
The Greeks called money or coins vd;.uo'p.a, have been invented to name these extraordinary
the Latins nummas or numus. The science of pieces, if they had been anything else than
medals has been called by modern French extra sized money. An inference favourable to
archaaologists Nunnlnnalique. this opinion (adds Millin) is derived from types
MEDALLION .—Ui:<ler this term are, without which adorn the Roman medals in each metal;
distinction, comprised all monetary productions these types and their legends are absolutely the
of the ancients, whether in gold, silver, or same with those of the ordinary sized medals.
brass, the volume and weight of which mate We find, indeed, on the medallions, especially
rially exceed the usual size of coins struck in from the reign of Gallienus to that of the
those respective metals.—There is, however, a Coustantines, the figure of lllom-Ia, sometimes
diiference of opinion amongst numismatic anti alone, at others under the emblem of three
quarics as to whether what are called medallions women, bearing each o balance. These symbols
were or were not used for 1noney.—Patin are accompanied with legends used, in a similar
observes that they were made for no other case; MONETA AVG.; AEQVITAS ,\vo.; aromrra
original purpose than that of satisfying the .-\voo.; and upon a medallion of Crispns, uo.\'1-rrs
curiosity of princes, as is done to this day with vnnls vrzsrnan. Some medallions, few how
fancy pieces (piece dc plaiscr).—-lobcrt, in his ever in number, bear the two letters s. c., that
Science des llléz/ail/es, remarks that their work is to say, Senalua Consullus, which are gene
manship was too exquisite, and their size too rally pluccd on the bronze medals of the three
unwieldy for common currency.—-Bimard, in modules (first, second, and third brass), and
his historical and critical notes on the work of announce the authority of the Senate.——.-\s
the last named writer, agrees that it is most it is nowhere read that the Senate made
probable not to have been the intention of those, largesses or liberulities, the pieces which have
who in ancient times caused medallions to be the mark of the Smalus Conrullua, large and
struck, that they should serve for money; but heavy as they may be, were therefore struck by
with his usual cautious and discriminative judg order of that body, only to be used as money.—
ment adds—“ l think, nevertheless, that when As to the rest it is generally to be observed on
those pieces had fulfilled their first destination, medallions of all the three metals, that they
and were dispersed abroad (distribuécs), a free are worn just like the coins. This wearing of
currency was given them in commerce, by re the coin is certainly attributable to the same
gulating their value in proportion to their weight cause, namely the continual rubbing to which
and to their standard of purity. At least I circulation exposes all monies. The medallions,
have thought myself warranted in coming to therefore, (proceeds Millin,) served for the some
this conclusion, from the counlermark: which I purpose, although they were much more rare.
have seen on several Greek medallions of the They moreover often exhibit a characteristic
Imperial series, and it is certain that the Greek which only belongs to money, and which is the
medallions were real money. It was doubtless cmmtermark. Their fabrication, therefore. has
alter the example of the Greeks, that the always had a commercial object, into which they
Romans put also their medallions into circula entered, after having originally been presentation
tion as current eoin.”—Mahudal, to whose piectm (pieces de lrrr_qeaar.r).—Such (concludes
dissertation on the same subject Bimard refers, Millin) was doubtless their first destination.
supports the opinion, “that medallions were The Emperors caused them to be struck for the
pieces distinguished from money, as they were purpose of distributing them on solemn days,
with us from medals.”—But, says Millin, “there and on occasions of state pomp. Those who
are other writers, who far from entertaining came afterwards into possession of them, were
this opinion, maintain against the system of competent to supply with them the wants of
Mahudal, that we are to recognise money in life and the demands of commerce.”
those medallions which are multiplied from a Amongst the number of writers opposed to this
piece generally acknowledged to be money, such theory is our ownAddiscn, who, in his “Dialogues
 MEDALLION. MEDALLION. 549
upon the usefulness of Ancient Medals,” makes objects of valuc.—Coins, or money, ought
Philander tell his nlmiismatic pupils that “for necessarily to unite these three determinate,
merly there was no ditferenee between money uniform, and known characters——standnrd,
and medals. An old Roman had his purse weight, and typcs.
full of the same pieces that we now pre “Medals fmidailleaj are pieces of metal
serve in cabinets. As soon as an Emperor had which, multiplied in an uniform manner, with
done anything remarkable, it was immediately out having any precise value, and without
stamped on a coin, and became current through uniting the known and determinate characters
the whole dominions.” (p. 147). And a little for standard, weight, and types, are designed
further on, in answer to Cynthio’s question, to serve in commemoration of events or of
“were all the ancient coins that are now in personages.”
cabinets once current money P” our illustrious M. Hennin proceeds to remark that, in giving
the name of medal: to the money of the
countryman, through the mouth of his imaginary
representative, replies, “ It is the most pro ancients, three inconveniences are incurred—the
bable opinion that they were all of thcm such, first is that of culling these pieces by what is
excepting those we call medallions. These in rc not their real name; the second, that of giving
spcct of the other coins were the same as modern a false idea of what they were in the ages
medals in respect of modcrn money. 'l‘hcy of antiquity; the third, that of confounding
were exempted from all commerce, and had no thereby antique coins with antique medals, for
other value but what was set upon them by the the ancients themselves knew the difference
fancy of the owner. They arc supposed to between one and the other.
have been struck by Emperors for prcscnts to So much for the question, whether any of
their friends, foreign princcs, or ambassadors. the pieces called medallions passed as coins with
However, that the smallness of their number the ancients, a matter of no intrinsic import
might not endanger the loss of the devices they ance. It is of much greater moment to notice
bore, the Romans took care generally to stamp the different articles belonging to the class of
the subject of their medallions on their ordinary medallions. There were a great numbcr of
coins that were the running cash of the nation. medallions struck in the Greekc ities, subject to
As if in England, we should see on our half the Roman empire, and they are of considerable
penuy and fartbing pieces, the several designs importance on account of the extent of their
that shew themselves in their perfection on our inscriptions, which elucidate many extremely
medals.”——(p. 14.8.) curious points connected with antiquity. Pellerin
A later and perhaps more practised English has published and erplained many of these
medallions, and the Royal Library at Paris
numismatist, the dogmaticnl but still scientific
and s ions Pinkerton, in his “Essay on possesses n large collection of them. Thcy arc
Meda ,” says——“ Under the term of medallions particularly useful to beginners, because their
are included all the pieces produced by the legends are more easily read than those on coins
ancient mints, which, from their superior size, of asmaller module, and because they exhibit
were evidently not intended for circulation as themselves in a great variety of form.—But
coins, but for other occasions. Medallions passing by the Grcck, both Autonomous and
were presented by the emperor to his friends, Imperial, which though highly interesting in
and by the mint-masters to the emperor, as each metal, from the general excellence of their
specimens of fine workmanship. They were workmanship and the diversity of their types,
struck upon the commencement of the reign of do not come within the province of this work,
a new emperor, and other solemn occasions, as we proceed to that more truly Roman ‘branch
monuments of gratitude or of flattery. Some of the Imperial scrics, commonly called Latin
times they were merely what we would call Medallions. All gold and silver pieces larger
trial, or pattern pieces, teclimonia probate than the diameter ordinarily assigned to im
mzmehz ; and such abound alter the reign of perial money may be regarded as comprised
Maximian, with the tres moneta! on the re in this category, and are all of greater or less
ve:sc.”—-—(vol. i. p. 273.) rarity.
The most recently published observations on Medallions are indeed generally more adapted
the subject in question are from the pen of M. to facilitate the study of antiquity than common
Hennin, a very acute and accomplishcd French medals, because their typcs present more curious
nnmismatist, who in his “Manuel” of the and interesting subjects in reference to mytho
Science, devotes a chapter to the purpose logy, and to ceremonies and customs religious,
of defining the difference between coins and civil, military, &c., representing as they gene
medals,” fdjjférence des monmzies nu: me’ rally do, on their reverses, triumphs, games,
dailles), words which arc continually con edifices, and other monuments, which are the
founded with each other, particularly in re most particular objects of an antiquary’s re
ference to the mintagcs of ancient times. search. Nor is the information to be derived
“china” (lea monnaieaj, says the above from medallions less important with regard to
named writer, “are picccs of metal which, the history of art. 'l'hcir superior size has
uniformly and very numerously multiplied, and enabled those who executed them to charge
bearing similar impressions in evidence of their their reverses with more complex dcsigns; and
value, whether real or fictitious, serve for an accordingly we find amongst the medallions of
universal medium of exchange against all other the Roman Emperors, many specimens of work

/‘
550 MEDALLION. MEDALLION.
manship almost equal in point of exquisiteness ought not to bo confounded with medallions;
to that of the finest engraved stones. _ they are distinguishable by the head of the
Millin places at the head of these antique Prince, which is always radiated, whilst it is
pieces of metal the gold medallion of Jus laurcated on coins of the common size. These
tinian, in the French King’s Cabinet. This medals were not stnick till the period from
magiiificent product of coinage, not for money‘ Caracallifs reign to that of the elder Philip
purposes, is more than three inches (French) in inclusive.—As to medallions of gold and of
diameter, and in proportionably high relief. silver, it is very easy to recognise them; it
Its extraordinary volume, equal to that of the siilfices that they are foimd to exceed the usual
gold medallion of Tet;-icuc, shews it to have module by their weight, or their diameter;
been appropriated to the same use. The per when however of extraordinary dimensions they
forated rams-horns fbéliérzs, as the French call are of extreme rarity, and should not be mixed
them), which are attached to the former, clearly up with the smaller size, which in general are
point out that it was originally destincd_to serve less estiinatcd.—Brass medallions and large brass
as an ornament, principally for suspension from medals have for the most part been frequently
the neck. the object of mistaken notions with authors
With these medallions should be classed those and connoisseurs. Some, for the reign of
pieces, which are surrounded with borders, Postuiiius especially, have given us for medal
encircled with ornamental mountings, and whieh lions the coins which belong only to large brass;
are double the size of coins, to which, however, whilst others, for the Lower Empire, have
their types are common. Sometimes the circles passed ofl’ for large brass what can be regarded
are of the same metal as that of those extra» as no more than middle brass.”
ordinary pieces, and in that case they are con The following remarks concerning the Roman
tinuous with the field of the coin ; at other times medallion: are chiefly drawn from Pinkerton
they are found composed of a metal, or rather and Millin:—Many of these have s. c. as
of a mixture of metals (dliage), different from being struck by order of the Senate; others
that of the medallion with which they have been have not, as being by order of the Emperor.
soldered after being placed between the dies. Of Augustus a noble gold medallion was found
These sorts of medallions do not commence in Herculaneum. There are many of Tiberius
until the reign of Commodus. Sometimes eve_n and Claudius. Some of Agrippina, Nero, Galba,
the circle made of a different metal, or alloy, is Vespasian, and Domitian, are also extant. Those
itself enclosed in a rim, the material of which of Trajan and Hadrian have generally a broad
still differs from its own. In these singularities rim beyond the legend with indented circles.
is seen a marked intention to place them out of Above all it was under the reign of Antoninus
currency. It was the custom to use these Pius, and some of his first successors, that very
extraordinary medallions as omamcnts for the fine medallions were struck. That emperor had a
decoration of military ensigns, whether they religious respect for all which recalled the
were suspended to them with béliérea, or fixed history of Rome's foundation and that of her
to the standards by means of holes pierced in first ages. Thus we find on these medallions
the centre of their diameter, or whether they Hercules, whom the inhabitants of Mount
were inlaid on them from space to space. Per Aventine thanked, for having delivered them
haps the medallions which were composed of from the giant Cacus; likewise we see Horatins
two different metals were employed for the same Coclea defending the Sublician bridge; the
purpose. arrival of ifisculapius at Rome, under the form
Medallions from the time of Jnlius to that of of a serpent, &'.c., &c. These medallions, more
Hadrian, are very uncommon, and of enormous over, retrace_mauy ancient and important features
price; from Hadrian to the close of the western of mythological and heroic history. A medallion
empire they are generally speaking less rare. of Liicilla represents the combat of the Romans
The largeness of medallions is not to be and the Sabines, and Hersilia throwing herself
understood merely in comparison with that of between Tatius her father and Romulus her
common coins, of which the greater have some hnsband.—A fine one of the same empress has
advantage over the others. The size of me for the type of its reverse that ladv walking
dzillions is so considerable, that it sometimes
in a garden and several cupids overturning each
exceeds the ordinary weight of medals by one other—-—_“A meet cinblem (says Pinkerton) of
or two proportions. The thickness, the height her various anionrs ; and which calls to mind
of relief, and the extent of surface are the Anacreon’s description of his heart, as a nest in
qualities which are held by numismatists in the which old loves begot young ones.” There are
higher esteem. medallions of Coinmodiis remarkable for their
A remarkable distinction between tho Greek superior workmanship: one of them in bronze,
and Roman medallions lies in their different Patiu has engraved in his “ Hiatoire tie:
thickness, the Roman being often three or four Jllcdail/e.!," of which the reverse is enriched
lines thick, whilst the other seldom exceed one. with one of the finest sacrificial groups, a
M. Mionnet, in some observations which he master-piece of ancient art.—0n another Of this
makes (in the preface to his celebrated work De einpei-or we see hiin mid his concubine Marcia;
la rareté at du pri.-z de; illédail/es R0maine.r,) their heads joined, and she wearing a helnict.——
on the module of the coins, says,—-“Silver One of Pertinax has for reverse that emperor
medals of the larger size, as they are called, sacrificing, with voris DECENNALIBVS. Of
 MEDALLION. 1lt[EDUSA.—MELICERTA. 551
Septimins Severus there are many. The mints of lledals and Monies, or Coins, ditference
Gordian III. and of Philip contribute to the between.—See Medallion.
number. Numerous varieties subsequently appear The following are among the terms used by
of Trebonianus Gallus, Valerian, Gallienus, French numismatists to denominate and dis
Aurelian, Probus, Diocletian, Maximian I., tinguish the ditferent pecularities of ancient
Constantine I., Constantinus I. and Ll., Constans medals and coins :——
and Constantius II.—For a notice of the curious Médailles non frappe'ea.—Pieces of metal of
brass medallion of Constans, which represents a certain weight, which served wherewith to
him standing in a ship, and a human figure in make exchanges against merchandize and com
the waves,—see the legend BONONIA ocsanrzu. modities, before the art was discovered of im
It has been asserted that no medallions were pressing figures or characters upon them, by
ever struck in the colonies. Nevertheless, means of dies and of the hammer.
Vaillant has published one of Cordova and lllédailles afrmtées, &c.—A medal some
another of Saragossa. The medallions called times ofi'ers several heads. The French call
Coniomiate, from an Italian word, indicating them ajronléer, or rqrposées, according as they
the manner in which they are strueli, are quite look towards each other, or as they are placed
a distinct class of pieces.—Sce the word. in a contrary direction. They are conjugies,
It is very diflicult to form a numerous suite or conjoined, when there are more than one on
of medallions; those extant do not furnish all the same side.
the Emperors, and thus the series remains Médailles mcluusées.
Enchascd medals,
always imparfect.—The first who collected A small number of pieces in bronze, are of two
any considerable number of these pieces was metals, that is to say, of two dilfcrent qualities
Gothifredi, a Roman gentleman, who possessed of copper, the centre being, as the French calls
nearly two himdred of them about the middle it, encba-we’, or surrounded by a circle of
of the seventeenth century. These he augmented another quality. The plates (plan-I) thus pre
from time to time, and in 1672, when they pared were afierwards struck, and of this there
became the property of Christina, Queen of can be no doubt (says Hennin) since the letters
Sweden, they amounted to more than three of the legends are ofien found imprinted on the
hundred.—Cardinal Gaspard Carpegna was also two metals at one time. These pieces are all
one of the earliest who attached themselves to Imperial of the Roman die, and they appear
the task of forming a suite of medallions. He under the reign of various Emperors up to the
caused one hundred and ninety-five of them to end of the third century. They ought, without
be engraved, and they were accompanied with doubt, to be considered as true medals, con
observations by Buonarotti.—Vaillnnt has de tradistinguishcd from current coins, and to be
scribed about four hundred and fifty from Julius ranged amongst the 1nedalli0m—(see the word).
They are generally of fine workmanship, and
Caesar to Constans, which he had seen in ditferent
cabinets of France and Italy.——According to a remarkable for the pains bestowed on their
catalogue published at Venice, there were two fabrication.
hundred and twenty-nine medallions in the MEDUSA, one of the three Gorgonides, who,
Museum Pisani.—'l'hc Carthusians at Rome had according to Ovid's amplification of the fable,
a very fine collection of medallions, which was was a most beautiful nymph, both in form and
afterwards sold to the Emperor of Germany; feature; but of all the charms with which she
the engravings from it are now extremely was gifted, none were more lovely than her
rare—-In the seventeenth century more than luxuriant locks of golden hue. Neptune declared
four hundred medallions in the French King’s to her his passion in the temple of Minerva,
Cabinet were engraved. Their number had been who was so offended that she changed the hair
much increased since the acquisition made of of Medusa into serpents; and gave to this
all that belonged to Marshal D’Estrées. This horrible image of deformity the power of tum
suite comprised all the medallions which had ing into stone all who looked upon it. The
enriched the collection of the Abbe de Camps, beauty thus become a monster, fatal to all
besides those which appeared with the explana beholders, was at length encountered by Perseus,
tions of Vaillant, and which did not exceed one who cut otl‘ her head with the sword of Minerva;
hundred and forty. The Abbe’ dc Rot-hclin also and that goddess placed the viper-tresses and the
possessed a very considerable series of them.— hideous countenance on her own rcdonbtable
Above all, Cardinal A1bani’s fine series of 1Egis.—The head of Medusa. appears on a
medallions ought to be mentioned. These after first brass of Hadrian, bearing the legend of
wards pnssed to the Vatican; Venuti engraved SICILIA.—Also on gold and silver of Septimius
and described them. This collection and those Severus, with the epigraph PBOVIDENTIA, where
of Cardinal Carpegna were, in Buonapartc’s the winged head of the Gorgon, bristling with
time, united to that in the cabinet of antiques serpents, is exhibited as the symbol of Pro
in the national Library at Paris, which even vidence.
before that period was one of the most numerous MELICERTA or Melicertcs, called by the
in Europe. [Restored to the Vatican at the Latins Portummu, and by the Corinthians
peace of 1815.] ln 1806, when M. Millin was Palmnon, was the son of Athamus, King of
Coruervateur dc: Médaillea in that magnificent Thebes, and of Ino. It was with Melicerta
establishment, the number of antique medallions that Ino is said to have cast herself into the
there accumulated was not less than 1,500. sea, from the summit of the Moluris rock, to
652 MELICERTA.—MEMMIA. MEMORIA.—MEMORlIE.
avoid the persecutions of Athamas. Melicerta is made by ancient writers.——We see Ceres with
then became a marine deity, and was worshipped serpent, torch, and corn-ears, things dedicated
under the name of Palaamon. Sisyphus insti to that divinity on account of the ea.rth’s fertility.
tuted the Isthmian games to his honour. He The value or distafi‘ seems to point her out as
was regarded as the god. who came to the snecour presiding over the domestic care of matrons.—
of the shipwrecked. The Romans have eon See Ceres. and Cerialia.
founded Palsemou with their tutelary divinity The same type, as restored by Trajan, bears
of the sea~ports, Portumnus.——See Corinllmc on its exterior circle ms. cans. -rasrsn. ave.
Colonic for the following types :— ennn. nae. P. r. mssr. Imperalar Gestu
Melicerla is represented on a first brass Traianua Au;/tutu: Germanicu; Dacicu: Pater
struck at Corinth under Domitian. Ino pre Palfivt Restituil.
sents him as a child to Neptune, who is seated MEMOR. .Memori¢.—On a coin of Maxi
on a rock by the sea-side; a dolphin is at his mianus.
feet; above we read PERM. um (by permission MEMORI.-t.—See snrnunsn nsnoaun, on
of the Emperor), referring solely to the mintage a gold medallion of Maxentius, having for type
of the coin. a temple with an eagle seated on the summit of
Melicerta, lying on the dolphin who saved its dome.
his life; behind him is the pine-tree near to MEMORIAE AE'l‘ERNAE.—There are two
which he had fallen, when Sisyphus took care third brass coins of Claudius Gothiens (both
of him. This type with the legend cmcon, struck after that E1uperor’s death, as the in
(Colom'a_JuIia Corint/m.r,) appears on a coin scription of nrvo cnsvnro oer. IMP. on the
struck at Corinth. obverse clearly shew), but the type of one is an
The same subject is alluded to on another eagle with expanded wings, and of the other I
Colonial medal of the Romano-Corinthian mint, lion standing.
struck under Aurelius. In the round temple of MEHORIA DIVI COl\'ST.-\N'I‘I.—Ou a
Neptune, of which the dome is formed of fish medallion of second brass of Constantin:
scales, and where a dolphin is placed on each Chlorus, the type of which is a round temple
side of the roof, we see the same recumbent surmounted by an eagle.
figure of a boy on a dolphin, and read the Spanheim, in his commentaries on the Caesars
same inscription of CLI Con. of Julian, observes that “Immortal remem
A third medal of Corinth exhibits its acropolis, brance” was esteemed the most glorious reward
or citadel, with the temple of Ncptunc on the of conquerors in ancient times. Hence pro
top, and a grotto at the bottom, in which the ceeded the choice of such inscriptions as those of
body of Melicerta. had been deposited. On the Aelerna Jlenmria, of Memor-ia Perjzetua, and
right is the pine where Sisyphus found him. of Memoria Felix, which are found on the coins
Same inscription. of some Roman Emperors, struck alter their
On s fourth medal st-ruck by the Roman death, and which clearly mark that this was the
colony of Corinth, Melicerta is seen on a end and true meaning of their consecration.
dolphin. By his side is Sisyphus, conqueror at Moreover we find these inscriptions accompanied
the lsthmian games, which he had instituted in either with temples, or with lighted altars, or»
honour of Melicerta. He bears away the vase eagles (generally with expanded wings), or with
and the palm-branch, symbols of the prizes he ears destined for public processions, the usual
had won. symbols of Apotlzeosalr, as (amongst others)
.ME;\IMI.'\, a plebeian family. Its surnames on two medals of Constantius I., the father of
are uncertain. lts coins which in silver are Constantine, both of them struck at Treves——one
common exhibit fifteen varieties. Some were with the words xllemoria Divi Conalanlii, the
restored by Trajan and are very rare. The other Elev-na Jllemor-ia.
bronze pieces of this family are parts of the as. MEMORIA FELlX.———An eagle with er
One of the scarce types refers to the Ccrialia, pandcd wings, within a temple, on the frieze of
or festival of Ceres; it bears on its obverse a which is another eagle.-—The obverse has the
laureated head, with curled beard, and the veiled /lead of Constantins I.—-See Consfanliu
inscription c. MEMMI. c. r. Qvnzmvs.-On the I.,—Arm,—C'on.1ecratio.
reverse Ceres sitting; s serpent at her feet; in MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE. S.P.Q.R.—A
her right hand three ears of corn ; in her left a funeral cementum drawn by two mnles.—This
distafi‘, and nmnurvs. AED. cannons. Pnszmvs. medal, in large brass, and also a bronze medal
rncrr. lion cited by Morell, bear on the obverse the
Whether the word Quirinus may be con portrait of Agrippina senior, struck nfier her
sidered as a eognomen of the Memruia family, death, in exile under the cruel and unjust
or whether it refers to the head as that of Tiberius, and remind us of the translation of
Quirinus or Romulus, or both together, is a her ashes from the island of Pandataria, and of
point in dispute among the learned. But the all the funeral honours which were decreed to
reverse of this rare denarius teaches us that her by the filial piety of Caligula her son, st
Memmius, in his edilesbip, was the first who the seemingly auspicious commencement of his
celebrated at Rome the Cerialia, or feasts, in reign.—Suetonins, whose account is confirmed
honour of the Goddess of Harvests, a ceremony by Dion, adds that the above-named emperor
held in much consideration by the Romans, but caused annual sacrifices to be instituted to the
of the time of first celebrating it no mention manes of his mother, together with Ciroensiau
 ME.\vIORIAE.—MENSIS. MERCURIUS. 553
celebrations, in which the mqmntum was drawn match for the malus animus which caused the
in state procession. wise and honest Pertinax to be butchered at the
MEMORIAE DOMITILLAE S.P.Q.R.— shrine of Praetorian avarice.
Funeral car as in the foregoing. On a rare MER. Me:-itarum.—See REQVIES OPTz'
large brass, struck under Titus; the reverse morum MERi!0rum ,- on third brass of Claudius
of which has 8. C. in- the middle of the field, Gothicus.
surrounded with the inscription IMP. 1'. cans. MERC. Jfercurio.
DWI. vnsr. r. avo. 1>.n. rn. r. P-P.—See Car MERCVRIVS.——The God Mercury, son of
pentum, with illustration. Jupiter, and Maia one of the daughters of
“Antiquaries (says the author of Lepom dc Atlas: so called by the Latins (according to
Numis-maz‘ique Romaine) are divided on the Fc.rlu.s) from memes or the gains of trade,
question whether the medal belongs to the wife because he was supposed to preside over
or to the daughter of Vespasian, for each of mercantile affairs. The Greeks called him
them bore the same name. It seems with more Ilermes. By the poets he was honoured under
probability assignable to the daughter, who various surnames; and the otliccs and occupa
never received the title of Augusta, nor the tions assigned to him by mythologists were still
more numerous and diversified. His principal
honours of the apotheosis, whilst those high dis
characteristic was that of being the faithful and
tinctions were decreed to Domitilla the mother,
who was consequently called DIVA. AVG1zala intimate attendant upon Jupiter, and his ordi
on the gold and silver coins which incontestably nary messenger. Next in importance was his
belong to her, and who would undoubtedly have dignity of chief herald and minister'of the
been in like manner honoured on those of gods, as well infernal as celestial.—Diodoru-1
brass.—'l‘he car with two mules was not ex Siculua says of Mercury that he was the first
clusively appropriatcd to consccrations ; and the amongst the deities who instituted religious
type of the above medal, struck by order of worship and sacrifices; hence we see him on
Tiles, is copied after that of .45/rippimz” above coins imaged with caduceus and purse, and the
noticed. inscription around his efligy of PIETAS AYG., or
MENS, the mind, was worshipped as a Avoo.—There is a coin of Gallicnus which
goddess by the Romans, who erected an altar illustrates his attributes of rewarding acts of
and a temple to its honour. Ovid bears witness religion to the gods with gifts, and on which
to this fact when (in L. vi. Factor. l. 241) he Mercury is represented with caduceus and
sings— crumemz, the inscription being DONA AVG.—-H6
Mess quoque rmmen habet. Menti delubra videmus. is distinguished on all ancient monuments by
(See menu LAVDANDAI-I below.) his head being covered with a winged cap (in
latin peta-ma), and his feet are also furnished
MENSA, a table on three feet—Tripru.——Sec with wings. He wears a hat, as the reputed
the word Table. god of merchants, because (says Vaillant in his
MENSES, the name of the god Lunm, which Colonies) all business negociations should be
is read on coins of Antioch in Pisidia, dedi kept hidden; and wings are appended to it,
cated to Antoninus Pius. COL. cans. anrroca. because the bargaining between sellers and
MENSIS, according to Putin, Havercamp, and buyers should be speedily dispatched like a bird
Vaillant.—See Lunus. through the air.—'l‘he rod with serpents entwined
MENSOR, one who measures fields or camps; on it, called eaducem-, signifies the regal power
the surname of the Farsuleia family.——L. ran which is sometimes given to merchants, or it is
SVLEI nrezvson. the symbol of contentions removed and peace
M'EN'I‘I LAVDANDAE.—A woman stand promoted. Sometimes we see a ram, a tortoise,
ing, holds in her right hand a crown and in a dog, or a cock at his feet.
her left a lance. The eoin, which bears on its Mercury, the worship of whom was
reverse this singular legend, is a Pertinax in borrowed (so early, it is said, as the time of
silver, treasured in the Imperial Cabinet at Romulus) from the Etruscans, has his bust
Vienna, and for a long time unknown to other impressed (with or without the ;u'ta.s-u.r covering
museums, till afiterwards produced in the collec his head) on the ancient brass coins of the
tion of M. D’Ennery.—By the words men: was Romans.—See the Sari/mics or parts of the
understood human reason, sense, or judgment, Aa.—On a quinarius of the Papia family
which are in themselves susceptible of good or appears the head of Mercury, and a lyre on the
(1 evil influences. Taken in a favourable reverse, an association which corroborates the
acceptation, such for instance as bana menu, a pretensions made for him by Horace and other
temple was erected and worship paid to “the poets, to be considered as the inventor of that
divine intelligence." instrument.—We also sec the head of Mercury,
But the reign of Commodus having been one with the caduceus behind it, on denarii of
continuous outbreak of delnerztednear, or male the Aburia, Apronia, Pomponia, and other
wens; it was of great consequence to Pertinax families.
it restore the sanity of public sentiment and Mercury’-r image at full length is not ofien
ideas (menlem bonam vel laudandam.) He found on coins of the republic or of the upper
made a virtuous and bold attempt to re-establish empire. l-lis head is, however, to be discerned
good morals and military discipline, but in vain. on some denarii of the Jlullzi/fa family; and on
The goddess of the praiseworthy mind was not a one of the Rubria family it exhibits itself united
4B
554 MERCURIO. MERCURIO.—\IESCINIA.
to that of Hercules, like the head of Junus.— or ancient writers, why in this instance the rmn
Mcrcury seated is the most rare to he met with. K should have a fish's tail, except from the fancy
His posture is almost uniformly upright.— of poets and painters to change almost every
Beger, however, gives a very rare medal of animal which the earth produces into fishes.
Tiberius, on the obverse of which is that Eckhcl—Milliu.
Emperor's head laureated, with the circum MERCVRIO FELICI.-Thia circumscrip
scription r1. cans. DIVI. ave. r. ave. nu>.—0n tion appears on gold, silver, and small brass
the reverse appears Mercury sitting on a rock, coins of Postumus, with the efligy of Mer
with a caduceus in his right band, and with the cury standing naked, with
inscription reams. P. conmsm. DOLABELLAE. the pallium thrown back
rnocos. C.P. cas. D.D.—Spnuheim (in his on the left shoulder,
Ca!.rar.9 qf Julian) gives us, on two Greek the purse in his right
Imperial medals, Mercury with all his adorn hand, as the tutelary of
ments, his hat with two wings, his caduceus in merchants, and in his lefi
one hand, his purse in the other; and his two a caduecus.—The Gnuls
winged buskins, which be put on when he per (according to Caesar) wor
formed the part of Jupiter’s messenger. shipped Mercury as the
Mercury, with his attributes, is depictured inventor of arts, as the
on a rare third brass of Claudius Gothicus, with guide of journeyings, and also as the favourer
the epigraph run-:s. Avo.—A half-naked male of merchants. Allusion in this coin is made to
figure, with radiated head, holding the winged the civic virtues in which Postnmus was acknow
caduceus of fllercury in his right and an instru ledged to excel; and for encouraging, as well
ment like s trident in his lcft hand, appears as enforcing, the practice of which he was
on a first brass of Albinus, with legend of esteemed vir digm'.m'mu.| by the Gauls, whom
SAECVLO rm/curEao.—~A similar figure, and the he governed.
same legend is seen on first brass of Sept. On a small brass of Diadumcnianns, struck
Severus. by the Roman colonists of Sino , Mercury is
Mercury standing, with the crumena in his represented holding the purse in ' right hand
right band, fonns the reverse type of svery rare and caduceus in lett.—See Crumena.
gold coin of Gullienus, inscribed FORTUNA MERCVRIO PACI1"ERO.—Mereury stand
REDVX.—An image of the same deity appears ing, the caduceus in his right hand, the
on coins of Herennins, Hostilianus, Valerianus, petmus on his head. This legend, on small
Postnmus, Carinus, and Nnmerianus: the epi brass coins of Postumus, is quoted by Banduri.
graph to most of these is PIETAS AVG1uti.— It is not included in either the catalogues or the
On a gold coin of Gallieuus ltlercuryaeeompanies Doctrina Nani. of Eckhel; hilt both Mionnet
the legend of PROVIDENTIA A\'G.—On a first and Akerman give it as authcntic.——The epithet
brass of Marcus Aurelius, he appears in a of Pacifer would well apply to Postumus, who rc
temple; and also without the temple. See stored peace to Gallia, by defeating and coercing
REGLlGio AVG\'STI.——On a silver coin of her German invaders.
Gallienus, Merctu'y with his attributes accom MERIT. Meritm-um.—R.EQ,\"IES OPTI
panies the legend of DONA AVG. MORum MERlTorum on third brass of Clau
Jllercury dragging a ram to the altar is the dius Gothicus; also Val. Maxiinianus and Con
type, uithout legend, of one of the beautiful stantius Chlorus.
medallions of Antoniuus Pins. MESCINIA, a plebeian family; surname
Mercury, though not unfrequently typified Ruful.—L. MES(‘Il\'l\'S RVIVB was monetary
on coins of Roman die, is represented with his triumvir under Augustus. Many coins inscribed
various attributes of the petasus, caduceus, and with his name are extant, (both in gold and
crumeuu, on many colonial medals, hearing silver, the former of extreme rarit-y,) because
Latin legend:-1.—Sce Heliopolir (Philip, sen.), they proclaim the deeds of that Emperor, as
Patnz (Caracalla and Elngnbalus), and 7:1/rus occurring in the years v.c. 737 and 788, when
(Valerianus and Salonina). he was moueyer.——l\lorell gives six varieties.
MERCVRIO CONS. AVG.—The Egyptian MESOPOTAMIA, so called, because it lay
sea-ram, with horns turned backwards like between the Tigris and Euphrates.
It is now
those of Capricomus.—Silver and third brass denominated Diarbec.—Accord.ing to Spartianns,
of Gallienus. Mesopotamia was brought under the power of
The ram is here united with Mercury, because Rome as a province of the empire by Trajan;
as Pausanias atlirms, this deity was esteemed declared free of tribute by Hadrian, and after
above others as the protector of flocks; and as wards rclinquishcd to the Parthians by that
the shepherds chose him for their patron he is Emperor; received into the empire again by
found on ancient monuments associated with the Verus; lost by Commodus; recovered again by
ram. It is also stated that near Tanagra, in Sept. Severus; ceded to the Persians together
Basotia, a temple was erected to him under the with Armenia by Pbilip.—See on a large brass
name of C/m'0_1zlwrua.—The Chriophoriau Mer coin of Trajan, the fine group composed of that
cury has his hand on a ram; but on some gems, Emperor standing, armed and sccptred, amidst
and on a Corinthian coin of L. Verus, the /£8 goat the prostrate personifications of the Armenian
is substituted for the lie alleqz. It is not so easy province, and of the two celebrated rivers above
to assign the reason, from ancient monuments mentioned—with the inscription ARMENIA I‘!
 MESSALINA. METROPOLIS.—METTIA. 555
xssoromntrs IN POTESTATEM r.n. aunacru. METROPOLIS (lfalerffrliium), the mother
s.C.-—See AI7Il67/lid. city.-—The Greeks called a chief city M1)-rp61roIus,
MESS. Men-iua.—A family Roman name, the Latins riritaa. Afterwards the term was
occupying the place of a prscnomen, on coins applied to the larger or more ancient city, in
of Trajanus Decius, Herenniua Etru-mu, and which deputies from other cities (civitules)
Hoatilianua. assembled on provincial afliiirs.
MESSAL. Meuala.—A surname of the The more distinguished metropoles of the
Valeria famil .
MESSALIYNA (Valeria), fourth wife of the Roman empire were designated on their respective
coins, both Greek and Latin.
Emperor Claudius, was daughter of Val. Messala Thus on medals of Cucsarea, in Palestine, is
Barbatus and Domitia Lcpida (daughter of read 1:01.. Pa. FL. AVG. cans. auzrao. P. s. P.
Domitius Lepidus and of Antonia, daughter of Colonia Prima Flavia, Augusta Caaarea 1lIetro
M. Antony and Octavia, sister of Augustus.) polia PTOUiflL‘i¢ Syria Palaslin¢.—Also on
Though thus high in birth and rank, and the coins of Damascus, Laodicea, Sidon, and Tyre,
mother of Octavia and Britannicus, the name of the dignity of each of those cities as the
this woman has descended with horror to pos ME'l‘ROPoli: of Roman colonies is in like
terity, as a monster of shameless lust, avarice, manner recorded.
and cruelty. She caused Julia Livilla, Julia, META, a pillar, or boundary mark placed in
daughter of the younger Drusus, Silanus, the circus. It consisted of three columns, or
Vinucius, Poppzea senior, and many others, to be pyramidal figures, round which the racing
put to death; and was herself subjected to the chariots turned. Iloracc alludes to them in his
same fate, from her adulteries and prostitu ode to Mzccenas—Jletaquefervidis evilata roiis.
tions, by order of Claudius, a.D, 48.—There The rule was to turn seven times round these
are no Latin coins of this Augusta, except bounds; and in doing so it was nee to avoid
colonial. approaching too near to them, lest in driving
MESSALINA (Statilia), third wife of Nero, against them the chariots should be broken;
who put to death her fourth husband, Atticus whilst, on the other hand, if the eharioteer
Vestinus. She was distinguished for her taste kept too far distant from them, he ran the risk
in the sciences, and for her perfect eloquence. of being cut ofi' by a competitor, who should
After Nero’s death, Otho would have married have taken advantage of the interval. These
her, if he had survived his defeat.——Of this meta circemium were of wood; and the
Empress no Latin coins are extant. Emperor Claudius, according to Suetouius,
MET. otherwise METAL. Jltltllllfll.-'Tl1£l‘6 caused them to be gilt. They are shewn with
are coins extant which serve as memorials of great clcarness on several medallions and coins
mines, which the industry and cupidity of the of Augustus, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Trajan,
Romans established in d.iti'erent provinces of the Hadrian, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, and
empire. Of this kind are some inscribed with Gordianus Pius.—See Circiu.
the name of Trajan, and of Hadrian; and META SUDANS, a fountain so called, situate
perhaps also of their immediate successors; at ltonie, near the amphitheatre of Titus, and
they are all of third brass, although it is from whose waters the people drank who came
certain that the mines commemorated on these to the public spectacles exhibited in that vast
coins also yielded more noble metals. From structui-e.—lt is thought to be represented on a
thence it may be reasonably supposed that this large brass of Veapa-rian, and a middle brass of
description of money was struck to pay the Titus.
wages of those who were employed in the METELL. Melt-lIu.r.—Snrname of the
occupation of making the metals. Eckhel has Cacilia family, from which descended many
(in the sixth volume of his Doct. Num. Vet. very great pcrsouagcs. Of these, nineteen
p. 44-5 cl seq.) brought together the various obtained four Chief l’ontific:ites, two Dictator
specimens of these numi melallarum. Thus we ships, three the titles of Princes of the Senate,
see, among others in small brass, bearing the seven Censorships, twenty Consulates, and nine
head and titles of Trajan, the following re Triumphs, in the space of 290 year-s.——Q.
verses = METELL. SCIPIO li\lPerat0r, on adenarius
METALLI VLPIANI DELMatici (Ulpian of the Cmrilia family.
and Dalmatian metals) ; a woman with balance METTI. J1etliu.r.—Name of the Mettia
and cornucopia. family.
METAL. PANNONICI (Metals of Pannonia), l\d_ET'l‘IA, a family of uncertain rank, and
in the field of the coin. little known in Roman history.——There are coins
Third brass of Hadrian bear the inscriptions inscribed with the name of M. Melliua, of
of MET. NOR. (dletallum Noricum, -Metal which the greater part present on their obverse
of Noricfim), within a crown of oak leaves; the head of Julius Caesar, one of whose
and METAL. DELM. (Metallum Delmalicum, moneyers he appears to have been. Indeed,
metal of Dalmatia); a coat of mail; shewing Ctesar, in two passages of his Commentaries,
that the mines of Noricum and Dalmatia mentions M. Mettins as having been hound in
contributed their treasures to the mint of chains, and afterwards liberated by Ariovistus.
Hadrian Mettius is also named by Cicero.—Two very
)lET.—METR.—METRO.—METROP.— rare quinarii, each bearing (the first on its
Metropolis. obverse, the second on its reverse) the type of
4B2
556 MILIARIUM SAECULUM. MINATIA.
Juno &'Jpita, would warrant the inferencc that pole, called in Latin Hanupulw faeni, which
the Mettii were of Lanuvian origin; “ unless caused the name of illunipulua to be given to
perhaps (says Eckhel) it may rather be supposed the companies which are ranged under those
that this goddess and her attributes were engrnved ensigns. Two such may be seen represented on
on these coins, in consequence of Lanuvium a first brass of Augustus, given in Segnin’s
hming, from a municipium, been madeacolony, S0/. Nam. /lnt., p. ll0. But these standard:
and surrounded by a wall, by J. Cazsar, as is of poverty soon assumed a new and more
afiirmed by Frontinus fde coI0m'is).”——Eight imposing form. The Roman troops placed
varieties are given by Morell. either a cross piece of wood at the top of a
M.F. JlaniiFi!ius.——M. N. Jlanii Nepoa. lance, whence hung a velum, or banner, as may
M. F. Jfami Filia.—AGRIPPINA M. 1". be seen on the same coin of Augustus between
GERMANICI CAESARIS. the two manipu/i; or they surmounted the
MGN. ]llagnu.r.—MGN. PIVS. IMP. ensigi statf with the figure of a Iunul, as may
Hagnus Pius Imperator, and two-headed Janus, be observed on two military ensigns which
on coins of Pompey the Great. appear on a large brass of Tiberius, given in
M. H. ILLERGAVONIA DERT. Mum' Scguin (I. 1:. 109) -, perhaps as the word mama
vipium Hem Illergavonia Dertora.-——.\luni bore allusion to the word r/lanipzzlzza. Below
cipality of Hibcra, Illergavonia Dertora (Tortosa this hand, covering the whole shaft of the spear,
in Catalonia, Spain). were little round plates of gold or silver
Michael I., Michael II., Michael III., Michael (orbiculi), on which are portraits at first of the
IV., Michael V,, Michael Vl., Michael VII., Gods, and subsequently of the Emperors, and
Michael VIII., Michael IX.—The coins of these other persons of princely distinction. The
Byzantine Emperors, whose reigns took place names of Emperors were also inscribed on the
veritla, or cavalry standards of the army.— On
between 11.1). 811 and a.n_ 13:20, present no
Latin inscriptions, except the mixed one of a denarius of the Valeria family is seen the
IHS. X13. REX. REGNANTIVM on the reverse name of C. VALerius FLAviu¢ IMPER.-\Tor,
of a gold coin belonging to the seconll of that and a lcgionary eagle, between two military
n.ame.—See Akerman’s Descriptive Catalogue, ensigns.-—On a silver coin of the Neria family
vol. ii. is a legionary eagle, between two verilla, one of
MIL. ]lIiIz'tum.——CO1\'CORD. MIL. Con which has on it H(a.1tat1), the other P(riucipe:).
cordia .Militum.—-Concord of the Soldiers. A similar type appears on a dcnarius of the
FIDES MILitum. Fidelity of the Soldiers. Cornelia.-—It is to be observed, as a reason why
TR. MIL. Ii-ibunu: .7lIi11'tum.—Military Tri these military ensigns appear in an upright
bune; thc last on a coin of the Fontcia family. position on Roman coins and other monuments,
MILIARIVM SAECVLV'M.—On the reverse that the lower end of the spears on which
of a large brass of Philip, senior, we read this the ensigns were placed had sharp points,
legend, which is accompanied by a cippus, in order that they might be planted into the
whereon is incribed cos. 111. It forms the first ground, and be made to stand perpendicularly
of a series of five medals, struck under that whether in the camp or in the field of battle.
emperor, in record of his having, with extra —See Signa Jlilitaria ,- also .4quiIa,——Lu6a
ordinary magnificence, celebrated the secular rum,—Ve.rz'ltum.
games (they were the ninth and last); for the Military Standards, on Roman coins, near a
nrposc of consecrating the completion of the colonist ploughing with oxen, shew that the
year 1000 from the foundation of Rome. This colony had been peopled by veteran soldiers.
memorable period, appropriately called the rllilitary Lituzw-.—See Liluus.
nzillerzary age, might well secm to authorise MIN. Hin.erva.—MlN. JIinerria.—The
the commencement of a new era; and the name of a legion, so denominated by Domitian,
appropriation of the term swcu/um novum, or a on account of the particular devotedness of that
new age, to that which was about to bcgin.—See emperor to the worship of Minerva, as appears
Ludi Se-cularea. from his c0ins.—There is on a gold coin of
Jliliarium is on these coins almost invariably Sept. Severus, in Bandnri, which exhibits two
spelt with only one L, it is scarcely ever written military standards and a legionary eagle between
n1r.L1.u11vn; not, however, from any error of them, with this inscription, LEG. 1. aux. Leyio
the mint-masters, for both mile and mi//e are Prima Minervia.
written by the ancients, as Papinianus (in MINAT. Minaliua.—I~‘an1ily name of the
Cassiodorus) has it, and as not a few antique gem Minaiia.
monuments also shew; but it is never read MINATIA, a plebeisn family; its surname
arrnnnrvsaivn on these coins, although in Occo Sabinu.r.—There are three varieties, all very
and the Arsehot collection it is thus written. rare.—The following silver pieces, vfliich bear
MILITARY E_\ISIGNS.—'l‘he image of an the name of this family, were struck in Spain
eayl/1 (aquila) was the ensign of the whole by Cnaeius Pompey the younger, after his
legion. One of these, either in gold or in fathcr’s death, or by the other son, Sertus,
silver, was placed on the top of a spear, with in Sicily :
wings expanded, and frequently holding a lst.—CNeua MAGNVS IMP. F.—The bare
thunderbolt (fulrncn) in its tal0ns.—ln the first ' head of Cnacins Pompey.
period of Rome, the standards of her armies Rev.-—Marcua MINATiu.r S.\BlNu: PRO
were but a bundle of hay tied to the end of a Q,uw.rtor.—Pon1pey landing from a ship joins
 MINATIA. MINATIA. 557
his right hand with that of a woman, wearing In Morell‘s Thea-aunu (under the head of the
Minatia family), Havercamp, who characterise:
V-ai]lant’s reference of this dennrius to Pompey’s
successes in Spain as interprelatia infcliciuirna,
after describing the standing female figure as
having her head radiated, proceeds to give his
own opinion, that the above type alludes to
the Mithridatic war.—lt shows (according to
the learned but often fanciful commentator) that
a turreted crown, and holding a spear in her left the long-continued war with the great barbaric
hand, before whose feet is a heap of Spanish arms. king could be brought to a termination by no
On this dennrius (says Vaillant) is represented other Roman General than Pompey, “and
the entry of Poinpcius Magnus into Spain (for therefore (says he) I understand the figure wear
the purpose of assisting Metellns against Ser ing the pa-Ilium, and having her head radiated,
torius), respecting which event great expecta to mean the East (Oriens), who beckons and
tions had been entertained both by the Romans seems to call Pompey to her; whilst he himself
themselves and by their Spanish allies.-— displays his expectation of a sure victory over
Plutarch in his life of Pompey, narratest hat Mithridates, by pointing with hand stretched
when he “first reached Spain, the reputation forth and finger extended to the garland (corolla),
of the new commander inspired, as is usual, which Spain (the kneeling figure) gratefully
new hopes in the minds of men, that such of offers to him, as to the conqueror of the
the Spanish nations as had not taken a decisive republic’s foes.”—Aftcr quoting a passage
part with Scrtorius, began to change their from Florua, lib. iii., cap_ 5, as the quasi
opinions and go over to the Romans.”—'l‘here inteipres of this very coin, Havercamp con
fore we here see Hiqaania meeting Pompey with cludes by exclain1ing—“ Behold here the
congratulations on his happy arri\ al.—'I‘he above honours and titles of Pompey, especially those
cut is engraved from a denarius in the British gained in Spain, about to be augmented in the
Museum. East.”
2nd.—cn. MAGN. 1.\n>.—The same head. By the above cited observations, it will be
Rev.——M. mmmr. sannr. PR. Q_.—-Pompey the seen that Havercamp lays some stress on the
Great, in a military habit, stands with a spear fact which he asserts, that the figure of the
in the right hand. On one side stands a woman, woman, standing before Pompey, is pallirzla
with t1u'retcd head and short dress, and who, at radiata, _whereas in l\Iorell’s engraving of
holding two spears in her lefi hand, offers her this denarins, (and Dr. King’s is the same,) the
right to Pompey. On the other side, a woman female in question, though wearing the pa1liu_m
carrying a trophy on her left shoulder, places or cloak, falling from the shoulders, has n
with her right hand a crown on the head of the turreted, not a radiated, head-dress.—And
middle figure. Eckhel describes both women as turrehv.-—Mr.
Havercamp, in Morell (differing fromVaillant,Akerman, in his Deacriplive Catalogue of
who considers the middle figure to represent not Ifoman Coins, has given (see plate 3, No. 9,)
Pompey, but Metellus), shews on good historical the design of n silver coin amongst those struck
grounds that on this coin Minatius had in view by Cnmius Pompey the son, which with the
to display the honours not of Metellus but of head of the father for its obverse, exhibits on
Pompey. Indeed, referring to the authority of the reverse a type resembling in most par
Plutarch for the results of the sanguinary ticulars, thongh not in all, the dennrius of
stru_zgle engaged in by the latter, first with the Morcll and King.—The able secretary of the
brave, skilful, and active Sertorius, and after Numismatic Society states that the kneeling
wards with that formidable chieftain’s assassin figure is presenting not a crown but “a petition,
and successor, Perpenna, Haven-amp appears or written instrument, as appears vely plain
warranted in his opinion that the type of this from this dennrius, which shews four minute,
rare denarius alludes to the two closing victories, but distinct lines, drawn across the object called
by which the Sertorian revolt was subdued, and by Morell a crown."——But,_ unfortunately for
Spain restored to the Roman empire. Nor is those who have only the engraving in Mr.
there, perhaps, anything erroneous in the con Akei-man's catalogue to form their opinions by,
jecture of the same antiquary, that the trophy the type of the reverse is so indiafinctly de
bearing figure personities Rome herself, crowning lineated as to make the “K-neelinj’ figure look
the victor; Hispania, as a Roman rovince, as if she was sealed, and what she holds in her
standing by, and with extended han bearing lap resembles a shield more than a petition.—
testimony to the merits of the all powerful Be this as it may, the ditference in the repre
imperalor. sented type has sug rested a different interpreta
3rd.—On another very rare dennrius, with tion to Mr. Brnmell, in whose cabinet the
the same head (that of the elder Pompey), and coin is, which Mr. Akermsn has caused to be
stamped with the name of M. Minntius Sabinus, copied.—“I should describe the reverse (says
Proquaestor, the type of the reverse is a military Mr. Brumcll) as bearing the personification of
figure standing between two women, both the East, inviting Pompey to relieve that region,
lurreted; one of whom, bending on one lmee. oppressed by Mithridates,-—an invitation which
offers a crown of laurel to him. he appears to decline; and points to the kneeling
558 MINEIA.—MINERVA. MINERVA VICTRIX.
figure, whose petition claims priority of atten- i is assigned to this goddess.—See Olee Rania,
tiou.”—'l‘hat kneeling figure, Mr. Brumell 1 the olive branch.
thinks it probable, is the personification, not of Minerva was the object of especial adoration
Spain as Morell conjectures, but of “Cilicia, with that vain, protlignte, and murderous tyrant
who implores the aid of Pompey, that country Domitian; on coins of each metal struck undu
being ravaged by pirates, whose power was, this Emperor, we see a well executed figure of
crushed by the Roman general, immediately the goddess, holding in one hand her buekler,
before he obtained the command in the and in the other the fillmen or thunderbolt,
Mithridatie war."—\\'ho shall decide when which she is going to launch, intended, says
the learned, the scientific, and the ingenious Oise/ius, “as the symbol of Domitian's au
disagree? thority,” with the circurnscription ill’. xix.
MINEIA, a family of uncertain rank, to cos. Xvi. cans. P. P. (emperor for the nineteenth
which Morell assigns some small brass coins; time, consul for the sixteenth, censor, father of
one has on its obverse MINEIA. ll. P. and a the country.)—On a first brass of this em
female head, and an edifice on the rcverse;——rarc; peror, withont legend on its reverse, but
the others equally uninteresting. bearing the authorisation of the Senate, he
MI NERVA, the goddess whom fable describes stands between Minerva and Victory, the
to have come forth fully armed and of mature latter of whom is placing a laurel crown on
age from the brain of Jupiter——in other words, his head.
an emanation from the intellect of Jove him i\ilNER1;a VlCTri.z-. Minerva the Victorious.
self.——She was the tntelary divinity of the -—On a large brass of Commodus, with this
Athenians, and was called in Greek Al/lené. legend, we see the victory-bringing Minerva
Her head is the type of the medals of Athens; ‘(Nicqi/aura) helmeted, having in one hand an
and, under the name of Pa//as, she was wor image of Victory, which holds a palm branch,
shipped in that city and throughout Greece, as and in the other hand a spear; behind her is a
the protectress of hcrocs.——By the Romans she trophy.--Minerva the Victorious was called by
was regarded as the first in rank after Jupiter the Greeks A9-nv-1| Numpdpor, as is shew“ Q11
and Juno, and, with the statues of those the coinage of the Athenians.
deities, was placed in the principal temple of Eckhel dedicates a short chapter of his
the capitol at Rome. As the goddess of reason, Prolegomena on Family Coins (vol, v., 84-5)
wisdom, and prudence, she wa.s considered to to shew that, when on the silver coin of the
preside over literature and the sciences. The Roman, as well as of the Athenian mint, we
invention of weaving and embroidery, together see a winged Pallns, or Minerva, it is to be
with the honour of having first taught mankind understood as representing Pallas Numpdpos, or
the use of the olive, was ascribed to her.—On Minerva. Vietrix.
consular coins Minerva but seldom appears. A brass medallion of Trajan exhibits .\Iinerv:
Morcll has given her image or attributes on standing on the right, and Juno on the lcl'l- of
coins of the Clovis, Cordia, Cornelia, and Jupiter.-——See Jupilcr.
Vibia families. During the period of the empire, MINERVAE VlC'I‘R.ICI.—Vai1Ianl, in dc
she occupies somewhat more frequently a place scribingha silver coin of Peacezmiua Niger hav
on Roman medals, particularly those of Domitian ing a similar figure, but without the trophy,
(see Domitianua), Commodus, Albinus, Severus, and inscribed to the Victorious Minerva, observes
Caracalla, Geta, as far as Gallienus and Postumns. that Minerva, like Mars, was said to preside in
—On these generally she is figured in a walking war ; thus as the surname of Victor was applied
attitude, clothed in a long tunic, with sometimes to Mars, so also the appellation of mm_- was
the aegis on her breast, a helmet on her head, given to Minerva; and that the title was
holding in hcr right hand by turns—as the deity dcdicated to that goddess by Pescennins for a
both of war and of peacc—a spear, the thunder victory about to be obtained over Severus. is
bolt, an image of Victory, a branch of olive, and indicated by this coin, on which, as if ccrlnin
in her left hand a buckler.——0n one silver coin of success had been assured him, she bears the sign
the Vibia family she stands as Minerva the in her right hand. '
Vanquisher, with victory and spear; on another _MINERVA SANCT.—The goddem stands
her bust is represented, and on a third she with spear and shield.—()n s silver coin of Sept.
stands in a quadriga.—Amongst the rare medal Severus this legend of Jllinermz Sam-la appears
lions in brass, struck under Antoninns Pius, for the first time, and afterwards occurs on coins
without legend, the image of this goddess is of Geta Csesar.
three times int.roduced—-viz., 1. Where she is the ancients put sanctu (sacred) for
placed on the right hand of Jupiter, whilst Juno propstm._r (favourable or propitious) we learn
is on his left, and all three are seated, full faced, from Tibullus respecting Juno, whom he ad
on curnle chairs. 2. Minerva leaning against dresses At tu umcla fare ; and from Catnllus,
s tree, around which a serpent is entwined, and speaking of Venus, Quem neque away,-ta Fm",
looking st Prometheus, who is in the set of Moreover, Minerva was accounted the Goddlss
forming s man. 3. Minerva standing before oi'_ Arrts, and Geta, according to Herodianus,
Vulcan, whois forging a thunderbolt: on another Dwaplinarum laude culebres tired sefrequeala
coin a helmet. 4. Vulcan standing before a ba_bebat, instructed by his mother Julia, who
statue of Minerva placed on s cippus.—On a daily disputed with philosophers.--(Vaillant,
coin of Clodius Albinus the surname of Pamfera ii. p. 260.)
 MINUCIA. MlSSILIA.—MI'I‘REIA . 559
MINER FAVTR. Minerva Faulri.::.—The with more ingenuity than judgment, consisting
favouring Minerva.-—This legend, accompanying of modii (or bushel measures) placed one on the
the usual type of the goddess, appears only on top of another; and, in connection with the
a silver coin of Postumus, who was so renowned subject which the medul was struck to com
for valour and for wisdom, that Gallienus memorate, there are ears of corn rising up
assigned to him the education of his young son, from the base of this pillar.—(1)oct. num. vet.
Cornelius Sslnninns, choosing him, according to vol. V. p. 255.)
Pollio, quasi custadi vita, at 1Il0Hlfll ct actumn r MISSILIA, now called by the Italians
inpefialium iuslitulori. Besides, Minerva was, Medaglioni, is a term applied generally to
in the estimation of the heathen world, the the medals which the Emperors caused to
goddess of wisdom and fortitude. be struck for their own especial use, with a
Mint .-‘I{ark:.—See Note Monetale-1. view to distribute them as presents among their
MINVCIA, a plebcian family, whose sur friends.—'l'he term .‘lIi.m'Iia was also applied to
names, as they appear on coins, are Auyurinua, those gifts which princes scattered amongst the
If/(fur, T/zemms.—The gold are very rare; the people on festival days, and which, like money.
silver common. Some of the latter, restored were in no danger of being spoiled by their
by Trajan, are of high price. The brass pieces being flung, as they were generally, from some
of this family are parts of the Aa.—Amongst lofty spot. Thus, according to Suetonius
the same types is one in silver, having on its Caligula ascended to the top of Basilica Julia,
obverse a female head helmeted, and on the in order to throw money to the people. Quim
reverse the legend Q. THERMu.r M. F. Two et nummas non mediocria summa! é _/}1.sfi_/;io
soldiers, armed with sword and buekler, engaged Basilica Julia per aliquot dies .rpar.ril in
in combat; another soldier similarly armed, on ple6em.—“ Caligula,” cap. xxxvii.
his knees between them. MITREIA, a family of uncertain rank, and
This type clearly points to the honour of known only from its name of MITREIVS appear
ing on two third brass coins struck by the
having saved a Roman eitizen’s life in battle;
but leaves it in doubt to whom the glory of this moneyers of Augustus.
distinguished exploit belongs. M. K. V. il[0nela Carlllayinensia UrbiJ.—
Morcll gives his reasons at some length for Honey of the city of Carthage.
believing that this denarius was struck by M. L. Moneta Lu_q1Iune1m'.r.—1\1oney of
Quintus Minucius Thermus, the son of Marcus Lyons, in France.
(as the inscription indicates), a monetal triumvir M. MARC. Jlarcus }l[arceIIua.—Prenomen
perhaps, or quatuorvir, under Julius Caesar, and name of u man.
who bad just attained the direction of affairs in M. M. I. V. Jllunicipes Zllunivipii Julii
that public department, and that he had l7licensia.—'l‘he citizens of the municipality of
particularly fixed on this type, in order at once Julius, of Utica (now Bisertn in Africa).
to compliment Caesar, and to recall his own M. N. Jlonehz 1\’urbonenai.r.—Money of
father’s prowess to remembrance.-—For we have Narbonuc.
the testimony of Suetonius that Caesar made MO. Manda.
the first payments to the legions in Asia, in the MODERATIONI. A richly decorated shield,
tent of Marcus Thermus, and that Caesar was in the centre of which is the full front-faced
by the same Thermus presented with a civic head of Moderation.—On a second brass of
crown at the taking of Mitylene. 'I‘iberins.—See L‘/muenliw.
The head of Pallas, or of Rome, winged; l\lODI VS, a bushel measure—of wheat for
behind it X. instance, or any dry or solid commodity. It
I\’ev.—C IINVCI c. r. .u;ovnmr.—A fluted contained the third part of an amp/wm, and
or chamfered column, on which a statue is four of these measures per month was the
placed; on the left of the column stands a man ordinary allowance given to slaves.
in the augural habit, and holding the lituus; to On Roman coins we see the madius repre
the right stands another tognted figure, holding sented with corn-ears, and sometimes a poppy
in each hand something uncertain, and planting hanging or rising from it—and having reference
his left foot on something equally doubtful; from to distributions of wheat to the people, by
the base of the column on each side springs a various Emperors, such as Nerva, Vespasian,
corn-ear; above, nous. M. Aurelius, and Domitian. On a denarius of
These denarii revive the memo of Lucius Nerva, with the legend cos. 1111., there is a
Minucius, who is also by Pliny call Augurinus, mudiua with six curs of corn. The modiua is
and who, being Pmfeetua Annomz at a time of also the sign of the 1Edileship on coins of the
dearth, when Spurius Maelius was attempting to Papia and other families, and is represented
corrupt the populace with largesses of corn, full of wheat, between two ears of corn, as the
detected his pernicious designs, reported him to symbol and attribute of Abumlantia and of
the senate, and then at a low price distributed Annmza (see the words). The coins of Nero,
the corn to the common people. On this account, and from that Emperor down to Gallienus,
according to Pliny, a statue was erected to him fumish frequent examples of this figure as in
outside the Porta Trigemina (at Rome) at the dieating the fruits of fertility, whether domestic
public expense. The statue in question is here or foreign; and the Imperial liberality and
represented mounted on a column, as Vaillant providence in procuring, and in bestowing them'
says atriata, fluted; perhaps, says Havercamp, on the people.-—Sce Qfica.
560 MOESIA.—MONE'I‘A. MONE'l‘A.—MONE'l‘1E.
MOESIA, a country of Europe, between already been remarked, very frequently seen on
Mount Hemus and the Danube, joining to medals of the Emperors, and particularly on
Pannonia. There were two provinces of Mmsia, medals of the lower empire.
now called Servia and Bu/yaria. The latter (or MONETA, typified as a woman holding the
Upper Mmsia) lying towards the Black Sea, and balance and cornucopire, occurs on coins of
which was subdued by the Romans under L. nearly all the Emperors, from Vitellius to Con
Piso, during the reign of Augustus, the former stantine the Great, both inclusive, with the
(or Lower Mcmia) was inhabited by the Gem. epigraph of .u:Qvrn\s—.u:qv1r.\s svo. &c.; or
See P. n. s. con. vm. Provineikz Mzsi¢ with the inscription MON, AVG.-"MOXETA avoo.
Superiori: (blania Vim.imwium.——The Roman &:c.—The head of the Goddess, with xoxnm
legions stationed in the Upper Province are round it, appears on a silver coin of the
honoured by one of the large brass of Hadrian, Phrfaria and (as above-mentioned) of the
on which, with the legend Exancrrvs nonsmcvs, Cari-via family.
that Emperor stands on an estrade addressing
four soldiers. A visit paid by the same Prince
to the province itself is also commemorated on
another large bronze medal, inscribed ADVENTVI
svo. uoasun, and exhibiting the Emperor and
the Province sacrificing at an altar.
MON. Moneta (the Goddess.)
MONET. A VG. rllonela An_qu.sti.—The mint
of the Emperor.
MO. S. T. Moneia Siymzta Trevenlr.
M. S. TR. Money struck at Treves.
M. S. AVGG. ET CAESS. NOSTR. Jllonela
Sacra Augustorum at Cmrarun No.9tr0rum.——
The sacred mint of our Emperors and of our MONE'l‘1E—the three standing with their
Caesars. Inscription on coins of Diocletian, accustomed attributes, sometimes with and other
Val. Maximiau, Constantine Chlorus, and Gal. times without the mass of metal at the feet of
Maximian. each female, make their first appearance on a
MONE'I‘A.—'l‘his term was used by the brass medallion of Commodns.——Under the reign
Romans to designate their public mint, in eon of Septimins Severus they begin frequently to
sequence of money having originally been struck display themselves; and they are also found on
at Rome, in the temple of Juno Jl101urla—-—a coins of the following princes :—Caracalla, Gets,
surname given to the consort of Jupiter, because Elngabalus, Alexander, Maximinus, Gordianus
she was said to have counselled the Romans to IIl., the Philips, Trajan Decius, Herennius,
undertake none but just wars, in which case she Treboniauus Gallns, Claudius Gothicus, Tetricus,
promised that they should never be in want of Tacitus, Florianns, Probus, Car-us, Carinns,
money.——Thc name of Manda was afterwards Numerianus, Diocletiauus, Val. Maximiauus,
used alike to signify pieces of money, and the Constantius Chlorus, Gal. Maximianus, Mar
qflicinm or workshops in which they were entius, Maximiuus Daza, Constantine and Family,
fahricated.—There are some consider denarii of Jovian, Valentinian, and down to Valcns.—The
the Uarisia family, which on their obverse re illustration given above is from a brass medallion
present the hcad of a woman, with the legend of Diocletian.
norvzra; and on the reverse a pair of pincers, MONETA AVGVSTA. (The mint qf Ike
Emperar.)—A woman standing with balance
and cornucopiaa, (or as in Alexander Severu.s,)
dropping coins from her right hand into a
mcnsure.—Coins bearing the i of the
Goddess Jloueta, with the above epigraph, occur
for the first time in the reign of Domitian, in
whose honour they were struck for his imputed
care in restoring purity, exact weight, and good
workmanship, to the coinage of the empire.
an anvil, and a hammer—instruments used by Certain it is that the medals of this otherwise
the ancients in the coinage of money—-these are worthless prince, are in every metal finely
surmounted by the cap of Vulcan, and circum designed and boldly executed. The necnrrence
scribed by the word 'r. CARI5lVS.—-Upon another of this legend and type on so many imperial
silver coin of the same family, similar monetal medals of divers reigns is in itself one of the
instruments are figured, the accompanying legend clearest and most direct proofs that these medals
being SA1,VTARIS.—S8c Car-iria. were real money.
The epithet SALVTARIS refers to Juno Moneta MONETA AVG.—A female figure, with the
having afforded relief to the Romans when their usual attributes of Moneta. On a most mre
affairs were straightened by the events of war. silver coin of Pcscennius Niger, . edited by
The head of the Goddess is also found with Vaillant, who says—“ Moneta is exhibited on
but slight dilferenee on coins of the Phetoria the coins of Peacennins to denote the supreme
family. The legend uounra is indeed, as has right which he asserted over the imperial mint.
 MONETA. MONETA. 561
The woman holds the balance to shew that the types under which the Moneta Auyuelomm is
quantity of metal was to be weighed, and a just rcpresented.—We here sec depicted, as sup
portion assigned to each piece." porters on each hand of the Monetary Goddess,
MONET. AVG. COS. II.—Moneta, with the tutelary diviuities of those two cruel per
her accustomed attributes. On a very rare coin secutors of the Christians—Dioclctianus, who
of Albinus. called himself Jovius, after Jupiter, and Maxi
The coining of gold and silver money was a mianus, who assumed the name of Herculius,
right which Augustus and his imperial successors after llcrcules.
MONETA VRBIS VESTRAE. The mint
reserved to themselves exclusively, leaving to the
Senate the privilege of striking brass money.— of your city.—This unusual expression of
Albinns, whom Severus had made his associate Vestrzz in this legend, which (accompanied by
in the empire, had the some right as the latter the three Jlloneta) is found on brass medallions
to coin money, and he exercised it throughout of Crispus, and Constantinus, jun., indi
his short, but eventful, career of power. cates (according to the opinion of Du Cnnge,)
MONETA AVG.—Moneta personified in the that the right of coinage was conceded to
usual form.—This legend and type occur on other cities besides Rome, from the period
a silver coin of Julia Doinna, the wife of when Claudius is supposed to have taken
Severus, and indicate the supreme authority away from the Senate the power of striking
which that ambitious woman was allowed to money.
share with her husband, who had yielded to her MONETA SACRA.; in others SACRA
the privilege of the Roman mint. There is a MONET. AVGG. ET CAESS. NOSTR.; in
medallion of Julia with the three Monetw, and others SACRA MON. VRB. AVGG. ET
the epigraph Aequilaa Publica ; the same may CAESS. NN.—Woman standing, with balance
be observed on coins of Julia. Paula, Julia and cornucopise. On second brass of Diocletian.
Aquilia, and Julia Maesa, struck under Elega The above are common under the reign of this
balus; also on coins of Salonina, wife of Emperor.
Gallienus, and other Auyuafvz. The divinity] whom the avarice of individuals
MONETA AVGG.—'l‘he three Monelza stand in every age had made an object of private
ing.-—'l‘his type and legend occur (says Vaillant)adoration, has at length a public expression of
on coins of Volusianinz, not because he was the honour consecrated to her; and “we now (says
restorer of purity to the Roman mint, for his Eckhel) find Moneta called SACRA.” This appella
silver was not better than that of his pre tion was assigned to the public mint, doubtless,
decessors; but simply to shew a new coinage on account of the vast advantages which it con
struck with his image. This coin, in gold, is of fers on mankind, whom in return it hehoves to
the utmost rarity. guard that institution from being violated, either
MONeta RESTITVTA. S. C.—M0neta by adulteration of metal or diminution in weight.
standing, with balance and cornucopiae; at her Accordingly, to preserve its sacred character,
feet a heap of metul.—This epigraph and figure ‘ the penalties of sacrilege were denounced against
appear on a second brace of Alexander Severus. otfenders of this description, similar to those
Another brass coin of the same Emperor, and the enacted for the punishment of such as had
same module, lit’/BIS the legend of RESTITVTOB dared to assault the IHb1mi 1’lebi.r.——'I‘he
MON. s. 0., and represents Alexander wearing inscription Sacra Moneta urbir, which from
the paludanientum, extending his right arm, Diocletian's time becomes more and more fre
and a spear in his left hand. quent, is recorded on the marble, cited by
Alexander is the only Emperor who boasts Muratorius, and at the conclusion of which,
of being the realorer of the mint (restitutor as appears from the correct emcudation of
Monetac and Moncta rea'liiuta).—Eckhel, in Marini, is read—CVRAN'l‘E VAL. PELAGIO
his annotation on these two coins, after quoting Viro Egreyio PROCurat0re Sacrae Moneta
a long from Lampridins, whom he Vrbi: VNA. CVM. P.P. (prmpwilia) ET.
shews to be no safe authority to guide the OFFICINATORIBVS. Lastly, it may be
opinion of n practical numismatist, appeals to observed that long before this, the Antiochians
the fact that the silver coinage of Alexander is . used the inscription MONela VRBL: on their
not purer than that of preceding reigns, but coins.
rather more adnlterated, “so that (he adds) MONETAL TRIUM'VIRS.—F1-om the com
were it not for the testimony of the above mencement of the republican form of govern
namcd author, and the legends of the medals ment at Rome, the coinage of money was
in question, we should not know that this entrusted’ to three otlicers, who bore the title of
Emperor had made any improvement whatever mvrn,, A.A.A. r.r., which signifies 7h'umm'ri
in the state of monetary affairs.” Aura, Argmta, Acre, Flamio, Feriundo. The
MONE'l‘.-1 IOVI ET HERCVLI AVGG.— supposed date of their institution is about the
Moneta with her attributes, standing between year of Rome 465 (289 before Christ).—Julins
Jupiter and Hercules, standing in like manner ' Caesar added one more person to this Monetary
with their respective attributcs.—Brass me Triumvirate, who thus became uuvnu. But
dallion of Diocletian. the number was "again reduced to three by
The brass medallions of Diocletian are rare, Augustus.——From their first institution under
but this is amongst the rarest of them, and the republic, these Monetal Magistrates were
forms a curious deviation from the common invested with a supreme degree of authority in
4C
562 MONETARII. MONOGRAMMA.
all things that related to the fabrication of MONOGRAMMA. Monogram.—-This name
money; a striking proof of which is exhibited is given to a figure which joins together several
in the privilege which belonged to them of re letters, so that they seem to make but one.—
cording, by means of types and legends, facts Monograms are thus characters composed of
connected with the history of their ancestors or many united letters, and therefore differ from
of other branches of their farnilies.—On money the ligature which is only a connecting stroke
struck during the existence of the republic, and which unites several letters. Monograms,
even atterwards, the names of those who formed which are very frequent on Greek money, are
the potent triumvirate of the mint, together seldom found on Latin medals, except on those
with the initial letters which indicate their of Roman fami1ies.—Millin, in his Dicliomzaire
olliec, were inscribed on medals of Roman ties beau: Arls, afier acknowledging the great
die. But it is to the ancient marbles that we learning and research displayed by Mont faucon,
are obliged to resort for information as to the Frrelieh, Combe, Torremuzza, Pellerin, Rasche,
different appellntions given to the workmen and other distinguished nuniismatists, in their
employed in the various processes of the endeavours to explain the meaning of mono
coinage. We there find the following deno grams, observes that “the pains thus taken
minations :—flIone!arii ,- Oficinatores monelre can hardly be regarded as otlicrwise than use
aurm-i¢e, aryentariw, Cwsaris ; Numularii less, since these abbreviations are for the most
qflicinarum ar_r/entareum ,- Familia monetariav , part incapable of being deeiphered, and to be
Numularii qflininalarea monetre ; Ezaclores considered in no other light than as conventional
uuri, argenti, aeris‘; iS‘i_qnat0res,- Supposlow-e.r; signs, whose signification was known perhaps
Malleatores ; Flutorea. But though the otficers only to a few persons. Possibly (he adds) these
and even the mere artizans of the mint are thus monograms were adopted for the purpose of
noticed, yet neither the coins themselves, nor throwing difficulties in the way of forgers. It
any writers on monuments of antiquity, furnish may be as well to know what letters are repre
the slightest particulars respecting the artists sented by sueh and such mouograms, but with
who engraved the dies for the mint of Rome. the exception of some, it is lost labour to
There is, however, an antique inscription, attempt to discover their meaning.”
(edited by Marini), which bears these words lllonograma appear on coins of the Ca/purnia,
NOVELLIVS AVG. LIB. ATIVTOR PRAE Didia, Papiria, and other Roman families.
POSitu.r SCALPTORVM SACRAE MONE MONOGR.-\l\IMA CHRIS'l‘I.—The mono
TAE,—See Triumviri Jlonefale-r. gram of Christ is observed on coins of
MONETARII, coiucrs, or workmen of the Constantine the Great, Licinius,juu.,Con
mint.——Amonst the Romans they formed, with stantine, jun.,Constans,Constantius lI., Yctranio,
their wives and their children, an immense Magnentins, Deceutius, Constantius Gallus,
body, exclusively employed in the fabrication of Joviauns, Valentinianus l., Valens, Procopius,
specie, and, doubtless paid from the public Gratianus,Valer:tinianus lI., Theodosins, Magnus
treasury, were under the orders of particular Maximus, Arcadius, Honorins, and most of the
magistrates. It is not to be supposed, however, Emperors of the East down to Heraelius.—Ses
that there would have been so vast a number of Decentius.
them, if in ancient times the process of striking areMOS.
found Jloneia
under the
0:11}:exergue
Signafa.—These
of coins struck
coins had been as simple as it is become in our
days.——'l‘he monelarii were, moreover, of the under Maxentius and others.—See Bauduri, who
lowest order, and classed so much as a matter also gives uosr. MOST. nosu. nos:-n., &c.
of course amongst those who follow menial MOS. S. T. or TR. Jtlonela Signata D-ecenir.
occupations, that the path to honours was closed —Money struck at Treves.
to them, and their position in society differed M. POP. jllarrrus .PopiIiua.—Mark Popilins,
little from that of slaves.——-On coins of the prsenomen and name of a man.
Cornelia family, edited in the Pembroke collec M. R. P. lllonefa Rnmm Prrcmsa.
tion, we read CVR. FL. CVRatar Dena M. S. Maria Superior.—1>. I. 8. COL. VII.
riorum Fhzudorum. And as in the age of Provinciw Jlaaia Superioris Colonia Vini
Julius and of Augustus, Triumviri or Quatuorviri nacium.
were appointed as mint-masters, so in the reign M. S. or MVN. S. Manila aunt.-—See
of Diocletian and his successors, the super Qvon. v. M. s. Quad Via: Jlunitee amt; on
intendents of those who coined the money of coins of Augustus.
the empire were called Procuratorea Monetrz, M. S. AVGG. NOSTR. Mmzeta Sacra Au
or Pmporiti Moneta. _yu.rlorum N0.rlr0rum.—The sacred mint of our
The monelarii not unfrequently made blun Emperors.
ders, especially in the case of plated coins, MV. M1miri1nTum.—1av. AYGVSTA arnarus,
where the type was least accordant with the in Hispania Tarraconensis.
legend.—-Frcelich and Morell notice many l\lV(JlVS; name of the Mucia family.—C.
instances of monctal errors committed by the Mu:-ins was a distinguished architect in the time
worlnnen, and amongst others that of producing of Marius, about v.e. 653.
a duplicate impression of the type when the MVCIA. A plcbeian family. The surname
medal was turned on the die. Cm-du.r.—The only coin attributed to it is one,
Of these laps-1'
monetariorum several examples are given in the respecting which it holds a contested claim for,
Zllus. Pembrovli. with the Fufia family. The denarius in question
 MUMMIA. MVNATIA.—MUN ICIPIA. 563
has on its obverse KALENI, with two jugated ‘cipium St06enaium.—Muuicipium of the Sto.
heads, one juvenile and laureated, near which bians, in Macedonia.
are the letters H0 ; and the other juvenile and MVNIC. lTA_L. PER. AVG.--Municipium
helmeted, near which is the word VlRT.— Ilaliceusel’ermi.r.m Au_qusli.——'l‘he Italian M uni
Eckhel remarks that the Mucia family was cipality (of Hispania Bmtica, now Andalusia),
equally worthy with the Fufin to claim the dis b permission of the Emperor.
tinction of Honor and Virtus, by adorning their MVN. IVL. VTICEN. D. D. P. P.—.lIuni
medal with the heads of those favourite Roman Julii Uticem-is Decurionea .Po.ruere.—
divinities. This silver coin is rare. That in The Dccurions of the Municipality of Utica;
gold is pronounced by Mionnct to be false. (or, of Julius, of Utica), have placed, &c.
MVL. 2Hulta.—rn'|..ri-:L. ]|lul1a1“1:Iivia.— MVNICIPI PARENS.—-See Vaillant (Pm-rt.
Vows made for the Emperors, and wishing Num. Impp, 104).
them prosperity and happiness. MVN. TVR. or MV. TV.—flIunicipium
MVL. X. MVL. XX. MVLT. XXX.— Turiaso, in Hispanic Tarraconenaia.
Illullzlr Decemzalidua. Mulli; Vicermalibue. MVNAT. Jllumztius.
Multia T2'icen1talibua.—Othcr kinds of vows MVNATIA, a plebeian family, snrnamgd
and acclamations, by which the Emperors were Plancu.s.—L. Munutius Plancus joined Caesar
wished long life, ns of many tens or scores the Dictator, and in the beginning of the civil
of years, or many thirties of years, &c.—See war in Spain took up arms against L. Afranius;
vora. was appointed by Caesar Prefect of Rome, and
MVLT. XKXX. Multia, or Jllulliplicalia next governed in Gaul as Pro-consul. After
Quadricennalibua,—On a gold coin of Con wards, in v.C. 714, Mark Antony promoted him
stantins jun.—Eckhel, Calal. to the government of Asia; and he served his
J1ule0.——Vehicles drawn by these animals second Consulship in 718.—Morell notes three
were amongst the accustomed shews of fimeral varieties in the coins of the Munatia family.—
pomp connected with the interment; of womens’ Its gold and silver pieces were struck under
remains. It was a custom borrowed by the Mark Antony, and are rare, particularly the
Romans from eastern nations. latter; one of which is inscribed L. PLANCVS
The Carpenlum Mulare, or covered chariot, . PRAEFe¢'lua VRBia—and another bears the
with two mules, is a type of consecration. [See same surname followed by PRO COnSul.
Carpenlum—C0naecrati0—T/zensa.] One of The following rare coin, struck in gold and
these with the epigraph s.i>.Q.a. IVLIAE AVGVST., y silver by the monetal triumvir, by order of his
in honour of Livia, appears on a first brass of patron and chief Mark Antony, is curious from
'l‘iberius.—A fimeral biga of mules appears on its exhibition of sacrificial instruments and re
large brass of Agrippina, wife of Gennnnicus; ligious symbols :—
and of Domitilla, wife of Vespasian, with the M. ANTON. IMP. AVGur IIIVIR. R. P. C.
word MEMOBIAE preceding their respective —The lituus and the prmfericulum.
names.—The same type appears on a silver coin Rea—L. PLANCVS IMP. ITER.—The
of Mardana, Trajan’s sister, with the epigraph pracfericulum between a thunderbolt and a
CONSECBAT10; and also on a first brass of caduceus.
Fauatina senior.——A carpentum, drawn by two For a further account of Munatius Plancus,
mules, appears on a rare first brass of Julia and some remarks on a brass medal of extreme
Titi, struck after her death, under the 15th rarity, bearing the head of that consular per
consulate of Domitian, and which by the sacred sonage, sec the Word P/ancua.
title of DIVA prefixed to her name, proves that l\l VNIClPIA.—This name was given to towns
that princess had been placed by her “ incestuous in the Roman provinces, whose inhabitants had
uncle” in the rank of divinities.—-—But we sec obtained from the Senate, with the consent of
other instances, as the intelligent author of the people, some or all of the civic rights
Lepons de Nurnismatique Romaine says, that and privileges of Rome, and were allowed to
“ the car and pair of mules were not exclusively govern themselves by their own laws.—Some
appropriated to designate consccrations.” times the colouiar Itomrmarum arc called muni
MVMMIA, a plebeian family, but of con cipia; but this appears to arise from writers
sular rank.——Goltzius alone, and on his autho being in the habit of indiscriminately using one
rity Morell assign coins to it, which, however, word for the other. That there was, however,
are not recognised either by Eckhel, Mionuct, a marked distinction between the colon-ia and
or Akerman. the municipia, and that the superiority of con
MVN. or MVNI. M|nu'cipium.—MvN. ave. dition tested with the latter, is shewn by a
BILBILIS. Jllunirripium Augusta Bilbili:.—The passage in Aulus Gellius, wherein he relates
municipality of Augusta Bilbilis. that the Emperor Hadrian expressed his in
MVN. CAL. IVL. Municipium Calayuria dignant surprise that the inhabitants of Italian,
Julia.-—See Calaguris. (in Spain,) the place whence he himself derived
MVN. CLVN. Jfunicipium C'lum'a.—Muni his origin, and which had been elevated to the
cipium of Clnnia, an ancient city of Spain (now rank of a mlmicipium, should have petitioned
Conmna.) him to bestow on them the rights of a. colony.
MVN. FANE. AEL. Itlunicipium Fanestre Among the privileges granted by Rome, under
1Elium. her Emperors, to these municipal cities, was
MVNICIP. STOB. or STOBENS.——l|Iuni . the right of coinage; and taking as their inha
4C2
 564 MUNIFICENTIA. MUNIFICENTIA.
bitants did the title of Roman citizens, they armour (loricatns). The first type of this kind
I were subject to no hnrthcns or otiices hut such is seen on medals of Titus, about the year of
as were imposed on the Romans themselves. It Rome 833. That it alludes to the games then
is not precisely known what were the nature and celebrated by that Emperor is more fully proved,
extent of power yielded in this instance; but because of 'lhtus it is said by Snetonins——et
the towns on Whom these peculiar privileges tamen nemine ante re MVNIPICI-I.\-"TIA minor.
were conferred did not fail to stamp on their Amphillzealro dedicalo, llrznazlnjue jru-la cele
money the name of Manic-ipiun1.»~On those of riter e.r.rtr-uclis, mumu edidit adparalissimum,
the Spanish provinces a bull appears to be the largi:a'imumque.—'l'he same type of a loricatcd
customary symbol; as may be seen on coins of elephant, with the legend !lVNIPlCEl\"l'IA svo.
Cascantum,Ercavica, Graccurris, Osicerda, &c.— recurs on coins of Comlnodus, in the year v.c.
For a rcn'cw of the Munipipia of Imperial 936 (when he shewed his wondrous skill in
medals, see Vaillant’s learned and unique work archery at a public spectacle), and also on coins
on the Colonic: of Rome; of the principal of Severus in 950 (before he set out on his
points of information containcd in which an Parthian expedition), and is therefore to be
analysis has been attempted in this Dictionary. regarded like that of Gordianus Pius above
MVNIFICENTIA. Mnnificence.—Another quoted, as indicating some grand display of
term for expressing the magnificent libcrality of
Roman prodigality and ‘cruelty in the sports and
the reigning prince to the Roman people, in combats of the amphithentre.—See Elephant.
giving them public shews, or spectacles, with MVNIFICENTIA GORDIANI AVG.——'Ihe
the accustomed exhibition of games. We find Flavian Amphitheatre, in which a bull and an
it commonly represented on coins of Antoninus
Pius, Commodus, Severus, and Elagabalus, by
the symbol of a lion or of an elephant. On a
brass medallion of Gordianus Pius, which pre
sents thc figure of a man sitting on an elephant,
and fighting with a bull in the Flavian amphi
theatre, the inscription added is xvnrrxcnnrm
GORDIANI ,wo.—The incomparable munificencc
of Hadrian is most elegantly complimented on
that most rare coin, in first brass, which bears
the epigraph 1.ocv1>1.1:1'non1 OKBIS rnaaaavu.
—Thc muuificence displayed by different Em
perors, at stated times, in the distribution of
largesscs to the Roman people is frequently re
corded on their coins, nnder the designation of
CONGIABIA DATA ror. R.,or LXBEBALITAS Ave. elephant (the latter with a man sitting on it) are
Other examples of imperial mumfcence, either in opposed to each other. On each side of the
the remission of taxes (cmle-rirmz, ducenterimm, amphitheatre is an edifice; by the side of that
quadragcairnzzj, or in the abolition of out on the left stands a colossal figure of Hercules.
standing clnims on state-debtors are to be found To a description of this remarkable type,
in the same series of Roman coins. which appears on a. brass medallion of Gor
MVNIFICENTIA AVG. COS. IlII.—An dianus llI., Eckhel appends the following
elephant harnessed in armour. The of illustrative note. Aficr aclverting to the
two coins (the former a brass medallion, the word Jlunrfcmtia, accompanied with the figure
latter a second brass,) of Antoninus Pius, of an elephant on coins of Antoninus Pius (see
most clearly explain what Capitolinus relates of preceding column of this work), he says—“Livy
that Emperor. “He gave public spectades, has recorded that clcphants first appeared in the
(munera) in which were exhibited ELEPHANTS, games of the circus, in the year v.c. 586.
and crocutzz (a mongrel beast of Ethiopia), and Extravaganee keeping pace with the increase of
bouquetins (strepsicerotm) with ligers, and all wealth, they were frequently introduced into the
rare animals from every part of the world. spectacle, and afforded a sight, not only ex
He also shcwed a hundred LIONS at one dis traordinary, but in many instances pitiable.
play.”-—It is under this prince that the epigrnph Pompey the Great, in his second Consulate,
HVNIPICENTIA first appeared on coins (to which exhibited altogether eighteen of these animals,
Eckhel assigns the date v.0. 902), though it which, wounded and mutilated as they were
became of frcqucnt occurrence in subsequent during the progress of the performances, met
reigns, with the accompanying type of some with the commiseration even of the people,
wild or foreign animal destined to be hunted in when, on feeling-their wounds they dcsisied
the arena of the amphitheatre. For the word from the combat, and moving round the circus,
1n1um.: was used by the old Writers to signify with their trunks lifted into the air, they
a shew of wild beasts, or a combat of gladiators, appeared to cntreat the interference of the
as Cicero snys—Jla-ynz_'/iz'enIia.rima vern noslri spectators, and to call their lords to witncr\*.
. Pompeii munera aecundo c0rwulatu.—(Scc reminding: them, as it were, of the oath by
Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 19.) which they had been induced to allow them
It is also to be observed that on the second selves to be allured from Africa. This is Dion‘;
coin the elephant is represented in a covering of account; to which Pliny, writing on the same
 l\IU'RCUS.—\IURENA. MUSE. 565
subject, adds that the people were so excited MVSE. (Mu.m), the goddesses of song, of
with indignation at this spectacle, that dis verse, and of civilization, given to mankind~
regarding the general in chief (irnperatar), and through the medium of music and poesy.—
the signal munificence displayed by him in their The daughters of Jupiter and of Illnemosyne
honour, they rosc as one man, with tears in (Memory), their usualabode were the heights
their eyes, and showered 'on Pompey iniprcca of Parnassus, except when they assisted at the
tions, the weight of which he soon afterwards banquets of the gods. At first there were only
experienccd.—Ciccro, also, who was a spectator three of them, but the poets successively in
on the occasion, has related, that great as was creased their nuinbcr to nine, and artists repre
the astonishment of the people, they felt no sented them sometimes together, at others in
gratification at the sight, but rather that a feel separate figures, in a great variety of com
ing of pity followed the exhibition, and an positions. Amongst the rest, the mu-res are
opinion that there was a kind of atiinity between found on the denarii of the Pomponia family,
that animal and the human race.-—“ For myself,” on account of the analogy between the name of
adds Eckhel, “I would willingly bestow my praise Pompouiue Mum (who caused their images to
on the feeling displayed by the people, who be thus exhibited), and the generic designation
sufiered themselves to be touched by the toils of these “Heavenly maids." They are ordi
and pains even of beasts. But I am reluctantly narily depictured in long dresses and the neck
compelled to withhold my commcndationa, when covered. Sometimes, however, the shoulder
I reflect on the inconsistent sympathies of this and the arm are naked, to facilitate their per
same populace, which, desiring that the blood formance on the citlzarc or harp.-—At Rome
of brutes should be spared, could feed its eyes one temple of worship was common to them
and thoughts with the slaughter of human and to Hercule-5' Jlluaagetea.
beings in the arena.—l now rccur to the coin In More1l’s T/zesaunu Ffllll. Rom., amongst
itself, which represents the -Amphitheatre of the coins of the Pomp:/nia. family, are given the
the Flavii (at Rome), and within it, in addition types of denarii, on which Ursin, Vaillant, and
to the elephant, a bull also; for these animals Havercamp have, each in their turn, exercised
used anciently to be pitted against each other; their spirit of research and ingenuity, to dis
Martial having described such a. combat.”—~ tinguish successively by their habiliments and
Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vii. p. 315. attributes the respective pcrsonifications of the
MURAL CROW N.—'l'he Corona Muralia whole choral troup. The same difliculty has,
was given by the Emperor to him who first however, opposed itself to the success of this
scaled-the wall or fortifications of an enemy’s attempt at discriminating the difierent demi
town or camp.—M. Agrippn was decorated with goddesses, which is experienced with regard to
both the mural and the rostral crown; with the the sculptures of the celebrated sarcophagus
former for having suppressed an insurrection in published by Spon; because, unlike the case of
Rome; and he bore the latter also on account the Herculaneum pictures, no names of muses
of his victory over Sextns Pompey.—The mural are inscribed, but the inquirer is left to identify
crown is an attribute of Cybele ; and its turrcted each member of the “tuneful choir,” merely
circlet is found adorning the head of those from the accompanying insignia, which are not
images which serve as the personifications of in all instances either clearly delineated, or ex
cities and provinces.—See Corona. clusively appropriated.—Of each of this series,
M. VRB. Monela Urbis-.—~The mint or the obverse hears the head of a young female,
money of the City.——Sec ax. van. svoo. ET. lam-eated, (representing the muse.-,) with a
C.-\ESS. N.N. Sacra lllanela Urbia Augualonzm volumen, or a star, or a garland, or some other
El Cnrmnzm No.rtrorum.——On a coin of Cou distinctive mark, behind it.—On the reverse we
stantius Chlorus. see a female figure, and the words MVSA. Q.
MVRCVS, surname of L. Statius, as it is rouroru.-—The types and substance of the ex
read on a coin of the Statia family. planations are as follow, viz. :——
MVRENA, surname of the Licinia family. Calliope, the inventor of the heroic poem
MVREX, a shell fish, of the liquor whereof (carmen lieroicum) stands holding in her right
was made the celebrated purple of the Tyrians ; hand a rolled volume, her left arm resting on
accordingly it forms the nnmismatic symbol of a column, with the epigraph Q. POMPONXVS
Tyre.-—It is said that the inventor of this mvsa.
purple dye made the discovery by accidentally L'l1Ta, inventress of the lyre (nit/zara), stands
observing the jaws of his dog tinctured with the holding against her side with the left hand that
liquor of the mure.r.—A colonial medal of Tyre, musical instrument, the strings of which she
struck under Elagabalus, and another under touches with her right, as if playing on it, not
Gullicnus, are given by Vaillant as exhibiting with the plectrum, but (what was more highly
the murex, or cone/1]/lium.—Sec esteemed) with the fingers.
M VS—a mouse or rat/—the figure of one is Erato, who invented hymns to the Gods, is
seen under a horse on a coin of the Quint-lia represented as if singing; with dishevelled locks
famil_v, on which are the lctters Tl. Q.~ she stands, clothed in the slola, quietly hold
Havcrcamp not improbably conjectures that this ing her right hand thrust into her vest; the
medal refers to some Tlberiua Quinctiur, graphiuan, or iron pen, is in her left hand,
who perhaps had the surname (like Decius) which hangs down.
of Jlur. Euterpe, the inventor of Tragedy, stands
566 MUSSIDIA. MUTUA.—NAEVIA.
resting her right hand on a club, and holding family, in gold and silver, struck by the moneyeri
a mask in hcr left.-—-The aceptrum (says of Julius Caesar and of the triurnvirate (Antony,
Havercamp in Morell) which appears behind Lepidus, and Octavius).—The brass coins of the
the head of the female on the obverse of this Mussidia family are by the moneyers of Augustus,
dennrius shews to what muse the image on its and arc common.
reverse is to be assigned, viz., to Euterpe, to Among twenty varieties given in Morell,
whom, as above stated, the invention of Tragedy there is a denarius of this family, bearing on one
was imputed by the Greeks. side either a portrait of Julius Caasar, or the
In describing Tragedia herself, Ovid says— radiated head of the Sun, or the head of Con
Lceva manus cceptrum late regale tenebat. cordia ; and, on the reverse, a representation of
the Comitium, in which is seen a distributor
The costume and attributes of the muse on this
(diribitor) of voting tablets, and a citizen
coin are singular: she not only holds a messy
club, but she wears the lion’s skin for a head giving his sntfragc. On the base of the comiliun
is inscribed CLOACIN, and above it is read u
dress. The carmen tragicum seems to have been
rrvssmrvs LONGVS.———S88 Cloacina, and Coni
regarded by Ovid as robust, violent, immortal,
tium.
and therefore truly Herculean. Thus he sings
M\"TVA.—Mutual, reciprocated, equal on
(in his Amor. iii. 1. 68) :-— both sides.—See cnarrns rrvrva AVGG.——AMOB
E?'!i41,i
' um vaticoncede
labor Tr wdia,
wtermis, yquodlgetit illa,tempus.
breve eat. irvrvvs.~—rrn'rAs mvrvr.—On coins of Balbinlu
and Pupienus. \
Jlclpomene, to whom Horace ascribes the illysler-iea of Baccluu.-—See Oiata Jlyalica;
epigram, stands playing on a barbiton resting also ASIA nrzcnrm.
on a pillar before her; the right hand, with
extended fingers, strikes the strings, and the
left supports the instrument. She seems to be N.
accompanying her voice on this harp.
Po/ymnia, to whom the invention of the N. the thirteenth letter of the Latins, is to
barbiton is attributed by Horace (L. i. Od. i.), be observed as a mint mark (ad malrices
stands with right hand hanging down, holding diccernendas) on coins of the Antonia, Cel
the pleclrum: she supports the lyre in her left purnia, Cornelia, Fabia, Herennia, Julia,
hand, and her right foot is slightly uplifted. Junia, Mamilin, Poblicia, Servilia, Sulpicia,
This last named attitude alone (as we are told) and other Roman families.
proclaims this type to be that of “Pol;/mnia N. is also seen on thc exergue, and in the
mater charm’ ,~" for it was by the silent move field of coins of Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus,
ment of the foot that regular time was given to Quintillus, Probus, Diocletian, and of a subse
the song. And thus on this denarius the quent age.
goddess (ns Havercamp quotes from Virgil (in N. This letter signifies Natalia (birth), or
Catalectiag) C _ W] Nepos (nephew), or Nobilis (noble), or Nostcr
armma tu (ours), or Novus—Nova (new), or Numen
Signat cuncta, ma-nu, loquitur Polyhymnia gestu.
(divinity), or Numus (money).
Teqasicbore, who taught the act of playing NN. .Noatri.——The double N, like the double
on the pipes (calamos injlare) is recognised by D and double G, denotes the plural, thus no.
Morell in the female figure, clothed in the atola, NN. svoo. Dominorum Noatrorum Augmrlorum.
who stands supporting her head on her left hand, This letter is three times repeated on a coin of
which she rests on a column, whilst she holds Constans, and on another of Valcns, to express
two flutes (tibia) in her right hand.—Othcrs, three Au_qu.i-ti-—1ivooo. NNN.-——8lld four times
however, refer this type to Euterpe. repeated on medals of Constant-ins Chlorns,
Thalia, the inventress of comedy, and Diocletian, and Val. Maximianus, to acknow
delineator of the manners of society, stands ledge the authority of two emperors and two
with her lefi elbow resting on a column, and Cassars—as for example, rvoo. rrr. c.u:ss.
holding a theatric mask in her right hand. NNNN.
Umnia, the muse of astronomy, stands NAEVIA, aplebeian family—its name NAEYIVS
before a globe placed on a tripod, which she —its surnames BALBUS, c.u'r.r.1.s, SURDl..\'US.——
touches with a wand held in her right hand.— The silver coins, of which there are many
According to the old Greek epigram, Urania varieties, are common. Its brass pieces are by
discovered the pole, or point of the axis, on the moneyers of Augustus. None of them are
which the ancients supposed the heavens to be interesting; very few rare.
turned, and also the mystic dance of the stars Head of Venus, with s. c. in the field.
(c/zorur cele.:li1urr a.rlrarmn).—For this reason Rev.—C. NAEviu.r BALBua. Victory in a
a. star is placed behind the head of this muse on car drawn by three horses, at full speed.
the obverse of the medal. The dennrii of this type are all serrated.
l\l V SARVM.—Scc Hercule: llluaar-um. Nmnes on coins of Roman families.—Se¢
MVSSIDI. Jllussidivu. Nomimz Romanorum.
MVSSIDIA, a family little known, except NARBONENSIS. The Nnrhounaise; part
on the coins of Rome struck during the latest of Gaul, which, under the Romans, comprised
days of her republic. Its surname is L0n_qus.— Savoy, Duuphiny, Provence, the Cevennes, the
The silver are rare. There are pieces of this county of Foix, and the rest of Languedoc.
 ' NASIDIA.-NASO. NEAPOLIS. 567
NASIDIA, a family whose name comes for NEAPOLIS, the name of many ancient
ward late, and whose rank is plebeian. Some cities; that which, on account of its Latin
silver coins, however, bearing the name of this coins alone, comes within our province to notice,
family, are by Sextus Pompey; and the follow is Neapolis, in Samaria, situate at the base of
ing is both rare and interesting :— Mount Garizim, and called Sic]/em in our
Savionr’s time. Its modern name is Naplouae
or Napulasa.
It was near “Sit-hem, in the plain of
Moreh,” that (Genesis 12) the Patriarch Abra
ham dwelt, and built an altar to the Lord, as
did also his descendant Jacob (Genesis 33). Of
this place there are Imperial coins, with Greek
legends, from Titus and Domitian to Antoninus
Pius, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Caracalla,
Elagabalus, and Maximinus. It was, as is
NEPIVNI. The head of Pompey the Great, believed, made a Roman colony by Philip
in front of which is a trident. senior, for the first coins struck by the Sainarian
Rec.—q_. NASIDIVS. A ship with sails spread. Neapolis, in its colonial quality, havc the head
———This Nusidius was the praefect (or admiral) of of that Emperor, and from his reign to that
Sextns Pornpe_v’s fleet in Sicily, and altcrwards of Volusianns, its coins bear Latin as well as
served in the same capacity under the appoint Greek inscriptions. The former run-c0L.
ment of Mark Antony —Sec NEPTVNI. NEAPOL.; or con. ssao. NE.\POL.; or COL.
NASO, surname of the Aria family, the first NEAPOL. NEOCOBO.
man of which had perhaps a large nose. L. The following are the types which appear on
/ixrvs 1.. r. NA80.—lt was the cognomen of coins of this colony, on every one of which
Ovid, ovrnrvs NASO. (besides the particular subject) appears a mount
NAT. Natalia. Relating to birth.—aNN. with a temple upon it, pointing to the site of
ncconxxrrlr. NAT. van. ciao. CON. Anno Neapolis Samariae, in the immediate vicinity of
874. Natalzlr Urbi: Circcnae: Constiluil, on Mount Garizim :—
a coin of Hadrian, allusive to certain games Colamlrl plauyliing with o.rm.—0n a middle
of the circus, or combats, instituted on the brass of N eapolis Samarite dedicated to Otacilia,
anniversary day of the foundation of Rome, wife of Philip, appears this customary symbol
noticed in pp. 202 and 203 of this Dic of a Roman colony, above which is a temple on
tionary. a mountain.
NAT. Nat0.—See CONSTANTINO r. avo. Cybele, seated between two lions, a patcra in
n.a.1>. NAT. Bonn Rei Publicre Nalo. her right hand, a cymbalum in her left; above
NAVALIS CORONA.-—'I'hc naval crown her is a mount with a temple upon it, with
was given to him who was the first to board an legend of con. NEAPOL. Colonia Neapolis, or
enemy’s ship.—See C'01'01|a. Neapolitana.—On second brass of Philip senior.
NAVIS—a ship or galley.—-See the former The goddess is represented on this medal as
word. having been worshipped at Neapolis.
The representation of a ship's prow is the Eaculapiua and H_I/geia.—-On a second brass
customary symbol of the Roman A: and its seated,
of the same Em Ibis
extends eror,right
the band
God of Medicine,
towards the
pm-ts.—-See Eckhe-l’s explanation as to its
cause.—vol. v. p. 14. Goddess of Health, who is standing opposite
NAVIS PIt1ETORIA—or admiral’s ship. him; bothare respectively distinguished by their
Sec Pmloria Navia. usual attributes.—The legend of this coin is
NAVIVS.—’l'he Augur Nsevius, with head 001.. ssnomnaron. Colonia Ser_qiaNeapoli.:. At
veiled, and holding the liluua in his left hand, the upper part of this medalis a temple on a rock.
kneels before Tarquinius Prisons, who stands SEltGia, or Scrgiana, or Scrgiapolilana, is
clothed in the toga, and sees with astonishment placed on this coin instead of its former appella
the miracle performed of cutting a Whetstone tion ot‘ Flavia, which it bore in honour of
in two with a razor. Vespasian and his family, under whom it first
This inscription and type on a brass medallion began to strike money. But why Neapolis
of Antoninus Pius, assist in handing down, should have adopted this word, alter Philip had
from the mass of Roman traditions that notable made it a colony, is difficnlt to comprehend.
prodigy performed by Acc-ins Navius for the Vaillant ingeniously conjectures that the colonists
timely and /factual removal of all doubts in selected and sent by the last named Emperor
the King’s mind as to the veritable powers of belonged to the tribe called ocryia at Rome, and
augury l-—Sec /fuyur. hence the appellation on Philip’s coin. Escu
N. C. Nero C¢.rar——0r Nobiliuimua C'¢.!ar— lapins and Hygeia were deities of the colony,
or Noatri (.'rP.mria. and their images were perhaps engrave-n on the
N. CAPR.-—Letters struck on some coins of above medal, in commemoration of sacrifices
Augustus, Germanicns, Drusns, Antonia Drusi, performed by the Neapolitans of Samaria for
Claudius, and Agrippina. Some numismatists Philip the founder.
think that it signifies Nola Cum or Nummua Silcuu.r.—On two medals of this colony,
Cu;-us, A P0]/ulo Romano. inscribed to the same Emperor, Silenus stands
568 NEAPOLIS. ' NEMAUSUS.
in the usual manner ; before him is a temple on after the manner of the Greek cities in Asia
a rock. On one of these medals (of which the Minor, adopted the inscription of Neacorox.
rarity is very great) an eagle stands at the foot The coins indeed exhibit the letter K for c, but
of Silenus, with legend con. sane. 1~zssi=o.— the Romans used both letters, as in the instance
On the obverse of the same coin appear the of Calend and Kalend. The Neoeori (Neancdpoi)
laureated heads of the two Philips, father and seem to have been the curators of sacred
son, with the inscription n.n. N.N. PHILIPPIS edifices, and managers of public games, or as
AVGG. Dominic Nosiris P/iilippis Auyu-rtia. in Latin they would be called Aedile.r.—See
Neocoras.
Venus and Hen-ule.r.—On a first brass of
Philip senior are the following legends and type,
which Pellerin adds to those of Noapolis, edited
by Vaillant :
NEAPOL. nsocono. c0I..--Venus, clothed,
is standing before Hercules, who extends his
hand towards her. Above is Mount Gsrisim
with a temple, on one side of which is the sign
of the sun, and on the other the sign of the
moon.—Me'Iange, i. pl. xxi. N0. 2, p. 317.
Eagle with expanded wings, beneath a temple
on s rock, appears on a coin of Trebonianns
The example selected for illustration is taken Gallus, struck at Neapolis Samariw, with Greek
from a brass coin in the British Museum. It is legends on both sides.
explained by the description given of the pre Legimmry Eayle and Sera.pis.—On a second
ceding varieties. brass of Volusianus, struck by the colonists at
The image of the associate of Bacchus war the Samaritan Neapolis, Serapis stands opposite
rants the inference that as one of the minor a cippus, on which is placed a legionary eagle
deities the Pagan conquerors of Samaria wor with a military ensign; between them is a ram
shipped him. On Mount Garizim (figured on on one side and three corn-ears on the other;
this and all other coins of Neapolis), a temple above them is a temple on a rock—legend co1..
had been built in honour of Jupiter, as is shcwn NEAPOL.
by a passage in Josephus (lib. 12, cap. 7), [The lcgionary eagle and military ensign on
stating that the Garizitanean temple was for this coin shew that not only togatcd citizens
merly dedicated to the Most High (and only true) from the Sergia gens (whence Neapolis is called
God; but that the Samaritans sent ambassadors Sergia) were transmitted to it (in Vespasian's
to Antiochns Epiphanes, petitioning him that time), but also that this colony Wu reinforced
as the temple had not hitherto the title of with legionary veterans. Serapis was worshipped
any God, it might t-henceforth be called that of at Neapolis as coins of M. Aurelius and Caracalls
Jupiter G-necanicus, which request was granted. (Greek) serve to prove. The ears of corn
-—The eagle with wings spread is regarded by signify their abundance in the territory of
some as an ensign of the Romans, whilst others Neapolis. The ram (aries) seems to designate
think it refers to Jupiter, to _whom the temple the season of spring, with which under the
on Mount Garizim was dedicated. above-mentioned sign of the Zodiac the Nea
Triumplial Quad:-i_qa.——The following singular politans, like the Antiochians and Damascena,
type, on a first brass of this colony, struck were accustomed to begin this year, whilst some
under Philippns senior, is given in Pellerin’s cities in these regions calculated theirs from
Me'lan_//0, i. pl. xxi. No. 2, p. 3l6:— autumn]
R€11.—-NEAPOLL NEOCOB-. On n car drawn Nebrus, an animal represented on coins of
by four horses, abreast, the figure of a man is Gnllicnus, sacred on account of the chase, to
represented standing, facing to the front, hav Diana.
ing the right hand extended, and holding aspear NE. CA. Q. PR. Nerone Cesare, Quarter:
in his lefi. Two other male figures, one at his Provim,-iali.—See Utica.
right, the other at his left hand, hold each a. NE. CAES. Nerom: Cesare.
spear in the left hand; he on the right side ex NEM. Nemausus, or Nenuzmreniorurn.
tends his right hand; and he on the lefi: side Nemausus, s celebrated city in Gallia
raises his right hand over the centre figure, as if Nnrbonensis, so called from its founder of that
in the act of crowning him. In the upper part name, was established as s colony of the Romans
of the medal is seen Mount Garizim and a during the reign of Augustus. It is now called
temple on its summit. Nz'.rme.r, in Languedoe (France). A large number
Wo_lf, with Twin Clu'ldren.—This type (the of its coins, gold, silver, and brass, have been
accustomed symbol of Roman colonies) also found at various times.—The au!0rmmou.r medals
appears on first and second brass of Philip of this colony, in second and third brass, have
senior, with n temple on Mount Garizim at the the head of Mars or of Rome for their type,
top of the coin. The legend of the reverse is and are inscribed Nan. COL., Nemausus Colon.-'rl,
co1.. NEAPOLI NEOKORO. Colonia Neapolitana within a crown of laurel.-—The imprrial medals
Neocoros. struck at Nismes are of middle brass, and
The Neapolitan colony of Syria Palastina, present on their obverse the heads of Augustus
 NEMAUSUS.—NEMESIS. 569

and Agrippa placed back to back, with the each has hcr right hand lifted to her mouth,
inscription me. DIVI. P., Impcrator Divi with the inscription cos. iii.——The Nemeses
Filiua ; and, on the obverse, a crocodile have oficn a finger placed on the mouth, to shew
attached by a chain to a palm-tree, with that it is necessary to be discrcct.—0n a_vcry
the epigraph coi.. NEM.—Tli6 typo refers to rare gold coin of the Vibiiz family, a winged
the conquest of Egypt, and its reduction into woman stands, holding her robe. This figure
the form of a province.—Strziho speaks of Eckhel pronounces to be that of Nemesis, and
Nernausus as of a colony invested with great gives examples of similar types on gold and
privfleges, among the rest that of the jus Latii -, silver coins of Claudius, iii which the same
and an ancient inscription found at Nisiues calls winged figure of a female is walking, lifting her
it COL0m'iz AVGusta. Thus derived and con robe from the bosom towards the face with one
stituted, the Nemaueerues invariably struck the hand, and holding a caduceus in the other, a
associated ctligies of Agrippa with Augustus, serpent on the ground before her, with_ the
and the image of the crocodile tied to a palm inscription PAC! ava\~'sT.uc.—Also on a silver
trce, on their coins, as pointing to the origin coin of Hadrian there appears the same type of
and date of their colonial foundation. After a woman, only that she holds a branch in her
Mark Antony’s overthrow, a great many left hand, with VICTORIA svo.—The former of
veterans from various Legions were, as a matter these Eckhel calls the Nemesis of Peace, the
of necessity, sent to defend different colonies, latter the Nemesis of Victory.-—-[See vol. vi.
partly in Italy, partly in other provinces. And pp. 237 and 511.]
those who were passed over to Nismes, having NEP. IVe1)0.r, or Nepoti—Graudson.—i)ivi
perhaps been themselves present in the Alexan NEE. NEP. Divi Ne-rm» Ne'p0.r.—By this
drine war, were pleased to commemorate that appellation Hadrian is frequently called _in
occurrence by stamping on their coins also that inscriptions, and sometimes, rarely, on cams
symbol of vanquished Egypt which has just been (second brass.)
described. NEP. N1'p0!ianu.r.—PI..NEP. CONSTANTINVS
Nemesis, avenger of crimes and punisher svo.—See N¢7iotianu.r.
of wicked doers. The divinity thus named and NEPOS (Julius), born in Dalmatia, was sou
adored by the Greeks was also by the Romans of Ncpotianus, a general ofiicer, and of a sister
held in high respect for the equitable and im of Marcellinus, who had been made sovereign
partial severity of her ehastisements; an altar of that province under the reign of Severus III.
was consecrated to her in the capitol; and there The Emperorlieo I. gave
before setting out for battle, warriors resorted him the niece of his wife
to immolate victims and to make her the offer in marriage, and having
ing of a sword. In a philosophic sense, Nemesis first deposed Glyccriua,
was the symbol of Providence, and of the care declared him Emperor of
which the supreme power takes of what happens the West and Augustus
in this world.—On a medallion of Macriuus, 4.1). 474. Victorious,
struck at Cyzicus, Nemesis is crowned with humane, courageous, he
towers, because it is the Fortime of Cyzicus.— was both worthy to hold
Nernesil: is recognised as having a sister goddess the sceptre and capable of
of the same name, though sometimes called re-establishing by his wisdom and justice the
Adrasfia. The two avenging goddesses appear glory of that more truly Roman portion of the
on Greek medallions of Marcus Aurelius, Auto empire over which he had been placed. But his
ninus, Scvenis, and others.—-Millin says that desire to preserve peace and tranquillity for his
these Nemesea are the two Fortum Anliatcs, war-worn and exhausted people was frustrated
which are seen on a denarius of the Ruatia family, by the revolt of Orestes, commander of the
(see Fortuna and Rualia). Both diviuitics, Gallic legions, an ambitions and intelligent
principally invoked in treaties of peace, were usurpcr, who compelled Ncpos to abandon Italy;
guarantees for the fidelity of oaths.—Oii Roman and this unfortunate prince was, about four
coins. Nemesis has accordingly the same attri years after his dethronemcnt, assassinated at
butes with the Goddess of Peace (Pas). The Salons in Dalmatia, by two members of his own
Nemeses of Smyrna, where they had a temple, household, at the instigation of Glycci-ins, who
appear on a brass medallion of Hadrian, stand had there alforded him an asylum, ,\.D. 480,
ing, the one holding a wheel, the other a sword: having reigned in Italy one year and two months.
4D
570 NEPO'l‘lANUS.——NEP'I‘UNE. NEPTUNE.
—His coins are all very rare. He is styled reasons for this attribute, amongst others to
13.11. IVLIVS NEPOS. P.r. AVG.', or 11.11. lvmvs mark the triple authority of the God over the
nsros. Paar. r.r. AVG. The example given sea, which he was supposed to have the power
is from an aureus in the British Museum. of troubling and of calming, and which he also
NEPOTIANUS (Conafantilzus Flavim preserves.—JIilh'n suggests whether it may not
Popilius) was the son of a senator of that name,
be regarded “as an instrument for catching
and of Eutropia, sister to Constantine the Great.
fish,” and he instances the Greek fishermen, who,
He was consul in A.D. 336. In imitation of to this day, make use of a similar instrument
Magnentius, he aspired for that purpose.—Sec Ber-5/!us——H1'ppoca1npu4.
to the empire, assumed The poets have ascribed a prodigious number
the purple in June, s.n. of amatory adventures to Neptune, and made
350; took the title of him the father of various enterprising heroes
Augustus, which his and warriors, the founders of cities. In Greece
gtndiatorial mercenaries and in Italy, especially in maritime places, a
pretended to confirm to great many temples were raised to his worship.
him; and after repulsing The Romans held him in such veneration that
Anicetus, prefect of the festivals and games of the circus, at Rome,
Prsetorians at Rome, were celebrated in his honour on the first of
obtained easy possession of the capital of the July, and which were marked for that day in
West. But this usurper had not the genius to their calendar by the words D. Neptuni Ludi.
preserve to himself what his good fortune had What is most singular, as they believed that
acquired. Instead of eoncilinting the Romans Neptune formed the first horse, so all horas
who, from hatred to Magncntius, had received and mules remained without working during the
him with pleasure, he struck terror through the feasts of this deity, and enjoyed a repose which
city with his prescriptions, and irritated the no one dared interrupt.—Neptune crowned by
inhabitants by his murderous crnelties. Within Victory signifies the gratitude of him who
a month the tyrant was killed, desperately de ascribed to that divinity the means of his gain
fending himself, in a battle with Marcellianus, ing a naval vict0ry.—The great number of
one of the generals of Magnentius, who punished children assigned to this god arose from the
Rome for her revolt by the most ferocious circumstance of those being generally called the
execution of mili vengeance on the wretched sons of Neptune who had distinguished them
people.——The only coins of Nepotianus probably selves in sea fights, or by their skill in naviga
struck at Rome are in second brass, and of tion. Sczt/1.1 Pompey, putfcd up with his naval
the highest rarity. He is styled IL. POP. successes, chose to be so denominated; and we
uurorranvs P. 1'. AVG.; and PL. NEP. CON8’l‘AN~ find this title on his medals.——'I'he temple of
'r1Nvs avo.—The example given above is taken Neptune is seen represented on a coin of the
from a coin in the British Museum Dpmitia family. The god himself placing his
Neptes Augualorum.-—-'l‘he grand-daughters foot on a globe, in a medal of Angus-ttis
and grand-nieces of emperors were called (inscribed CAESAR DWI. r.), and in another of
Auyualw, as Matidia, daughter of Trajan's Titus, indicates that the Emperors assumed
sister. equally to be masters of land and am. Besides
'NEP. S. or SACR. Ncptimo Sac!-um. the trident, the dolphin, the rudder, and the
NEPT. RED. Neptune Reduci, as if Rome acrostolium were attributes of Neptune, and
was about to render thanks to Neptune, who bear reference on medals to maritime power.
had been propitious to the Emperor's invocation, Neptune was held to be the author of earth
and guarded him safely over the sea. quakes, which he produced by pressing the
NEP'l'_ Ne-]1!unu.r.——Neptune, son of Saturn earth with his feet; hence we often see him on
and Rhea, was one of the twelve greater coins with sometimes the right, sometimes the
divinities of Greek and Roman worship. In the left foot on a globc.—See Trident—DoIpMn—
partition of the world with his brothers Jupiter Acrorlolium.
and Pluto, the empire of the waters fell to his Nrrpturw, l_1/iny down, is seen on a coin of Nero,
share. Statues, medals, and engraved stones, representing the port of Ostin. He is figured
present to us the peculiar incidents of his fabled in a sitting posture, with a dolphin in the right
history. His image differs but little from that hand and trident in the left, on colonial coins
of Jupiter; there is a great confonnity in the of Corinth, struck during the reigns of Domitian,
arrangement of the hair of the head, and in the Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, and Commodus.
form of the beard, but the expression of power He Slalula naked on colonial coins of Augustus
and majesty is comparatively feeble in the figure Trajan, Antonius. and Commodus.—See Pour.
of the Sea-King. lie is usually pourtrayed 0s'r.—and conmrnvs.
naked," or with a very light cl:lam_:/a.—On some Neptune stamling, with dolphin and trident,
medals, poins of Corinth and of llerytus, he is appears 011 a second brass medal of Agrippa,
seen drawn by sea-horses, which have the upper with the cpigraph of M. AGRll'l'A. L. 1'. cos. 111.,
portion of that animal, whilst the lower his head bearing the rostrated crown.—See
extremities terminate in a fish‘s tail. This Agripprl.
imaginative creature is the liippovampusu Nep Neptune standing, to the right, his left hand
tune carries a sccptre with three points or teeth, grasping a trident; behind him the Tiber;
called the trident.—Mythologists give many NEPTVNO CIRCEN8. BEST. or CONS'l‘l‘l‘.—0l1 I
 NEPTUNE. NEPTUNE.—NERO. 571
rare second brass of Nerva.—See Mr. R. Smith’s NEPTVNO AVG.—Neptune standing, holds
“ Catalogue of London Antiquities ;" and “ Num_ a dolphin in one hand, a trident in the other.-—
Chron.” vol iv. p. 150. On a third brass of Claudius Gothicus.
Neptune appears, on a brass medallion of NEPTVNO CIRCENS. (RESTIT. or CON
Commodus, standing, with the trident in his STI'l‘.)—See “Num. Chron." vol. iv. p. 150;
right hand, a dolphin in his lett, and his right and “Eckhel,” vol. vi. p. 406.
foot on the prow of a vessel; the Emperor, NEPTVNO CONS. AVG. Neptune Can
full-faced and in the toga, sacrificing before him. aematori Augu.:ti.—This dedicatory inscription,
The accompanying epigraph is PIO. nur. OMNIA with the accompanying type of a sea-horse, is
IELICIA, &c. (see the words), which shews that quoted by Banduri as occurring on silver and
Neptune was a type of Felicity and of Con third brass of Gallienusz on other third brass
gratulation. . coins of the same Emperor the type is Capri
lVe_plune’.: /zeazl, with long beard, and crowned cornua, or the sea-goat. On these Eckhel
with laurel, appears on a coin of the Proculria ren.iarks——“'I'hat the horse was held sacred to
family. Medals of other Roman families exhibit Neptune is generally known.”
similar busts of this deity. This compound animal is conjoined with
NEPTunu.r.—This inscription accompanies Neptune, either because it terminates in the
the type of a temple of four columns, on a very form Of a fish; and according to Hyginus
rare gold coin of the Domitia family, struck by formerly inhabited the Nile; [this doubtless
Cu. .D0miliu.s Afienobarbus, son of L. Domitius, is an allusion to the Hzjijiaqzolamus or River
who in the year of Reine, 705, dared to resist Horse]; or because it assailed the Titans with
Julius Ceesar’s passage of the Rubicon, but sea-shells.—“Banduri thinks that this coin
afterivards became reconciled to Antony and was struck on occasion of the naval victory
Octavian’s party. The temple of Neptune indi gained over the Scythians in the Euxine, of
cated by the abbreviated word NEFL, shews which Trebellius speaks, and confirms this
maritime power, which Domitius retained under opinion by a coin inscribed VICTORIA NEPI‘.
the Triumvirate, as commander of a fleet of But his reading is erroneous: it should be
triremes, on the Italian coasts. VICTOELA AE'r.”—'l‘here is the same inscription
NEPT. COMIT[.——Neptu.ne standing, hold to Neptune the Preserver, and the same type of
ing the trident; his right foot upon the prow of a sea-/zone on a third brass of Tetricus Pa!er.—
a vessel: on gold of Postnrnus.—-Tam'ni. The other coin, with the type of Capricorn,
NEP. RED.—Ncptune stamping with his was unknown to Banduri.
right foot on a globe, holds the acroslolium in NER. Nero; or Nerva.
his right hand, and a. spear in the lcft.—This NER. I. Q. VItB., as some interpret it Nerve
type appears on gold and silver of Vespasian, Primus Qumsior Urbis.
and also recurs on coins of Titus.-—Vespasian Nereidea.——Nereids were sea-nymphs, to
had, indeed, in the year of Rome S23 (.-\.D. 70), whom the poets of antiquity ascribed the human
and Titus in the following year had safely re form, and whom artists represented under the
turned to Rome, by a sea voyage; in con form of women as far as the waist, but ter
sequence of which honours were rendered to minating in two tails of fishes-—in short the
Neptune under the name of Reduz. mermaid of the middle a_qe.r.—'l‘herc is a figure
NEPTVNl.—Ou the obverse of one of exactly answering to this description on a silver
Sextus Pompey's silver coins, this verbal dedi coin of the Valeria family.
cation aceompanies the head of his father, Neria, a plebeian family.—The following in
Pompey the Great, below which is a dolphin, silver is its only type :—NERIu.r Qumstor \"ltBia
and before it a trident.—'['he reverse presents a or Urbanus.——'l‘he head of Saturn, with the Ilarpa
galley with swelling sail, and star near it. projecting behind.—Rev. Lucius LENTu/u-I
Another denarius, with the smne portrait, has Cuius l\lARCellus COnSule.r. A lcgionary
on the other side four galleys with their rowers. eagle bctween_ two military standards, on one
See Na-sidia family. of which is incribed H.; on the other P. The
Neptuni, inscribed over the head of Pompeiua former is by some numismatists considered to
May:e1:s, was doubtless intended to be read signify Haatali, the latter l’rincipe.r, as re
Neplzmi filiua, “the son of Neptune,” whom ferring to certain corps of the legion. But
Sextus himself pretended to be! Hence the Eckhel regards the interpretation as doubtful.
typical allusions on his medals are all maritime. See the family C0rnelia.—See Salurma-s.
NEPTVNO REDVCI.—-Neptune standing. NERO, a surname common to the Claudia
holding a dolphin, and family, as appears from writers on Roman
the trident; at the feet, atfairs, and from inscriptions in the faati, as
in some instances, an well as from the ancient deuarii of that family;
anchor: on coins of Pos thus we see C. CLAVDIVS NERO, or TI.
tumus. In the example CLAVDIVS Tl. F. NERO, and NERO CLAV
here engraved (from the DIVS DRVSVS GERManieu.r l1\IPerat0r.
cabinet of Mr. Roach Nero Claudius Druaua, commonly called
Smith), Neptune holds Drurus senior, brother of Tiberius, second
what, no doubt, was son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and of Livia,
intended for a dolphin, was born in the year of Rome 716, three
though it more resembles an eel. months after his father had yielded up Livia
-tD2
572 NERO. NERO.
to Aiunistiis. Realizing the anticipations of of the Christian era. He was adopted (4.0 50)
that Emperor, he became the most accom
plished hero of his time. Sent at the age
of twenty-three into Bhactia (the Tyrol) to
quell a rcvolt, hc conquered the insurgents at
Trent in a pitched battle. Afterwards named
General of the armies in Germany, his successes
were so great that he cxtcndcd the dominion of
the Romans to the banks of the Elbe. This
tine character conceived the design of re
establishing the Republic, and entrusted his
secret to his brother Tiberius, who it is said
betrayed him to Angustns.—He died in thc year
745 (AD. 9), before he had repnsscd the Rhine,
in the 30th year of his age, deeply regretted by and created Caesar by Claudius, whose daughter,
the whole empire for the great and virtuous Octavia, he married, and whom he eventually
qualities with which his name was so gloriously succeeded, although he had no family claim or
associated. Alter his death the Scnatc sur birth-right to the imperial throne. But Claudius
namod him onamsmcvs, which was transmitted having espoused Agrippina, that unscrupulously
to his children. Statues and triumphal arches ambitious princess persuaded him to adopt her
were also ercctcd to his honour and figured on son by Domitius, and consequently to exclude
his medals. This Prince had married Antonia, Brilanrzicua, whom the Emperor had by Memo
by whom he had Germrmicus and Livilla. On lina. From this time he took the name of
his coins which, in each metal, are all more Claudia-s' Nero; received the title of Princqu
or lcss rare, he is styled DllVSVS—NERO Juvenlulia in 51 ; and, Claudius being removed
CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GEltl\‘lANic1u IMP. by poison, Ncro succccded him A.D. 54, being
NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES QVINQ. then 17 years of age. It is said that he
C. V. I. N .C.—Ner0 at Dru-nu 6'0."-rare: Quin naturally possessed great and cvcn good qualities.
quennales, Coloniav Victricia Juli}: .NOL‘¢ Car His preceptor Seneca certainly neglected nothing
tliagim'a.—Nero and Drusns, Cwsars, Quin to cnnoble his mind and to accomplish his
qucnnial (Duumvirs) of the Victorious Colony oducation. He was fond of the fine arts, of
Julia Nova Carthago-—now Carthage. _ poetry, and above all of music, his passion for
Nero, son of Gennanicus and of Ag-rippinc, which led him to commit a multitude of ex
brother of Drusus, with whom he was carefully travnganccs. In the first year he seemed to
educated and trained by his mother. He was give promise of a happy reign. But in this he
born 760 (4.1). 7), an accomplished character evidently was disguising the atrocity of his dis
and of cxccllcnt qualities. The monster Tibe position. Ncro soon dropped the mas]: of
rius, who had married him at 15 years old to virtue; and abandoned himself to his vicious
his grand-daughter Julia, soon after employed and cruel propensities. He successively put
the infamous minister Scjanus to entangle him to death Britannicus his half-brother (55),
in the snares of his cruelty, and becoming him Agrippina his mother (59), Domitia his aunt,
self his accuser, caused his exile in 784 to the Octavia his wifc, Claudia his sister-in-law,
Ponza isles (Pontia), where he was left to die of Seneca and Burrhus, who had been his tutors,
hunger, in the course of the following year. and Corbulo his victorious general ; Lucan and
Caligula his brother, at the beginning of his Petronius, and his second wife Poppnaa, also
reign, brought back his ashes with those of became the victims of his murderous fury,
their mother, Agrippina, and deposited them in
which extended to a multitude of other persons.
the same tomb. (See D1-u.ru.r).—'l‘hc coins of In the year 64 he caused ten districts of Rome
to be burnt, at the same time falsely accusing
the Christians as the inccndinries-, and this
crime being imputed to them, gave risc to the first
persecution. Among the works which he caused
to be constructed in Rome aficr this horrible con
tlagration, was a palace for himself, mlled the
golden lzouae, on which he lavished prodigious
expenses. Meanwhile he amused himself publicly
in contesting for the prize with musicians, with
actors, and with charioteers of the circus, both
in ltaly and in Greece. In social lifc he gave him
self up to such excesses of cruelty and infamy
these two young princes (in second brass) arc that his name afterwards became synonymous
common——they are represented together on with that of monster and of tyrant. At length
horseback, with the style, NERO ET nnvsvs his dctcstablc conduct having rendered him an
CAESARES.—'S0t3 Dru.r1I.r (krsar. object of universal cxccration, the Gallic and
NERO (C/arldius 1)umitiu.v), son of Cneius Spanish provinces rcvoltcd in 68. Galbu Wu
Domitius Ahcnobarbus and of Agrippinn the proclaimed Emperor, the Senate confirming the
younger, was born at Antium, in the 37th your election, declared Nero enemy of the Republic;
 NERO. NERVA. 573
and this odious prince, abandoned by everyone, NE_RVA (]l[ar¢-us Cacceiua), born at Narni
found himself compelled to plunge a dagger into (Narnia), in Umbria, A.D. 32. Hc was the son
his own throat. His death, to the joy of all, of i\I._ C. Nerva, of_a family not particularly
took place in the 68th year of the Christian era, illustrious, though eminent from its consular
in the 31st year of his ago, and in the 14th of his
reign. He left no children by his three wivcs—
Octavia, Poppies, and Statilia Messalina. His
name on coins is N1-‘.a0. CLAVD. CAESAR. Avo.
GERMANICVS. 1-.n.#—Ni:no CLAVDIVS nnvsvs,
&c.—-ins. ssno CAESAR, &c —On medals
struck after Christ 51 to 53, Nero is styled
cu-zsss PRINC. IVVENT. cos. DES.—In 54, his
titles are AVGVSTVS rs. P. cos. DES. v.11.
liar. The name of Drusus is dropped, which
he bore during the lifetime of Clnudius.—In 66
he is styled IMP. NERO CLAVD. C.-\ES.
AVG. GERMam'cua.
Nero established in Italy the colonies of honours; of Cretan origin. His mother was
Antium and Atina in Lntiuln; Bcneventum in Sergia Plnutilla, daughter of Lzenns. For his
the Herpini; and reinforced with fresh veterans warlike virtues, or, as some have said, for his
Capna and Nuccria in Cnmpania-. the city of poetic talents, he was on good terms with
Puteoli in Campania received from him the right Nero, who accorded to him triumphal omnments
and title of a colony.—\'aillant, Col. i. p. 115. in the year of Rome S18; placed his statue in
Nero’: first wife was Octavia, daughter of the imperial palace, and the following year
Claudius by adoption, whom, however, he soon a pointed him Pra:tor.—In 824 (A.D.i 71) he
got rid of after that Emperor's death.-—P0pp¢m was consul with Vcspnsian; and in 843 (A.D. 90)
was his second, Whose nuptials are celebrated consul for the second time, with Domitian for
on an Ephesian mcdal.—Slatilia Mesmlina was his colleague. On the day of that tyrant’s
his third.—See their names. death, Ncrva was elected Emperor by the
Nero’: coins are numerous, and for the most Senate and the Pruetorians (a.n. 96). Upright,
common in each metal. Some of them re moderate, merciful, wise, generous, and of a
present the Emperor with his mother Agrippina sweet disposition, this prince sought no other
the younger.—“ The silver pieces,” says Alter obiect than to restore happiness to the empire.
man, "arc generally ill struck, or are in bad Substituting for the honors of his predecessor’s
condition. A really fine round denarius is reign a government of justice and equity, he re
seldom met with, and will consequently bring established the laws, reduced the taxes, protected
a high pricc.”—'I‘he bronze on the other hand and encouraged literature, and taking for his motto
afford many specimens of high relief and fine that a 90011 conscience is worth a kingdom,
workmanship.—I[avercamp on Morel] gives displayed his humanity, fortitude, clemency, and
numerous illustrations and descriptions of the munificence, less as the master than as the father
Conloruiale medals of Nero. But as the pieces of his subjects. Nevertheless being advanced in
so denominated are well understood not to have years, and under the impression that on that
been struck under the princes whose portraits account the Prietorian guard failed to trcat him
they bear, it is unnecessary to say more rc with the consideration due to the exalted rank
specting them than that the most interesting of which he held, he completed his noble and
the inscriptions and types on their reverses will virtuous administration of public aflbirs by
be found noticed in this Dictionary under their adopting 'I‘i-njan, .\.n. 97, whom he created
proper heads. Caesar and made his colleague and snccessor.—
r\'erom'a, an appellation given to the quin Nerva died three months afterwards, in the
quennial meetings, for contests (certamina) in 66th year of his age, having reigned sixteen
music, poetry, and gymnastic exercises, founded months, leaving a name venerated by all good
at Rome by the Emperor Nero, in the 60th n1en.—The inscriptions borne on his medals are
year of our era. An evidence of this institution IMP. nenva cans. ave. GEKLL, and nftcr his
of Ner0’s,‘so far as relates to his favourite death oivvs NEBVA.
science of music, is given on a brass coin of 1\2*rva’a coins in the year of Christ 96 (the
that Einperor’s, the reverse of which, inscribed year of his accession), bear P.M. TR. P. COS.
PONT. aux. rn. ror. and s.c., exhibits his II.—Those struck in 97 read COS. III. DES.
whole length iig1u'e, in a walking attitude, IV. In the same year commences the title of
clothed in n long flowing tunic, and holding a GER1\lANicu.r.—~On those of 98 he is called
lyre, on which he seems to be in the act of Tit. P. II. COS. IV. IMP. II. GERM.
playing. Notwithstanding the shortness of his reign,
r\’erw1iana.—'I'he city of Palme, in Achaia, the coins of this prince are numerous, Some
was so called, as Vnillnnt (i. Col. 179) proves of them represent him with ’I‘rajan.—The gold,
from Pnusanins; and the same is shewn also by especially those restored by Trajan, are very
acoin, bearing for its inscription can. con. nan. rare; so are the silver medallions.—Silver of
PAT. Genius, vel Gerula, Coloniw Nerordana the ordinary size, common, except some re
Palremia.—-See Patrae. veises.—The brass are for the most part

/‘
574 NICO.\lEDIA.——NIGRlNIANUS. NILUS.
common ; but there are some rare reverses, and History makes no mention of this 1\'igri1u'auu.r,
of eat historical interest, as illustrative of the who is known only by the coins above alluded to.
mild and equitable character of his government. —'l‘ristan supposes him to have been son of the
N. F.——N. N. Numerii _/iliua, or Nunmrii tyrant Alexander, who reigned in Africa during
Nepos.-—Son or Nephew of Numerius. the time of Ma1entius.—Beauvais and other
NICEPH. Nicep/l0ri1¢1n,—A city of Meso subsequent writers, on the other hand, furnish
potamia, situate near Edessa, according to Pliny, more conclusive reasons for giving him Carinus
who states it to have been founded in the for his father, and with much probability Arria
neighbourhood of the Euphrates, by order of Nigrina for his mother.——It would further appear
Alexander the Great, on account of the ad that this prince died in his early youth, and that
vantages of its locality. In it was the temple Carinus, after the example of Domitian, ambi
of Jupiter Nicephorus, whence, as Spartianus tiously gave Nigrinianus the honours of the
relates, an oracle announced the destination of apot/:ea.n'.s.—Both Eckhel and Mionnet quote
Hadrian to the empire.—Banduri (i. p. 205), in the gold coin from the museum of Sue Goths.
a note on a Greek second brass of Gallienus, Nilua,of the
portion Nile, Africa,
Northern after enters
traversing
Egypt,a which
quotes, on the authority of Mediobarbus, a
colonial coin of that prince as bearing on its it passes through in its course towards the
reverse comma mourn. cons. or coxn.-——But Mediterranean sea. This most celebrated river,
no such coin is to be found in Vaillant.—And formerly more than at present abounding with
G-reek imperial of Gordianus Pins and Gallienus crocodiles and lzippopotami, is by its inunda
are all that M. Hcnnin, under the head of Nicc tions the principal cause of the fertility of
phorium, recognizes in the nomenclature of his Egypt ; hence the ancient inhabitants of that
Manual.——vol. 2. p. 293. country paid divine honours to it.
NICOMEDIAE.—Sce nr-:srrr'rv'roa1 moo NILVS.—'l‘he river rsonified, recumbent,
MEDXAE, on a first brass of Hadrian, with the holding in his right hflflti-):h8 cornucopiie, in his
the accustomed type on coins of restored cities left a reed; sometimes with a female figure in
and provinces, viz., the figure of the Emperor, the stola, standing at his feet: below him a
clothed in the toga, standing, and lifting up crocodile.-—On large brass of M. Aurelius (struck
with the right hand awoman, who bends the in Egypt), without legend.
knee before him. NILVS. S.C.—The Nile lying down, with
Nicomedia, a city of Bithynia (in Asia Minor, a eornucopise in his right hand; a hippopotamus
on the Black Sea). It is described by ancient
writers as a place of superior size and mag
nificence, ranking next to Rome, Alexandria,
and Antioch in the splendour and beauty of its
buildings; and was one which Diocletian studied
to make the equal of Rome itself. But not
withstanding the great consequence of Nicomedia
among the provincial cities of the empire, and
though its Greek medals present a numerous
and almost uninterrupted series from Augustus
down to the age of Gallienus, there appears
to be no coin, with Latin inscription, which
refers to Nicomedia, except the Reelilutari of
Hadrian above-named; and that was evidently
not struck in Asia, but is of Roman die.— at his feet; a crocodile below. In other coins n
Eckhel gives and describes it from the Imperial child is seated on the hippopotamus; sen-ral
Museum at Vienna, but Mionnet does not children also are either standing round the old
include it in his catalogue. long-bearded man, or are creeping over his
NIG. 1W_qer.—Surnmne of the Emperor body.—On first and second brass of the same
Pesccnnius Nigcr —See Peacenniua. Emperor (Hadrian).
NIGI{INlANVS.—'I‘liis name, accompanied The above coins, struck during the reign of
by a youthful radiated head, appears on certain Hadrian, have reference to Antinous, who was
gold coins of the greater! degree of rarity, and drowned whilst navigating this illustrious river.
on third brass also of great rurity—coupled with —l-lence (as Eckhel obsen-'es,) on these most
the appellation of nrvvs. ; and on the reverse is elegant medals, we have the Nile pourtrayed
CONSECRATIO. The type with all his attributes; the reed, the rpkin:
of theyold isafuneral pile (who had two natures, as indicated by her
with a biga placed on the woman's bust and lion’s body); the rrnrodile
summit. The type of the and the hippopotamus (amphibious animals), and
I/iird bran, (which are the children, being symbols frequently found on
sometimes found washed coins of Alexandria, which present u similar
with gold or with silver,)personification of the river in the same recum
is an eagle having its bent posture.
wings expanded. The The Nile was considered and adored as a god by
annexed portrait is from the Egyptians, among other reasons, as possess
a brass coin in the British Museum. ing the propcrty of spreading its waters and of
 NlL0.—NIMBUS. NIMBl,'S.—NOBII.IS CESAR. 575
fertilizing the country by its periodical risings. forehead was a mark of beauty, those women
And perhaps the most ingenious allegory under who
scale, possessed
diminishedthat
its feature on means
extent by too large
ofithisa
which this famous stream has been represented,
is that of the sixteen children which are grouped bandeau, and they effected it with so much art as
around the fine half-colossal statue of the Nile, to render it difiicult of detection. This frontal
preserved in the Vatican at Rome, and which decoration is seen on the head of goddesses, and
allude to the sixteen cubits to which the river principally of Juuo.—0f the coins which ex
required to rise in order to make Egypt fertile. hibit specimens of the nimbus, the most ancient
The degree of actual elevation was ascertained is that in large brass of Antoninus Pius, on the
by an instrument called nilome!er.—This subject reverse of which is the figure of that Emperor,
is admirably illustrated by Pliny, (N.H. lib. v.,) who stands with this circlet surrounding his
who thus expresses himself Justum incremen head, which is radiated also: in his right hand
tum est cubitorum :1/i.—In cubiiiafamem
-senlit; in .1-iii. eliamnum eruril; xiv. cubita
Iu'larila!em ajerunl; zv. remirifatem; .2-vi.
de/iciaa. The proper increase of the Nile is
sixteen cubits. At twelve, Egypt experiences
famine; at thirteen, it feels want; fourteen,
restores gaicty; fifteen, security; and sixteen,
the pleasures of abundance. This last-named
number is designated on coins by the mark rs,
which signifies sixteen, and serves to shew that
in that year the Nile attained the height so
much desired by the Egyptians.
NILO.—-01:0. sancro. SEBAPIDI. The head he holds a branch, and in his left a spear.
of Serapis.—Reu. or-:0. smcro NILO. A The Emperor is here represented with the
River, bearded, sitting on the ground, with reed emblems of Apollo.
in right hand and cornucopia: in left ; and lean Nimbus purur, that is to say, without rays,
ing upon an urn; below ALI. Third brass of simply the form of a circle, after a long series
Julian.——(_Banduri.) of years from the age of the Antonines, presents
On the obverse of a third brass of the same itself as ornamenting the bust of Constantine
prince, published by Tanini, we read Den Sancto the Great, on a gold coin published by Morel],
Serrrpidi, and on the reverse one SANCTU NILO, inscribed oavnrvu n0sra1vonv§r.—'l'he same
its accompanying type being the personified ornament appears on an aurens of Flavia
Nile holding a reed and a sccptrc, sitting upon Maxima Fausta, wife of Constantine. Then it
a hippopotamus; in the exergue arm. occurs on coins of Coustans and Constantius.
It is stated by Eusebius, amongst other From that period it became frequent on the
authors, that the Nile was religiously worshipped Eastern Imperial medals; and especially on
by the natives of those regions through which those of Valens. Lastly, among the Byzantine
it flowed. Sozomenus also expressly testifies Emperors, we sec the head of Our Saviour, and
that, conforrnably to the established custom of of the Virgin, crowned with the nirnbua, as on
the ancients, sacrifices were offered up to 1t, the coins of Iohn Zimisces, a medal of, whose
that its overtlowings might be plentiful. To this reign bears s cross enclosed in the m'mbu.s.—
coin, which exhibits the God Serapis on one Eckhel remarks that the Romans conferred the
side and the God Nile on the other, applies honour of the nimbus on the phoznix, regarding
what Sozomcnus relates as having been ordered that fabulous bird as the symbol of immortality
by Julian, that according to the custom of the and of eternity.
ancients, the cubitua Ni/i should be carried to Ni.ri6i.r, or Neribis, a city of Mesopotamia,
the temple of Scrapis, as in previous years by at the foot of Mormt Masius, erected into a
command of Constantine the Great, it had been Roman Colony by S. Severus, and made metro
carried to the church.—Moreover, Scrapis and polis of the province by Philip senior.—'l'here
Nilus were appropriately conjoined on these are Imperial Greek coins of this colony (struck
coins, because the former was believed by the in honour of Julia Paula, wife of Elagabnlus,
Egyptians to bring the latter through their Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, and Philip);
_ country for its irrigation, and to regulate the but none with Latin inscriptions.
river's increase and decrease. NOB. C. NOBI/is or NOBili.s.rimu: Casar.
Mmbw, a cirelet, or disc, which on Roman -—-Noble or Most Noble Cmsar.
coins, almost exclusively of the lower empire, Nobi/is Cmrar, Philip the younger, before he
appears around the head of Deities and of was declared Augustus, and admitted by his
Emperors similar to that lucid nebidous ring father to all the honours of the sovereign
with which the hands of Christian artists were power, enjoyed the title of Nobilia Casar; a
afterwards accustomed to adorn the Saviour, distinction which was afterwards continued to
the Virgin Mary, the Angels, Apostles, and princes who were not associated in the govern
at length all the Saints in the calendar. The ment of the empire, as well as to those on
word nimbua was formerly used in a varied sense. whom the Emperors devolved the administration
It originally signified the veil or band which of their State aflhirs. For example, Diocletian
women wore round their foreheads. As a small gave the title of Nobilia or lV0bili-u-imu:
576 NOBlLI'I‘AS.—NlSBIS. NOMINA.
Omar, to Constantius, Maximinus, Severus, Namina Romanorum. The proper names of
and Maximianus, as we perceive by their medals the Romans.—Cicero thus defines the word
(Bimard and Jobert, vol. i. 24-S).-—-'l'he style nomen ; it is, says he, quod unicuique persona
of NOB. C. occurs on Imperial coins from datur qno suo quaquc propria cl certo vocabula
Herennins, n.1). 249, to Julianus Il., .\.o. appellalur. Amongst the Romans there were
355.-—Sorne women also, were, in like manner genie; and farnilim. The latter, as a species,
distinguished—for example Nubiliuimu Fauata. were comprehended under the former. The
Nactua—the image of Wisdom.—See Owl. yen: or race was made up of many families, or
Nobility, both as a privilege and as a quality, branches. Thus the ge/u Cornelia had for its
was always held in the highest consideration families the Blnsioncs, Cethegi, Dolabellm,
with the Romans. Those were called Nobles Lcutnli, Scipiones, &c_ Whilst the Greeks
who could shew a long series of ancestral por assigned to each individual but one name, the
traits. For in the times when the Republic Romans, who allowed only one name to their
was free, the Jua imaginum or right of images slaves, gave each citizen three and even four,
was but another term to express the right of especially when he was adopted, viz., prsenomcn,
Nobility, and the one is often used for the nomen, and cognomcn—as Pudliua Cornelius
other. Thus it was not the circumstance of Scipio. The prscnomen served to distinguish
birth which conferred nobility, but the public each person such as that of P/ablius ,- the names
olfices, which entitling their possessors to the designated the race whence he sprang, such as
right of images, consequently rendered them that of Cornelius; and the surname marked
noble. At first none were accounted Nobles the family to which he immediately belonged,
but the Patricians, they alone being invested such as that of Scipio. To these sometimes was
with functions that gave nobility. Afterwards, added a fourth, called aynomen, which was
however, the appellation of Nobles was extended given, either on account of adoption, or in
to those, who without belonging to the mere reward of some great exploit, and even for some
ancient families of Rome, could point to their personal dcfcct or peculiarity. Thus, on Pnblius
ancestors or themselves as having occupied the Cornelius Se-ipio, for his conquests and services
chair and fulfilled the office of a Cnrulc .\Iagis to the republic, was conferred the agnumen, or
trate.——N0bih'tas is personified on medals of additional appcllntive, of 4/‘/1'<'anu-r. An ancient
Commodus, Geta, Elagabnlus, Philip the elder, grnmmarian, whose authority Eckhel quotes from
and Tetricus the elder. Sigonius, thus succinctly defines the appellative
N()BlLl'l'a.r AVGu.rti.—A woman clothed Words by which the heads of Roman families
in the stole, standing, with the hasta pura in were distinguished, and which were of four
her right hand, and the palladium in her left. kinds—viz., the Pramomen, which was prefixed
On gold, silver, and first brass of (Jommodus.-— to mark the ditfereiice in the ancestral name
On this coin n degenerate Emperor boasts to his (Nomini _//mli/ilio); the Nomen, which was
own shame of his own nobility. It would designed to shew the origin of the gem: or race;
appear that although Roman respect for the the Coynomen, which was subjoined to the
nobility of families was from the earliest date ancestral names: and the Jgnomen, which was an
of their history intimately associated with their extrinsic designation constantly added, for some
patriotism, yet the type of nob/eneu as a particular reason, or on account of some public
virtue, does not occur on coins of the empire incident. Vnlerins expresses himself of a similar
before the reign of Commodus. His example opinion on these points.—By some writers even
was, however, followed by several of his sue the agnomen was recognised as the cognomen or
cessors. The figure, with varieties, is seen surname. “ Of this an example,” observes
principally on coins struck in honour of those Eckhel, “is furnished to us in the case of L.
young Imperial heirs, to whom was sub Calpnrnius Piso Frugi, by Cicero, who distinctly
sequently given the title of Nobi/Lnimzu Cwsar. points to, and comments on, Frugi as the sur.
NOBlLl'l‘AS.—A female figure standing, name of Chlpurniua Pi-:o.—-See Dart. Nun.
with a lance in one hand and the palladium in Vet. vol v. p. :':6.—Scc also Cognvmen.
the other. This type, It has been remarked that, during the exist
on a silver medal of ence of the Republic, it was the sedulous can
Geta, indicates by the of the Romans to preserve and hand down their
attribute of the spear, and nomen yentililium, or name which came to them
the image of Minerva, by descent from their ancestors. The eldest son
the two means (valour in usually took the proper name of his father, M
wur, wisdom in council,) in the Claudia, Fabio, and Cornelia families.
by which nobility was or With respect to the younger sons, they, it
ought to be 3(‘(]\lll‘8tl.— appears, assumed inditferently other names. But
Commodns, the descend under the Imperial Government of Rome the
ant of Emperors, might rightly lay claim to people gradually relaxed in attention to this rule,
the highest distinctions of hereditary rank, till at length, when the Emperor Carncalla made
though he disgraced his illustrious birth by it a law to bestow the name of Citizen indis
every vice; but the nobility of Geta’s father criminately on all the subjects of the Roman
was that of a novus homo, the first great man empire,_thc ancient custom with regard to names
of his family, and therefore not fit matter for was entirely forgotten, and everyone called him
self glorification on the part of a younger son. self what he pleased.
 NOMINA. NOMINA.—NONIA. an
Nomiua gent'ils'cia.—The ancestral names Romans; as, P. CRASSVS M. F., or C.
ended in Ivs. “This rule of termination,” ANNI. T. F. T. N., that is to say Titi Filiu-I
observes Eckhel, “reams, but only seems, to Titi Nsyos. Another way of mentioning the
fail in some cases. For we have in this very name of a father, but a somewhat ambiguous
class of families, Norbanus, Caccina, Betilienus, one, is that exemplified by ILEGVLVS. F., that
Allienus, Setrienus, which end otherwise. Never is Filiua, as may be observed on coins of the
theless, it is almost beyond a doubt that these Curiatia family.
were not nomina geulilicia, but cognomena, or _Nomina foeminina.-—Names of females as
agnonwna, the real nomina being unknown, in given to men, are to be found on the family
consequence ofthe practice whi<_:'hprevailed among medals of ancient Rome. For example, asnu,
the Romans of calling some individuals by the BESTIA, CAECINA, CAMJLLA, IIMBBIA, envcm,
name of their gens and others by their cognomeu. irvaana, uvsa, svua, vaana, &c_—-Harduin
Thus Cicero, in his orations and elsewhere, says “ the names of the Romans were derived to
always speaks of Czsar, never of Julius; on them partly from the fathers’, partly from the
the other hand he always names Pompeius, mothers’ side.”—But this was not always the
never Strad0.—Moreover there were those who case; for Spanheim (Pr. ii. p. 309), among
in speaking of themselves always omitted the other instances to the contrary, quotes that of
xomen gmlia, or name of their original race. Here-rmia Etnucilla, daughter of Trajanus
Jyrippa at no time either called or wrote him Decius, who took no part of the paternal name,
self Vipmnius, but M. A_¢rippa.—-A.nd hence but was called after her mother.
historians,as the established custom leant one way Nomina gentilicia mulierum.—-The family
or the other, designated them by their surnames name of thelwoman frequently received the
only. For which reason, when we read the addition of the husband’s. In the earliest ages
name of a Roman personage ending otherwise of Rome women had but one name; afterwards,
than in IVS, it is to be considered as the following the men’s example, the names of
cognomen, and unless we have other means of women were multiplied.
ascertaining the nomen yentis, we may be cer Nomina Au_¢u.rlorum.—The names commonly
tain that the namen gmtilicium was, not indeed assigned to some Roman Emperors are not to be
wanting, but unknown. But this rule also found on their coins, Thus we never read
applies only to the times when the republic Caligula, but Uaius ; never Caracalla, but
flourished, and was deviated from at a sub Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The word Ela
sequent period.” gabalus is not placed as a name round the head
Nmnina per adoptionem. Names by adoption. of that Emperor, but forms part of a legend to
-—The adopted Romans passed into the family the reverse, as Sam-to Dea Elagabalo ,- whilst
of him who adopted them, so that having re on the obverse be also pirates, or rather pollutes,
ceived all his names they placed the name of the name of M. A. Antonimu.
their own family last, but lengthened out to We find Emperors, on their accession to the
ANVS. Thus Aemilius Paulus, adopted by P. throne, assuming the names of their immediate
Cornelius Scipio, was thenceforward called P. predecessors, in cases where those predecessors
Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. C. Octavius, were their parents by nature or by adoption.
afterwards Augustus, adopted by Caesar the Thus Trajan, adopted by Nerva, called himself
Dictator, became C. Julius Cuasar Oclaviamu , NEBVA Taalalvvs; Hadrian wishing to appear
and in like manner on coins we see A. LICINIVS. in the same relationship to Trajan, at first took
NERVA SILIANus; and T. QVINCTIVS the style of raaranvs namna1vvs.—Antonine,
CRISPINVS SVLPICIANVS.—This rule,how adopted by Hadrian, is called on his earliest
ever, was often departed from. M.Junius Brutus, min nannnuvvs anromnvs. His suc
he who slew Czesar, being the adopted son of cessor, Marcus Aurelius, took, not his pre
Q. Servilius Czepio, was called Cmpio Brutus, nomen, but his surname, and is styled on
that is to say, his family surname was retained, medals M. avaamvs am-oimvvs.-—Commodus
whereas he ought to have been called Q. bears the name sometimes of his natural parent,
Servilius Cacpio Juuianua.—So also Scipio, who sometimes that of his family—and his coins
opposed himself to Caesar in Africa, being accordingly are inscribed either 1.. or M. amo
adopted by Q. Ciecilius Metellus Pius, is called NINVS COMHODV8, or M. cosnlonvs anromrvvs.
on coins, Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, not Cor —Spanheim explains the reason (Pr. ii. p. 508)
neliamu.-It does not appear, however, that why Severus, who was not the son of Pertinaz,
about the assumption of names, to which they either by nature or by adoption, nor assumed
succeeded, they were particularly scrupulous. the government either in association with, or as
The same adopted Brutus is often on coins styled succeeding him, yet, being made Emperor,
only: nuvrvs um; and P. Clodius, adopted added the name of Pertinax to his own.
by Fonteius, to the end of his life continued to NONIA, a plebeian family, but of con
be called P. Clodius. Moreover the surname was sular rank. Its surnames are Sufenaa and
elongated by adoption, as from Marcellus, Mar Quinctilianua. There are three varieties of
cellimu, of which an example may be seen on coins type. The silver are scarce: the brass pieces
of Lentulus Marcellinus, in thc Cornelia family. are by the moneyers of Augustus and common.
Nomen pat:-is et avi.—-The name of a father The following is a rare type :—
and even of a grandfather will sometimes be svrenas s.c.-The head of Saturn as Eckhel
found alluded to on the family coins of the considers and shews it to be.
4E
578 NOR.BA.—NORBANA. NOVA SPES REIPUBLICAE.
Rev.-sax. NONI. Pa. 1.. v. r. 1., which some NOST. NOSTR. Noalrm-um.—See avoo.
learned antiquaries read Seztur Nonius Primes rrr oases. N051‘. Augustorum at Qtsarinn
Ludo; Votivoa Publicas Fecit; or as others Noatrorum, on coins of Diocletian, Constantins
interpret it, Seztus Nonius Pmtor I/udoa Chlorus, &:c.
Publicas Fecit.-—The type is s female figure, Nam Monetales.—'l'he family coins of the
considered to personify Rome, sitting on spoils, Romans exhibit an infinite number of marks
holding in her right band a. spear and in her peculiar to the moneyers, placed there to dis
left a parazzmium : a Victory stands behind and tinguish their workmanship. Thesc consist of
crowns her with a ga.rland.——Spa.uheim decidedly characters and of small figures; and are found
gives preference to the reading, which records also in great abundance on coins of the lower
Nonius as having celebrated the Ludi Vativi empire, particularfy from the time of Treboniauns
during his prmtorship; not as being the author Gallus and Volusianns, to denote (Jobert, vol. i.
of those games. 186) the place where they were struck; but
NOR. Naricum.—See mrr. non. Hetellum often in so obscure a manner as to batfle the
Noricum, on third brass of Hadrian.-The coujectural skill of the most erudite unmis
ancient Noricum was part of Illyria.—-See mstists.
sxssc. soa1c., on first and second brass of NOVA SPES RElPVBLICAE.—Victory
Hadrian. seated on spoils of the enemy, inscribes on a
Norba, a city situate on the river Tagus, buckler xx. xxx. ; in the
formerly part of Lusitania, supposed to be the field is a star: below
modern Alcautara, in Old Castille, in Spain.~— c0NOB.—This legend and
Rasche, on the authority of Hardouin, Patin, type appear on a very rare
and Liebe, quotes coins as struck there, not gold coin of Arcadius, one
only under Augustus, but also under Tiberius of whichis nowintheIlun
and Oaligula.—The assignment of this coin to terian Museum.—Bandnri
what Pellerin calls “the pretended colony” of is (naturally enough) at a
Norba, is shewn to be erroneous by that writer, loss to know in what
who on the contrary agrees with Florez in read manner Areadius could at the time when the
ing the four letters in question, as Colonia vows for xx. (years) were already discharged for
Cmsarea Nova Cartlzago (New Carthage now him, be called Nova Q22: Reipubliaz; he ofl'erl
Carthagena, in Spnin.)—M. Hcnrun, m the therefore various conjectures on the point—the
nomenclature of his Manual, under the head trouble of settling which Eckhel, in his quiet
of Lusitania (ii. p. 37), makes Norba to be easy way, freely leaves to those who are fond of
now Brozas; and he limits its coinage to exercising their critical skill on coins struck in
imperial autonomcs, and even these he appears “times” so much “ out of joint,” as the age of
to treat as of doubtful attribution. Arcadius.
NORBANA.—The name of this family is lost, NOVI.—See enema non sascvu. On
and the surname nonsanvs substituted in its coins of Gratian.
room. It appears to have been plebeian, but Novia, a plebeian family, as may be inferred
consular. There are many varieties in the coins, from the fact of L. Nonius having been a
but none of any interest, although some of the tribune of the people.-—But the coins struck
silver were restored by Trajan. The latter at Corinth by the colonial Duumvir Noviau,
denarii are very rare—the rest common. It is belong not to the family class.
not ascertained to which C. Norbanus they NOVIES MILLie.s ABOLITA.—See as
bol0ng.—There are gold of high rarity inscribed LIQVA varsaa, &c. On a coin of Hadrian.
c. Noanaiws L. cssrrvs. PR., which come NVBIS CONS.—The signification of these
letters, on the coins of young Romulus, the

son of Maxentius, notwithstanding all the
attempts made by the learned to explain it, still
remains not fully ascertained.——The Baron
Bimard, in his commentary on Jobert’s work,
decides that the Naatrar Vrbi-1 CONsersaior£ of
Tristan; the Nostra Vrbi-r Bis CON.ruli of
Harduin; and the Nobilissirno Comuli of Car
dinal Noris, are interpretations all of them
respectively beyond the bounds of probable con
jecture.-—Eckhel confesses himself destitute of
patience suflicient either to record or refute the
conflicting opinions on these still ambiguous
words. And Mionnet pleads absolute ignorance
of their import.--E. C. B., in the “ Numis
matic Journal,” vol. i., thinks that Job:-rt is
correct in reading N. V. as Nortnz Urbzlr. He
adds that “it would of course be absurd to
expect to find DIVVS and CONSVL in the
same legend ;” but it does not appear evident to
us why they should be so inconsistent; and
 NUMA. NUMERIANUS. 579
BIS CONSVL. (twice Consul), seems at least descended the Pomponia.” On the reverse of
not objectionable; and as upon one of his this coin Numa is represented employed in that
earlier coins Romulus is styled NOBILIS sacred oflice, of which he was the chief author.
CAES., the previous letters may be considered NVMA POMPILI ANCVS MARCI.—Hcads
rather as something equivalent, in preference to of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius.—Rev.
Notlray Vrbi.1.——See Romulus. C. CENSOn'nu.r: below ROMA. Two stems
N. T.—Numini Tutelari. of galleys, on one of which is a figure of Victory
N. TR. ALEXANDRIANAE COL. BOSTR. placed on a column. This appears on a second
Nervia Trajarue Alezandriana Cblonim Bos brass of the Marcia family, of which Censoriuns
tre:ml1.—To the Nervian, Trajan, Alexandrian is one of the surnames.—See Am,-u: Marcius
Colony of Bostra (a city of Palestine). for another coin of the same family. Both types
NVM. Nmmz.—-NVM. POMPILI —Numa appear to refer to the Port of Ostia, built by
Pompiliu-:.—NVM. Nunzerm. Ancus Marcius.
Numa Pompilius, of a Sabine family, was, NVMERIANVS (Marau Aurelius), second
aficr the death of Romulus, elected to fill the son of Carus, was born about a.n. 264. Declared
throne of Rome, and is calculated to have Caesar at the beginning of his father’s reign, he
commenced his reign in the third year of the accompanied him in the war against the Sar
sixteenth Olympiad. Conspicuous for justice matians, and afterwards against the Persians.
and piety, he entered into treaties of peace and On the death of Carus, A.D. 283, he was re
amity with the neighbouring nations, whose cognised Emperor of the army in Persia, con
minds hitherto brutalized by long and cruel jointly with his elder brother Carinus, who re
wars, he led to cultivate the arts of peace. He sided in the West.-—-Unlike that brother, how
chewed particular attachment to the ceremonies ever, he was an excellent prince, endowed with
of religion; reformed the manners, and im the most amiable virtues, governed by the most
proved the legislation of the people; and of a honourable principles, eloquent, a good poet,
mere baud of warriors, undertook to make a a man of tried courage and sound wisdom, a
nation of men civilized, just, and fearing the decided supporter of the laws and promoter of
Gods. To Numa is ascribcd the honour of the public interests. Attacked by illness, and
having first founded a temple to Janus, and also obliged to be conveyed in a litter, on his return
of having been the original author of the Roman into Europe, he was basely assassinated by his
coinage. He created the pontifical order of the father-in-law Arrins Aper, near Heraclea, in
Flamines (Dia!i:, fllarlialia, and Quirialis.) Thrace, a.n. 284, to the great grief of his
Twelve Salian Priests were also assigned by him subjects, in the thirtieth year of his age, having
to the worship of Mars. He instituted the reigned only nine months.—Thc honours of con
Vestals, as a body of virgins, to prcscrvc the secration were paid to his memory by Carinus
sacred fire; established on the calendar the or by Diocletian.
die: fas-ti et mfuti; and divided the year The coins of this prince in third brass are
into twelve months. To Numa is likewise common—-silver doubtful, if any—brass me
attributed the foundation of the Feciales, dallions very rare-—gold most rare. Some
heralds who decided on the justice, and made pieces represent him with his brother Carinus.
the declaration of war, and who watched over
the observance of pacific treaties.
NVMA.———Thc head of this king, with his
name inscribed on the diadem (see the word),
appears on a rare silver coin of the Oalpurnia
family, whose boast it was that they were
descended from Calpus, the son of Numa
Pompilius, as both Plutarch and Fcstus ex
pressly afiirm.—The head of Numa also occurs
on a denarius of the Pompeia family, with
the legend cs. P130 rno Q.—Likcwise on abrass
coin of the same monetary triumvir, on the
reverse of which is the head of Augustus, as
may be secn in Morell.—A denarius of the Marcia Numerianus is styled M. AVE. NVMERIANVS.
family also presents a portrait of this royal c. (On reverse, sometimes PRINCEPS lVVE2\'T.)
lawgiver; and on a scarce denarius of the —NVMER1ANVS NOB. can-:s.—un>. c. M. AVR.
Pomponia family, the reverse exhibits the fol Nvanzamnvs NOB. c.—nu>. NYMERIANV5. r.r.
lowing:— _ svo.—urr. NVMERIANVS INVICT. .n'o.—nIvvs.
NVM. POMPIL.-—A figure representing 1w1n:a1aNvs.—'I‘he illustration is taken from
Numa in his quality of Augur, holding the a fine brass medallion.
litnus, stands before a lighted altar, to which a Numerius, a surname peculiar to the Fabia
mun is leading a goat.—Sec Porrlponia. family, and which the Latins designated by the
That the Pomponia family referred its origin single letter N.—Vnlcl'illB Maximus informs us
to Numa we have the positive testimony of that the only one of the Fabii who escaped the
Plutarch. And to his account of the four sons massacre of Crcmcra, where 306 of them
of Numa, being Pompo, Pinus, Calpus, and perished, married the wife of N umcrius Otacilius,
Mamercus, he subjoins “for from Pompo are on condition that the son whom he might have
4E2

p
580 NUMITORIA.—NUMONIA. NUMONIA.
should bear the name of Numerius. The certain C. Numonius gained renown by assault‘
denarii of this family bear witness to the alleged ing an enemy’s cntrenchment fvallum); and,
fact that the Fabian race used the pnvnomen of moreover, that on account of such exploit the
Numerius, and expressed it solely by the letter surname of Vala was conferred on him, which,
rr., as N. mm. rrcroa. Numerius Fabius handed down as usual, is in this instance made
.Pictor.—Sigonins, however, states that two matter of boast by one of his descendants, who
other ancient and patrician families, Furia and places the image of his distinguished ancestor on
Quinctia, also used the surname of Numerius. this 00lIJ.—VAALA for VALA is an archaism, as
Numidia, apart of Africa between Mauretania on coins of Sylla we read FEELIX for r1s.ux.—
Czesariensis and the Carthaginian region, whose An archaism also leaves out an H. Thus P11.IP\'s,
inhabitants were called Numidce by the Romans. for rmnrrrvs, in the Marcia fsmily.—On the
—Jugurtha, King of Numidia, waged a long above dcnarius you have also a representation
and bloody war against the Roman republic. of the form of the Roman vallum.”
Twice subdued by the Consul Quintus Metellus, Numa, or Nummus, the name by which the
he again took up arms against the power of Romans denoted a coined piece of metal. The
Rome; but, though at first occasionally success word seems to be derived from the Greek
ful, he was finally vanquished by Marius, with wdnor, although among the Greeks the word
Bocehus, King of Mauritania, whom he had 1/6p.ur/.u1. wa.s more in use, whence the Latins
drawn over to his party. That traitor betrayed wrote Numisma, which signifies what (from the
him to Marius, who conveyed him to Rome, French momzoie) we call money—-namely, piers
dragged him in the train of his triumphal of metal bearing the impress of diflerent signs,
procession, and caused him to perish in prison. indicative of their weight and value, which, for
Numidis, in the year of Rome, became a the public accommodation and benefit, are
province of the republic, and, after the death of ordained by law to circulate in exchange for the
Lcpidus, was ceded to Augustns.—For the kings necessaries and the luxuries of life, and to
of Numidia, on Roman coins, see Juba. facilitate the otherwise too difficult means of
NVMITORIA, a plebcinn family, as appears conducting commercial transactions, but Lbe
from its having furnished to the republic tribunes liberty of fabricating which was denied to private
of the people; but it was also a family of the individuals.
greatest antiquity, and seems to have referred for Nunzi b@ali.—Roman coins so called, firorn
its origin to Nuruitor, brother of Aurelius, their bearing the representation of cars drawn
grandfather of Romulus and Remus.—There are by two horses.
five varieties. Silver very rare. The brass, Numi bracleati. Plated coins.—This name
which are common, form parts of the A.v.—A was given to a species of fraudulent coinage
denarius of this family has on one side the practised by the ancients, which consisted in
winged head of Pallas, and nous; on the covering with leaves of gold or of silver pieces
other, 0. Nvruroar, a man in s triumpbsl of metal of inferior value.
quudriga, crowned by a flying victory. Numi cislopfiori, medals so denominated
NVMONIA, a family of but little celebrity from their presenting the mystical cista or
in Roman annals. Whether it was plcbcian or basket, with a serpent issuing from or coiled
atrician is uncertain.—Its surname on coins is round it, allusive to the worship of Bacchus.
ala, or Vaala.—Vellci11s alludes to Numonius See Chrtoplzori.
Vala, who basely deserted Varus in Germany; Numi contorm'at1'.—See Conlorniale Coin.
and Horace writes an epistlc to Numonins Vala Numa" contrzmgnati. Countermarked coins.
(Lib. i. 15).—There are three varieties. Both -—Nume1ons instances of medals stamped with
the gold and silver coins of this family are some particular mark occur, in the ancient
extremely rare ; of the latter, some were restored mints of Greece, especially those of kings and
by Trajan, and these are of the highest degree cities. Coins struck with a similar counts-rsign
of rarity. are to be found in the Roman Imperial series,
One of the gold medals bears on its reverse under Claudius and also under Vespasian.
the name of rwnomvs vssu, and for its type Numi fru4lati.—The Latin word frus-lain,
a soldier attacking the rampart of a camp, which derived from frustum, a bit, a eat, is
two others inside are defending, The same type applied by numismntic antiquarics to a medal
occurs in silver, of which an example is here which is so much defaced that its inscription is
given. illegiblc.—The French call it um: medaillc
frusle.
Numi incu.n'.—-Incusc medals are those
which are stamped only on one side, and which
represent the same type on both sides, one in
relief and the other hollow. The process was
employed by some cities of Magna Grmcia in
striking their silver money. But they must not
be confounded with those which are incuse
through the neglect or participation of the
moneyers, and which are found as well among
“From this,” says Eckhel, “we learn, what the Consular coins as among the brass and
besides is attested by ancient writers, that a silver of the Imperial series.
 NUMI. NYMPHE 581
Nrnni pellicuIati.—The same as s-uberali. that Of numismatiste, which is now adopted to
—See below. signify a person who studies, explains, and
Numi quadn'_qati.—So called from the collects antique coins and medals; in short who
qnadrigw, or chariots with four horses, which cultivates the numismatic science, or la numb
form the type of their reverses. matique.
Numi ratiti.—A name given to the most N3/mpIue.—The ancients were accustomed to
ancient pieces of the Roman mint, which bear place under the protection of beings whom they
on the reverse a galley (ratia), or rather the called nymphs, those productions of nature
rostrum or beak of a galley. which, as in the vegetable world, seem to
Numi restituti. Restored medals.-These possess certain attributes of life. Neither
are pieces, both Consular and Imperial, on goddesses nor mortals, but partaking to a degree
which, besides the type and legend which of the quality of both, they lived a long time,
belonged to their original fabric, exhibit the for ambros-ia was their food; but their life at
name of the Emperor, by whose order they length yielded to the fatal axe of the woodman,
were struck a second time.—See asst. or to the scissors of the inexorable Fates.
Numi serrali.—By this term are distinguished The nymphs of Roman fable were of divers
certain Greek and Roman medals, of which the kinds. For some of them presided over moun
rim is indented, or garnished with teeth.— tains, others over fountains and fields, whilst
Authors have conjectured various reasons for others found their element in the sea and
this process having been adopted in the mints of other places.——Some writers appear to regard
antiquity, but none which appear to solve the them in no other light than as celebrated women
mystery.—Eckhel is of opinion that the earliest of the most remote antiquity. For example,
of these médailles dentelée: (as the French call
Egeria, the familiar spirit of Numa; Acca
them) mount to as remote s date as the year Laurenlia, the nurse of Romulus; Anna
of Rome, 564. Under the Emperors none of Pererma, the sister of Dido; Flora is said to
these serrated coins are found, but they fre have been a most noted courtezan.—Figures of
quently occur amongst the Consular medals. nymphs are often found on Roman monuments
Numi sub¢rati. Another term for plated and vases; they also appear on a few Greek
coins.—Rinlr (in his work De Vet. Numism.) Imperial and Colonial coins. But the only
describes this species of money in the following Latin coins which present them, as a type, are
terms :—“ It should be understood that the that deuarius of the Accoleia family, on which
mimnu 8145127111148 is a brass (or copper) coin, the three sisters of Phaeton appear, as changed
which has been overlaid with a costing of silver, into larch trees; and the bronze medallion of
in such a manner that the silver can easily be re Antoninus Pius, which exhibits two nymph:
moved from the brass, by merely loosening it at of the Heaperidea standing close to a tree bear
the edge.” ing apples, round the trunlr of which a serpent
Numi tincti.-—These are what the French is entwined.—Ses Hercules.
call médailles saucéea, namely, struck on copper I
and afterwards covered with a leaf of tin— O.
numbers of which are found amongst those
struck in the declining periods of the empire. O. Fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet.
Numi v1'ctoriati.—On the Consular coins the O. a globule or circle, is generally accepted as
figure of Victory in a biga or a quadriga is denoting the uncia, as the sign of weight and
frequently seen; and hence this kind of money value—viz., 0, urwia; thence oooo, triem;
took the name of t-icloriatua. ooo, quadnma; 00, sezhuu.
Nulni melall0rum.—Scc nsr. or METAL; also O. and AV. were used promiseuonsly by the
Ihajan. more ancient Romans.——Thus in the Claudia
Numi pro moneta babiti (says Vaillant) family cnonrvs and cnavmvs; in like manner
marmarepermmiores, ac monummlis veteribus in the Plautis family rnorrvs and PLAVTIVS
sun! at-curah'orea.—Coins are more durable than appear on consular deuarii. By the some
marble, and more accurate than ancient monu custom the foster-father of Quirinus (Romulus),
ments. For (he adds) they were struck by whose name among Latin writers, spelt Faus
authority of magistrates after mature delibera tulus, is inscribed rosrvnvs on the deuarius of
tion ; therefore, all things respecting them must the Pompeia family.
have been carefully Weighe , rendered clear O. was oflen substituted by the ancient
and perspicuous, and freed from obscurity and Latins for V.—Of this we have examples in the
doubt. The same writer admits, however, that words anorvros instead of anorrrvs; mvos
in some cases medals are of less value than for nrvvs; vorearzo for VVLCANO, &c.
monuments. O. is adjoined sometimes to V., forming the
Numismalique.—By this word, used sub diphthong OV., in place of the single letter V.
stantively, the French designate that science Thus on family deuarii rovnvrvs, is written
which has for its object the study of medals, in the room of Fulvius, rovm, or rovnrvs,
principally those struck by the ancient Greeks for Furiua.
and by the ancient Romans.—See Numua. O. This letter by itself signifies 06, on
Numismati.rte.—-Hennin, in the introduction account of; or qficina, office of the mint; or
to “his Manual,” observes that the word Ogulniua, the name of a man; or optima, an
numismate has been for some years replaced by epithet often given to Jupiter.
582 OB CIVIS SERVATOS. OB CONSERVATIONEM,
OB. C. S., or OB. CIV. SER., or O. C. S. he obtained the appellation of Pater Patria,
Ob Giver Servato.|.—Money struck in honour of, and the distinctive ab 1.-ivea rervatoa, with the
or an oaken crown dedicated and given to, some I laurel crown. For the same reason, in an
one for having been the preserver or saviour of | earlier age, Pompey the Great in Greece, Scipio
citizens. l in Spain, had each his Senate, although Caesar
OB CIVIS SERVATOS.—Many coins, in had at the same time the city, which Wu the
gold, silver, and brass, struck by the moneyers , sent of the Senate, in his power. And at a later
of Auyu-rtus, exhibit this commendatory legend l period of the empire, the same thing was done
(the letter I being usually elongated), within by Postumus, as is shewu on his coinage.”——
a crown of oak leaves, or around a votive (Vol. p. 164.)
shield (en. v.), inscribed s. 1'. Q. n.—This OB CONSERVATIONEM PATRIAE.
more frequently occurs after the Emperor -—GALLIENVM AVGVSTVM POPVLVS
above-named had caused the Roman citizens ROMANVS.—l-Iygeia feeding a serpent.~—By
made prisoners in Parthia to be restored to this cpigraph, which appears on a large and very
liberty in the year of Rome 734, as may be rare silver coin of Gallieuus, the Roman people
seen on coins of Aquilius, Caninius Dnrmius, are made to worslzip that Emperor for his having
and Petronius, who about that period were saved the country (ab couscrvationem pat:-(<2),
monetal III Viri at Rome. (See Caninia family.) alter the model of the servile Greek inscriptions.
—“ This reverse (observes Eckhel), which makes “The goddess of health, and the word Salmfi;
its first appearance under Augustus, was fre in the next coin (says Vaillant), shevvs that the
quently revivcd by succeeding Caesars, not often merit of having effectually exerted himself to
careful about whether such praise could truly drive away the pestilence from Rome was
be bestowed upon them.”—-For example, the claimed by Gallienus,” and awarded by the
words EX s. c. on GIVES BEBVATOS inscribed obsequious Senate.
with a laurel crown, forms the legend of the OB CONSERVATIONEM SALVTIS.—
Same type as above.——Here Gallienu-r Augustus
reverse on a first brass coin of Claudius, as if
that most indolent and apathetic, if not most receives the religious veneration of the Roman
stupid, of Emperors, ever did an heroic or people, as the preserver of the public health_—
humane action to merit the eulogy conveyed in On this legend and type, Vaillant observes——
this renalur coruultum. “ The praise, though llatteringly, was not alto
OB. C.S. S.P.Q.It. P.P. Within an oakeu gether falsely bestowed by the people on their
cr0wn.—On gold, silver (nnd first brass, with prince; for that general plague, or pestilence,
addition of P.P.) of Calignla.——According to which had raged throughout the empire, under
Dion, Caligula accepted the honours (such as Decius, Gallus, and xhlmilianus, after fiflcen
Augustus, Pater Patrim, &e.), some of which years’ duration, ceased under Gallicnns, who
his predecessor Tiberius uniformly refused. On seems thus to have fulfilled his vow to the
these coins we see not only the title of Pater goddess Salu.r.—Tristan, therefore, is of opinion,
Patrizia, but also the civic crown, neither of from the epigraph of this coin, that a statue
which are found in the mintage of Tiberius, and was erected to him in honour of the event.”
rightly so, for Suetonius tells us of Tiberius cog _ OB CONSERVATOREM SALV'I‘IS.—A
nomengue Pa-his Patrie, at civicam in vcslibulo similar type on a silver medallion of Gallienus.
coronam recusavit. By these coins, therefore, OB LIBERTATEM RECEPTAM.—GAL
it is (says Eckhel) revealed to us, that this LIENVM AVG. P.P.—-With the laurmted head
commendatory distinction meritoriously earned of the same Emperor on one side, and the
by Augustus; afterwards decreed to, but re figure of Liberty on the other; a gold medal
jected by, Tiberius, was seized upon quite early records the veneration of the Roman people
enough by Caligula, and subsequently intruded towards Gallienua Azzywtus for their “ recovered
into the public coinage, by one so utterly liberty.”—That was indeed a vain and false
unworthy as the man, who far from deserving display of popular praise, which could openly
rewards for saving his fellow-citizens, had openly nflirm the existence of Liberty, under the son,
wished that all had but one neck that he might whilst the Emperor Valerianus, his father, was
dispatch them at one blow.—(Vol. vi. 223.) languishing in iguominious and cruel captivity
OB. C.S. S.P.Q.R. P.P. Within s laurel amongst the Persians, to the great disgrace of
vvreath.—Silver of A1binns.—On this coin as the whole Roman empire.
given in Vaillant, Num. Pmat. '1‘. ii. edit. Rom. In adding a second brass of the same emperor,
p. 208,—Eckhel makes the following remarks: bearing a similar type, and having for its
“ As Albinns, from the moment of his nsurping epigraph on. annnrrsm irsnarsrnx, Eckhel
the honours of an Augustus, in defiance of justly observes that “the above coins are remark
Severus, was declared the enemy of Rome, able for the ostentatious grandeur and novel
this medal could not have been struck in the terms of their respective inscriptions. But the
city, “nor could the honour, which the coin base adulation, as well of the Senate as of the
indicates, have been conferred upon him by the people, which they betray, must be obvious to
Senate, devoted as that body might be to his everyone.”
service. If, therefore, it be genuine, the OB VICTORIAM TRIVMFALEM (sie.)
above quoted coin teach us what all historians Two victories holding a crown, on which is
have passed over without notice, that Albinus in inscribed vor. x. IVLT. xv. or IVLT. xx.-This
Gaul formed a Senate of his own, from whom occurs on gold and silver coins of Constans I.
 OBSEQUENS.—-OCTAVIA. OCTAVIA. 588
(son of Constantine the Great), who it appears was divorced in 722. She is said to have died
had waged war with the Franks, and afterwards of grief for the loss of the young Marcellus,
with the Caledonians, which procured for him her son by a former husband. There are coins
this distinction of a triumpluzl victory. of this Octavia; but, according to Mionnet,
OB. DV. FILII SVI.—A legend of uncertain none are known in either metal of Roman die
signification on a coin of Licinius senior.— bearing her likeness, except a gold one of the
Noris has made it the subject of u dissertation, highest degree of rarity, thus described by that
in which he expresses his opinion that the eminent medallist, cos. DESIGN. rraa E1.‘ -rea.
letters OB. DV. mean Oblalionem Devotam, lnvla. n.P.c. Naked head of Octavia.
and endeavours to shew that gifts were accus Rev.—M. ANTONIVS u.r. M.N ave. me. ran.
tomed to be ofiercd to princes on account of Naked head of M. Antony. But the portrait
the performance of vows. But other writers and even the name of Octavia, adds Mionnet,
of equal erndition prefer reading the DV. as is also found on a Latin brass medallion of
Decermalia Vela, that is to say ruacepta, Tiberius, struck out of Rome (in what province
accepted or received. is not known). On the reverse of this coin
Obeliacua, an obelisk, formed of the hardest appears the head of the princess, fronting that
stone, rising from a square base, becoming of her brother Augustus; and the legend is
“ fine by degrees and beautifully less” to gene nrvvs ave. IMP. OCTAVIA.
rally a commanding altitude.—This figure may Octavia, the daughter of the Emperor Clan.
be observed, as situate in the circa: marimua, dius, by Messalina. Born at Rome in 795-6
on medals of Augustus, Nero, Trajan, Cnraealla, (a.n. 42 or 4-3); given in marriage to New
Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, and else (806), by whom soon after her father's death
wherc.—See Circus. she was put awriy and banished to Campania,'
An obelisk, placed on a round foundation, and afterwards to the island of Pandataria,
adorned with statues, appears on a second brass where the ungrateful tyrant caused her death by
of 'l‘itus.—Vaillant in his Colonies (i. p. 137) suffocation in a bath, under pretext of her being
gives on a coin of Corinth, struck under M. an adulteress, a.n. 62, in the 20th year of hei
Aurelius, an obelisk, on which stands a little age. Her successful rival Poppies,‘ at whose
naked image, and on each side an equestrian instigation she was murdered, had the bleeding
figure as if in the act of running.-See head of the victim brought to her; and little
Corintllua Colonic. perhaps anticipating the fatal kick of her brutal
Obicza Castrorum.—-The gates of a camp, paramour, fed her own monstrous barbarity
with a spear, and below it the pileus (or cap of with the sight of it. The Romans were dis
liberty), appear on a denarius of Cmpio Brutus, mayed at her death, and preserved her memory as
to shew that he was in arms for the defence of that of a virtuous as well as a most unfortunate
liberty, and that his camps were for such empress.
Roman soldiers as were friends to liberty. The only coins of this empress which are
OBSEQVENS.——See Forluna Obsequen.r.—— known are of Colonial and of Greek fabric. From
On silver and brass of Antoninus Pius. It is one of the former in the British Museum,
also written orsnqvans from interchange of in potin, the portrait
the consonants B and P. annexed has been en
Obridionalzlr Cor0mz.—See Corona. graved. They are all of
Obulca, a Roman mum'ci_1n'um, of Hispania great rarity. One in
Bactiea (Andalusia), now called Porcuna, a third brass with her head
town of some note between Cordova and is mentioned by Beau
Gienna.-—lts coins, which are autonomous, hear vais, as contained in his
for their types generally a female head, some time in the cabinet of
times ahorseman, at others a bull, and the word Pellerin, having for its
OBVLCO, with the names of Roman duumvirs, legend ocravue AVG.
and Celtiberiun inscriptions. c. I. r. Colmtia Julia FeIi.z,—On the reverse
OCEANVS, on a coin of Constans.——See is the head of Nero, crowned with laurel, and
BONONIA. inscribed NERO caavn. cans. svo. arm. c.
Octavia, one of the most ancient families of rm. A medal, adds Beauvais, which may be
Rome.-—Elected into the Senate by Tarquinius regarded as nnique.—Eckhel has since edited
Priscus, and introduced amongst the patricians from the cabinet of Count Festitic, a remark
by Servina ’1‘ullius, it in aficrtimes united itself able coin of an uncertain colony, with the
to the plebeian order, and then returned again following =—oc'rav1.\ avevsra. Octavia veiled,
with great influence into the patrician ranks standing before an altar: patera in her right
through Julius Caesar. It was principally noted hand.—Reo. AGRIPPINA ave. Agrippins
from Caesar Octavianus Augustus.-Mionnet seated.
and Akermun do not include the reputed coins Octavianue, aname elongated from Octaviru,
of this family in their catalognes.—Eckhel who was afterwards culled Augustus. (See
mentions them only as numi Goltziaui, ant Nomina Romanov-um).——But Augustus, after his
Ilvirorum Corinflzi. adoption by Julius Caesar, is never styled on
Oclavia, the sister of Augustus, the third coins either Octavianua or Octavius.
wife of Mark Antony, whom she married in the Odenatlm-2 -S'eptimiu.r, Prince of the Palmy
year of Rome 714 (13.0. 40), and by whom she renians, a warlike man, the saviour of the
584 OFFICINA MONETZE. OGULNIA.
Roman empire in the East. When Valerian by certain initial letters and numerals, as well
became the captive of Sapor, Odenathns took Greek as Latin, engraved either in the field of
the Persian Generals prisoners; and commanded the coin or on the exergue. Of this sort are
himself to be styled in the first place King, and the following :—
then Emperor He married the famous Zenobis, ANTP. Anliockia Percusm.—Strnck at
Queen of Palmyra, and died A.D. 267. Antioch.
“The coins of Odenathns (says Eckhel) are .u\"rs. Antioch}: Signata.—Coined at
known only to Goltzius; and if any one will Antioch.
put faith in their existence, let him go to theAQPS. Aquileire Peczmia Signata.—Coined
fountain head (Le. Goltziu.s).—According to at Aquileia.
Trebellius, Gallienus caused a coin to be struck comon. otherwise CONOB.—C0rr.rlanfim7p0li
in honour of Odcnnthns, on which he was re Obrignala, or Comlanlinopnli qfiiaina Secmudd.
presented leading the Persians captive; but a LVGPS. Luyrluni Pecunia Si_q11ala.—Moncy
coin of this kind has met, as yet, no one's coined at Lyons.
eye—not even that of Goltzins.” vrn. Percussa Trcvcr-i.r—(I9eve.r.)
Oea, or Ocea, a maritime city of Africa, SISCPZ. Scisciaz Percussn in aflicina Septima.
situate on the Sertice, and according to Pliny sun. Signata illonela Antiocleia,-—or sum.
(L. v. c. 4), a Roman colony.--The city of Oea Siymrta Jlloncla Anlioc/lie in Qjficina Secuuda.
(Civitaa Oemsic or Oeccm-is) was one of three, SMSISE. Sacra Jlloneta Szkcia in qficiaa
which from their number gave the title to the Quinla.
African Tripolis, according to Solinua, quoted The following inscription on a coin of Man
by Rasche. To this city Vaillant attributes ricius, edited by Banduri and Ducange, in which
a coin of Antoninus Pius, on the obverse of the debated syllables are drawn out at length,
which appear the titles and portrait of that favours the above interpretations—viz., vmrma
Emperor; and on the reverse C. A. 0. A. 1., on orrrcnsa nsvannrr.
which he has rendered Colonic Aelia Oea (or 'ma Monetaria!.——The mone ofiiees
Occrwi-1), Augusta Felix, with the turreted head are frequently recorded on coins of Valcntinianus
of the Genius loci. But Pellerin, by the pro II., as well as on those of Valens and Gr-atianus,
duction of a better preserved but exactly similar thus—or. 11. III. &c., or n.1>anra, n. sncvzms,
medal, has shewn it to belong to Hadr-ian’s 1;. rnnrrs, n. QVARTA.
colony of wlia Capitolina (Jerusalem).— OGVLNIA gen.r.—Q. and Cu. Ogulnius, being
Pellerin adds that no coins of the city of Oea recorded as tribuni plebia, teach us that this
were known in his time.. family was plebeian. They had the cognornen
OEC. Oecumenicum, or 0ccumenica.— of Gallu:.—I*‘ive varieties of its coins are given
Public games or combats of athlete, so called in Morell; one of which in silver, bears on
because competitors from every part of the one side s juvenile head laureated, under it s
world were allowed to enter the lists, in contra thunderbolt; and on the other, oevr. visa.
distinction to the Enxwpla, which were only CAE.—Tl16 bronze pieces are the as or some of
provincial games (certaminap1ovincialia).- On its parts.-—Coins of the Carvilia family exhibit
colonial coins of Heliopolis in Caalo Syria, the same name and cognomen, but not the
among other epigraphs allusive to these wrestling same types.
matches, is one of Valeriauus senior, given by Olla, and not Olbia, according to Vaillant,
Banduri (I. p. 120), can. sac. car». one. quoting Ptolemy, was a city of Pamphylia,
1s1a'.r.. HEL. Certamen Sacrum Capilolinum. which territory borders on Cilicia. It was also
Occumcnicum belasticum Heliopolitanum.-— a Roman colony, as its coins testify, bearing
See Ileliopolrlr Colania. the legend con. IVL. ave. OLBANEN, with the
OFF. III. CONST. Oflicina Ten'i¢e (bu equestrian figure of the God Lunns. It has one
Jtantinopoli.-—Strnck in the third officc of the autonomous coin, one Greek Imperial, struck in
mint of Constantinople. honour of M. Aurelius, and two Colonial
Qficina moneta, a monetary workshop or Imperial, inscribed to Julia Maasa and Gordianns
mint.—Oficinatorc-I monela, inspectors of the Pius.
mint.—Inscriptions on ancient marbles collected Olba-ra, Pisidia, Colonia.—TheLati.n Imperial
by Gruter and others have preserved the medal ascribed to this colony, is following in
appellations given to the respective workmen em middle brass, namely, with the style and por
ployed in diiferent parts of the coinage. Among trait of Gordianus Pius on the obverse—and
these are found the following denominations :— with con. onaa on the reverse, and the type of
Monctarii; Qflicinatore: nwncla auraria, Bacchus standing, holding the cartherus and
argenlaria, Oman} ,- Numuylu-ii qflicinarum thyrsus: aleopard squatting at his feet. But
aryenliarum ,- Familiar monetaria; Numularii; Mionnet marks it “ questionable."
Ojir-inalores moneta ; E4-actors: auri, argento, Olea, the Olive, of which Minerva is (by
acrw; Signatures; Suppoalorea; Mallealores; Virgil) styled the inventress; or, according to
Flalores. Ovid (Melam. lib. vi., v, 80), Pallas produced
The learned are of opinion that under the out of the earth the olive tree, during her
reign of Probus, or thereahonts, those cities of contest with Neptune for the possession and
the empire which enjoyed the right of coinage name of Athens. Hence, on coins, this goddai
designated their names, and the Qflicinaa, in has her helmet adorned with an olive branch, as
which their money was struck. This was done sacredto her, or she carries the same in her
 OLYBRIUS.—OLYMPIAS. OLYMPIAS.—0LYMPICUS. 585
right hand. And when Minerva bears this Contorniate medal, bearing the head of Nero;
symbol of peace, she is called Paczfera; an and, according to Havercamp, the recumbent
example of which appellation and type is found female is no other than Queen Olympias herself,
on a brass coin of Albinns. Minerva is also the fait-hless wife of Philip, King of Macedon, and
seen with similar attributes on coins of Anto the courageous mother of Alexander the Great.
niuus, Commodus, Postumus, and Tctricus Of this lady it is related, by Plutarch, among
junior. other writers, that becoming pregnant during
Olm 1?asnu_r.—The olive branch in the hand the absence of Philip, she, for the purpose of
of Peace is to be seen on nearly all the medals concealing her shame, devised a story about her
of the Imperial series, from Augustus to having had intercourse with Lybian Jove, or
Gallicnus,and further downwards to Gal. Jupiter Ammon, who had assumed the form of
Maximianns.—-The same as a symbol of peace, a serpent.
appears in the hand of Mara Pacf/‘er, on Olympias, an olympiad, the space of four
coins of Commodus, Sept. Severus, Carncalla, years, sometimes used as equivalent to the
Alex. Severus, Maximianus I., Gordianus III., Roman Luatrum, which included five years.
Gallus, Volusianus, 1Emilianus, Gallicnus, and
From the period when the Greeks began to
other emperors.—The olive branch appears inreckon dates of time by olympiads, they
the hand of Emperors, as the preservers of enumerated them as, the first, or second, or
peace, on coins of Augustus, Tiberius, Vespasiau, third, &c., olympiad.
Titus, Trajan, Commodns, Sept. Severus, Bal Olympicus, Olympic, or what is of or belong
binus, Pupienus, Emilianus, Diocletian, and ing to Olympus.—-Iupiter was called Olympian,
Maximianus. either from Mount Olympus, in Thessaly, the
The alive branch appears on divers of the reputed place of his education, or from heaven
Imperial medals, in the hand of Concord, of itself, which the Greeks denominated Olympus,
Felicity, of Security, of Providentia. It is and in which he was said to reign.—The title of
the symbol of Hispauia, on account of the O13/mpicus was also assigned to Hercule-1, who
abundance of olive trees in that country. instituted the cerlamen olympiaum, and won at
OLV. for OLY. Olympico.—See iovl OLYM. ; those games the victory in wrestling.
and a temple on a coin of Augustus. Olympius.-—-This appellation (says Eckhel, vi.
OLYBRIVS fdniciua}, descended from the 518), peculiarly appropriated to the king of
ancient family of the Anicii, who held a high heathen diviuities, was, by an unusual stretch of
senatorial rank, married (A.D. 462) Placidia, even Grecian flattery, assigned in common to
daughter of Vslentinian III. and of Eudoxia. the Emperor Hadrian and to Jove himself, as
appears from a variety of inscriptions both on
marbles and on coins, especially Athenian. The
cause or pretext for this adulation was the
finishing and dedication by the above Emperor,
of the great temple of Olympian Jupiter at
Athens. Connected with this fact was the
institution of games, called Hadriana Olympia,
by various Greek cities.—This application of a
celestial cognomen to Hadrian finds no example
The Emperor Leo nominated him Consul 464, on any Latin coins; and we find on contorniate
and sent him against Ricimer, who proclaimed coins, the epithet of O/V1/mpius degraded so low
him Augustus in 472, in the place of the as to be the designation of an auriya or an
Emperor Anthemius, whom Ricimer caused to allileta.
be assassinated. ' Olyhrius is described as a man Olympiodorus, 0Iympiu.r.—These names occur
of distinguished merit, estimable for his morals, on the reverses of contorniates, the obverses of
piety, and patriotism. A good general, but an which bear the portrait of Nero. The types are
ambitions subject, he had not the time allowed naked men standing in quadrigze, and the names
him to perform any memorable action, as he ter are doubtless those of victorious chariotcers or
minated his days in the year of his accession, wrestlers.
possessing the empire only three months from O M. Optima; Ma.n'mu.r.—I. O. M. Jovi
the death of his predecessor. His daughter Optima M'a.rimo.—To the name of Jupiter, the
Juliana married, during the reign of Anastatius, tutelary Deity of Rome, these letters are added,
the patrician Areobindus. His style is D. N. in recognition of his goodness and his power.
ANICIVS OLYHR-IVS svo.—n. N. ANIC. (or OMN. 0mnia.—SACERDOs COOP'l‘alu-r
ANICIVS.) OLYBRIVB, r.r. ave. His coins both IN OMNia CONLegia SVPRA NVMerum.
in gold and silver are very rare.——Tanini gives On a coin of Nero.
a piece in lead with a reverse similar to that on 0mm'potem.—Jupiter is thus" called on a
the aureus represented above; but the obverse colonial coin quoted by Vaillant.
bears full-faced heads of Olybrius and Placidia. O. M. T. Optima Mazimo T0nanti—i.e.
OLYMPI.-\S (or sometimes OLIMPIAS) (Jovi) (to Jupiter) the best, the greatest, the
REGINA.—-A female veiled, reposing on a thunderer.
richly adorned bed, extends her right hand OP. or OPT. or OPTIM. PRIN. or PR.
towards a serpent which is rearing itself before Optima Principi.—'I‘o the best of Princes. An
her.-—This legend and type appear on a Roman epithet given to Trajan.
4F
586 OPEIMIA.—OPI. DIVIN. OPPIA.—OP’l‘IM.E MAXIME.
Opeimia, as written on coins, otherwise (M) OPPIVS CAPIT. PROPR. PRAEP.
Opimia, a pleheian family; but it was dis CLAS. (Harem) Oppiu: Capito Propnzlor
tinguished nevertheless by several consulships, Prrfibclua Cla.i.ri.r.—-Propretor and Commandant
especially that of L. Opimius, by whom C. of the Fleet.
Gracchus was put down.—Among seven varieties OPPIA.—This family is known to have been
of coins is a rare deuarius with a winged head of the plebeian order, from the tribunes and
of Minerva on one side; and on the other ediles of the people, who belonged to it. lts
11. or}.-ZIMI. and Apollo in a biga, holding his surnames were Capito and Sa/imzf0r.—The
bow: below it nous. The bronze pieces of former appears on brass coins of Mark Antony,
this family are the as, or some of its parts. struck during his triumvirate. The latter may
OPEL. Opeliu:.—Wc learn from coins that be considered as belonging to two families, viz.,
Macrinus and his son Diadumcnianus should be Livia and Oppia.—In the whole there are nine
called Opelius, and not Opiliur, as it is com varieties, all of second brass. The rarest of
moul written by historians. which bears on its obverse the double head of
O 1. DIVIN. Opi .Diviua.—A female Janus, and on the reverse c. CASSI. L. SALLY.
seated, holding ears of corn. On a very rare The prow of a galley, with the doubtful epi
large brass of Pertinax. graph of nss.—-Livy aflirms that L. Oppins
Salinator was sent in the year of Rome, 561,
with a fleet to guard the coast of Sicily, and
to bring back a supply of corn. And this
frumentalio is regarded by Havercamp as here
commemorated. Eckhel, however, shews that
such an inference is not to be drawn merdy
from a ship's prow, which is in fact a perpetual
and almost exclusive type on the brass coinage
of Republican Rome. There arebronzc pieces of
this family struck in Cyrcniaca. The following
second brass is probably one of them :——The
head of Venus, with a capricorn behind it.
Rev. Q. OPPIVS PR. Victory walking, holds
This reverse will admit of a two-fold inter on her right shoulder a long palm branch, and
pretation. It may be taken for the Divine Ops, in her left hand a palera containing fruit.
wife of Saturn, who had a temple dedicated to According to Havcrcamp, the letters PR. are
her at Rome. Or it may be supposed to mean to be read Pnzfeclus, and Oppius was onc of
the power of producing in abundance all things eight prefects, whom Julius Cmsar, on setting
generally useful. The abundance, personified on out for Spain, appointed to act for him at
this modal, holding in her right hand ears of Rome.—-“This opinion (says Eckhel) l have
corn, that truly divine gift of nature to man enlarged upon in commenting on the medals of
kind, apparently refers to the great pains whichthe Cestia family; and as I have there noticed
Pertinaz took for the subsistence and advantage its vagueness and uncertainty, so I hesitate not
of his subjects.—Capit0linus says of this to assert that respecting these coins of Oppius
virtuous Emperor, Armamz consultiarime pru he is greatly mistaken. For the capricimu
vidit; and Dion also in like manner speaks of which in some of them is placed beside the
his provident care. In dedicating this medal head of Venus, points to a later period; in all
to Ops, who is the same as Rhea, or Terra, probability the time when Augustus was at the
which brings forth corn, Pertinaa: shews his head of Roman affairs, and in honour of whom
alone that fabulous animal was engraved on
disposition to ascribe to divine assistance that
universal plenty which he had secured for his medals. Moreover, the fabric of the coins
people.—With this legend and type, therefore, themselves, bears evidence of their not having
may be appropriately conjoined the inscription proceeded from the mint of Rome, iusomueh
which Grater has published, and which reads: that in all likelihood they were struck in some
OPI. DIYINAE. 11:1‘ PORTVNAE. PBIMIGENIAE. province.”
sacs. lair. sacs. IMP. caasan. HELVII PEB OPT. Optima, in other instances OPTI1(., or
TINACIS AVOVSH. v. D. n. at full length OPTIXO. ~
There are coins of Antoninus Pius in .1-ilver OPT. IMP. Optima Imperafori, on coins
and first brass, struck in the year of Rome 893, of Claudius Gothicus, and also (as given by
on which is the epigraph OPI. AVG-uslzz ; and Banduri) of Constantius Chlorus.
the type a woman sitting with the haata in her OPT. Optim0rum.—OPT. M'ER. Opti
right hand, and her left hand lifted to her marum 1l[eri!arum,—See Requier.
head.———The Ops Augusta whom this coin was OPTIME MAXIME.-—Jupiter stands hold
intended to honour, is considered by Spanheim ing the thunderbolt in his right, and a spear in
(in his notes on Julian’s Caesars), as only his left hand; on some an eagle is at his fee-t.—
another name for the Goddess Cybcle, to whom Silver and second bras: of Commodus.
the Romans assigned a feast of two days dura J upitcr (observes Vaillant) was called Optima:
tion, uuder the name of Opalia.—See Templum for his beneficcnce and Jlaximzcs for his power.
Qpia. But this epigraph of ovrure MAXINE seems
Opima Sp0Iia.—-See Spalia. placed on the above coin on account of the
 OPTIMO.—OPTIMUS. ORBIAMA.—ORBIS. 587
acclamation made to Commodus by the Senate. The most probable supposition is that this bar
—Eekhel, in noticing this legend, alludes to barian was so called by his own creatures
the opinion of Spanheim, that on this coin (terming themselves a Senate) out of sheer
Commodus is addressed (proponi) with the adulation.
worship of Jupiter, and that to him also were OR. 0m.—r>a.\ar. cnss. rrr. on. rurur.
applied the names Oplimua M'a.rimu:. But he Pmfectua Class-is at Ora rllafitimw.
does not seesutficient cause for coming to such ORB. 0r6i.r=—ona.'rr.rm. Orbi: Terrarum.
a conclusion. Each of these epithets (he adds) —The world ; the universe.—See Gloria Orbie.
is ascribed to Commodus on the marble of OR_.BIANA_(Gneia, Seia, Herennia,-Salluatia,
Jlfuratori; but several emperors before him Barbra.) Tll.IS princess is not mentioned even
were called by titles sacred to Jupiter, as is by name in the writings
shown by inscriptions. of any historian. It
OP'I‘I.\iO. PRINCIPI. S.P.Q.R —This le is to modern research
gend, either in abbreviation or at full length, alone, amongst antique
is most frequently to be read on coins of Trajan, medals, that we owe
of whom Dion Cassius observes that he seemed the knowledge of her
to take much greater pride in the surname of having existed, and the
Qatimus (as combined with Princeps), than in proofs that she was the
all the rest of his titles, from which trait of last wife of Alexander
character might be recognised his mild nature Severus. Her first three
and his courteous manner, which predominated prenomina are only on Greek coins. Antiquaries
over his love for military renown..—-Sec Tra had long been of opinion that s.\r.r.vs'rra aaasra
James. OBBIANA was the Empress of Trajanus Decius.
The same legend also appears on coins of But medals of Alexander Severus having been
S. Severus, Gallienus, Daza, Licinius Scn., and found which bear her portrait on their reverse,
Constantine the Great. the lot of this lady has been fixed and a true
OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. S.P.Q.R. S.C.—'l‘his place in the Imperial series assignedto her.-—
same legend also appears within laurel, on a Orbiana is represented on medals (especially bn
second brass of Antoninus Pius, in the Imperial large brass where her features are more de
Cabinet of Vienna. That the title of Optima: veloped) as possessing an agreeable physiognomy.
Princqia was decreed to Antonina, as it had —Thc author of Lepons de Numirmatigue
been to Trajan, by the Senate, is not aflirmed Romaine describes a coin of this princess in his
by history. But the right to this title devolved collection, which, on its reverse, with the
to him from Trajan by adoption.—Eckhel, vol. legend CONCORDIA svevs-roavrr, typifies the
vii., 18. Emperor and the Empress standing hand in hand.
OPTIMVS.-This laudatory cognomen, first And this intelligent numismatist remarks, that
conferred on 'h'ajan, was regarded by the “ small as are the two figures they are so clearly
Roman people as exclusively suitable to that engraved (when the medal is in perfect pre
Emperor, insomuch that after him (according to servation) that in the lineaments of the emperor
Pliny) it was a solemn customin public acclama the likeness may plainly be traced of the true
tions thus to address each succeeding Augustus: husband, and not the totally different coun
“ May you be better than Trajan 1" (SL2 melior tenance of Trajanns Decius” (p. 200.)—It
I5-ajmw). We learn from coins that Trajan did appears by a coin struck at Alexandria, that she
not accept this, by him most highly prized, was married to Alexander, A.D. 226. Her gold
title of Optima: before his sixth consulate. medals and brass medallions are of the highest
There are extant some coins of Hadrian, who degree of rarity—the silver and first brass are
was adopted by Trajan and succeeded him in the very rare. On these she is styled SAL. or (SALL)
empire, on which not only the name Trajanus, BARB. (or BARBXA) onrmuva. ave. Some pieces
but that of Oplimus is rctained—viz., IMP. represent her with Julia Mamwa as well as with
cans. rrrsrsrz. HADRXANVS. or>'r. AVG, orzn. Severus Alexander.
DAC.—The appellation of Optima: conjoined to Orbia.-—An orb, or circle, on coins denote the
Mazimur has already been noticed as occurring Roman empire. We sce it united sometimes
on a coin of Commodns.—And the same title to the rudder a symbol of government; at other
appears on a consecration medal of Claudius times to the sacrificial axes, the fasces, the
Gothicus: mvo curvnro or>'r. or orrrrro. joined right hands, and the caduceus on a gold
Optima; Prince-p.r.-—Patin in his work on medal of Julius Caesar; and placed on a tripod,
Imperial coins 455) remarks that not only in a coin of Augustus. It is also the symbol of
Trajan, Antonine, Aurelius, and other good the terraqneous globe. In the hand of the
Emperors were honoured with this high com Emperor it signifies his accession tothe supreme
pliment, but it is mendaciously applied (amongst power.
others undeserving of it) to Sept. Severus, Orbis terrarum.—The world, ' which the
whose conduct, at least during the first years of ancients divided into three parts, and to which
his reign, was atrociously cruel and inhumanly one of the most ephemeral of the Roman
vindictive. Nay even the Thracian Maximinns Emperors assumed to have given Peuae.—See
was s0 styled by the Senalus Populusgue PAX onars rnrrrunvm on gold and silver of Otho.
Romanu-9, at the very worst period of his bad ORBIS.——This word forms a component part
reign, and at a time when he was not in Rome. of several different cpigraphs on medals of the
4F2
588 r ORIIENS. ORlIlNS..—ORIGlNI AVG.
Imperial series.—See ramcrras; onus.-rarx-, ORIENS.—Valerian the younger, in a mili
GLORIA; IOVl CONSEBVATOBI; LOCVPIAETATORI; tary garb, places a crown on s trophy. A very
racaroa; aacroa; nssrirvroa; sscvnrras; rare silver coin bearing this legend and type, is
vora DECENNALIA, oasis. given both in Banduri and Vaillant, the latter
ORD. or ORDIN, Ordim'.—nQ, om). of whom makes the following annotstion:—
Equestri Ordi1u'.—See Equerfer Ord. “ Valerianus junior is on his coins called Oriens,
Orgzmum /1ydraulicu1n.—A representation of as though a new sun had risen on the empire,
one of these (supposed) musical instruments——a when he was associated in the government with
water- organ of a triangular form—-appears on a Gallienus."
large contorniate brass of Nero, which Haver ORIGINI AVG.—The wolf suckling the
camp has given an engraving and description of twins,-—On a very rare third brass of Probus,
whose origin is veiled in obscurity. This is a
in his work on that peculiar class of medals.
See LAVRENTI NIKA. new reverse (says Eckhel), and known only
The East.—This word was used by from the coins of Probus. It seems to intimate
the Romans to designate either that part of the that Probus was descended from Roman blood,
world where the sun appears to rise, or some which might be true, although he was afiirmed
province of the empire situate towards the to have been born in Pannouia.
East; or the Sun itself. The East is figured by Origin of the Surnames belonging to Rooms
a young head crowned with rays; and Oriens Families and races. This is derived either from
often is the accompanying legend. brute animals, as asnva, cararma, vrrvrvs,
ORIENS.—Vaillant, in noticing a coin struck &c.; or from some mark or member of the
under Trajan, referring to a similar one of human body, and especially trom the head, as
Hadrian, observes: Oriens, personified by a carrro, CHILO, LABEO, &c.; or from some
radiated head, represents corporeal affection or peculiarity, as NIGER,
the provinces of Armenia PVLCHEB-, avrvs, &c.; or from the manners
and Mesopotamia, which and disposition of men, nnaivnvs, ravol,
Trajan had just added to LEPIDVS, &c.; or from occupations and ofiica,
the Roman territories in as carnaarvs, r1ov1.vs, VESPLLLO, &4:.; or
that quarter of the globe from deeds and achievements, as acnarcvs,
where the sun seemed to arrucauvs, ivuiuniovs, &c.; nay, even from
risc.—Oriena, as mean garden herbs or pulse, as crcsao, ranrvs, rrso,
ing the Sun, is pourtmyed &c.—See Familia Romnma.
under the form of a naked Oronlea, the largest river of Syria, which
man, generally standing with the right hand has its source not far from the ancient Seleucia,
raised, and the left holding a globe, or a whip, Pieria, and Mount Lebanon, and flows post
on coins of Gordianus Pius, Valcrianus, senior Antioch, into the Mediterranean sea.—On a
and junior, Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius Greek colonial coin of Trajan, a figure per
Gothicus, Aurelianus, Probus, Numerianus, souifying the Orontes, is seen emerging, with
Diocletian, Coustantius Chlorus, Allectus, &c.—— extended arms as if swimming, at the feet of
A medal of Diocletian places a branch in one the Genius of Antioch, who is sitting on a hill,
hand and a bow in the other; and on a reverse the rocky features of which indicate the lofiy
of Gallienus, Oriens is represented under the site of that city.-—“ The Antiochians (says
figure of a woman, wearing a turreed crown, Vaillunt) commemorated by this medal the visit
who, offering a figure of Victory to the Emperor, of Trajan to their town.”~See Anliorls.
gives him assurance of success against the bar Orus, or Horus, the son of Osiris and of
barians who have over-run the Asiatic provinces. Isis, by which the Egyptians, according to
ORIENS AVGG.——Sol standing, naked, ex Plutarch, understood tho subjection of this
cept a cloak thrown back from his shoulders, world to birth and to death—to decay and to
lifts _up the light hand, and holds a whip or revival. By Isis and Osiris all those efi'ec1s
scourge in his left. On third brass of Valerian. were said to be designated, which by Solar
On a quinarius of Valerian the elder, ex and Lunar influences are produced in the
hibiting this epigraph and type, the Editor of world.—On a third brass of Julianus II.,
the Roman edition of Vaillant makes the fol among other types of the monstrous super
lowing historical remark:-——“Whcn the empire stitions of Egypt, which that philosophic rc
of Rome was on all sides assailed by barbarian pudiutor of Christianity “ delighted to honour,"
arms, Valerianus declared his son Gallienus is Isis seated, in the act of suckling Oi-us; the
Emperor, and leaving him to the defence of Gaul legend, vors PVBLICA.
and Germany, he himself, having assembled Orca, a very ancient and noble of
together the legions from- the neighbouring pro Hispanic Tarracoucusis, formerly a Roman
vinces, rcsolvcd to march and give battle in the municipium, now called Ifuesca, in Arra.gon.——
East to the Scythiuns who were pcopling Asia, According to Morell, it is denominated on coins
and to the Persians who had already taken v. v. osca, or Osca was called Urbs, as tbe city
possession of Mesopotamia and of Syria. For par excellence, and took its name of Ficlnr
this reason O1"i¢-21.2 /lu_qu.1torum—(thc rising from Julius Caesar.
Sun of the Empcrors)—was struck on their VRB. VIC. OSCA. Urbs Viclri: O4-m.-—
coins ,-” already antii-ipating—alas! how fal The monetary triumvirs of Osca are almost
laoiously—-the Victories of Valerian. always designated by the surnames only; hence
 OSCA.—OSICERDA. OSIRIS.—OS'l‘TENSIS PORTUS. 589
it is impossible from their coins to ascertain their with a bull for its type, the common symbol of
respective families. The Oscenses uniformly u Roman Municipium.——Its autonomous coins
stamped their medals with the figure of a man on bear celtiberian nnd latino-celtiberian legends.
horseback, wearing a. helmet, holding a lance, There arc coins of this city which also bear the
and riding at full speed. That Oscu was a place name of Sesaraca, as in alliance.
of great riches is shewn by the argmtum 0.rirLr, the principal deity of the Egyptians,
oacems (its silver bullion), to which Livy more who attributed to him their original laws, their
than once alludes. But the aryenlum oacen-re instruction in agriculture, and all useful in
differs from the bigati, in this respect, that the ventious. According to the recitals which com
latter signify silver coined by the Romans, pose his mythological history, he married lsis,
either at Rome, or in the provinces; whereas his sister, and lived with her in uninterrupted
argentum oscerwe is a term applied to money harmony; both applying themselves to the
struck in Spain and in the city of Osca, having, civilization and instruction of their subjects.
moreover, Spanish types. Accordingly Livy He was the founder of Thebes, and extended
aflerwards distinguishes those particular coins his conquests far and wide. From the most
from Roman denarii. remote periods of antiquity, the Nile, which is
There are five varieties of autonomous coins the centre of the whole religion of the Egyptian
belonging to this once celebrated town: one of people, was represented under the image of
these bears a beardless head of a man, and in Osiris, and worshipped as such in that country.
the field nuns. vic'r. ; on the reverse is a horse Osiris was also regarded by the same super
man, with couched spear, galloping.——'l‘he stitious nation as a symbol of the sun, and
Imperial coins of oscs extend from Augustus to figured sometimes with the head of a man, at
Tiberius, Germauicns, and Caligula; all with others with that of a hawk. Sometimes he has
the equestrian figure on the reverse-“either,” the horns of an ox, allusive to his union with
says Vaillant, “because the country abounded the earth, which owed to him the blessings of
in good horses, or because the inhabitants were fertilization. His living representative was the
pre-eminently warlike. Julius Caasar himself bull Apis, and he often appears with the lotus
praises the Spanish Cavalry.” flower on his head.—Osiris was afterwards re
On a first brass, bearing on its reverse the placed by Serapis. The Roman Emperors
same horseman galloping, with spear couched placed his statue ainong the images of their own
in his right hand, is the following legeud:— pantheon.—There is in Pedru.n"a “Museum
v. V. oscs. c. TARRACXNA. P. PRISCO. 11. VIR. Farnese,” abrass medallion of Commodns, which
Urbs Victri: Oaca, Caio Tarracina (ct) Publia bears a very elegant group allusive to Oriris,
Prisca, Duunwiria.—-['I‘his is a coin which who stands with the modiu: on his head, whilst
Vaillant gives as of the highest rarity, struck the Emperor holds out his hand to him, over a
by the municipium of Osca, in congratulation lighted altar. Behind the togsted figure of
to Cains Caesar (Caligula) Augustus, whom it Commodns is Victory holding a garland over his
calls by the name of his father Gennanimu, but head; and by the side of Osiris is the Goddess
by whom its privilege of coining money was, in Isis, with the ristrum in her right hand.-—The
common with the other Roman cities in Spain, legend of this fine reverse is ma. rs. P. xvii.
taken away, never afterwards to be renewed, it nn>. vm. cos. vn. r.r.
appears, by any subsequent Emperors.] OST. Oali¢.—)l. osr. P.—-Mmwla Ortia
OSCA.—-On a silver coin of the Cornelia Pen-u.raa.—Money stniek at Ostia—on the
family is the head of a exergnc of coins of Val. Muimianus, Maxentius,
man, bare and bearded. Romulus, and Licinius Senior.
Behind it is the word 0atien.ris.—See PORT. osr. svavsrl. Portia
oscs. On the reverse Osiiemis Augusli. On large brass of Nero.
is a male figure, seated Ostia, a Latian city, built by Ancus Martins
on a curule chair, holding at the mouth of the Tiber; it was afierwards
a cornucopia and a spear, made a colony and a sea-port by that enterprising
over whom a Victory king. This commodious haven afforded to Rome
floats with a crown, with the easy means of enjoying all the riches of
the legend P. LENT. P. r. foreign lands. Its excellent baths, its good
BPIN1‘. cheer, and its healthy site, fanncd by the breezes
Eckhel points to the bare head, bearded, of the Mediterranean, rendered Ostia a favourite
such as occurs on common denarii of l-lispania, resort with the pleasure-loving Romans.
and also to oscs, as that of the noted 'l‘arraco Oatiensia P0rl1u.—The port of Ostia, accord
nensian city, and as sutficiently warranting the ing to Suetonius, was with dilficulty constructed
belief that these denarii were coined in Spain. by the Emperor Claudius, although thirty
A similar head, and the same inscription of osca, thousand men were uuintermittingly employed
appear on a denarius of the Domitia family. on the work for eleven years in succession-—a
().r/as-rda, a city of llispaniu Tarrnconensis, quay being curried round the harbour right and
whose people are culled by Pliny Ossiycrdmwea ; left, nnd a mole carried out at the entrance of
it was admitted to the rank of a municipium it into deep water. Moreover, in order to
under the Romans. But the only imperial coin strengthen its foundation, he caused, before this
extant is one struck under Tiberius, on the mole, aship to be sunk, on board of which a
reverse of which is inscribed uvn. oslcsans, large obelisk from Egypt had been brought, and
590 OTACILIA SEVERA. OTHO.
placed n very lofiy tower on a basis of piles, in horror of having her son slain in her arms by
imitation of the Alexandrian pharos, for the the Pretorians, in whose camp they jointly
purpose of directing the course of navigators by sought a refuge on the approach of Trajan
fires at night. The same author (in his Life Dacius to Rome, Otacilia passed the remainder
of Nero, c. 9 and 81,) relates that when of her days in retirement. The inscriptions on
Claudius had resolved npon building the port, her coins a.re 0'rAcu.1A. snvana. .\\'o., and
he questioned the architects what they estimated IARCIA. orAcn.1A. snvnaa. Ave. Some pieces
the cost of his work would be. They answered represent her with Philip the father and Philip
by naming such a sum as he might be unwilling the yonnger—and many of her coins retrace the
to incur, hoping that when he heard the mag celebrated epocha, and the festal solcmnities
nitude of the charge, he would abandon the which occcupy so large a portion of the typts
design altogether. Nothing discouraged, how struck in honour of her husband and her son.
ever, the Emperor bent his mind upon pursuing On the large brass of this Empress we read
his plan, which he accomplished in a manner
worthy of Roman powers.——Neverthcless, there

coricoimla AVG. s.c.; PVDICXTIA. AVG. s.c.;

and on another SAECVLABES Avo. s.c., with the
figure of a hippopotamus.—Pellerin also gives
are no coins of Claudius extant which exhibit in his Jllélange a silver coin of Otacilis, with
types of this port, though many of Nero’s racvnmrss 'raxroavin., and a woman seated
appear with a representation of it, (as the on the ground, holding a cornucopia: in her left
large brass here introduced) a circumstance hand, and extending a branch in her right
which shews either that the latter named towards two children. She is said to have had
prince put the finishing stroke to this grand a daughter as well as a son. Her gold coins and
work, or that he was so ungrateful and vain as brass medallions are very rare: silver of the
not to acknowledge even that a share of the usual size, and first and second brass, very
merit belonged to his Imperial predecessor. common.
See ron. OSTIA. Avovsri. QTHO, surname of the Salvia family. X,
Oatro Gal/u'.—Those tribes of the Goths sALv1vs orno nivln. A. A. A. r. r. on u large
were so called whose original country lay brass struck by Salvius Otho, one of the
towards the East. See Golliici mnni.—F0r the moneyers of Augustus, and the maternal uncle
Ostro Gothic Kings in Italy—see AlIzalaricu.r— of OTHO
the Emperor Otho.—See Salvia.
(llarcuaisalviusj, born A.I). 32, was
.B¢uluiIa— T/1001/11/»atu;— Wiligea.
OT. or OTACIL. Olacilia, or Otacilius.— son of Lucius Salvius Otho, a man of consular
Otaeilia, the name of an Empress, or Otaeilius, rank, and of an illustrious Etrurian family.
the name of a man. His mother's name was Albia Terentia, also of
OTACILIA (Marcia) Sevens, daughter of an illustrious housc.—Handsome, brave, and
Severus, Governor of Pannonia, married Philip possessed of talents, his youth gave promise ot
senior, about A.D. 234, by whom she had high distinction. As one of the favourites of
Philip the younger, seven years before the Nero, he soon, however, became voluptuous
elevation of her husband to the Imperial throne. and prodigal, abandoning himself, like his
Of an engtging person, and in private conduct infamous master, to the most shameful execs-=6!
without reproach, she was culpably ambitious, of debauchery. He had scarcely served the
and participated with Philip in the murder of Prsetorship, when that tyrant libertine, wishing
the Third Gordian. This princess professed to possess himself of PQPPWL, his wife, sen!
Christianity, and is said to have been subjected him, in the year 58, as Governor to Lusitania
to ecclesiastical penance by the Bishop of After ten years’ abscnce from Rome, he took
Antioch, Saint Babylns, for her criminal share part in the revolt which led to Nero's death.
in the death of the virtuous young emperor. He was at first faithful to Galba; but, in 69.
It was, however, by Otaeilia's protection that displeased and disappointed at Piso’s adoption.
the Christians breathed in peace, dining the Otho basely instigated the Praetorian soldiers I0
reign of her husband, and by her instruction assassinate this veteran Emperor; and, by their
that her sou, a youth of great promise, was audacious aid, succeeded in mounting the throne.
brought up in the piety and wisdom of their But his reign was short. Having to contest the
holy faith. But the death of Philip precipitated crown with his competitor Vitellius, whom ht
this woman into the obscure condition in three times defeated, Otho was vanquished in
which she was born, and, after sustaining the his turn at the battle of Bedriacum; and, nthcr
 OTHO. OTHO.—OVATIO. 691
than be the occasion of further bloodshed in reason of this is unknown. It might be because
civil war, he preferred making the sacrifice of he was the first Emperor proclaimed by the
his life, and with a firmness wholly unlocked Prsetorians, and as such not likely to conciliate
for from so eifeminately luxurious a character, the good will of the senators. The short dura
deliberately slew himself with his own hand. tion of his reign might also be alleged as a
He died on the 16th of April, v.c. 822 (A.D. cause. But these reasons are not entirely satis
69), in the 37th year of his age, having reigned factory. There must have been for this conduct
only ninety-five days. of the senate motives of which we are ignorant."
The inscriptions on the medals of this Prince See on this subject Eckhel, Daclrina Nuns.
style him—IMP. OTHO Vet. vol. vi. p. 302 et seq.
CAESAR AVG., or M. Otho’: Coin qf tile Colony of Antioc/z.——
OTHO CAES. AV(‘ruat. The obverse of this middle brass coin bears on
IMP. P. P.—All Otho’s its obverse IMP. M. orno cans. ave. round the
medals of Roman die are head of this Emperor. The reverse exhibits
in gold or in silver.—No simply s. c. in a crown of laurel.
Latin brasscoin, properly This medal is described to be of coarser
so called, is known or workmanship than that of the Roman mint, but
acknowledged as truly by no means of a barbarous fabric. Although
anthentic.——Thc medalon marked with the two letters s. 0. (Semztua
which Otho is styled P. P. (Father of the Cam-mllo), it could not have been struck at
Country) is of brass, “ but (says Mionnet) Rome, where the senate never, by any formal
elle est suspects. C’e.\'t zme médaille de act, acknowledged the authority of Otho. Many
reatitution.”——All the brass medals of Otho circumstances, such as its workmanship, its
were struck at Antioch, in Syria, or at Alexan resemblance to other coins bearing Greek legends
dria, in Egypt. His genuine gold and silver round the heads, and peculiar to Antioch in
medals present nothing very remarkable, except Syria, seem to shew that it must have been
that which bears the legend of vlcroars struck in the last mentioned city, to which the
OTHONIS. right of coinage had been continued from the
It has been alleged, as a reason for the total time of Pompey, by senatorial decree, which is
absence of authentic coins of Otho in brass of what is meant by the letters s. c.
Roman fabric, that the senate did not declare The desire to fill up the void left in the
itself in that prince’: favour, being desirous, Roman brass series of imperial medals, causes
before it recognised his imperial title and caused this Antioc/Lian piece to be sought after with an
brass money to be struck in his name, to see a eagerness that renders it extremely dear. But,
termination put to the civil war which had as before observed, all other brass medals with
arisen between his party and that of Vitellius. the head of Otho, and with Latin legends, are
Still (as Mr. Akerman observes) it is singular known to be false.
that “no medal by order of the conscript Otho (III. Salvius). This name appears on
fathers would appear to have been struck in brass of Augustus, struck s. c. Obverse.
honour of the new prince; for Tacitus informs csnsan svevsr. PONT. max. TBIBVNIC. Po'r.,
us that, when Otho was elected, the senate with lmireated head of the Emperor, behind
assembled, and voted him the title of Augustus which is awingcd Victory. Reverse: M. SALVIVS
and the Tribunicia Potestas. Some antiquaries oruo mvia. (See A. s. s. r. r., p. 1 of this
indulge the fond hope that, at a future time, a Diet.) This coin, and two others by monetal
deposit of the (Roman) brass coins of the triumvirs, are the only ones which, in large
Emperor may be discovered.” brau of the real Roman mint, were coined
M. Hennin, a scientific and highly intelligent during the life-time of Augustus, and present to
numismatist of the present day, in his “ Manuel," us the head of that prince. They are rare; whilst
referring to those ancient writings and historical the larye bras: of the same reign, without the
facts which support the opinion that the brass head of Augustus, are common; and those in
coinage alone was under the jurisdiction of the middle brass, with the head, are extremely
senate, says-~“ Gold and silver money of Otho common. With reference to the moneyer
is found in large quantities; but of this rince orno, above-named, it may be observed that
not a brass coin exists of Roman die. f the certain persons, curious, but not well-informed,
senate had been invested with the right of in these matters, have sometimes confounded
striking money in all three metals, why should him, from close similarity of appellation, with
it have exercised that right with respect to the the Emperor Otho. Hence so many popular
two precious metals, and not have done the same tales respecting Otlzoa in brass found in such
with the brass, since the latter was the most and such a place. (See Lepam de Nam. Rom.
common money? The division of the right of p. 71.)
coinage between the Emperor and the senate Ovaiio, the lesser triumph. This was dis
explains this circumstance. Otho caused money tinguished from the triumph, by its being con
with his effigy to be struck in gold and in silver, ducted with less pomp and magnificence than
therein exercising his privilege; and yet the the greater ceremony, for (as Dionysius, of
senate did not order any brass money to be ‘ Hdicarnassus relutcs) the successful general on
struck for that Emperor, although it had yielded whom the honours of an ovation were conferred
to him, and he was master of Italy. The made his entry into the city commonly on foot,
592. OVATIO. P.
never in a chariot, seldom even on horseback;of the coin the epigraph of ADVENTVS
AVGu.|ti also points to the period when it
to the sound of flutes not of trumpets; neither
did he bear the triumphal insignia, the toga took place, namely, after the return of the
picta, the sceptre, 814:. Preceded by warriors, Emperor.
he held a branch of olive in his hand, was
clothed in a white robe bordered with purple,
and wore a crown of myrtle on his head, to P.
indicate that the action had not been sanguinary.
The Senate, the members of the Equestrian P. the fifteenth letter of the Latins.—On
Order, and the principal inhabitants attended some very early coins of the Romans its form
the procession, which terminated at the capitol, is somewhat like the I‘ of the Greeks, the
where a sacrifice of rams was performed. The semicircular part not being complete, rm on
ovation was awarded to those who had gained coins of the Minucia and of the Furia familim.
over the enemy some advantage which had cost P. is found serving as n mint-mark on the
but few lives, and which had not been sufficiently denarii of several Roman families, and appears
decisive to finish the war; or in which the foe also on the field and in the exergue of many
defeated was of no reputation and unworthy of coins of the Lower Empire. It is sometimes
the Roman arms, or even when a war had not doubled as in Jupiter, written JVPPITI-LB.
been declared with all the accustomed fonns.— P. was occasionally used by the Latins for B,
The term ovatio is derived from Ovia, a sheep and this not only in the more ancient times but
being the animal sacrificed by the ovuntes, or also in later ages, probably from similarity of
those honoured with an ovation. sound. An instance occurs, so far in the Imperial
After the servile war, an ovation was con series of Roman coins, as Antoninns Pins, on a
ceded to M. Licinius Crassus; to have vanquished second brass of whose reign is to be observed the
slaves being deemed unworthy of the full word OPSEQVEN S, as an epithet to l"ORT\'NA,
honours of the triumph. Augustus, after the when, according to the ordinary rule of Writing,
recovery of the captured standards from Parthia, it should be OBSEQVENS.
returning from the East, entered Rome in an P. This letter by itself signifies Pater ; or
ovation ; and Vaillant thinks this event expressed Patria ; or Per; or Percuazm ,- or Perpetauu;
on u coin of the Licinia family, in which that or Pius ,- or Ponl§/"e.e ; or Papulu-I ; or Pond! ;
Emperor on horseback is holding a crown ; but or Prwfectua; or Primus; or Princeps; or
Spanheim is not of that opinion. Provincia ; or Publius ,- or Publivo ; &c.
The ovation of M. Aurelius, who, after an P. Pecunia, or Percusaa 1n0neta.—aQv1L
eight years’ war carried on against numerous P. Aguiliem-i.r Pecunia, or Aquileia! Pzrcuaa ,
nations of Germany, retnmed victorious to on a coin of Julianus II.
Rome, is, according to Vaillant, typified on a brass P. Perzate.y.—D. P. Dii .Penate:.—(Bsu
medallion, on which that Emperor marches on delot, i. p. 180.)
foot, adorned neither with the trabea nor with P. Peragrata.—ADVEN1‘VS AVGVSFI. o. 1>.,
the toga picta, but in a military garb, holding a that is to say, ROIIIBID in urbem Adcentar
spear in his right hand. He appears to have Auguati Gracia Perayrata; on a medal of
been sacrificing at an altar in front of the Nero.
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which is seen P. Pia.—LEGio V. P. C. Pia (‘castawa
behind him, and to be about to pass through a P. for Pia is also an epithet frequently applied
triumphal arch as if on his way back to the to Roman colonies.
Imperial palace. A praetorian standard bearer, P. Pleln'.r.—-Tn. P. Ifibumu Plebis. A
as was the custom, precedes him, and Victory Tribune of the people.
follows him, holding a laurel crown over his P. Pzmdu-r—.Pondera.-—PNB. On the field
head.—The xxviiith Tribnnitian power, with of a second brass of Claudius; Pondiu Nani
the title of IMPer-ator VI. COS. III. round Restitutum, as it has been interpreted.
P. Populi.-—~P. B. .Popu1iItmnam'.—ca1>R.
Cums Auctorilate Pqmli Romani. Money
struck by the authority of the Roman people.
P. .Populo.—P.c1a.coN. Pqmla Green-KI
C’o1wem't.—r.n. Populo Datum.
P. .Pate.rtate.—r. P. or TB. P. 7‘:-ibunials
Potestate.
P. Pmtor.——1>aor. Pro Prwlore.
P. in the verillum, or ca standard,
means Principea, or that corps of Roman
soldiers which formed their second line in battle
array. Thus on certain denarii of the Valeria
family the letters H. and P. on the legionary
standards signify Principe: and Ilaatati.
P. Pr0.—P. c. Pro Carwul or Pro Con
(lt1e‘.—P. Q. Pro Qzuestore.
the medallion, shews, says Vaillant, the time P. Pronepo.r.—c. OCTAVIVS. c. P. Caii
when the ovation was decreed. At the bottom Pranepoa.
 PACATIANUS. PACATIANUS.-PAC-ATOR. ass
P. Pro:-incia.—a. P. A1~rneniaProm'ncia. the same country (Mcesia), where Marinas took
P. Public¢.—n. P. C. Rei P146li(.'¢ Con the title of Augustus. There are even anti
stituende. quaries, he adds, who suspect that Mnrinus and
P. Publiua, a frequent Roman praenomeu, Pacntizinus are the same person, and that the
both on Family and Imperial coins. prenomen MAR. in the legend ought to he read
P. A. Pielaa Auyueti, or Augusta; also Marinas, instead of Jllizriu-9 or of lllarrimr.”-—
Perpeiuus Augusta-9. The latter conjecture may or may not be well
PAC. Piu-i.—rsc.oasis.'rnaa.\nvn. Paci founded; but the former suspicion a pears
Orbis Ternzrum; also Pacaiar, Pacifer, Paci totally devoid of any valid support; an after
fero, as suns. PAC. Mar; Pact;/"er.-mane. the description above given of the medals them
PACI. Herculi Pacifera.—[To the Pacific Her selves may surely be dismissed without hesita
cules, or the Pacific Mars.] tion. There is ground to suppose that, falling
PAC. Paci:.——ARA PACi:. into the power of Trajanus Deciiis, (who in that
PACATIANVS, an usurper whose existence age of usurpers “ passed for no better than one
has not been alluded to by any historian, and himself,” as Beauvais says, “before he had
whose memory is preserved by medals alone. vanqiushed Philip,”) Pacatianua was deprived
Even on coins the names of TIBERIVS of life in the district where he commanded,
CLAVDIVS MARIVS, or MARCIVS, PACA shortly after his assumption of the purple. His
Tl.-XNVS were unknown to antiquaries “ until medals,_ which present five different reverses,
(says Beeuvais) for the first time a medal of and which give him the physiognomy of a man
him was discovered by Clzamillart, dining of about thirty, are of the highest degree of
his travels in the Pyrenees. This was at first
regarded as spurious; but several others, and
all of them in silver, were afterwards found.”
Of the medal brought home and engraved by
Chamillart, the antiquity is on all hands allowed
to be incontestable. The obverse exhibits the
radiated head of this tyrant with the inscription,
not as Jobert gives it IMP. T. IVL. MAR;
but, according to Eckhel, with the coin before
his eyes, Ii\lP. TI. CL. MAR. PACATIANVS.
P.F. A\"G.—The reverse represents a woman rarity. They were evidently struck at the seat
standing clothed in the robe called stole, hold of his usurped authority, whether that were in
ing in her right hand an olive branch; and in her Gaul, which is most probable, or in Mcesie, or
left, which is also employed in lifting the skirt in Pannonis, or elsewhere.——The illustration of
of her gown, is a Iuula pura ,- the legend reads the coins of Pacatianus which appears above is
PAX AE'l‘ERNA.—From the workmanship taken from a denarius in the cabinet of Thomas
of this coin and others, the 7];/rannus whom it Faulkner, Esq., F.S.A., who purchased it at
represents is supposed to have lived during the the sale of the Sabatier collection for £19 10s.
reign of Philip or of Trajan Decius; and to PACATOR.—Sometimes by this cognomen,
have been recognised as Emperor at the same at others by that of Bellator, Mars, as the
time that Marina: and Jolapianua assumed the reputed father of Romulus, was distinguished
purple.—'l‘here is another silver medal engraved by his most ardent worshippers the Romans.
in Akerman from the one in the French King’s A bronze medallion of Gordianus Pius, in the
cabinet, which has for its legend round the Des Cmnps Collection, and exhibiting a. fine
radiated head, IMP. TI. CL. PACATIANVS sacrificial group, is considered by Vaillant to
AVG, and on the reverse ROMAE. AETER. shew the devotion of that young prince to the
AN. MIL. ET. PRIMO. Roma-Victrix, God of Armies, in his two-fold character of
seated.——Eckhel, in correcting the egregious pacgfic and warlike.
error into which both Froelich and Khell, as PACATOR ORBIS.—The radiated head of
well as some other writers had fallen, quotes the Sun. This appears on the reverse of a
a letter of M. D’Eunery to Khell in 1772, in gold and a silver coin of Sept. Severus; and
which the learned French numismatist says alludes to the restoration of peace to the world
“Thc legend of this tyrant (Paentianus) does by the conquest of Parthia, lying as regards
not bear the prenomina of T. IVL., but those Rome, to the Ea.1t.—Of Oriana or the East, the
of TI. CL., as I have ascertained from all the ancient symbol was the Sun, as represented by
medals of that prince, which are esteemed to be a young man’s head adorned with rays.—It was
indnbitably genuine; and you may rely upon it afier having subdued the Parthians that Severus
that those, on which you do not find the afore took the name of Partitions Mazimua; and
said prenomina of Tiberius Claudius, are of now, on his making peace with them, he is
modern fabrication. It is an error which Ihave called Pacaior Orbi.r.—This Emperor is also
corrected in several works." designated on a marble in Grater, as Pizcator
With respect to the theatre of Pscatian’s Orbis and Fumiator Imperii.—-Besides its appro
revolt, observes Mionnet, “ opinions are divided. priation to Severus, the title of Pacalor Orbis
Some place it in the south of Gaul, where his is bestowed, in the inscription of their coins,
medals were first found; others, on the contrary, on Caracalla, Gellienns, Postumus, Marius,
believe that there are reasons for placing it in Aareliauus, Florisuus, and after them on other
4G
mi. Pitci. AETERNAE. PAC! ORBIS TERRARUM AVG.
Roman Emperors, but more out of hope than caused it to be struck on the occasion of his
from reality, for the world was never at peace having brought to completion the structure of s
under any of these princes. splendid temple dedicated to the Goddess of
PACE. P.R. TERRA. MARIQ. PARTA. Peace.—The reverse of a silver medal of Domi
IANVM. CLVSIT.—'['he first and second brass tilla, wife of Vespasian, bears a similar type.
medals of Nero, on which this interesting Sce rscr AVGVSTAE —Vaillnnt. p. 94.
legend appears, represent intheir type the temple PACI ORBIS TERRarum AVG.—-The head
of Janus shut—-a circumstance limited to the of a woman, adorned with a crown, on which
very rare epochas of an universal peacc.——It is are two towers.—On a silver coin of Vespasian,
only on his coins that Nero is recorded to have with whose mint this deity appears to be a fre
closed the sacred fane of old BIFRONS, qfter quent type, as the goddess herself was a favourite
Izaviny procured peacefor tlw Roman people by object of the Emperor‘s worship. It was in
land and by sea. But possibly the infatuation the year of Christ 75, when he and Titus were
of that vain tyrant prompted him to boast of a consuls together, that he dedicated the temple,
peace which seems denied as a fact by some his begun under Claudius, and described by ancient
torians——and though the coins themselves are writers as the most beautiful in Rome, to Peace.
common, it is uncertain to what year the reverse In that building, if Hieronymus is to be relied
ull_udes.—-On others we read Pace populi upon, were deposited the vases and other spoils
Romani ubique (instead of Terra Marique) of the Holy Temple of Jerusalem, brought in
parla Janum clus'iL—It will be remarked that triumph by Titus to Biome.
CLVSIT is here read for CLAVSIT. That “this PACT PERPetuw.—A temple of six columns,
was a mode of writing the word in Nero's in the middle of which is an altar, on a silver
time is proved (observes Eckhel), not only by coin of Augustus. The temple of Janus was
these coins, but by the contemporaneous autho twice shut by Augustus; hence the occasion of
rity of Seneca, who in various passages of his this silver coin being struck, with the legend to
work employs the term cludere for claudere.”-— Pe1}oetualPeace.—Suctonius says Augustus shut
See Janus. the temple of Janus three times.
According to Livy, the temple of Janus, PACIS EVENT.—The Genius Eventu: stands
which remained always open when Rome was at naked, holding in the right hand a patera, and
war, was shut only once, from the foundation corn-ears and poppies in his left.—Silver of
of the city to the battle of Actium. Under Vespasian. -
Augustus it was closed three times ; and one of Bonus Evmhu (the God of good Success)
the occasions was about the period of our Blessed was worshipped by the Romans among the other
Saviour’s Nativity, when, as the writings of Dei Consentea, as a deity especially presiding
the Fathers attest, the whole world enjoyed over agriculture. His statue is said to have
peace. been sculptured by Praxiteles, in a form similar
PACI. AETERnae.—A female figure seated, to the figure on this medal, and which ll
holding the /laata pura and an olive branch.‘ designated by the epigraph as Pacia Eventu-;, as
This inscription and type appear on n very rarc if Vespasian wished to have it inferred that
gold medallion of Commodus, accompanied through the prosperous event of peace, a greater
with the following record of the date when it disposition had been promoted for agricultural
was struck, namely :—ra. P. xrnr. IMP. vur. pnrsuits.——[Va.illant,- ii., p. 88.]
cos. v., to mark, asVaillant observes, victories Pacuvia or Paquia, a family of uncertain
over the Mauritaniaus and Dacians, and the rank, indeed scarcely if at all mentioned by old
pacification of the Pannonians-, in Britain, in writers, although sometimes its name occurs on
Germany, and in Dacia, the revolted provinces ancient ma.rblcs.—Gruter gives an inscription
being quieted by the government of this cm which reads c. PAQVIV8; and Murutori another,
peror, as though pa: arlerna was about to be ossa PAQVVIAE. PAQVVI Rvrr., an example pro
(e.r.ret_/'utum.).—(vol. p. 188.) bably of Q. used for 0., thus rendering it likely
PACI AVGVSTA_E.—The Goddess of Peace, that raqvrvvrvs is the same as PACVVIVS, and
in the form of a winged victory walking, lifts consequently that the Paquius Rufus of the fol
with her right hand the border of her robe to lowing coin was of the same family as the
her face, and holds in her lefi a winged caduceus, Pecuvius Rufus of the inscribed marble :
before her feet a serpent is moving forwards.” A. c. L. v. Bare head of M. Antony.
“ This elegant type, on n gold coin of Claudius Q. PAQVIVS. avr. LEG. A togated figum
(says Eckhel in his Catalogue, ii.), expresses the seated in a curule chair, holding a charts or
manifold virtues of the Emperor and the public sheet of parchment in his right hand, into
happiness enjoyed under his government. For which he is looking; on the ground is a vase or
in one single image are represented the symbols globe.—Small brass. rare.
of Victory, Peace, Felicity, Prudence, and Padmm.—By this name are designated the
Modesty, qualities which indeed were not all false medals executed With much care and with
wanting in the character of Claudius.” surpassing skill, by Giovanni dc! Cavino, sur
PACI AVGVS'I‘I.—To the Peace of the Em namcd il pa/luauo, and by Biz.m2zno.—These
peror.—Victory walking, in the dress and with fabricators of counterfeits, who are equally dis
the attributes above described. This appears tinguished by the appellation of the Padiuzu,
on a silver coin of Vespasianus, who, evidently copied medals from the antique, or according
borrowing the legend and type from Claudius, to the antique method, or they composed designs
 PAETUS. PALIKANUS.-PALLAS. 595
for reverses, with a profound knowledge of the Consuls, afterwards the Emperors, from
history. Augustus downwards, in a long succession,
These medals, which belong to the sixteenth fixed their residence. Hence the word Palace,
century, were held in great repute, and are still as designating the house of n royal or imperial
much in request on account of their beautiful pe1‘sonage.—'l'hc term r.u.,\'r|v1u does not occur
workmanship. It is to the Paduans, and also on any ancient Roman medals, that ascribed to
to the Dutchman Carleron that the greatest Nerva being pronounced spurious.—[Sce Eckhel,
portion of the false coins are to be ascribed, vi. 411.]
which find a place in almost all cabinets. The PALIKANVS, the surname of the Lollia
French King's Collection, at Paris, contains a family, on whose denarii we see it sometimes
fine suite of these mock antiques. accompanying the head of Felicitas; sometimes
PAETVS, surname of the Aelia family; on the head of Libertas, and a bridge of five arches;
a denarius of which is P. ranrvs. nous. with at others, the lnureated head of Hanna, with a
the Dioscuri on horseback. curule chair between corn-ears, the symbols of
PAL. Pal¢sliruz.—P11. s. PAL. Provincia! the edileship.—Sec Lollia.
Syn}: Palmrlina. Palladium, an image of Pallas, or hlinerva,
PAL. P1zlalin0.——APOL. PAL. or PALA1‘. to which were attached the destinies of Troy.
Apollini Palalin0.—lMP. vm. Tu. P. xm. cos. This statue, three cubits in height, held a lance
v. On a first brass of Commodus, which repre in the right hand, a shield on the left arm.
sents Apollo holding a lyre. Apollo Aclius Dionysius of llalicarnassus, who follows the
is meant in this case. The god was called Grecian figment that it was the gift of heaven
Palatimu, because a dedication was made to to the Trojans, adds that Eneas possessed him
him by Augustus in the Palalium at Rome, self of it, and conveyed it to Italy, with his
after the battlevof Actium. The coins of Com household gods (Penaler). It was said to have
modus, struck with this epigraph, refer to long been preserved in the Temple of Vesta, at
the ludi Apollinares, or Jpollinarian games, Rome, and many medals represent that goddess
which were celebrated at Rome, in supplicntiou seated, with the Palladium in her hand.
to Apollo as the God of Medicine, that he That the Palladium was preserved in the
would stay a dreadful pestilence raging in that Temple of Vesta, at Rome, is a fact considered
city in the year 943, during the height of by Eckhel to be typified on a brass medallion of
which, by the testimony of Dion, it often Lucilla, Empress of Lucius Vcrus, on which,
happened that two thousand persons died of it without epigraph, appears a temple, in which
in one day. is an idol, and before which six female figures
Palaeogmpkia, Paleography—the science are sacrificing, at a lighted altar. It is narrated
which serves to make us acquainted with the by Val. Maximus that, at the burning of the
writing used on ancient marbles, coins, manu temple of Vesta, Metellus preserved the Palla
scripts, &c.-—The coins of some cities shew that dium, which was snatched unharmed from out
they bore a succession of different names.“ These of the midst of the conflagration. Lucan,
variations (says Hennin, ii. p. 12) are useful to Herodian, and Livy, confirm this statement;
geography and history, and also to (numismatic) the last named writer says—“ Quid de mlernia
Paleography, inasmuch as they serve to establish Veslez iynibua signoque, quad imperii pi_qn1l8
the epochas of eoinage.—Under the Roman cuslodiu temp/i ienclur, loquar ?"—
power, many Greek cities added to their own [" Why need I speak of the eternal fire of
names imperial denominations, particularly Vesta, and of the statue (i.e. Palladium) which
those of Auywlu; or otherwise changed their is preserved, as a pledge of the empirc’s safety,
names for those of the Emperors, Trrzjunopoli-9, in the sanctuary of her temple ?”]
Hadrianol/ier¢, &c. Other epithets of divers The Palladium bome by Eneas in his right
kinds are useful in a geographical point of view.” hand, whilst he carries Anchises on his shoulders,
—[See In.n:riplion.—-Millin, Dial. Dee Beau: appears on coins of the Cecilia and Julia
Jrlsn] families, and on denarii of Julius Ca:sar.—
Prnlum, a city of Lueania (now a province Minerva also holds it on some imperial medals.
of Naples), called by the Greeks Posidonia, —It appears in the hand of Juno, on a coin of
situate on the shore of the Mediterranean.— Julia Soemias. In the hands of Vesta it is
“This city,” says Eckhel, “when under the placed, on coins of Vespasian, Titus, Domitian,
government of its own laws, struck many coins Trajan, and Antonino-, and also on medals of
with its Greek name of Pas-idonia. But once the Fanstinas and other Empresses.——Also in
established as a Roman colony it was called on the hand of Venus, on a coin of Faustina, jun.
its coins P12-slum, in the old Latin form of The Palladium also is seen in the right hand
letters and orthography. And from the time of of the Genius of Rome, on coins of Vespasian,
its receiving the rights of a colony, no coins of Domitian, Antoninus Pius, and Constnntius
Paulum exist, except brass ones, and those with Chlorus.—It also appears in the right hand of
Latin inscriptions, whence it appears that to /lnnona, on a silver medal of Titus, as indicating
their colonies no privilege was given by the the popular belief that so long as that image
Romans for the coinage of gold and silver, but was preserved the Roman empire would flourish.
solely of brass.”--[Num. Vet. p. 39.] Pal/as, the daughter of Jupiter, from whose
Pa/alium, Mount Palatine, one of the seven brain she is said to have sprung, is the same
hills of Rome, on which the Kings first, then deity whom the Intins called ]l1iuerva.—Pallas
4G2
596 PALLAS.—PALLOR. PALMA.
is represented on numberless coins as a young which vows, afier victory, he performed, and
virgin wearing a helmet. In a variety of types afterwards worshipped these “ white-faced" per
she is depictured armed with javelin, or with sonifications of the very opposites to martial
thunderbolt, or with spear and shield. courage. This seems preposterously absurd;
Pallm Bellatriz, as the presiding divinity of but as heathen superstition scrupled not to con
wars, appears in Roman medals armed with the secratc altars to impiety, to worship obscenity,
hasta and the buckler. and even to place some diseases in the number
Pallaa Fulminatriz. Minerva armed with the of her divinit-ies, there is nothing very sur
irresistible bolts of Jupiter Tmums is most prising in the folly of her having deifyed the
frequently exhibited on gold and silver coins of attributes of pusillanimity and panic !
Domitian, who, by this image of the t/nmdereu, Palms, the palm-tree, or a branch of it, may
aimed to shew himself born to be a terror to the be remarked on an infinity of ancient medab
enemies of the Roman name. and other monuments. It is the nnmismatic
Pallas Jaculatriz. The dart-throwing Pallas, symbol of Phcenicis; and also offers itself as
armed with the mgis and shield, and in the act the token of fecundity, because the palm con
of casting a javelin, standing on a ship’s prow, stantly fructifies as long as it lives. It was,
and with her symbol, an owl, at her feet, moreover, the symbol of Jud¢a, as is shewn
occurs on a great many, gold, silver, and brass (says Spanheim), not only on coins struck by
coins of Domitian, who paid a peculiarly zealous the Roman mint, after the conquest of that
worship to this goddess. That vain and cruel country, under Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian,
Emperor is said to have preserved her image in but likewise on much older medals, formerly
his bed-chamber, to have devoted the most coined by the Jews themselves. The palm-tree
solemn adoration to her shrine, and to have forms the type of a consular coin, struck under
boasted that he governed himself in all things M. Antony, with legend araxanna. asorvr.
by her auspicious will and pleasure. The Palm sometimes serves as the symbol
Pallaa (or Minerva) Niceplnora, the tutelary of victory, because, on the days of triumph,
deity of the Athenians, appears on a second the conqueror, besides }he crown, bore a
brass of the Clovia family.—The goddess walks palm-branch; at other times it signified the
with a trophy on her right shoulder, and in her uration and permanence of the empire, because
left a shield charged with the head of Medusa. the palm lives a long time. Palm-branches
C. CLOVIzu PRAEFecIu-|.—Her attributes: were borne before a victor on his reception at
the owl standing on ahelmet, are seen on denarii the gate of a city. The palm sometimes denotes
of the Cordia family.-—-All her attributes are joy (lnilar-itas), abundance, equity, piety, health,
collected in one type on a coin of the Valeria and felicity. We also sec it on coins in the
family, under the figure of a bird, with the hand of Hercules, of Jupiter, of Juno, of
helmeted head of a virgin, and a shield and two Mars, of Mercury, of Venus, and especially of
spears attached to its left side. Palla: (or Minerva). It is given to Rome, to
Pallas Victriz, depicted with small figure of Victory, to Fortune, to Liberty, and to Peace.-—
victory in the right, and a spear in the left The Emperors Julius Caesar, Augustus, Trajan,
hand, with a shield at her feet, appears on silver Elagabalus, Alexander Severus, Probus, are re
of Domitian; also with a trophy by her side on presented with a palm-branch in their hand.—A
a brass medallion of Coramodus.—See MINERaa. long branch of it appears in the right hand of
The helmeted head of Palla: appears fre a woman, with the epigraph of r-rrurrrns
quently on the early brass coinage of the rmlrosvsr, on a coin of Didaa Clara.
Romans; and also on denarii of the Claudia, Palm-branclu-J in the hands of wrestlers
Valeria, Vibia, and other families. (athletes) appear on Conlorniale medals of
Pallium, an open vestment, uscd by the Nero, Trajan, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, Hono
Greeks and Romans as a cloke, or exterior rius, Julianna 11., &c.
garment. Some writers say it was of a round, Palmyra, n region of Syria, in which was a
others of a semi-circular form. It was so worn once celebrated metropolis of that name. The
(and much nicety was displayed in its proper city called by the Romans Palmyra, was more
adjustment), as to be capable of covering the anciently named Tbadnmr, that is to say, Gt;
other habiliments, and even to envelop the of Palms, whence it derived its appellation of
whole person of a man. On coins the figures Palmyra. This magnificent capital was situated
of Emperors and Gods sometimes appear clothed to the north-cast of Damascus, between that city
in the palliurn. and the Euphrates, within a fertile territory,
Pallor, the Goddess of Paleneu, as indi watered with springs, but surrounded by sandy
cative of Fear, is represented by the countenance deserts. After the destruction of the kingdom
of a woman, with long dishevelled hair, on a of Israel, it fell into the ion of inde
denarius of the Hostilia family. This type, pendent princes, who formed a state, centrally
and the head of Pavar, on another silver coin situated between the Roman empire and the
of L. Hoatiliu: Sasema, were adopted by that kingdom of Parthia; and they succeeded in
monetary triumvir to denote his claimed descent aggrandising it at the expense of both.
from King Tullus Hostilius, who (Livy tells us) Odenatlnu, the last powerful prince of Palmyra,
being in the heat of battle with the Veians, in was associated in the Imperial government by
danger of defeat, vowed twelve Salian priests Gallienns, and conjointly with that emperor
and a temple each to Pallor and Favor ; made conquests of territory from the Persians.
 PA LUDAMENTUM.—PALUDATUS. PAN. 597
Septimia Zenobia, his widow, succeeded her Mark Antony, in more than one of his medals,
husband, who had been assassinated by his struck during the period of his Asiatic cam
nephew. That woman had the repute of being paigns.
the most heroic and the wisest princess of her Pan, the fabled son of Mercury and Penelope,
age. In 270, after a brave and long resistance , and one of the companions of Bacchus. The
to the progress of her Roman invaders, she was i infancy of this god of shepherds and husband
vanquished by Aurelisn, who barbarously yractd men, was entrusted to the nymphs of Arcadia;
his triumph with her presence as a captive at and in reference to the worship paid to him as
Rome.—The efligy of Vabalatlma, a Palmy the guardian of flocks and herds, Virgil thus
renian Prince, appears on the reverse of a small sings of him :—
brass coin of An.relian.—-See vaasns-rnvs. Pan 'mus calamos cem cmjungere plurcs
Paludamentum, a military cloke, like that Instatuit : Pan carat oves omu magistros.
which the Greeks called clilamys. It was Eel. ii. l. 31.
fastened with a fibula or clasp upon the right And not of shepherds only, but of all nature he
shoulder, in such a manner as to leave that was the reputed divinity, his name being, accord
side uncovered in order to give freedom to the ing to some writers, derived from the similar
right arm. This peculiarity gave rise to the word in Greek, adv, by which amne or tatum
occasional application of the term Paludati (everything or all) is signified.—Pan is usually
to warriors in general, although it properly represented in the form of a satyr, with goat's
belonged only to the chiefs who won the pala horns, and a cloak of goat's skin, playing the
damentum. This mantle, not so large as the Syriac, or flute of seven pipes, and holding the
pallium, was easily put on and otf, and adapted pedum or pastoral stafl‘. It was in his honour,
itself conveniently to service in the field. When as presiding over an important branch of rural
a Roman Emperor or General was on the point aflhtrs, that the festivals called I/upercalia
of setting out to take the command of his (from Impercsu, the wolf hunter, as Pan was
army, he went first to the capital, and was also called) were instituted, at first by Evander,
there invested with the paludamenlum. On and afterwards introduced into Rome by Romulus.
his return from the expedition, he threw oi!‘ his They were celebrated on the 15th of February,
war-cloke at the gates, and entered Rome with ceremonies so absurd and disgusting, that,
clothed in the toya. This custom, it appears, after they had for a time fallen into disuetude,
was so well established, that (according to it seems strange that so decorons a prince as
Suctonius) Vitellius was looked upon as having Augustus ntfccted to be, on his accession to
committed, not only a novel but a tyrannical imperial power, should have revived and patro
act, because he entered the city paludatu:.— nised them.
Septimius Severus, on the other hand, had the Pam) persona. The mask of Pan, with
policy always to dofi his soldier-like hsbiliments, the attribute of the pedum, appears on a denarius
and to assume the civil garb on such occasions. of the Vibia family, in allusion, as Havercamp
On the coins of this Emperor and his sou says, to the name of C. Vibias Puma, who was
Carscalla we see him with the fibulated paluda consul in the year of Rome 711. Another
mvntum. Indeed, we are told by Spartiauus, silver coin of the same family, bearing the
that he wore such scanty clothing that he cognomen of PANBA, exhibits the mask of Pan,
scarcely had any purple vestment over his encircled with ivy leaves and ben'ies.—The only
tunic, but covered his shoulders with a shaggy other Latin medal which represents this rustic
cltlamg/:.—The cuirass and the paludavnenhun deity is one struck by the Colonia Lass Iulia
often appear together. Some medals, however, CORintluu, under Marcus Aurelius, on which
present the figures of Emperors in the cuirass his entire figure, with horns and hoofs, appears,
without the military cloke; yet the paluda holdin on his left arm the head of a goat, and
mmtum over the tucked-up tunic is more rarely in his and a crook. Another coin, with Greek
to be seen without the cuirass. inscription, bearing the names of two cities of
Paludatu.r.—-An Emperor, or General, was Cappadocia, Ceranu and Tiana, exhibits this
thus called, when dressed in the warlike habit, same goat-footed god, with the pastoral stafi‘ in
which consisted of paludamentum or short his left hand, and a lighted torch in his right;
mantle, lorica or breast-plate, with other mili allusive (as Spanheim observes) to his having
tary amour and ornaments.-—When Roman been one of those divinities whose feasts were
authors, such as Suetonins (in his Life of celebrated with burningjlambeacu: ,- and, accord
Galba), make mention of an Emperor’s going ing to Pansanias, a fire was perpetually kept up
out with his army ffacieru prqfectionm ad in his temple in Arcadia.-—r1mss, says Pitiscus,
belhnn), they almost invariably say that he is the surname of a Roman, given him on
departed paludala.r.—On a large brass of account of the size of his feet.
Domitian we see the Emperor standing, in the Pam’: civilis was bread which the authorities
dress of a warrior, holding a lance in his lefi at Rome distributed among the people.-Panic
hand, and the paludamenlum on his shoulder; yrédilis was a distribution of bread made in a
a captive at his feet. public place, at the liberalilies of the Emperors.
Pampinea cor0na.—The crown of vine leaves We see on various coins a representation of the
adorns the head of Bacchus, on many coins of ruggerlum, or, as the French term it, an erfrade,
cities; and, in imitation of that deity, appears meaning a raised platfonn, to which those
on the head of the vain and presumptuous appointed to receive the conyiarium or bounty, of
598 PANN.-—PANNONIA. PANORMUS.—PAN'l‘HEON.
the imperial donor, were accustomed to ascend spoils, as referring to that event having been
by steps (yradibua); hence the term gradilia accomplished by the lieutenants of Commodus_
panic,-—See colvoraarvar and LIBERALITAS. Panormua, a maritime and very celebrated
PANN.—1=smso1~'. Pannonia. The Pan city of Sicily, now called Palermo. It was
nouian provinces.—ME'l‘s1.L. vnrran rann. founded by the Carthagiuians; and the whole
Metalli Ulpiani Prumonici.—Coins in third island having become a conquest of the Romans,
brass struck of metal dug from the mines of Panama: was in process of time established
Pannouia, and which were called Ulpiani, alter into a colony by Augustus.—Vespa.sian after
the family name of Trajan, in whose reign, it is wards assigned its territory to the veterans of
said, the Romans first discovered them. his army and to the members of his family.
Pannonia, a country of Eastern Europe, The number of coins of this city is very con
which the ancients divided into Upper Pannonia, siderable, especially the autonomous ieces both
now Austria and Hungary; and Lower Pannonia, Panic and Greek. There are brass mperial of
which at this time of day comprehends Bul Augustus, and his family, and of 'l‘iberius_—
garia, Bosnia, and Servia.—'l‘iberius, during Among the Latin coins some are found bear
the reign of Augustus, conquered this country ing the name HISPANORVM.—Vaillant, in his
in two years. Its name and personified genius Colonies (vol. i. p. 52), gives one Latin Imperial
appear on coins of Aelius Verus, Trajauus second brass with the head of Augustus, and
Decius, Hostilianus, and Aurelianus. the epigraph PANORMITANORVM. On the
Pannonia is designated on medals by two reverse is ON. DOMITIVS PROConSul, and
figures of women clothed, “ because that country the type of the three human legs, the triquetral
(says Jobert) is cold. They also hold military symbol of Sicily, over which is placed capri
ensigus in their hands, as betokening the valonr corn, the sign of Augustus.
of its inhabitants.” Pantheon, a temple in honour of all the
PANNONIA.—Pannonia personified under gods, as the Greek word signifies. The most
the form of a woman, stands covered with the celebrated edifice of this description is the one
pileus or bonnet of the country, holding a pike at Rome, which, built by Agrippa, the son-in
in her right hand, on which is a small standard. law of Augustus, exists to this day, under the
This legend and type appear on first and second well-known appellation of the Rotunda, its
brass of L. Aelius, who, adopted as successor interior being circular. It also still retains the
and proclaimed Caesar by Hadrian, was (according name ‘of the Pantheon, and constitutes, with
to Spartianus) soon afterwards sent by that Em
its surperb portico, one of the most perfect as
peror as Governor into Paunonis; and these well as majestic remains of Roman antiquity.
coins were struck in commemoration of the The term Pantheon or Panther: was also
event.—“The figure representing this province applied to statues or images, which bear the
is distinguished by a kind of cap, which ancient signs or symbols of several divinities united
authors assert to have been the covering for the together. Of those represented by medals the
head, worn by people inhabiting the western most remarkable is that on a coin of Antoninus
shores of the Black Sea.—The square standard Pius, and of the younger Faustina, where at
at the top of the lance which Pannonia holds once are to be recognised Serapis by his nwdiu
in her hand, called at first verillum, and or bushel; the Sun by his rays; Jupiter Ammun
peculiar to the cavalry, was in a later age by his ram’s horns; Pluto by his large beard §
denominated ladarum, and became, in the Neptune as indicated by the trident; and Eon
Lower Empire, the principal ensign of the lapius distinguished by the serpent twincd
Roman armics.”—[Le;o1u de Nam. Rom. around his staE.—Another medal, quoted by
133.] Tristan. exhibits a man with head veiled and
PANNONIAE.--The division of this region body naked, who bears the weapons and attri
into two is characterised by two female butes of Sol, Mercury, and Neptune.—\"ai]lant
, on gold, silver, and brass of Trajanus calls this lcind of medals pantheon ; and there
Decius. [See Decius 1'rajanus.]—The cause of is little doubt but that the spirit of Pagan
this Emperor’s attachment to these provinces is superstition enco the design of rendering
sufliciently obvious; for they were the first to such figures portable, as representations of the
proclaim his election to the purple, and it was Dei Lures, as Baudelot learnedly and forcibly
to the fidelity and bravery of the Pannonian contends.—-These pantheous, or their symbols,
legions that he owed his victory over Philip. are conjectured to be represented by certain
Hence it was the peculiar care and pride of types on coins of the Julia and Platonic
Decius to rescue or defend Pannonia from the families.—[See Eckhel.]
incursions of the barbarians.—There is a similar Panther, an animal sacred to Bacchus (LIBER
reverse on a coin of Julisnus the usurper.— PATEB as in Gsllienus) ; and its image forms on
[Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 345.] coins and other monuments at once the attribute
Pmmonia, according to Lampridius, was of, and the attendant upon, that deity. Bacchus
brought into a state of pacification with the and his followers, indeed, appear on ancient
Romans, during the reign of Commodus.—— monuments covered with the skin of this animal,
Vaillant, in his selections from the cabinet of which is also symbolical of Pan. This ferocious
Descampa, interprets a medallion of that Em beast, which is still very common in Asia, was
ror’s, inscribed vrarvs avo., &c., and ex in the time of the Romans to be found in con
'biting for its type Rome sitting on a heap of siderable numbers in Caria, Pamphylia, and
 PAPIUS. PAPIA. 599
Syria. It was often brought from the East, Sospita on a coin of the Papia family, struck in
and also from Africa, to figure at Rome in the commemoration of a law, carried by C. Papius,
sports of the circus, where sometimes it was against permitting foreigners to reside in Rome.
harnessed to chariots; at others made to fight. —Sce Papia.
—Seaurus, during his edileship, was the first PAPI. also stands for Papiriuc, the name of
to furnish a public shew of panthers to the a man.
number of one hundred and fifty. Pompey pro PAPIA, aplebeian family of consular rank,
duced five hundred and ten; and Augustus four and originally belonging to Lanuvium ; its sur
hundred and twenty, according to Pliny. name on coins is Calms. The Papii were
Panthers appear on coins as the companions tribunes of the people, who passed the laws
of Bacchus, because the natural history of the named Paps}: respecting vestals and strangers.-—
ancients ascribed to these animals a peculiar Morell enumerates no less than 63 varieties.
fondness for wine; and this liquor was one of The silver are common. Among the scarce
the means said to have been employed to take types is that on a denarius, the obverse of
them; the hunters using it to make the panthers which bears the word rarvarrvs, a young
intoxicated. The round spots on the hide lsureated head, with a trophy behind it (others
forbid our confounding either the panther or the have the head of Juno Soapila without legend).
pard with the tiger, and the distinction is The reverse presents L. rarrvs CELSVS rrrvra.
observable on coins. A wolf holding in his mouth a lighted stick,
A panther, on which Cybele or Isis is seated, and setting fire to a heap of wood placed before
occurs on a coin of Hadrian. It appears at the a.u eagle with its wings spread.—For some rc
feet of Bacchus on colonial coins of Antoninus marks on the legend and type of the obverse,
Pius, M. Aurelius, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, and see 'rarvm=vs.-—With respect to the singular
Geta.—-On a. medallion of Hadrian a panther type on the reverse, it ‘rs considered by unmis
and a goat draw a chariot, in which are seated matists (Eckhel among the rest) to be explained
Bacchus and Apol1o.—And on a coin of Anto by a passage in Dionysius Halicarnassus, who
ninus a panther is similarly employed, with a s-sys—when Lavinium was about to be built,
satyr for his yoke-fellow, in a car where the some prodigies offered themselves to the (super
God of Wine is recognised by his thyrsus, and stitious) apprehensions of the Trojans. In a
the fair Ariadne sits beside him.—Vaillant, wood they observed that a fire lighted spon
in his Latin Colonies, gives us a coin of taneously was fed by a wolf bringing to it a
Corinth, struck under M. Aurelius, on the re dry stick or faggot, as fuel, in its mouth; and
verse of which is c. L. 1. con. Colonic Lau: an eagle which had flown to the same spot was
Julia C01-inthus; and Liber Pater standing fanning the flame with its wings. On the other
with the cup or flagon in his right hand and hand a fox having dipped his tail in the river
the thyrsus in his lefi. A panther sits at his was seen sprinkling water over the conflagra
feet looking up as if at the goblet which con tion; and sometimes those who had raised, at
tains “ the liquor that he loves.” other times the fox who endeavoured to ex
A panther appears on a brass coin of tinguish the flame, prevailed; but at length the
Gallienus, with legend of LIBERO Patri latter failed of success, and the wolf with his
CON.rervat0ri AVG11sti. aquiline ally triumphed. The historian odds to
PAP. Papiua. The name of a family. this evidently allegorical statement, what was
L. PAP. AVIT. I/ucius Pa/piua Avitua, promo possibly the literal fact, that the brazen images
rnen, name, and surname. of the wolf and an eagle were preserved in the
Papaver.—The poppy was, with the ancients, forum at Lavinium, to the day in which he
the symbol of fertility, on account of the large wrote, in record of the event, which, as Mr.
quantity of seeds which this plant produces, and Akerman observes, was the mode adopted by
therefore consecrated to Ceres. Hence Virgil Eneas to predict the destiny of “the infant
(Georg. L. i.) calls it Cereale Pwpaver; and colony, which, although exposed to the enmity
amongst the corn-ears given to that goddess the of surrounding states, would finally subdue
poppy is generally _intermingled.——The poppy them.”—For other denarii of this family, bear
between two corn-ears, held by Ceres, occurs ing on their reverse a grifiin, see Eckhel, vol. v.
on a second brass of Vitellirm, with the epigraph 268.—For Juno Sispita see the word; also see
of CERES AVGVSTA. The same goddess, with Rania family.—On each of the many silver
the same attributes, seated, and a female stand coins of this family, and others, we see a small
ing by her, appears on a first brass of Nerva, stamp, or mark (such as an apex, an owl, a
with the legend of ANNONA AVGVST.-—It also lion's head, a foot, a sistrnm, &c., &c., prettily
is seen on coins of Nero, Julia Titi, and Cara engraved),-of which the infinite variety im
calla; and the poppy, ears of corn, and modiu: presses one with a most forcible idea of the
are found on medals of Trajan, Hadrian, and stupendous quantity of different matrices em
BI. Aurelius.—On a coin of Domitian the poppy ployed in the mint of Rome, under the re
is represented in conjunction with corn-ears, public.
whilst two right hands united sustain a caduceus; Papilia.—The butterfly held in the claws of
the epigraph is FIDES PVBLica. [Eckhel, the sea-crab (pagurua) appears on a gold coin
cm. p. 156.]—See PLEBEI VBBANAE, &c. of sr. nvnanvs, one of the rnonetal triumvirs
PAPI. Papia.—This abbreviated word ap of Augustus.—The application of this type to
pears on a tablet behind the head of Juno the Durmia family is unascertained.
 600 PAPIRI A.-—PAR.AZONIUM. PARAZONIUM.—-PARC1‘z‘..
By the image of the Papilia the ancients under Galba, in which Virtns holds what is
understood the power and origin of the soul called the parazonium upright, one end resting
to be designated. And the mind, or Psyche, on his knee. He also adduces instances, on
‘ itself is no otherwise attempted to be expr essed coins of Titus and Domitian, in both which it
than by this figure of a butterfly.—-Thus, on the rests on the side, not attached to the girdle.
reverse of a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius And he quotes a reverse of Antoninus Pins, in
(without epigraph), the fable of Prometheus which this parazonium, which Putin calls rcipio,
occurs, in which lllinerva places a butterfly on is across both shoulders in the form of a quircr.
the head of the mun whom the Promethean These exceptional cases of the manner in which it
touch has just formed, as if intended to sym appears upon coins to have been carried, do not,
bolise “ the breath of life"—“ the living soul" however, interfere with the more usual accepta
of a human being under the winged form of tion of the word as signifying a short sheathed
that volant and ephemeral insect.—On the sword, worn at the girdle. The circular ter
obverse of this curious coin, which Vaillant mination does not shew that the sword had no
notices as being in the Vatican collection, is point, for it is merely the iuetallic end of the
road ANTONINVS ave. PIVS. 1>.1>. 'rn.. P. cos. 111., sheath.
and we see the portrait of that most wise and The Panzzonium, as a symbol of virtue, or
prudent Emperor, with head laureated, and the rather of valour (Virtus), appears in the right
c/l1am_1/.r on his breast.—See Prometheus. hand of that Roman deification, on coins of the
PAPIRIA, a family of double order, the one Liciniu family, in Morcll’s Num. Consular ; and
patrician of the junior race (minorum gallium), Vaillant shews it on coins of the Volteio family.
called in the earlier ages Papi-via ,- the other was —It appears in the left hand of the Emperor
plebeian, according to Cicero, whose words of on Trajan's well-known large brass, anluzlm
the qnlrtola ad Pwtum, both Ursinus and BEDACTA; also on coins of Vespasian, Titus,
Havercsmp quote in illustration of Papiria Domitian, M. Aurelius, L. Verna, Commodul,
9ena.—'I‘he surnames of the plebeian branch, Caraealla, Alexander Severus, and other Jsguli.
which wasi of consular rank, and to which alone Poms, the three sisters, Olollao, Lac-Inuit,
the coins of this family belong, are Garbo and Atropos, the same as the Fates in Pagan
Turduc. There are sixteen varieties: silver theology, according to which they were the
common. On one of the denarii of this family daughters of Night, and employed together in
appears the head of Pallas, winged: behind dispensing the thread of human life; the first
which is a branch.—Rev. Jupiter in s qnadrig-a holding the distafl’; the second spinning the
at full speed. The bran pieces of this family, length of each mortal's existence to its destined
less common than the silver, are the as and termination; the third cutting the thread; that
parts of the as. is to say, awarding death at the appointed time
P. AQ, Percima Aq|u'leia.—Money struck Procopius mentions a temple erected to the
at Aquileia. Mint-marks on the lower part of Parcw at Rome; and that it was erected in
coma. the reign of Diocletian seems probable from
P. AR. Percuna Arelate.-Money struck the gold coins of that Emperor and his collcagflr
at Arles, on the exerque of a coin of Mag Val. Maximisuns, inscribed rims vrcraiclsvi.
nentius. and on which three Paras stand, each hold
PAR. Porium, a colony in Mysia. ing a torch on a rudder in their right
PAR. ParlIu'ca.—1.no. 111. ma. Leyio hands joined together; for the Romans were
Tertia Partln'ca.—vlc. Pan. Vctoria Partliica. accustomed to call the Paras by the name of
PAR. Partbiciu.—1>an. an. so. Parthcxu Fata, and to give them the title of Donia:
Ambicus Adia6:m'cu:.——The Parthian, the and Victr-ices, as they spoke of Venus Victrili
Arabian, the Adiabenican titles given to Sept. and Diana Victrix.
Severus for having conquered those countries; PARENti CONSEReatori SVO.—Tl1is. Pf!
and which appear on a silver coin of that Em ceded by s. P. Q. 11., appears on the revenecl
peror, exhibiting a trophy between two captives a deuarius of Augustus, the type being the toys
sitting on the ground, struck in his sixth con picta between a sceptre surmounted by an algll
sulate ; and also on other medals of his. and a garland of laurel.--[The obverse of this
Parazom'um.—Numisma.tic antiquaries are not coin presents a car drawn by four horses, Wit-ll
as to the proper signification of the CAESARI. avovs1‘.]—The reverse oi’ this sflrrr
word, when applied to an object seen on several coin exhibits the principal personal ornament!
Roman coins of the Imperial series. Patin, of the triumpher, according to Livy (viz., the
also referring to its Greek etymology, says the aurea corona, the Jcipio eburneua, the lays
parazonium was a weapon so called because it picta, to which were added the hmica pains“.
was worn suspended by a belt or chain from the and the ulla curulis).-—And, by the inscrip
zona, or girdle; but that it had no point, tion s. 1'. Q. 11., it appears that the senate lid
the Roman people had decreed these honours W
because a general ought not to be cruel towards
his own people. Spanheim speaks of parazoniaAugustus.--Eckhel assigns the coinage of thi!
as swords attached to the thigh, or hanging piece to a. v. 0. 752 (B. c. 2), because Angusili
from a girdle. “ But,” says Johert, “ Its very is thereon called Parms, by which name, not
form, and the manner in which it ia held, is by senatorial decree, but from affection, he Iii
opposed to this opinion.” And then he alludes at that period distinguished.——On the saint
to the medal of Hana: at Virtue, struck medal he is called Conservator, although it don
 PARENS.——P.\RIUM. PARIU M. 601
not appear that this name was given to him E: l.—I.\dP. CAESARI. TRAIANO. AVG.
Senalus Conszzlto. GER. DA.—Laureated head of the Emperor.
PARENS.—As Augustus was at first sur 1teu.—OP'1‘Ii\1O PRINCIPI. C. G. I. P.
named PATEB PATRIAE, so also (according to D.D.—A capricorn, having on the top of its
Spon) he is entitled on medals rsnens conoxuu. back a cornucopise.
—;\I. Agrippa is also denominated MVNICIP. Pcllerin, in referring to this example, says
raaeus. on a coin of the Gaditani (people of This medal in particular serves to prove that
Cadiz.) Vaillant (who has edited no medals‘ of Parium
PARENS. PATRIAE (CAESAR) EX. S.C. under 'l‘rajan,) and other antiquaries have been -
-——A circular temple of six columns, in which is a wrong in attributing certain medals [viz., those
statue on a pedcstal.—'1‘his honourable title with the initial letters separate, C. G. I. H. P.]
Julius Caesar saw conferred upon him after his to the city of Hippo, in Africa, and he asserts
victory in Spain, according to the concurrent that all such, as wellas the above, belong to
evidences of Dion, Appiauus, and Snetonius. It Parium, in Mysin. (Mélange, i. 270.)—See
was also continued after his death, for it is Hippo.
related by the writer last namcd—that “after 2.—ANTONINVS AVG.-—Head of Anto
he had been put to death, the people erected in ninus crowned with laurel.
the forum a solid column, nearly twenty feet Rev.—C. G. I. H. P. A colonist driving
high, of Nnmidian marble, and inscribed on it two oxen.
the words PAR!-INTI. PsrmAE.”—Cicero states Vaillant furnishes no coins of Psrium under
the same fact, but transfers the cause to Antonine; but here Belley gives one dedicated
Antony—“ Your friend (Antony) adds fuel to to the immediate successor of Hadrian, and we
the flame daily; especially by inscribing on the see H. added to the other letters (C. G. I. P.)
statue, which he erected in the rostra, the words inscribed on the coin of Trajan above described.
PARENTI. OPTIME. MERITO.—FO1' this reason On coins of M. Aurelius, Commodus, and
the assassins of Caesar were everywhere, out of Caracalla, is the type of Ceres walking with a
hatred, called parricides, and even the ides of lighted torch in each hand, accompanied by the
lldarch, in which he was slain, received the separated initial letters’ C. G. I. H. P. A. All
name of parri¢:idium.—See CAESAR menus these Vaillant assigns to the city of Hippo.
PATBIAE, on coins, in gold and silver, of Julius But Pellerin, with greater shew of probability,
Caesar, which confirm this title, the monetary aflirms them to be of Parium, adding “on
record of which is supposed to date about the n’en commit point do la colonic d’Hipp0.”
year of Rome 7l0.—See Eekhel vol. vi. p. 17. The only coin which Vaillant assigns to
PARENTIBVS.——See Divis Parentibus, on Parium is a second brass of M. Aurelius, which
a gold coin of Hadrian. has for the type of its reverse a woman, clothed
Parium, acity of Mysia, on the Propoutis, in the stola, standing with a military ensign in
built by the Parians, inhabitants of an island the right hand, and a horn of plenty in the left.
in the Egean Sea, afterwards a Roman colony, The legend is one respecting which there can be
founded by Julius Caesar, whence its name of no mistake, viz., con. PARIA. rv1.. AVG. Doubt
Julia; it also took the name of Auyuato, from less to be read Colonia Pariaua Julia Augusta.
its having been re-peopled with veteran colonists Among the colonial coins of Commodus
by Augustus. This city possessed t-he privileges apparently unknown to Vaillant, but given by
of the Jus Italica. Its ruins are still to be Pcllerin, who for the reasons above alluded to
seen near a place now called Kamares, or attributes them all to Parium, are the follow
Porto Camera. Its coins, which are numerous, ing:-—A youthful and beardless male figure is
consist of autouomes, colonial antonomes, and seated, and before him is an ox, which seems
colonial imperials: the last-named include the to be holding up one of his fore feet to him, as
reigns of Nerva? Trajan, Antoninus, M.Aurelins, if it were wounded, and the animal was praying
Commodus, Plautilla, wife of Caracalla, Geta, the man to cure him.
ltlacrinus, Severus Alexander, Valerianus, Gul This coin, and some others of Commodus
lienus, and Salouina. These colonial imperial and Gallienus, bearing a similar type, were
coins, some of which are very rare, have Latin edited by the Abbe Bellcy in one of his dis
legends. In the time of Trajan, and antecedent sertations, and the interpretation of the
to his reign, it appears the only initial letters legend, as offered by him, is DEO AESCula72io
inscribed on the reverse of the Purian medals SVBvenienti.—Pcllerin, on the other hand,
were C. G. I. P. Cclonia Gemella Julia reads it DEO AESCulopio SVBurban0.
1’ur1.'a1m.,--but aft/er Hadrian, who was a great The other types of this colony given by
benefactor to, and embellishcr of, this colony, Pellerin to supply the omissions in Vaillant
the city of Parium, as if to perpetuate the are
memory of those benefits, always added the l. The colonist at plough, as in Commodus
letter II to the others already enumerated, and and in Geta.
tlmneeforth they read C. G. I. H. P. Colonin 2. II]/geia, with her attributes of patera and
Gemclla Julia Hadriamz Pariana. This is an serpent.
observation of the Abbé Belley, quoted by 3. Capricorn and cornucopizc, as in Commodus
Pcllerin, and supported by the authority of the and Emilianus.
two following medals, the one being dedicated 4|. The wolf suckling the twins, as in Com
to Trajan, the other to Antouinus Pius :— modus, Alexander Severus, and Gallienus; and
4H
602 PARLAIS. PARTHAMASIRIS.-—PARTHIA.
the Genius qf tlie Oily standing at an altar, as pauied with the type of two seated captives, on
in Macrinus and in Salonina. each side a trophy, on that of Victory walking.
These dilfcrent coins are inscribed c. 0. 1. H. —See anan. ADIAB.
1>a., or PAIL, or PARIA.-—Al1d it deserves Afier the defeat and death of his rival Pes
remark that there are points between the first cennius Niger, Severus, crossing the Euphrates,
four letters of the legend, but none between attacked and conquered the Arabs, the Osrhoeni,
PA. and 1>an., which are at the end. “This and the Adiabeninns. It is to these victories
circumstance (says Pellerin) serves to‘ show that that the above quoted medal rc1ates.——The.re is
each of them belongs to the colony of Parium, an inscription still legible on the arch of Severus
and the more convincingly so as, in their form at Rome, where the same titles are given without
and workmanship, they resemble other medals, abbreviation. And with this for guide we may
whose legend is terminated by the entirc word read here PART]/irus ARABicu.r, PARTM4.-u
PAMANA. Al)IABenima,- but without being able to ex
- M. Dumcrsan gives from the Allier dc Plante plain why the word Parthicus is thus repeated.
roche cabinet the following iuedited brass coin —Ca t. Smyth adverts to this circumstance in
of this colony (in Pl. xii. N0. 15). descn ing a specimen of this large brass in his
0bv.——1r. BARBATO. nan. ACILIO II vlu. own select cabinet—“ Severus obtained some
0. o. I. P. Naked head to the right. success over the Parthians, but, apparently not
Rev.—i>. VIBIO. ssc.cass. Q. n.uu_:. ruaar. in open warfare, since he would not assume the
rao. 11 vrn. Colonist at plough. title of Parthicus (which here, oddly enough, is
Vaillant appears to have been unaware that twice repeated), lest he should give nmbrage to
there were coins of Comelia Supera struck in that still powerful nation :-——Tela _f:l_0a0i.r egsi,
the colonies, but Pcllerin has edited one, which et braccati militia areas.”-—Respecting the
he assigns to Parinm, in his Recueil, tom. 1, Arabians and the Adiabenians, Spartianus says,
p. xxi., and gives an engraving of it, on account in reference to the Emperor's expedition against
of its singularity, in p. 207—as follows: Gnea those two nations, Arabs: in deditionem accep-ii.
CORNElia SVPERa AVG. Hcad of the Em Adiabenos in lribumrios c0egit.—Eckke.l assigns
press.—]tev..- C. G. H. I. P. A capricorn the striking of these medals to a.D. 195.
with globe between its feet, and a cornucopia: Partliamariria, son of Pacorns, King of the
on its back. Parthians, grandson of Artabanus, on the death
The letters (says Pellerin) c. 0. a. 1. r. of his father, was appointed King of Armenia,
signify Colonia Gemella HaclriauaJuliaPariana. by Chosroes, King of the Parthians, on the ex
Parlai-9, a city of Lycaonia, and a Roman pulsion of Excdares, but was despoiled of his
colony. As its coins are very rare, Eckhel has kingdom by the Emperor Trajan —See an
arranged them according to the age in which PARTIIIS narvs.
they were first issued. The colonial imperial Partluzmaspates, the ldng whom Trajan
are from M. Aurelius to Maximinns: the im gave to the Parthians, and who, afier having
perial from Gallienus. The colonial have Latin been expelled by them, accepted from the
legends, viz., |v1.. ave. con. ran1.a1s.—Vaillant Emperor Hadrian his native kingdom of Armenia.
not only gives no coins of Parlais, but seems Achaemenides, son of this Parthumaspates, snc
to deny the existence of such a city in ancient cecded his father in the kingdom of Armenia,
Lycaouia, and considers a coin which Hardouin Antoninus Pius having placed the diadem on his
ascribes to Parlais to belong to Parium.—Haym, head, as we learn from coins.—See max Purim:
in his Thesaurus Britzmnicus [ii. t. 6. 39. fig. narvs.
8] gives a medal of Julia Domna, with the le Partlmzope, one of the Syrens, half virgin,
gend IVL. avo. con. PARLAIS. and type of the god half bird. Her image playing on a double flute
Mens-is wearing the Phrygiau cap; and Gessner appears on a. gold coin struck by Pelroniu
and Eckhel repeat it in their catulogues.—'l‘he Tmyfilianus, one of the moneyers of Augustus.
editor of the ]lluseumPembr0c. published asecond, —'l‘he same appears on a coin of the Petrosia
bearing the head of L. Verns ; and on the reverse, family,—See Sirenea.
Fortune stauding,with the legend above quoted. Partbia, aregion of Asia, whose inhabitants
Peleriu (Rec. i. p.xvii. and p. 1.) produces another were culled Partlri, originally the most inveterate
of this colony, struck in honour of this Empress. enemies of the Roman name, and who, under
Pellerin’s coin on its obverse bears the legend their King Orodes, having laid a snare for
IVLIA norms and the head of that Empress.— Crassus, into which that unfortunate general
Its reverse has for legend 1vr.. ave. COL. fell, destroyed him and his whole army in one
PARLAIS., with the type of Fortune standing general slaughter. This disaster to the Romans
with her usual attributes. was soon after avenged by Cassius, the Questor
PART. or PARTHIC. Parthicu.r.—A sur of Crassns, who cut the Parthian army to
name adopted by several Roman Emperors, pieces. The Parthinns sided with Pompey
amongst others by Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus against Csesar, and also with the party of
Aurelius, and his imperial associate L. Verne: C2esur’s murderers, to whose aid they sent
Prq/ligato bello (says Cupitolinus) uterque Par troops. After the defeat of Brutus and his
flricus appellatus est. friends at Philippi, Pacorus, son of Orodcs, put
PART. ARAB. PART. ADIAB. Partlzicua himself at the head of the Parthiau auxilinrici
Ara/fleas, Parlllicus .»ldia6enicuJ.—On silver but perished in a battle which he gave to
and brass coins of Septimius Severus, accom Ventidius Bassus, the Roman General, in Syria.
 PARTHIA. PARTHIA. 603
Sometime afterwards Orodes was murdered by first brass of L. Verus, a captive of the same
his son Phraates, who took possession of the nation sits on the gonad with his hands tied
kingdom, and gained a decisive victory over behind him.
Antony the triumvir; but having treated his PARTHIA, with COS. II. S.C. at the bottom.
subjects with great cruelty and oppression, they —A Parthian soldier standing, holding in his
drove him from the throne, and elected one right hand a radiated crown, in the left his
Tyridates for their sovereign. Phraates, how weapons, consisting of a bow and quiver of
ever, by the aid of the Scythians, defeated a.rrows.—On afirst brass of Antoninus Pius.—
Tyridatcs; regained the Parthian sceptre, and The medal, with this legend and type, forms one
to conciliate the favour of Augustus, sent hack ot a series struck under the above-named
to Rome the prisoners and the standards which Emperor in his second consulate, and in which
had been taken from Crassus and from Antony ; those inscribed asrs, carranocra, msrsxra,
an event commemorated with no little ostenta soYTHI.\, SXCILIA, srara, are also to be included.
tion on coins bearing the following inscriptions: They all present to us the Genius of each
CAESAR AVGVSTVS. SIGNIS RECE.— province holding a crown, or a vase, or a small
ClVIBus ET SlGNi.v hiILITaribus A PAR chest (caniatrum). These symbols involve an
THIS RECVPERA’l‘IS—and A PARTHIS interesting subject. It was customary in Greece
RES'l'I'l‘VTlS.-——Un the death of Phraates, to offer crowns of gold to princes and other
one of his sons succeeded him under the same great men, on occasions when the object was to
name, and was followed by Orodes, who, being testify the loyal devotedncss of their subjects,
assassinated, Vonones, eldest son of the first or to give them proofs of popular attachment.
Phraates, whom the Psrthians had invited from This custom, being profitable to those in whose
Rome (where he had resided as a hostage to honour it was observed, did not fail to meet
Augustus), became king, but was soon de with favour t'rom the Romans. History makes
throned; and Artabanus, assuming the diadem frequent mention of similar presentations of
of Parthia, declared war against the Romans, crowns by cities and provinces to Roman generals
and was conquered by Vitellius, then Governor as soon as the latter entered their territories.
of Syria, who raised to the throne Tiridates, a Under the Emperors, every extraordinary event
prince of the blood royal of the Arsacidcs.— served to multiply the occasions for their recep
After several ephemeral sovereigns had appeared tion of such valuable gifts. When, for example,
and disappeared, the kingdom devolved to they had just gained a victory, or been raised to
Vologeses, a prince of some celebrity, who had the throne, or even when they assumed a new
a long war to sustain against the Romans, in title, the provinces never missed such an oppor
which he not only proved himself their equal, tunity of uniting, as a token of their joy and
but often achieved victories over them. Under congratulation, in the tender of a golden crown;
the reign of Nero, Vologeses took Armenia and, although, at first, the donation had been
from the empire, and caused two legions to pass purely voluntary, it afterwards degenerated into
under the yoke. In Trajan’s time, Parthia was a forced presentation, and at length became a
governed by Chosroes, on whom that emperor species of tribute, differing from that exaetion
made war ; and after taking from him Armenia, only in the name assigned to it. It was, in
Mesopotamia, and Assyria, drove him from the fact, what we now understand by the appellation
throne, and placed thereon Pa.rthamaspatcs—-(see of a free gift. This system quietly sank into
the name above). Sometime afterwards Chosroes complete abuse; and this description of presents
again became king, and left his dominions to his became very hurthensome to the provinces,
son Vologeses, who had to fight for his crown especially when it was made compulsory upon
against the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and them, as was the case under Camcalla, who
Lucius Verus. At length Artabanus succeeded extorted these donaria in the most arbitrary
Vologeses, and was the last king of the race of manner, and for the most trivial occurrences.—
the Arsacides. He carried on a fierce war against It is necessary to explain that these oferings did
the empire of Rome, during the reigns of not always consist of actual crowns of gold, but
Severus, Caracalla, and Macrinus; and having, often were given in coined gold, or in gold
whilst Alexander Severus was emperor, been bullion, which thence derived the name of crown
attacked by Artabanus, King of Persia, he was gold, durum corona:-ium. At the accession of
defasted in three battles, and lost both his Antoninus Pius to the imperial throne, the
kingdom and his life. Thus, four hundred and envoys from the provinces came to him for the
seventy-three years after the reign of its founder prupose of presenting their golden crowns, and
Arsaces, the Parthian monarchy was again the names of those very provinces are recorded on
transferred to the Persians. his medals. They are usually represented on
Pm-tlriarra offering branches of laurel to the the reverses under the figure of a woman, who
emperors are scen on gold and silver coins of holds either a crown, or a small cotter, enclosing
Augustus. The ulnnismatic record of their the value of a real crown. Writers atfirm that
restoring the captured standards to that prince Antoninus had the generosity to relieve all Italy
is already noticcd ahove.—A Part/z-iun holding and half the exterior provinces from the pressure
up with both his hands a. little boy to Augustus, of this tribute ——It may on this point be objected
sitting on a curule chair, occurs on silver coins that Part/tia and Sq/t/Lia are here ranged
of that prince.—On the medal anx PARTHIS amongst the friendly provinces, whereas during
narvs a Parthian appears kneeling; and on the the greater part of the time they were active
4H2
604 PARTHIA CAPTA. PARTHICUS TRIUMPHUS.
enemies of the Romans. But it is necessary to he incited the Parthians against the Romans,
bear in mind that foreign nations often rendered and with the assistance he obtained from Orodes
these honours to princes who governed the and his son Pacorus, crossed the Euphrates,
empire, in order to conciliate their good will, and occupied Palestine, Phmnicia, Syria, and
or secure their protection, which necessity some Caria, calling himself Parlliicua Impenzlbr,
times obliged them to implore. Josephus, in his because that appellation, as Dion observes, was
History of the Jews, relates that the King of the more alien from Roman custom; since the
the Parthians had sent n crown of gold to Titus, Romans had affected titles from nations subdued,
in commemoration of his conquests in Judzea. he from one which was victorious. Having at
Attention ought, moreover, to be paid to the length sought a battle with P. Ventidins, the
characteristic symbols of the provinces. Asia lieutenant of Antony, he was routed and
has beside her an anchor and a vessel, because captured; and he closed his scenic empire
to visit Rome from that province it was necdful v.c. 715.
to perform a sca voyage.——C'appa1lacia has PARTHI. MAX. Parllticlls M'a.z-irnxs-.——
mount Argaeua at her feet, that mountain having This honorary surname was assumed in the fifit
been worshipped by the Cappadoeians as a deity, instance by M. Aurelius, and L. Verus, and
on account of its sometimes appearing on fire afterwards by Sept. Severus and his son Cara
during the night.-—-Parllaia is seen anncd with calla.
bow and quiver, in consequence of its inhabitants PARTHICA MAXIMA.-—See vicmnu
being celebrated as the best archers or bowmcn. PART. aux.
PARTHIA CAPTA (Conquest of Parthia), PARTHICVS TRI\'MPIlVS.—Sce TEN‘!
with the date of COS. VL, and the type of a Pnvs.
trophy, on each side of which a captive is seated, Julian in his “ Czesars" makes it a matter of
appears on a gold coin of Trajan. ,, reproach that, after a war of more than three
The subject and device of this coin, together hundred years’ duration, the Romans had not
with those inscribed P.\n'rn1co.—o1uENs AVG.— been able to bring under their dominion a single
axons ADSlGNA’l‘.\—BEX PABTHIS nuvs, &c., portion of territory beyond the Tigris, which is
refer to events alike glorious to the Roman name, under the power of the Parthians.—ln reference
and to Trajan himself.—We learn from Dion, to this remark, Spanhcim says—~“ Ne\'el1h(:lrI\~i
Eutrnpius, and other historians, that this there were Roman generals, such, for instance,
illustrious Emperor, during his stay in the East, as Lucullus, Vcntidius, Corbulo; and also
after the conquest of Armenia, gave kings not emperors, as Trajan, Verus, Severus, Caracalls,
only to the Partlliaus, but also to other nations ; Carus, and Galerius, who carried the war
that he accepted the allegiance of some, and into Parthia, or into its neighbourhood;
adjusted the disputes of others. conquered their country; took their cities,
Partliica tiam.——An ornament for the head, and even Ctesiphon, their capital; who, more
worn by the kings of Parthia, and other oriental over, saw these kings of kings either driven
sovereigns, is seen conjoined with bow and from their thrones, or made prisoners, or
quiver full of arrows, which were also amongst prostrated before the legions of Rome, and com
the insignia of the monarchs of the east. pelled to receive on their knees, as they did
PARTHICA.-SeeVIC'l‘oriaPARTliICA on from Trajan, their tiara and the empire of the
coins of S. Severus. Parthians. It is of these events, amongst
PARTHICO or PARTIIICVS.—-This word, others, that the medals of some of the Emperors,
as a title of honour, is read on coins of Trajan, particularly of Trajan, are to this day the
Hadrian, M. Aurelius, L. Vcrus, Commodus, glorious monuments, with such fine inscriptions
S. Severus, Carat-alla, and Cnrus. as Re: Parilul: Datus; Par!/zia Capta ; or
PARTHICVS IMP.—06v. Q. LABIENV5. Victoria I’ar'I/Lina Jllazima, on a medal of
PABTHICVS. IMP. Bare head, with beard of Severus; and, lastly, the surnames of Parllains
moderate size.—Rev. No legend. A horse and Adiabenicus, which we find on their coins."
with bridle and housings. Silver.-—This appears The same learned translator of, and able
on a denarius of the Alia family, as the sur commentator on, the “ Czesars" of Julian (which
name of Q. LABIENVS. (see the name), who was he has numismatically illustrated, in so authentic
the son of '1'. LABIENVS, of whose assistance and interesting a manner), observes tha “it
Julius Caesar availed himself much in his Gallic was in the eastern portion of Assyria, began’
wars; but who, at the beginning of the civil Me 7‘i_qris, that the scat of the Pnrthian empire
war, went over to Pompey, and shared the was situated. This was their nearest provinu-.
common flight and dispersion of that party. to the Roman boundaries: cifra onmes pr1>pa'ng=~.i
The son, whose portrait is supposed to be re eat nobie Ass;/ria, says Ammianns ; and conse
presented on the obverse of this silver coin, quently the most exposed to the Roman arms
roved himself to be the heir of his father's \‘\'hencc also it happens that the Parthians arc
hatred against Cmsar, and having followed the sometimes designated by the name of Assyrian,
army of Brutus, was sent by him to Orodes, as in Lucun—.l.s.r_1/rizr finmn farfurm pr!
the Parthian King, for the purpose of seeking camur, to express the existence of peace with
his assistance; but presently hearing of the the Parthians."
disaster to his friends at Philippi, and despairing PAT. Pater.-—1>.\'r. rs. Pater Palria, on
of pardon from the victors, when he heard that coins of Augustus. Father of his country.
Antony was revelling in base indolence in Egypt, PAT. Patna, Patrensia, in Achaia.
 PATER. PATER. 605
PATER.*-The appellation of Paier is some Pater Pah~iw.—The man who first of all
times given alone (that is to say without the obtained this glorious title was Cicero, on whom
addition of the name Patrivz) to the Emperors, it was conferred by the Senate of Rome, in
after their deaths, and when their deificatiou or acknowledgment of his paternal guardianship of
consecration had taken place. Thus we find the republic, as the detector of Catiline’s con
nivvs AVGVSTVS rxrea inscribed on some of spiracy. It is a phrase purely of honour,
that Emperor’s coins, with the various symbols unconnected with powcr.—Nor indeed was it
of the apot-heosis.-—In like manner, after they (says Oiselius) bestowed immediately on all the
were dead, medals, with the addition of that Roman Emperors.—lt was from Julius‘ Caesar
word, were struck in honour of the memory of that the custom of conferring this cognomen
Trajan, and of Pertinax-—viz., DIVVS TKAIANVS. passed to his successors; and this is shewn by
PABTH. PATER.-——DlVVS PERT PATER. coins struck during his lifetime, on which he is
The title of Pater appears on a gold coin called CAESAR PARENS PATBlAE.——T0 Au;/wzrtua,
struck by order of Trajan in memory of his on account of his clemency (as Aurelius Victor
own father, Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, who is atlirms), the cognomen of Pater Palrizt was
thereon styled DIVVS PATER TRAIAN\-'S, and given in the year of Rome 762, and in the
represented seated on a curule chair. And in twenty-first renewal of his tribunitian powcr, in
like manner some coins of Hadrian (who was, consequence of which medals were forthwith
through the intervention of Plotiua, the adopted struck, charged with the inscription of CAESAR
son and appointed successor of Trajan), present AVGVSTVS DIVI F. PATER PA'l'RlAE.—
the heads of Trajan and Plotina face to face, And on some large brass, struck out of Rome,
with the inscription DIVIS PARENTIBVS.— supposed to be of the mint of 1/your, we more
Another medal with the head of Trajan bears over rcad the same inscription round the Em
DlV\'S TRAIANVS PATER AVGVSTVS. peror’s head-—the reverse exhibiting the altar,
Besides which there is another of Hadrian, dedicated by the Gaulish tribes to ROM. ET
on which we read DIVVS TRAIANVS AVG. AVGuslua'.—Tibe1'iu0 constantly refused this
PAltTHicua PATER. To the same class of title, and his coins omit it.-—N».-ro also, at the
medals, on which sous, natural or adopted, of beginning of his reign, rejected the honourable
deceased emperors, pay filial honour to their surname, but soon after accepted it, as appears
memory, are to he referred these coins of from his coins.—’l‘he same distinction was borne
Maximianus Hercules, inscribed DIVVS MAXI by Vespasian, according to Suetonius, and is re
MIANVS PATER; and on another DIVVS corded on medals of his, struck in the second
MAXIMIANVS SOCER (perhaps, as Aker year of his rcign.—We likewise read the well
man says, HAXENTII), probably struck after dcserved compliment of Pater Patria on the
his death by his son Maxentius. coins of Nerva.—Of Trajan it is related by the
Pater; almost every Pagan God was so younger Pliny, that he declined the offer of
called; as Neptunus Pater, Janus Pater, &c. this title, made to him on his accession to the
(Vaillant, Pr. ii. p. 223).—'l'hus also on coins of throne, assigning as a reason that he did not
Commodus and of Severus, Bacc/lu.1Paler. See esteem himself worthy of being denominated
LIBERO PATB.l.—S€e also LIBERO P. cons. AVG. the Father of his Country. Nevertheless, we
on a medal of Gsllienus.—In like manner Mar; find coins struck in his second year, and fre
is surnamed Pater, as the founder (through quently afterwards inscribed, among the rest,
Romulus) of the city and the cmpire of Rome. with Pater Patri¢.—Hadrian's coins, bearing
See nuns PATEB; to which are added the titles the senatorial mark S.C., and struck in the
of consenvxroa and rnorvenxron on medals first year of his Imperatorship and tribunitiun
of Constantinus M. power, present numerous examples in which he
Pater, as already observed, is also an is styled P.P.—And the same initial letters are
appellation given on coins to Augustus, as frequently found appended to the names of other
seated in the likeness of Jupiter himself, that Emperors.
Emperor is depictured as one of the celestial Pater SemztuJ.—The flattering title of Father
deities. nrvvs AVGVSTVS PATEB. appears not of the Senate, bestowed in the first instance out of
only with radiated head, but also with naked fear on the monster Commodus, was afterwards
and with laureated head, and with various conferred on Balbinus and Pupicnus, whose
symbols of consecration extraordinary merit as mild and prudent rulers
Pater Palratus was one of the Fecial priests, of the empire gave them some claim to this new
and, indeed, according to Spanheim and Pitiscus, and honourable aurname.—Julis Domna, under
the chief of the sacerdotal college so called.— a succeeding reign, had the daring boldness to
On a denarius of the Veturia family, two men assume on her coins the appellation of Zllollzer
armed with spears are touching with their of the Senate (MATer SEN;\'l‘11.r.) She had
daggers a sow, which is held by a man on his (in imitation of Faustina, jun.) already dubbed
knees.—-“This (says Schulze, in his Iutraduzione, herself MAT” CASTRORVM.
&c.) is the Pater Patratw, whose olfice it was PATER SE.\lA'l‘. or SENATVS.-—A togated
to preside on occasions when treaties were to be figure stands with a branch in the right hand,
ratified, and to kill a sow or hog with a stone.” and in his left a wand surmounted by an eagle,
-—"Pater Patraius, says Festus, adjusjurandum held crosswise. On silver of Commodns.
Palrandum, id csl, ju.g'urandum sit; because he Vaillant aptly observes, in noticing this
took the oath for the whole people.” medal, that Commodus had more rightly earned
606 PATIENTIA AUGUSTI. PATRE.
the distinction of being called Senatua car According to the acceptation of the latter it
1u_'fe.v—the executioner rather than the Father consists in enduring contumely and misfortune
of the Roman Senate. He had thinned the with submissive resignation; according to the
ranks of that once powerful body by the ideas of the former, it is the voluntary and daily
slaughter of its most illustrious members; and struggle with diflicnlt circumstances, and like
was especially infuriated against them after the wise the endurance of personal hardships, as in
discovery of his sister Lucilla’s conspiracy. the case of Hadrian, who patiently bore the
But in proportion to his cruelties were the vicissitudes of heat and cold, and never covered
flntteries lavished on this gladiatorial cut-throat his head; thus corresponding to the definition
by the degenerate people and abject Senate of of Cicero—“Palienlia es! /wnealatia, ant
Rome. atililatis cause, rerum arduarum, ac difcilisn
Palera, a round shallow dish or vase used by eo/uilaria, ac diutuma. ac perpe::ia.—See
the Romans, (who adopted it from the Etrurians,) Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 506.
at their religious ceremonies, either in making Patina is that beautiful and brilliant kind of
libations of wine to the gods, or in receiving timecreated varnish, of a green or brownish
the blood of sacrificial victims. On Roman colour, which covers the surface of some ancient
coins and other monuments the patera is placed brass medals. It prevents them from dete
in the hands of all the deities, whether of the riorating, and is regarded as an evidence of
first or of the second rank, as a symbol of the antiquity. The patina does not, however, readily
divine honours rendered to them, or in that of attach itself to brass and copper: this depends
their ministers as an attribute of their functions. much on the state of the soil in which the medals
It also appears often in the hands of princes, to have lain for ages. The fabricators of fake
mark the union of the saccrdotal with the coins have endeavoured to imitate it with ml
imperial power, ctfected through the otfice of ammoniac, vinegar, and other artificial com
.Pont§fe.z Mmtimua. For this reason the figure pounds; but a coating of this kind is easily
of the deity, priest, or emperor is frequently removed, and it is by no means difiicult to
seen beside an altar, upon which he seems to be detect the fraud: whilst on the other hand the
pouring the contents of the patera. In the genuine patina becomes so inherent to the metal
more ancient periods, these utensils, always that it would be impossible to scrape it ofi'
consecrated to religious purposes, were made of without injuring the medal which it covers.——
baked earth: afterwards of brass, a metal False varnish (says Bcanvais) may be discovered
peculiarly dedicated to the gods; still later they with the greater facility, as it is in general
were also fabricated of gold and silver, and black, coarse, and glossy, or the colour of
sometimes ornamented with fine compositions in verdigris, empzité and tender to the point of any
high relief; as in the case of that magnificent sharp instrument, instead of which the patina
gold one in the Royal Library at Paris. (or antique encrustment) is extremely brilliant
A serpent feeding out of a patera is the symbol and as hard as the metal itself. The agreeable
of the Goddess of Health (Salus).—A putera appearance of this splendid nist having rendered
appears in the right hund of Cybele, of Cle it particularly acceptable to the taste of the
mentis, of Concordia.—And the Genius of a Italians, they gave it the name of Patina eerdr,
city holding in his right hnnd a patera, as in as counterfeiting the emerald; and the French
the act of performing sacrifice for the health of numismatists introduced the expression into their
the Emperor is a frequent type. We see this own language by calling it Feline. It should
in the GENIVS EXERC. ILLYRICIANI of be observed, however, that the natural erugo,
Trajanus Decius; and the GENIVS AVGu.rt1' or rust, which adds so much beauty to bronze
of Gallienus and Claudius Gothicus. medals, is injurious and even destructive to
The palera is to be observed in the right siver coins.
hand of rvrlrna consnavsrou, of Hercules, PATR. Patrerwis.—0OL rare. Colon-ia
Juno Conservatrix, Mercury, Patientia, Pietas, .Patrerwis.-—The colony of Patna.
&c.; also in the hand of the Emperor sitting, Palm (now Putra-Patrasso), a principal city
as in Tiberius; and of the Emperor standing, as of Achaia, situated on the longest promontory of
in Elagabalus.—See INVICTVS sscsanos. the Peloponnessus. Under Augustus it became s
PA'l‘IEN'l‘IA AVGVSTI.—A woman seated, Roman Colony (in the year of Rome 725), the
holding a patera in the right hand, and the veterans of the xxii. Primigenian Legion having
hasta in her lefi;.—On a silver coin of Hadrian, been sent thither, as is shewn by the name of
struck in his third consulate—and, singular to that legion, and its military standards being 1
say, on the coin of no other; and as Hadrian in frequent type on the coins of the colony.——
his conduct shewcd himself to have, in one sense Augustus is said to have given liberty of self
of the word, possessed very little patience—this govcrnment to Patrze, in memory of which and
legend has been suspected as a false quotation, of other benefits which that prince heaped upon
or a forgery, for CLEMENTM AVGVSTX. But the city, the inhabitants called themselves on
Eckhcl admits its gcnnincncss, and alludes to their coins 001.. A. A. P. Colania, Augusta,
two specimens of it in the Royal Cabinet. Aroe, Pairenais. Thus recording the nume of
-—Vuillnnt, in reference to this reverse, observes its three founders and restorers, Enmelns,
that Patience does not appear to have been rc Putrseus, and Augustus. It was also called
garded by the heathen world in the same light Neroniana, atter Nero.—A coin of this colony,
as that in which it was viewed among Christians. struck under Commodus, a prospect of the city
 PATRLE. PATRE. 607
is atiempted to be given, with three temples [Vaillant says (i. 40) the mlomu at plough
above, and two gallies in the sea below. is the type of citizens (or civilians), as military
Besides the Autonomous, and Colonial Auto ensigns are the insignia of veterans sent to
nomous coins struck at the mint of Patrse, there reinforce the population of a Roman colony.
are extant Colonial Imperial medals of this But a colonist carrying the vzzillum in his left
celebrated colony from Augustus to Gordianus hand, and in his right holding the plough,
Pius, with but few breaks in the series, as will shews the coin to have been struck by colonial
be seen by the following list :—Augustus, Duumviri, one of whom had been selected
Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, Gslbn, Domitian, from the citizens, and the other from the old
Nerve, Hadrian, Antoninus, M. Aurelius, L. soldiers]
Verus, Commodus, Sept. Severus, Cnracalla, Cornucopia! (double)-—On a second brass
Elugabalus, Gordianus Pius.—The legends of struck under Claudius, are two horns of plenty,
the Colonial Autonomes and of the Imperial over which is the head of a boy between two
are Latin. Some few are Greek. female heads. Legend: cot. A. A. P. LIBEBIS
The following are among the types of this AVG. Colzmia Augusta Arae Palrermlr Liberia
Roman colony :— Augusli.
firculapius, standing, with right hand placed [The colony of Patrse here dedicates a coin
on his side, and the usual attribute of stall‘ to Claudius and his children. The boy’s head
and serpent in his left. On second brass of is meant for that of the unfortunate young
Commodus. prince Britannicus. On the left is that of
Apollo, standing, naked, holds in his right Octavia his sister, whom Claudius had by
hand a patera, and rests his left on a lyre Messalina ,- on the right is Antonia, whom he
placed on s cippus. Second brass of Antoninus before had by Elia Petina.]
Pius. Diana, standing, in her dress as a huntress,
[The people of Patra: dedicated but few rests her left hand on a bow. Legend: DIANA
coins to this good emperor, how ready soever LAPHRIA. On coins of Nero and of Domitian.
they were to exercise their monetary privileges [Although the above does not present the
for the purpose of flattering any tyrant master. name of the city, yet the word Laplzria
There was indeed a rebellion excited during justifies the belief that it belongs to the colony
Antonine’s reign, in Achaia (as well as in of Patrae. It was n name given to her, in con
Egypt), which Capitolinus records, and which sequence of L. Laphrius, a Phocian, having
may possibly account for the fact above-stated. erected a statue to her honour in Calydon
From the figure of Apollo it may be inferred (Etolia).—Diana Laphria had a shrine in the
that he was adored at Patrse; and Pausanias citadel
On aofsmall
Patrze.—Vaillant, i. 124.]
brass coin of M. Aurelius and of C
warrants such a supposition, by speaking of an
image of this deity placed in the Odenm of that L. Verus, bearing for the legend of its reverse
city.—Apollo bears the patera to indicate that 001.. A. A. PATBAE. (Colonic; Jugusta Ame
sacrifices had been performed for the Emperor. Palrenrir) is Diana Vcnatrix, with a torch
—Apollo leaning on his lyre embodies the har in her right, a spear in her left hand, and s
mony of the celestial spheres, whence he was hound at her feet.
called Musieus and Cithnr<edus.] [This Diana (says Vaillant, i. 199) is the
Apollo and Venus.—-On a second brass of Laplzria recorded above, and whom the Pat renses
Commodus, struck at Patrse, Apollo appears adored with a supreme shew of devotion. Her
standing in a female dress; he holds a bow in image, when iEtolia was laid waste by Augustus,
his right hand. Opposite him stands also Venus was removed from Cnlydon to Pat rm, as Pausanias
Viclriz, half unclothed, holding up a shield narrates.—Diana is most frequently figured in a
with both hands. hunting dress ; the spear and dog are her attri
[In thus associating together the above-men butes, as president over the chase, or, as some
tioned god and goddess, the colony evidently say, because she was the tamer of ferocious dogs.
sought to flutter Commodus and his wife Cris She carried a torch in her right hand, as being
pins; for he was fond of being called, not only identified with Luna, whose lucid orb illumes
Hercules, but Apollo (Apollo Palalinus and the circumambient air at night ; whence in like
llonelalia). And slie was often on medals manner, on coins inscribed DIANA LVCIFERA,
pointed to and even represented as Venus. The she is represented carrying a lighted torch.]
temples of these two divinities were (according On a third brass inscribed to Caracalln by
to Pausanias’s description) erected in Patric on this colony, Diana stands with quiver at _her
the same spot] - back, carrying an arrow in her right hand, and
C'0l0nu.r agms b0ve.:.—The colonist with his resting her left on a bow.
right hand on the plough appears on two On a second brass of the same colony and
Patracan coins of Augustus, one struck during reign, the same goddess stands leaning on her
his lifetime, and the other after his apothcosis. bow. In both types a hunting dog is at Diana’s
-—Same type also appears on coins of Domitian feet.
and of Commodus, in which the colonist holds [According to Pansanins, a variety of Diunas
the plough with his right hand, and in his left were worshipped at Patrn:—viz., Laphris,
bears the ve.ri/[um ,- with legend PATR. c. A. A. P. Limnatis, and Triclnria. The above two coins
and con. A. A. PATH. Colonia Augusta Aroe represent her like the Diana Laphria of Nero
Patrenaia. and Domitian, namely as a huntress.]
608 PATRE. PATR
On a very rare second brass of this city, dedi present a favourite legendary hero of the
cated to M. Aurelius, there is a female figure Patrenses, namely Euripylus. He is said to
seated in s chariot drawn by two stags. have been the son of Telephus and Astyoche,
[Patin and other nurnismatists regard this who was the daughter of Laomedon, and sister
figure as Diana herself; but she is adorned of Priam. He was King of the Cetamns, a
neither with the crescent moon nor with the people of Mysia, and came to the aid of the
quiver, nor does she indeed exhibit any attribute Trojans towards the close of the war. A man
of that goddess.—Vaillnnt therefore discards of the greatest bravery, he was r ed as the
that idea, and pronounces it to be the Virgin, noblest prince of his time, and is said to have
who, on an anniversary when, conformably to proved a most formidable enemy to the besiegers
the custom of the country, the sacred rites of of Troy, several of whose leaders he killed with
.Diana Laplrria were celebrated, was, as the his own hand, but was at length slain by
ofiiciating priestess of the goddess, carried about Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus. The history of
in a chariot drawn by two stags, as Pausanias Euripylus is so mixed up with fable and so eon
describes it.] fused an incident, that but for the episode of
A similar type exhibits itself on a Patrmsn his being driven by adverse winds into the port
coin of Elagabalus. Cities and colonies (says of Patrm, in time to prevent the superstitious
Vaillant) never caused anything to be engraved horrors of a human sacrifice to Diana Trielaria,
on their coins without some reason or mysterious it would not deserve adverting to here.]
object in view.
Emperor in a quadrig/z.—-On n large brass
dedicated to Livia (by the name of Julia
Aizglwta), Augustus is depicturcd in a chariot
drawn by four horses; he holds_in his right
hand a sceptre, on the top of which is an eagle.
Legend: co1.. A. A. r. eaassux. AVG. Colonia
Au_r/usla Arne Patrerwir Cmrari Juguslo.
[The Patrenses, in acknowledgment of their
obligation to Augustus, who had been a great
benefactor to them, exhibit on one side of this
coin the head of his wife, with inscription Genius of the Port.—On a rare second bran
INDVLGENTIAE AVG. MONETA IMPETRATA; and coin of Nero, Genius stands with cornucopia,
on the reverse his own etfigy in a triumphal his right hand resting upon what is probably
chariot, principally on account of the naval intended for an anchor: around, Porsrvs
victory at Actium. For the Roman colony, FRVGIPERA: in the field c. r.—-From the
newly established at Patrm, had been dcpopu cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith.
lated, during the civil war between Augustus Geniu.r.—On a second brass of Nero, with
and Antony, and was afterwards re-established the legend sen. COL. NER. rsrazx , mmning
through the clemency and care of Augustus, the Genius of the Colony of Neronia Patrnuiz,
the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns being the Genius stands half clothed, with the pallinm
introduced into the city, and the veterans of on his arm, holding in his right hand a paler:
the twenty-second legion having also been over an altar, and in his left hand a cornucopim.
allocated there, were made colonists of PMIE. [The type and legend of the above medal
The word Iurlulyentia is used on this coinfor constitute a monument of the gross flattery
Permi_m'0.] paid to Nero by this colony, yet only following
Emperor an/I Grm'u.v.—On a second brass of in that respect the example of Rome herself.
Sept. Severus, with the usual legend of the The Senate had already decreed coins to the
Oolonia Patrenaia, a military figure standing, Genius of the Emperor (Genie Jugusfi). The
and a female figure seated, hold each in their colonists of Patrn: called Nero Colour}: Gain.
right hands aobserves,
i[Vaillant patera over an altar.this type, that And to Genius the ancients gave the appellation
respecting of a tntelary or local Deity (tutelarix sen topinr:
it represents Severus on one side, and the Deus) ; thus the emperor was worshipped as
Genius of the city on the other. He as a a god.—Accordingl_v Suetonins (in Neron. Vila
mortal is standing. She as a deity is sitting. cap. 60) relates that a temple was dedicated
He holds a pateru as sacrificing to himself. Sire to Nero’s Genius at Athens. And although
also holds n patera, as denoting the sacrifice to Augustus himself had already bestowed may
be acceptable to herself. Severus performs the ‘ immunities and some exclusive privileges on
sacred rite, habited as an Imperainr, on the Plltfilt, yet, as if forgetful of all these peculiar
‘point of setting out on a warlike expedition; favours, they dropped the name of .1rr_mufa
for it was competent to him to sacrifice both as and called their colony after Nero's name, thus
;Emperor and as Pantf/'e.c Mu-imur. professing to be more indebted to Nero, who
Eurip;/Ius-.—0n a small brass of Patrw, had extended freedom indiscriminately to the
dedicated to L. Verus, appears a male figure, whole province of Greece, than to ‘Augustus.
naked, holding in his right hand a patera over who had bestowed his boon of liberty on their
an altar, and placing his left on the head of own city alone.
some image terminating in a square form. A similar type, but with legend of or-'_\'. cor.
[This figure is supposed, by Vaillant, to re A. A. PATREN. presents itself on a coin dedivratul
 PATRE. PATRE. 609
to Domitian by this colony, evidently in the alludes, to some battle gained by the Emperor’s
same spirit of adulation to the reigning monarch, lieutenants over the enemy in one or more of
although the unworthy successor of Vespasian the provinces of the empire]
and Titus; he who carried his impious arrogance Leyionarjy Ea_qle.r.——'I‘hese military Symbglg
appear on second and small brass of Claudius,
so far as (according to Suetonius) to require his
ministers to call him a God; and aletter of one Nero, Galba, Domitian, M. Aurelius, L. Verus,
of his procurators begins thus—“Domim4s et and Commodns, struck by this colony. The
Dena nocler -ticfierijubct.” eagles are placed between two ordinary ensigns
Hercules stands, with his right hand resting of the Roman army; and the accompanying
on his club. In his left he holds the spoils of legend is con. A. A. PATH. xxrr. (Colonia
the Nemsean lion. Legend: c. P. nsacvnr Augusta Aroe Patrennlr vicerima .m:unda—
Avovsro. the word Leyio being understood).
[A second brass of Nero bears this reverse. [The colonists of Patric having dedicated
On coins struck at Rome, aenatus consults, coins to Claudius on his having adopted Nero as
Nero is represented as Apollo striking the lyre. his son, congratulated Nero in like manner on
On this medal of Patrae he appears under the his adoption by Claudius.—Vaillant says that
elligy of Hercules, as if victor at all the public the Patrcnses chose this type to indicate the
games of Greece] origin of their colony as derived from the veterans
On second and small brass of M. Aurelius of the Twenty-second Legion, suniamed Primi
and L. Verus, Hercules stands leaning with his genizz. Augustus had sent those old soldiers as
left arm on his massive club, in the attitude of colonists to Patric, from Egypt, where the lemon
the Farnese statue. The accompanying legend itself was stationed, and where it remained
is COL. A. A. PAT8. Uolonia Augusta Aroe until the time of Vespasian, who employed it in
Palrerzrtlr. the Judaic war. In Hs.drian’s time the Twenty
[This is rather a frequent type of the second Legion seems to have been quartered
Patrcnses, who, to flatter M. Aurelius and his in Gerinany.——Livy states that there was a
colleague Verus, simultaneously inscribed coins temple to Fortuna primal!/enia on the Quirinal
to each. The image of the dcmi-god on these Hill at Rome]
medals shews that he was adored at Patraa.— Mercury, seated (sometimes in a temple of
Hercules bears the club as his favourite weapon. two columns) ; he extends his right hand (which
He is decorated with the lion’s skin, because sometimes has the erumena), whilst holding the
the slaying of one in the Nemaaan forest was his caduceus in his left. A ram stands at his feet.
first and one of his most glorious achievements, On second brass of this colony, dedicated to
hence Ausonins sings (Edyll. 19) :— Antoninus Pius, Commodns, Caracalla, and
Prima Cleoruzi tolerala wrumna leonir. Elagabalus.
Mercury, seated, is a frequent type of the
Jupiter. standing, naked, holds an eagle in Patrnaan coins, and as in the case of Antonina
his right and the haste. in his left hand. Legend: and Commodns, his image is exhibited in a
c. P. IVPITEB LIBERATOI1. Second brass of Nero. temple, it may be inferred that this‘ deity was
[This colony erected a statue to Jupiter the also included in the polythcistic worship of the
Liberator, on account of the freedom restored colony, though Pausanias, in his detailed descrip
to the province (of Achaia) by Nero; and this tions of Patrze, makes no mention of Mercury
statue, therefore, they delineated on their coins. having a temple there.—A rain is here made the
—Jupiter is variously depicted; sometimes companion of Mercury, as on the Corinthian
naked, sometimes adorned rather than clothed coins, because that god was regarded as pecu
with the pallium ; at other times he is clothed liarly watchful over the protection and increase
in a robe: nearly as various were his attributes of sheep flocks, on which account he was called
and names.] the God of Shepherds. Mercury carries in his
On a second brass of Hadrian, with legend hand the caduceus (namely, a wand, round
of COL. A. A. i>Arnr:Ns., Jupiter is seated within which two serpents are entwined), as a symbol
a temple of six columns. of peace: hcnce ambassadors (Leyati) sent on
[Struck by the colonic Patrerml! in con pacific negociations were denominated cadu
gratulation to Hadrian on his arrival in the ceal0re.r.]
Roman province of Achaia.——Pausanias alludes Minerva.-—On a small brass of this colony,
to the temple of Jupiter Olympius at Patrze, as inscribed to Marcus Aurelius, Minerva, helmeted,
a most superb structure, situate in the forum of stands within a two-colimmed temple, with right
that city, and describes the image of that god hand extended, and holding a spear in the other.
as seated on a throne, within that temple. At her feet, on one side, is an owl, and on the
From inscriptions on coins of Laodicea and other a shield.
Smyrna, and on s statue at Smyrna, we learn [This coin shews, and Pausanias confirms,
that Greek flattery pointed to the livmg deifi that Minerva had a temple at Patrm. She was
eation of Hadrian, under the surname of called Panachseis, because her temple was
onvmrroc (Hadrianus Olympius) .] common to all the Achaians.]
On a Patrrrean coin of Commodns, Jupiter is Neptune, standing, naked, his right foot
seated with a Victory in his right hand, but not placed on a rock, holds in his right hand a
within a temple. dolphin, and in his lefl the trident. Second
[The Victory placed in the hand of Jove brass of Domitian.
41 '
610 PATRJE. PATRE.
[The maritime cities of antiquity made a heap of arms, holding a spear in her right
Neptune an especial and pre-eminent object of hand, and having a shield near her left side.
their superstitious adoration. The Patrenses She is crowned by Hercules, who holds his club
(as Pausanias atlirms) called him Pelagiu: in his left hand.
and Aaphalion, or the Guardian, and erected a [To flatter this vain and frenzied tyrant of an
temple to his honour near the harbour. The emperor, and at the same time to identify them
people in Pagan times were accustomed to selves as Rcmans, the colonists of Petra: have
exhibit on their coins the diviuities whom they here represented Commodns under the image of
principally worshipped; accordingly we find the Hercules, by whose name (as Herodianus relates)
colonists of Pstrze placing on theirs the figure of he had expressly commanded himself to be
the God of the Sea] called. In this madly assumed character, which
On a second brass of S. Severus, Neptune the mint of Rome herself had already been sub
stands with his right foot planted on a pedestal; mitted to the d dation of recognising, he
he holds an image of Victory in his right hand, places a crown on the head of tha “ goddess,"
and the trident in his left. to whom his ancestor by adoption, Antonina!
[Struck by the Patrenscs in honour of this Pius, had raised a temple under the title of
victorious emperor, for Neptune bears this nous an-rra1u.]
victoriola in record of Severus’s successes over Statue on a Column.-—A second brass of
the Parthians. '1‘here was, according to Pau Patraa, inscribed to Domitian, exhibits a column
sanias, a temple at Patras dedicated to the on which stands a colossal figure in a military
monarch of the waves. igarb, with sceptre in right hand, and spear in
Nera’s Slatue.—This is represented on a small eft.
brass coin, having for legend c. P. cnsarmno. [Vaillant considers this to have been meant
Calonia Patrmnk Cleandro. The Emperor‘s for an hono reference to the restoration of
etligy, clothed in the toga, stands on a pedestal, liberty to the Achaians by Domitian, whose
with the right hand extended, and the left hold father and brother had taken sway and with
ing a roll of papyrus. held thcir previously enjoyed immunitim and
[The statue here delineated seems to have privilegcs—-a circumstance which accounts for
been one erected by the people of Patrre, in thcre being no coins of the Patrenses found
commemoration of the liberties conceded bearing the heads and inscriptions either of
(according to Suetonius) by Nero to all Greece. Vespasian or of 'I‘itus.]
Who this Cleandcr was does not appear to be There is a similar type on a very rare second
known. Nor is it discernible from the coin what brass of this colony struck under Comrnodns.
magisterial otfice was held by him, in con Victory/.—On a small brass of Gordianus III.,
sequence of some letters being cfi'accd.] struck at Patrae, a figure of Victory stands on s
Roma, helrneted, sitting on a shield, and globe, bearing a laurel crown in her right, and
holding a victoriala in her right hand, ands a palm branch in bu lefi hand.
spear in hcr left, is crowned by the Emperor, [The Patrcnses, to compliment the youthful
who stands behind her, dressed in a military emperor on his victory over the Persians,
habit. On a second brass of M. Aurelius, dedicate to him this medal, on which the
having for legend con. A. s. rns. personification of Victory is placed on a globe;
[The colony congratulates M. Aurelius, by because Gordian, by that last successful exploit,
striking this coin, which forms indeed a monu is supposed to have overcome all the enemies of
ment of his victory, but in such a way as to the Roman world. For at Rome, solely through
make the emperor ascribe to the republic the his timely election to the empire, a sedition of
whole merit of his great warlike exploits. For the veteran legionaries with the people was
here he crowns Rome personified, as though he qnclled. In Africa the Carthaginians rebelled.
acknowledged himself wholly indebted to the but Gordianus Pius succeeded in suppressing the
assistance of the Goddess Roma (SEA ROMA insurrection. In Europe, he drove back the
as the Greeks phrased it), for his victories over barbarian invaders of Mmsia and Thrace; lastly
the foes and invaders of the empire. But in he defeated the Persians, and expelled them from
thus giving the glory to the republic, Marcus the Roman pr0vinces.]
was far from loading the state with all the View qf .Patne.-—On coins of Cornmodns
onerous consequences of war. On the contrary, and of Gordianus III. a city is attempted to be
his conduct towards the provinces was marked by delineated by a structure composed of columns
wonderful moderation and benignity. And to in two tiers, above which are three temples
prevent any extraordinary expenses from falling At the bottom are three gulleys in the water. In
on them on account of the war with the front of the whole, below, is a statue placed on
Marcomanni, he caused the imperial ornamentsa pedestal.
to be sold by auction in the forum Trajani, thus
[Vaillant (I. 219) calls this prospedu: urlri-|,
ruling the state, amidst the love and veneration
meaning a view of Patrse, but it fails to convey
of all.] any distinct idea of either the local features or
There is a similar type to the above on a the architectural character of n lnce once so
second brass of L. Verus, in honour of his celebrated for its magnificence amongst the cities
successes over the Parthians. of the Peloponncsus. The most recognisable
On a second brass of this colony, inscribed objects are the temples at the top of the coin.
to Commodus, appears a female figure seated on and the triremes, which plainly designate s
0
 PATRE. PATRES. 611
seaport. The Patrenses, in remembrance of Fairer Augu.9torum.—The fathers of Empe
Augustus, as the founder and benefactor of their rors, although they might have held only a
colony, seem to have placed his colossal statue private station, had their names and portraits
on the shore, for the figure is in the military struck on the coins of their sons, and were
dress of an emperor.] placed in the rank of divinities—for example,
Wolf and I/we Twin Children appear on a nrvvs PATEB TBAIANVS, head of Trajan the
small coin of P8t1‘E, inscribed to M Aurelius. Father; and mvr nsava ET rasunvs PA'l‘.,
[Most of the Roman colonies engraved this heads of Nerva and Trajan the Father, on coins
well-known group amongst the types of their of Trajan.
coins, by way of reference to their origin, and Patres Oa.rtrorum.—This title of Fathers of
to show that they possessed, or assumed to Camps was appropriated to Emperors alone, or
possess, the same rights as the resident citizens to their appointed heirs.
of Rome, to whom the fable of Romidus and PATRES SENA'l‘VS.—It was by this title
Remus nourished by a wolf was, from its -that Balbinus and Pupienus were designated on
national associations, a fondly endeared subject. their coins, accompanied by two hands joined;
Woman’: Head, turretcd, appears on a second which appellation of Pater Senalua was adopted
brass of the Colonia. Pah-en.vi.r, struck under instead of that of Princeps Senatua as under
M. Aurelius; also with a cornucopia: behind it, on the old republic.—On coins of Commodus
coins inscribed to Commodus and to S. Severus. urns sauarvs had already appeared.
[This is a type, says Vaillant, which, besides PATRI AE.—Sec urea PATRIAE.
denoting Cybele, is also a syrnbol of cities. For PATRIC. .PalI'ic'ia.-—COL. rs-rare. Colonia
Cybcle was believed to be the earth itself, and Patricia.
therefore her image was crowned with towers, Patricia, a city in Hi:-pania Bwtica (Anda
in reference to great walled cities. All cities,
lusia), and the first colony planted by the Romans
however, were not represented by a turreted in Spain; its original name was Corduba—now
female head, but only the principal ones, 'and Cordova.—Pliny speaks of Corduba as taking
particularly the metropolis. Now, the colony the name of Colonic Patricia, when it became
of Patric, founded by Augustus, increased by a. Roman colony; and Antonio Augustino
his command from the population of neighbour describes it as a colony of veterans and worthy
ing towns, and distinguished by the benefits he men, to whom honour was due, as to Fathers
conferred upon it, was in effect the metropolis (Pair-ibua).—Mention is made of Patricia
of Achaia; and it was to the Patrenses alone on an inscription in Gruler, where it is called
that Augustus granted those privileges and concurs PATRICIA CORDVBENSX8.——Tl.‘l6 autono
immunities, which Nero and other succeeding mous coins of this city bear the name of
princes extended to the whole province] coanvn.\.--The colonial imperial are, according
Woman with Turreted Head, standing with to Vaillant, confined to the reign of Augustus,
patcra in right hand and cornucopize in left, on and the same writer givesjive specimens of their
a second brass of Commodus. types, all of which bear on their obverse the
[This type, like the preceding, represents the head of Augustus without laurel, with the
Genius of the colonial city performing sacri legend ream. cans. ave. Permzkru Omar-is
fices for the health of the emperor, on the Augucli ; and on their reverses the inscription
occasion of that terrible plague which in the COLONIA PATRICIA, whilst the types vary—some
reign of Commodus raged with depopulating representing sacerdotal insignia, others sacrificial
fury throughout all Italy, and especially at instruments, or legionary eagles between other
Rome. It was from fear of falling s victim to military standards.
that dreadful scourge that Commodus retired to Types of the Spaniel» Colony of Patricia,
Lanrentum. The cornucopim was the customary from Vaillant, vol. i. pp. 40, 41, 42.
symbol of a Genius, who was supposed to COLONIA PATRICIA, within an oalren
possess the procreative and productive power. crown. The obverse of this coin in second
It al]so by analogy signified the fertility of the brass bears the bare head of Augustus, and has
soil. for inscription PERM. cu.-:s. ave. Permiua
Pellerin supplies an omission of Vaillunt’s by C¢aan'0 Auguali.
giving a coin of this colony dedicated to Faustino [The colonists placed an oaken crown on this
the younger, the obverse of which bears the coin of Augustus, on account of citizens pre
legend FAVSTINA no. c. a. A. rs. Colonic served by him in the war, which he brought to
Augusta Aroe Patrerm}. Head of the Empress. a temiination favourable to Roman interests in
-Rev. IMP. c. ANTONINVS av. Head of M. Spain.]-—See a fac simile of this in Akerman’s
Aurelius crowned with laurel.—(Me'lange i. C'0in.! qf Ilirpania, pl. iii. No. ll, p. 3,0.
pl. xvii. No. 8 p. 281.) The same legend.—Apez and Simpulum.—
Palrau: or Patreu-r, the son of Preugenes, See those words.
grandson of Agenor, the conqueror and general [On the death of Lepidus, Augustus having
of the Iones, occupied, with his companions in been created Pontifex Maximus, the people of
arms, Aroe in Achnia, and gave his name to the Corduba (or Patricia), in congratulating him,
city afterwards colony of Patna, but so that placed the appropriate type of sacerdotal or
the more ancient appellation of Aroe was not pontifieial instruments on this small and also on
altogether abolished, but was often united to larger brass coins.]
the more recent name.—See Palm. A very large brass inscribed by this colony to
4-I2
612 PAULA. PAULINA.
Augustus, on the same occasion, bears a still
more ample display of sacrificial instruments,
symbolic of the chief priesthood, viz., the
asperyillum, the pmfcriculum, the liiuua, and
the palera.——Sce those words.
[The dignity of Pontifex Maximua, which
comprised all things appertaining to the priestly
functions, was transmitted, as it were hereditarily,
from Augustus to his imperial successors]
On a large brass of extreme rarity, dedicated
to Augustus and struck “by his permission,”
appears a legionary eagle between two military
ensigns, and on a second brass this type is PAVLINA.—Beyond the fact, of which there
accompanied with the legend con. PATB LEG. appears no doubt, that the DIVA ravrrx.-\ of
V. x. Colania Patricia Legionea quinta the Roman Imperial series was the wife of
decima. Mariminus the Thracian, nothing is authentically
[Military ensigns, as has been noticed re known of her, history being silent on the subject
specting coins of Roman colonies, serve to of that gigantic barbariun’s marriage. The
denote towns originally peopled by veterans medals, bearing the name of Paulina, present the
transmitted to them. This was the case with portraiture of a comely woman, whose reg-ular
Patricia, founded by Augustus. And on the features are set oil‘ with an air of dignity; on
very rare second brass of the same colony, some the features are those of a woman in more
dedicated to that emperor, the eagle is accom advanced life.—'l'here are no gold coins of her:
panied with the name-9 of the Legions ; viz., the
the first brass'are rare, the silver still ra.rer.—
Fifth and Tenth, from which the veterans The'lcgend of the reverse is coxsr-zcruvrro, and
destined to occupy the city now called Cordova the usual symbol of a peacock bearing the
were drafted] Empress to the skies; or, standing, with its
PA'l‘RON.—See MVNlClPIum G.~\Ditanum tail spread; but a coin in large brass presents
PATRONO. “ The municipium of the Guditaui Paulina in a biga.
to its patron ;" on a coin of M. Agrippa;
“ which teaches us (says Bimard) that under the
reign of Augustus the Munieipium of Cadiz had
chosen Agrippu for its protector.”
P. AV. Perpetuua or Pius Augustus.

PAVLLVS, thus written with the double 1., as

it is seen on Roman coins and other monuments,
was at first (says Pitiscus) the name of the
family of the Aemilii, and towards the decline
of the republic became the prenomen of that
PAVLA (Julia Cornelia), daughter of Julius family. Thus the (adopted) brother of the
Pnulus, of an illustrious family, was the first Triumvir Lepidus assumed the name of Paulus
wifc of the Emperor Elagabalus, whose Praetorian Aemiliua Lepidus.
Prefect her father had become. Handsome, PAVLVS LEPIDVS CONCORDI.-k.—_»\
graceful, agreeable, well regulated in her con veiled head of a female, wearing a disdem.——
duct, but seduced by the ambition of being Rev. Tan r.u'r.r.vs. Three captives standing
mistress of the empire, she gave her hand opposite a figure erecting a trophy. On gold
(a.n. 219) to the most cruel and infamous and silver coins of the Aemilia family.
wretch that ever disgraced humanity and polluted This legend and type “evidently refer (8!
a throne, only to be the victim of his brutal Alrerman observes) to the victory of Lepidus
inconstancy.—At the end of a year £rom the over Perseus, King of Macedon, to whom and
day of her marriage, which had been celebrated to his two children the three captives probably
at Rome with unprecedented magnificence,
ed of she
the i a]lude.”——De.rcripiive Calaloyue, vol. i., p. 21.
was repudiated by her husband, stripp The word ‘ran (according to Morell) points
title of Augusta, bestowed on her by the senate, to the fact of Aemilius (who, adopted by the
and, without being allowed to retain a single father of Lepidus, the Triumvir, was called
honour connected with her short-lived dignity of i Paula; Lepidus), having three time: enjoyed
Empress, Paula returned into private life, and the honours of the triumph.
died in retirement. Pzu-0r——-consternntion—dreml—was, with
She is styled on coins of Roman die IYLIA Pa//or, deified by the Greeks, who in war
PAVLA avo. The name of C'0rnrrlia is given to sought to appease these two terrible goddesses
this Indy only on Greek mcdals.——In all metals by sacrifices. The Corinthians consecrated a
her coins are rare: those in yold extremely so. l statue to Favor, who was also worshipped by
 PAX. PAX. 613
the Spartans. Tullus Hostilius in a battle, in adorned with the sceptre, as in Gordianus Pius,
in which his soldiers had begun to give way, Maximinus, Philip senior, }Emilianns, Nume
vowed a temple to Fear and Paleness (Piwor rianus, Trajnnus Decius, Volusianus, Gallicnus,
and P111101), and he won the victory.——'l‘his Postumus, Victorinus sen., Gal. Maximianus,
tradition is commemorated on medals of the &c.; carrying a trophy, as on a coin of
Hoslilia family. On one of them is a head, Claudius Gothicllsz also with olive branch and
with hair standing on end, the face raised, military ensign, as in Constantine the Great,
the mouth open, and the countenance troubled. and Carus.——On coins of Augustus (says
The other has a long and lean visage, the hair Woltercck) we see the Goddess of Peace not
lank and flat, and a fixed look. It is the true only with the caduceus, the olive crown, and
picture of that peculiar ghastliness of expression other ornaments usually appropriated to her, but
which great fear produces on the human coun with attributes belonging to the Goddess of
tenance.—-See Pallor in llostilia family. Health, as if with a view to represent under
PAX. Peace.——This word is of very frequent one type all the emblems of felicity which Rome
occurrence on Roman coins, nor is it always was supposed to enjoy beneath the paternal
possible to decide as to which particular pscifica sway of that Emperor.
tion it is to be referred. Peace is signified by two right hands joined
Par, regarded by the ancients as a goddess, as in M. Antony, Augustus, Antoninus Pins.
was worshipped not only st Rome but also at She is also figured under the form of a bull, on
Athens. Her altar could not be stained with u coin of Vespssian.
blood. The Emperor Claudius began the con The images qf Peace appear in an unbroken
struction of a magnificent temple to her honour, series on the coins of the Roman Emperors,
which Vespasian finished, in the Via Sacra. The several of the Augzaahz, and most of the
attributes of Peace, as exhibited on medals, are usurpers, from Julius Cmsar to Jnstinian.—See
the Iiasla pura, the olive branch, the cornu PACE and PACI; rscnon, &e.; also ARA PACIS.
copiw; and often the caduceus. Sometimes (as PAX.—A female standing, holding a caduceus
on coins of Vespasian, Domitian, and M. and ears of corn. On a dcnarins of Augustus.—
Aurelius) she is represented setting fire to a pile See also the medallion, p. 519.
of arms. The inscription of cos. vi. shews that this
Peace was considered to be in the power of coin was struck in the year of Rome 726.——The
him, to whom belonged the auspices fauqzicia) , title which flattery has given on the obverse to
whence, according to Dion, the Ciesars were this Emperor, of LIBERTATXS P. B. VINDEX.
called the Lords of Pence and War (Paz,-is cl (the champion of the Roman people's liberties)
Belli Domini). Accordingly we find coins of appears on no other medal of this prince, nor
the Emperors proclaiming Pa: AVG-mlzz, or of succeeding Augurti. It was designed to
AVG14.vti ; Pu Aeterna; Piu: Perpelua; commemorate the peace which was established,
Pa: Fundala ; Pa: Publicn; Pa: Uéiquc on the death of Antony, whose removal put an
Parta ; and these inscriptions are accom end to the civil war. Hence the expression
panied by various symbols such as the of Paterculus:—-1"’z'nita vieesimo anno belle
Temple of Peace, as on medals of Augustus, civilia, sepulta exferna, revacala Par. L. ii.
or the Temple of Janus shut, as on those of cap. 89.
Nero ; or a woman holding n cornucopise in her PAX. AVG. Pa: Augu.rla.—August Peace.
left hand as in Augustus, Hadrian, &c. The PAX AVG1uti.—A female standing, dressed
symbol of ,Etemal Peace, as manifested in the in the stole, holds in her left hand an olive
figure of the goddess setting fire to a heap of branch; in her right a torch, the flame of
armour both otfensive and defensive, is seen on which she applies to a heap of armour, placed
coins of Galba, Vitellius, Vespasian, Antoniuus by the side of nu altar. Behind the female is a
Pius, and Aurelius.—See Pa: Augurli. column, at the foot of which is s shield, and
Singular to say, no representation of the the capital is surmounted by a statue.—This
superb Temple of Peace, built by Vespasian, legend and type, with varieties as below, appear
appears on coins of that Emperor, nor of his on first brass of Vespssiau.
son Titus.—See Templum Pacia. PAX AETERNA AVGu.1ti.—A woman stands
The head of Pa: is seen on denarii of Julius holding a branch raised in her right hand, and a
Ctesar and of Augustus. spear in her left. On silver and brass of
Pa:.—The eiligy of this goddess (whose Alexander Severus.
blessings the Romans were never more prone This “eternal peace” of the emperor was the
to boast of than when their proud empire, one which followed his splendidly victorious
hastening to decay, was least in a condition to campaign against the Persians,-Arlaxerrrs,
enjoy them), is seen with caduceus and olive after having conquered Artabanua, the last King
branch on coins of Titus, Galba, and Otho; of -the Parthinns, and re-established the Persian
with cornucopixc and torch, as in Gulba, Vitcllius, empire, proceeded to contend with the Romans.
and Vcspusian; with cornucopia: and olive This led to Alexander's departure fprafeclio)
bnuch, as in Vespasian, M. Aurelius, L. Vcrus; from Rome to his victories, to his triumphs.
bearing the olive branch and hasta, as in Alex. and finally to the treaty which concluded the
Severus; standing by an altar with paters in war by a peace highly honourable to the Emperor
tight hand, as in Vcspasinn and Titus; walking and advantageous to the Roman interests, or
with laurel crown, as in Claudius Gothicus; rather to Roman ambition.
614 PAX. PAXS.
PAX FVNDATA CVM PERSIS.-—A woman portico of that temple, to the Senate and the
standing, with olive branch and spear. Onpeople.-—But Valentinian, though an able, brave,
silver of Philip senior. and generally victorious prince, was, during flu-,
This coin confirms, what Zosimus relates, latter part of his reign, so constantly engaged
that Philip, soon after the murder of Gordian in repelling the incursions and punishing the
III., established relations of peace and friend chieftains of the barbarian tribes, that n1:u.o
ship with Sapor, King of the Persians, about PERPEIVO would have been his more appro
s.n. 244. priate and more veracious legend.
PAX GERMamlcua ROMA. S. C.-—Rome, PAXS anciently written for PA1 appears on a
the Emperor and a female standing; the latter silver coin struck by amnuvs avcs, one of
presenting an olive branch to Vitellius. Julius Caesar's moneyers.
This (on a first brass) does not appear to have PAXS. AVGVSTI.-This old-fashioned mode
been struck in record of any particular peace, of writing the word Pax, which presents itself
but merely offers, with others of the same short on a second brass of Galba, is quite unusual as
reign, subjects of flattery, and pledges of hope respects the period of that Emperor’s reign.—
and good wishes, with which it was customary The accompanying type, viz., a woman apply
to greet the event of a new accession to the mg a hghted torch to a pile of arms, ggqurg for
imperial throne. the first time on this coin ; but is found repeated
PAX ORBIS TERRARVM.—-The figure of a afterwards in the Imperial series, on medals of
woman standing, clothed in the stola ; a caduceus Vitcllius, Vespasian, Domitian, etc.
in her right hand, a branch in her left.-—avn. PAXJ AVGurti also appears on a coin of
and an. of Otho. Aemilianus.
This appears but an inappropriate legend on Paz Julia, a city of Lusitsnian Spain, and
the coin of a prince who had raised the banner according to Pliny a Roman colony (Coloaia
of insurrection, and directed the dagger of Pacenszs).—_Vaillant, in describing the coins of
assassination against a rightful possessor of the the municipium Ebara, quotes the above autho
empire. But, according to Tacitus, Otho, not rity for including Pa: Julia amongst the colonies
withstanding the civil war then waging between of Lusitania (i. p. 33), but he gives none of its
his party and that of Vitellins, disposed of medals.—Heunin, however, in the nomenclature
public oflices, and engrossed the administration of his Manuel, mentions it as the modern
of government as if it had been in a time of Badajoz, and assigns to it colonial imperial
profound peace; and because,in consequence of the coins, as of great rarity, and inscribed to in
Sarmatians being quieted, there were no external founder Augustus.—See Akerman’s Coins of
hostilities, this strange compound of personal Hispania, pl. 1, No. 7, p. 15.
eifemiuacy and physical courage, caused s medal P. BARCIN.——Pia Barcina.-—See Birnard
to be struck with the above epigraph—-boasting on Jobert, ii. p. 232.
of “ Peace all over the worldl”—Spanheim P. B. G. MAX. Parllziosr, Britcuicsr,
(in his Cérar: de Julien) justly observes, that to
Germanium, Ma..rimu:.—-—Caracalla is thus sur
have been accessory to the death of his master named on a first brass of Laodicea in Svris,
and benefactor Galba, added to the eifeminacy viz., M. AVREL. ANTONINVS PIVS ave. P. ii. o.
of his life, to say nothing of his suicide whichMAX.
to some seems so glorious, renders Otho worthy P. B. M. V. N. R. P. on coins of Constantine
enough of the name of Brutal, rather than gives the Great, of which letters a doubtful explana
him the least claim to assume on his medals, as tion is given by Bimard in his notes ‘on Jobaf,
he has done, and in times so disastrous and so vol. p. 192.
full of confusion, to be the security of the P. BRIT. Pius Bn'tanm'cu.r.—Commodns is
Roman people, and to vaunt about having re thus surnamed on a coin struck a.D. 184.
stored the peace of the whole universe l” P. C. Pro C’mwul.—1l. AYE. cor. P. c.
PAX PERPETVA.—This legend is found on Marvin Aurelius Gotta Pro Consul.
a gold coin (s quinariur) of Vslcntinianns I., P. C. CAES. or CAESAR. Pater Ccii
which has for its type Victory seated on a coat Ca’.rar:'.r.—Gcrmanicns was thus called Q5 the
of mail, holding a buckler, supported by a father of Caligula.
winged Genius, inscribed vor. v. nvrxr. X.--On P. CIR. CON. Plebei Oircenae: Covufilaii,
another gold quinarius of the same Emperor, or Populo Oircenser Concerait.
is Victory standing, full-faced, waving in each P. C. L. VALERIANVS, &c. Publiu: Cor
hand a laurel garlnnd.——Eckhel (vol. viii. p. 150) nelius Liciniua Valer-i¢mu.:.—See Saloainu.
observes that these two coins are known to exist P. CONS. AVG. Patri C’onservaton' Angidi.
in no other cabinet than the Imperial at Vienna. —On a coin of Gallienus.—See Lmnno, &¢.
The only two of Valentinian’s predecessors P. D.——These initials appear on a second brass
who ventured to assert that they had established of Commodus, forming the first letters of the
perpetual peace (even by implication in dedi legend on the reverse of the coins thus :—P. n.
cating n medal PACI rnarnr.) were Augustus, s. P. Q. a. nanrrrrsn. 0. v. (within laurel.)
and Constantine the Great, who might each be Patin and other numismntists have supposed
said to have some claim to the honour. Vespasian that P. D. was falsely engraved for P. P., and
himself, who re-built the Temple of Peace at that therefore the reading should be Pgifl
Rome, abstained from such self-flattery, and Patniz; but Eckhel has shewn, from other
inscribed his beautiful coin, representing the coins with a similar reverse in the Imperial
 PEACOCK. PEDANIA. 615
cabinet, that P. D. is the right reading; and that, Pecunia.—Money was by the Latins called
meaning PBIMI nszcsrmsnrs, it serves to recall pecunia, either because it was in the course of
to mind the vota primi decennales, or vows for commercial exchanges employed in lieu of
the first ten years of the Emperor’s reign, which pecudes (cattle) ; or because the images on the
were solved or accomplished in the year (A.D.) earliest coins chiefly related to some sort of
186 when the medal was struck.——See Eckhel, pecua, as a bull, a sheep, a ram, a horse, a
vol. vii. p. 116). goat, a sow, or other animals.
P. D. Pqmlo Dedit, or Populo Datum. A writer in the French Tramractions philo
Peacock.—A bird originally brought into .ro_plzique.r (tom. i. Znde partie, p. 299) observes—
Europe from the further East, and which the “The first riches of mankind were their flocks
ancients held in great estimation. It is re and herds, especially their oxen. The first
lated of Alexander the Great, that having seen money in Italy was called pecunia or ptcus, and
peacocks for the first time in India, he was so the most ancient pieces of money had the figure
much struck with the variety and beauty of of an ox stamped on one of its sides. The
their plumage, that he forbade killing them Greeks, from the time of Homer, calculated
under the heaviest pena1ties.—The Romans, their wealth by the number of oxen to which it
however, were not so scrupulous, but made them was equivalent, as we learn from that celebrated
an article of food on solemn festivals, and gave poet; for he tells us that the armour of King
great prices for the eggs of these birds.-With Glnucus was worth a hundred oxen, whilst that
Pagan mythylogy, the peacock is connected of Diomede, for which it was exchanged, was
by the well-known story of Argus, to whom not valued at more than nine. The figure of
Juno confided the faithful keeping of Jupiter's the ox, ,which appears on the earliest money,
favourite Io, under the form of a cow. Mer seems in Etruria to have been converted into
cury having first lulled to sleep, and then slain, the symbol of the head of that animal, united
him of the hundred eyes, Juno metamorphosed with that of Janus, who, it is said, was the
her panoptical watchman into a peacock, and first who introduced money into Italy.”
took that bird under her especial protection. PEDANIA, a plebeian family, as it seems,
Hence the peacock was called Junonia Avis, by for its origin is veiled in obscurity. It has Costa
the Romans ; and we sec its image on their coins, for its surname:-—Of two varieties, in silver,
sometimes as the symbol or attendant of Juno the rarer bears on one side COSTA. LEG. A
Regina, at others as the attribute of an Empress’s laureated female head.——Reo. nnvrvs IMP. A
oonsecration.——See AETERNITAS.--CDNSECRATIO. trophy.—From this denarius nothing else is to
.Pavo.—The peacock at the feet of Juno is be gleaned but that a person named Costa
seen on coins of Trajan, Antoninus, the two adhered to Brutus in the civil war.
Faustinas, Lucilla, Crispina, Scantilla, Julia Pedum, the pastoral stalf of Apollo, with
Domna, and others of the Imperial series down which he tended the flocks of Admetns. This
to Severina.—See IVNO. implement was of knotted wood, crooked at the
The peacock is also the type of conjugal con end, in order to entangle the legs of the cattle
cord, because Jnno was feigned to preside over and sheep that endeavoured to escape, and to
marriages; for which reason it appears on coins throw after them occasionally. Hence the word
of Julia, the daughter of Titus, who, having pedum, which is derived from pea, the foot. As
abandoned herself to marriage with her uncle the symbol of pastoral life, the pedum appears
Domitian, that incestuous tyrant caused a silver on Roman coins in the hands of Atys, of Pan,
coin to he struck with her portrait on one side, and of deities reduced to the station of shep
and a peacock, with expanded tail, on the herds, as Apollo, the Fsuns, Satyrs, Bacchants,
other. The legend of the reverse is conconms also the muse Thalia, considered as the Goddess
avevs'r.; also a gold medal with mvl rm of Agriculture. The shepherd Faustulus, who,
rims, and a peacock. according to the Roman legend, found Romulus
The peacock marks the consecration of prin and Remus suckled by the wolf, is represented
ceases. It is never the symbol of the consecra on ancient monuments carrying the pedum,
tion of princes; though the eagle, as well as which in after times was dedicated to sacred uses,
the peacock, sometimes serves to designate the and served the pmpose of taking the auguries.
consecration of princesses, as may be seen on In the religious ceremonies of Pagan Rome it
medals of Plotiua, Marciana, Sabina, and bore the name of lituua, by which appellation
Esustina senior. was also distinguished a military wind instrument
As the eagle, Jove’s bird, was appropriated which was crooked in like -manner at its further
to the Emperors as the sign of their consecra extremity. It is indeed said to have been a
tion afier death, so the peacock, Juno's bird, questionable point, even in ancient times, which
was dedicated to the apothcosis of their wives. of the two, the augural stafl’ or the wind
Hence it forms the type of a reverse, on various instrument, had given its name to the other.
coins of the Augu-rtw above-mentioned, some Subsequently the liluus became the sign of
times with tail spread, at others with the tail augnral functions, as the pedum was that of
compressed; and sometimes flying, with the pastoral life. Its figure is found on the most
figure of a woman (or the spirit of the Empress), ancient medals struck at Rome, not only as a
seated on its hack, as on coins of Fsustins mark of the angurship, but likewise as an orna
senior and junior, Julia Domna, Julia Mensa, ment of the P0nt‘g'j"e.¢ Jllaxinzur. It is on this
Paulina, Marininns. account that it appears on coins of many of the
616 PEGASUS. PELLA.
Emperors, because, amongst other ofiices, they torches in her hands: that is to say, under the
appropriated to themselves the sovereign pontifi usual figure of Diana, or Luna Lueifera.”
cate. The pedum once converted into the PELAG. Pelagia.—Title given to Venus.
liluua, and used as an instrument of divina PELL. Palla in Macedonia.—COL. WI.
tion, was employed, as before observed, for svo. PELL. Colonia Julia Augusta Pella.—
the purpose of taking the auguries. The priest On a colonial coin (3rd brass) of Mscrinus.
invested with this ofiice divided the heavens Fella, formerly the capital and metropolis of
into as many regions as Romulus had par the third region of Macedonia, situate (accord~
titioned his city, and drew presages of signs ing to Livy, l. xliv. c. 6) on a mount on the shore
which he had observed there. The custom of of the Egean sea, near the confluence of the
carrying the litnus continued till the total rivers Erigonus and Axins.—Pella was the birth
extinction of paganism, and it is seen on monu place of Philip, King of Macedon, who grmtly
ments cocval with the period when Christianity augmented, and strongly fortified it. As a
was greatly extended. Indeed, there is no place of importance it was so much regarded by
doubt but that the crosier of bishops was either Julius Caesar that he formed it into a colony;
borrowed from the lituus of the augurs, or was and for the security of the province in which it
derived from the form of the pedum, which is was situated, Augustus preserved its rights and
of greater antiquity. increased its population with discharged veterans.
Pegasus, the celebrated winged horse, sprimg To this circumstance Lucan (happily quoted by
from the blood of Medusa. Flying to Helicon Spanheim) alludes :-—
he struck the earth with his hoof, and caused Eariyuas securafuit Provincia Pelhe.
the fountain of Hippocrene to flow. Bellerophon
afterwards rode him in his combat with the On the Imperial coins Pella, in reference to
Chimaera. its founders, is called IVLia and AVGu-s'la.——
Pegasus, either alone or with his rider The coins of this once important place consist of
Bellerophon——who is sometimes fighting with a Aulonomes (Greek), and of Colonial Imperial,
lion, or with the Chimzera, at other times with Latin legends, beginning with Hadrian
performing the part of breaker to this winged and finishing with Philip the younger, including
horse, appears on the Latin coins of Corinth, Caracnlla, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Alexander
with the inscription CORINTHVS, or COL. Severus, Julia Mamzea, Mnximinus, Maximus,
L. IVL. COR.——or it is found with the words and Gordinnus Pius.
AVG. and FLAV. sdded—namel_v, COL0nia The following are the types of this colony,
Laue IVLia AVGu.rla FLAWa CORint/um.-— as given in Vaillant :
See Corinlllus Colonia. Ou second and small brass of this colony,
Pegasus, as the symbol of Apollo, because inscribed to Hadrian, to Mscrinus, and to
he gave rise to the Heliconian fountain, sacred to Gordianus III., the reverse exhibits the figure
the nine muses, over whom the God of Poetry of a young man, sitting naked on a rock, having
and Song presided, occurs on coins of Valerianus his right hand lifted over his head, and his left
and Gallienus, with the inscriptions APOLLINI elbow resting on musical reeds, or Pan’s pipes.—
CONS. avo.—so1.r cons. svo.—and ALACRITATI. Pellerin supplies u coin of Pelln, dedicated to
Pegasus, sometimes flying, at other times Maximus Caesar, which Vaillant omits, and
walking, occurs on coins of the Aemilia, which exhibits the same type on its rcverse.—
Csecilia, Maris, Petronia, Popilia, 'Iit-ia, and See Mélanye, i. pl. xx. No. 2.
other Roman families.—Also on coins of A second brass of Fella, struck under Alex.
Augustus, Claudius, Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Severus, presents the same figure of a naked
Hadrian, L. Verns, Commodus, Sept. Severus. man, sitting on n rock, with his right hand over
Pegarusflyiny, with Fuualina senior on /ti: his head; but in this instance he holds the
back, appears on s consecration medallion in pedum (or shepherd’s crook) in his left hand,
brass struck in honour ot‘ that Empress, under and the fistula or pipe of rwds appears before
her husband Antoninus Pius.—Vai1lant and him in the field of the coin.
Spanheim both recognise the coin of which this Pellerin supplies a coin of this colony, struck
fine and remarkable design forms the type of under Maximus, of whom, as well as of his sou
the reverse. The latter, in his notes on the Maximus, Vaillant has failed to give any medals.
Césara qf Julian, speaks of it as belonging —co1.. 1v1.. AVG. PELLA. A female figure
to the French King’s Cabinet, and gives an seated on a rock, on which shc rests her left
engraving of it (p. 82) with the following hand ; she lifts her right hand to her mouth.
descriptive remarks :—“ This beautiful medallion [Spanheim, in his notes on the Cmsar: qf
represents on one side the Emperor Antoninus, Julian (p. 160), cites this colonial medal of
and on the other the consecration of his Wife Pelln, and refers to the figure sitting on a rock,
Faustina, symbolised under a. type of great as allusive to the fact of its being a city built on
rarity, representing this new goddess half veiled, a hill.—Seguin regards it as a wrestler, the
and borne to heaven, not on an eagle, but on a victor at some athletic games, who is placing
Pegwu. And this medallion (adds Spanheim) the crown he has won on his own head.—Otliers,
has relation to another placed at the head of the amongst whom is Eckhel himself, seem to cou
medallions published by Cardinal Carpegna, sider the figure to be intended for Pan, and
where this same Faustino is represented as Mionnet adopts that desig'nation.——Ou the other
carried to the skies on a horse, with two lighted hand, Vaillant, throughout his various noticfl
 PELLA. PENATES. 017
of the same type, as it occurs successively under was Aegialea, which, derived from Aegialns,
Hadrian, Macrinns, Alex. Severus, and Gordian it retained till the time of Pelopl, a Phygian
llI., argues that it is meant for Apollo, in his by birth, who having ascended the throne of
pastoral capacity (as God of Shepherds), crown-_ this country, called this celebrated part of
ing himself after his victory over the unfortunate Greece after his own name. It is united to
Marsyas, who had daringly provoked this vin the northern regions of Greece by the Isthmus
dictive and merciless deity to atrial of musical of Corinth, and is washed by five seas—viz., the
skill, and that his lcfl urm is resting on the pipe Ionian, the Siculan, the Cretan, the Hlgseau,
of the satyr, as the trophy of his triumph. and the Myrtoan, which from the advantages
In confirmation of this opinion, Vaillant adds they offer for navigation, give it s local superi
that according to Goltzius (in Gracia nummis), ority over the other Greek provinces. For coins
the inhabitants of Pella represented Apollo on struck in the Peloponnesus, by Roman colonists,
their coins, with the tripod and a crown of under the Emperors, see coarurnvs and
laurel, whence it is inferred that he was wor PATBAE.
shipped there.] Pella, a short buckler or shield, the use of
On coins of Caracalla, and also on one dedi which is traditionally ascribed to the Amazons,
cated to Jnlia Mamsea, appears a woman clothed and also, with more authenticity, to the warriors
in a tunic, sitting; she seems to be lilting her of Thrace; but the latter differs from the former
right hand up to her face, whilst her left hand in having two sloping indentations. On medals
falls at ease beside her chair. The legend of and monuments the Fella of the Amazons is in
this reverse is c. rv. ; in others cor.. rvr.. AVG. the form of a half-moon.
PELLA. (bionic Julia Augusta Fella. 1’enatc.:.-—What these were is perspicnously
[This is the Genius Urbis, seated in the shown by Millin in his Diclionaire de la Fable.
attitude which Securily is made to assume on —According to Servius, it was a title given to
coins of Roman die; a security that belongs to all deities who were worshipped privately and at
a. city built upon a hill.] home (qui domi colunlruj. Cicero (de Nat.
On a small brass of Maerinus, bearing the Deor. ii) says the Penaler are so called rive a
legend of that colony, Victory seated on the perm duclo nomine, eel enim omne, qua
spoils of war, holds a al_r/lus in her right hand, vescunlur lromines, penus; or because, penilua
and with her left supports a shield, which rests intizlent, they rest in the inmost and most
on her knee. " secure part of the family dwelling.
[This type refers to the Parthian war: that These domestic gods are sometimes confounded
war having been brought to an end, and peace with the Lures and Genii, but they arc still more
made with the Parthians by Macrinus, we see frequently distinguished the one from the other.
Victory seated.——The Roman Senate had decreed It was permitted by the religion of the Romans
sacrifices to Macriuus on account of the alleged for each individual to choose his Penates; thus
victory, and offered him the surname of Pnrtlricua, sometimes Jupiter, and oftencr Vesta, with other
which, however, he did not accept. The deities of the heavens, the earth, the water, and
Pellenses have here intimated the com liment to the infernal regions, were selected for household
the short-lived and intrusive emperor. worship. Even living Emperors, and a man’s
There was another city called Pella, situate on own ancestors were allowed to be amongst the
the .DBL‘Ll])01lJ‘ of Syria, which is said to have number of these Penales, and the last-mentioned
struck some coins with Greek inscriptions, under case was the most common of all.—The origin,
Commodus and Elagabulus] indeed, of this species of devotion was founded
Pelliculati Numi.—See Numi Pelliculali. on the opinion entertained by that most super
Pellia Caprina.—The goat’s skin covers the stitious people, that the mane: of their forefathers
head of Juno S0.rpila.—See the word. delighted, utter their removal from this life, still
Pelli.rLe0nina.—'I'hc lion’s skin, which appears to dwell in their former hnbitations, where not
so often on ancient coins, not only indicates the unfrequently their ashes were deposited, and
valour and strength of llercnlcs, as he is sup where their portraits were usually preserved in
posed to be going forth invested with the skin, the most honourable situations. For, after having
but it was also the distinguishing mark of the been praised whilst living as illustrious persons,
Heraclidie, and of other Kings; such,for example, they became gradually the object of homage and
as those of Macedonia, who, like Amyntas, respect when dead, and at length their assistance
Philip, and Alexander the Great, arrogating to was implored, and religious rights were assigned
themselves the honour of being descendants of to be paid to them. The statues of the Penates
the renowned Alcidcs, imitated his attribute by were consecrated in the Peuetralia, or most
placing the spoils of the Nema:an lion on their secret apartment, and on certain occasions were
coins. covered with fcstoous of garlic and poppies;
In the same spirit of imitation, but with wine and incense likewise were offered, and some
infinitely less pretensiou, that gladiatorial rutfiau times sheep and lambs were sacrificed to them.
of the empire, Commodus, calling himself the It was during the Saturnalia that the festivals
Roman Hercules, caused his nurnismatic por of the Lares and Penates were celebrated;
traits to be decorated with the ezuvia leomlr. besides which a day in each month was dedicated
Pelopoiinems, a fertile peninsula, plenteously to the honour of these domestic gods. The zeal
flowing with all things ncedful to man’s subsist for this species of worship sometimes went so
ence and convenience; its most ancient name far that they were filed every day. Nero is
4K
618 PENATES. PERMISSU.
recorded to have forsaken all the other divinitics point, has shewn that by cea. Pl-ZR. is to be
for the sake of favourite Penates. The figure understood CEIttrm1en Plflltiorlierlm, that is to
of these deities was at times the simple repre say, games at which were united all the diflerent
sentation of some god, genius, hero, or demi kinds of combats and gymnastic exercises prac
god, or in short of some celebrated ancestor. tised in the four grand spectacles of Greece. To
They were often represented by Pant/lean these were given the name of crriamen periodii-an,
figures-, that is to say, such as bore the symbols because to conquer at the Pythian, Isthmisn,
of many divinities.—Eckhel considers them to Nemman, and Olympic games was denominated
be identical with the Diaszruri and the Cabiri. mndv why -rrcptodov.
DEI PENATES.-On a coin of the Antia PER. or PERM. Permissu, by the PG‘
family, quoted and figured by Morell, appear mission.—This marks the privilege of striking
two juvenile heads jugated, and close to which coins granted by Augustus to any nzuniripizn
is the foregoing inscription, clearly shewing that or colony.—1>sa. AVG. ‘Permian Auguli (by
the images are those of I’enaies.—Sce Antia. permission of the Emperor), occurs on medals
On a gold coin of the Sulpicia family, with of the munieipium Italian, in Hispanin Bastien
the inscription L. saavrvs nvrvs, occur two (Southern Spain).—nn>. cazsams ave. PEI.
juvenile heads lamented, wearing the pilens, and On a coin of Patricia (Cordova) in the same
with each a star over him.—'l'he type on the province.
reverse of this denarius exhibits the walls of a PER. A. or PERPET. Perpetual: Augu
city, whose gate is inscribed rvscvL.—A silver tur. Perpetual Emperor.——Also PerpeIzo——as
coin of the same family has two young heads on CAESAR DICtalar PERpetu0, on coins of
the obverse, and the letters D. P. P., that is to Julius Cmsar.
say lhfi Penatea-.——On the reverse of this silver PER. Per.:icus.—1:xenc11'vs PER. OD!
coin, which is inscribed c. SVLPICI c.r., appear coin of Probus.
two men, in military habits, standing with spears PER. Pm-tina.r.—sav1:nvs ran Ave.-See
in their hands, they point to one kneeling Sept. Severus.
between them holding a sow.—See Sm-ofa. PER. or PEEP. AVG. Perpefuv: Anyuiu,
Eckhcl, in commenting on the reverse of the as on coins of Gal. Maximianus, Constantinusjum,
first coin inscribed L. snavlvs nvrvs, pronounces and Julian the Apostate -, also Zeno and Focus.
the two juvenile heads to be those of the Dioscuri, PERG. Per_qaea.—Diana was thus called,
as plainly bespoken by their appearance and from the city of Perga, in Pamphylia, when
attributes. And the type bears reference to the there existed a temple of that goddess, to which
following historical t‘act——-viz., that “Servius the privileges of a sanctuary were attached.
Sulpicius, n military tribune, being invested A silver medallion of Trajan bears on its to
with consular power, in the year v.c. 378, pro verse the date of cos. 11., and has for its type
ceeded to the relief of 'l‘usculum with an army a statue of Diana, of Perga, within n temple:
from Rome, and obliged the Latins to raise the on the frieze of which is inscribed nuns rue.
siege of that place. Now it appears from Cicero PERM. IMP. Fermi-ssu Imperalor-LI, on
that the temple of Castor and Pollux stood in coins of the Corinthians, to whom the privilege
Tusculum, and Festns also states that Castor of coining money together, with the liberty of
was worshipped in that tom\.—Therefore (adds the province (lidertas provincizt), seems to
Eekhel), not only the two deities who were have been extended by Vespasian, inasmuch as
auciently honoured with especial worship by the there are coins which signify that this privilege
inhabitants of Tusculnm, but the walls of the had been restored to the colony of Corinth, by
town itself are exhibited on this superlatively Domitian his son. Hence, in Morcll, we read
rare and curious gold coin.” on their coins con. PERM. IMP.
Pl*1.‘TESILE./E ACHILLIS, onacontorniate PERMISSV.—After Augustus had given up
medal of 'l‘rajnn.—Sce Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 287 ; the brass mint to the Seuate—a shadow as it
and Hnvercamp, De Nam. Cantor. p. 145. were of Roman liberty, that body granted the
Penelrale.-—The ancient Romans called by power of coining to certain cities in those pro
this name a small apartment in their houses, vinces which remained undc: its authority, as
which they dedicated as a private chapel, to Augustus did to those whose government he still
the Penales; it was a sacred and retired spot, retained. Some coins are inscribed as having
in which they deposited, as in a secret and sure been struck by permission of the pro-coaml
asylum, whatever they held most precious. (Morell, Fam. p. 32)—nn instance of this is
.Pe])lu.r, a long robe, clothed in which Minerva found on a coin bearing the head of Tiberius,
appears on coins: it is a garment rnuch celebrated and inscribed rnmnssv nomaennan i>aocos.——
by poets and mythologists; and was worn by And on another, bearing the head of Drusns,
honourable matrons at Rome whenever they son of Tiberius, with the inscription P1-:R.\lI§§v
went into public. 1.. APRONI. rnocos n1.—'I‘hns we see that even
PER. Pen'0dic'um.—-Can. PER. Certamm a simple magistrate, governing one of the pm
.Perl'0dicum.—Rejecting as incorrect interpreta vinces, of which the Emperor had lefi the
tions both the Certamen Periodicum of Yaillant, administration to the Senate and to the Roman
md the Certamen I’er/wluum of Harduin, people, sometimes gave thcsc sorts of pa
followed by Jobert, the Baron Bimard adopts missions : examples of the ldnd are to be funnel
the opinion of his contemporary lselin, of the on medals struck III the cities of Achaia, and ii
French Academy, who, in a dissertation on this Africa.—Bimard, i. 210,
 PERPETUETAS. PERSI.~L—PERRUQUES 619
PERP. Per7zetuu.r.—cr.Ns. ranr. Censor appellation Perpetui Imjzeratoriv, thus assigned
Perpeluua. This abbreviation appears frequently to Probus as the highest title of honour, clearly
on the medals of Domitian.-—1MP. Paar. Im teaches us that not all the Roman Emperors
pcrator Perpetuua occurs on coins of Alexander were perpetual Emperors, but only temporarily
Severus, and of Probns. appointed by the Senate."
PERPETVETAS (air).-—'l'his epigraph Afterwards, we find FED. AVG. inscribed on
occurs for the first time on a silver coin of their coins by the sons of Constantine the Great.
Valentiuian I1. But though the legend is new, The origin of this epithet, pnpctuzar, dates
the accompanying type, which is a phoenix itself from a remote period, as on coins of the
radiated, standing on a globe, is by no means earliest princes a boast is made of their eternity,
an unusual mark of eternity, or symbol of ages. but PERPETVITATI AVG. occurs frequently from
Still there is this novelty as respects the type the period of Alexander Severus, on a single
itself, that it forms the sole instance in which coin of whom is also read rornsns PERPETVA.
Perpetuitzu unites itself on the same medal with PERS.—On a consecration medal of Carus
the phcenix. is read the surname of Persicus, which the
PERPETVITAS AVG. or AVGG. (the im biographer of that Emperor says he mcritcd.—
mortality of the Emperors) appears on coins of DIVO cano PERSICO.
Gallienus, Fl. Severus, Florianus, Probus, Carus, Persia, a region of Asia, so called (according
and others; but the type is, on all these, n to Stephnnus) from Pcrse, son of Medeas.—
woman, who stands holding a globe and spear, The people of this country—the Persians—were
and resting her elbow on a column. noted as the most corruptly addicted to luxury
PERPETVA CONCORDIA. On a silver and pleasures.—Ptole1ny describes the geography
coin of S. Severus, bearing the portraits of of Persia, as bounded on the north by Media,
Caracalla and Geta.—-This cpigraph also appears on the west of Susiann, on the east by the two
on the reverse of n most rare and elegnt gold Carmaniae, on the south by the Persian Gulf.
coin of Sept. Severus, which exhibits all the —-—As the empire of the Persians was in ancient
heads of himself and family; viz., the Emperor times celebrated, so to this day it is an important
and his wife Julia on one side, and their two state, and includes several extensive provinces,
sons, Caracalla and Geta, on the other. There which are governed in our age by the S011/nlr,
seems no doubt but that this, and three other Kings of Persia.——Except on a coin of Philip
gold and silver medals offering a similar union senior, no mention is made of the Persians on
of portraits of the reigning house, were struck Roman Imperial medals.—See FAX rvnoara
in that period of S. Severus’s life (about A.D. cvn PERSIS.
201), when he was in Syria, occupied with the Per:-11qz1e.:, or Wigs.-——From a learned, cla
affairs of the East, and when he gave the toga borate, and comprehensive historical disserta
uiri/is to his ferocious first-born, Caracalla.— tion on Perruques, contained in M. Millin’s
With respect to the legend, unless “ the wish” Dinlianaire (lea .Beau.r Arts, the following ex
rather than the fact be taken as “father” to tracts are made, as applicable to the connection
the phrase, nothing could be less veraeious ; for of the subject with Roman numismatics :—
perpetual discord, mutual hatred, and sanguinary “The custom of covering the head with false
dissention were the real characteristics of that hair (or more correctly speaking with hair of its
ambitious and il.l-governed house—the Imperial wn growth), fixed in whatever manner it might
family of Severus. be, is traceable to a very remote ant-iquity—it is
PERPETVA VIRTVS.—A military figure, a. custom which prevailed especially amongst the
with spear and bnekler, marching.—In the Greeks and the Romans. The usage is to be
exergne, s. 'r. On second brass of Constantinus ascribed not less to necessity than to luxury and
Magnns. to the love of dress. The Romans designated
PERPETVA VIRTVS AVG.—The Emperor the adornment of the head with false hair
on horseback, preceded by a foot-soldier. On by such expressions as the following -.—C'0ma
gold of Licinius. adulterina, coma appoc-ita, poaili capilli,
PERPETVOI was a form of acclamation yaleruc, capil/amenlum, reticulum. They had
addressed by the soldiers and people to their also adopted the Greek term corymbua.—
Ernperors.—Accordiug to Lampridius, in his Martial uses the word persona capitis, when
Life of Alex. Severus, on the inauguration of a speaking of what the French call perrnques and
new Augustus, the multitude shouted not only we call wigs.-—The commonest denomination of
Dii le servant, but also Dii ie perpetuent ! perruquesf with the Romans, was galerua, a
Perpietuuc Auyu.:lu.r.——Spanheim alludes to word which originally meant a bonnet which
Trajan and Bimard to Nerva, as the first who went circularly round the head. We learn from
added this emphatic word perpetuus to the Suetonius that Domitian was entirely bald ; and
Imperial titles. But Eekhcl rejects both these yet upon all his medals he is represented with
authorities, and assigns the primary assumption hair. Now, we see on the other hand, Julius
of it to Probus.—rr:nrr:'rvo me. PBOBO. avo., Caesar figured on many medals with the head
with the helmeted or radiated bust of Probus bald, but having s crown of laurel, under
appears on third brass coins of that Emperor; which this defect is concealed. It is therefore
[on the reverse uissrirvron onnis.]—-Harduin, probable that Domitian covered his baldness
with a degree of judgment which that learned with a species of perruque, which had already
Jesuit but seldom displays, observes, “that the become common enough to be represented on
4K2
620 PERRUQ,UES.—-PERTINAX. PESCENNIUS NIGER.
medals as if it were the natural head of hair. A.D. l26.—Quitting his father’s business, he first
This is the more probable, as the biographer of applied himself to literary pursuits, and soon afi.er
that emperor says, he was vexed at being bald, wards adopting the military profession, he dis
and never liked to have it mentioned to him.— tinguished himsclf in Parthia, Britain, and
Domitian’s head of hair, as we observe it on his Noricum (part of Illyria). For his good con
medals, has the form of a galerus, rounded and duct he was placed among the Senators by
curled with so much care and art, as leaves it Marcus Aurelius, then the prietorship, and lastly
necessarily to be inferred that it is represented the consulate, was conferred npon him.—Recalled
as he wore it, because it is not handsome enough from a distant command, under Commodns, he
to be taken for an ideal head of hair, and it iswas appointed Prefect of Rome, and although
an undisputed fact that Domitian had a bald he discharged the duties of the otlice with the
head.—Suetonius and Plutarch both atfirm that strictest integrity, he yet succeeded in securing
Galba had but little hair. Upon some of his the approval of that worst of Emperors, who
coins he is bald, upon others he is figured with even chose him as colleague in his seventh
hair. It seems probable, therefore, that some and lust consulate, and last year of his life.
times this prince wore a wig.—The Emperor In the year of Rome 945 (A.D. 192), on the
Otho constantly wore one, which, according to night when Conimodus was slain, the con
Suetonins, was so well made, that it was im spirators, lookiug round for an able, honest,
possible to distinguish it from natural locks. sober-minded man to fill the vacant thone, fixed
“The Roman women especially took great upon Pcrtinax, and at their earnest and repeated
pains with the caifure, and generally wore persuasions, he reluctantly accepted the fatal
veritable wigs.-—A passage of the 7th chapter gift of supreme power. The soldiers elected
of Tertullian’s treatise, de cullu feminarum, him by acclamation in their camp, and the
seems to indicate that in his time, that is to Senate confirmed their choice with sincere
say, in the third century of the Christian mra, felicitations. To restore the ancient discipline,
the art of wig-making had already arrived at to reform the morals of the city, to banish
perfection. By the same passage it is also informers, to replenish an exhausted treasury,
shewn that the name of yaleru; was given only and in his own person to set the first example of
to those round perruques which covered the top frugality-—-were objects to which the sexagenarian
of the head, or which surrounded the head, and Emperor was intent in commencing his unwilling
that they ditfered from the cor_1/mbua, which career of government. But it was these very
formed a point, or cone.—Julia, the daughter measures for the public good that brought
of Titus, on her medals has a similar corymbus. upon Pertinax the furious displcmsure of the
The coins struck in honour of the Roman Praetorians, whom the intcmpcrate liberalities
Empresses, together with the statues, busts, of Commodus had rendered impatient. of all
intaglios, and other works of antiquity, which restraint. A hastily assembled troop of they
have been preserved to us, in the various military debauchees, rushed into the palace, and
museums of Europe, serve to make us acquainted seizing upon the virtuous and unsuspecting
with the various ways of dressing the hair in prince, slew him after a reign of only 8? days,
use amongst the Roman ladies. But it is in the 66th year of his age. He was a venerable
scarcely possible to distinguish witli'precisionlooking old man, with flowing beard and thick
the natural L‘/lL’l78lIl7‘8 from that which repre
hair turned back—a character honest, just, and
sents the false hair. Some marble busts of virtuous. The people and senate lamented his
Roman ladies, which have a moveable cogfure, death, and distinguished his funeral With the
prove evidently the use of pen-uqu¢,q by the deifying rites of eonsecration.—Severus also,
women of Rome. There is one of this kind, after Didius Julianus had been also removed by
representing the Empress Lucilla, and greatly a violent death, paid a tribute to the virtues, in
resembling her image on medals.—The cogfure assuming the name, of Pcrtinax, and by dedi
of Plautilla, wife of Caracalla, is clearly a cating other hunours to his memory.
perruque, and the same may be said of a bust of The coins of Perlimu-, in each metal, are
Julia Pia.”———See Galerua. very rare. The large brass are especially so,
PERT. Pertina.z'.—According to Orosius, and the gold and silver hardly otherwise. As
Septimius Severus was desirous of being called this Emperor reigned only four months, Vaillant
by this name, after that of the Emperor, whose finds no medals struck by the colonies to his
death he amltted i0 avenge. Hence on his (going hononr.—'l‘he head of Pertinax on his Latin
we read mr. sav. rear. ave. &c. coins is circuniscribcd—u|r. cans. r>. nr»:L\'.
PERTIN. Pertina.r.—lMPeralor CAESar rnnrr. (or raarm. or PEBTINAX.) avo.——AL=o,
Pub/ius HELViu.1 PERTlNa.r AVGu.rtu-r. struck after his death, nrvvs PERT. PHS
PERTINAX (Publim PATEIL, with the usual symbols of consecration.
Helvim), the son of a PES. or PESV. Pe.ruviu.:—A prcnomenof
freedman and timber Tetricus senior.——IMP. c. c. rnsv. Txrnrcvs.
merchant, named Helvius PESC. NIG. 1’e.rcennius- Niger.
Successus, was born, ac PE. S. C. on a denarius of Lentulns, which
cording to Capitolinus, letters Manutiua has, from ancient inscriptions
in Villa Martis, in the interpreted—Pub/ivo Jere, Senatur (‘aura/hi.
Appcnnines; according to Pescenniua Niyer (Cains) was descended
Dion, at Alba Pompeia, from a family that originally belonged to
 PESCENNIUS NIGER. PETILLIA .—PE'I‘RONIA. 621
Aquinnm (now Aquino). His parents, Annius may at once be inferred; a circumstance to be
Fuscus and Lampridia, borne in mind, lest on account of the ill
were of the middle class. favourcdncss of their appearance, we should
i , After
laudabledischarging in a
manner various undeservedly impute s spurious origin to the
medal itself."
military offices, he was Sly/lt:—lMP. CAES. ruse. moan. rvsr. or
declared Consul by Com ivsrvs.—1sn>. cans. c. rrscan. mo. Ivs. AVG.
modus, and at length was “ I-lis brass coins (says Akcrman) have Greek
appointed to the command legends; and although there are many types,
of the Syrian army.—On are all very rare. The unique gold coin (alluded
the death of Pertinax, and the exccrablc pur to by Eckhel) was formerly in the cabinet of
chase of the empire by Didius Julianna, the the French King. It has been considered
troops of Niger immediately invested him with dubious by most medallists, on account of the
the purple, in the ycar of Rome 946 (A.D. 193). title “Pater Patriae,” which it bears on the
He was a man conversant with every important reverse; and which Niger could not have re
branch of public affairs, eminently skilled in the ceived from the Senate of Rome. This coin
art of war, and a great disciplinariau; but unfortunately formed part of the recent plunder
ferocious in his manners, and given to the of the French cabinet, and has, in all pro
unbridled indulgence of a libidinons disposition. bability, been consigned to the crucible.”
—Septimius Severus made war upon him, as (Deacriplive Cat. vol. i. p. 333.)
against n public enemy, and routed his forces in The illustration selected above is from a fine
several engugenients. Pesccnnius finally took deuarius in the British Museum.
refuge at Antioch, where, whilst endeavouring The only colonial coins struck in honour of
to conceal himself, he was discovered by some Pescennius, during his reign of a year and s half,
of Severus's soldiers, and put to death in the were those of Cmmrea and Aelia Capito/ina,
58th year of his age, A.D. 196. which indicate that his authority did not extend
The extreme rarity of Pescenniu: Niger’: beyond Syria and Palestine.
coins is a fact known to all numismatists.— Petaoua, Mercury's cup, with two wings.
Eckhel, in his animadvemia on the Latin coins See Mercury.
of this brief reign, says :— PETILLIA, a plebeian fsmily—surname
“ All the medals of Pescennius, even those Capitolimu. Its coins (which are rare) consist
'w'ro ught after the manner of the Roman mint, of two varieties ; one deuarius bears on its obverse
are certainly of foreign fabric, and wcrc doubt CAPITOLINVS, with the head of Jupiter, and on
less struck at Antioch, that being the capital its reverse rarumrvs, with a temple of five
city of the region, in which he fixed the scat of
columns. [See engaving p. 171.] The otherhas
his temporary government. For at the time on one side P1-:ru.1.ivs c.u>|-rounvs. An eagle
when he usurped the purplc in the East, Didins standing on a thunderbolt. Rev. A temple of
Julianus, and, presently after, Severus held six columns richly adorned with statues.
possession of Rome, by whom, although the “ Whatever might have been the reason why
senate and people might have been well affected the Pelillii took the cognomen of Capitolinus,
to his cause, either he was not acknowledged certain it is (says Eckhel) that the type as
as an associate in the empire, or what happened well of Jupiter Capitolinns, as of the temple,
at a later period, he was denounced as an enemy. refers to that cognomen.—At a subsequent
This is the reason why no brass coins of period, some individual of the same family, being
Pescennius struck (ex s. 0.) by order of the curator of the Capitoline temple, is said by
Senate are extant; and if you happen to light Horace to have pilfcred various precious things
upon any pretending to be such, you may cou therefrom :—
demn them at once as unworthy of credit. As, Mentio si qua
however, the gold and silver coinage belonged De Capt'toh'm'furtz's1'njecta Petilli
of right to the Emperors, and as, in what Te comm fue-rit.
ever part of the world they seized upon the Lib. i. Sat. iv. l. 93.
imperial sccptre, it was their practice to coin
money instantly in token of their power (a PETRONIA, a Roman family, which although
palpable instance of which we see in the case of the plebeian order, was of consular rank, and
of Vespasisn), so following the same exaniplc of the most ancient date, for it was noted as carly
Pescennius issued gold and silver coins stamped us the reigns of the Tarquins, and had a Sabine
with his image.” After remarking that a gold origin. Its only surname on coins is Turpiliamu.
medal of Peseennius hitherto unique had been P. Petronius Turpilianus was monetary triumvir
found, with the inscription of CONCORDIA, and under Augustus, whose head or epigraph appears
that all the rest bearing Latin legends are on all the coins of this family, which are rare
silver, and of the greatest rarity, and consc both in silver and gold, and present ninctccn
quently of the highest price, the illustrious varieties. The types allude to Petronius him
numismatist above quoted, concludes his ani self, or they are occupied in celebrating certain
madversion by sayiug—“ Be it observed that all deeds of Augustus; as in those which repre
these coins are of very inferior workmanship, sent Armenia lmee/1'n_q—a Par!/iian res/oring
the letters of the inscription oflcn vilely dis ctandarda—ll:e Emperor borne in a biya qf
torted and disjointed, whence their foreign origin elqz/umto—and other similar events of the year
022 PETRONIUS MAXIMUS. PHARETRA.
of Rome 734..-Petroiiius was the name of a. P. F. Pia Feli.z.—Pious, happy, a feminine
pro-consiil of Asia under :I‘ll)(-‘X1113, and flftob title of honour given to none of the Roman
wards of Syria under Claudius. Empresses before the time of Theodosins jun.
FERON. TVRPILLIANVS IIIVIR. Head Thus Aelia Eadoria, wife of that Emperor,
of the Goddess 1*‘eronia.——Rev. CAESAR Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian I1I.,
AVGVSTVS. SIGNi.i RECEP'l‘i.1. A Parthian Galla Placidia, and Honoria, are styled P. F.
kneeling, ofl’ers a military ensign. _ AV. R. AVGu.rta.
F,-om thig typo it may be inferred that P. F. Pia Fideli:.—Pious, faithful: epithets
Petronius was master of the Imperial mint applied on coins to certain Roman colonies and
when the Parthiaus restored to Augustus the legions.
Roman eagles they had formerly taken from P. F. Pius Felix, a uent abbreviation
C|'a,55\13_ Feronia, whose head appears on the on Imperial medals.—Everyoue is aware that the
obverse of this dciiarillfi, “'85 “'°"5hlPP“'d ‘*3 5 Emperor Antoninus was distinguishai by the
goddess by the Sabines, in B city of the same surname of Pivs; but why it was thus formally
name, situate at the foot of Mount Soracte.— appropriated to him is s point on which opinions
See Feronia. _ _ . vary; whether it was on account of his signal
Another denarius of this family bears on its devotion to the gods of his religion, as Pau
reverse the surname of 'rvai>ir.i.i1mvs iiivia. sanias hands it down, or rather for his virtue of
(one of Augu,5tus's moneyers), and the figure of clemency.
a woman half-buried in a heap of shiclds.— P. F. Primu-r Fecit.—He did such and such
Here we have a fresh instaiice of 11 3'15""? Wile ii thing the first. sax. NONI. Pa. 1.. v. P. r.
adopted by Pctronius, which mdccd from the Sec Nonia fam.
birth-place of his remote ancestors he had a P. F. Publii Hliua, son of Publius; or Pii
right to make choice of. The subyect shadowed Filia, daughter of Pius (viz., of Antoninus
forth in the above denarius, is the well-known Pius.) '
legend of Ta-ryieia, the virgin daughter ol bp. P. H. C. Provinczlz Hispanic OileriorL|.—
Ta]-peiug, who, during the war which arose out Of the province of hither Spain (i.e. nearerto
of the famous rape of the Sabine women, com Italy.)
manded the citadel of Rome. The B-Oman P/iaéton, son of Apollo (or the Snn), drawn
maiden, as Livy relates. bsivs allure! by the in a quadriga, appears on a Corinthian coin
desire of possessing the bracelets of gold which of M. Aurelius.—See Vaillant, in Col. voL i.
the Sabine soldiers wore on their arms, °118‘f1~$¢d p 181.
to admit them into the fortress» °11 °°n_dm°1\ P/iaé'ton’.r riatera changed into larch-trees.
that they gave her what they had oii their left This subject is found constantly and exclusively
w1'i5Lg (meaning the bracelets). And the Sabines repeated on the denarii of the Avcoleia family;
were as good as their word; M11)’, illslfiml Of on one side of which is the efiigy of Clymeue,
their bracelets (8-rmill%l» the)’ threw “Pm! her with the epigraph P. ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLYS;
the shields which also they carried on their left on the other, the three sisters metamorphosed,
arms, until she was crushed to death by their according to the ancient myth, as a consequence
overwhelming weight. _ _ _ _ of their grief for the loss of their rash brother.
For a medzd of Petronius, exhibiting a Siren P/uzretra, the quiver or case for arrows and
on its reverse, see the word Si/~ene:._ _ _ darts, is a frequent type on coins of kings
PETRONIVS MAXIMVS (1’lavzuaAnw:u.!), cities, and people, with Greek inscriptions. It
3 wealthy senator of the Aiiician family, who is by no means common on Roman medals.
by the favour of Valentinian 111., had risen Conjoined with the bow and a tiara, it occurs
to be patrician, twice consul, and three tiuics on coins of Augustus, with the inscriptions
practorian prcefcct ; huh ellmged Pt ll}! "DP""11 ARMENIA CAPTA, and DE PARTHIS; also on a
bcnefactor’s having dishououred his wife: he cm brass medallion of Hadrian, without legend,
ployed assassins to destroy him -_A-D- 405- He appears a quiver pendant from the branch of a
afterwards seized upon the empire, and com tree, near which stands Hercules, holding his
pelled Liciuia Eudoxia, widow of his sovereign club and lion’s skin.——The quiver, according to
prince, to marry him. She, h0_W¢Ve1'» t0 avenge Vaillant, was dedicated to that demi-god. It
the death of Valeutiuifllli and "1 rmutment Of appears as a mint-mark on coins of the Julia
this forced union with her husband's murderer, and other Roman families; and ks an emblem of
invited Geiiseric from Africa iiito Italy § "lld ‘"1 Hercules, on coins of Postumus.
the approach of that Gothic chieftain to Rome, Pliaria I.ri:, or as on coins of Julian the
Petronius was torn to pieces in an insurrection Apostate it is written PARIA, was so called
of the people, in the third mouth of his according to Pl.iny,'from Pharus, in Egypt, an
usurpation.-——There arc no brass coins of this island joined by a bridge tothe Roman colony of
tyrant, and both his gold and silver ones are of Alexandria. Isis here means the protectrcss of the
extreme rarity. On these he is styled D. N. Pharus, on which a light-house was built.-—-Isis
PETRONIVS iiiiixinvs. P.P. ave. A beardless is fabled to have been the daughter of Iiiachus,
head, crowned with an impcarled dial-l‘~‘l11--011 King of the Argives, and to have been trans
the reverse VICTORIA ave. The Emperor hold formed by Jupiter into a cow; and having
ing an oblong cross and treading on a dragon's afterwards been restored to her pristine form
head. The coins resemble in character those of was made a goddess, and adored as such by the
Honorius and his time. Egyptians above all other diviuitiai. On coins
 PHILIPPI. PHILIPPI. 623
she holds in her right hand the sistrum, a right hand ; and that learned nnmismatist has
musical instrument used in the sacred rites of pronounced his opinion from the inscription on
this favourite divinity of Egypt; whose worse the pedestal, that the images of Julius Caesar
than absurd—whose grossly indecent—worship, and Augustus are therein delineated.—- Spanheirn,
the above-named imperial philosopher preferred in his Cmmra of Julian, has given a similar
to the pure and holy religion of Christ l—One representation (p. 221), and although at first of
or two of the Roman Empresses appear on opinion that the hinder figure was that of a
medals under the figure of Isis.-—See Isis Faria. woman, afterwards adopted Patin’s sentiments.
Pllilippi, in Macedonia, named in the Acts —But Vaillaut afiirms that on the above coin of
of the Apostles (c. xvi. v. 12) as “a chief city Claudius, as well as on others inscribed by the
and a colony," and to the Christian converts in Philippians to several succeeding emperors, it is
which the epistle of St. Paul was addressed. constantly a woman who holds the crown over
Situate at the foot of Mount Pangaans, it was the head of the foremost figure, which alone is
originally a of Thrace, under the name of in military garments. And then, observing
Crenides; but afterwards became annexed to that the title nrvvs ave. belonged solely to
Macedonia, and was then called afler his own Augustus, as indeed an honour of deification
name by King Philip. Subsequently it was awarded to him after death, the last-named
made a Roman colony, and invested with the writer goes on to express his decided opinion
Jua Italica. Near this town two celebrated that the type in question represents the Genius
battles in the civil wars of Rome were fought, of the city crowning the image of Augustus,
namely, first that memorable campus Plzilippicua,whose statue had been erected in the public
where Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar, and forum of Philippi, in gratitude for his having
afterwards that when Brutus and Cassius were re-established and greatly favoured that colony.
vanquished by Octavius and Mark Antony, —[The type of a Genius placing a crown on
memorable events to which Lucan in his Pizar the head of an Emperor is often met with on
salia alludes repeatedly; and which are re Greek coins.]—Ilardouin, Havercamp,‘ and
corded by other poets and historians. several others take the same view of the subject.
It was Philip, the son of Amyntas, who Pellcrin, on the other hand, publishes a
enlarged the city, and from whom it derived its second brass medal of P/iilippi, which be
name of Philippi. By this appellation it is observes was unknown to any of the above-men
also designated on its imperial coins, with the tioned numisniatists (tom. i. Rerueil de:
addition of surnames, which shew it to have Médailles, p. xiv.) On the obverse of this coin
been made a colony by Julius, and to have been appears the laureated head of Augustus, with
re-peopled with veterans by Auyustua. con. PHIL. rvssv. ave. cor. AVG. 1vL.——Rev. nrvo.
rvr.. ave. Pur1.rP.—'l‘he series (a very much rvr.ro. avo. nrvr. P. Two figures standing
broken one) of these coins extends as far on a pedestal, the foremost young and in a
(says Rasche) as Caracalla. Hennin carries it military dress; the one behind, older, and in
to Gallienus. The modern name of the city is the toga, who holds his right hand extended
written Filippa‘. over the head of the other. Respecting the
In the lypea there is but little variety.—The figure last-described, Pellerin says—“Il eat
first colonial imperial medal of this colony appears indubflable qua c1'llefi_qure es! crlle de Jule:
to be a second brass inscribed to Claudius, and César désignépar son nom nrvo rvuo, in.u-rit
bearing on its reverse COL. rv1.. ave. 1=urr.rr>P. derriére lui ; comme Arzgusle eat pareillemenl
Colonia Augusta, Julia Pliilippens-is. Two désigrzé par arm nom avo. nrvr. F. insm-it
figures standing on a pedestal, one that of a au-devanl.”——The same judicious author adds,
man clothed in military habiliments, with right however, that this rncdal is not to be regarded
hand elevated, and left hand placed against his as laying down any rule for the explanation of
side. The other that of a woman having in her those other coins which have on the pedestal
right hand a crown, which she from behind mvvs avo., but on those of this kind in his
holds over the head of the male figure. On the collection, whereon the above described type
pedestal is engraved nrvvs ave. appears; he concludes by pronouncing the
hinder one of the two figures to be that of
Julius Camr z1n_'/fell, holding the right hand
stretched out and elevated, with the body naked
to the waist. [This is not so clearly discernible
in the engraving] The same as Jupiter and
the other pagan deities are most generally repre
scnted on medals and other ancient monuments.
—Havercamp gives the engraving of a small
brass of Philippi as struck under Vcspasian,
very like Pe1lerin’s, except that the hindermost
figure is not naked to the waist, but clothed in
the toga from the shoulders to the feet.
It appears, moreover, from a second brass of
Patin, in his engraving of this type, has Claudius and Nero, which are described in
caused both figures to be represented in the Eckhel’s Catalogue (i. p. B6, n. 5 and 6), and
dress of warriors (paludata), lifting up each his the figures on which be identifies with Augustus

2*
624 PIIILIPPOPOLIS.-—PHILIPPUS. Pl-IH.IPPI.'S.
and Julius Caesar, that the interpretation of by the soldiers, s.n. 24-4. He is said, by
Patin and of Spanheim is supported by that of
the great German numismatist, but it is no less
evident that their interpretation refers to another
coin of Claudius quite distinct from that com
mentcd upon in Vaillaut’s work on the colonies,
but of which the type corresponds with that
delineated in Patin and Spauheim. Thus both
opinions may be reconciled in almost every
material point, or at any rate need no longer to
be regarded as conflicting with each other.
Second brass dedicated by the Philippians
successively to Galba, Vespasian, Domitian,
Hadrian, M. Aurelius, and Caraealla, how historians, to have been a man of wonderful
different soever the precise occasion might be for craftiness, and of the greatest military skill.
striking such medals, still continue to exhibit He won the mercenary hearts of the troops with
(with the exception of the wolf and children on ample largcsses, whilst he sent the disc p
a coin of Connnodus) the type of the military veterans into colonies which he had himself
figure crowned by a female figure, together with established, viz., Damascus in Coelesyrig
the nrvvs .\vo. on the pedestal, as if to N»-apolir in Samaria, Plzilippolia in Arabia,
perpetuate the remembrance of their great which latter city he himself founded. Imme
benefactor, Augustus. diately on his accession to the throne, he made
l’Iu'lipp0p0lLs.—'l'hcre were two cities of this nn inglorious peace with Sapor, King of the
name : one in Thrace, dignified with the title of Persians, and returned to Rome. He man-hat
metropolis; the other in Arabia, which was afierwards against the Carpi, a Scythian or
included amongst the number of the Roman Gothic people, who had given trouble (duringthe
colnm'es.—The Thracian P/zilippopnlia (now reign of Balbinus and Pupicnus and the younger
Fi/ibé), situate in that province of European Gordian), to the Roman provinces bordering on
'I\1rkey at this day called Rmnelia, derived its the Danube, and compelled them to be peace
original nnrne from the Philips of Macedon. able. And that Dacia should owe its pre
It does not appear to have been a Roman colony; servation to him, he declared it to be a free
but its Imperial coins are very numerous, province. He was the first ipse pr-inn
beginning with Domitian, and extending to alien foreigner presented with the rights of s
Salonina, wife of Gallienus.—The pieces of Roman citizen. lle celebrated the saecularia
Domitian have Lalin legends on the side of the or secular games on the thousandth annive
hczul—nauiely, me. cu-rs. nonrr. AVG. osam. of the foundation of Rome. lle took to wife
COS. Xllll. CEN8 PER. P. P. Imperalar Cwsar /Uarcia Olaci/ia Severa, who is believed to have
Domitianus Auyrtslus Germanicus Consul (for been a Christian. By this marriage he had n
the fourteenth time) Censor I’erpetuu.r Pater sou and a daughter, the former bore his own
1’alrim.—On the reverse in Greek characters name of Philip, and was declared Cwsar and
¢lA1I'Il'l01'lOAElT.ON Pliilippapalitrlrum. A Augustus. Marching against Trajnnns Dedus,
woman with turreted crown stands holding who had been saluted Emperor by the army in
patera and branch; at her feet is the recumbent Pannonia, Philip was killed at Verona by his
personification of a river.—This large brass own troops, about the sixth year of his reign,
biliuqual coin is published in Eclthel’s Duct. .s.n. 249.
Num. Vet, and is also noted in his Catalogue of The monies of this Emperor are very
the Imperial Museum at Vienna.—'l‘lie Arabian numerous; the gold very rare; the silver and
Philippopolis was founded by Philip senior, in brass, with certain exceptions, common. Some
honour of his native country. One coin of this pieclm represent him with Olacilia and with
Philippnpolis, edited by Vaillant (ii. p. 173), Philip jun. His numismatic titles are IMP. I.
has its legend, both of the obverse and reverse, IVL. rn.u>rvs. (.\‘ic.)—lMP. PHILIPPVS .-we. or
in Greek. It is a first brass of elegant design, P. P. AVG.
inscribed to Philip, who colonised as well as PIIILIPPVS (Marcus Julius), junior, the
built the city; and the type is Rome seated, son of Philip and Otacilia, appears to have been
holding in her hand an eagle, on which are seven years old when his father usurped the
placed the images of the Emperor and his son. empire, and immediately
PHILIPPVS (illarrus Julius), commonly proclaimed him C-msar,
called the Arab, or Senior, or the Father, was, .\.D. 24-4. The Roman
according to Zonarus, born in the Arabian Senate granted to him the
colony of Bostra, his father being, it is said, a title of NobiIi.m'ms.r, as
captain of robbers. Rising through the various ' if to conceal the ignoble
grades of oflice in the Roman army, on the ncss of his Arab sire;
death of Misitheus (in which he is supposed to although Philip is said to
have had a secret hand), he became Prastorian have boasted of his origin
Prefect under Gordian III. And when that from Anchises, and con
young prince was (at his instigation) slain in sequent connection with the Julia family.—l.n
Mesopotamia, Philip was proclaimed Emperor 247 the son was associated, as impel-ii mun!-Y,
 PHILUS.—PHOENICE. PHCENIX. 625
with Philip, who bestowed on this mere child Vienna), bearing the above legend and type on
the title of Augustus. The unhappy youth its reverse, Eckhel remarks to the following
shared the fate of his clever but unprincipled brief purport :—" Cellarius, in his Geographia
father; and when the latter was, under a just Antiqua, says this region is properly written in
retribution, slain at Verona by his own soldiers Latin Plzoenice, not Phoenicia, which opinion,
his innocent son was murdered by the same indeed, this medal coufimis.”——(D.N.V., vii. 5.)
prsstorian banditti, in the very arms of his A similar medal is ascribed in Mediobarbus
mother, a.D. 249, in the 12th year of his age.— (Occo) to Caracalla, but it is not acknowledged
From the period when the younger Philip was either in Mionnet or Akerman; nor is the Anto
declared Augustus, and admitted to all the ninus Pius, above quoted, in their catalogues.
honours of the sovereign power, the reverses of PIi¢ni.r.—This name was given by the
most of the coins both of father and son exhihit Egyptians to a bird, which some writers have
similar t .—The coins of Philip junior are professed to regard as a reality, or at least as
numerous, and for the most part common in possible; whilst others have treated its existence
brau, and also in silver, but are very rare in and history as equally fabulous. Many Christian
gold. On them he is styled M. IVL. PHILIP. cans. ecclesiastics of the early ages have followed
—1>amcr~:|>s 1vv1au'rv'rrs.—u. IVL. rulurrvs. (strange to say) the traditions of paganism re
NOBIL. car:s.—-nrr. PHILIPPVB. P. P. ave. specting the Phomix, and adopted it as a symbol
Some pieces represent him with Philip senior of the resurrection.—On imperial medals we find
and Otacilia. it with its head surrounded by rays, symbolizing
Philoao]1lms.——The Emperor M. Aurelius eternity.
Antonina: was commonly called the philosopher, The radiated head of the Phcenix (says Addi
because he was enthusiastically addicted ya philo son) gives ns the meaning of a passage in Claudian,
sophical pursuits, and had that sentiment of who must have had his eye on the figure of this
Plato constantly on his lips, which expresses an bird, in ancient sculpture and painting, as indeed
opinion tha “ The state would flourish if either it was impossible to take it from the life :
philosophers governed or Emperors were philoso
Arcanum radiant oculijubar: igneus om
phised." It is to be observed, however, that Cingil honor: rutilo cognatum oertice sidm
neither monetal legends nor lapidary inscriptions A ttollit cristaflu apex, tcnebrasque ser-end
of any kind take the least notice of this imputed Luce secat.
denomination of Aurelius, though some writers
have mistaken the epithet for his surname. His fiery eyes shoot forth a glittering ray,
PHILVS, s1u'name of the Fvria family.
And round his head ten thousand glories play:
High on his crest, a star celestial bright
1r. roval. L.I. round the head of Janus.—.Rev. Divides the darkness with its piercing light.
PHILI. Minerva crowning a trophy.
Phoenice, part of Syria.-—-All ancient and the The _1’/tamiz occurs on medals of Constantine
most accurate modern writers write the word the Great, and of his children, after the example
Plzoenice, not P/wenicia—witness the coins of of the Princes and Princesses of the early
Antouinus Pius and of Caracalla, inscribed empire, in order to designate, by this bird of
PBOENIcE.—Vaillant, in his Colonies (I. p. 106), reputed immortality, either the eternity of the
derives the name of this country from the Greek empire, or the eternity of happiness supposed to
word Plzoiniz, a Palm. Nor is it to be denied be enjoyed by those princes who already were
that the Palm is a type of Syria, Judma, Egypt, placed in the ranks of the immortal gods.——
and of other countries remarkable for Palms; Bimard, confirming this observation of Jobert,
but it is more probable that the tree received its says, “the phmnix appears on coins of the upper
name from the country than the country from the empire. We see it in '13-ajan and in many other
tree. Above all other regions belonging to the emperors. On a first brass of Faustina senior,
ancient Phuauicians, that of Tyre was celebrated, a female seated, holds u phcenix on her right
hence the Palm occurs on a coin quoted by Spanhand."—See AETERNITAS.
heim, and which is inscribed rruvs usrnorous ' [Amongst the medals which have birds on their
conoma. According to Stmbo, the Phcenicians reverses, scarcely any are more curious than those
were distinguished for their knowledge of arith of Hadrian and of Antoniuus Pius. The type re
metic and astronomy, and equally so for their presents an Eagle, a Peacock, and an Owl,
skill in the arts of navigation and of war—inso placed on the same line, with the simple legend
much that they became the sovereigns of the cos III. for lladrian, and cos nu. for Antoninus
Mediterranean Sea, and everywhere established Pius. These medals have their meaning easily
colonies on its coasts. explained by means of a mcdullion of Autoninus,
The imperial coins of the Phcenicians were which represents Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
struck at Tyre; they comprise only four reigns. on its reverse. It is to these three diviuities
Thosc of Ncro and Trajan bear Greek inscriptions; that the type of the three birds refers, the Eagle
, those of Antoninus Pius and of Caracalla are in being consecrated to Jupiter, the Peacock to
Latin. Juno, and the Owl to l\linervu.]—See Birds.
PHOENICE. COS II. S. C.—A figure stands The Plimnlr, on medals, signifies not only
holding a vase, or basket, in the right hand, a eternity, but also the hopc of better times,
vvand in thclcl't—bchind is a palm trce. Respect because this bird was formerly believed to rise
ing a large brass, with the head Of Antoninus again into existence from its ashes. Sometimes
Pius on its obverse (in the imperial cabinet at it is seen by itself perched on a globe; but
4L
626 PHRYGIAE.—PIA FELIX. PIETAS.
more frequently on the hand of the emperor. PIE'l‘AS.—Ou many coins of Roman
'l‘he fable of the Phcnnix, and its revival from families, and on a vast variety of Imperial
extreme old age to a new youth (on a funeral medals from Augustus, in almost uninterrupted
pile of its own construction), probably led to its succession down to Constantine the Great, we
adoption as a symbol of restoration, on thei see the personification of Piety, a virtue which,
reverse of medals (with the legend REL. TEMP. elevated by the Romans to the rank of a
REPARATIO), struck in honour of the Emperor divinity, had a temple erected to its honour in
Coustans, under whom the city of Smyrna was the ninth and in the eleventh region of Rome.
rcstored.—On a coin of Constantius a figure They expressed by this word not only the
in military garb holds a P/uenia: instead of the worship and reverence due towards the gods,
more usual figure of a Victor_v.—-Sometimes this but also in a more extended sense applied it to
“ wondrous" bird is seen standing on a rock; love and charity borne towards parents, children,
at others, placed on the funeral pile.—See IEL. friends, and neighbours, to their country, prince,
TEMP. anrsasrro; also CONSECRATIO. and soldiers.
Pluygia, a region of Asia Minor, adjoining Piety has her head ornamented with a veil or
to Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and Bithynia, “of all with a fillet, and in this form, with the title
which (says Strabo) the boundaries so interrnix PIETA8, is found on deuarii of the Heresasil
as to be with difficulty distinguished.” family, and also on some coins of the Emperor
PHRYGlAE.—Scc snvrznrvr Pnaroran on Tiberius; although in the latter instance the
a coin of Hadrian, who performs sacrifice with efligy is by some considered to be that of an
the Genius of the Province, personified by a imperial lady; for at that period they had not
figure wearing the Phrygian bonnet.-—-Also see the boldness and confidence to place female
uasrrrvroar PHBYGIAE, on a first brass of portraitsipublicly on coins, or as it were to deify
Hadrian, on which the Emperor is seen lifting them. t is generally supposed that the image
up a figure clothed in the Phrygian habit, and in question (beneath which is inscribed PIETAS)
bearing a branch or garland. is that of Livia Drusilla mother of Tibei-inst
.PIr_r/sioynomia, or more correctly (in accord Piety is for the most part represented under
ance with its Greek derivation) Plz_1/siognomonia. the figure of a devout woman, with veiled head,
On the utility of medals for prosecuting the study near a lighted altar, before which, as in Hadrian
of this science (the object of which is to tcach and Antouine, she sometimes stands with both
the mode of discerning the dispositions and hands lifted up, which is peculiarly the attitude
qualities of men, from their cycs, eonntenances, of praying (as in Antonine and Varus); at
forehead, and personal appearance), the cele others she is seen with a patcra in the right and
brated Swiss antiquary Spon published a Disser the acerra (or censer) in the left hand; or with
tation. the right hand extended she is dropping grains
PI. or PIAV. Piauvonius, the prenomen of of frankincense into the fire, as we observe in
Viclarinur, both senior and junior. IMP. c. PI. the silvcr ooins of L. Aelius, and of Faustiua,
(or PIAV.) vrcrouirvvs ave. all with the title PIETAS, by which repre
PI. Pius ,- as in Commodus. ave. PI. lrsx. sentation is clenrly shewn the pious feeling, and
—-—PI. re. Pius Felix ; as in Valerianus senior. religious worship, implied by both the legend
P. I. Pius Imperator; as on coins of the and the type.—'l‘o thcse are to be conjoined
Crecilia family.—Q. c ll. P. 1.
Quinta: Carcilius many Imperial medals bearing the circum
Jletellue Pius Imperator. scription PIETAS AVGVSTI, or AVGawtonrIr,
P. I. or PRIN. IVVEN. Principi or Princeps and which, having the same professed object of
Jzwenlutia. Prince of the youth. reverence for the gods, exhibit on their reverses
PlA.—-Why this name was given to colonies, the facades of splendid temples, as in Antonina:
see Vaillnnt, Col. i., p. 189. Pius and Faustino senior; others represent
PIA. The surname of a Roman legion.— pontificial and a vases, pateras, altars;
Lso. xxx. vr.r>ur. PIA. r. Leyio Triceuima, also sacrifices and sacrificial instruments (such
Ulpia Pia Fidelis. as the litnus, the urceolus, the aspergillnm, the
PI. A. Pius Jugustua. simpulnm, and on the larger coins the secespita
PIA FELIX.-—-These denominations, applied (or axe)—as in Commodus, Maximus Cresr,
to some of the Au_qu.sf¢e, appear to have re Gordinnus Pius, &c.
ference to their fellowship in the imperial .Pieta.r, when intended by the Romans to
governrnent.—Spanhcim and Licbc concur in signifyythe love and affection of parents towards
the opinion that the above appellation of Pia their children, or of children towards their
and Felir, like that of the Pius and Felix of parents, and in like manner those of Emperors
the Emperors, was not a title of virtue and of and Empresses towards subjects, is found
praise, but is simply to be regarded as the symbolized under the figure of a stork, an
hereditary surname of the Empress's family, example of which we have on a dcnarius of
Thus in Julia Dommz, Wife of Severus; in Q. Metellus Pius.—The same attribute of filial
Semrina, wife of Aurelian; in Aelia Eudozia, love is displayed under the figure of Eneas, in
wife of Arcadius; in Galla Plaoidia, mother of the act of carrying on his shoulders his aged
Valcntiuian, and in other Em resses, we find father Anchises, after having been taken captive,
Pia Fe/Er preceding the titlc o AVGu.rhz. and expelled from the city of Troy, as may be
_ PIET. AVG. Pielas Auyu-rta.—Augnst soon not only on dcnarii of the Ht-ronnia
piety. family, but also on coins of Pompey the Great
 PIETAS. PIETAS. 627
and of Julius Caesar's moneyers.—'l'he story of and Hostillianus, sons and successors of the
the pious brothers (Pii Fratres) of Catania, in above-named emperor.%imilar to this is a
Sicily, who, during a destructive eruption of medal of M. Aurelius, on which also Mercury
Etna, were content to lose all their property in appears, holding in his right hand the crumena
order to secure the safety of their father and (or purse), if indeed it be not a patera. But
mother, is also made the subject of a type on the legend round the type is, not Pielaa, but
silver of the Herennia family, and on a denarius RELlGio AVGusti, under which expression the
of Sextus Pompey. See Ampllinomoua and Emperor perhaps wished to teach the Roman
Anapiu.r.—Another coin of the Pompeia family, people, that in paying all honour and service to
with the legend of PIETAS, has a female figure, the gods, was the way to proceed in the path of
in the stola, holding a hasta transversely in her national improvement, to preserve peace with
left hand, and a laurel branch in her right. their neighbours, and to increase the fertility of
And as it was a frequent custom of the Romans their country.~See ar-11.10. ave. .
to include in the use of the words Pius and With reference to the rrsras avevsn, or
Pietaa, love towards parents, children, country, Imperial Piety, a word or two may here be said,
&c., so on Imperial coins Piely frequently respecting coins of Matidia, on which “August
shadows forth the same mutual atfection, not Piety” appears as a female standing between
only under the symbol of a mother chcrishing two children; also respecting a rare medal of
her children in her bosom, or extending her Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pins, on the re
hand protectively over them ; but also, as in a gold verse of which that princess is seen seated in an
coin of Antoninus Pius, designates it by a female elevated place, in the act of receiving from
figure standing with three children, one in her Roman matrons their infant daughters, for the
arms, the other two by her side; whilst below benevolent purpose of educating and providing
is the inscription rinmrr ave. cos. nrr. for them, as is further illustrated by the legend
Nor ought mention to be omitted of a third of rvnrmas: rsvsrrarauan.
brass struck in honour of Fl. Maximiana On a coin belonging to the Antonia family,
Theodora, second wife of Constantius Chlorus, Piety is represented standing with a lighted
which represents a woman standing, with altar i.n her right hand, and with a. cornucopiaa
an infant (and in rarer coins two infants) in her lefi. On a coin of Trajan, she appears
at her breast, with the inscription PIETAS with a caduceus in one hand and cornucopia: in
manna. the other; and on coins of Constantine the
(Ju coins of the Imperial series. we also see Great, Piety is represented under the image of
represented the submission and the vcnerntion of a soldier, who holds in his right hand a globe,
the Senate towards the Prince, as towards a with the usual monogram of Christ, and in the
common parent, or even as a kind of tutelary left a haste, with the circumscription PIETAS
deity. This is finely illustrated on a rare first AETEBNA.
brass of Galba, where the Emperor stands, in a PIET.-\S.—A first brass of Caligula, a very
military dress, crowned by a Senator, accom beautiful though not a very rare coin, has on
pariicd with the significant legend snmrrvs one side the Goddess Piety seated, with patera
PXETATI AVGVSTI. (See the words).—An utterly in her right hand, and on the other side are
prostituted instance of similar honours was three figures sacrificing a bull before a temple of
afterwards wrung from the senatorial body six columns, richly ornamented; thus repre
during the reign of terror established under senting divine honours paid to Augustus, and
Commodus, who (on gold and large brass) com indicating the pious affection professed by
plimented them on their affection for him Caligula for the memory of his deified pro
PIETATI SENA'1‘VS—~WhllBl; he was at the same genitor.——At the bottom of the obverse is the
‘period thinning their aifrighted ranks by daily PIETAS, and round the figure is this legend,
murders.—Could we find this legend and its C. CAESAR DIVI AVGVSti PRONepos
accompanying type (two men clothed in the AVGVatua Pauli/ez Mas-imu: TRibum'cia
toga, joining hands) amongst the genuine coins Potertate IIII. Pater Pairia.—The inscription
of Antoninus Pius, they would indeed be pro of the reverse explains to whom the sacrifice
nounced worthily appropriated; but none such was offered, namely, DIVO AVG. S. C. To
receive authentication from Eckhel, Mionnet, the divine Augustus by decree of the Senate.
or Alrerman. PIETAS, a surname of L. Antonius the
The concord (more matter of boast than of consul, brother of Mark Antony the triumvir.
reality) subsisting between the two Augusti, According to Dion, he assumed this addition to
Balbinua and Pupienus, is symbolized by their his name during his consulate in the year of
favourite device of two himds joined, and round Rome 713, out of fraternal piety towards
it is read PIETAS MVTVA avoo. Marcus, then absent in the Perusinian war.
There is something very peculiar in the mode This accounts for the legend of PIETAS cos.,
of representing PIETA5 AVGG. The piety of with the type of u woman standing with rudder
the Emperors, by the mint of Trujauus Deeius, and C0l'l.ll1(70PlK3, and stork at her feet, appearing
on one large brass specimen of which we see‘ on a denarius of M. Antonius, who caused it to
Mercury, with the erumena or purse in his be struck in memory of the act. Storks were
right huud, and his caduceus in the left, with 1 chosen as symbols of Piety, because it was
the above circumscription.—The same legend believed of them that they supported on their
‘and type is continued on coins of Herenuins wings their parents when enfecbled by old age.
4L2
628 PIETAS. PIETAS.
PIETAS AVGVS'I‘.—This legend accom her maternal piety in educating him for the
panying the type of a female figure seated, with empire. Otacilia here holds out to him a globe,
a. boy at her feet, appears on a silver coin of the symbol of imperial power, for the infant
Domitilla, which the filial piety of Titus caused prince had already been declared Caesar by his
him to have struck in honour of his mother's father, and young Philip nplifts his own little
memory, who had educated and taken care of right hand as if to clutch the protfered g'ifi—
him in early youth. Thus we find the virtuous splendid delusion ; for soon after the Tribunitian
wife of Vcspasian represented as Picty seated power and title of lrnperator were conferred
and veiled, whilst a boy stands before her upon him and stamped on his coins, at the
clothed in the toga pretez-Ia, which noble premature age of 12, he was slain by the
youths were accustomed to wear until their Praetorians, whose hands were rccking with his
17th year. fnther’s blood.
PIETAS AVGVSTa. S. C.—Titus and PIETAS AVGG. (Pietra Augusfonuu.)-—
Domitian joining hands; between them is a Arobnst female seated, with the luuta para in
female veiled. On first brass of Titus. her left hand, and extending her right towards
This beautifully designed type exhibits an n couple of children before her, whilst a third
interesting symbol of fraternal union. The child stands by the side of the throne. In this
Goddess Concord herself here joins the hands of poop Pcdrusi sees the offspring of Gallicnus
the two sons of Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. and Sa.lonina—or as he (in more high flown
The sincerity, however, of the reconciliation to language) expresses it, “the three precious
which this fine medal alludes, was exclusively pledges, with which the Czesarean lady had
on the side of the former.—'l‘itus, according to enriched the marriage bed of her august Con
Suetonius, often adjnred his brother, in private sort." This is perhaps the case, though it may
and with tears, ul tandem mutuo erya cc anima be merely a symbol of Charity towards the
vellet sue, but in vain. Domitian never Puellas Alimentariw, snbsisted by her bounty.
ceased to aim at the possession of the empire, The female is not veiled, for the reason which
unscrupulous as to the mt-ans.—PIr:'rAs avovsra, Beger gives in his Selection from the Tlseunmu
therefore, as expressive of natural affection, is Palatinus.-——“ Piety towards God was cus
an inscription congenial to the character of tomarily depicted in a veiled dress. But Piety
Titus, but the very reverse of applicable to such towards men without veil.”-——Smyth, p. 303.
a prince as Domitian. [There is a similar reverse on a silver coin
PIETAS AVG.—This legend appears on an of the same empress, except that the female
extremely rare silver coin of Alexander Severus, figure holds a patcra in her extended right hand
having for its type certain pontifieial and sacri over the heads of the two children before her.]
ficial instruments) which indicute that with the PIETAS FALERI.-—-A goat under a tree,
titlc of Cmsar all the sacerdotal otfices were with two children, one of which is sticking the
conferred upon Alexander, as on the destined udder of the animal, the other sits on the
successor to an imperial throne.—For on the ground; near it is an eagle; at the bottom a
death of Maerinus, Elagabulus being proclaimed thunderbolt.
Augustus, Alexander, the cousin-german of In his appendix to Vaillant, Khell has given
Elagabalus, was forthwith honoured with the a plate of this singular silver medallion of
appellation of Caesar by the Roman Senate. Gallienus, and also written copiously in illustra
Soon after this, by the persuasion of Julia tion of its mcaning.—“ His exposition of this
Maesa, who advised it as a means of removing type, however (says Eclrhel), is far-fetched; as
from him the general hatred, Elagabulus will be shewn by a comparison of it with the
adopted him and again declared him Caesar. following reverse on a silver coin of the same
Coins of llostilianns (gold and silver) exhibit Emperor, viz. -.—~
the same inscription and type, as indicating PIETAS SAECVLI.—A goat giving suck to
the piety of that young prince towards the gods, a child.—Silver of Gallienus.
on account of the priest-hood conferred upon him “ It is easy to perceive (adds the author of
as a candidate for the throne, afier the custom Doct. Nmn. Vet.) that allusion in thme coins is
first established by Augustus. made to the infant Jove nourished by a goat, to
PIETAS AVGG.—On a remarkably elegant which myth certain well-known coins of the
and rare silver coin of Philip senior there appear same age also allude, bearing the inscription
on the reverse the heads of Otacilia and of IOVI caascanri, and the type of the boy -/ore
Philip junior, fronting each other. The Em sealed on a gaal.——[On a brass medallion of
peror here denotcs his pioly, or love, towards Antoninns Pius, without legend, the in_/int
his wife and son, the latter of whom under the Jupiter appears riding on a goat beforean altar,
auspices of the empire he had nominated Caesar, on which is the figure of an eaglc.]—But to
whilst he takes care to inscribe the name round what do the infant twins -of the preceding coin,
the image of hoth.—[Vaillant.] inscribed Pielna Faleri, allude ‘P Khcll's opinion
PIETAS AVG. N.—A woman in a robe is that one boy relates to Jupiter, the other to
standing, holds out a globe in her right hand: a Saloninus (son of Gullienus) as likened to Jnpitcr,
boy at her feet. On silver of Otacilia Severa.— an opinion which, I fear, will not be approved
The boy who stands bcforc the figure, evidently by all learned nnmismatists. That by this
intended to represent the Empress, is her son ‘piely rf Me age’ was intended to shew the care
Philip, and the coin was designed to proclaim bestowed on infants by Gallicnus, alter the
 PIETAS. PILEUS. 629
example of Trajan and Antoninus, was an causing it to be struck, evidently intended to
opinion founded on extreme probability; for the record thereby the vows which they had put up
word pielas ofieu appears used in conjunction for the establishment of union and good under
with a. woman taking care of children, in place standing between the two brothcrs——an union
of which m/p.€aAu:ms now comes the self-same which might have subsisted had one of them
goat which nurtured Jove of old. Nevertheless devoted his attention to warlike affairs, and the
there was one erudite writer who dissented from other applied himself to those connected with
this interpretation.——In the next place it is to be the civil government. But, in questions of
observed, respecting the word FALERI, that it sovereign power and rule, Fratrum quoque
is perhaps inadvertently written for VALERI, gmfia rara est.”
seeing that there are coins inscribed VIRTVS Pll AVG. F. Pii Augusti FiIia.—Ou coins
VALERI, written short for VALER_Iana. And of Faustina junior, who was the daughter of
the name of Valcrianus, according to the Alex Antoninus Pius.
andrina coins, was applied to Gallienus, though P11 F. Pii Filiu.r.—This is read on coins of
it more properly belonged to his father, brother, M. Aurelius, Sept. Severus, Gets, and Cara
and son.” calla.
PIETAS DDD. NNN. AVGVSTORVM.— Pii Frat:-ea.—See Ampltinomus and Ampilu ,
Three figures standing, each clothed in the also Piela-1. _
paludamentum, and each holding a spear and PII IMPERATORIS.—See BONO oamo PI!
shield; the middle figure, which is the tallest, rrsrsasroars, on coins of Maximinus Daza.
has the nimbus over its head. The figure on the Pileur, a bonnet, or cap, composed by the
left is somewhat shorter, and that on the right ancients usually of woven wool. The form of
shorter still; both are without the nimbus; in the Roman pilei was varied; some were round,
the cxergue, 'rr:s0a.—'l‘here are two gold coins others resembled the helmet, others were shaped
of Valens of unusual weight, and similar to each almost like a pyramid, others again were of a
other, in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna, bear more depressed tonn. The Romans for the
ing this singular legend and type.—Eckhel, in most part went with the head naked, and dis
describing them, observes as follows :—“ That pensed altogether with the use of caps, except
the three upright figures are all of them men of on religious occasions, and the mtumalia, or
the Imperial house the triplicate D. and N. leave when on jonrnies and on military service. There
no doubt. During the reign of Valens, there are, moreover, examples of the sick, the aged
were on two occasions three Augusli in colleague men, and the newly afiranchiscd (the latter in
ship with each other. First the two brothers token of liberty), wearing the pileu-9.
Valmtinianus and Valera, and Gratianus the Pileati fraires; that is to say the brother;
son of Valentinian. At a later period (Valentini who have bmmet: or ca/pa.—Castor and Pollux,
anus the first being dead), there were Valens or the Dioscuri, are so called, because they are
and his two nephews (sons of the first Valentini represented with caps on their heads.
anus) Gralianu-I and Valenlinianua II. Pileatum capul, the bonneted head of Liberty,
The first trio cannot be intended to be repre appears on a coin of the Plancia family.
sented on the coins now in question, for the Pilei dua.—Two caps surmounted by stars
honour of the nimbus (or circlet of glory) would indicate the Dion-uri. Castor and Pollux were
not have been denied to Valens, who reigned in marked by stars, because those stars themselves
the East with equal power to that with which were believed to serve as s guide to mariners.—
Valentinianus governed the West; after which The starred caps of the Dioacuri are found on
fashion, on another coin of Valens, inscribed coins of the Cordia, Fonleia, and Vibia family.
GIDBIA nouanoavrl, we see each brother seated The Pileuc covers the head of certain provinces
on a common throne, and each adorned with the on Roman coins; of the Dioscuri on consular
refnlgcnt nimbus. It is, therefore, to be held coins; and it also appears on several of the
that these coins were struck alter the death of imperial series, usually as a provincial or foreign
Valentinianus I., and that he who stands in the head-dress.
midst is Valens (uncle to Gratian and to The Pileua, or cap of Liberty, appears
Valentinian the Second), to whom the honour between two daggers on s celebrated denarius of
of the nimbus is exclusively given from the the Junia family.—See EID. ruin. and r.1a1~:s-ras
ter reverence due to more advanced age.” r>.a. sas'rrrv'ra.——Also on coins of the Plwloria
PIETATI AVGVSTAE S.C. To the piety and Se-rtia families.—The Pileus was in fact
of the Empress.—On a first brass (bearing on the common symbol of liberty amongst the
its obverse the head of Julia Domna, with the Romans, and it was given to whomsoever
inscription rvr.u avovsra) the above legend emancipation from a state of servitude was
appears round its obverse, the type of which granted, in token of freedom conferred; as such
it occurs on numerous coins both in the Consular
represents a military figure crowned with laurel,
and in the Imperial scries.~—The Phrygian Pileus
and giving his hand to another figure clothed in
the toga. ln the midst of these two stands a was curved at the extremity. This is observed
third, also in the toga, and wearing a beard. on coins where the god I/unu-1, also Atys, the
Havercamp (in his notes on the Queen of companion of Cybcle, and Iulus, the son of
Swcdcu’s Cabinet) refers this fine medal to Aeneas, are adorned with it.
Caracalla and Gcta, the sons of Severus and of PI. MAX. Pius lilac-irnu.r.—On a first brass
his Empress. “The Senate (he observes) in of Commodns.

Z‘
' sao PINARIA. PINCENSIA.
PINARIA, a most ancient Roman family, of Pinarins, and the letters AI. denoting his African
the patrician order.—It4 was already a race of governorship.—(Eckhel vol. v. p. 272.)
great renown in the times of the monarchy. PINCENSIA (AELIANA). Withinscrown.
According to Livy, the Pinarii, together with the ——These words appear on a second brass, having
Potitii, had been appointed by Evander to the on its obverse the head of Hadrian, and on the
ministration of sacred rights paid to Hercules. reverse asnraxa PINCENSIA. Hardnin, and
The surnames of this family are Natta and even Froclich and Morel], have thought it
Scarpus.—Its coins consist of ten varieties. Irelsted to contests or feats of wrestling, &c.,
Some of the brass pieces are the As, or parts of celebrated in honour of Jilin: Hsdrianns, st
the As. And there arc others which were struck Pirmu in Mossia. But Eckhel diflers entinly
in honour of Mark Antony. from this opiuion—0hserving “that it is not
The following is in silver, and very rare, viz :— credible that games which required great expouc
sr. ANTO. cos. III. uu-2 11rr.—Head of Jupiter and vast preparations should have been insulated
Amman. in an iuconsiderable and scarcely known town of
Rev.—Vict0ry walking. Muzsia, especially as there is not a single example
On another, and the rarest, denarius of this of games inscribed on coins of cities in that
family, given in the Pembroke collection, the tract of country. But (he adds) we have many
obverse exhibits M. ANTO. cos. 111. nu. mr. coins struck in that region which commemorate
Jllart-us Antonius Consul Tertium Imperatar metalla, or mines—such as the Dalmatian, Pan
Quarlum. Head of Jupiter Ammon.-——Rev. nonian, and Dardanisn, with which the above coin
scanrvs IMP. A legioniuy eagle between two coincides in workmanship, magnitude, and also
ensigns, inscribed LEG. vm. in age; for only with the head of Trajan and of
The following are also amongst the rare Hadrian have we coins of the mines (mini
densrii of Pinarius Scarpus :— mefallorum), at least that are certain. Nor
oazsaa nrvr r. AVG. roiv'r.—Victory stand does the type of this coin difier from the fashion
ing with crown in right hand, and palm branch of those, for the epigrapb within a crown of
in left. laurel appears ulso in the Jletallum Norims
Reu.—IMP. causaar scam-vs mr. An open and the Melallum Aurelianum. If, therefore
hand in the middle of the ficld. we supply the omitted word metallwn, wlurh
avevsrvs nrvr 1'.-—Victory standing on a also we sec suppressed in the instances of two
globe, holds out a crown in her right hand. coins of Trajan, inscribed DABDANICI, we shall
1i.’ev.—1MP. CAESARI scaarvs IMP. A have the most suitable interpretation of tho
human hand in the field of the coin. meaning = usrsnna uznuuu PL\'CK.\'S'lA;
A first brass medal, with the conjoined por doubtless called Aelimuz from their author.
traits of Antony and Cleopatra, has 1.. PINAB. Aeliua Hadrianus, as we see the word Ulpiau
scanrvs me. ar., and a ship with sail spread on used to designate the Hetalla struck by order of
its reverse, given in Angeloni. The coins which Ulpiua Trajanus, and Pincens-ia, from Pintflii
have the type of Jupiter Ammon indicate that at which city they were fabricated.”
they were struck in Egypt, between the years PIO.—Ses mvo P10, on coins of Antonimu
719 and 726. Pius. .
The date of the first denarins, inscribed PIO IMP. OMNIA FELICIA. P. M. TR.
cos. III. (signifying that the honour of the P. XV. IMP. VIII. COS VI. P. P.—-i\’cptruvr
Consulate was then for the third time enjoyed standing, his left foot placed on the prow oil
by M. Antony), is thereby ascertained to be the vessel; a dolphin in his right hand.--Oppwlf
year v.c. 723. The account given by Dion is is the figure of the Emperor, clothed in the logs
eminently serviceable in explaining this medal, and veiled, with a pntera in his right haul.
viz. : That Antony, after his defeat at Actium, sacrificing at an altar.-—Bra.ss medallion 0i
directed his course into Africa, to join Pinarius Commodus. _
Scarpus, who was stationed there with an army The singular form of words inscribed on ll!!!
to defend Egypt, but that, not being received by reverse Eckhcl would consider to relate to ll}?
Scarpus, he was obliged to proceed in another vota xx, dischargd in the year when the 00"!
direction, without attaining his object. 'l‘here was struck (about A.D. 190). “ Did not thclypf
is no doubt that the Scarpus whose name appears of Neptune militate against such an interpn:t:~
on this denarius was that individual; for it was tion. Perhaps, thcreforc, this type has H mm‘
first struck just about the time of Autony’s spcctive allusion to some sea voyage, iflfll “Si
downfall. Moreover, the type of Jupiter Ammon Lnmpridius tells us, was often announced I0 l'°
points to the African Pra:-fccture held by Pinarius. in contemplation by Commodus, either for mm
t may be concluded, therefore, that the present or for fictitious reasons." _
coin was struck in that province. The denarius .Pir¢>m.', anymph transformed into s fountain
of the Pembroke Museum, also above quoted, Hcr clligy appears on a colonial coin of Corifllllv
shows by the military standards (and inscription struck under Septirnius Severus, and also 011 °_“'
LEG. vm.) on it, that the command of the army of the same colony, dedicated to Planllli
had devolved on Scurpus. And the opinion (Vaillant’s Col. ii., pp. 9 and 51). The f)'l>'~’
which, on this point, I have just stated, is frilly
represents her sitting on n rock, with I 1'11!‘ 1“
borne out by a brass coin published in Angcloni’s her right hand. Pirene is seated on a ro<'l\'_\' lull,
work, the legend of which, if rightly given, to indicate the city of Corinth, where she f\"
furnishes us with Lvcrvs as the prcuomen of worshipped, and her spring of water llov-‘oi ml”
 PlSO.—PlUS.—PLACIDIA. PLAETORIA. 631
the town; hence she holds the urceur or water says (vol. ii. p. 377), " The continental numis
pot, just as her symbol is represented in the matista doubt its authenticity [Eckhel does not
citadel of Corinth.——See Corint/nu. mention this Plaeidia at all] ; but it is certainly
PISO, a noble surname peculiar to the a genuine coin. It is, however, not so certain
Calpurnia family. that it belongs to the wife of 'Olybrius ; since
I’ I-50 CAB PIO Pisoaml Gepio Quaslores. the coins of Gulls Plncidiu, wife of Constant-ius“
-——'I‘his appears on the obverse of a deuarius of IlI., have legends and types very similar. The
the Calpurnia family, with the type of a bearded wife of Constnntius III. may have home the
head crowned with laurel: behind a sickle, and name of Aclia as well as that of Gallo, in which
below a trident.—On the reverse, AD. ruv. EMV. case the coin in question would certainly appear
EX. s. C. Ad fruges enmndmr or emendar, or to belong to her, instead of to the consort of
ml frummtum emunzlum. Two figures in the Olybrius.”
toga, sitting between two ears of corn.—Sec AD. M. Hennin says that the Empress appears
ruv. uMv.—Also see Calpuruia. only on a leader: coin of O/_ybriu.r.
PIVS.——fi[elc/lua, sou of Numidicus, was PLAE. TRAN. Plaeioriua Tranquillus.
thus surnnmed, because through his tears and PLAET. sometimes in separate letters; at
prayers he obtained the revocation of his father's others with the AET joined in a knot; also
sentence of banishment from Rome. Hence the PLAETOB. P/aeloriruu; the family name of
common surname which appears on coins of the the house of Plretoria.
(Jzecilin family Q. METEL. r1vs.—-See Cc-m'lia. PLAETORIA, a plebeian family, of Sabine
PIVS is a surname which, after Sextus Pompey, origrin. They had the surname of Ce.9iian1t.r.
was borne by the Pm!/pain family. Fifty-seven varieties of the coins of this family
PlVS.—Ncarl_v all the Roman Emperors, from arc engraved by Morell, all silver; amongst
Antoniuus to Julian the Apostate, appear by which there arc pieces struck in honour of
their respective coins to have assumed this Brutus, including the celebrated one that bears
venerable, but in most instances unmcrited, the subjoincd legend and type :—sav'r. IMP.
epithet. L. PLAET. or-‘.S'l‘. Brulu; Imperatar: Lucius
P. I VVENT. Princeps or Principi Juventutis. Plmlorius Cestianur. Bare head of Marcus
P. K. Percussa moneta KartIuz_qine.—Money Brutus, the stabbcr of Ca2sar.—1fev. EID. MAR.
struck at Carthage. Eidus Marliw. A cap of liberty between two
P. L. Percusm Moneta Lu_yduni.—Money daggers.—This very rare deuarius was struck by
struck at Lyon (France) Lucius Plmtorius, who took part with Brutus in
PL. I’/ebi.!.—AI-II). PL. Aedile: Plebis.— the civil war.—Sce BRVTV8 IMP.
Edile of the people. A female head; a globe or some other symbol
P. L. Pub/iu.r Liciniu.v.—-P. L. VALEBIANVS behind. No legend.—Rev. M. PLAETOR (or
euzssn. Valerianur jun. rnssrom) ensr. s. c. Youthful bust placed on
PLA. or PLAC. Placidiua.—D. N. PLA. a plinth, on which is inscribed sous.—l<‘or an
vsI.s1~."r1NiANvs svo. explanation of this dcnarius see the word sous.
PLACIDIA (Gall/1), daughter of Theodosius I.—The first dcnarius has the efiigy of Sors,
the Great and of Galla, second wife of that or chance.—And according to Ciccro, Sors, idem
prince. Being detained at Rome as a hostage propemoelum, quad micare, quad laloa jacere,
by Alnric, she afterwards was married to that quad teneraa, guibua in rcbus temeritas cl
Visigothic King’s successor, Ataulphus, A.D. cum, non ratio nee conailium valet.—De Divin.
4l4.—Atau1phus being slain, Plaeidia was re lib. ii.
stored to her brother Houorius, and her first Il.—A female head, with hair gathered up in
widowhood terminated by Constantius III. a kind of net work.—Rev. M. PLAETOBI easr.
(Pairidm) taking her to wife A.D. 417. He S. C. The pediment or triangular summit of
also dying, she retired into private life, which the portieo of a temple.—Eckhel thinks it pro
extended till 450, when she expired at Rome. bable the reverse type is intended to represent
All her coins, especially gold, and second and the temple of Den sous.
third bran, are of extreme rarity. On these III.-cnsrrsrvvs s. e. Female bust, winged,
she is styled GALLA PLACIDIA. 1>.r. AVG. and helmeted; before it a. eornucopizr, behind
PLACIDIA, daughter of Valentinian III., it a quiver.—1i'ev. M. PLA]:7l‘0RIVS M. r. sen.
and wife of Olybrius, to which Emperor she CVR. An eagle with wings displayed, standing
was married in A.D. 462. on a thunderbolt. The type on each side is
—On a gold coin of the within an ornamented circle.
greatest rarity she is IV.-—casr1.uvvs. The head of a woman,
styled AEL. PLACIDIA turret~erowned, before which is a globe.——Rev.
AVG.-—Tllt3 reverse bearsM. emu-rromvs. um. cvn. A curule chair.
the inscription vor. xx. V.——A juvenile head, with long hair.—Rev.
Mvu-. xxxr. Victory M. PLAETORI cnsr. EX. s. e. A caduceus.
holding a long cross: VI.—A female head, with reticulated coitfurc.
above it is a star. In On others MONETA, with head of Moneta.—
the exergue couos. Rev. M. PLAETOIII cnsr. ex. s. c. The gullu:
This aureus is in the collection of the British (or eruet) and a lighted torch.
Museum. Mr. Akcrman, who has given an vII.——~1l0NE"l‘A. s. c. Head of the Goddess
engraving of it in his Dacriptive Cataloyue, Moueta.-—Rev. L. PLAETOBI. 1.. r. Q. s. c. A
632 PLANCUS. PLANCUS.—PLANCIA.
naked man running, holding something in each the Consul Plancus was invested. The first
hand. is a denarius, bearing on one side the head of
“It were wearisome (says Eckhel) to detail Julius C-uar, with the legend DIVVS I\'L\'S,
in what manner both Vaillant and Hsvercamp and on the reverse L. MVNATI PLANCVS
have attempted to explain the doubtful type, PR.AEFect:u VRBi:.—Thc second is a gold coin
which appears on the above coin (No. VII.) I of the consular class, having on its obverse C.
think it better that the point should be left in a CAESAR DICT. TER.., with a head of Victory,
state of uncertainty.” winged on the shoulders, and on the reverse the
The coins numbered III. and IV. of the sacrificial vase named Prayer-iculum, used to
above bcar record to the cnrule edileship (AED. contain the wine with which the victim
ova.) of Plaatorius. Cicero himself notices was sprinkled at the altar.—The legend, L.
Plaatorius as having conducted himself memor PLANCVS PRAEF. or PR. VRB., is the same
ably in that magistracy, and the types of the as the preceding one.
coins seem to allude to the same fact. The The third is a denarius, inscribed on its reverse
sella curulis places this beyond dispute. The 1.. MVNATIVS PRO cos.—Scc Munatia familv.
eagle and the turreted head of Cybele indicate Plum,-u.s, afier Ca:sar’s death, leaned sinne
that the public games sacred to Jupiter and times towards one side, sometimes towards
Mater Magus were, as usual, caused to be per another, always, however, declaring himself in
formed by the curule ediles. But the bust of favour of the dominant party. An able and
the female winged and helmeted on coin No. profound politician, from the moment that he
III., unless it be a pantheon, which the union saw civil war approaching, he decided for
of attributes would seem to shew, is of the Octavian, to whom every probability sugared
enigmatical kind. Nor are the coins V. and VI. success. _A refined and highly cultivated intellect,
sutlicieiitly open to a rational interpretation, to an exquisite literary taste, a prudent though
make it worth while to dwell upon the investiga timid conduct, a character whose supplenas
tion of their respective meanings. could accommodate itself to times and circum
PLANC. Flam.-u-r, the surname of the stnnees—these were the qualities which, added
Munalia family. to great skill in the management of public
PLANCVS COS.—The bare head of Munatius affairs, both civil and military, together with the
Plancus. favours of fortune, carried lllunatiau Plaacdl
Rev. s. i>. Q. a. os. crv. sr.n.—1Vatlu'1i an to the pinnacle of honours and ' ‘ties under
aaken crown. A medal, in large and middle Julius Caesar, under Mark Antony, and under
brass, bearing the above legend and type, formerly Octavian. During his lifetime he had caused 1
belonged to the cabinet of M. D‘Ennery. A magnificent mausoleum to be built near Guts,
similar one was published by Goltzius, and, at a on an eminence which commanded a view of the
much later period, was given in the Pembroke ‘sea, where he doubtless had a villa. This monu
collection; but in both these instances the word ment, which has been preserved to the present
cos is wanting. time, is described as a model of purity in its
The author of the Catalogue d’Em|er_y pro design and of elegance in its ornaments, this
fesses to regard each of these coins as genuinely proving the good taste of the individual who had
antique, and supposes them to have been struck destined it to contain his ashes.—There is yet to
by the I/ugdunerues (people of Lyon, in France), be seen, in the court of the Hotel de Ville, at
in gratitude to L. Munatius Plancus, who planted B_a.sle, in Switzerland, the statue which that
that colony of the Romans. (Eckhel v., 258.) city raised in 1528 to the memory of Plasm,
This extremely rare medal could not, in the founder of the Roman colony of Aug-rt. (Auguste
opinion of M. Visconti, have been issued as Raumcorum.)
money. “ It is known,” says this learned numis The inscription on the above-mentional monu
matist, that “on the occasion of feasts and of ment at Gaeta, of which Grater furnishes the
funeral games, medals were struck, which served following copy, clearly explains those on the
as tessehz, or admission tickets to the public denarii and other coins of the Jlunatia family :—
shows, and were distributed among the people. L. Jlunatius L. F. L. N. L. Fran. Planes!
The one before us exhibits on one side the head 6'04‘. Gena. Imp. iler. VIIvir epul. tnlnnp. er
of Plannus, at a very advanced age. The legend Raetia, aedem Satumifecii, de masubiia agnu
records his name and dignity, PLANCVS C05. diviait in Ilalia Bmeneuti, in Gallic colonic:
(Plancus Consul). The type of the reverse is a d_edu.1-it Lugdunum et Rauricam. “Lucius Muns
representation of the civic crown, which that tius Plancns, son of Lucius, grandson of Lurins,
consul had caused to be ofi’cred by the Senate great grandson of Lucius: Consul, Censor, de
to Octavian, with the title of Au_qu.rtu.r, and clared general of the army for the second time;
which was to be suspended before the gate of one of the seven superintendents of the banquet
his palace. The inscription, engraved within the of the gods; triumphed over the Rhscti; built,
centre of this crown, announces it to have been out of the spoils of the enemy, the temple of
decreed by the Senate and by the Roman people Saturn; divided amongst the soldiers the lands
to the saviour of the citizens: s.i>.Q.a. on CIVES of Beneventum in Italy; established two colonies
ss:sv.\ros.”—(Sce Iconoympliie Romaine, Part in Gaul (namely), Lugdunum and Raiiricn.
i, p. 152.) _ Plancia was a plebeian family, for some of
There are, as is well known, three more medals, its members bore office as tribnnes of the
which recall to mind the dignities with which people. It has no Latin cognomen, but on iis
 PLAUTIA . PLAUTLA. 633
Greek coins the surname of Veru-9 is read. Of types of this denarius; Vaillant refers it to the
eight varieties, one rare denarius is noted, viz., Appollinariau games, and Havercamp supposes
C. PLANCIVS. AEDilis CVRuli.r S. C. A it to have been struck in the East from the
female head covered with the pileua, ornamented efligy of Aurora. But Eckhel refers to Ovid
with ear-rings, and a collar of pendent gems. for a lucid explanation. It seems that the
Rev. without inscription: a goat, a bow, and a minstrels or flute-players (libicines), who were
qn.iver.—Beger, remarking on this coin, says= accustomed to be employed in public festivals,
“this mountain or forest goat, probably of having taken offence at the behaviour of the
Lybia, is, together with the bow and quiver, a Censor Appius Claudius towards them, quitted
sign of hunting, which connects itself with the Rome and retired to Tibur ('1‘ivoli).—The
edileship. For Cicero hath testified that the Romans, however, not being able to dispense
business of superintending the public sports, with their services, which were so much in re
amongst which the chase of wild beasts was quest at theatricals, sacrifices, and funeral
customary, belonged specially to the Ediles.”-— dirgcs, the second Censor Plautins undertook
According to Visconti, quoted by Eckhel (v., to calm the popular irritation excited by his
275), the woman's head was intended to repre colleague. But in order to bring these mime:
sent Diana, as mention is made of an ancient back to Rome he employed the following
marble of nuns PLANCIANA, who is supposed strata.gem;—He went to Tibur, ingratiated him
to have been worshipped by the Plancii, and to self with the voluntary exiles, gave them a
have received this appellation from them. The banquet; and having plied them liberally with
attributes on the reverse arc also evidently those wine, had no difliculty, in prolonging con
of Diana, as goddess of hunting.—M. Plancius viviality, to steep their senses in the /at/re of
Varns appears as pro-consul, on coins of cities, intoxication. In this state he caused a mask to
in Bithynia, during Vespasian’s reign. be placed over the face of each, in order that
PLAVTIA was a plebeian family, as is indi they might not be recognised by the magistnwy,
cated by the tribnnes of the people elected and conveyed them in a carriage to Rome, where
therefrom, but some of its members enjoyed the he deposited them in the middle of one of the
public places. At break of day (the Auram) all
highest, viz., the consular and triumphal honours
of the republic (Ant. Augustino). Its sumames the people ran to the spot and welcomed the
on coins, of which there are nine varieties (in tibia-inc: with an universal shout of laughter.
silver), are Hypsmu and .Plancu.r.——Under the They were at length induced to be again on good
former cognomen there are two denarii of terms with the public. And in memory of the
historical interest, viz. :- event which had thus taken place, L. Plaulius
P. vrssz. s. c. A female head encircled with Plant-us, one of the Censor Plautius’ descendants,
a broad fillet: behind it a dolphin. In others, stamped on one side of his medal the masque
the head of Neptune: behind it is a trident. which we see, and on the other the figure of
Rev.—c.Yrs.u:. cos. PBIV. cnrrr. (or rnmvaa Aurora, which shews that the consummation of
can.) Jupiter, the fulminator, in a quadriga the scheme in question occurred at sun-rise.—
at full speed. Leaving out the rest of Ovid's verses (Fast. vi.
In the year of Rome 413, C. Plautius, being 651), Eckhel concludes with giving the following
consul, took Privernum, a town of the Volsci, extract :—
and triumphed on the occasion of that conquest. Jamque per Esquilias Romanam inlraverat urbem,
P. HYPSAEVS. AED. CVR. C. HYPSAE Et .\rAs1~; in media plaustrafuers for-o.
COS. PREl\-'ERmnn CAP'l'Vm.—Jupiter in a YLA\'1‘f\'S, at posse! specie numu-aqua senatum
quadriga at full speed, brandishing the thunder Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi.
bolt.
1?ev.—1\l. scava. arm. cvs. EX. s. c. aux If a narrative like this affords us but a low
ABr.'l‘as.—A1'eta.s kneeling beside a camel oflers idea of Roman civilization in the earlier days of
a branch of olive.-—'I'his denarius is explained, the republic, it should be recollected that the
in reference to Scaurns, in noticing the Aemilia festivals of Europe in the middle ages were many
fnmily—slso see Rea: Areta-r. of them indebted to as rustical and strange an
P. Hypszeus and M. Scaurus served the edile origin.
ship together in the year v.c. 696 (B.c. 58), There is another coin of the Plaulia family,
and the coin commemorates on one side the on the obverse of which is the head of a
submission of Aretas, King of Arabia, to the woman, crowned with towers, and the inscrip
Roman arms under M. Scaurus; and on the tion A. rnavrrvs sap. ova. s. 0.; and on the
other the capture of Privernum, mentioned in reverse the inscription BACCHIVS rvmavs.
the foregoing. Bacchius kneeling, holds a camel by the bridle
Connected with the surname of Plancus, we with his lcfi hand; in his right a branch of
have the following interesting medal of the olive. Since of the Plautii it is only the
Plautia family. Silvani that are found with the przenomen of
L. PLA\"l‘IVB.—A masque representing a Aulus, Havercamp justly conjectures that the
vvoman’s head, of which the hair is formed of present denarius must be referred to some one of
serpents, like that of Medusa. these. The head on the obverse alludes to the
Rev.—r>1..\xcvs. Aurora winged, conducting games of the Mater Jlayna, which used to be
the four coursers of the sun. celebrated by the Cnrule Ediles, as we have
Various interpretations have been put on the stated respecting a similar head on coins of the
4M

F
634 PLAUTILLA. PLOTINA.
Plsatoria fami1y.—But the reverse offers a sub entire people into two ranks or orders.—To such
ject not recorded by historians, viz., Bacchius as in the general state were conspicuous for
-Tudmus in the same suppliant posture, in which wisdom and wealth, and were qualified to furnish
we find King Aretas on coins of iEmilius him with good counsel in government, he gar:
Scaurus.—It cannot, therefore, be questioned, the appellation of Patrea. All the rest we-c
that at the same time that Cn.Pompcy, through called Plebs, or the common people. These,
the agency of Scaurus, brought Aretas to terms, therefore, who were ex plebe went nnder the
he imposed conditions, through A. Plautius, on denomination of Plebeii, or Plebeians; whilst
Bacchius, then as it would appear the Governor those 0.2: patribus were called Pat:-icii, or
of Arabia, and by religion a Jew; and that he Patric-ians.—Each class had its peculiar rights.
afierwards recorded this success on the denarii And in the earlier ages the principal power was
struck during his mdilcship. vested in the patrieians, who exclusively bore
PLAVTILLA (Jana Fulvia), daughter of oflice in the government and magistrary of
the enormously rich Plnutianus, and the unhappy Rome. In process of time, however, almost
wife of the cruel Caracalla, to whom she was all the privileges, at first solely enjoyed by the
married A.D. 202, her arrogant and conceited patriciaus, whether in relation to the senate, the
father having, it is said, priesthood, the magistracy, or the judgment
given with her a dowry seat, were extended to the common people.
which would have sufficed Hence the plebeiua ardo embraced within in
to portion oil‘ fifty queens. extensive scope not only artilans and other
This young Empress had a persons of low estate, but also the greatest and
fine figure, regular features, most illustrious members of the republic.
and might have been esteem Plebia wila, as Pomponius Fcstus explains it.
ed a beauty, but for the were those laws, statutes, or ordinances, which
imperious manner in which were made by the aggregate vote and consent of
she behaved to everybody, not excepting the common people, without the senate, oniho
even her husband, who soon returned her petition of the plebeian magistracy.
haughtiness with deadly hatred. At the instiga Pleb: is sometimes used in contradistiartiou
tion of Caracalla, she was banished by Sept. to Populm, as designating the vilest class of ll)!
Severus to the isle of Lipari, where, after city's inhabitants.—On the other hand, it is:
languishing miserably amidst constant alarms word by which is understood the whole state, no
and total privations till the commencement of far as it consisted of patricians and plebeians.
her husband’s reign, she was assassinated by his .Plecirum.— An instrument which was em
order a.n. 212 (after seven years suffering), along ployed to strike the chords of the Greeianlym
with a daughter whom she had by this union, or cit/uznz.—-'l'he plectrum and lyre are found
and whom the same exccrable tyrant caused to on coins of the Junia family, and in the right
be slain as the companion of her exile.—The hand of Apollo on gold and silver coins of
coins of Plautilla are extremely rare in gold, but Augustus, also of Nero, M. Aurelius, andth:
common in silver, with exception of some Pomponia family.
reverses. First brass are the rarest, second and P. LIC. or LICI. Publiw Li¢-im'u:.—lt ii
third brass not so searce.—Some silver pieces of thus rcad on a coin of Valerian, sen., DIP. P
this Empress represent her with Caracalla.—Her LICI. VALERIANVS AVG.
name and title on Latin coins is thus inscribed PLON. PecuniaLondinen.ri.r —.\l'one_\'ooins1
PLAVTILLA .\vo., or PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE. at Londininm, now London.—-See coins of Cori
PLEB. PIe6z'.s.—Of the common people. stantine the Great and of his family, in lir
c. v.u..—c. smir. sen. PLEB,—Caius Valeriu-I Akerman’s “Coins of the Romans relating W
and Caius Sertus Ediles P126119. Britain.”
PLEBEI VRBANAE FRVMENTO CON Plolia, the same (says Eelrhel) as PIaxlia.—
STITVTO. S.C.—A modius, or measure, out In like manner also Claudius and Clodi|L~‘:
of which issue corn-ears and s poppy.—-On a Canponius and Copouius; Faustulus and foe
rare large brass of Nerva. tulus; &c.
Plebe Urbana, as used in the above inscription, c. PLOTIVS. nvrvs. mvra A_A.A.P.l-‘. appear“?
means only the lowest and most indigent class on brass coins of Augustus. This perhaps isihe
of the population of Rome, who had. from the Plotius Rufus whom Snetonius states to ll!"
earliest period been accustomed to receive gra conspired against Augustus.
tuitous distributions of corn for food. Under PLOTINA (Pmnpeia), the Empress ofTrajan.
the imperial government, these donations became had been married to that prince whilst as yet hf
regular in their periods of delivery, and fixed in himself was in a private station. On his mt?
their proportions to each citizen.—They are to sion to the empire, she accompanied himn! 1115
be regarded as totally distinct from the largesses entry into Rome, amidst the universal salt!!!‘
made to the whole body of the Roman people, tions of the people, whose admiration 811'-' hid
n.ndcr the names of Libera/ilaa or of Congiarium. won, not less by her humility and modesty Um
-—The poppy is associated with the ears of corn, by her noble-mindedness and her exalted fortune
as being also a plant dedicated to Cere.r.—See This princess, amiable in disposition, digaifiai
Frumentaria! Laryitionrr. in manners, rich in intellectual endovrmfllltli "'3
Plebeii, those who belonged to the commonalty truly benevolent in all her actions, conffflfd
(qui ea: plebe erant).—-Romulus divided the honour by her virtues on the throne itself; "J
 PLOTINA. POBLICIA. 635
greatly added to the glory of hcr husband's reign of one of Constantine the Great’s third brass,
by the wisdom of hcr councils, and the fidelity and is the only instance of the kind extant,
appears to have originated in the fancy of some
pious mint-master, who prays for Plurimi Natale:
Felice! to Constantine. The Kalendars assign
three natal days to that Emperor; one the
natural time, or, as it was called, yenuinue ; the
second, on which he was created Caesar ,- the
third, when he was proclaimed Augustus.
[Eclrhel, D.N.v., viii., 72.]
RM. Ponti/‘ea: flla.z'imua'.——Grand or Sove
reign Pontitf. This appellation is, after the reign
of Gallienns, more rarely expressed on the coins
of succeeding princes, On which at length we
find P.r. AvG., or Pia: Felix Augustus, in
scribed, other titles being almost entirely
omitted.
with which she repaid his unbounded confidence. P. MAX., or PON MAX, or PONT., or
She lived in perfect union with Marciana, the PONTIF MAX., and sometimes with the words
sister of Trajan ; and those two ladies received at full length, PONTIFEX l\lAX]MVS., is very
each from the Senate the title of svovsra, at frequently read on imperial coins from Augustus
the moment when that great Emperor accepted to the time of Gallienus, and, indeed, is found
the appellation of PATER P1n'nIs1c.—It was almost always to take priority before the other
through her influence that Trajan consented to imperial titles. And this we may readily suppose
give his grand niece Sabina in marriage to to have been done, in order that by such s union
Hadrian; and it is even asserted that at her of the priestly and imperial functions in their
earnest entreaty, her husband on his death bed own single persons, the Emperors might make it
adopted the above-named prince as his successor. known to the world that the Senate and people
—Plotina, who had followed Trajan in his eastern of Rome invested them with the supreme admin
expedition, returned after his death to Rome, istration as well of sacred and religious affairs,
with the urn of gold, containing the ashes of her as of the civil and military business of the state.
imperial spouse.-—The death of this celebrated P.M.S. COL. VIM. Provincia Jloesia
woman took place A.D. 129, and the deifying Superiori: Calonia Viminiacum ,- vel Vimimzcium.
honours of consecration were bestowed upon her —Colony of Viminiacum, in the province of
by the Emperor Hadrian.—Her coins are very Upper Moesia (now Widin, in Servia).
rare in gold; rarer in silver and first brass, and P.M. T.R. P. VII. COS P.P. Pontife.rMa.z-i
unknown in second and third. She is styled mus, Ifibunilia Polesfale Scplimum, Consul,
PLOTINA AVG. IMP. TRAIANI. Some represent Paler .Palria.—On a gold coin of Gallienns.
her with Trajan, Matidia, and Hadrian. P. MAX. Part/iicua 1lIu.z*imua.—Caracalla.
The colonial coins of Plotins are, according is thus denominated.
to Vaillnnt, of the highest degree of rarity. P. MET. SID. Pia Metropolis Sz'don.—See
Amongst the Latin are Cassendreia in Macedonia, Sidon.
and Corinth in Achaia. P.N. Publii Nepos.-A frequent abbreviation
Plumbei Numi. Leaden Coius.——“ Roman on denurii of Roman families.
coins in lead (says Pinkerton) are all extremely PNR.—'I'hese letters are found on a third
rare. Most of them are pieces struck or cast on brass coin of Claudius. The reverse type of it
occasions of the Saturnalia. Others are for is a right hand holding a balance, between the
tickets to the guests at festivals and private scales of which are these initials.-——llavercamp
exhibitions, some for public. The common and others interpret them Pondus Numi Romani.
tickets for the theatres seem to have been lead, Eclrhel agrees with Bellori in thinking it better
as well as bone." Ficoroni, in his Piombi explained by Panda: Numi Rerlitulum.-[D.N.V.,
Anliclii, has published a numerous and curious vi., 238.]
collection of leaden coins from his own cabinet. PO. Pon!g'/'e.r.—-PO. MAX. Pauli er
He observes that “in Rome leaden coins must Jlarimus.-—On a first brass of Galba.
PO. R0mmu'.—On
have been pretty ancient, for Pluutus mentions Populi l’0puIi.—FELICl'l‘A'l‘EM PO. III.
afirst. brass of Gordian R. i
them in one or two passages of his plays; and a
few imperial ones have been found, but they are PO. PoleslaIe.—'l‘R. PO., &c. Tribunilill
chiefly trial pieces, in order to enable the artist Polcslalc.-—On a first brass of Hadrian.
to judge of the progress of the die. Others are POBLICIA, aplcheian family, but of consular
those which have been plated by forgets, but the ranlr. Its cognornen on coins is Malleolus.
covering worn 08'.” Many of these lcaden pieces There are fifteen varieties, all of silver, on some
have been found of late years in the Thames at of which a small hammer or mallett is engraved,
London liridgc.—Sce Eckhel, Numi Plumbei, evidently alluding to the surname Malleolns, but
vol. viii., 317-318. See also Rasche, Plumbci none of these are scarce or of historical interest,
Numi. except a denarius of Cneius Pompey, the son
PLVR. NATAL. FEL.—This epigraph, which (without his portrait), which bears the name of
appears within an oaken garland, on the reverse l the family.
4M2
636 POMPEIA. POMPEIUS.
M. rosnrcr. LEG. rno. rn.——Head of Minerva. branch, treating the fable of Romulus and
Rev.—cN. MAGNVS urP.—Pompey the Great, Remus being suekled by a wolf as true history,
in a military habit, with his right foot on the and assuming himself to be a descendant of the
prow of a ship, is receiving a palm branch, which shepherd Faustulua, who, according to that
a female figure (with two javelins and a small ancient figment, adopted and brought up the
shield) is offering to his acceptance. twin brothers, caused a silver coin to be struck,
According to the received opinion, this silver on the reverse of which the subject in question
coin was struck by M. Poblicius, propraztor, is represented as follows :-—
under Pompeius Magnus, and the type signifies ssx. POM. rosrr.vs.—Romnlus and Remus
the benignant reception of that Roman Imperator taking nourishment from their four-footed nurse
by the Genius of Spain, at the period when he
landed in that country to assist in carrying on
the war against Sertorius. (See Pompeia family.)
Au almost similar subject appears on the reverse
of a denarius of Minatius Sabinus.—See Minatia.
Poem militares. Military punishmeuts.——
Well aware of the advantages to be derived in
their armies by a prompt and liberal attention to
the reward of valour, the Romans were no less
convinced of the bad consequences resulting from
too great indulgence; and accordingly, they of the forest, beneath the shade of a fig tree.
manifested the same strictness in chastising A woodpecker or magpie is perched on a branch
cowardice and relaxation of discipline. Amongst of this tree, and the shepherd Faustulus, in the
the military punishments of this truly warlike attitude of admiration, appears contemplating
people were decimation (or death inflicted on one this extraordinary group.
in ten) in cases of mutiny against the general. Inthiscase Fostlus is read instead of Fnuainlsx,
Deserters were publicly whipped, and sold as the same as Cladius was written for Claudi-‘H,
slaves. Cowardice in an individual soldier, if and vinclmn for vinculmn.
not with death, was punished with degradation POMPEIVS Magma Cnarius (commonly called
and prohibition to wear arms again. For sedition Pompey the Great) was born in the year of
a legion or a corps would be broken with infamy. Rome 648, one hundred and odd years before
For exhibiting want of courage in face of an the Christian era. His father, Pompeius Strabo,
enemy, a whole body of troops would be deprived was of a distinguished Roman family, through
of their rations of wheat, and obliged to live on whose care he received the highest advantages of
barley; they were also made to take up their education. Of alofty genius, vannting ambition,
quarters out of the enclosure of the camp, exposed and
life, heroic
and at courage,
nineteen he
years of embraced
early age gaineda s famous
to the enemy. Nor were either generals or
consuls exempt from condign punishment and victory over the Marsi, in Gaul. At twenty
disgrace, if found guilty of gross misconduct, three, he received the title of IMPzral0r from
treachery, or peeulation. Sylla, the Dictator. Was honoured with I
A military punishment is thought to be triumph"for his conquests in Sicily nud Afrivr-i
represented on a denarius of the Didie family, Three times he served the oflice of Consul, and
inscribed r. nn11>r., Titi Didii, wherein a the last time (in the year of Rome 702) had the
centurion is seen beating a soldier, who is unique distinction conferred on him of being
supposed to be stopped in the act of dcscrting named Sole Consul. The senate having, Willi
from the camp.—-See Didia. the title of PROcon.ml, given him unlimited
POL. Pallio, a surname found on Corinthian power as a naval commander, he destroyed Wii-11
colonials. his fleets the piratical marauders who had long
Pollux, the son of Jupiter, brother of Castor. ravaged the coasts of Italy. Supremely skilled
—See Dioscuri. in the art of war, his valour and success, in 3
POM. signifies the Pompeia family. numerous series of brilliant actions, established
POMP. Pompih'ua.—r=o1rr. Pompanius. him in the opinion of his contemporariesas one
P0mpeia.——'l'his was a plebeian, but at the of the first captains that ever commanded m
same time a consular family, which derived its army. Besides terminating the revolt of Se!10Ti'-15
name, it is said, from Pompeii, a town of Cam in Spain, he vanquished Tigranes, King Of
pania. Certain it is that it furnished the Republic Armenia, routed the great Mithridates, sovereign
of Rome with several illustrious citizens. The of the Medes and Parthians, took the temple of
surnames of this family, as they appear on coins, Jerusalem, and reduced a part of Judaea; lid
are Fausiulus, Maynus, Pius, Ru ¢.r.—Thcre for all these victories enjoyed triumphal honours
are thirty-three varieties, amongst which we of the most magnificent kind at Rome. Hence
find some rare types in gold and silver. Of the on some coins Pompey is seen in a triumphs]
latter metal, some pieces are extant, struck by quadriga, crowned by a figure of Victory. if
Sertus Pompey, with srscmvs, one of the ' was for these splendid exploits that the title of
surnames of this family, borne by Cu. Pornpeius. Magnus, or Great, was awarded to him. BB‘
—The brass coins of the Pompeii are the As, or blinded by false ambition, and aiming at the
its parts. mastership of the Republic, he formed Willi
Of this Pompeia family, one of the Faustulua Julius Caesar and Crassus the first .T2-isn:rira!#
 POMPEIUS. POMPONIA. 637
Soon after qnarrelling with his more artful rival, Julius Caesar, who at length defeated them at
a civil war ensued, and Pompey was defeated at the battle of Munda, in Spain (70iJ).—Cna:ius
Pharsalia. At this adverse turn of his afi‘-airs he Pompey was slain in his flight from that
showed himself as deficient in fortitude as his disastrous field. But Sextns, though alone,
friends in fidelity. Seeking the protection of continued to lead the army of the Republic, and
Ptolemy in Egypt, he was basely assassinated carried on the war with so much resolution that
within sight of Alexandria by Achillas, the Octavius and Antony came to terms with him,
prefect of that pertidious king, in the year of and the senate conferred upon him the title of
Rome 706; before the birth of Christ 48 PRAEF. ems. (Admiral of the Fleet) in 7l0.—
years.—His style on coins (which in each metal But with characteristic inconstancy he soon
are of great, and some of excessive, rarity) is quarrelled with Octavius, who sent Agrippa
)lAG.\TVS.—llAGN. (or naoxvs) PRO. COS.—CN. against him with a powerful navy. The result
HAGN. 1m>1-Jiuroa. was the total defeat of Sextus, who lost the
Some pieces represent him with his sons, greater part of his vessels, and was compelled,
Cmzius Po1n_1zeiu.: and iS'c.rtu.r Pompeiua.—There for his own immediate safety, to join Mark
is a fine portrait of this celebrated man on a Antony against Octavius. This alliance was
silver coin, inscribed MAG1rus' PIVS IMPerator short-lived; disagreeing with Anthony, he fled
I'l‘ERum. The bare head of Pompey is between into Phrygin, and being abandoned by all his
the liluua and the prwfericulum, as denoting his soldiers, fell into the bands of one of Antony’s
augural dignity. On the reverse the legend is oflicers, who caused him to be beheaded on the
rmu-sr. oaan. naarr. a'r c1.as., allusive to his banks of the river Sargaris in 719 (11.0. 35).
supreme naval command against the corsairs of On his coins (gold and silver) he is styled s.
the Mediterranean. The accompanying type Pour. )lAGN.—SEX. nae. rivs un>.—a1so
exhibits Neptune standing between Anapius and NEPTVNI (by implication filiu.r).—Se.rfu: not
Amphinomus.—See Pn.u:r., &c.—Also see only assumed the surname of Maynus, as of
Anapius, &c. hereditary right, but was also distinguished by
MAGN. The two-faced and beardless head that of Pius, on account of his filial piety in
of Janns.——Rev. PIVS nu». A ship's prow. devoting himself with such extraordinary zeal
Sec-lu: Pompey was in the habit of placing and perseverance to appease the mane: of his
the head of his father Maynus on the coins illustrious parent, by waging war against the
which he caused to be struck whilst carrying on parties who had caused his death.——On some
(as Lucan intimates) “ the trade of pirate on the silver coins his head and name both appear;
coasts of Sicily, and thus inconsistcntly tarnish on others his head only, without his name.
ing the laurels which his great sire had won in There are some pieces which represent him with
those very seas.”——Haverca.mp, in giving an his father and brother; these are in gold and of
engraving of this coin, remarks that the two great rarity.
faces of Janus are thereon represented under the P0mp0hia.—Th1s family, although it aspired
lineaments of the Great Pompey, and in this to derive its origin from Numa, or from Pompo,
opinion he is decisively supported by Eekhcl. the son of that king, was nevertheless of the
Pompeiua Cnarius, son of Pompey the Great, plebeian order, as is shewn by the tribunes of
fell at the battle of Manda, in Spain, in the the people, who belonged to it.—lts surnames
year of Rome 709 (s.c. 45). Silver coins on Roman denarii are M010, ll/Ium, R1y"u.:.—
without his head are not very scarce, but those Morell gives three varieties. Amongst the rarest
wit/L his head are of a high degree of rarity. types of which are the following in silver:—
Some pieces represent him with his father and Malo.——1.. rourou. (or POMPONI.) mono.
his brother, Urueius Pompeius Magnus and Laureated head of Apollo.
Sezlua Pompeius. He bore by hereditary right
from his father both the title of IMP. (meaning
in consular times simply a military chief) and
the surname of MAGNVS.—Th8l'c are curious
reverses on certain very rare denarii, the coinage
of which is ascribed by all numismatic anti
quaries to Cnwiua Pompsiu-2 jun.—See Illinalia
in this Dictionary: sec also Mr. Akerman's
Catalogue, wherein there is an engraving of a
coin (pl. 5, No. 9) from Mr. Brumell's cabinet,
with that distinguished collcetor’s observations
upon it.—(V0l. i. p.p. 109, 110.) 1tev.—NvM. POMPIL. A figure clothed in the
Pampeiu: Sertus, second son of the Great toga, holding the litum, and sacrificing at an
Pompey, was born in the year of Rome 689 altar, to which another male figure is leading s
(3.0. 65). Under his father’s instructions, he goat..
soon became an able general.-—His elder brother The M0/ones are unknown in Roman history.
Cnmius and himself uniting together in the great We have the testimony of Plutarch that the
and perilous enterprise of avenging their father's Pomponia family referred their origin to Name.
death, these two young men formed powerful For after recording that thcrc were four sons of
alliances, and bravely sustained their own cause, Numa, viz., Pompo, Pinus, Calpus, and Manercus,
with that of the free Roman Republic, against he adds—“ for the Pomponii are descended from

f
638 POMPONIA. PONTIFEX.
Pompo."—For this reason, Numa is represented lituua and the wrceua, all within a garland.
on the reverse of the above denarius engaged in Rev. rao cos. Pompey in a qnadriga,
performing a sacred rite, of which he was him Victory standing near him. On a gold coin of
self the principal originator.—-On the same the higher! degree of rarity, [catalogued in
ground of prctension, the Calpurnii also, the the Collection d’Enner_1/, p. 195.]
descendants of Calpas, and the Marcii Ccmorini It is universally agreed that the above
have introduced Nu/na on their coins. described coins were struck, at the time when
]l[u.m.—Q. POXPONI. MVSA. A youthful head, Pompey was engaged in the war with the
with the hair arranged in curls.—Rev. naacvnas pirates, during the proqumstorship of Cmcins,
MVSARVM. Hercules, ‘clad in the lion’s skin, Piso and Varro, respecting whom, as also con
stands playing on the lyre. cerning the obverses of these medals, notice is
On the reverse of another denarius is the taken under the head of the Calpurnia and
same cpigraph of Q. roarour. mvsa; and Terentia families. This may safely be inferred
Urania, one of the Nine Muses, with her from the maritime types of the reversm.
attributes. Pompey is in these called Pro-consul ; no doubt
Apparently governed in his choice by the by a decree, that he should, during the war,
analogy of appellation, this Pomponiua Jlfusrz, have pro-consular authority over t-he whole sea,
has adopted the Muses for types to enrich his and to the distance of titty miles inland from
family coins. The first of the above two denarii the coast. The addition of the title magma
otfer to us Hercules Musamm; the second, throws some light on the date when this honour
and eight other medals, present the full chorus was conferred. Appian, in two passages, but
of those personifications of the arts and sciences, doubtingly, intimates, that, afier the hlithridatic
in the order mythologically assigned to them.— war, or at least after the subjugation of the
See Muses. pirates, this title was given him.—IAmpridins
Hercules Musagetea, or conductor of the makes Alexander Severus assert, that Pompey
Muses, was known in Greece under that name, received the appellation of iuezws after
and his worship was often associated with that victorics. Since, therefore, in the prment
paid to the nine virgin goddesses of poetry and denarii, which were undoubtedly coined during
civilisation. It is ditiicult to account for this the war with the pirates, Pompey is already
seeming abandonment of his maiden companions invested with the name of Magnus, greater
by the God of Song himself to the protection of credit is to be given to the account of Plutarch
another and an inferior divinity. But such were and Pliny, who aflirm that it was conftrred on
the contradictions and inconsistcncics of the him by Sulla.
superstitious patchwork which formed thc Grmco For other coins of Pmnpeia family, sec
Roman system of deification. The subject before Crueiur Pompeiu-r.
Pontgi/'e.r.—Pontif or Pricst of the Gods,
,ns has been reasonably supposed to indicate, by
an allegory, that the cultivation of intellectual amongt the people of heathen Rome. Many
pursuits rests secure under the guardianship of were the persons dedicated to the service of
strength and courage, and that the heroic genius those false deities, and in their corporate
of Hercules can bc worthily proclaimed only capacity they formed a college. It is, however,
through the magic organ of the Muses. to be observed, that the individuals thus
On different denarii of the Pomponia family, employed (and whose principal function was to
given in Morell, we see each of the Muses offer sacrifices, not to any particular divinity,
respectively distinguished by their peculiar attri but to all the gods of their mytholog), did not
butes. Thus we easily recognise Urania, whose constitute any separate order set apart like that
Greek denomination signifies heaven, by her of the Christian clergy from civil cmployments,
holding a globe and a compass, as the Muse of but were eligible, with other citizens, to ex
Astronomy. Millin observes “that the com crcise, at the same time, the otfice of magis
parison of these medals with the Muses repre trate, and also to act in a military capacity.—
sented in the paintings of Herculaneum, in the The number of Pontifs instituted by Numn was
apotheosis of Homer, the marble of the Capitol, four; they were taken from the body of the
and the nine “uses, antique copies of those by Patricians. In thc year 454-, under the con
Philiscus in the Museum Pio-Clementine, serves sulate of Apuleins Pansa and Valcrius Corvux
to ascertain those true attributes of each four more were added from the plcbeians. In
muse, which artists sometimes depicture too Sylla’s time the number was augmented to
arbitrarily." fifteen ; and from that period commenced the
The following are rare denarii, viz. :— distinction of the greater and the inferior
I.——C. N. PISO. PRO Quwalur. Head of priests. The eight ancient ones were called
Numa, bearded, and encircled with a diadem; Ponfificea majors‘-s", and the other Ponlejirer
the inscription N\"MA.-—Itev. MAGNus PRO min0re.r.—The pontifs were regarded as sacred
COnSul. The prow of a galley. personages, and for distinctions sake tool: pre
II.—vanno PROQ. A bearded and diadcmed cedence before all the magistrates: they pre
head and bust like a terminus.—Itev. MAGN. sided at all such games of the circus, of the
rao cos. An eagle and a dolphin, and between umphitbcatrc, and of the theatre, as were cele
them a sceptre is erected. brated in honour of any deity. The insignia
llI.—)lAGNVS. A female head covered with of the sacerdotal dignity were the veil called
the skin of an elephant's head, bctwccn the tutulu-9, the ape: (a pointed WP)» and the
 PONTIFEX. PONTIFEX. 639
nzfiibulum. The pontifs also wore the pretez-la, however, as were the prerogatives, and decided
and had all the equipage of great magistrates, as was the superiority of power enjoyed by the
as well as the same kind of rctinue.—On coins Chief Pontif, there still were bounds to his
with the inscription of PIETAS avcvsra we see, authority. The consent of the saccrdotal college
amongst the symbols of the priesthood, the was indispensable on several points to give validity
instruments of sacrifice, such as the seeespita, to his proceedings ; and appeals might be made,
the lituus, the simpulum, the aspergilluin, &c. on questions of peculiar importance, as well from
(See those words.)—Morell's work furnishes rc his decisions as from those of the college, to the
presentations of pontificial insignia wil/tout the people at large.—Crassus, according to Livy,
angural, on coins of Julius Czcsar, and with the was the first Ponli/'e.1: Marirnus who contravened
augural signs, united to the legend AVGVR. the ancient law which prohibited that high digni
POST. MAX. tary of religion from proceeding beyond the
Pontgfez Jllazimus (the High Priest or Chief boundaries of Italy. Others afterwards availed
Pontif) was thus called, not only because he was themselves of the same relaxation, and a law
president of the whole college of priests or (that of Vatinia) was passed which permitted
pontiffs, but also because he was the judge the Grand Pontifi‘ to draw lots for the provinces
and superintendent of whatever related to the he was to govern. The consecration of this highly
religion and sacred ceremonies of the Romans, privileged and exalted oflii-er was attended with
whether in public or in private. Accordingly it ceremonies of a very extraordinary description.
was the accustomed practice of the Senate to There is a great distinction to be observed between
delegate its authority over all matters connected the Pontifex Haximus of the republic and the
with the established worship of their gods to the same high fuuctionary under the imperial form
P0121;/'e.z )[a.rimu.r, and it was his duty to lay of government.———Julius Carsar united this ofiice
before the saccrdotal college, of which he was with the perpetual dictatorship in his own person.
the head, all such questions as arose on the sub And from the period when (prudently declining
ject of their peculiar superstition, and to the latter distinction) he was invested with the
report their aggregate opinion thereon to the honours of Sovereign Pontificate, and had in
Senate. creased the measure of its authority, the first
The Sovereign Pontifical: was a dignity of emperors, knowing the importance of such an
Numa’s creation, and the privilege of conferring office, from the hold which it had on the feelings
it on any one was vested at first in the elective of the people, did not fail to attach it to their
choice of the Patricians; but in process of time own persons, conjnnctively with their other
this, as well as other ofiices, which had once attributes, and in conformity with a regulation
belonged exclusively to the nobles, was occa made by Tiberius, to whom the senate had
sionally conferred on plebeinn candidates by the yielded the privilege, the example of using the
sutfrages of the people. Cicero, as if to indi title of POM‘. MAX. was followed through an ex
cate the immense influence of this oflice over the tended portiou- of the imperial series.
whole commonwealth, remarks that temples, Until the reign of Balbinus and Pupienns, who
altars, penates, gods, houses, wealth, and fortune were chosen as joint Emperors at one and the
of the people were subject to its power. same time, the Punfificalua lllarimus was held
The Pantifez Mazimus, under the republic, was, by the principal sovereign alone, and not by his
indeed, one of the principal pcrsonages of the colleague or colleagues, in those instances wherein
statc,and his functions were held in profound vene he had deemed it fit to associate one or more with
ration. Entrusted, as has been already observed him in the government. But the others might
with the direction of religious matters, of which be simply Ponlificea, and they often assumed the
he prescribed the ceremonies and explained the title.
mysteries, it was the high priest who had the After the time of Balbinus and Pupienus it
government of the Vestals, and the inspection would seem that the dignity in question was
of every order of the priesthood. He dictated divided amongst all the colleagues of the senior
the form in which the public statutes were to be prince, and that regardless of the (gradually
couched; and professed the right of presiding at fading) prerogatives of the senate, they all
adoptions, was keeper of the public annals, assumed to call themselves Grand Pontitfs, and
regulated the calendar, and took cognizance of to stamp the designation on their respective
certain cases relating to marriages. To him it medals almost as a matter of course.
solely appertaincd to grant dispensations; nor The sacerdotal dignities of Paganism were
was he, except in very extraordinary cases, retained for some time by even Christian em
required to answer for his conduct either to the perors, as their coins serve to shew. Doubtless
Senate or to the people. Moreover, it was a this was done from motives of policy and expe
dignity always held for life; he on whom it was diency (the governing rule of most princes) on
account of the state influence and the wealthy
once conferred continuing in it without even the
form of a renewal, and without acknowledging endowments still attached to the Pontificate of
an equal in his otfice. This fact is evidenced by Rome. But though, after the complete estab
the circumstance of Lepidus having been allowed lishment of Christianity, the title of Pant;/‘0.r
to hold it alone to the day of his death, although Jlliu-imua ought naturally and consistently to
the pcople were desirous that Augustus should have been abandoned by the emperors long before
accept the otlice in his stead, or at least share its it was, it does appear to have finally and entirely
exercise with the retired triumvir. Manifold, ceased in the reign of Graliamu.
»

I“
640 PONTIFEX. PONS.
PONTIFEX.—On a middle brass of Tiberius, family, which with the epi
struck in the year of Rome 763, during the gmph of M. AEMILIO,
life time of Augustus (who had twelve years has for its type a bridge,
before granted his adopted son the Tribunitian on which is an equestrian
power), the former prince is called simply Pontifl’ statue, holding a in
and son of the emperor, without being honoured the right hand, and within
himself with the name of Augustus. But after the three arches is written
his accession to the throne, Tiberius took the LEPidu.r.—It' Plutarch
nivr ave. r. suous-r. (August -mu of the be right in ascrihing the
divine Aiigustm), and also that of P. M. architectural merit of this work to Man. zEm.iliiis
(Ponl§'/'e.z' Maximu-r), as many of his coins Lepidus, who was qumstor in the year 675, than
testify. this coin may be regarded as a memorial of the
Pandas et Prelium.—Both weight and value act, offered by one of his posterity. Who the
are inscribed on some Roman coins. equestrian statue was meant for is doubtful.
Ponies. Bridges.-—Pub1ic structures of this Havercamp supposes it to be that of King Auens
most useful description are referred to as amongst Martins, who first joined the Mons Janicnlum
the works of illustrious Rom:ins.—In proportion to the_city by means of the old Sublician bridge.
as Rome itself increased in size, comprising This silver coin is amongst the most ancient of
within its enclosure more and more space on the middle age of the Roman mint (between the
each bank of the Tiber, bridges were obliged to be early republic and the commencement of the
built to facilitate access from one quarter of the Caesars).
city to the other, as well as to avoid the accidents Ponsfractlzs.-—A broken bridge and a man in
so liable to occur from the passage of the river armour swimming across a river is represented
in boats. On account of the rapid current of on a medallion of Antoninus Pi'ns.—See cocrgs,
the Tiber, bridges were kept up at very consider Pans Milvius, now the Ponte Mole, is about
able expense, and their inspection and repair a thousand paces from Rome. It was con
were at first entrusted to the Poiitilfs, afterwiu-ds structed by the Censor 1Elius Scnurus; audit
to the censors and to certain commissioners was near that bridge that Constantine the Great
charged with the care of the highways. Nor, defeated the horrible tyrant Maxentius, A.D. 313.
lastly, did the Emperors themselves deem it See VICTORIA CONSTANTINI A\'G.—\'ai]]g|3t_ in
beneath them to undertake personally to super his remarks on a coin of Maximinus II., bearing
intend the repair of old bridges and the erection the nbovelegcnd, and having for the type of it;
of new ones.——In Rome there were eight, and reverse Victory wallting, with laurel in one hand
many more in Italy and the different provinces and a palin_branch_ m the other, says that Con.
of the empire. stuntine gained this signal and decisive battle,
Pans Aeliua, or the bridge of Hadrian, was Sigma Crucu prolectua,” and then proceeds 3
thus called from the family name of the emperor f0ll0W8 :—“ Clmlstianorum luufia acerrisnn
who caused it to be built on the Tiber, so it is 1lIa.z-iminu.s, quamvis invilus, at fi-gang,
now called the bridge of St. Angelo. It was celebmre illam in nummi-r roaclus flit meta.
constructed for the purpose of uniting with Rome ne ob sacietalem cum ‘Mucntio inilanu ad
the superb mausoleum which he had raised, and prznam poslularrlur.
which, under the name of the Castle of St. Pom navalis.-—Tlie bridge of boats, con.
Angelo, still constitutes one of the finest moun structed for the immediate passage of troops. is
ments of the ancient city. seen on more medals than one in the Imperial
Oiselius, and some other early numismntic serics.—On a brass medallion of Caracalla, the
writers, have given as genuine, abrass medallion, Emperor is seen passing a river, with his
bearing the portrait of Hadrian on its obverse,
whilst the reverse, without epigraph, presents a
bridge with eight columns, on which stand as
many statues. The bridge thrown over the
Tiber by Hadrian, and called 1EIi1u, is obviously
intended to be referred to in this instance. But
Eckhel, in remarking that the Museum at Vienna
contains a specimen of the coin, adds that it is
without question a spurious medal. And neither
Mionnet nor Akennan deign to notice it further
than by saying that “ the Pans _/Elias is a
fabrication.”
Pom Aemilius.—This bridge, the most ancient
in Rome, at first built of wood, and called soldiers, by one_ o_f these pontoons. Se:
Sublicius, was re-constructed of stone many ages 'raaiac'rvs.—A similar cpigrnph and type
after by Aemilius Lepidus, and thence culled present themselves on coins of M. Aurelius,
Aemilius. It was the same which Horatius Coclcs Severus, Gordianus Pius, Valerianus, &¢__'1‘h¢
defended against the Tuscans. Its remains are engraving is frorn a large brass of M. Au;-din;
still to he seen in the channel of the Tiber. Pans Danu6u.—The bridge of stone which
The Emperor Ant-oninus re-built it entirely of Trajan caused to be constructed or-gr the
marble.—There is arare denarius of the Aemilia Danube, was the most glorious featum of hi,
 PONS. POPA . 641
Dacisn campaign. It was a work which, if the in s military campaign, for it is vaulted or
description that Dion has given of it may be re arched over the water, so that vessels may pass
lied on, far exceeded all the other works of under it. Whereas on the contrary, bridges
Trajan, and shewed that nothing of the lcind, constructed across marshy lands are made flat,
however dilficult, is beyond the reach of human and it is only by joining many of these together
ingenuity and labour. It is said to have been that the troops can conveniently stand upon
4,600 feet in length. The form of this mag them and combat with an enemy, as upon solid
nificent pile, some remains of which are yet ground. I think, therefore (adds the learned
to be seen, is depictnred on the arch of sntiquary), that the type in question refers
Trajan, and has been copied and placed by rather to some other work of a more durable
Morell in his Thesaurus, at the finish of and magnificent description, executed by order
his coins of the twelve Emperors.—An arch of Severns—that is to say, some handsome
of this bridge is considered, by Eckhel (Dost. bridge built over a large river, or considerable
Nam. Vet, vol. vi. p. 427), to be represented stream, and flanked with strong turrets at each
on a large brass coin of Trajan. [See s. P. Q. n. end, as is shewn in this medal.”
OPTIMO PRINCiPI.]—BU.t the large bronze medal, Poulicus, one of the titles, says Eckhel,
edited by Mediobarbus, on which a type of this assumed by Sept..Severus in honour of his con
famous edifice is represented, with the epigraph quests, as appears from a marble published by
of rows TRAIANI DANVVIVS, is rejected by Eckhel Muratori; but which no coin, hitherto found, of
and other modern judges as a fabrication. that emperor commemorates.
On a gold and a brass coin of Constan Ppntzfcalia -ri_qna.—The pontificial symbols
tinus, bearing the epigraph of SALV8 REIP. consisted of vases, instruments, and habits.—
DANVVIVS, and having for its type a stone A baton or stall’ turned up, called the lituue,
bridge of three arches, on which are three was a mark of the augurs.—-A cap, pointed at
figures (the Emperor, s Victory, and a barbarian the top and with two pendants on each side,
in the act of supplication.)—'l‘he bridge over which the Romans called apex, designated the
the Danube here delineated alludes, not to the priestly and pontificial dignity. The instrninents
work of Trajan, but, according to the opinion which were used at the sacrifices were the urceua,
of Eckhel, to that of Constantine, who often or water urn, a simpulum, the prrefericulum,
and often crossed the Danube in his military or wine vase, apclera, or round shallow dish, an
expeditions, and built a stone bridge over that asperyzllum, or sprinkler, a securis, or hatchet,
ificent river. and a aecerpila, or knife; to these are to be
Pan: (Severi.)—On a second brass of Sept. added the ara, or altar, and the iripoe, or
Severus, inscribed on its reverse P.M. TR. P. xvi. tripod.
(sometimes xii., at others xiii. or xiv.), there The head represents the victim, sometimes
is a bridge of a. single arch, fortified with a ornamented with the infula, or garland; the
tower at each extremity. On the top of these hatchet serves to slaughter him, the basin to
towers stand sentinels or guards, unless the receive the entrails and the meats which were to
figures in question be intended to represent be offered, the vase for containing the lustral
statues placed there for ornament. Below, in water, and the sprinkler to throw it over the
the water, beneath the arch, is a small barl(.— assistants to purify them.-—The simpulum, a
The entire legend (viz., as well that of the head ladle or cup with a long handle, to make
as of the reverse) reads as follows:—sEvnn.vs libations with, and to take the liquors which
PIVS. ave. P.M. ra. xvi.; viz., Severus, Pious, were to be poured out on the head of the
August, Sovereign Pontgfg ezerising the Tri victim, from the crater, or other deep vessel.
bunitian powerfor the sis,-teen!/i time. cos. iii. These pontificial signs (a further explanation of
P. P.—A somewhat similar type has already which will be found under their respective heads)
been noticed as exhibited on a well-known are exhibited on coins of Julius Caesar, Antony,
medal of Trajan, in which some think they _Lep1dus, _Augu_stus, &c., to denote that each was
discern a sea-port; others, the arch of a bridge.— invested in succession with the otficc of Ponhfe:
\Vith respect to t-he present coin of Severus, Jllanmu-1.-—See PIE‘l‘AS——PIE'l‘AS svo., Sac.
opinions differ both as to the occasion when it POP. P0pul0.—See cone. DAT. ror. Con
was struck and the definition of the type. yiarium Datum Popu lo.
Eckhel contents himself with referring his POP. ROM. Populua Romanue, on a third
readers to his observations on ’I‘rajan’s first brass, struck under Constantine or his family.
brass.—The remarks of Havercamp (in Nam. Popa, _Wa.s the sacerdotal minister, who,
Rey. ClmLslin¢, p. 461) have at least the merit of crowned with laurel, and naked to the waist, con
historical research and good sense to recommend ducted the victims to the altar, provided the
them. “Many antiquaiies (says he).believe knives, mallets, water, and other necessaries,
that this type relntcs to Severus's expedition for the sacrifices, felled the victims, and cut their
into Britain, where he was often obliged to con throats.—Vaillant, in his brass medallions, gives
struct bridges ovcr marshes, in order to enable n fine group of this kind, in which the Emperor
his soldiers to fight with firm foot-hold and Commodus stands as Pontifcx at a lighted altar,
with greater security (as Herodian culogistically and opposite him is the Papa, answering to the
affirms of that warlike prince.) But the bridge above description, standing by a bull with his
delineated on the above medal seems to be a slaughtering hammer. [See vows i=UBi.ics.]—
different kind of thing to the pontoons employed A gold coin of Carncalla also exhibits the Papa,
4N
 642 POPPAEA. PORCIA.
with the victim, near the altar, before which and the flute. Mother Earth (Talia: Hater)
the veiled high priest, in the person of the personified by a woman, who holds a cornu
emperor, stands in the act of sacrificing, whilst copitr, sits on one side on the ground: on the
a flute-player performs on his double instru other a sow is brought forward by the pops,
ment.—The Popa appears with a pig as the as if aboutbytothe
prescribed be Sihylline
sacrificedverses,
to Tellus; it other
among
victim on a bronze medal of Domitian.—See
Porca. solemnities, due to that fruitful goddess, that
POPPAEA (Sabina), daughter of Titus there should be sacrificed to her honour the hog
Ollins, was married to Nero, as his second and the black sow.——See Imdi Swcularea.
wife, A.D. 63. This woman, equally celebrated PORCIA, a plebeian family, whose snrnsma
for her beauty and voluptuous extravagance, was on its coins are Cato, La,-ca, Licinu.v.—()ut of
three years afterwards the victim of that twenty-six varieties of types, the following two
execrable tyrant’s murderous brutality. She are the o_nly rare and (historically spanking)
died in consequence of the injuries she received interesting for their legends or reverses.
from a kick, which Nero, in a fit of anger, 0aIo.—M. CATo PRO. PR. A female head,
gave her on the abdomen, when she was in a behind which is ROMA.——Rev. VlCTRll
state of pregnancy.—With the exception of two Victory seated, holds out a patem in he.r right
small brass, no Latin coins referring to this hand, and a palm branch in her left.
princess are known. Upon these her name is There is a quinarius similar to the above
inscribed as mvi rorrsm, on the reverse of denarius, but without the word Boats; and
that of her daughter Claudia. These medals, doubtless struck by the same person, that
says Mionnet, seem to have been struck in some
colony.—See CLAVDIA, the daughter of Nero.
P. OPTIMO. Pia Optim0.—On a coin of
Val. Maximianus.
POPVL. Populi.—rorvL. rvssv. (by order
of the Roman people) .—-An equestrian figure in
a military garb, litting up the right hand. On
a silver coin of Augustus. is to say, by Marcus Porcins Cato Iftioensis
The learned are of opinion that this repre as is generally supposed, although there is a
sents the equestrian statue which was erected dilference of opinion on this point; inasmuch
in the year of Rome 710, in honour of Augustus as some imagine them to have been coined,
Caesar, by a decree of the Senate, pursuant to when Cato was sent to Cyprus, as Proprietor,
the command of the people, when he went to receive the treasure of Ptolemy, while others
forth against M. Antony to the Mutinian war, think they were struck when the war was
of which Velleius Paterculus speaks. carried on by Scipio against Caesar in Africa.
POPVLI.--See rnucrras POPVLI aonam. The question remains doubtful.——Ha\‘ercamp
and sumo rorvm aonam. unites the legend of the obverse with that oi
POR. Portu-:.—-A port or harbour. the reverse, so as to read nous v1c'r'sur..-—The
Porca, a sow.-—This animal was sacrificed to more ancient view seems to be taken by Ursin,
Ceres, and, says Gellins, was called prwcidauea ; viz., that the ancient glory of the Poms
a silver coin of the Vibia family in Oiselins family was restored by Cato. According to the
represents Ceres walking, holding before her a account of Livy, A.V.C. 561; “at the some
torch in each hand, and a pig is at her feet. time Marcus Porcius Cato dedicated a small
Those also, who formed a treaty of alliance with temple to Victoria Virgo, near the temple of
each other, ratified it by the immolation of a sow Victory.” The illustration is from a quinarius.
or a hog. It is depicted in connection with P. LA_ECA.—'l'he winged head of Pallns; in
federal rites on several Roman denarii. The the field of the coin x and above the had,
animal on these occasions was killed by the sons. On the reverse a man, in military dress,
blow of a stone struck by the Facial priests.-— standing, places his right hand on the head of
Sce Scrqfa. a togated citizen; near him stands a lictor with
Amongst the incerta of the Roman family rods; below raovoco.
This remarkable silver medal recals the
coins is one on which is a man squatting down
memory of the Porcian Law carried by Poreius
with a pig, or sow, on his knees; behind him
Lscca in the year of Rome 454, in favour of
is an obelisk ; on each side of him are four men
pointing with their daggers to\var(ls the pig.
Roman citizens, to whom it gave, on appeal
On a denarius of the Va/uria family (0. fprovocatioj, exemption from the ignominious
svarror. c.r.) engraved in Morell’s Thesaurus, ispunishment of scourging. Portia Lez, says
the type of a sow crouching down between two Cicero, viryae ab Omnium cicium Ronwuonri
men standing, in military garb, each with spear coqmre amovit ; life misericors flagella retslil.
' in his left hand, and pointing to her with his ——-Oral. pro C.Ra-birio. This exemption, how
right.—See Veluria. ever, was confined in its operation to towns
Amongst the series of Domitian’s coins that and cities. Soldiers on duty were still left
scrvéfi illustrate the ceremonies of the Ludi entirely dependent on the will of their com
-iecularea, there is a fine first brass, on which mander-in-chief.——See rnovoco.
the Emperor is represented sacrificing at an The brass pieces of the Porcia family were
altar, to the accompanying music of the lyre struck in Cyremzica (now Barcu) in Africa.
 PORT. PORTUM.—PORTR.AITS. 643
Porcia Le.1:.—It was the Porcian law, accord PORTVM TRAIANI. S. C.-—A port adorned
ing to Cicero, which rescued the liberty of the
citizens from the rod of the lictors, and, as Livy
records, salapro terya civiunt videtur lala, “The
only law which seems to have been carried to
save the backs of the citizens.” Hence the
Apostle Paul, when scourged by a centurion,
asked the question : is it just or lawful to scourge
a Roman citizen ?—The law is expressed by the
word Paovoco, on a coin of the Porcia family
above quoted.
P011;/iyrogmitua.-—This title is frequently
found on those medals of theByzantineEmper‘ors,
who were of the family of the Carrmenrr and their
successors. This word HOP*l>YPOI‘ENHTOC,
(says Jobert) derives its origin and adoption from with various edifices, and in the middle of
an apartment of his imperial palace, which which are three galhes. On a first brass of
Constantine the Great had caused to be built, Trajan.
paved and lined with a precious kind of marble, “There are three Italian sea-ports, which
having a red ground spotted with white, and seem (says Eckhcl) to have claimed each for
which was destined for the lying:-in of Empresses, itself this title of the port of Trajan.” Our
whose children were in consequence said to be great nnmismatist then enumerates them as
fnaii in puqmra) born in the purple. follows :——I. Centum Celia, now called Civila
PORT. Poriua. roar. avos-'s'rr.—A port Vecc/tic ; II. Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber:
with ships in the midst of it, and the river Tiber III. Ancona, in the Adriatic; and (after
recumbent at its mouth.—See OSTia. apposite quotations from Roman writers) con
.Parta.-A gate or entrance to a camp or cludes with expressing an opinion in which his
walled tow-n.—-The Romans, when they built a readers can hardly fail to concur—that “all
city, traced the line of its enclosure with a plough, things duly considered it appears most probable
and the person entnisted with this ofiice, accord that this portus Trajani is the port of Centum
ing to the plan drawn out, lifted up the plough Cellar, which was wholly the work of that
at the place where a gate was intended. It was Emperor, according to the testimony of Pliny.
also the custom to place images of the gods at And although Ostia was also called the port of
the gates of towns; and subsequently those of Trajan, it is not likely that the Senate would
the emperors were placed there instead. They make boast, on its coinage, of a port which
were plated with iron, so that the enemy might Trajan had only restored and augmented, and
neither break nor burn them.—On a denarius of yet neglect the other port of Ccutum Cellae,
Augustus is the gate of a walled city, before raised as it was by that prince, at an immense
which is placed an equestrian statue on a pedestal, expense, from the very foundations. Much less
with srqa. run. cuss. is to be regarded as the port of Ancona, which
The gates of cities are often to be found on it appears by certain inscriptions was indeed
Roman coins, especially those of the colonies. enlarged, and rendered more secure, at Trajan's
Portre Ca:trorum.—'I‘he gates of (Praetorian) own cost, but which did not bear the honour of
camps appear, with two or more towers, some his name.”
times with a star above them, on coins of the The form of this port of Trajan, on the medal
Constantine family, Grotiau, Magnus Maximns, engraved in Oiselius (p. 533), and also in Haver
and Victor. camp’s Cabinet of the Queen of Sweden, is
On silver coins of Diocletian, Maximian, and hexagonal. That on Nero’s coin, with the
Constantine Chlorus, with the legend of viarvs inscription of roar. 0s'r. is nearly round.——As,
murvsr, is the gate of the Praetorian camp, however, the Roman moneycrs were not dis
with four soldiers sacrificing before it. tinguished for their skill in perspective, so
Gates of Temples were sometimes surmounted neither, perhaps, is much reliance to be placed on
with the round arch, but more frequently square the geometrical accuracy of their designs.
in form.— See the Temple of Janus, on coins of Portus Ancom'tanu.r.-—The type of a sea
Nero. port, or the arch of a bridge, underneath which
POR. (in some PORT.) OST. AVGVSTI.— a boat or vessel is seen, on a first brass of
The Portua Oatienria, or Port of Ostia, repre Trajan (with the inscription s. r. Q. a. OPTIMQ
sented on first and second brass of Nero, who in PRINCIPI. s. c.) is by some thought to be the
this instance appropriates to himself the honour port qf Ancona; but by others, an arch of
of those immense works, which, according to that celebrated bridge of stone which the
Suetonius, were caused to be commenced, and Emperor caused to be built over the Danube.—
in a great measure executed, if not entirely com See Pans Danubii.
pleted, by the Emperor Claudius, at the mouth Pariua Frug[fer.—See Palms C'0l0n' ,_
of the Tiber. , 1’0rlr‘aii.1;——'l‘he coins of the anci _ have
The medal exhibits a sea port, with several been the means of handing down t6’ us the
vessels in it, and a recumbent figure of Neptune features of numerous sovereigns and celebrated
at the entrance.—-See Oaiimcia Portia. personages.
4N2
644 PORTRAITS. POSTUMIA.
Under the Greeks and other nations who cap of liberty and two daggers, clearly allusive
followed their policy in this particular, the right to the assassination of the Great Julius. The
of engraving portraits or money was vested example thus set never ceased to have followers
solely in the government. And the types which in those who attained sovereign authority in
the magistrates adopted to attest their superin the state. Octavius and his colleague, Mark
tendence over that most useful and important Antony and Lepidus, no sooner began their
sign of commerce, and to secure the standard triumviratc than they placed their likenesses on
and weight of the coins, were the images of the products of the Roman mint. Afterwards
their tutclary and national deities, the emblems as sole master of the Roman world, Augustus
of those divinities, or the symbols of peoples and conferred this peculiar privilege on the members
cities. of his family; as we see from the coins of
It is desirable, however, in ofiler to put onTiberius, Marcus Agrippa, and Cains and Lucius
their guard those who are but little versed in his adopted grandsons, which respectively bear
numismatic seicnee, that a remark should be their portraits. In like manner Tiberius placed
made with reference to those ancient coins which the efiigies of his son Drnsns, and aflerwards
exhibit the efilgies of persons who existed long of Gerrnanicus, son of Nero Claudius Drnsm,
before the invention of coinage, as Homer, his adopted son, on the early medals of his
Pythagoras, Numa Pompilius, Ancus Martins, reign.
and others. These pieces are not coeval with The Roman government having become “a
the times in which the individuals they represent monarchy,” though still preserving some out
flourished, but are purely commemorative, and ward shew of respect for “republican institu
only serve to prove how high must have been tions,” a series of coins commences, which,
the character and fame of men who were thus besides its other numerous claims to attention,
honoured so long after their death, by tra possesses the merit of presenting to us, in
ditional portraits, which were believed to re uninterrupted succession, the portraits of Princes,
semble them. who, during n period of fifteen centuries, reigned
The Romans were latc in allowing the images over the greatest empire in the world. The
of living men to be placed on their money. portraits of the Emperors, Caesars, and other
But as the Republic hastened to its fall it was personages of their families, together with most
a prominent object with those ambitious men of the generals who assumed the purple emblem
who possessed themselves of ascendancy in of imperial authority in divers provinces of that
power to cause medals to be fabricated with vast dominion, form indeed a suite not only
their etfigies.—This became an invariable custom precious and instructive in themselves, but ren
and peculiar privilege of the Emperors; and we dered still more valuable as aflbrding almost the
find that even those usurping adventurers who, only means of ascertaining the personal identity
in ditferent provinces of the empire raised the of various statues, busts, and relievos, whidi
standard of revolt against the reigning prince, without comparison with medals on which names
lost. no time in circulating coins bearing their are united to cfligics, would remain totally void
portraits whenever they had the means of of historical interest.
striking them. Poelica para, or aversa pars. The rev,-an
In the earlier times of the Republic no one side of a coin.—See the word Reverse.
was allowed the privilege of coining money; POSTVMIA, a patrician family. and as such
still less was it permitted to stamp the portrait always remained unadopted by any plebeisn
of any living person on a medal.—In particular fami y. It was divided into several branches,
instances the senate, by an express ordinance, the noblest of which, as recorded by name on
conceded this honourable distinction to some Roman denarii, was the Albini. With the ex
illustrious characters qfler their death. And ception of a few rare reverses, its coins, all in
we know that the Monetary 'I‘riumvirs occa silver, are common.
sionally obtained the otiicial privilege of placing The following is rare and of historiml
on the coinage with which they were entrusted intcrest:——
the head of some ancestor or other of theirs I.—a.ros'rv1nvs. cos. The bare head of Pos
renowned in Roman story. Even Sylla, all tumius the consul.—Rev. sanmvs. Bnvrr. r.
werful as he was, both over the lives and inscribed within a crown of corn-ears.
egislntion of his countrymen, had not the This dcnarius was struck by Junius Brntug
hardihood to perpetuate the traits of his who, after being adopted by Postumius Albinns,
physiognomy by that moneta over which he, for was called Albinus Bruti F., and who, to indi
a time, held dictatorial and unlimited power. cate the conspicuous rank of the family into
It was Julius Caesar on whom this mark of which he was admitted, inscribed on these coins
supremacy first was bestowed by the Senate of the name of A. Postnmius Albus, who, in the
Rome. His example was imitated by Pompey year of Rome 258, whilst as yet the republic
and his sons; and, strange to say, that stem was in its infancy, gained a signal victory over
tyrannicide Marcus Junins Brutus, after assist the Latins near the lake Regillus, whence he
ing to slay Czcsazr, for the love of freedom and received the appellation of liegillcnsis. Titus
to restore the republic, was likewise the man to and Sextus Tarquinins, sons of King Tarquin
adopt this regal practice of numismatic por the Proud, the chief authors of the war, having
traiture, as witness the celebrated denarius, on both been slain in that battle, according to the
the reverse of which is the EID. nan, with the copious narratives of the Roman historians.
 POSTUMIA. POSTUMUS. 645
The following serves to illustrate a fabulous A. 1*. s. rs. ALBIN. A man clothed in the
passage built on the above-named fact of toga, stretches forth his right hand towards a
Postumius‘s victory, as related by Diouysius legionary eagle planted near him; behind are
of Halicaruassus:— the fasces with their axes.
Il.——On the obverse is the head of Apollo, In "commenting on the former of these two
crowned with laurel, before which is the sign X; denaru (IV. and Y), Eckhel cites Livy to shew
behind, there is a star; at the bottom is inscribed that A._ Posti_imius_ Albinus was created 3
nous. Deceminr sacru _/'aaundi.: in the room of L.
On the reverse we see the Dioscuri (Castor Cornelius Lentulus.‘ Antiquaries (he goes on to
and Pollux) wearing the distinctive caps of "b-5°"'e) are of_opinion that as it belonged to
conical shape; they stand resting on their these Decemvzn to superintend the secular
lances by the side of their horses, which are 8?-m\'=5, i»l1086_ public shews were celebrated by
him, or by his son appointed to the same ofiice,
and that this honour was long afterwards re
corded on these silver coins of Aulus. For the
games above-mentioned were performed in
honour of Apollo and of Diana, accordingly the
the image of the latter deity is placed on the
obverse. Moreover, the temple and altar of
'A.BlN\JS'5F
that goddess stood on Mount Aventine, and
that at these games of Diana oxen were immo
drinking at afountain ; above their heads are lated we have the testimony of Ilorace in his
stars, and before them is ii crescent. Below we Carmen srvcu/are :—
rend the most illustrious cognomm of the Qwlque vos bobus oeneratur albis.
family; A. LLBINVS. s. F. (Aulus Albinus, son
of Spurius.) Q11¢_zque .11U87l_fl.7l1lfl1 tenet. A Qidumque,
Afler the Regillensian victory achieved by Qmndecim Diana preces virorum
Curet.
Postiimius Albinus over the Latins and the sons
of Tarquinius Supcrbiis, it is said the Dioscuri The type of the denarius (No. V.) is thought
appeared, as they are represented on this medal, by Ursin to allude to the triumph which L.
in the forum of Rome, and brought the intelli Postumius Albinus obtained in the year v.c.
gence of this battle, at a moment, When, on 576, for his victories over the Lusitani and
account of the distance, no one could as yet Vaccsei in Hispania ulterior, as Livy and the
have known of its occurrence. The story goes Fast: lriump/ralea record.
on to say, that, during the action, two young POSTVMVS (llamas Caarianus Lalinius),
men were seen fighting valiantly on two white born in an obscure village of Gaul, was, on
horses for the Romans; and this figment gave account of his remarkable valour and other good
rise to the worship of the twin brothers at qualities, appointed by Valerianus to be Prinfect
Rome.—This silver coin was struck by a monetal of Gaul, and guardian of its frontier against the
triumvir of the Postumia family, in memory of
his consular ancestor’s great exploit.
III.-—There is another denarius of this family,
which donbtleu refers to the same subject. It
exhibits on one side the head of Diana with the
inscription nous, and on the reverse the epi
gi-aph s. ALBINVS. s. r., with the type of three
horsemen armed with bucklcrs and lances, riding
at full speed, whilst a foot-soldier is running
before, as if endeavouring to escape them.
Roman historians relate that, as at the fight
near lake Rcgillus, victory at one time was
doubtful, the Master of the Horse ordered his
men to give the reigns to their horses, that they
might the more powerfully charge the enemy, Germans, whose incursions he also effectively
and it was by this means that they broke the repressed during the first years of Gallienus’s
ranks of the Latins, and took their camp. reign. »That prince had already entrusted to
The following denarii of this family are him the care of his son, Saloninus, a mark of
serrated and rare :—— confidence which he faithfully repaid, until the
IV.—~Head of Diana, over which is placed the year 258, when he assumed the title of
head of a stag, and behind hcr shoulders are Augustus, and all the accustomed honours con
bow and qiiiver.—Ilm;. A. rosr. A. r. s. N. ALBIN. nected therewith. The commencement ot his
The top of a rock or hill, on which stands a usurpation was sullicd by an act as crncl as it
togated man, who extends his right hand over a was traitorous. He caused Saloninus, who had
victim bull; in the middle between each is a taken refuge in Cologne, to be delivered up to
lighted altar. him, and he put him to death with Sylvanus,
V.—HISPANia. A female head, wearing a the youth's preceptor, who had become his
veil and with dishevellcd hair.-—Rev. A. rosr. enemy. He then established his reign ova;
646 POSTUMUS. POSTUMUS.
Gaul, Spain, and Britain, in each of which many of his brass monies, but not on the greater
three provinces the people acknowledged him portion. His coins generally exhibit the portrait
with joy as their Emperor, whilst he, by radiated; sometimes, however, crowned with
his courage and wisdom, defended them from laurel, but more rarely is the head covered with
every foe, and, though an usurpcr, saved the a lu.-lmet.—A great number of his medals seem
empire from threat/enal destruction. " At the to have been, not struck, but cast. Others,
head of the Roman armies in the west, he drove evidently re-struck, still retain remains of the
the barbarians beyond the Rhine, and built forts impression of preceding emperors and emprcss-es:
to restrain them. _ This Re-rlitulor Galliarum, a circumstance which shews that he haatilv re
as he is styled on his medals, having established stariiped with his own “image and super
public tranquillity, not less by the influence of his scription” a part of the current coin of the
character for justice, moderation, and sagacity, empire.
than by the power of his victorious sword, took POSTVMVS junior, was the son of Poatnmna,
the dignity of consul three times, and associated and taccording to conjecture) of Junia Donata.
his son Postumus with him in the government, He is described by Trebellius Pollio as a most
under the title of Caasar and Augustus. eloquent youth, and so skilful in his ha:-angues
Gallienus having made war upon him with and declamations, that they were sometimi:
fluctuating success, Postumus took Victorinus, taken for those of the celebrated Qninctilian.
a brave and able general, into collengueship; Associated by his father in the government,
and by their united efl'orts, in spite of the under the title of Caesar, and soon afierwards
hostility of the legitimate Emperor, and the with the supreme dignity of Augustus (4,1),
numerous l_1/ramii who were tearing the empire 258), the younger Postumns is affirmed, by the
to pieces, the provinces were nobly rescued from author above-named, to have partaken with his
the attacks of the barbarous tribes that swarmed father
command.both in
'1‘hns
civilunited,
government
they bade
and defiance
in to
on the frontiers. Crowned with success in
arms, Postnmus reigned with glory and honour all the elforts of Gallienns to conquer them, and
over the western provinces, until the period held possession of the three great provinces of
when Lazlianus assumed the purple in the city Gaul, Spain, and Britain for seven vears, that
of Mayence. It was, after vanqnishing this is say until .\.n. 267, when ‘they both
adventurer about a.r>. 268, that he and his son perished by the hands of the soldiers under
were assassinated by his own soldiers, instigated their command.
by an oflicer named Lollianus. Thus perished It is by no means certain that there are any
Postumus after a reign, which, rendered alike pieces of Postumus the son extant, and thom
brilliant by his personal merit and his military which were formerly ascribed to him have hem
talents, caused him justly to be regarded not re-appropriated to his father, with the exception
only as by far the most illustrious of “the of a very small number, and even those mnnoi.
thirty tyrants,” but also as one whom nature with positive certainty be attributed to him.
had formed to be a hero, and qualified at once _ hiionnet gives an engraving as of Pmgumm
to govern and defend 11 state. junior, of the ordinary size in base 51'1";
On the coins of Postumus, which are numer (bzllmi), which on the obverse is inscribed nip,
ous, es c. rosrvirvs. P. r. avo., with the lamented
' y in base silver, and first and tlaird
brass, he is styled IMP. rosrviivs. .ivc.—iiir. head of Postumus senior; and on the reverm
cans. rosrviivs. r. r. AVG.-—AlB0 iiir. c. ii. bears the legend INVICTO svo., with the radiated
csss. LAT. ros-rviivs. P. r. AVG., with some bust of Postumus the son, holding a soeptre on
times i>. P. or GEBMANICVS MAXIHVS, or ar;s'rr his shoulder.—See Mionnet’s note on E1,-khgl’;
TVTOR OALLIARVM on the reverse. opinion relative to the alleged medals of this
Some pieces of Postumus likewise bear younger Postumus, and Akerman’s anim;n1_
another head, which was for a long time sup versions on both.
posed to represent that of his son. (See Pos The heads represented on the reverse of
tumus junior). All his coins, though of Roman some coins of Postumua senior may be with
die, were struck in the provinces of Gaul, where great probability regarded as those of Mars or
he reigned as Emperor. His gold coins are of of Hercules.
the highest rarity, and one is unique.—See POT. P0lP8ia[P.—A1'-ED. P01‘. As-dilins
Akerman’s Catalogue. Poleatate.—cENs. POT. Ceruoria Potes£a¢e.—
Junia Douala is conjectured to have been the 'ra.. POT. Tr-ibunitia Potealate.
wife of Postumus; but nothing is known of a Putin.-—This is one of the names given by
princess so named, nor is even her existence French nninismatists to base silver. The writers
proved.-—The piece published by Chifiiet from of that nation have adopted both this denomina
a MS. of Goltzius is suspected by Bcauvais, and tion and that of billon, either ‘indiscriminately,
pronounced by Eckhel, Mionnct, and Akerman, or in their endeavour to discover the differences
to be false. between the nature of the alloys which form the
As the authority of Postumns did not extend matcnals thus qualified. Putin is a composition
over Italy, he was never acknowledged by the of copper, tin, and lead, of which some of the
Senate of Rome. This circumstance did not, money of the ancients was fabricated. “ Its
however, deter him from investing himself with "R1116 (Says Millin) is derived from the rnirtnrc
the usual titles of legitimate Emperors. He of metals employed in the manufacture of pots.”
even caused the senatorial mark of s. c. on —Savot denies that there is any silver in polls ;
 P. P. PREFECTUS. 647
an opinion not coincided in by Rinckens, who PR. Pretn.-tatua.—Pa. n. 0. c. s. Praia
agrees in sentiment with Savot.-Bimard asserts, tatu: Harlem Occidil, Oivem Servavit. On I.
that, “besides copper, lcad, and a little tin, coin of the Aihnilia family.—See Jemilia.
there enters into the components of that potin, PR. Pnei01'ia.—C0l-I. PB. Galwra Pm
of which medals were coined, about one-fifth of loria. On a coin of Gallienus.
silver.” In which case there is but little dis PR. .Primum.—coNo. Pa. Con]/iarium
tinction between patia and billon, the latter Primum.
containing a slight portion of silver. PR. Prim.-ipi.
“ These discussions respecting the real mean PR. The preposition Pro.—rn. s. rirr. cm.
ing Bf two modern appellations (as M. Hennin 8w. Pro Salute Imperaloria C¢!8tl1‘i3.
justly observes), lead to no result of any im P. R. Percussa Roma. Struck at Rome.
portance. It is sufficient to know that silver P. R. Populw Romanm.
was subjected to various degrees of adnlteration, PRAEF. CLAS. ET ORAE MARIT. EX.
in diiferent countries and at different epochas; S. C. Pnvfectua C’la.m'J et On: Maritinuz.
and this species of ancient coinage is designated Prefect (or Commander-in-Chief) of the Fleet
by the names of polin or of billon, always bearand of the Sea Coasts.
ing in mind that the denomination of poiin is This legend appears on denarii of Sextus
more generally applied to Imperial Greek; and Pompeius. (See the name.)-—The type which
that of billon to Roman money.” accompanies one of these very rare silver coins
P. P. Pater Patri¢z.—Father of the Country. represents the fabulous Scylla, with dogs issuing
(See the words.)—-It was by this title that from her waist, and striking around her with
Augustus was most desirous of being called on her rudder. This subject shadows forth a naval
his coins, as indicating the clemency of his victory. Sextus had gained some advantage
government, and the security of the people over Octavianus (afterwards Augustus) at
under it -,—-a name of honour which, after his the entrance of the straits of Sicily; and
example, the successors of that prince seldom, this event the former designed to commemorate,
if ever, omitted to couple with their own.-— by placing on his medals the personification of
Augustus began to assume the name of P. P. in that whirlpool-environcd rock which the terror
the year of Rome 752.—It is found on medals of ancient mariners and the imagination of
of Tiberius and of Caligula. Nero at the com Greek poets had converted into a monster,
mencement of his reign refused the title, but depicted with the body of a sea-nymph, but the
subsequently P. P. is read on his money. Oi/Lo, tail of a fish, and a belt of dogs’ heads ready to
Ve.\72asian, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, exhibit devour the unfortunates whom the fatal strolre
on their respective mints the same initials. of her massive weapon had dashed into the
Iladrian adopted it in the twelfth year of foaming billows.
his reign. Arztoninus began to use the title As the zealous and brave, but unsuccessful
4.1). 130. Capitolinus relates that the name champion of the republic, after the death of
was proffered by the Senate to this good Julius Ca,-sar, against the Triumvirate, Sextua
Emperor, who at first declined, but afterwards Pompey received from the Senate a high naval
accepted it. Hence on his coins we read appointment, under the same title as that which
ANTONINVS ave. Prvs. P. P. M. Aurelius first, had been previously conferred on his father,
took this denomination A.D. 139. Commodus, when the latter went out to destroy the Medi
amongst his other profanations, rnust also pass for terranean pirates. And hence we find him
the Father of his Countryl Sept. Severus appears inscribing it on his medals. 'I‘o this empire of
first as P. P. in the year 190; Gets .\.D. 211, and the seas, he alludes with no little portion of
Caracalla about the same time. Postumus and insane presumption, on another of his coins
Tetricns also assumed it; and the same title bearing the dedicatory inscription of NEPTVNI,
appears on coins of Emilianus, Valerianus, andwith a type of the God whose son he pretended
other Emperors, down to Theodosins Magnus; to be.
bestowed, as in the preceding instances, some Pnzfecium.—Those cities of Italy were called
times on princes who possessed claims on the Prefectures which were governed by Roman
public gratitude, but much more frequently magistrates, according to the laws which these
awarded to unworthy and even odious men in a magistrates thought proper to impose on them.
spirit of servile flattery by a frightened and a The condition of these towns Festns describes as
degraded senate. having been worse than that of the colonies and
P. P. Penates, or Penatea .Palrii.—-Two municipia.—It was the lot of those nations who
joined heads laureated and youthful, with stars had resisted to the last extremity the yoke of
over them. On coins of the Fonteia and Rome, or who had revolt-ed from her domination
Sulpitia families. afler having been subjected to it. This hard and
P. P. A. Perpetuus Auyuciu-r.—These unjust distinction was removed by the operation
initials appear on Imperial medals of the lower age. of the Le: Julia, by which all the Italian cities
P. R. Populigue R0mam'.—See CON received the rights of Roman citizenship, and
SENSV SENATu.r ET. EQVe.rh-is ORDINi: all the privileges of colonies, municipalities, and
P. R. On coins of Augustus.-—Als0 Popu prefectures were amalgamated.
Iuaque It0manu.r.-—Sec S. P. R. l’r¢r_.feclus.—The name of Prefect, so long as
PR. or PRAE. Pmlor, and sometimes Rome retained even n shadow of a republican
Pnzfectur. Prefect. government, was confined to certain magistrates
648 PREFECTUS. PREFECTUS.
Emperor gave supreme civil and judicial power
of the city and to the governors of provincial
towns in Italy. But under the emperors, such in the provinces, but deprived them of the
changes took place both in the authority and command of the army, which originally belonged
influence which had formerly belonged to the to them.—On medals which commemorate
first ofiicers of state, that some were reduced to Liberalities, the military figure which stands
mere ciphers, and others were called by new behind the Emperor, seated on an esirade, and
appellations. Julius Caesar appointed Pr»;/‘acts distributing the congiarium, is considered to be
instead of Prsetors.——Augustns was the first to that of the Praetorian prefect, who always
confer the title of Prefect on governors of pro stood near his prince on public occa.sious.—See
vinces.—The title of Prefect is frequently found Liberalilaa and Congiarium. '
on leaden coins.—Prmfecti Classium and Prtefecti Prqfeclm Armon¢.—'l‘he prefect of provisions
Fabrum are found on silver coins of the repub was appointed only at periods of scarcity and
lican mint, and of the triumvirate of Octavius of pressing necessity with regard to the s ply
Lepidns and Antony.—Prefects are also enume especial
of food duty
for to
thetake measuresIt for
people. wasthethen
promptest
rated among the magistrates of colonies.
Prafectua Cla.r.ris.——The commander of a possible conveyance of corn from the provinces
naval armament was thus called. It answers to and neighbouring states to Rome. Afterwards
our term Admiral of the Fleet, which under the this dignity was conferred with greater extent of
republic was usually entrusted by the senate to power on Pompey, as Cicero (L. iv. ep. i. ad
men of consular or prictorian rank. Those who Atticum) writes.——Snbsequently Augustus took
in M. Autony’s time enjoyed the maritime pre upon himself the care of the Anuona, and to
fecture had his permission to place their names avoid the personal trouble of this prefecture,
on his coins, as for example, L. ATRATINVS, L. appointed two persons to whom he committed
BIBVLVS, M. orrrvs carrro, who as rnazr. the task of distributing wheat and other victuals
CLAS., or Prfiecti Classis, are, with the prie to the people (according to Dion Gas. L. iv..
torian galley (the symbol of their prefecture), P . Pmfectu:
521). Urbia. Prefect or Warden of the
thus inscribed. For as to this day in maritime
states, so amongst the Romans, in the fleet of City (of Rome).—Under the free republic there
the prefect, which consisted of a vast number of was no such magistrate, except for a short space
vessels, there was one which took precedence of of time, when the consuls were absent on
all others, as the “ Admiral’s ship.”-—-That both account of the peculiar ceremonies culled Fen‘:
the Pompeys, father and son, claimed the empire Latina, celebrated on Mount Albanus at the
of the sea as a charge delegated to them by the breaking out of a war, in order that Rome
senate is shown, under ditferent titles, on well should not be left without a government and 1
known dennfii of that family, which designate magistrate (Tacit. Amuzl L. vi.). But Augustus
the parent as MAGN. PRO. COS., with the prow of re-created this Urban Prefecture, and his conn
a galley; and Sextns, the son, as rnanr. cuss. sellor Maacenas was the first to fill it.—'l'he
E1‘. onar: Maarr. jurisdiction of this otficer extended entirely over
A prefect of the British fleet is recorded in Rome, and to the hundredth stadium beyond its
an inscription found at Lymne, in Kent. walls, and his authority became at length so
“ Report on Excavations made on the site of the considerable as to equal that of the Pretorisn
Roman Castrum at Lymne,” pl. vii., by C. Prefect.
Roach Smith. On the reverse of a denarins of the Liv:-iaseid
Prmfectzu Prmfon'i.—Prefect of the Pre family we see a curule chair between two fasces,
torinm. He was the chief commander of the and the inscription nnovnvs r. Pnaxr. v|._
Prretorian bands, and, as a high military oflicer Regulus I'Yliu.r Prqfectu: Urbi.r.—Ther\: are also
in a monarchy, may be termed Colonel of the extant coins of M. Lcpidns and L. Planeus, of
Imperial Guard. The ofiice, established, as we the Jlunatia family, on which is inscribed the
learn from Dion, by Augustus, was, at first, same dignity of PR.-kEFectue VR.Bi.r, but with
of little importance, being purely military, and out the insignin of the fasces. In afier times,
given only to one of the Equestrian Order. But however, the Prefects of the City had the privi
afterwards these prefects, by the concentration lege of the fasces.—See Livineiafam.
of their cohorts within the prsetorian camp on Prrtfericulum, a metal vase, used by the
the outskirts of Rome, rendered themselves Roman angurs and priesthood at their sacrifices
equal in real power to the emperors themselves, for holding wine used in the libations. It had a
whose constant companions they were. For as, prominent mouth, and an ear or handle like
after Augustus, most of the Caesars were tyrants, our modern ewers; and in it was pnt the
their security was solely placed in the fidelity of wine or other liquors dedicated to libations.—
the prwtorian soldiers, with whom their com Du Choul (p. 283) observes that it was gene
mander was an object of greater attachment rally carrierl in religious processions by one of
than the sovereign himself. Hence it was the the sacrificial ministers.
custom for the Praetorian Prefects to be con Like the liluus, these prqfericrzla were
stantly ncnr the emperors for the protection of amongst the sacerdotal insignia, and although
their persons, and fatal indeed was suck pro. the former was the principal symbol of the
tection to some of those who trusted in it.— sugar, yet on coins of pontitfs both are pro
During the reign of Constantine the Great, four miscuonsly exhibited.—See Ponliflmlia.
Praefccti Pl‘E:l'.Ol.'l.l were appointed, to whom that PRAE. ITER. (Prdeclrc; IIer:m).—Tbe
 PRENOMINA. PRENOMINA. 649
pretorian galley with sails set.—0n the reverse Pmnomina of fathers and grandfathers are
of a first brass coin, having on its obverse three ordinarily retained, as M. ANTONIVS M.F.M.N.
heads assigned to M. Antony, Octavia, and the sou of which triumvir by Fulvia, Marcus, is
Augustus.—See Seguin'.| Selecta Numiamala, in like manner named on a coin of Seyuin'.|,
p. 106, where the medal is engraved and M. ANTONIVS M. F. On other denarii the
explained. Havercamp in Jllorell’-1 T/zemur. same pramomino of parents and ancestors occur,
gives a similar type with this legend; but c.g. M. AIMILI M. F. M. N, and so likewise
neither Eckhel, Mionnet, or Akerman, makes M. AQVILIVS M. F. M. N.—AP. CLAVDIVS.
any allusion to it. AP. F. AP. AN.-C. PANSA. C. F. C. N.
Prmnia.-—The rewards or prizes of gladiators C. VIBIVS. C. F. C. N.—CN. FVLVI. CN. F.
and wrestlers (athletes) were palms, money, CN. N.—L. CAECIL. L. F. L. N., and others
and wands. They were placed before the eyes of similar to these.—In fact, we learn from coins
the contending parties in the midst of the that the prrenomen of a great grandfather passes
course or the areua. (Vaillant_on Colonial down to a great grandchild, as in the case of
Coins, p. 2l8.)—The prizes distributed to the C. OCTAVIVS. C. F. C. N. C. P. Caii Pronepot.
victors in the various public games of the In like manner, L. MVNATIVS. L. F. L. N. L.
Greeks and Romans were distinguished by PRONep0:.
numerical marks, from one to three and even The Pranomina belonging to some families,
four. the nomen ymtile being omitted, are used instead
Prmzeste, a celebrated city of Latium, about of the names, as APPIVS on medals of the
ten miles from Rome, where the Dictator Claudia family, and snavivs on those of the
Sylla planted a Roman colony, now called Sulpicia family.—See Sigonizu and Nomina
Palestrina. Romanorum.
Pnenestims Sorter, as if of some sibyl or PRAE. ORB. or ORBIS.—See IOVI 1>B.an.,
prophetess.-See Platoria farnily.—Sors. &c.
Praenomen.—The first name of the three, by PRAES. Prwridi. To the Patron or Presi
which each Roman citizen was called, took its dent.—1ovr nuns. oasis.-Pre:ia'ent.r or
place before the nomen genlilicium, or family Governors of the Provinces of the Roman
name, for the sake of distinction, that they people were called Procomuls, but Presidents
might be known from others who were of the of the Provinces of Augustus were distinguished
same high and honourable race. Of these pre by the appellation of Legati Augurli (Lieutenants
nomina some are derived from the Roman of the Emperor); or Legali Pro Pretore, or
people, others more frequently from neigh both those titles conjoined, Leyali Auguaii
bouring nations. Pro Pm-lore.—In process of time the name of
Praeuamina, for the sake of brevity, were Pnzres, or President, was given indeed to those
accustomed to be written, some with a single who administered public affairs even in the minor
letter only, others with two, others with three provinces of the empire ; thence it came to pass
letters.—'l‘hus the following are designated on that provinces were divided into proconsular,
coins by one letter only :—A. Auhu; C. Oaiua; and praatorian, and even into prsesidial.
D. Decimus; K. CdJ0; L. Lucius; M. Maniua, PRAESIDIA REIPVBLlC.——Two soldiers
or Jlarcua; N. Numerius; P. Publius; Q armed with spears, stand with hands joined,
Quintm; T. Titus. In like manner, with two supporting a figure of Victory; between them is
letters, AP. Appiua; CN. 07l¢81(J,‘ OP. Opiler a captive on his kuees.—On the reverse of a
(according to Sigonius); SP. Spimus; TI. third brass of Constantius Chlorus.
Tiberius. Lastly with three letters, as MAM. Eckhel, from whose catalogue of the Vienna
Mamerau; MAN. Maniac; SER. Serviur; cabinet the above is quoted, says—“ This epi
SEX Seztua; TVL. Tullua. ph has hitherto been unknown. It indicates
That in the earliest times of Rome, prmwmina in conjunction with the type] clearly enough
occupied the place of a proper name, there are that the defence of the commonwealth was con
sufficient examples to be found, as well on coins fided to the valour of the soldiers.”
as in ancient authors. This is abundantly shewn Pmstantia mmzorum.—The excellence of
in the instances of the Kings Numa, Tbllur, numismatics.
Ancus, Serviu.1.—In like manner the same usage PRAET. Pr¢eIor—Pmlorz.—HERENNIO
prevails among the Roman families, which for PRAETore. On a coin of M. Agrippa.—PRO
the most part want the coyn0men.—[Spanheim, PRAET. AFRICae.——See Clodiur Macer.
Pr. ii., p. 23, sq.] . PRAET. Pnzloria’, or Pnztoriamr.-—
Prenomina are sometimes peculuzr to one COHH. PRAET. VI. P. VI. and COOHH.
PRAET. VII, P. VII. F.
family or race. There are extant denarii of the (Colrortea
Domitia family which show this. And particu Pnrtoriama aeplimam pia aeplimamfidelia.)
larly in those of the Alienobarbi, on which no Prmte.zla.—A long white robe bordered with
other than cN. or the pmmomen C-naaus is read ; purple, and much resembling the toga. It was
otherwise the common name of Cains, as belong worn by noblemen’s children ; that is to say by
ing to the Octavia family. The pnznomen of boys, from the time of their entering the age of
Numerius is peculiar to the Fabia family. adolescence to their assumption of the manly
fllanius is the first name of the Aquillia family, gown: and by girls till they were married. It
and the name is likewise given on coins of the was also used by tediles, censors, tribuucs of
Acilia family. the people, and even by consuls and dictators on
4 O
650 PRJETOR. PRJETOR.
certain occasions of ceremony, when it was name of Pnztor Pere_qrin1u.——The authority oi
likewise worn by the priests and sugars. the Prater Urbanus was great in Home com
Pmtor.——This was a title which the Romans, pared with that of all the other praators, who
immediately after the expulsion of the kings, were of later creation. Besides sustaining
conferred on the consul and other great magis the consular functions during the absence
trates, who in the law, the army, and amongst of the consuls themsclvm, a privilege which
the people (prrrirenl) took the lead, or who they sometimes were allowed to exercise under
were appointed to any ofiice of dignity, whether the emperors, the Przlarea Urbani per
for things sacred or profane. But in the year formed the ofiice of introducing ambassadors
of Rome 387, a magistrate was created to from the allies of Rome to the senate, and of
whom this name was theuceforward exclusively replying to those ambassadors in the name at
appropriated. Two causes led to his institution. that illustrious assembly; they heard and dem
The first was to abate the discontent of the mined on matters of petition, when the consuls
Patricians with the law which had rendered the were not present, and under like circumstances,
Plebeians eligible to the consulship. The second this prmtor, Iumomhu ct ma:-imua, put his
was to provide some competent person as pre name to cpistles and edicts. This dignity was
sident at the tribunals, during the too frequent expressed on the public moncy.—The Pmfar
absences of the consuls, on warlike expeditions. Urbanus had the care of the gums celebraxed
At first only one Prater was elected, but on in honour of Apollo, on which occasion, clothed
account of the numerous strangers whom busi in the trinmphal robe, he wu carried round the
ness of every kind drew to Rome,‘ a second was circus (per circum) in a quadriga—a market
appointed, whose functions were soldy confined distinction which was afierwards denied by
to the administration of justice, and this oflicer Augustus to the tribunes of the people, although
was called Pnatar Pereyrinur, to distinguish they had offered to exhibit these shows to the
him from the former, who was called Pmtor public at their own expense. He also had the
Urbanus. In or about the year 526, two management of the venationea, or wild head
prretors were chosen to govern the recently hunting, and the spectacles in which rare
conquered provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, in foreign animals were displayed. The ludi mtiri,
the name of the republic. And the same year, or extraordinary games, likewise devolved on lbs
six przetors were created to govern subjugated Prmtor Urhanus to conduct, and at length the
Spain. It was thus that as Rome extended her whole of the various festal celebrations fell
conquests beyond Italy she augmented the under the superintendencc of that magistrate.
number of her magistrates to rule over her The name and oflice remained in use down to s
territorial ndisements, and these were later period of the empire, and even in Con
called Pnztore: Provincialea.-Cmsar consti stantinople thcre were several przetora, whose
tuted ten Prmtors instead of the eight who had functions were especially connected with the
continued to preside from the time of Sylla. public games. Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 120 el
The Praators were denominated “Colleagues seq.——The Urban Prmtors did not strike
of the Consuls ;” and the honour of the fasces money.
was extended to them also, but with a less Pnztor Peregrinua, so called, because he
number of lietors than attended the consuls. administered the law to foreigners at Rome; for
These magistrates wore the pretax.-ta ,- and each as the state increased, many natives of foreign
took his seat on a eurule chair placed on an countries, subject to the power of the Romans
elevated tribunal. All the praators, after having came to reside at, or to visit, the “ eternal city."
exercised their functions at Rome for a whole Prwlor.-—A figure representing this high
year, were sent to govern their respective pro oflicer of the republic appears on coins of the
vinces. (Spanheim, 107.) The duties of these Postumia family, standing, in the toga, with
magistrates were principally to administer jus right hand uplifted, between the legionary ugh
tice to the citizens and to strangers, to preside and the fasces with axe.
at the public games, and to superintend the PRAETOR. RECEPT. Preioriaris Re
sacrifices. Jurisdiction appertained as well to ceptia.-—'l‘l1e Emperor in the toga, and upstand
the provincial as to the urban praetors. The ing, gives his right hand to one of the Pnntorian
governmental powers of the prmtorship in the soldiers (or imperial body-guard), who hold; in
provinces embraced the right of punishing his left hand the eagle of the Roman legions.
criminals. Neither during the republic, nor On silver of Claudius.
even under the emperors, were the praetors This is the second of two medals, both of
invested with the jus gladii in Rome itself.— them illustrious as confirmatory of historical facts;
Under Augustus the prmtors discharged the the first inscribed IMPERatore RECEPTo, (sac
duties of prefects of the city; afterwards the p. 47 7 of this Dictionary), shewing the manner in
otficial cmploymcnts of the praetors were trans which Claudius was presented to the gumd, who
ferred to the urban prmfocts. acknowledged him for Em ror, and placed him
Prater Urbimu-:.—The government of the under their protection. The present denarius
city, as above observed, was in the first instance has for its subject the patronage and favou
entrusted to a single magistrate, called simply
which the same Emperor granted in his turn to
Pmtor; but the immense increase of public the Prmtorinns, on the occasion of their taldng
business in Rome subsequently led to the the oath of fidelity to him.-—Thc “ Praetorian:
appointment of a colleague for him, under the received,” (that is to say, received into alle
 PRIETORIUM CASTRUM. PREIVER CAPTUM. 651
giance), is the appropriate inscription of this and others standing in other parts of the galley.
coin, for it is an allusion to the military oath —See rnucrras ave.
as “ on that same day (according to‘ Suctonius, Pnztor-ium.—This word in its original accep
c. 10, quoted by Eckhe.l,) he (Claudius) sulfered tation meant the prietofs or general’s tent, which
the Praetorian guards to swear in his name.” was placed in the situation best suited to render
Pnetorium Caolrum or Oastra Pr¢tm~iana.— it conspicuously visible to the whole camp. It
The camp of the Praetorian soldiers.—The was afierwards used to signify the palace or
Emperor Tiberius built for the cohorts, who other place where the pnetor of a province re
were under the command of the Praetorian sided, and where he administered justice to the
Prefect in the immediate vicinity of Rome, a people. There was a praatorium in all the cities
permanent camp enclosed within walls, and, of the Roman empire.
moreover, defended by a rampart and ditch, in PREIVER. CAPTVM.(Preivernum Caplum).
the form of a fortress, where they were gene —-P. nrrsanvs. AED. ova. c. nrrsan. cos.
rally stationed.—The earliest instance in which This inscription appears on a deuarius of the
the Praetorian camp is represented on Roman Plautia family, which bears on its reverse
coins is that of the Imperatore Recepla of Jsqziterfulminator in a quadfiga. This coin
Claudius shove alluded to. [See IMP. 1uccnr.]— was, it seems, struck to commemorate the event
On coins of the later empire we see the of C. Plautius, who was consul in the year of
Pretoria Castra with towers and gates, some Rome 425, having taken the city of Preivernum,
times without figures; at others, with two or or rather Privernum, and received triumphal
four soldiers performing sacrifice at a tripod, or honours on that account.——See Plautia, p. 226.
otherwise. Pretium numorum aaliguiorumr-The re
T/I8 Praetorian camp, with or without figures, lative value of coins was indicated in the early
is represented on reverses of the following times of the Roman mintage, either by single
Imperial coins, chiefly silver and third brass, letters or by points, thus
viz:—-On GLORIA ROMANORVM of Gratian; X. or 9|? the dcnarius.
on PROVIDENTM CA.ESarum of Licinins jun., V. the Quinarius or Vicloriatus.
Crispns, and Constantinus jun.; on PROVI S. Semis.
DENTIA AVG. or AVGG. of Diocletian, L. Libra, or as.
Llaximian Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, Gal. LLS. Sestertius, or two asses and a half.
Maximianus, Lieinius senior, Constantinus O. one globule or point, the uncia.
Magnus, and Constantinus jun., on SPES OO. two points, the sextsns.
ROMANORVM of Magnus Maximus and Fl. O00. three points, the quwdrans.
Victor; on VICTORIA AVGG. of Diocletian, 0000. lastly, four points or globules signify
Val. Maximian, Constaatius Chlorus, Gal. the triens.
Maximian, &c.; on VICTORIA SARMAT. or PRI. FL. Primua Fla1n't.—-This appears on
VICTORIA SARMATICA of Diocletian, a coin of the 1"1aminia family, bearing the
ltiaximiunns Hercules, and Constantine Chlorus; inscription 1.. rasmm. CKILO. uuvuz. PR1. rr..,
on VIRTVS MILITVM of Diocletian, of Val. that is to say, L. Flaminius Chilo, one of the
Maximianus, of Constantius Chlorus, of Gal. /"our magistrates appointed by Julius Caesar to
Maximianns, Maxentius, Maximinus Daze, superintend the coinage of deuarii, (primu:
Licinius jun., and Constantinus M. jlavit), was the first prsefect of that depart
“ The przctorian camp (says Millin), which is ment of the monela at Rome.
believed to have been situated to the east of PRIMI DECEN. Primi Dec.-mnaIer.—Thc
Rome, behind the Baths of Diocletian, was con first period of ten years. This epigraph (with
structed of bricks, of reticulated work, faced cos. llll. in a crown of laurel) appears for the
with stucco, finished with great nicety, and first time, either abridged or at full length, on
enriched with superb porticos, supported by coins, in all three metals, of Antoninus Pius,
columns. It was surrounded by an enclosure, and afterwards on those of his immediate suc
sometimes double, more or less extended, in cessors, M. Aurelius and Commodus.-—These
which were wrought, on u quadrangular plan of decennaler (says Eckhel) like the vota, whether
two stories in height, the ban-acka of the rurcepta or soluta, were doubtless celebrated for
guards, between which an easy communication the health and safety of the reigning prince.
was effected by means of covered galleries. Recorded in the first instance during the reign
Towers placed on the outside gave to this camp of the Antonines, they afterwards became a
the aspect of a formidable castle, or fortified constantly recurring subject of numismatic
town; whilst the vast space included within its inscription, and especially in the age of the
walls conduced to its salubrity, and afforded Constantines. The primi decennalea of Anto
every facility for exercising the troops.” ninus ended on the tenth of July, A.D. 148,
Pretoria Navia, the galley on board of which and then the second term of ten years began.
was the commander-in-chief of the naval arma PRIi\IIGENIA.—A name given to the 22nd
ment—or as we should call a modern vessel of war, Legion, on a silver coin of Mark Antony, as
the admirsl’s flag ship.—'I'he mz1,-is prwloria is given by Morcll, in the Antonia family, exhibit
seen on various coins from Augustus to Hadrian ing also n legiunary eagle betwwn two military
and thence to Commodus, Sept. Severus, Cara standards. With a capricorn it occurs on a
calla, and other Emperors, some with sails and small brass coin of Carausius.—lVum. Clmm.
others with rowers ; a figure seated at the helm, vol. ii. p. 121.
402
652 PRIMIS.~—PRIMUS. PRINCEPS.
PRTMIS X MVLTIS XX.—Primz1r Decen NONI. PR. LVD. V. P. F. Se:-tu: Nouiu
nalibus Multia Vicmnalibu-!.—Two figures of Prztor Ludo: Votivoa Prirnru fecit. The
Victory attach a shield to a palm, on which Praztor Sextns Nonius was the firs! who cele
is inscribed vo'r. x. ran. (Vote Decemuzlia brated the Votive Gnmes; and C. SERVEIL.
Felicia.) On the reverse of a gold coin of M. F. FLORA. PRIMVS. Cain: Serreilliu,
Diocletian.—On a medal of Val. Maximianus Marci Filiru, Flaralia Primus; that is to say,
the same legend appears, but a single figure of he rat instituted the Flonzl Gamer.
Victory inscribes V0. X1. on the shield. RIN. Princep.r.—PRlN. IVVEN'l‘\"'I‘lS.
In the Lower Empire, as has been already S. C. On a third brass of Maximus Caesar.
observed under the head ‘of Pararr nncennanas, PRIN. Prirwipe.!.—TlTVS ET D0l\lI
these votive legends are continually recurring; TIANVS PRIN. IVVENtuti.r.—~C. L.
the vows themselves being carried forward even CAESARES AVGVSTI F. COS. DES. PRIN.
beyond the term. This is expressed by the IVVENT. Cairu Lucius Caeaares, Aaguti
word nrultis; for instance, votis x., multis xx., Filii, Consular Designati, Principe: Jet-mm.
or by the word sic; for example, sic x., sic. xx. PRIN. Pn'm:ipi.——-OPl‘lM0 PRIN. On
On epigraphs of this kind, Bimard, in his coins of Trajan.--DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO
Note-I on Jobert, remarks that “among those PRIN. On a coin of Constantin: Chlorus.
-medlls, on which allusion is made to Vota PRINC. Pr-inceps, Pr-im-ipi.r, Print-ipi,
Decermalia and Vicermalia, there are scarcely Prim:ipes.—PRINC. IVV., or ]VVEN., or
any more curious than those of Diocletian and of IVVENT., or IVVENTVT., or at full length
Maximian his colleague, which have for their IVVENTVTIS. Prinrep: Jrwmtulia.
legend ramrs X. xvi.-rrs xx.—Banduri has Princeps Juventutia was a name of dignity
quoted two of these medals, but there were even in the most flourishing days of the re
more than thirty varieties in the cabinet of public. It was an honorary appellation given
the Abbé de Rothelin. Some bear the type of to him who took the lead of the greater and
Jupiter standing ; others of Hercules also stand lesser boys appointed to perform a part in the
ing. A Victory seated is seen on several, hold game of Troy (ad ludum Trojavj. T/re prince
ing with the leh hand a buclrlcr resting on her of the youth was, in the earlier times, the
knee, and with her right hand inseribing on this chief of the Equestrian Order. Under the
bnckler, vo-rrs x. or vor x. Others, lastly, empire, and from the very commencement
represent two Victories, who sustain a buclrler, of that monarchieal form of government, this
on which we read V01‘. X. 1'1.-:r.., and sometimes title, although simply honorary, appears to lure
vor. x. L1‘ xx. These medals are so much the been given, as an apanage, to such young
more remarkable, as the vows form the legend princes of the imperial family as were destined
and not the inscription; and as they are re to reign, and was sometimes conferred ca
peated on those where we again read them in them at a very early age. The dignity in
the buckler. certain instances accompanied that of Gnu.
PRIMI XX. IOVI AVGVSTI,—-Tupiter It is a mark of distinction of which thfl
sitting, with thunderbolt and Iraata. This legend memorial is found rpetuated, either directly
and type appear on a very rare gold coin of or indirectly on the medals dedicated to these
Diocletian, who celebrated the vuta vicemralia, youthful heirs of the throne. Sometimm, as in
the twentieth year of his reign being been com the case oi Cairn and Lucius, sons of M.
pleted a.D. 303.—Banduri and Vaillant. Agnppa, adopted by Augustus, two princes
PRIMO AVSP.—The infant Hercules were honoured together with this title. T118
strangling two serpents. On afourth brass of types which hear reference to it present to I1!
Gal. Maximianus. This fine and remarkable usually, under the first reigns, horsemen, Willi
little coin, in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, spears, as in Nero and Dnrsus, Titus, Domitian,
was first noticed by Eckhel in his Syllog. i.
Num. Vet. And the same great numismatist in
his Dact. Num. Vet. thus explains the epigraph:
“'I\vo modes (he observes) suggest themselves.
It is called PRIMO AVSPice, as on coins of
S. Severus we read DIS AVSPICIBVS, or it
is PRIMO. AVSPIcio ; for on coins of that very
age, viz., that of Diocletian and Maximinian
Hercules, we find it written AVSPIC. FEL.,
which may be held certainly to mean AVSPICi0
FELici.
PRIMVS.—Those who were the first (primi)
to do any particular thing of public importance,
or who bore any olfice first, were noted, by [First brass of Geta.]
writers accordingly, and the memory of the
event struck on coins, as L. BRVTVS PRIMu.r and Geta. But after Gcta, the Prinrq"
CONSUL. A similar instance is read» on a Juvenlutis was no longer represented by 1111
denarius of"’the Flaminia family see PRI. FL. equestrian figure, but appeared on foot, _il1 I
or Qualuor Vir Jlonetalia Primus flavi!).—Ou military habit, either by the side of two cnslgrflfl,
other coins the word primua occurs: SEX. and holding the haste pura and A short wand, "5
 PRINCIPES. PRINCIPI.—PRISCUS. 653
in Alex. Severus and Maxin_1na_; or holding a PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. S C.—Two right
globe in left hand and a javehn ll] the right, as hands joined, hold a military ensign, fixed into
in Gordianns Pius and Philippus yun.; or the a ship's prow.—Second brass of Commodus.
prince standing, in a military habit, holding a This coin on its obverse bears the young head of
aceptre, with three standards, as on first brass of Commodus, and the inscription CAES. AVG.
Diadumenianus, of which an example is here FIL. GERM. SARM. Its date is assigned to
the year 930 (A.D. 177), when the title of
IMPeratar, and the dignity of the Tribuuit-ion
Power (TR. P.) began to be added to that of
CAESAR AVG. FlL., &e., which had previous
to that period appeared on the coins of that
emperor. It was about the same time that he
took Crispina to wife.—The meaning of a type
so unusual as an accompaniment to the legend
is not explained by Eckhel, through he quotes
the coin from the Vienna cabinet.
The title of Princeps Jnventutis, which at the
beginning was accustomed to be bestowed only
on the young princes who were as yet only
given. There are several slight varieties of Caesars, and on actually appointed successors,
this eoin, in which Diadumenianus holds also a was at a later period accepted even by the Augusti
javelin; or the hasta pura in the right hand, a themselves. “Volusian," says Bimard, “is, I
globe in the left, as in the younger Philip and believe, the first on whose medals Princepa
Numerianus, and with a captive at his feet, as Juventutia appears, on the reverse of a head
on a rare medallion of Saloninus; or holding a which has in the legend the title of Imperalor ;
military standard in the right and a spear reversed but in the lower empire a thousand examples of
i.n the left hand; or with baaillum and javelin, it are found.”
or hasta para, as in Hereunius and Numerisnus; PRINCIPI IMPERII ROMANI.-—Mars
or holding a military ensign in the right and the helmeted, walking, with spear in right hand and
hasta in the left hand, near to which a sacred trophy on his left shou.lder.—~On a gold coin of
standard is sometimes planted, as in llostilianns; Maxentius.
lastly, the frequently recurring legend of Paflc. A dedication to Mara, as the Prince of the
IYVENT. accompanies the unusual and scarcely Roman Empire, was a new title for their God of
appropriate type of a woman seated, holding an War, created by the ingenuity of Maxentius,
olive branch in her right hand, and resting her who had already inscribed one of his silver coins
left arm on the back of the chair, as is seen on to liars Propagator Imp:-rii.
the coins of Herennius and Hostilianus alone. PRINCIPIA IVVEN TVTIS.—Crispus Caesar
On a silver coin of Saloninns, son of Gallienus, in a military habit, standing with spear and shield.
we find the legend of ramc. IVVENTVTIS, accom On a third brass. So many coins of Crispus
panying the type of a military figure (evidently with this inscription are extant, that it would
exceed the bounds of reasonable belief to suppose
intended for that of the young prince), standing,
not, however (as is commonly the case on PBJNCIPIA written by mistake for Pamciri,
coins of the Lower Empire), holding a military especially as there are medals with this epigraph
standard, but with spear and bnckler in his left which yet ditfer in type from those which exhibit
hand, and crowning a trophy with his right. the word ransom. This epigraph seems to
A coin of Tetrirua, junior, shows the prince qf occur only in the mint of Crispus; for
the you!/1, holding an olive branch, and the Bnndurius, who produces one similarly inscribed
/meta para. among the gold coins of Constantine the
PRINC. IVVENTVT. Principe: Juventulie. younger, draws his authority from Hardnin
—On a very rare silver coin, bearing on its only, and it was seen by no one else. Lastly,
obverse the naked head of Augustus, and on the there are the coins of Gratian inscribed
reverse two horsemen galloping, this legend ralncirivn IVVENTVTIS. “I shall not (says
appears, with the letters c. L. (Caius and Lucim) Eckhel), perhaps, seem to go wide of the
at the bottom. The former received the honours mark, if I express my opinion that by the
when he was 14 (V. C. 749) ; the latter when he principia juventulie here in question are to
was 15 years old (v.c. 750). For the emperor be understood those principles or that descrip
above-named having destined these sons of tion of youth, required in camps by Crispus,
Agrippa (whom he had adopted) to be his suc whose image is represented by the military
cessors in the empire, it became the delight of figure on the reverse of this coin." How greatly
the Equestrian Order to call them Principe: distinguished by warlike deeds was the youth of
Juvmlulia (Tacit. Armal.) The spear and this truly noble but ill-fated Caesar, the pen of
bnckler (lzaata at clypeum) were the insignia of history has with suflieient elearness proved.
the Princes of the Youth-. see a denarius of PRlSCVS.—He was called Priscns, who was
Augustus, on the reverse of which the two the eldest born. It is the cognomen of the
Ca:sars, Qiu: and Lucius, are standing, veiled Bzebia, Mussidia, and Tarquitia families.
and togatcd, each holding the above-named PRISCVS A’l'l‘ALVS, an Ionian by birth,
description of arms. and of no ignoble family, was appointed Prefect
654 PRISCUS. PROBUS.
of Rome by Honorius the same year (.\.n. 509( This, and the coins inscribed PRO Salad:
that Alaric took possession of that city. The ET REDitu AVGueti, or C.-\ESa:-is S. P. Q, R.,
Gothic King, having a friendship for Attalus, struck respectively by the Monetal Triumvirs
compelled the conquered Romans to recognise Antisiiua Vehu and Jluciaiu-s Rafra, are all
him as Emperor; but disgusted with the in referred by Eckhel to the year v.c. 788 (before
dolcnce, imprudence, and presumption of l1lS Christ 16), when, in consequence of war being
protégé, Alaric deposed him the following year threatened by the Germans, Augustus made s
(a.n. 410); and this feeble puppet of the journey towards Gaul, and when (as Dion
northern conqueror remained in a state of records), vows were made at Rome for his health
obscurity and humiliation until the death of and safe return.—D0ci. Nun. Vet. vol. v. p.
Alaric, which happened shortly aflerwards. 137, vol. vi. p. 103.
Attalus then re-assumed the purple in Gaul, but Alluding to these votive medals, Dr. Clarke
meeting with no support either from the soldiers says—“ Although the Emperor, who had removed
or the inhabitants, and being destitute of rc to Ariminium (Rimini) for the greater con
sonrces, he continued to dwell with the Goths venience of giving his orders and receiving
till a.n. 416, when he was delivered into the intelligence, did not purpose to go farther, yet
hands of Constantius, general of the armies of it appears that public vows were made for his
Honorius, who sent him to Ravenna, where that safety and return with as much solemnity as if
Emperor then resided. After expenencmg again he had been personally engaged in foreign
the most extraordinary vicissitudes of fortune,vvar;” and indeed "the apprehensions of the
sometimes being suddenly re-elevated to ' a public were great, the enemy being numerous,
semblance of dignity, and at others as s _ bold, well disciplined, and near at hand."
plunged into the lowest depths of degradation, Medal. Hist. vol. i. p. 294.
he was condemned, after the amputation of his PRO. Providentia.—rao.avo. Pros-identi4
right hand, to a perpetual banishment in the Augusti. The providence of the Emperor.
Isle of Lipari, where, supplied with decent PROB. Pr0bi.—See anvanrvs ruom. ave.
necessaries, he ended his eventful but unhappy Probou-is.—An clephant’s proboscis is a
life. symbol of Africa.—[Vail. Pr. ii., p. 75.]
The coins of this Emperor are, in all metals, PROBVS (Marcus Aurelius).—'l'his illus
classed by numismatists among the rarest of the trious Emperor was born at Sirmium (Sennieli,
imperial serics.——His style on them is PBXSC. ' annonia, AJ). 232. His l'athcr’s name was
(or PRISCVS) a'r'r.u.vs. 1>.r. AVG.——IMP. ralscvs M’ imus, of an obscure family; that of his
a'rra1.vs P.!. AVG. mother is not known. Eminently favoured by
The engraving of a silver medallion of very nature, from the dawn of manhood, his look was
large size (weight 2oz. l0dwt. 4gr.) bearing on noble, his carriage majestic, and his inclinations
its obverse the portrait and imperial superscrip heroic. Valerian, discovering his rising merit,
tion of Prisons Attalus, and on its reverse made him a military tribune, at an unusually
INVICTA nona AETERNA, with type of Rome early . In the reigns of Claudius ].I., of
seated, holding a globe surmounted by Victory, Aurclian, of Tacitus, he displayed his valour
and the hxtta, is given by Mr. Akerman (see and skill; as rendering himself formidable in
Descriptive Cat, vol. ii. p. 353) who observes Africa, Egypt, and the Gallic provinces; the
that "it is in the collection of the British Rhine, the Danube, the Euphrates, also bore
Museum, and is probably uniqne.”—'l‘he dete witness to his warlike triumphs over the foes ot
rioration of the arts, betrayed in the bad design the empire. Prefect of the East, at the period
and coarse workmanship of this coin (supposing of the death of Tacitus, he was about 44 years
the engraving to be from a faithful copy) renders of age when he ascended the imperial throne;
it alike congenial to the degeneracy of the “in the full possession of his fame, of the love
Lower Empire, and worthy of being issued from of the army, and of mature mental and bodily
the gothic mint of Rome. vigour” (A.D. 276). After having vanqnishal
PR. IV. Princeps Juventuti.1.—On a coin Florianns, he was confirmed in his title by the
of Tetricus the younger, published by Bandurius Senate, who in homage to his exploits and to
(i. p, 411). _ _ _ his virtues conferred upon him at once the
PRIV. CEPIT. Prwermmi Oepzt.—On coins names of Caesar, Augustus, Pontifex Maximns,
of the Aemilia and Plauiia families. the Tribnnitian power, and the Prooonsnlar
PR. L. V. P. F. Przztur Ludo: Vofivos command. Thus honoured by “ the Conscript
Publicas Fecit.—See Nonia family (Spanheim). Fathers,", he was no less acknowledged by the
PR. N. Pronepoa.-—-Sec Caligula. whole empire, and his reign was a succession of
PRO. Prep0:ilion.—Pll0. a. cans. Pro victories and useful labours. He strengthened
Reditu Caeaari.r.—PBO. s. cans. Pro Salute the Rhartian frontier; made the Goths fed the
Caesanlr. keen edgc of the sword, and induced them to
PRO. VALETVDINE CAESARIS. S.P.Q.R. seek his alliance; broke the power of the
On a very rare gold coin of the Anleslia Sarmatians in the north and of the Isanrians in
family this legend appears, accompanying the the cast; defeated the Blemmyos, and con
type of a veiled priest standing before a lighted strained the King of Persia to sue for peace.
altar, holding n patera in his right hand; whilst Then retracing his steps westward, Probus de~
on the other sidc is the victimariua bringing up livcred Gaul from an invasion of the barbarous
a bull for sacrifice. tribes of Germany—drove back the Franks into
 PROBUS. PROCILIA. 655
their morasses; and 'ng his arms into the by the other cognomina of Parfliimu, Sannaticua,
German fastncsses, built a wall from the Rhine and Francicua, by the senate. None of these
to the Danube. Victor in all these expeditions honorary appellations, however, are to be found
and encounters both with foreign and domestic on his coins. But we d0 read on some of his
enemies, he enjoyed trinmphal honours at Rome medals VICTORIA onarumrca, and also vreroara
a.I>. 279; on which occasion, as is shewn by GOTHICA. Moreover, in the room of his other
his coins, he distributed the congiarium, and more usual titles, we sec on some coins of this
treated the people with magnificent shows. In prince vlarvs PBOBI mvrcrr .\vo., with his
quelling the subsequent revolt of Saturninus, head radiated, javelin in his right, and a shield
Proculus, and Bonosus, who had severally in his left hand. Another piece of Probus's
usurped the purple under his reign, he used his money is inscribed Vl\’.'l‘0B1OSO snnrrza.
good fortune with remarkable moderation and The wife of this Emperor appears on coins,
humanity. Many and stupendous were the but her name is unknown. Mionnet describes
works which this ever active Prince caused to a very rare bronze medallion, on the obverse of
be etfected by the labour of his soldiers, afier which are the heads side by side (accaléeaj of
having restored peace to the world. But the Prabus at Uzor. By Strada she is called Julia
treaty between Rome and Persia having been Procla ; but Tlistan, from whom Strada quotes,
broken by “the Great King," Probus prepared does not profess to have discovered the name.—
for war again on a grand and decisive scale; Beauvaia says “ By his wife PROCLA, Probus
but his rigid and exact discipline, and certain had several children, whose names are not
expressions which had unguardcdly escaped him known. All that is ascertained is that they.
respecting the military, provoked his own troops established themselves in the city of Rome.”
to mutiny, and they assassinated him on the PROC. Pr0con:ul.—L. nravnvs n. P. PBOC.
march, in the month of August, A.D. 282. src. Prononsul S1'm'li¢'.—See Calpumia family.
Probus had reigned six years and four months; PROCE. Pr0ce.v.rus.—I-‘aux PBOCES. CONSVL.
and his death was deplored, not only by the AVG. Felix: Proceuus Comulia xiugmli, and
Senate and people, but also by the very soldiers, a quadriga of elephants, on a coin of Maxentius.
whose discontent at his severity, and jealousy of Processua Co1r.rulari.r.—-This term was used
his preference for civil over military government, by the Romans in express reference to a solemn
had prompted this murderous attack on the life progress or procession.—See Consularis Pro
of their Emperor. His superior genius, both in ceas-u.1-.
the council and in the field, had indeed placed Pr0cilia.—'l'his family, said to be of Lanuvian
him on a level at least with the best and ablcst origin, was of ‘the plcbcian order, as appears
princes of the Roman Empire ; and the eulogium from its name being associated with the tribunate
inscribed on his tomb at his native town of of the people. Its coins, which are rare, offer
Sirmium, where he died, fell far short of justice but two varieties, both silver. The first and
to his memory, in designating him merely as
the vanquisher of the barbarous nations: for his
wisdom, probity, good morals, and disinterested
ness, had established for him a more valid claim
to be called “the Father of his Country,” than
could ever be truly advanced for an Augustus,
or even for a Trajan.
Probus is styled on his coins—1nP. c. Paonvs
Prvs ave.-—rnr>. cans. M. AVB. PROBVS P.
r. AVG.-—-PERPETVVS IXP. PROBV8.—PROBVS rarest has on the obverse the laurcated head of
lNVlCTV5.—BONVS IMP. Paonvs ruvrcr. AVG. Jupiter, with the mark of the senate’s authority,
s. c. ; on the reverse is 1.. r>aocr1.r.r., and Juno
The gold and silver of this Emperor are rare;
Sospita, or Siapita, is typified walking with
his brass money of the third form is extremely
ommon. Beauvais states that the Abbe’ de lance and buckle-r raised, a serpent before her,
Rothelin had formed a set of them, amounting rising from the ground.—Sce Roaeia family;
to no less than two thousand in number, with also see Juno bhspita.
differences. One of the most interesting with There is a serrated denarius of this family,
the reverse of vrarvs Paonr .\vo., Probus on bearing the same legend on its reverse, but with
horseback spearing an enemy, is here given. the type of Juno Sispita in a biga at full speed,
and exhibiting on its obverse the head of Juno
Sispita, as recognisable by the yoat-skin head
dress.—Thc letter r. in the legend of the reverse
claims a word or two of observation. Haver
canip has expressed his opinion that it indicates
Flamen, the priest or arch-priest of Juno
Sispita. But, says Eckhel, “ when that
learned antiquary wrote to the above effect, it
could not have occurred to him that on
certain other (consular) -coins the names of a
Vopiscus, in his life of Probus (c. ii.), relates man is in like manner followed by the letter
that this Emperor was called Gothicus, and also F., as REGVLVS F.—-MESSA.Liu: F.—C.
 656 PROCONSUL. PROCONSUL.—PROCOPTUS.
CVR.iatiu.v F.—Theret'ore in the same way L. which were exclusively confined to the sove
PROCILI. F. is also to be explained, and the reign’s otficers.—" Under the Emperors (says
F. is in all probability to be read Filiu.r.” It is Eckhel) thc proconsular dignity soon became
doubtful who this L. Procilius was. perpetual in their persons, or in those of
PROCONS. Procan.ml.—-1uP. caesaa thcir destined successors. By authority of the
TRAIANYS ave. P.M. T11. P.P. Ps.ocons., alegend senate, Claudius decreed that Nero Caesar should
round the head of Trajan on a contorniate medal possess proconsular power (extra urban) out of
catalogued by Eckhel. The words Consul and the jurisdiction of the city. Antoninns Pins
Proconrul are to be read at full length on coins was made by Hadrian, at one and the same
of Licinius senior and of Constantine the Great. time, his colleague in proconsnlar government
Procomul, one who under the Republic was and in the tribunitian power. And a similar
sent by the consuls to govern a province; for privilege was conferred, in his turn, by Anto
which purpose he was invested with powers ninus Pius on his adopted son M. Aurelius.”
almost as extraordinary as those which apper “There were, therefore, (adds the same
tained to the consulship itselt'.—Names of pro writer), three kinds of proconsulates among the
consuls and proprietors were stamped on coins Romans; of these the first were the ordinary
of Roman families under the authority of the ones, who went out to govern provinces, hav
senate. Thus we see on denarii of the Annia, ing acquired the otlice either by lot, or by
Appuleia, Carcilia, Junia, Manlia, and Scri agreement, or subsequently by the mission of
bonia families, the ax 5.0. added to the title of the prince himself. The second wu an ea
Paoc0s., together sometimes with the names of traordinary proconsulship, to which, for a cer
the provinces whose affairs those magisterial tain period of time, greater power, than usually
delegates administered, as in the case of Sicily. belonged to proconsuls, and extending over more
The Proconaul governed the province to which provinces, was entrusted. The third was pa
he was appointed, according to the Roman petual, and its authority prevailed throughout
laws. The year of the proconsulate dated all the provinces; and this, therefore, was
its commencement from the time that this decreed by Augustus to all Emperors, and by
magistrate made his otficial entry upon his them frequently to the Cmaars, and to the
provincial government. At the expiration destined 340. successors to the throne.”—Vol
of the year, he resigned his charge, which
included the command of the soldiers, into the The proconsulate of the Augasti and C-‘awn
hands of his successor, if arrived, and in thirty is seldom read on the monumental inscriptions
days quitted the province. If the successor of antiquity, either on marble or brass. Of
was not yct arrived, the procousul left his such coins, still fewer in number, as add the
lieutenant to act during the interval, and on his title of procousul to that of emperor, the follow
return to Rome rendered an account of his ing list is furnished by Eckhel =—
administration to the senate.—These magistrates coxsvn. llll. P. P. Paocos. in others co1¢svL
enjoyed in their respective provinces the same vn. P. P. Paocos. Ou coins of Diocletian.
honours as the consuls did at Rome. All pro cos. m. P. P. Pnocos. ; on others cortsn.
consuls of provinces were called rectors or pre nn.—v1.—-vn.—vm.—P. P. Paocos. On coins
sidents of the Roman people; they were attended of Maximiau Hercules.
on state occasions by twelve lictors, armed with cousvn. v. P. P. Paocos. On coins of Con
fasces and axes, if they had served the con stantins Chlorus.
sulate; otherwisc by six only. The heads of cossve. P. P. PROCONSVL. On coins or
proconsuls were not, as a matter of custom, Licinius, senior.
' engraven on coins; but their titles were recorded oo1vsv1.. P. P. PROCONSVL.-—P. H. "rem. P.
on the products of the mint, and they are repre cos. rm. P. P. Pao. cos.—P. M. nus. P. cos.
sented, in quzulrigsc, bearing the ivory sceptre, VI. P. P. PBOC08. On coins of Constantine the
as the symbol of proconsular government, on Great.
coins of the Servilia, Sextia, and Sosia families. PROCOPIVS, born a.D. 334, in Cilicia, related
Under the empire the praconsulate was pre to Julian the Apostate, who honoured him with
served: and with the stronger reason for its various dignities; he was charged by Jovian to
continuance that as the dominion of Rome conduct the dead body of that emperor to Tarsns,
increased in extent, it became requisite to for interment. But as thc rumour prevailed that
multiply the number of otlicers, invested with Julian had made choice of him as his successor to
sounding titles and armed with the fullest autho the throne, Procopius retired first into Chemo
rity, for the government of territories at a dis nesus Taurica, afterwards to Chalcedon ; at
tance, more or less remote, from the great length, having proceeded to Constantinople, he
centre of supreme power. From the period took advantage of the known unpopular-itv of
when Augustus divided the administration of the Valens to assume the titlc of Augustus in ‘that
cmpirc between himself and the senate, the latter city, A. D. 365. But although nt first succcsful
sent to those provinces which had been rou in this assumption, his pride, extortion. and
ceded by the Empcror to their care, governors, cruelty plunged him into ruin, by rendering his
who under the names of proconsuls or pro own government iusupportablc. Valens. having
prsctors, administered justice there; but these been joined by the legions of the cast, who had
senatorial representatives held no military com remained faithful to his cause, cnconntcmd
mnnd, nor any control over the revenue, both Procopius at Nacolia, in Phzygia, vanquished
 PROCOPIUS.—PROFECTIO. PROFECTIO. 657
him in a hard fought battle, and caused him to journies into the Gallic provinces, afterwards
be pnt to death A.D. 366, in his 32nd year, and into Germany, Britain, &c. Then after having
after he had borne the vainly ambitious title of returned to Rome, he made a voyage to Africa,
Augustus for the space of eight months. and from thence, coming back again to the
The coins of Proeopius are extremely rare capital of his empire, he made a visit to the
in gold, silver, and middle brass, and almost East—yet not a single medal has hitherto been
equally so in third brass. On these he is found that records any of his numerous wander
styled 12. N. raocorrvs. r. r. AVG. The example ings from the Roman metropolis, under the
term of Profeetio.—On the brass coinage, how
ever, of M. Aurelius and of Vcrus, we read
raorncrio avo., and find that inscription
invariably accompanied, in the mintages of both
these princes, with the figure of an emperor on

here given is in brass, from the cabinet of Mr.

Roach Smith.
Praculeia, a plebeiau family, first lmown
under Augustus. Its coins are of third brass,
and exhibit only two varieties; one having a
head of Neptune, and the reverse a bipcnnis,
with C. PROCVLEIIU L. F.; on another, a
skate fish.
Proculus, a usurpcr in Gaul, born among the
Albigauni, a people of the maritime Alps (now horseback, preceded and followed by soldiery, as
Albenga, on the coast of Genoa), a powerful doubtless allusive to the many warlike expeditions
man, of outrageous limtfulness. At Lyons he of the two imperial brothers and colleagues
was named Emperor, at first in jest, but being against the Germans, the Marcomauni, the
afterwards proclaimed as such in good earnest, Sarmatiuns, the Parthinns, &c.—On a rare silver
his revolt was speedily suppressed by Probus, and coin of Sept. Severus, we see the image of that
he himself was put to death near Cologne, about warlike emperor on horseback, and the inscrip
the time that Bonosus and Saturninns met the tion of Psorncrio svo., marking the period
same fate.—Goltzius gives a coin as belonging (A.D. 196) of his expedition into Gaul against
to this Proculur, and Mediobarbus publishes Albinus, whom, early the next year, he vanquished
another, equally unauthenticated. at the sanguinary battle of Lyons.—Anothcr
Pracuralores Moneha.—Ofiicers holding the dennrius, bearing on its reverse the same inscrip
management of the various mints of the empire tion and type, shows the same prince in the same
under the appointment of and for the Emperor year, going forth on his contemplated war
or Czesar. In the Nolitia .Digniiatum appear with the Parthians.-——Thcre is a third coin of
the Pracurator Mbneha Aquileienrir; the Severus, incribed rnorncr. avoo. rsux, with
Pro;-uralor Moneta Arelalemia, &c.—-See the prince "on a horse at full speed, which
Monetm cl seq. Mediobarbus believed to indicate the expedition
PROF, AVG. Prqfectio Au_qusti.—The undertaken by Severus into Britain; but which
departure of the emperor. Eckhel, on apparently better grounds, under
Prq/kciioner Imperaiarum.-—-The journies or stands to mean the march that indefatigable
marchcs of an emperor were undertaken with warn'or prosecuted from Syria towards the con
great pomp, as had also in the times of the fines of Parthia.—Medals of Caracalla exhibit
republic been the expeditionary departure of the the etfigy of that prince, sometimes on horse
consuls.—Spanheim (Pr. ii., p. 619) assigns back, as in the above-quoted examples of his
various causes for these imperial prqfectioner, father. On a large brass, inscribed PROP. avoo.
which are designated by difi"erent symbols on PONTIF. TR. P. XI. cos. 111., Caracalla is depic
coins; chiefly by a representation of the prince ted, galloping his horse over a prostrate har
himself on horseback, preceded by a soldier or barian, at whom he is darting a javelin. This
a figure of victory, and by two or three soldiers medal was struck (s.n. 209) during his Britannia
following hi1n.—'I'hus on a gold and on a first campaigns.-——On other coins, the same emperor
brass coin of Trajan, we see the inscription of appears marching on foot, in a military habit,
PROFECTIO AVGVSTI ; and the type, an equestrian and holding a spear, with two legionary stand
figure of that emperor, with a spear in his right ards bebind him, or another figure carrying an
hand, u. military personage going before, and ensign. This prqfeclia is referred by Eckhel
three others following—a medal struck in com to (Jaracalla’s Gallic expedition, A.I!. 213, the
memoration of his proceeding on a campaign year after he commenced his imperial atrocities
against the Parthians.——Of all the Roman by the murder of his brother Geta.—In the
.duyu.r!i, none perfonned these profectiones monctal relics of Alexander Severus, there
ab urbe more frequently or more extendedly than are three coins of this description: the first
Hadrian, who, according to Spartianus, made represents the Emperor on horseback, pro
4P \
65 8 PROMETHEUS. ’ PROPRJ-JTORES.
ceded by s Victory, recording the fact of his first to instruct the Assyrians in astronomy,
having set out from Rome on his successful that he comprehended the nature of thunder,
expedition against the Persians (A.D. 231). Of and that it was from his knowledge of causes
the two others, one is a medallion, bearing with regard to atmospheric phenomena that he
on its obverse the portraits, face to face, of gained the dangerous reputation of having
Alexander and Mamaea his mother, with a cor stolen Jupiter’s own lightning.—Bocchart also
responding legend, and on the reverse PROFECTIO gleuus from the writings of the ancients that
svovs'r1.; the type, an equestrian figure of the Prometheus was the author of medicine, divi
Emperor, his right hand raised, and a spear in nation, music, and other arts of mm in a
his left, a Victory going before him holding out civilized state.
s laurel crown, and (on some reverses) soldiers PRON. Pronqros-.—A great grandson.
following or preceding. Both these are shown C. OCTAVIVS C. F. C. N. C. PRON. C. ABN.
by Eckhel to be memorials of Alexander’s hav Cain: Octavius, Caii Elias, Caii Nepas, G113
ing marched an army against the Germans who, Pronepor, Caii Abnepoa (u gmndch.ild's grand
crossing the Rhine (A.D. 234), had made de son). So on a coin of Caligula c. CAESAR om
vastating incursions upon the Gallic borders of AVG. PBON. Pronepos Juyazafi.
that river.-—Besides the term Profeclio, we find PROPAGO IMPERli.—This legend accom
that of 1-zxrsorrro and of TRAIECTVS used for a panies the type of a man and a woman standing
similar purpose of indication; and when the face to face, and joining hands, on gold and
emperor returned to the capital after a war or a silver of Cara;-alla and Plautilla.
victory, his entry was denoted by the inscriptive Struck during the life-time of Severus in
distinction of ADvEN'1'vs.—See the words. honour of his eldest son’s marriage (4.0. 202)
P. ROMANI. PopuliRomam'.—sor..noM1N. this coin shews the hope entertained by that
P. ROMANI. On a coin of Aurelian. Emperor of male descendants from this union,
Prom?!/ltusfarming man.—-The ancient story to perpetuate the empire in his family, as the
of man being formed by Prometheus, and denarius with Aelernitaa Imperii also serves to
animated by Minerva, is made the reverse type demonstrat¢.—a hope blighted by the event—s
of a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pins. On marriage rendered fatally miserable to the wife
this beautiful specimen of the ornamental mint by the atrocious brutality of the husband.-See
of Rome, in her best days of nnmismatic art, As."rEa.Nrr.ir. nrruar.
Prometheus appears seated on a rock, con PROPR. or PROPRAE. AFRICAE. Pro
templating the recent work of his hands, a Pl'il3t0l' of Africa.—See Clodius Jlacer.
naked human figure, placed before him like a PRO. SIC.—.Propr¢l0r Sic-ilia.
statue. Behind this image, distinguishable by .Propmtare.r.—-Among the mag-istgrial pg;-.
her helmet and the urgis, is seen Minerva givin sonages employed in the government of the
life to it by placing a butterfly (emblem of the ditfercnt provinces of the Roman empire, and
soul) upon its head. Near the goddess is a tree, of whom mention is made on coins, are the
round which a serpent has entwined itself— P_rop_rsetors, to whom full Praetorian power and
symbol of that prudence which regulates all the dignity was extended within the sphere of their
actions of the wise daughter of Jove. administration. As the territories of the re
According to the well-known interpretation public increased, so was the necessity for:-ed
of the myth, Psyche and Love signify the upon her of increasing in proportion the number
union of the soul with the body : hence Psyche of provincial ofiicers, and consequently magis
is frequently depicted with a butterfly above trates were sent by the senate with the titles of
her hcs.d.—The above medallion is quoted by proconsnl and proprsetor, according to the
Eckhel, as from the Museum Albani, and as estimated importance, either for extent or for
bearing on its obverse the laurcated head of the sitnation, of the particular position of country
emperor, with inscription aurouruvs svo. subjected to Roman domination. The onlv
rrvs. 1>.i>.—Millin also assigns a medallion of ditference between the relative position of the
brass, representing the same subject, and proconsnlur and the proprtctorian governors con
without legend, to Antoninus Pius, as pre sisted in the former having an attendance of
served in the Museum of the Vatican. twelve lictors, and the latter but six; and that
‘F However disguised in the fabulous mask of the retinue and soldicry of the procnnsul were
heathen mythology and of ancient poetry, generally the more numerous. The propntlnres,
Prometheus’s real character appears to have been as well as the proconsuls, by whom the larger
properly recognised by the Greeks, amongst provinces were ruled, are found recorded on
whom his name passed proverbially for that of many coins of families given by Moral} and
a skilful and ingenious man. The name of Vaillant.
Prometheus also signifies a potter, because he was PROPVGNAT. Propugnaior. Defender.-—
said to excel in works made of white clay. An mas PROPYGNAT. on coins of Gordian Ill.
engraved stone represents him modelling statues. PROPVGNATORI (understand IOVI.) IMP.
The name likewise means foresight; and the VIIII. COS. III. P.P.—-Inpitcr shaking his
individual who bore it was evidently famous in thunderbolt over a barbarian lying prostrate an
his time for the number, utility, and ingenuity the ground.
of his inventi0us.—Bcger derives from writings This silver coin of M. Aurelius, inscribed
less figurative and extravagant than the dramas (us by associating the legend with the type will
of ancient Greece, that Prometheus was the appear) to Jupiter the Dr_.7"mder, was struck in
 PROQ,UZESTOR.——PROSERPINA. PROSEl'tPINA.—PR.OVIDENTIA. 659
the year of Christ 178, when the Germans selection of brass medallions from the Abbé De
having again revolted against Rome, the Camp's cabinet-, gives from a coin of Cyzicus,
Emperor set out in August on a military expe with Greek inscription, a portrait of Faustina
dition to Germany, with his son Commodns. sen. under the type of Proserpine, with Ceres,
This is the first time the inscription of Pao on the reverse, in search of her lost daughter.
PVGNATOB. appearsin the Imperial series. After Millin (in his Gal. My!/A. t. i. pl. xlix., 340)
wards we find it joined sometimes to the word gives the reverse of a coin of Antoninus
rovr, at others to the word MART], and even to Pius, with legend of LAETITIA cos. nu. and
APOLLINI, according to the choice made by the type of two women standing, one holding
reigning prince of a particular champion from corn-ears, the other a globular figure; and
amongst the various gods of his Pantheon.— he interprets the device as follows :—“ Pro
Examples of this kind are to be found on coins serpine has been found again by Ceres, who
of Alex. Severus, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, is characterised by the ears of corn which
Gordianus Pius, Volusianus, Acmilianns, Vale she holds in her right hand. The daughter
rianus, Gallienus, Postumus, Tetricus, Diocle holds in her left hand the pomegranate of which
tianus, Val. Maxiniianus, Gal. Maximianus, she had eaten, and which was the cause of her
Constantinus Magn. not being permitted always to remain in
PROQ= Pmqmc.rlor.——1>noQ. P.—As on a hcaven.”—With the foregoing exception, the
denarius of the Cocceia family with the epi figure of Proserpine does not appear on any coin
graph M. ivnava raoq. P., which Vaillant reads of Roman die. But the medals of Syracuse
Proquznlar Pruvincialis, or Provincia; but present her image, the Sicilians worshiping her
which Eckhel says is most likely to mean Pra as a goddess, and swearing fidelity to their
qua.'.vlore Proprarlore.--The title of Proquinstor, promises by her name.
expressed as above, not unfrequently appears on PROV. AVG. Providentia Auyuati.-—To
coins of Roman families. the foresight of the Emperor.—Pa.0v. neon.
1’royu¢.vtore.:.—'l‘hc qusestors and proquaestors 1’ro1:identia, or Pravidenlirr, .De0rum.-—'l‘ha
were the paymasters-general of the Roman providence, or to the providence, of the gods.
legions; nay even the business of the coinage Providentia. (Providencc).—With all their
came also under their care. And, in the event vices, follies, and gross superstitions (indeed, in
of a qmestor dying, or leaving his province, the spite of them), the Romans still appear to have
proquarstor acted in his room. cherished a belief in the perpetual and direct
Prora, the prow or fore part of a ship.-—This interposition of the gods with respect to human
figure on colonial coins indicates a city situated afl‘airs.—Among the various monuments which
on the sea-coast.-—It is a symbol of maritime attest this religious feeling, or at least this pro
power, as on coins of M. Antony and of the fession of religion, on the part of both princes
Pompcys. and people, none are more conspicuous than
Prom are seen on brass coins of many those to be found on their imperial coins, for it
Roman families, which are thence denominated is to be observed that previous to the substitution
ratili.—Thcy are also found on medals of Julius of the monarehicsl for the republican form of
Cmsar, Augustus, Vespasian, (with a star above, government, that allegorical divinity whose
and cos. vrrr.) and Hadrian.——Also with the name is derived from provider: (to foresee) is
goddess Amzomt standing on or near, as in not seen either on metal or on marble.—Tho
Titus, Domitian, Nerva, 'I‘rajan, Hadrian, first coin on which the name of Providence
Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Severus, Gallienus. appears is a unique one of small brass, having
On a second brass of Commodns (ramorrr on one side a radiated head surrounded with the
rvvr-zrrrvrrs) a lcgionary eagle, supported by two inscription nrvos rvuvs cansan, and on the
right hands joined, is seen planted on the prow other an altar lighted, with rnovrn. s. c.-—
of a galley. From the commencement of the reign of
The prom of a galley, with the figure of Augustus and afierwaxds, the words Providence
Felicity, of Fortune, of Laetitia, of Neptune, and Providence qf the God: came very tre
of Minerva, and of Rome, is seen on coins of qucntly into use, and the accompanying symbols
Vespasian, Hadrian, Commodns, Antoninus were greatly multiplied, insomuch that Ant.
Pius, Severus, Postumus, Philip, and Gallienus. Auguatino in his second Dialogue exhibits
—The same object, on which stands a Victoria twelve varieties of types, taken £rom reverses of
Navalia, appears on medals of Augustus, different emperors’ coins, for adulation soon
Vespasinn, and Titus.——See vrcroara avovs'rr.— proceeded to lavish upon princes all the attributes
vrcronu rvavaus. of divinity.—Pr0vidence (PEOVIDENTIA nzonvsr)
PRO. R. CAES. Pro Reditu C¢.'mria.—For however, is oitenest depicted under the form of
the return of the Emperor. a female, clothed in a matron’s gown, holding
PRO. S. Pro SaIute.—PRo. s. ET am). ave. in her left hand a cornucopiez, or the hasta puru,
Pro Salule el Redilu Augu.1h'.—See S. P. Q. B. and in her right a short wand, with which she
v. s., &c. either touches or points to a globe. Sometimes
I’rn.vcrpina, daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, she holds this globe in her right hand, at others
and the wife of Pluto, by Whom, according to it lies at her feet. This type is intended to mark
the fable, she was forcibly borne away from the power and wisdom of the emperor, who
Enna, or Mount Actna, and conveyed to his ruled the Roman world.——On a first brass of
infernal kingdom [see Cerer].—Vaillant, in a Alexander Severus, inscribed raovmsnrrs svo.,
4P2
660 PROVIDENT. PROVIDENTIA.
is a woman resting her right hand on an anchor, | PItOVIDENTIA.—Seguin in his Seleda
and holding two corn-ears over an altar.—On a l Numiamata Impp. (p. 148) has given us the
second brass of Numcrianus the Providence qf engraving of a beautiful gold coin, on the
I/ac Emperor holds a cornucopia: in her right r obverse of which is the head of Scptim. Severus,
hand.——Other types, peculiar to certain emperors with the epigraph szvanvs Pivs svo., and on
and events, will bc found described below. the reverse a head similar to that of Medusa,
PROVID. S. C. A lighted altar.——This is with the word PBOVIDEN‘l‘lA.—-Ill reference to
the legend and type alluded to above as forming l this remarkable medal, both Scguiu and Vaillsat
the
Pellcrin
reverse
was
of the
a middle
first brass
to publish in his consider it to mean, in an allegorical sense, that
of Juliusit,Ca:sar.—
Minerva is the Goddess of Prudence or of
Mé/ange de Illédaillea (vol. i. p. 196), and Providence, which is indicated by the head of
Eckhel quotes the coin from the work of that Medusa, sacred to her, and which she bore
great French nlnnismatist as an evidence that affixed to her mgis.—Eckhel appears to be of
Providence was an attribute almost exclusively the same opinion, and refers to other medals oi
assigned to the gods. But, at the same time, \ Severus in confirmation thereof.
he denies the correctness of Pellcrin’s assertion PROVIDENT. AVGurh' l.\IP. VI. COS.
that the word Pravizlenlia coupled with the . III.—On a first brass of M. Aurelius. This
figure of an altar was, in the age of Julius, a ~ medal, eulogising the Emperor for his foresight
mark of consecration, “for (says the Germa.n . (Providenlia), is rare, and its type very re
medallist) we also sec both of them conjoined on markable. The Empcror stands on an §trade,
coins of Gulba and Vitellius.” This is the: addressing his soldiers. The Prartorian prefer!
earliest Roman coin hitherto found which exhibits stands close behind him, The troops are com
such a revcrsc, but it is common on those of posed of cavalrv as well as infantry, as is
Divus .4u_qu.rlu.!. . sheum by four niilitary figures, and by s hora
PRO\'I])E.\IT. S. C. An altar.—On asccond ‘ whose head appears amidst them.—}lavercamp
brass coin restored by Vespasian. fjlluaeum Rey. Suewrum) gleans the explana
By the old masters of the numismatic science tion of this fine medal from one of the same
it was thought that this and other coins having emperor’s (see p. 6-LO of this ])i<.tionary),
on the obverse a radiated head of Augustus, wh.ich, with the legend IMP. VI. cos. in. re
with the inscription nivvs avovsrvs PATER, presents in the type of its reverse the trajedza,
were struck in the life-time of Augustus, and or passage of the Emperor with his troops orer
that by the type of the reverse the temple of a bridge of boats. As the ordering of bridgrs
Janus was represented——that temple being closed to be constructed whcnevcr they were neodfiil.
in consequence of Caesar having, by his 1>a0v1 belonged peculiarly to the procidenl care of the
DENCE, restored peace to the world. These reigning prince, so Marcus Aurelius is depicted
coins, therefore, as Pighiua expresses his opinion, in the act of haranguing his soldiers, on the
were struck in the year of Rome 725. But present coin, in which he would seem to be
the radiated head and legend mvvs AVGVBTVS exhorting them gallantly to brave the dangers of
on the obverse fully prove that they were war, since on his no means were neglected
struck after that emperor’s death ; and that the that human prudence could suggest, to ensure
type of the reverse is not the temple of Janus, success to the Roman arms.
is sutficiently shewn, by that remarkable and PROVID. AVG, (Pr0videntia Aug|u£i.)—
unique coin of Julius Cazsar above described This legend appears on a first brass of Com
from Pcllerin-—a coin very like the one now in modus, with the type of a ship, whose two sails
question, except that on the obverse is read are expanded.—Vaillsnt.
mvos. rvmvs. cmssa. It is known, however, Even that monster of cruelty, and of bru
that this Dictator never shut the temple of talized voluptuousness, is not without the his
Janus.——'l‘he type, therefore, represents an torical honour of having, amidst a reign of
altar, as not only its form suggests, but as we atrocities and indccencies, been the author of
moreover perceive it must be from the circum an establishment advantageously useful for the
stance, of that, on the above-mentioned coin of supply of provisions to Rome and to Ita.l_v.—
Julius, being lighted. There are likewise coins " The fleet of Alexandria (says Crevicr, quoting
of the Lusitnnian colony of Emerita (Mcrida), Lampridius as his authority,) was the accustomed
which by their great similitudc corroborate this vehicle for conveying thither the corn of Egpt.
opiuion.—See nnmura. Conimodus employed a similar one at Carthage
It appears that the Romans not only inscribed for the transport of grain from Africa, in order
coins, but erected statues to the Providence that in case of need, the one might supply
of the Gods. In his T/rcaaurm, entitled what the other failed to bring. But here again
Inrcriplioner Antiques tolius oréis Romani, J1‘. he spoiled this really laudable institution, _by the
(1, ii., p. 1075), Grater, after Boissard, has ridiculous vanity which he mingled with it, in
published a has-relief, which represents a changing the name of Carthage into that of
Goddms crowned with laurel. She holds in her Alexandria Comnodiana, and in causing the
right hand a kind of baton; the left hand is fleet to be called fleet qf Comuodu Herc-ulel."
wanting: at her feet are seen, on one side, a - Eckhcl considers this coin to refer to the
horn of plenty, and on the other n basket of African fleet destined for the purpose abme
flowers: on the base we read PBOVIDENTXAI described, and which was established by Cum
nnoavn. modus in the year of Home 944 (AJJ. 191).
 PROVIDENTIA . PROVIDENTIA. 661
PROVlDENTIA AVG.——A woman standing as taking each other by the hand, and together
with the proboscis of an elephant on her head, supporting a globe (orbem terrarum of the
and at her feet a lion, displays a aistrum in her Roman world), under which is placed a rudder,
to mark (that one-sided reciprocity) their mutual
concord in the government of the state. On
this coin we sec one of the two figures wearing
a radiated crown (corona radiata).—By some
antiquaries this type is described as representing
Vespasian delivering over a globe to his son
Titus, as a symbol of entrusting him with the
management of state affairs. But this supposi
tion is not home out either by the countenances
of the two figures, which are both those of young
mcn, or by the assignment of the medal to the
reign of Titus.
PROVIDENTIA DEORVM. S. C.—Impe.
rator Iogalua stuns d. ea.-leula, 0. oolumen
respicit aquilam rupernc adoalantem, et scip1'a
left hand. Opposite is a naked figure of Her nem unquibu; zlqferentem, AE. I. and II. (Mus.
cules, whose foot is placed on the prow of a Cm:-.)
vessel, and whose left hand holds a club; both It is in the above terms that Eckhel (Dost.
figures, symbolieal of Hercules and Africa, join Num., Vet. vol. vi. p. 507), describes a coin of
right hands with each other. Hadrian, in first and second brass, as from the
This legend and type, on a large brass of Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. viz., the magnificent
Commodus, is regarded by the learned as Ic collection over the safe keeping and arrangement
fe;-ring to the African fleet of corn transports, of which that most able and judicious numismatic
alluded to in the preceding coin, and which is antiquary prcsidcd.——'l‘he same remarkable type
also believed to be referred to in a medallion ofof the Roman PROVIDENTXA is given in, and
the same emperor. (See VOTIS rnLicrnvs.)—— commented on, first by Tristan (Comment.
The elcphant’s head, the sistrum, the hon, are Hist. tom. i. p. 462), and afterwards by Pedrnsi
attributes peculiar to Egypt and to Atnca (vol. vi. p. 336, Museum Farnere). But it is
roper, which were the grananes of Rome. not included in Mionnet’s Recueil, nor in Akcr
ut Commodus having sent his ships for freights man's Catalogue.
of corn is on this coin represented paying In the descriptions respectively made by Trajan,
worship to Hercules, and he himself plants his Pedrusi, and Eckhel, there are some minor
foot on the prow of one of the vessels, as if points of difference; but all agree about the
shewing care for his new colony. togated figure standing, with right hand ex
PROVLDENTIA AVGVSTI. S. C.—Two tended towards an eagle, which appears flying
figures in the toga standing; one presenting a down with something in his talons, either a
globe to the other; between them is a rudder. branch, or a wand, or sceptre.-—'l‘ristnn (afier
On a first brass of Titus. observing that Antonio Augustine is wrong in
As the coin on which this fine historical ascribing this medal to Trajan, and in speaking
reverse appears is recognised as genuine by of the bird not as an eagle but as a dove,) says,
hlionnet and Akerman, although unnoticed by “Pour Ie certain, ce raver: regards Ia pielé
Eckhel, we shall here append an explanation d’Hadrian, qui rdere It Ia providence des
of the type from Havercamp’s Commentaries Dieuz, at non au Destin, ea promotion a
on the Cabinet of Queen Christina :—“This l’E1/zpire, cet Jigle lui en preaenlant le aceptre
medal was struck in praise of the Providence, dz la part dc Jupiter.” He then quotes
or foresight of the Emperor, that is to say Eustatius on the subject, to the cfi'ect of
of Titus, who to annihilate factions, and to showing it to be that Greek writer's opinion,
prevent the occurrence of every thing calcul that “the Eagle is the sign of the Providence
ated to disturb the public tranqinlhty, had asso and the Love of Jupiter towards mankind."
ciated his brother Domitian with himself in the This seems a felieitous explanation of an other
government of the empire. For, according to wise obscure subject; and, supposing the great
Suetonius (in his Life of Iitw, chm ix-). 11 German medallist not to have been deceived by
primo Imperii die conaortem -rueceuoremque the specimens immediately under his own eye,
leatari perseveraoit. And this he did doubtless the coin is an interesting and curious adjunct to
to gratify the haughty and ambitious dis the legend of PILOVIDENTIA m~:oavn.—It may
position of Domitian, who, as the same writer be as well, however, to add that Pedrusi con
(in vita Domit. c. ii.) says, mmquam jaotare siders the figure to be, not that of Hadrian,
dubilavit, relictum re participem Imperii, red but of an Augur, who stands in the act of
fraudem testamenlo ad/zibitam. To disprove taking the auspices, for some purposes of super
this foul charge of having falsified his father’s stitious inquiry into future events, to which
will was, therefore, the provident policy of the that emperor was greatly addicted.——lJion
Emperor, by sharing the imperial inheritance says that Hadrian was much addicted to
with his unworthy brother. And accordingly divination and the use of magic in sacred
on this medal Titus and Domitian are represented ceremonies.
662 PROVIDENTIA. PROVIDENTIA.
PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM. COS. II. inquietudinir, and whose perturbed spirit was
A woman stands holding out both hands towards ever at variance with anything like resignation.
In illustration of the above reverse, as well
as in explanation of the term SENior A\"G11sis.r,
which forms part of the inscription on the
obverse of this coin, Baron Bimard makes the
following instructive remarks :—“ Although
(says be) Diocletian and his colleague had quirtcd
the throne, and had divested themselves of all
their authority in favour of the two Caesars,
Constantius Chlorus and Galcrius Maximianus;
yet they nevertheless retained the title of
Augusti, because the character which that title
imparted to those who bore it legitimately, was
regarded as inefiaecable. The only point about
a globe suspended in the air and radiated. On which care was taken, being to join the name of
n first brass of Pertinax. Senior to that of Augustus (thus designating
It has already been remarked that, from the Diocletian and Maximinian as the elder ni
time of Augustus, frequent mention is made of perors) in the laws wherein Diocletian and
Providence by the mint of Rome. The first Maximiuian were spoken of ; in the medals which
types were the altar, the thunderbolt, the were continued to be struck in their die, and
eagle. At a later period a globe is generally even in the inscriptions, in order to distinguish
employed to designate it, as being the image of them from the reigning emperors. It is so well
the orbia terrarum, or the whole world.— authenticated a truth, that the honours apper
“ This globe, therefore, serves to symbolise that taining to their rank were preserved to these
orb of earth whose government is entrusted to princes, after they had voluntarily laid them
princes by the providence of the gods; and down, that in the year of Christ 307, Mari
those princes themselves often bear it in one of mian Hercules was consul with Constantine,
their hands with that signification. A small and the following year with Galerius Maxi
figure of Victory is frequently placed on this mianus. The Chronicler of Alexandria, Casio
globe; but afterwards, under Christian Em dorus, the Greek Farti at Florence, and Prosper,
perors and Caesars, a cross was substituted for also place in the year of our Lord 308 a tenth
the Victory. And lest it should be taken for a consulate of Diocletian, who had abdicated the
common globular figure, it was sometimes en empire three years before.”
circled with zones, which correspond with the PROVIDENTISSIMI.-See ssrrnxru
celestial zones, as may be seen on the denarii Pnnvcms raovins1~rrissm1.—On coins of
of Mussidius Longns. A female genius either Constantinus M.
points to this globe, with a rod or short Prom'dentia.4—Besidcs the instances which
stick, or, what is almost solely observed on this have been already noticed, shewing the various
coin of Pertinar, she seems to accept it as modes of typifying Providence, whether in
descending from above, occasionally adorned praise of an emperor's care and foresight, or in
with rays, as if it was to be regarded as a acknowledgment of a divine superintendent-2,
heavenly gift. A similar type appears on the the following, among many ollrera, appear in
second brass as well as on the gold and silver of the Roman series :—A thunderbolt as in Anto
Pertinax. - ninus Pins—thc Emperor addressing his soldiers
PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES. AVGG. on large bronze of M. Anrelius—-on coins of
(Quin Augu.rt0rum.)——A woman standing with Gallienus, Mercury with his usual attributes
a branch in right hand and a haste in the loft, appears, accompanied by the legend of P80
opposite another female figure, who has no VIDENTIA avo.—the Providence of flue Gods is
attribute. [This type, therefore, presents the symbolised by a thunderbolt, on gold and silver
respective images of Providence and R¢y0.re.] coins of Antoninus Pius—on a second brass of
This legend is common on the coins of Aurelian, the same legend is accompanied by
Diocletian and of Maximian Hercules, as asso the figure of n woman holding two military
ciated with the well known fact of those two ensigns, opposite whom stands the Sun, with
partners in empire having (A.D. 305) abdicated radiated head, uplifted right hand, and globe
their high positions, and retired from the ad in his left—on coins of Postumus the same
ministration of public affairs to lead, as private legend has for its type a woman leaning on
individuals, a more tranquil, if not a happier a column. The type of Providence, as applied
life. That Di0cletinn’s abdication was per to an Emperor's acts, assumes the form of
formed with a sincerity, and persevered in with some edifice, such as a temple, an altar, or the
a temper of mind, which justified the appella cartra przcloria, frequently with a star aborc,
tion of Quiet’, in its calmest and most peaceful on medals of Constantius Chlorus, the two
sense, we have the concurrent authorities of Licinii, and Constantine the Great and his
both ecclesiastical and profane historians for family.
believing. Not so with respect to Maximian, PROVIDENTIA SENATVS. S. C.—Twc
who, during the whole period of his reluctant men clothed in the toga, one of whom gives a
privacy, appears to hzwc been the very image globe to the other.-—On a first brass of Nerve‘.
 PROVINCIA DACIA. PROVINCIA DACIA. 668
These two figures (says Havercamp) are de of its acknowledged importance, in sculptured
signed to represent the Senate and Nerva.—The marbles, and inscribed stones, in public roads and
republic (or, more properly speaking, the imperial edifices, in the ruins of Trajan’s bridge and other
monarchy) began to breathe again, and to recover moniunents. But although the name of Dacia,
from the ctfects of past calamities, after the and the memory of its conquest, are recorded on
death of Domitian, under Nerva, the excellent many coins of Roman die, struck in all the
prince who succeeded that cruel tyrant. In fact three metals, yet it does not appear that any of
Nerva not only in his own person rendered great its cities or districts were admitted to partake of
services to the state, but also by his choice of colonial or municipal privileges, nor that any
a successor as the public interest required. pieces of money were struck within the provinces
Having no child of his own, he adopted Ulpius itself, until the reign of Philip senior, who was
Trajan, who from his virtues and great qualities the first emperor that changed its political con
was most worthy of being selected for so glorious dition trom subjugation to frcc-citizenship, and
a destiny. Nerva, whilst living, transmitted to gave it immunities which placed its inhabitants
Trajan all the rights of empire, which he had on an equality, as to rights, with the Romans
himself received from the senate, for Nerva had themselves.—Tlie Imperial Greek pieces which
been chosen by the senate, who had placed the bear the name of this country in Grcck, were
supreme power in his hands as the worthiest to fabricated elsewhere, in memory of the advan
which they could be confided. Accordingly the tages which the Romans had gained over the
present medal is made to bear the inscription of Dar-ians. “ It has not been possible,” says M.
PBUVIDENTIA SENATVS. Hennin (Manuel vol. ii. p. 107). “ to ascertain
positively the places where those pieces were
coined. M. Sestiui ascribes them to the -Isle of
Crete, and believes them to have been struck in
the city of Thalassa.” Be this, however, as it
may, it was under Philip senior that it began to
use Latin legends. And from notations of years
which appear on the cxcrgue of these coins.
such as AN. 1., rm. 11., arr. 111., &c., the
inference seems warranted that, having been
rendered frcc under Philip, and admitted by him
PROVINCIA DACIA. AN. I.—'I'he province to share in the immunities of the Jus Italicum,
of Dacia, on brass of Philip the elder. and thus to be placed on the footing of Roman
Havcrcamp, in his commentary on the Queen citizens, the entire province, out of grateful
of Swcden’s cabinet, says in reference to this remembrance of benefits thereby conferred upon
coin :--—“ Dacia was the second province (Mocsia it, adopted the plan of computing dates from
was the first) that struck a medal in honour of that period, as being the rera of its liberation.
Philip. It is dated of the year 1. The type The marks of years appear on coins of the two
consists of a figure standing, clothed after the Philips and Otacilia, also on coins of Decius,
manner of the Dacians, and representing the Etruscilla, Hercunins, Hostilianus, Gallus, Volu
genius of that province. She holds a Dacian sianus, }E1niliauus, Valerianus scn., and Gallienus;
sword in the right and a standard in the left hand, and they begin in the year of Rome 1,000,
on which is marked the number xiii.” Vaillant, a.D. 24-7, being the fourth year of Philip
in his colonies, gives a medal of Elmilianus, with senior’s reign, in which, as may be gathered
Pravincia Dacia, A.N. vii., and a female figure from Zosimus, that emperor rescued Dacia from
holding an ensign marked xiii., and a number v. the incursions of the Carpi.—On the coins of
being in the field of the coin. “ The numbers Philip only 1. 11.’ and 111. are engraved. Fmlcr
(says l-lavercamp) signify that the veterans of Trajnnus Decius, this province struck coins with
the filth legion, called Macedonian, and of the the years 1111. and v., answering to the years of
thirteenth, called Genzina, had been placed in Rome 1003 and 1004, in which last Decius
the province of Dacia by the Emperor Philip. perished.-—Thcre is a medallion of extreme
These legions, from the time of Trajan, were rarity, struck under Volusianus (as given by
almost always stationed in that province.” Froelich, Teri. p. 137), which bears for legend
On a medal of Trajanus Decius, given by PBOVINCIA mom AN. v. as the Fifi]: year of
Spanheim in his notes on Julian's “Caesars,” the this Daciau asra.-—The next which‘ are noted are
Dacinn Province assumes an upright posture, the years v1. and v11. under Trcb. Gallus, agree.
standing, with right hand elevated, between an ing with the years of the City 1005 and 1006,
eagle and a lion. in which last Gallus was slain.—But, as Dacia
Prat-incia Dacia Ilomana.—This vast and in the same year, VII. of its mra, inscribed coins
very noted province, as has already been to Hostiliauus, Gallus, 1Emi]ianus, and Gal
observed (p. 334), comprehended within its licnus, the fact shews that all these princes
limits, not only the modern Transylvania, reigned in the coarse of that year: viz., that
Waflachia, and Moldavia, but also part of Hostilianus died at the beginning of the year of
Hungary. How much too, after its dearly this aara, that Gallus was 'put to death some
purchased acquisition by the victorious arms of months afterwards, that Einilianns was killed
Trajan, it was the care of Imperial Rome to after three months more, lastly that Valerianus
civilize and adorn it, isshewn by various remains and Gallicnus were proclaimed emperors at the
664 PROVINCIA DACIA. PROVINCIA DACIA.
close of the same year. The Amuu vrm., or Genius of the Province.——Dion states that, under
Ninth year of Free Dacian, engraved on a coin Alex. Severus, both legions (viz.,_ v. Maccdonica
of Valerian, falls within the third year of and X111. Gemina) were stationed in Dacia. And
Valerian and Gallienus. The Tent/t year of the Philip having scnt the veterans of these legions
Dncinn rem, which is the fourth of Gallienns, into the colonies of the province, made a new
is revealed on a coin of his by Froelich (ibid, levy of soldiers to guard Dacia from the inroads
p. 140), with the assistance of chronology.—— of the barbarians. The sword in the hand of
So long as Dacia was treated as a conquest, the the female figure, is called by Clemens Alaand.
personification of the province was, on coins of [Strom. lib. 1] dp-rn, and, according to that
Roman die, almost invariably in a sitting writer, was borrowed from the Thracians.--On
posture, before some trophy, as if weeping for some of these Dncian coins it more rescmblu
the loss of her barbaric independence; but the Iitmw than a sword.—The eagle, which is
from the period when Philip senior bestowed the ensign of the Roman empire, is here adopted
upon her, less perhaps from choice than from by Dacia because she has been made Roman.
necessity, the too tardily conceded boon of The lion is the accustomed symbol of the pro
liberty, Dacia Provincia is seldom found seated. vince.—The female figure representing Dacia,
—Neumann (Pop. Num. i. lb. 3, 4, 2) has edited which on coins of the Philips and of 71‘!-ajanus
a second brassof Philip, on the reverse of which Decius holds (as already described) a military
the genius of the province is seated, her head ensign in each hand, is exhibited on a very rare
covered with the milra, or bonnet, of her second brass of Treb. Gallns, in a different
country.—But on the colonial imperial coins of manner. Instead of those legionary standanh
Dacia in general, from Philip to Gallienns, the allusive to the Roman soldiers appointed to
province is represented as follows :— guard her confines, the genius of the province
A woman, adorned with the pileus, and wear now presents the olive branch, indicating (says
ing n sort of tunic and long cloak, stands holding Vaillant ii., p. 213) that peace had been entered
in each hand a military ensign. On the into by Gallus with the barbarian invaders—a
velum, or small flag, of the right hand is the peace which that emperor had ignominionsly
numeral v. ; on that of the left, the numeral purchased by the payment of an annual tribute,
xnl.—On othcrs the woman bears in her right of 200 gold drachmas.” The figure in question
hand a curved sword, peculiar to the inhabitants bears in her lcfi; hand a tall staff, on which is
of the country; and a military ensign is planted placed the head of an ass, seemingly as though
near her to the right. At hcr fcct is on one it were a national ensign, as may be observed on
side an eagle with a crown in its beak, and on coins of Trajanus Decius struck by the Senate:
on the other side a lion.—On another coin the likewise on the silver mint of that emperor.
1,-alum of the military standard contains the We shall here append the series of annual
letters D. r.—The above types belong to coins notations on. coins of DACIA PROYINCIA, making
dedicated to Philip senior and junior, and to the zero of her freedom, as exhibited by Eclrhcl
Otacilia Severa.—Ou a very rare second brass [Cat.Mus. Can. i. p. 48, 4-9, 50]; not like
inscribed to Trcboninnus Gallus, the female figure Vaillant and others, taking them in the chrono
holds in her right hand a branch; and in her logical order of the imperial reigns, from Philip
lefi a staff, on the top of which is an ass’s head. to Gallienus; but according to the order of
[According to the explanations of these types years, commencing under the first named
given by Vaillant, Froélich, and others, the emperor.
woman represents the Genius Provinviaa: her Anna: I. ; as in Philip senior, Otacilia Seven,
head is covered with the pileus held to be the and Philip junior.
symbol of liberty, and allusion in this instance Arum: IL; as in Philip jlmior and Otacilil
to the freedom conceded to Dacia by Philip. Severa.
D. r. is Dacia 1"cl£.r. Dacia, as is well known, Armu; III.; as in Philip sen., Otacilia, Philip
was added to the empire by Trajan, yet in an jun,, Trajanus Decius, and Volusianus.
ancient inscription the merit of this annexation Anna: IV.; as in Trajanus Decius, and
and of giving this province the appellation of Herennius Etruscus.
Feliz is (strangely enough) awarded to Hadrian, [In ‘honour of Decius, who dethroned and
in the following terms :—nuP. cans. mvo succeeded to the founder of her freedom, Dari:
NERYAE TRAIANO HADBIANO PONT. Max. cos. nevertheless deemed it policy, no doubt, to strike
111. P. P. cvivs VIBTVTE DACIA IMPERIO ADDITA coins. But as the Illyrian army acknowledged
IELIX EsT.—Under Philip it resumed the name the inactive Philip, it first proclaimed Marinas,
of Fe/iz, having been declared free by that and afterwards Decius, Emperors against the
emperor, and on coins of Trajanus Decius, Barbarians then pouring into the Roman terri
Philip’s successor, it is also called Daria Felix. tories, thc neighbouring provinces followed the
—In reference to the figures V. and xm. on the samc movement, especially as Decius was born
military cnsigns, Vsillant observes that as Trajan in Pnnnonia, on the borders of Dacia, whilst
had placed the fifth Macedonian and the Philip being a native of Arabia, was loss popular
thirteenth Gemina Legions in Dacia, so Philip, with the provinces. It was for this reason that
having transmitted their veteran soldiers into the senate struck coins of Dccins with the
all the colonies of the province, proclaimed them epigraph of GENIVS nxnncrrvs ILLTRICLLHI,
Roman citizens, a fact shadowed forth in the and recorded the names of those provinnrs
military ensigns home in each hand by the which had proclaimed him emperor, \'iz., P -
 PROVINCIA. PROVINCIA. 665
nonia and Dacia. In fact they inscribed more To the senate he yielded those provinces which
rsmx, on the coins of the latter, as if she had
were situated in the centre of the empire, reserv
recovered her pristine felicity under such aing for himself and successors the frontier lines
prince as Decius, she having become, to the of country, under pretence of defending them
most privileged extent, a Roman province, tofrom the attacks of barbarian and other hostile
which allusion is made on a marble edited bynations. The provincia mburbamv, as those of
Zamosius.—Sec Vaillant, ii. p. 196.—With re Italy were called, from their comparative proxi
gard to the AN. Iv. appearing on a coininscribed
mity to Rome, were placed lll1(l€l'_tl1B authority
to Herennins, Vnillant remarks-—“ Dacia, on of annually appointed magistrates, sent to them
receiving intelligence that Trajauus Decius, at
by the Senatus Pupulusque Romanm, Whether
the entreaty of the senate, had proclaimed his
proconsuls or prtetors. On the other hand, the
son Herennius Etruscus, Caesar, struck coins of
provinces reserved for imperial government were
congratulation as well to the son as to the presided over by the Leyati Augusti, or lieu.
father, and placed the marks of the year Iv. tenants chosen by the prince himself.
(armies quartus) on those of the former, as a After the partition above referred to, conquered
monument of liberty derived from Philip."—— territories, moulded into provinces, fell to the
ii. p. 206.] sway, not of the people, but of the emperor, as
Anna: V.-, as in Trajanus Decius, Herennia Dion informs us. Thus Thrace, at length made
Etruscilla, Hostilianus, Trcb. Gallus, and Volu a province of, in the reign of Vespasian, likewise
sianus. Dacia and Arabia under Trajan, increased the
[The fifih year of the Dacian aers is the number of Cmsarean provinces. Hence it is that
second of Decius’s reign.—Vnillant, ii. 206.] on the coins of those provinces so acquired, we
Anna; Vl.; as in Treb. Gallus, Valerianus, read the name not of the proconsul or of any
and Gallienns. other popular magistrate, but of the legatcs of
Annm VlI.; as in Hostilisnus, 1Emilianns, the emperor.—-On this point Spanheim, in his
and Gallienus. notes on the Cm-are rgf Julian, makes the follow
Arum: VIll.; as in Emilianus and Vale ing remarks on those medals of Trajan, which
rianus. display Dacia, under various types, as a rub
Ammo IX. ; as in Valerianus. juyated nalizm -.—“ We see these coins (says
Anmu X. ; as in Gallienus. this erudite and observant author) with in
Provinciz. Provinces.—These were territories scriptions not only of vrcr. nsc. and of more
which the Romans had either conquered in war on-'rs, but even of more AVGVSTI PB.OVlNClA.;
or obtained possession of by other means. They that is to say, according to the custom alluded
formed a third part of the empire, and for the to by Dion that nations or conquered provinces,
purposes of government were divided into con subsequently to the division made by Augustus,
sular, proconsular, prsetorian, and prmsidial, fell no longer within the jurisdiction of the
according to the respective rank and dignity of Roman people, but devolved to that of the
the magistrates appointed to rule over them ; the Emperor, and became his provinces, and were
maxim of the republic being to form the therefore governed by his Lieutcnants, and by
countries which it subdued into so many distinct Przetors or Proconsuls, except in those changes
governments. As soon as it acquired them, their which the Emperors themselves made on the
laws were annulled, their own magistrates re subject from time to time."—Spanheim then
moved, and themselves subjected to the Roman cites the well-known medal of Trajan, com
laws, for the administration of which, according memorative of his capture of Dacia; and also
to the extent and importance of the provinces, the lcss common, but not less interesting coin
a proconsul, or a pm-tor, or a press: (see of the same emperor, which bears the legend of
these words) was sent from Rome——each with a Dacia Au_qu.rti .Pravincia—that province being
gumator, whose business it was to enforce pay represented by a Dacian seated on a. rock, with
ment of the tributes imposed by the conquerors.
In return for the loss of its independence, in
being reduced to a provincial state (redaota in
f0rmam Provim-iae), its yeneraus masters granted
to such country the Jus Provinvias, a privilege
very inferior to the Jua Ifalicum and to the Jm
Latium, inasmuch as it not only fell short of
exempting its inhabitants from tribute, but com
pelled them to receive their laws and governors
from Rome.—Thus during the republic, the pro
vinces, as well those of Italy as those at a greater
distance from the capital, were altogether under
the control of the senate and people. But when
Augustus became master, that subtle personage,
to serve his own ambitions policy, made a divi two children near him, and with s Roman
sion of the provinces, which, whilst it apparently ensign in his left hand. [See Dacia.:l—'l'he
abolished a monopoly of administrative power on some numismntist refers to other medals of
his part, had the 0lll‘L‘l'. of placing the whole Trajan, as ninrking the fart that this emperor,
military force of the state at his sole disposal. after having conquered ARABIA, had made a
-so
666 PROVOCO.—PRUDENTIA. PTOLEMAIS GALILAEE.
Roman province of it, particularly that inscribed people. And on the other side is seen, nude
ARABIA AVGVST. PROVINCIA; also AnAnIA the image of 0. woman crowned with towers,
ADQVIS. Arabia Adquiaita, or ARABIA csnra. the where
citythe ceremony took
of Alexandria, place.tSce
capital of the Anrilis
—See those inscriptions.
PROVOCO, title of the Porcian Law (Le: family in this Dictionary.)—'l‘he year in which
Porcia), on the denarius of that family, in an event so strikingly illustrative of the power
which the prsstor is represented standing with and influence of republican Rome occurred is
his hand extended towards a citizen clothed in not exactly known. But it appears that the
the toga: behind the praator stands u lictor, Marcus 1Eniilius Lepidus, to whom the otiicc of
holding in his right hand a rod.—-See Porcia Tutor Reyi: was entrusted by the senate, coin
family. menccd his first consulate A.\'.c. 56'], was
PR. P. Pro Prwtore.—Pl1.0 PR. PR. A. elevated to the supreme pontificate v.C. 574,
Pro Pm-tore Provincia Acluzian and served his second consulate V12. 578.
PR. Q. Pro Qu¢sl0rc.—M. unur. SABIN. Ptalemaia Galilaeze, a town on the Phmuirau
PB. Q, On a denarius of the Zllinatia family. coast, originally called Ace, from Hercules, now
PR. S. P. or PAL. .Pr0vim:iaSyriaPalealin¢. St. John of Acre. It took its Greek name
Of the province of Syria in Palestine. from one of the Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt,
PRVDENTIA AVG.——Banduri, citing and was the only city of that name convened
Mediobarbus, gives this epigraph as inscribed by the Romans into a colony—an event which
on the reverse of a gold coin of Aureolus, occurred under Claudius. Except, however, the
in which a female figure stands holding :1 short bare title of colony, it does not appear that any
wand in her right hand, and resting her lett right or privilege was conferred upon the place;
arm on a column. For example, if Ulpian is to be relied upon,
The word Prudentia is in this instance Ptolemais was never admitted to a participation
obviously used instead of Providentia, one of in the Ju: Ilalinnn, and was invested with
whose well-lmdwn types is here represented.—— nothing but the name of a colony (nibilpreler
Millin indeed says that “Prudence is the same nomen colomke babel). Yet it does not seen
allegorical divinity as Providence, and that there probable, that an emperor would send citiicfli
are medals on which she is figured." But as and veterans to colonize a distant territory,
Eckhel, Mionnet, and Akerman are all silent on without investing them with some special
the subject, it is probable they consider the liberties and immunities, to enjoy in their
word misread or blundered for Providentia. establishment there. At any rate we lmovr that
P. R. VOT. Pqmli Romani Vata.—In s Ptolemais had its series of colonial-imperial
shield, held by two victories, round which coins, from Claudius to Saloninus, including
v1c'ron1An x.AE'rAn. ram. Paar. on a gold also those of Nero, Trajan, Hadrian, sl'W’.l'll5i
medal of Constantine the Great. Caracalla, Alexander Severus, Philip senior,
PR. VRB. Pmfer-£114 Urbi, or Pnetor Valerianus, ‘and Otacilia Severn.
Urbanus.——Prz2i'ect of the city, or rather Praator The following are the chief type: found on
of the city. coins of this colony :-—
P. S. Percusra monetu Sirci¢.—-ltlouey Allar and Serpen(.|.——On a fine and rm
struck at Sieia (a town of Croatia now Sisscg) first brass of Valerianus, bearing the legzeuil
on the excrgue of a coin of Licinius sen. COLONIA P'l‘OLEM.>iIDEl\'Si'.r, the type is a
Psmldonz0nrla.——'l'his tcrm is applied to such lighted altar, from underneath the base of uhich,
numismatic irregularities as the Conlorniati, on each side, rises a serpent. On the lefl is I
the S[n'ntrie, Te.y.m'm, Sac. caduceus.
P. T. Percussa Treveri-:.——l\Ioncy struck at [This appears to be the memorial of asacrifice
Treves. offered by the people of Ptolemais for a happy
Plolommls IV. l’lzil0pai0r.—One of the issue to the war with Persia, commenced by
many Egyptian kings who rejoiced in the regal Valerian about the time when the medal ni
patronymie of Ptolomaeus, died in the year struck. We sec in it the altar on which sacml
of Rome 550, having appointed by his will rites, according to the usages of paganism, wen
that the Roman people should be tut-or to his performed to the gods on this account Tit
infant sou. This remarkable fact, which history, serpents are an augury of victories, as thi
by the pens of Valcrius Maximus, and Justinus, caduceus is a symbol of felicity. But the
aflirms and explains, forms the subject of typical auspices, which thus promised triumphs om’
allusion, on a rare denarius of the fljmilia the barbarians, proved fatally deceitful; for the
family, described by Eckhel as follows, from one emperor was defeated, made prisoner and, alter
in the Imperial cabinet at \'ienna:— the most ignominiously cruel treatment, pill 1°
AI.nxA1~wanA.—’l‘hc turrctcd head of a female death by Sapor, King of the Persians] '
Genius. Bust of a Bearded fl[an.—On a second him
M. LEPIDYS. PONT. MAX. 'rv'rou. REG. s. c.—— of Sept. Severus, struck at Pioleiuais, is ill!
'l\vo figures, in the Roman toga, standing; head of a man with long beard tloiving in thick
one placing a crown on the hcnrl of another. ciu~ls, and as if adorned with several horns;
Here then we have licpirlus in the consular bcfore whom is a cornucopizc. t
robe, crowning with‘the rcgul dindem the young [vaillzint regards this as intended to pcr.~"01llfF
Ptolemy (V. Epiphuiics), whom the kiur, his the Nile. He observes that the pwplf “f
father, had left under the tulclngc ol' the lloinun ' Ptolcmnis had borrowed the worship of that
 PTOLEMAIS GALILAEE. PTOLEMAIS GALILAEJE. 667
celebrated stream as well as the worship of have stamped the image of the hunter-goddess
Serapis, from Egypt—-the Nile being, according within a temple of two columns, round which
to Parmeuides, the Jupiter of the Egyptians. are the signs of the Zodiac.
The images of rivers were exhibited on ancient [This is one of the coins struck by the city
coins, with beards unshorn and with dishevelled of Ptolemais under Valerian, whilst he was
hair, m in the instance of the Nile itself on engaged in the Persian war.—,By the temple
Egyptian medals. Horns were appended to the and its idol, it shews that Diana was adored in
heads of these eifigics, as'denoting the different quality of Venatrir: by the people of this
mouths through which a river debouched into colony.—The twelve signs of the Zodiac,
the sea: accordingly Virgil calls the Rhine referring to astronomy, seems to have been
bicomis. But the Nile has several horns introduced into this type in memory of a science
assigned to it, because it was said to branch in which their (Phoenician) ancestors were,
into seven arms, as Virgil himself sings : according to Strabo and Pliny, pre-eminently
Et septem gemini turban! lre Ma ostia Nili. sltilled.]
.5». vi., I. so0.] Emperor on Horseback, with right hand
elevated, and holding the reins in his left, on a
The cornucopia: shadows forth the fertility, and second brass of Caraoalla, with legend COLONIA
the abundance of all fruits, of the enrth.] PTOLEMAIS.
Colonist and Elli/itary En..nyna.——On second [This appears intended to record the arrival
and third brass of this colony, dedicated, in the of the above named Emperor at Ptolemais;
first instance, to Claudius its founder, and for he is represented as an equestrian, and in the
afterwards in succession to Nero and to Hadrian, garb of a pacificator, just as coins of Roman die
the type of colonua bone: a_1/ens, is accompanied exhibit the entry of Emperors into Rome itself.
with four or five military standards placed behind This also agrees with what Ilerodianus relates
the oxen.-—The legend is con. rror. or rronsn. of Caracalla’s advent and sojourn in Syria:
Colonia Plolemai-:.—On a very rare and fine when on his military expedition against Armenia
large brass of Philip senior, with the legend and Parthia, he visited Antioch, and most pro
COL. PTOLemais, there are the colonist and , bably Ptolemais, which is situated between the
oxen, but not the military ensigns. former place and Syria.]
['l‘he colonist, or more properly the pontifl’ Emperor on IIor.veback.—An exactly similar
guiding a plough team of oxen, refers to the type and legend (to that of Car-acalla's) appears
origin and antiquity of the settlement. The on a second brass, bearing on its obverse the
military ensigns are introduced because not only portrait and titles of Alexander Severus.
citizens from Rome, but veterans from a legion, [Struck in congratulation to that Emperor on
were sent to Ptolemais by Claudius] his having defeated and dispersed the invading
It is rloubtiul whether this medal of Ptolemais armies of Persia, and (as Lampridius testifies)
has been correctly ‘copied as havingfive military vanquished their powerful King, Artaxerxes. The
ensigns. Pcllcrin has given two coins of this equestrian figure is viewed by Vaillant as re
colony, one with the head of Claudius, and the lating, not to Alexander Severus, but rather to
other with the head of Nero.—On the reverse a statue raised at Ptolemais to Carucal1a’s
of each of these, behind the colonist at plough, honour (and represented on the preceding coin).
appear four military standards. And on the For Alexander, according to Herodianus, took
square of each of these standards are secn the name of Severus from reverence for his
certain numbers, not visible on the medals ancestor Scptimius Severus, and called himself
published by Vaillant. These numerals shew the son of Caracalla, professing to have won his
the Legions whence were drafted the veteran many trophies of success over the barbarians,
soldiers who were sent to Plolrrnaia to form under the auspices and tutelage of those two
that colony. It seems that it is the vlth, lXth, Emperors]. '
Xlth, and xlrth Legions which are marked Fortune, standing, clothed in the stola, with,
‘ thereon. Nevertheless, adds Pellerin, it is as usual, the rudder and cornucopiae, on a small
very possible that the last two numbers were brass of Iiadrian.
only x. and XL, the unit which apparently [The many coins of this colony, dedicated to
terminates both those numbers being, perhaps, Hadrian, afford an indication that some singular
only the lateral line of the squares in which benefit had been conferred by that rnnnificent
they are encloscd.—[Reaueil, tom. ii. p. xi. and Emperor on Ptolemais. Fortune forms the
2, which see for an explanation of the legenda type of the reverse, as a goddess worshipped by
of these coins.] . the inhabitants of the city, and also as a favourite
O_ybele.——On a first brass of Valeriauns, object of Hadrian's veneration.]
struck at Ptolemais, the type of the reverse is On an elegant second brass, inscribed to
Cybele, who, seated between two lions which Carscalls, stands Fortune as designated by her
are at her feet, holds in her right hand some accustomed attributes, and with the valet/in: on
thing which resembles an infant in swsddling her head. Behind, is a small figure of Victory,
clothes. Behind the chair of the goddess is a placed on a cippus or column, extending a crown
caduceus winged.—See Pellerin, lfilanye, i. over the head of the Goddess.—There is a similar
pl. xxii. No. 8, p. 329. type of Fortune crowned by Victory, placed on
Diana Vnuziri.z.—On a rare second brass a cippus, on a second brass of Vulerianus, with
dedicated to Valerian, the people of this colony the sole addition of a winged caduceus in the
4Q2
ass l’I‘Ol.EMA1S GALILAEE. PTOLEMAIS GALILAEE.
field of the coin.——See Pellerin, Mélange, i. pl. [The seated female is the Geniu: urflia,
xxii., No. 8, p. 332. crowned with towers, as Ptolemais was sar
[Vaillaut says that the Virloriola standing on roundcd with strong walls; she sits on rocks,
I short column frequently appears on colonial as the city was on every side encompassed by
wins of Phcenicia, in allusion to the victories lofty mountains; she carries corn-ears, as the
gained by the ancient and enterprising people of colony was situated in a fertile and well culti
that country, and to the colonies which they vated plain; the foot treads on the shoulder oi‘
established far and wide] a river god, being the personification of the
Human Foot.—Pellerin furnishes us with Pagida or Beleus, which flowed past Ptolemais,
the engraving of a singular coin dedicated by as Josephus states, at the distance of two
the city of Ptolemais to Salonina, wife of stadia.]
Gallicnus (to whom Vaillant assigns no medals On second and small brass of Julia Domns.
of this colony). It bears on its reverse a human there is a similar figure of a woman, some
foot with part of the leg [most probably an times With, sometimes without, the male
er 1-nlo on account of some cure supposed to be figure.
miraculously etfccted]. Above it is a thunder Woman with Turreferl Head, clothed in the
bolt, and by its lefi side a cadnceas.— []See also stola, holding a rudder in the right hand, and a
Recueil——Lc!Ires dzldilion. t. ix. p. 36. comncopia in the letl hand. She stands beside
Ilercules and the 1;'mper0r.——On a first brass a column, on which are placed the infants
of this colony inscribed to Otacilia, wife of Romulus and Remus, sucklcd by the wolf.
Philip senior, given in Pcllcrin (llélange i. [The colony of Ptolemais, deriving its founda
l. xxi. No. 5, p. 317), Hercules joins his right tion from Claudius, has, to indicate that orimu.
and to that of the Emperor, both standing placed on its coinage the graphic illustration of
opposite each other. Between them is an altar, R01ne'spet legend, in like manner as all Roman
and above them a caduceus. Legend, co1.. r'roL. colonies were accustomed to adorn their market
Neptrzne and Pra.rerpine.——Pcllerin, in supply places with the same group in statuaryn]
ing an omission of Vaillant, who has given no P\'B.—PlJBL. Publica.
medals of Otacilia, as struck by this colony, has PUBLICA.—See asqvrrss PUBl.lCA.—-YIDES
noted one which exhibits on one side the head of PVBLICA, &c.
that Empress, and on the other Neptune Puzlir,-iIia.——Modesty was worshipped at Romt
[contrary to the well-known myth which makes as a goddess, especially by females. She bow
Pluto the ravisher of Ceres’ daughter] driving the surnames of Patricia and P/ebsia. The
a quadriga, in which he is carrying away temple of the latter was erected by Virginia. the
Proserpine. Above are horses, and Mercury daughter of Aulus, who had married s plebeisn.
flying with a caduceus in his right hand. and to whom the Patricians, in consequence, had
Sempis.—A second and third brass of Sept. refused entry into the temple of Pub}-51:}:
Severus and of Caracalla, bearing the legend of patricia. The image of thisdivinity is rarely
COL0m'a l’TOLemai.r, the head of Sernpis found on coins of emperors, but it is freqmuly
appears with the Modius. seen figured (not alwayl appropriately) on their
[The image of this divinity occurs on a great of the Au_qu.rt¢e, viz., Plotina, Sabina, Lncilll.
many coins of Phmnicia and Palestine, those Faustino junior, Crispina, Julia Mien, Mamrl.
countries having respectively adopted his worship Otacilia, Etruscilla, Salonina, &c., under ill’
from Egypt, where he was held in the highest traits of a woman, in a matronly gown and
s.doration.—See Serapis. veiled; or, on the point of veiling herself, holding
Tlnmderball.—'l‘his type presents itself on in one hand the lzasta pura; she is sometimfl
second brass of Ptolemais, inscribed to S. standing, rm in Lncilla; but ofiener seated, as in
Severus. Julia Micsa and Herennia Etrnscilla.
[The thunderbolt (see the word Fulmeu) is PVDIC. P. M. TR. P. COS. III.-A womzn.
the mark of Providence and the symbol of veiled, stands with her hands concealed within
empire; but on this coin its appearance seem her robe.
ingly refers to some passage in the history of 'l‘his dedicatory legend appears on asilvcr coin
the city. Perhaps (says Vaillant) as the F1010 of l-ladrian, who, as Eckhel observes. was bl
muizlezasns were in the habit of admitting the turns both “pudicua at impu1licu.v.”-—With tbi!
deities of their Egyptian neighbours among their special point for our remembrance, that altbongil
own objects of worship, so also is therc room for his modesty (pudicifia) could on certain oars‘
conjecture that the Cerauninn Jove of the Seleus sions be grievously offended at the vices H13
censians was adored at Ptolemais under the iudcccncies of others, yet it nevertheless cflll."
symbol of nfulmen, or thunderbolt. They after reconciled itself to his own more numerous I113
wards callcd Jupiter by the surname of Ful infinitely more odious criminalitiea. Bat 11-‘
mimzlnr, and dedicated a temple to him under coins of contemporaneous date record the virterfi
that title] only of princes, it remains for history. I3"
Woman and River Gad.—On second brass of their death, to make mention of their vilfl
this colony, dedicated to Trajan and to Hadrian, Thus also the medals of Hadrian boast of l1_i§
a woman, turret crowned, is seated on a rock, clemency‘, but history, not to be corrupted. cal‘-5
with corn-ears in hcr right hand. At her feet a to mind the violent deaths of illustrious nun
male figure appears, emerging from water with whom he caused to be sacrificed to his lwlml
outspread hands. and revenge.
 PUDICITIA.-—PUELLAE. PUELLAE.—PUER. 669
PVDICITIA.—This legend appears, with ii Diva, which announces that Faustino had already
variety of types, in every metal and form, on received the honours of the Apot-he0si9—a; from
coins of Faustino the younger, wife of M. Aurelius, that passage in Julius Capitolinus, which says
and of Lucilla, wife of L. Verus.—\'\’hether the “ Antoninns appropriated a fund for the nurture
madesly of these two princesses is boasted of on of a number of girls whom he called Faiuliniamt,
these medals according to the custom of court in honour of I"austiua.”—-It is also said that
flattery? or whether, after the manner in which Marcus Aurelius formed a similar establish
we hold up princes, as wishing to be what they ment_iu compliment to his wife, the younger
ought to be? is a question we presume not to Faustina.
decide.—We have seen that even the coins of _ :I‘o a similar institution for the children of
Hadrian make a vaunt of his pudicilia, a claim citizens, who (according to Pliny the younger)
to commendation which no one less than he had were nourished and provided for, at the public
established for himself. cost, under Autoninus Pius, a bronze medallion
PVDICITIA AVGu.rt¢.—This form of legend is considered to refer, on which stands a female
by which the attributes of deified modesty are figure,_holdiug a child and a globe, and having
more closely identified with the pcrsou of the at her feet two children, with the inscription
Empress than they are in the previously cited Pll~.'l‘A'l‘l. AVG. cos. i1ii.—See PIETATI.
instances, appears with the usual type of a veiled Puer or Paella, (see I7_lfafll).—-Children at
woman, on coins of Orbiaua, Tranquillina, the breast, or in the arms, or at the feet of their
Magnia Urbica. And also, by an inappropriate mother are seen on various coins of the Imperial
osteutation, if not by a mistake of the moueyers, aeries_—such as of Lucilla, Julia Domna, Faustina,
the saiue reverse is found on medals of Gordianns Otacilia, Urbica; with epigraphs of PECVNDITAS
III., Trajanus Decius, l-lostilianus, Volnsianns. AVG. and ivnoni Lvciiuis. A naked boy sits
Puellw, or Puez-uli.—Infants of both sexes on a globe, between seven stars (the THOnea) on
in the arms of females, or standing by the side a denarius of Domitia, wife of Domitian, in
of women, appear on many coins of the Imperial memory of a son they had lost. Sec nivvs
series, especially of the Trajan and Antouine cans. mr. n_oni'i-iair. A boy sitting on a goat,
fa.milies.—See C/iildren or Infants. with the epigraph AETERNITAS; and another
Puelliz Alimenlarim.-—-This term will be, seated on the same animal, with legend of iovi
perhaps, most significantly rendered by the CRESQENTI, appear on coins of Gallienus,
English phrase “Charity Girls,” the objects of an Salouinus, and Valerianus jun.—See Fecunditas,
institution by Antoninus Pius, in honour of his Juno I/ucina, Eiemilm Imperii.
wife Faustinu senior, and called Fauslinianw, Puer alatus.—A winged boy (see Cnpido) up.
after that Empress. Two of these Paella pears in the area of a coin of the Julia family;
Alimentaria! are seen standing before the Em and is seated on a goat in a denarius of the
peror on a gold medal of Trajan, which thus same fami1y.—See Julia.
commemorates the signal liberality of that great Puer_.—A boy as the sign of Felicitu, or of
prince in constituting and assigning throughout Succession, appears on medals of the Faustinas,
Italy permanent funds for the maintaiuance and Lucilla, Ci-ispina, Domna, M iesa, Aquilia, Momma,
education of destitute children, both girls and Orbiana, Etruscilla, and other Augusta.-The
bovs. same _figurc is an index of Hilaritas, on coin; of
'PVELLAE FAVSTINIANAE.-—Reference Hadfllll; Caracalla, Elagabalus, Tetricus.
has already been made to these benevolent insti 1-‘wen 4ualuor.—-Four boys, with the attri.
tutions, founded by the Emperor Trajan, who took butes of the seasons of the year, on first brim
under his protection and support such children of Commodns, Caracalla, and other Emperors;
as were orphans, or had been deserted. Antoninus and on a small brass of Carausiiis.--—Sce
Pius followed this excellent example, and in PELICIA rnarroavn.
honour of his wife, Fuustiun. senior, caused ii _.Pugionea.fThe figure of two daggers, or
great number of poor girls and young women to poiguards, with the pileua or cap of liberty,
be brought up, at the expense of the state. The appear on coins of Brutus.—See EID. MAB.
memory of this institution, which reflects equal Pu__gna.—~The combat of a lion with a stag,
honour on the Emperor and on the Empress, is on a silver coin of the Durmia family, is regarded
preserved on medals in gold and silver.—Thc as allusive to some celebration of the secular
obverse is inscribed DIVA ave PAVSTINA, accom games (lud_i em-ularea).
panying the head of Faustiua. On the reverse, Pulvkena (Aeha), daughter of the Emperor
Antoninus is represented sitting on an estrade, Arcadius, sister of Theodosius the second, and
in the attitude of extending his arms to a child the wife of Marcianus, was born at Constauti.
-whom one of the people presents to him. nople (_a.D. 9399). This princess was associated
Faustino had promised to many distressed per in the imperial government by her brother, from
sons that she would take care of their childreu’s whom she received the rank and title of Augusta
education and future interests: she had even (A.D. 414). Pulcheria’s historical character is
given these unfortunate infants ~her own name, that of a woman, as virtuous as she was beautiful;
as a further assurance of her generous intentions no less distinguished for charity and bcneficence
in their behalf, as we perceive by the legend of than for sweetness of temper and atfability of
Paella Faustiuianm. It seems evident, how manners. That her piety, however, partook of
ever, that this institution was not. carried into the ascetic taint of the age in which she lived,
etfect until after her death, as well from the word is strongly indicated by the uneonjugul condition
670 PUPIENUSA PU'PIENUS.—PU'I‘EAL.
on which, after the death of Theodosius (A.D. styled IMP. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG.—llilP
450), she gave her hand in marriage and a sent
on the throne of empire to l\iarcinnus—viz., that
he should not claim his rights as a husband, but
leave her to live chaste. Accordingly she ro
mained in a. state of perpetual virginity, and
died in “the odour of sanctity” (5.1). 453).
There are silver and gold coins of Pulcheria
extant, but they are of extreme rarity. Biniard
and Beauvais both assert the non-existence of
any brass medals of this empress, but Tanini
gives two examples of third brass coinage to her
reign, which Miouuet recognises as genuine,
and values at twenty francs each.—~Her style is CAES. M. CLOD. PVPIENVS. AVG.-—IMl’.
ALE. PVLCHEBIA. AVG. CAES. PVPIEN. MAXIMVS. AVG. On
Pulli.—'l‘wo chickens are seen in the act of reverses sometimes Pater Palria and PATRES
feeding, at the bottom of a tripod, on a silver SENATVS. The silver is of two sizes, the
coin of Lepidus. A cockerel appears among the larger of which exhibits the head of this emperor
insignia of the augural otfice on a denarius of with the radiated crown. The second brass an
Mark Antony.-—Sce AVGVR. very rare, and so are such of the first brass N
Panic (or Carthaginian) characters.—We find have the title of Jlizrimiu after Pupienns.
these on the reverse of a silver coin of Juba 1’u];pi.r.—-The poop or hinder part of a ship;
the younger, King of Mauretaniu-, whose por the image of which does not appear on Roman
trait, and title in Lelia, is engraved on the coins so frequently as the prom, or prow. It
obverse.-—See was aax. was on the puppi: or stern of ancient vessels, as
Punata.—For points on Roman Coins, espe in those of our own day, that the pilot or hrlrns
cially Consular, see Globular. man (Gubemator) took his station, and when
PUPIENUS (Marcus Ulodirzr), with the sur the commander had his post. This part of tlil
name of Mari/nus, born about the yuir of Christ ship was held inviulably sacred; it was also in
164, of humble parentage, attained, through the the larger galhes formed into a kind of temple,
various grades of military rank and civil service, ornmncntcd with crowns, fillets, and other
to the highest honours and powers of the state. religions decorations in honour of the g0ds.——On
For his exploits in the field the senate received a medal of Hadrian, the Emperor is seated on
him into their body; made praztor and twice the poop of the prmtorian galley, and Pallas on
elected consul, he afterwards governed in succes the prow.
sion the provinccs of Bithynia and Gaul with PU'l‘EAL.—In the comilium, or plum of
great credit. Victorious over the Sarrnatians popular assembly, at Rome, there is said lohare
and the Germans, he was rewarded with the been a spot, on which a statue of Accius Xmvins
Prefecture of Rome, and discharged that respon (of Tarquinius Priscus’s time) was placed, because
sible olfice with great talent and prudence. At there the celebrated augur was said to have
length he was elected Emperor, in association severed, or caused the above-named king to sever.
with Balbinus, about the year 237, and con the Whetstone with a razor. Under this statvfl
tributed by his coinage, activity, and generalship there was (according to Dionysius Haliznirnassifii
mainly to the deliverance ot the empire from the a subterranean cavity, culled pulenr (a well or
insupportuhle tyranny of Maximinus. On the pit), in which beneath an altar, the whetstoncof
death of that ferocious Thrneian and his son, the Accius was deposited; over the well a cover ni
army acknowledged Pupienus as Augu.rlu.r, con placed, whence it derived its name of Putcal. Bat
jointly with Balbiuus, who had remained at when the place fell into decay, Scriboniu I430,
Rome. This virtuous prince was lofty in statue, by order of the senate, caused it to be restored,
grave in demeanour, and venerable in aspect. which led to its being called rlrri-:_u. scninosll.
Of a melancholy turn of character, he was strict, as certain denarii show.—-According to Bcgcfi
yet humane; fi.rm and decisive, without rudeness opinion, this covering to the well wu calla!
or irascibility. Irreproachable in morals, the LIBO, because that person (see Scribcmia family)
friend of his country and obedient to her laws, lived in the vicinity, or because it was
he rendered impartial justice to all, and main or repaired at his expense. Thus Horace \wI1l~l
tained discipline amongst the soldicry. After seem to infer (lib. 1. ep. xix. l. 8.)
enjoying for a brief space, with his colleague, Forum Putealque Libonii.
the state of peace which he had procured for the It was, however, not the tribunal itself, but
empire, Pupienus was preparing to carry the only in the neighbourhood of the tribunal.
Roman arms into Persia, when he and Balhinus One of the numerous opinions subsisting. ai
were suddenly dragged from the impen'al palace well among ancient authors as among modem
by the Praetorian guards, and massacred in the commentators, -respecting this place, so OM"
streets of Rome, on the 15th of July, a.n. 238, alluded to in Roman history, is this, that on some
in his 74-th year, after having reigned three occasion or other, lightning had fallen uponil.
months and a few days. and that in consequence n covered well was cm!
On his coins, which are rare in silver and structed there, under authority, by the funcn'-wary
brass, and of great rarity in gold, Pupieuus is whose name it bears. Be this as it ma)’, ll
 PUTEAL. QUADRAGENS. 671
seems on all hands that the Puteal qf Quadi -—A nation or tribe formerly inhabit
Liba was much frequented, as a sort of exchange, ing that part of Europe now called Bohemia;
by the commercial and banking classes of Rome. as the Jllarcomamzi occupied the modern
-—See Scribania. Moravia, and the country bordering upon
Spanheim (Pr. ii., p. 189) contends that the Austria. The Quadi accepted kings at the
Puteal Libonia or Scribonii oughtnot to be con hands of the Roman Emperors, and frequent
founded with the one constructed in the comitium, mention is made of them in the annals of the
to which Cicero refers. reign of Marcus Aurelius.
The object represented on medals of the QVADlS.—See max QVADIS narvs.
Aemilia and Scribonia families looks more like QVADORVM TRIVMPHVS.—Ses
an altar adorned with sculptured flowers than Triumplma.
the tribunal or seat of a prmtor. But the whole QVADRAGENSVM (fit) REMISSA. S. C.
matter remains involved in obscurity, and is too On second brass of Galba, or on others.
much associated with fabulous history, and too QVADRAGENS. REMISSAE. S. C. (first
little with events of any importance, to repay or and second brass), or QVADRAGENSVMA.
to deserve the learned researches and conjectures REMISSIL, or XXXX REMISSAE., with
which have been bestowed on it. types of a triumphal arch.——-These legends refer
to the remission made by the Emperor above
Q. named, either of a tax called the fortieth, or of
the fortieth part of certain imposts.
This letter (the sixteenth of the Latin alphabet) Eel-thel’s remarks on this subject are in sub
by itself signifies Qurralor, or Quiuarius, or stance as follows :—That Galha was nnscasonably
Quintus, or Quinqmvma/is, or Quoz/, because parsimonious is the concurrent aflirmation of all
Q, is sometimes put for c. on early deuarii, as historians——that there was, however an occasion
QVM. for cv.\r. in the xfnlextia family. in which he showed some little liberality of
Q. or Qm'nquennaIi.r.—Duumvir or disposition, and doubtless immediately on his
Quatuorvir Quinquennnlis, a magistrate peculiar accession to the empire for the sake of conciliating
to some Roman colonies, so called because the public favour, is proved by these medals, which
term of his government was limited to five proclaim a benefit conceded on his part to the
years. Two or four of these magistrates were people, amounting to the remission, or at least
elected according to the size of the colonial the reduction of a tax (quadragnima relniurr).
city.-——Quinquennalia was also the name of the To this may be added the testimony given by
Roman censors, who exercised their office for implication in that passage of Suetonius, stating
five years. that Vespasian reinforced the fiscal burthen
Q. C. Quinlus C'a.r.riu.r.—Nnmc of a man. remitted under Galba (omiam sub (Ialba redi
Q. C. M. P. I. Quinta: Czerilirlrzlfele/lus _!]!l/ia revomas-e).”—-What was the nature of the
Pius Impera!ar.—See his initials among the uadragesimn, and whether the abolition of
deuarii of the Caacilia family.—’l'hese are the this tax was the act of Galba—for there are some
prenomeu, surname, and qualities of Quinta-r who, from what Tacitus has written, assign this
Jllele/Ins Scipio, who served as Consul v.0. 702, boon to Nero—are points which the learned do
and was a contemporary of Pompey the Great. not seem to have ascertained, although it
He was the natural son of P. Cornelius Scipio would appear that the law alluded to as having
Nasica, but adopted by Metcllus Pius been repealed in this instance was one by which
Pontifcx Maximus. the fortieth part of the property of individuals
Q. DES. Quwstor De.ri_q1uzlus.—-'l'he Qumstor was required to be brought into the public
Elect. treasury.
Q. HER. ETR. MES. DEC. NOB. C. Quadrans.—Three globules are the certain
Quinlus Ilerenniua Etruscus Meariu: Decius token of the Quadrana, or of the as divided into
1V0biZ1'.1 Cmrar. four parts, and the head of Hercules is the
Q.M. Quin!uaMarriu.r.——Pra-momen andname. equally sure type.
Q. O. C. F. or FAB. Quinta Of/1aIui0(et) Qnudram--—'l'l1e brass coin so called had its
Caio Fabio.—Prenomen and 'name respectively name from a mark of three globules, originally
of two men. denoting three umria, whilst the as weighed a
Q. P. Qmeslor Pr¢ton'.r, or Prgtorius, or pound (libra), but in the second Punic war it
Prztorianm-um.-—Qnznstor of the Practor, or of was reduced to one uncia.
the Preetorians. Quadranii: n0fn.——The mark of the quadram,
Q. PAPIR. CAR. TER. MON. Quinta namely, three globules struck on each side of
Papifio Carbon: (et) Quinta Terentio Montana. the coin, andindicating its price, is to be seen on
Q. PR. Qmzator Proviru-iall':.—-'I‘he Qmestor coins of many Roman families. On the obverse of
of the Province. this money appears either the head of Hercules,
Q. PRO. C. or COS. Qua-rtor Procansuli-1. covered with the spoils of the lion, as in Aburia
The Proconsul’s Qnzestor. and Acilia, &c. ; or the head of Mercury, as in
Qu1'nquennale.r.——Q,Q. II. Quinquem Fabrinia, or the head of Rome helmeted, as in
nalea IIerum.—Quinquenals for the second time. the Apuleia and other families; on the reverse
QVAD. Quazlran.s.——'l'l1e fourth part of a lof these early brass coins of Rome, the repre
Roman As, that is to say three m1ci¢.—See As. l sentation of a ship is to be observed, “'l1'3I1'~‘t-‘
QVAD. Quarirn!u.v.—Name of a man. their appellation of numi m!ili.—-See /Is.
672 QUADRIGA. QUADRIGA.
n'ga.—-A chariot drawn by four horses, Quadfige, in which are the figures of Ino
by four elephants, or indeed by four animals of Emperors, occur on coins of Titus, M. Aurelius
any other kind. The quadriga on coins does and L. Verus; of M. Aurelius and Commodus;
not always signify a triumph, for it was also the two Philips, Treb. Gallus and Volusianus;
employed in the consular procession, and in Carus and Numerianus; Diocletian and Val.
the conveyance of him who was victor at the Maximian. In all these the Emperors are
public games. In like manner it was used at crowned by standing or flying Victories, and
the funeral ceremony of an Emperor’s eon preceded and followed by soldiers bearing
secration. (Froelich, Num. Reg. p. 79, 80.) trophies. On a medal of Valerianns senior,
The right of using quadriga in the proceseu-r with legend of FELICITAS ‘r1-mronvx, the
consulanlr, or at the assuming of the tribuuitian Emperor and his two sons appear in a quadri_2a—
power, was bestowed by the senste.—-See and there is a medallion selected by Vaillant
Car. from the collection of De Camp: (p. 109),
Quadriga.—0n a medal of M. Aurelius, in wherein Victory crowns Valerian, standing
memory of Faustino jun., is a quadriga of between his two sous—-all in the same quadriga,
elephants drawing a thcnsa, with a statue of the four horses of which are led by two soldiers
the deceased empress; and on a coin of Con one on each side.
stantine the Great, who, veiled, is carried Jupiter standing in a riga is the dis
upwards in a quadriga, a hand from above being tinguishing marlr of those quinarii and dmnfi
extended to receive him. We see a quzuiriga called quadrigati (that is to say having the
placed on the summit of the funeral pile (rogue) stamp of s chariot on them), which belong to
on the CONSECRATION‘ medals of M. Aurelius, the class of family coins.—In Vnillant’s selection
Sept. Severus, and Constantius Chlorus-See from the De Camps cabinet (p. 31), we sees
CONSECBATIO. bronze medallion of M. Aurelius, in which
The Quadriga (and the same remark applies Jupiter, driving furiously in a quudriga, shakes
to the Bigm and Trigm), which so frequently his thunderbolt at the King of the Quadi, who
occur on coins of Roman families, do not relate is falling prostrate on the ground at the bones’
to the honours of the triumph, as we learn from feet.
an historical dissertation published by the French Jfara, Neptune, Pallu, Plulo, Sol, and
Academy of Inscriptions.—On some coins, both other deities of pagan worship appear on 1
consular and imperial, we see a quadriga, without variety of coins, and the favourite Genius cl
a driver, and without any figure standing or Victory guides the four horses of the Roman
sitting in it, but only a flower, or some orna car, on numerous denarii both consular and
mental object, as in Aquilia, and coins of imperial.
Augustus, and in Titus. On others a legionary Quadriga Cmuulare.r.—~These in memory of
eagle appears in the quadriga, as on a coin of the pomp and circumstance attendant on the
Augustus. consular procession, ap on coins of ll.
Quadrigw of horses and elephants are seen Aurelius and of Alexander Severus, and also on
placed on the summit of triumphal arches in denarii of the Cacilia family; in these the consul
coins of Julius, Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Galba, holds the ivory sceptrc in his right and reins of
Domitian, 'l‘rajan.——A car with four horses, on the horses in his left hand, and in some instances
which is a species of cone, or stone, with four is crowned by a Victory behind. Similar memo
small vezilla, or standards, appears on gold rials of procorwular and of prqznrtorim: honour!
and silver of Elagabalus, with the epigraph of were recorded by the mint of Republican Roam
sancr. nno sou nnaoan/u.. (See the In QIuldri_q¢ 75-iump/:ale.v.—Anion:_zst the chariots
scriqafionj-—-A quadriga of ccntaurs, carrying with four horses represented on consular medal-1.
Hercules, appears on a medallion of M. Aurelius. are those which are regarded as triumphal, Ind
-—See rmrronvn rnucrras. in which the triumpher stands crowned with
Quadriga’, in which the Emperor himself is laurel, and holding the scipio ebarueu. ll
the chariotcer, is a type of very frequent these they appear going at a slow pace as if in!
occurrence, and extends through the imperial state procession. A figure of Victory, more
series from Julius Caasar, Augustus, Tiberius, over, standing in a qnsdrign with a palm hrsntlt
Caligula, Vespasiau, Domitian, and so on down and a crown above, also designates the occaiivfl
to Placidius Valentinianus.—Some Roman Em of a triumph, whilst the head nnd name of
perors are represented on coins standing in Rome, on the obverse of the medal serves as I
quadrigrc, who took no triumphal honours ; and fit symbol of the subjcct.—'l‘riumphal quaririgl
in these cases we must suppose the medals to were drawn not only by horses, but also by
refer to their having participated in the pompous elephants, and indeed sometimes their drivers M
solemnity of the consular procession, as those conductors were boys, an example of which WM
coins indicate, on which the imperial functionary for the first time given in the case of L
wagyons his own team q/‘four, with the inscrip Metellus, who triumphed over the Carthmniall-1
tion I-‘EL. PROCES. in the first Punic war. [Baudolo!, quolrti by
Qua!lri_qr8, in which the Emperor is crowned Rsschc.]——On a silver coin of Augustus (cats.
by Victory, whilst a przetorian soldier leads the IMP.) a figure stands in a triumphnl qnadrigl»
horses, and another or more prretorians follow holding a laurel crown in the right band'
the car, appears on coins of Gordianus Pius, Vnillnut (ii. p. 29) states it to have been slrnph
Alex. Severus, Probus. on the occasion of the triple triumph, Willa‘
 QUADRlGA.—QUESTORES. QUESTO RES. 673
Augustus enjoyed in the year 725, for the many as twenty of them; Julius Cazsnr appointed
victory gained, in the preceding year, over forty; and under the empire there were no limits
Mark Antony; from which circumstance he to their mnnbcr. One portion of them was
wore a crown of lzmrel as the conqueror of all named by the prince, the other by the senate
his foes. and people. It was customary for the booty
Quad:-i_¢1z Elepluzntorum.—These are rarely taken in war to be sold by the qumstors. As
represented on the coins of Roman families; but the boundaries of the empire extended them
on coins of the Imperial series their occurrence selves, the discretionary power of these ofiiccrs
is not nnfrcqncnt. The honour of this species was great.
of quadriza is found bestowed on Augustus, As the qumstorship was the first, so it was
Tiberius, Culigzula, Vespasian, Titus, Antoniuus frequently an etfectual, step towards the attain
Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, after their deaths, ment of the highest honours among the Romans.
as the words mvo and CONSECKATIO inscribed "The fidelity of the quaestorship, the mag
on such coins of those emperors shew.——Ncro nificence ot‘ the edileship, the punctuality and
and his mother Agrippina, are represented integrity of the prretorship, opened a sure path
sitting in a car drawn by four elephants. to the consulate.”
Diocletian and Val. Maximian. appear on a Qme.slura.—'l‘he quscstorship was of a two
medallion in Banduri, standing in a mag fold kind. There were the quaartares urbaui,
nificent triumphal chariot drawn by four ele who presided over the treasury, and were for
phants, on whose shoulders sit as many drivers. that reason called qmeslorea mrarii. There
One of the Emperors carries a trophy, and were also the qi/wslures provinciales, who were
behind them hovers a Victory. usually sent with the governors frectorea) into
Quadrig/duo, an early Roman coin, so called the provinces, and who sometimes presided in
from quad:-i_//z.—“ The marks of silver money the absence of those governors. No one was
were big’: and quad:-iga, and hence their eligible to the quwstorship who had not com
' appellstions (says Pliny) of bigati and quadrigali. pleted his twenty-sixth or twenty-seventh year.
That piece of money which is now (he adds) When a person had served this otiiee, he might
called Vicloriahn, was struck under the Le: go into the senate, although he might not yet
Clodia. It was also stamped with the figure of be a senator. The quzestorship was abolished
Victory, and thence derived its name.—In the and rc-established several times under the
‘ course of time, however, the types of demrrii emperors.
varied. For each individual magistrate, at his Quwstores Ur6ani.—'I'he qusestors of the
own will and pleasure, placed on the coin which city exercised their functions within the walls of
he was otfieially privileged to have struck, that Rome. Besides being entrusted, as has been
particular god or goddess, who was the favourite already stated, with the custody of the public
object of his worship, or whom for any other money, with the receipt of tributes and imposts,
reason he might choose in that manner to honour. and with the expenditure of the state revenue,
- Thus for example C. Licinius Macer represented they had in their keeping the laws and aemzlus
' Pallas wearing a helmet, in a car drawn by cdzmdta; and when the consuls went forth in
' four horses at full spoed. In like manner C. their capacity at the head of the troops against
Aburius stamps d his denarii with the figure of an enemy, the quaastors brought to them the
' Mars, as his brother M. Abarins did that of military ensigns from the treasury. It was also
I the Sun. the duty of the same class of fimctionaries to
Quadnurir, n coin of the Romans, of the give the first reception to the ambassadors or
weight and value of four a.s.w.s', with the figure envoys of foreign nations, to shew them hos
of an ox on each side. pitality, provide for their accommodation, and
Qua'store.r.——Thc qumstors were magistrates, conduct them to an audience with the supreme
thus named, amongst the Romans, from the authorities of the republic. Frequent mention
duties attached to their ofiice, which was the is made of quaestors on the coins of Roman
first and the lowest in public honours. Their families, the name of the consul or consuls
origin seems to have been very ancient, but being also thereon recorded.
whcthcr it was coeval or not with the regal insti On a denarins of the Neria family, the head
tutions of Rome old writers and modern com of Saturn (as designated by the /uuyia or sickle
mentators are not agreed. -Be this as it may, behind it) is accompanied by the inscription NEH!
the qnaestor was a public treasurer, n kind of Q. van. (Qmalor Urbamu).—On the other side
receiver general of taxes and tributes, whose of the coin is a legionary eagle between two
function was to watch over the sources of standards, with the epigraph of L. LENT. c.
revenue, and to detect and bring to justice the permac. cos. (See Neria).—Here then, as Eckhcl
petrators of peculations and frauds in that depart remarks, is not only the image of Saturn, but
ment. At first, there were only two quzestors the title of Qmslor added to the name of Nerius, _
appointed, but aflerwards their number was whilst military ensigns present themselves on the
increased to four. Two of these were assigned reverse. Thus it plainly appears not only that
to the city, and the other two were appointed to the Quaastors were prefects of the treasury
accompany the consuls, in time of war, as pay (prqbcii ararii), but also, what Plutarch
mastcrs in the armies.—-Towards the close of teaches and inscriptions confirm, that the treasury
the republic, the number of these magistrates itself was the temple of Saturn. “But (adds the
was still further augmented. Sylla created as German numismatist) what have the Jiyna mill’
4R
 674 QUESTORES. QUARTlNUS.—QUT LUDIT ARRAM.
taria to do with the qurcstorship P Rightly this, of wheat from the corn-growing provinces to
' that those things were preserved in the temple of Romc and other parts of Italy.
Saturn, assigned to the care of the quzestors. QVAR. Quartum.—As cos. QVAI. Consul
This is expressly stated by Livy. And thus we for the fourth timc.
have a clear explanation of the cause why the QUARTIN US (1Ttua).—Proclnimell Emperor
Qnzestor Nerins placed the head of Saturn and in Germany during the reign of Maximimu;
the military standards on his denarius. One and slain shortly after his assumption of the
more fact of interest may be gathered in refer purple. To this personage has been attnbnicrl
ence to time. From the names of the consuls, a denarius of base silver, bearing on one side
L. Leutulus and C. Marcellus, being inscribed nrvo rrro, and on its reverse CONSECBATIO.
on this dcnarins it is manifest that it was struck It is, however, says Eckhel, sufficiently evident
in the year of Rome 705—that year in which that the coin in question is one referring to
Julius Crcsar, eager to possess himself of the Titus Vespasian, and is of the number of those
public money, broke opcn and plundered the which about the time of Trebonianus Gallus
treasury; L. Metellus, tribune of the people, were struck in honour of the memory of cow
who endeavoured to defend the sacred wealth of cratzzl Cazsars. Herodianus calls the usurp:
the republic, by opposing his pcrson to the Quarlinua. Mediobarbus, who has engrivultlx
violence of Crcsar, being driven from his post coin, names him Quan-inu.r, and makes the
through fear of death. It therefore pleased the strange mistake of ascribing it to an ephsmml
Qumstor Ne!-ins, who, together with the consuls tyrant whose name is not mentioned in the
had left the city from dread of Cmsar’s power and inscription, and whose prrznomen is soared!
vengeance, to insert on this medal (for the pur ascertained, some writers calling him 'l‘yrm.
pose of increasing popular hatred against the others Titus.
perpetrator of such sacrilegc) thc bead of Saturn, Qaartuorviri monetaIe.r.—Four joint mast/er!
whose very divinity had by force been violated.” of the Roman mint, appointed by Julius Cesar.
Qzuzatorer Pr0vinciaIr:.r.—Thc qumstors of who (according to Suctonins) had incrrasedtlie
provinces accompanied the proconsuls and pro number of the inferior magistrates, and adds!
pra.-tors to the appointed seats of provincial onc to that of the monetary trinmvirs. Accord
government,- as superintendents over that ingly, under the supreme triurnvirote of Lepifilfl.
department through which provisions and Antony, and Octavianus, we find IIII. Vllli
money were supplied to the soldicrs—or inscribed on the denarii of ,/Emilius Bum, Y
(in modern phraseology to express it) as heads Clodius, L. Flaminius, Liviueius Rqllllir
of the commiasariat. If it happened that n l\Iaridinuus, and others.-—See Triumviri.
governor left his province before the arrival Qucrcea Corona, commonly called the cu‘:
. of his successor, the quaastor performed his crown. Such a crovm of oak learns W
functions during the interval. Under such cir granted to him who saved a citizen, as one oi
cumstances the quzcstor was called Qmzstor Pro laurel was awarded to the victor in battle.-—-ll!
przetore (as inscribed marbles show) or Qurestar corona quercca was offered by the curule rdilvi
Procansule, as is read on a dcnarius (quoted by to Jupiter, as to the supreme prescrver of the
Spanheim) M. SILANVS. ave. Q. Pll0COS.— citizens, previous to the celebration of lit
Qumstors went out from Rome to the provinces, games, and whilst sacred rites were paid to llil
by authority of a senatns cousultum; and when in the capitol. Before the doors of .-lug-ii_=lro'l
money was struck in those provinces, “there is house on the Palatine hill, crowns of oak vrrrr
no doubt (says Eckhel) but that the care and renewed yearly in thskalends of .\Iarch, bcrruzfw‘
mastership of the provincial mint devolved on he was, in the language of Roman flallrffj
the quaastors. The words of Cicero (in epistola “ perpviuzw lwaiium victor a4: cirium .rrrra1a»'.'
ad Plancum) expressly confirms this fact that —See Corona.
the same hind of services were performed by the Quercus-.—Thc oak trec was, with the ancients
qumrtorcs provinciales, that constituted the duties held sacred to Jupilur. It was also oonsccralfli
of the monetal triumvirs at Rome. For either to Juno.
they inscribed their names alone, or those of QVIES AVGG. or AVGVSTORVM. Tb:
the proconsul or the propractor, with whom they rest or repose of the Em rs.—Tbis legrfi
were sent to the province, or the name of the either abbreviated or at full length W13
quzcstur was joined to that of the proconsul. the accompanying type of a woman, in UK
Of this an example is offered on coins of the ntola, with a laurel branch in one hand, and I5!
Armin family, on one side of which appears c. /uuta pum in the other) appears on coim J
nrmrvs 1>nocos., on the other Q. TARQVITI. their
Diocletian
abdication
and of
Val.
theMaximinnus
Empire. “ After
struckbl"???
Qmz'.\'l0r.”
The curule chair was not included amongst prosperously governed the empire for the pm‘-5
of twenty long years (says Ilarduin) the_QI=i'
the privileged distinctions of the quaestor, unless
the individual himself had been proconsul.—They Auguatorum (by the voluntary resignation J
had the fnsces and indeed the lictors in the protheir imperial power and retirement into purl"
vinccs, but without the axes. Vaillant, in his life) is here recorded as a subject of commend!
Colonies, shews the qumlorproviuciclia on coins tion.”
of thc Antonia family—also an example of two QVI LVDIT ARRAM new QYQB
quscstors under one and the same proconsul. SATIS SIT.—On the reverse of n thini_l!l'!_5
Part of the qui2stor’s oflice was the importation coin, or ressera, published by Peter b¢§“1"
 our unnr ARRAM. QUIETUS.—QUINARIUS. 675
flS'e1ecla Numlmrata Antigua) appears this friend of his, he adds, had no hesitation in
remarkable legend, accompanied by the type of pronouncing it to be that of Copa Syrisca, a
four aslragali, or tali luaorii (bones of four famous woman of Rome, who kept an academy
sides to play with——in other words gamesters’ for gambling, feasting, and lascivions dancing;
dice.)—On the obverse of this piece is the head and was the subject of an epigram written by
of a woman, with the letter c. on one side and Virgil, in which her Greek head-dress (capo!
s. on the other. ' Graiii redimita mitellaj, and her accommoda
Seguin culls this the medal of Sara. He tions for drinking and gaming (merum at taloaj
supposes the female head to be that of the are alluded to in a lively manner. This rich
ancient goddess of chance, or destiny, and that and luxurious courtezan, it is remarked by the
the letters 0. and s. placed near it are to be friend of Baudelot, could well alford to have
explained Caaus, Son, influences which certainly her portrait. engraved on the symbol (the
govern most games, and especially that of the tessera) which she was accustomed to bestow on
dice. The reverse of this tesscra contains a those who frequented her abode; and also to have
saying of the gaming table—namely, let llllll inscribed thereon the first letters of her name—
who plays put down arram, or his stake of e. s. Cope Syrieca. Be this as it may, com
money, as agreed upon by the rule of the game. paring the Pane merum et talus of the epigram
The subject itself therefore shows (says Eckhel) with the bones delineated on the reverse of the
to vthat uses small coins of a similar description medal in question, Baudclot dc Dairval thinks
were applied. Del, quad sulic sit, is a known they do not ill serve to confirm the conjecture
form of legal expression, employed in testa which he has endeavoured to cxplain—namely,
mentary documents. that the legend and type of this singular mcdalet
Baudclot dc Dairval thinks that this medal bear reference to the Satunuzlian celebrations
may be interpreted by referring the c. and the at Rome. This piece is engraved in Pinkerton’s
s. on the side of the head to the feast of the Essay on Medal-r.
Saturualia at Rome, and reads it Comi Satur QVIETVS (Cains Fulzriu-s), second son of
nalia or Comulto Saturni, or Consueludinc Macrianus (one of the numerous usurpcrs that
Saturnaliorum, or Conviuio Solute, in joining assumed the imperial title and authority in most
it with this legend of the reverse, Qui ludit of the Roman provinces under the reigns of
arram det quad catia sit, which is in the Vulerianus and of Gal
midst of the four little pieces of bone, as above lienus), was first named
described.——Indeed it is certainly (adds the Caesar, and afterwards
ingenious author of L’Ur.‘ililé de: Vo_1/a_1/es) that also Augustus, about the
the ancients made few festivities which did not beginning of .\.D. 261.
terminate in play, as among other expressions His father and brother,
of Plantus, this jeu de mots demonstrates : however, having been
Accuratoto ut cine talie, domi agitent overcome and slain by
Aureolus, who afterwards
Be care;/'ul l/mt Hwy have not I/Le liberly at himself assumed the pur
mine lo makefeasic ; which means, drive I/um ple, Qnietns fled into Asia, and for a short time
awayfrom my /muse. The poet avails himself occupied Emesa, where he was besieged by
of a quirk or pun of the common people, which Odenatus, Prince of Palmyra, and being taken
plays upon the Tali, or small bones, ‘because prisoner was put to death 4.1). 262.—Born with
that word in the plural expresses the same heroic qualities, he early distinguished himself
thing. Lucian makes Saturn order that folks in arms, and shewed great talents for government
should play particularly at that game; and both civil and military. But the Qllifl Augus
Jlacrobiua, saying that the Salumalia did not torum was not enjoyed by Quietu-:.~On his
aucicntly begin till the 14th of the January coins he is styled IMP. C. FVLviu.r QVIETVS
kalcnds, adds——Qua solo die apud adem P.F. AVG. All the medals of this prince are of
Salami convivia diualuto, SATVBNALIA. alumi billon or in small brass, and very rare.
tabanlur. Sal. c. x.—On which day only, at the QVIN. Quinqumnalia.—The censors in
end of the banquet given in the temple of Saturn, Roman colonies were called Duumviri Quinquem
they made the cry, or exclamation of Salurnalia. nalea, because they were elected every five
Thus the medal should be a symbol of those years.--P. POS'l‘Vmius ALBINVS II. VIR.
festivals, and for the feast of some quarter, and QVIN. ITER. Duumvir Qzainquennalicllflum.
for the gaming which is about to take place. -—Scc Q.
For there are marks which were so called at that Quinariur.-——This word sufficiently indicates
time—S_1/mbalum dedit, cwnavit: “ he has that the piece of money so called was the half
given his sign and has snpped,” says an actor of the denarius. The mark of this coin
in the Andria. Baudelot goes on to addnce was v., as being worth five asses, or five
another passage from Macrobius, which seems to lbs. in brass money. On some, as on those
him capable of throwing light on the medal of of the Egnatuleia family, the mark is Q,.,
Monsieur Scguin; but, at the same time, he namely, the initial letter of Quimzrius. In the
confesses himself (as well he may) to be not yet most ancient quinarii, as also in the scstertii,
entirely satisfied. For instance, he admits that the types were the same as in the denarii,
he is totally at o loss to conceive whose was the namely, the head of Pallac will: a winged
female head on the obverse; but a learned helmet.--Rev. aosrs and the Dioacuri (Castor
4R2
676 Q‘UINCTIA.—-QUINDECIMVIRI. QUINQUENNALES.—-QUINTILLUS.
and Pollux) on boraebacI:.—At a later period, the celebration of the secular gamer and also
however, a figure of Victory became its perpetual the Apollinarian games.
type—now occupying the obverse, now trans The memory of the Quindeeimviral order ni
ferred to the reverse side of the coin. It also Priests is preserved on a silver coin of \'itcllin<,
appears in various postures, sometimes standing, the reverse of which presents a tripod, upon
at others sitting; now erecting a trophy, now which is a dolphin, and below, n crow, with the
in the act of doing something else. " Out of so the inscription xv. ha. SAC. vac. Qnindednrir
large a nnmber of quinarii as are extant, I see Sacria Facismdia (one of fifteen appointed to
(says Eckhel) extremely few that have any other superintcnd sacred things).—“Thc whole type
type than Wclofia, viz., those which were of this coin (says Eckhel) belongs to Apollo
struck by Cordins, Mettius, Pappius, and the tripod symbolising the oracles of the
Cestius. The quinarii coined in the times of Pythons, and the dolphin and crow being (5-4
the emperors conform to the same rule, having 1 everyone knows) sacred to Apollo.—AuglBt11*.
rarely any other type than a Victory. So that when he was himself Quindecimvir, was hononmi
it may be considered as peculiarly designating with that title, on a silver coin of lfacinill
that class of silver money”—and thence they Rufus, in the field of which on the one hand
were called Victor-iali.-—I“or an illustration of is X-.",; on the other side sr. and on s cippu
the Quinariua, see Porcia. is inscribed IMP. cans. ave. LVD. s,\nc., thstisto
Quinclia was originally a patrician, afterwards say Imperator Cmrar Augusta: Ludo: &erslara
s plebeian family. Its surname is Crispinm, (fecit being understood) Quindecimvir &cri!
with the agnmnm of Sulpieinnwr added by Feciundi: .- because the Qnindccimviratc hsdthe
adoption.—The brass are parts of the As, and care of the greater public sports, and at the
pieces coined by the mint-masters of Augustus. secular games distributed the Iustralia (or per
Morell gives twelve varietics.—'I'hcre is a gold fumes for purification) to the pic.-Eekbcl,
coin struck in Macedonia (valued by Mionnet at in corroboration of this fact, happily quotes thf
800 francs) which exhibits on its obverse the authority of Tscitus——“ Collegio XVcimrII
bare head of a man, but without legend; on rmfiquilus ea cum: and as happily thli 0i
the reverse is 1-. QVINCTI. with the type of Horace, who has imlnortalised the secular gtmti
Victory holding a palm branch and a garland.—— and the Quindccimviri in his ode—“ QI¢ild¢¢'i'
The portrait on the obverse is ascribed to Diana preces virorum curel.—D0cf. Nan. Fit
Qnim-Iiu: Flaminiue, who gained a victory over vol. vi. p. 102.
Philip of Macedon. And a Macedonian shield, Quinqrmmalea L1¢di.—'G-ames celebrated
which appears below the Dioscuri on a dcnarius by the Romans every five years under llldl
of the same family, is supposed to have reference Emperors as had reigned daring that pefi°<|
to the same event. Tliey were instituted in the reign of Augustin.
Quinr.'lm.z', five um-ia, or parts of the ac, in whose honour many of the provincial dfifli
with the distinctive mark of five globules.-— upeeially Nicopolis, near Actium, which (Immi
Eclrhel describes one of these most rare of ing to Suetonins) he built-established 1119
Roman coins, contained in the Imperial cabinet quinqncnnial shows, which had some resul
at Vienna, as having on one side the head of blanee to the olympic games of the Greeks. _
Apollo laureated, with I‘ behind it, and on the Quinquennalil, a magistrate in the colon!!!»
reverse ROMA. The Dioscuri on galloping so called because his term of government llflfll
horses, and below five circles or globules. five years. It was also the name of the B01114"
QuimI'evim-iri.—The sacerdotal functionaries Ccnsors, who exercised their functions for ll!
thus named were, according to Livy, the same period.
specially appointed keepers of the Sybylline QVINQVENNALES POSTVMI. A\'G.—
books, which were first entrusted to the care of This legend appears on the reverse of I 8°“
two ofiicials (du1mwiri), by King Tarquin the eoin of Postumus, with the t_\ of l'i\‘i“'!
Proud; afterwards (a.v.c. 887) their number inscribing on u shield the words \’OTi0 X
was increased to ten, under the name of This emperor, as he deserves to be, altholtfh
Decmnviri saerisfaciundis, that part should be legally he cannot be, called, celebrated the ‘i“""
of the plebeian and part of the patriciaa order. quennalian games a.n. 262. The vor. x. wit“
——Lastly, Sylla (at the same time that he to an having, in his tenth tribunate, pfl’T°"P‘*l
augmented the numbers of the priesthoods) self vows
the in fresh vows for
registered for five
tenyears,
years.e The
k W"
increased the Decemviri to fifleen (Quinde
cimviri), ‘ who were instituted in the same quennalia of the Auguati had not hitherto V"
manner as the Pontiifs; and their chief was recorded on their coins. _
called Jfayrlsier Collegii. The dignity was for Quinqueaaia, or Quincuxnlr, accordllll *°
life, and it exempted its possessors from mili Spanheim, was of an oblong form, B113 °r
tary service and from every other civil ofiiee. the Roman coins the largest, earliest, and 1_n°"‘
Besides guarding with mysterious care the rare, its weight equal to five of the as Iibralur
oracles of heaven, which the superstitious Akermsn, however, in his De.rcn'p/iv! a’/'
Romans believed to be contained in the volumes (vol. i. p. i.) says, “the quinrus-nlr (fi"@ ‘L‘_“'Zi
of the Sybils, and which were consulted, by equivalent to a quinarius) is only I "°“““‘
order of the senate, in times of great actual sum.”
calamity or of impending danger to the state, QVINTILLVS (jfarcu-r Aurelius m~111~;'l
these magistrates were, moreover, charged with resolved to be the successor, although Amllm
 QUIN'TT.LLUS.—Q,UIR1N. QUIRINUS.—-QUOD VIAE. 677
was the choice of his brother Claudius the Second, QVIRINVS.——Memmius, whole family coin
took the title of Augustus, which the legions is above alluded to, lived in the time of Julius
of Italy by acclamatlon Caesar, and was one of the Curulc Ediles named
had bestowed upon him, Cerialea, established by that dictator. The
and which the senate, from legend on the reverse of this _meda.l—lE1nnvs
a high opinion of his vir sen. CERMLIA rnenrvs l'EC!'1‘—ai1nply shews
tues, readily confirmed to that a certain person named Memmins was
him (s.n. 279). In the the first who prcsidcd at games, which it
meantime, however, Aure had been the custom to celebrate in honour
lian was proclaimed Em of Ceres—a fact not noticed by any of
peror by the army that was the old writers, and which has led to a
at Sirmium (Pannonia). And Quintillus, finding variety of conjectures among numismatists as
himself abandoned by the soldiery who had Just to the age of this coin. But our present concern
elected him, but to whom the rigor of his mili is with its obverse, ‘ on which appears the
tary discipline was unwelcome, caused his veins ‘ lnureatcd head of a man, with a long and
to be opened, and thus terminated his life, in luxiu-iant beard, accompanied with this inscrip
the city of Aquilcia. Possessed of the modem tion, c. Mnsun. c. 11. qv1n1Nvs.—Rcspecting
tion and integrity which distinguished Claudius
the word Quirinue, Eckhel says, “It is still a
Gothicus, he was deficient in that firmness and question whether it refers to the surname of
enterprise which also characterised that great Memmius, or to the portrait as being that of
prince, otherwise he would have been well worthy Quirinns or Romulus. Those who regard it as
to occupy the imperial throne. “Most of the a snmame, adduce the instance of Calpurnius
ancient writers (says Eckhel) agree in limiting Quirinus, and of Sulpieius Quirinus, whence
the duration of his reign to the short period of they, with seeming probability infer, that the
seventeen days. But from the abundance of his same cognomen also belonged to some individual
coins and the remarkable variety of their types, of the Memmia family. As these opinions do
the workmanship of which would require more not amount to more than conjecture, so it is
time, the opinion expressed by Zozimus seems the certain that the god Quirinus is indicated by this
most probable, that at least some months must bearded head, and that the word QVIRINVS was
have elapsed between his accession and his death. added, in the same way, in which that of NVMA
—l-Ie is numismatically styled liar. c. ll. ava. 01.. or of ANCVS is placed near each of their heads,
QVINTILLVS. P. r. AVO.—His gold coins are of although it still may be that the word, moreover,
the highest degree of rarity. There are no silver. serves to dcnote the surname of the family, as
One brass medallion is known. Third brass in yen: Pomponia, the word uvss stands both
are comm0n.—There are Conan-ration medals of for the surname of Pomponius, and the Muse;
this Emperor, indicating the honours of the but which Memmius is not known, for none of the
apotheosis, which were in all probability rcndcrcd old writers bring forward a Memmius Quiriuus.
to his memory, through the intervention of Of as littlc value are the cxamples of Calpurnius
Aurelian. and Sulpicius, cited by Havercamp. For the
QVIRIN.——0n a dennrius of the Fabia family name of Calpurnius Quirinns is found solely
we find this written on a shield to the lefi of a on a Spanish lapidary inscription quoted by
sitting figure, helmcted, representing Rome, and Grater; whilst in Tacitus, Sulpicius is not called
holding in her right hand the ntificial a er, with Quirinus, but Quirinius. lt still, therefore
the following inscription, . FABI. ICTOR, (concludes Eckhel), remains uncertain why the
Numerius Fabias Pie-lor.—Ursiu, Vaillant, and head of Quirinus was engraved on this dena
Spanhcim have all three interpreted the inscrip rius.”—See Fabia.
tion QVIRIN on the shield by reading it Quirinua, a surname of Mars, allnsive to
QVIRlNua, and have expressed their belief that potency in war. The name is said to be derived
Quirinus (or the deified Romulus) himself l8 from the spear, which the Sabines called
exhibited by the type of the seated figure. “But Curis.—Qm'n'nus was also the name given to
(says Eckhcl) the coins when accurately inspected Romulus (as the fabled son of Mars by Rhea
clearly represent the form of a woman. Besides Sylvia) after his death. It was thence that the
which, it appears that Quirinus was usually Romans took the name of Quirilea, and it was
represented with a flowing beard, as may be seen under the appellation of the god Quirimu-, that
on a denarius of the Memmia family. For which] the first King of Rome had, in the city which
reason, as Havercamp rightly observes, the figure he founded, many magnificent temples erected
on the coin of Fabius is rather to be regarded as to his honour and worship, among others one
the image of Rome, and to be read QVIR.INalu, on the Quirinal hill,
namely Flamen, as is more fully inscribed on QVIRlTIVM.—See vnsrs P. n. QVIBITIVI.
medals of the Cornelia family, L. LENTVLVS Q. V. or QVOD V. M. S. Quad Via’ manila
FLAMEN l\IAR'l‘IALIS.—-Of the Fabii, who oint, or :|mt.—On account of the public roads
were Quirinalian Flamcns (an order of priests having been made safe and convenient.
attendant in the temple of Quirinus at Rome), QVOD VIAE MUNITAE SVNT.-—A figure,
frequent mention is made in Livy and by Valerius with Victory, in a biga of elephants, on the top
Maximus. To which Fabiua Pietor, however, of a triumphal arch, built on a bridge of several
this denarius relates, there are not suflicieat arches. This legend and type appear on a gold
reasons for determining.” coin of Augustus; and there arc other coins in

I
 ovs QUOD VIAE. QUOD msrmcw.
silver as well as in gold, bearing the some their exploits, out of the money raised by the
legend, with the type somewhat varied from the sale of the s ils."
first, such as a quadriga on a triumphal arch, QVOD. NSTINCTV. DIVINITATIS.
or two triumphal arches, with an equestrian MENTIS.MAGNITVDINE C-\'M.EXERClT\'.
statue and a trophy on each. There is also a SVO. TAM. DE TVRANNO. QVAM DE
denai-ins, struck by the monetal triumvir OMNI. EIVS FACTIONE. VNO. TEMP.
Vinicius in honour of Augustus, which displays IVSTIS. REMP. VLTVS. EST. ARMIS. ARC.
on its reverse a eippus (or the milliary column) TRIVMPHIS INSIGNEM. DICAVIT.
on which is inscribed S.P.Q.R. IMP. CAESari S. P. Q. R.—Within a laurel crown. On a brass
QVOD Vie Munite Sunt EX EA Pemmia, medallion of Constantine, having his head, on
Q/mm IS All Aemrium DE!ulit. [The Senate the obverse, within the signs of the zodisc.—See
and the Roman peopleto the Emperor (Augustus) Mus. Pembrok. iii. tab. 89, fig. 2.
for having caused the highways (or great public Banduri places the above in the class of
roads) to be repaired with the money which he Contarniafe medals (sec the word) .—“But what
had procured from the treasury of the state] ever it should be called (says Eekhel) it docs not
All these medals, therefore, it is evident, refer appear to me to be of antique workmanship.
to that systematic reparation of the different Be it however what it may, this inscription is
roads of the Roman empire, on which Augustus altogether the same as that which is read at the
bestowed the utmost care and attention, dedi present day on the arch of Constantine at Rome
cating to those works of public utility and (near the Flavian amphitheatre), erected in
grandeur a portion of the contributions which honour of his victory over Maxcntius, whirh
he had levied on the foreign enemy. The sim freed the state from the reign of terror that
plicity of the last quoted inscription is remark had been established by that tyrant. The Words
able. Yet nothing can be more clear, nothing irutincfu Divirzitalis, according to the opinion
more free from atfectstion or pomposity, than of many of oar later writers, are to be referral
the manner in which the sense is conveyed (the to the Divine or Holy Cross, which is said to
meaning of the initial letters being once inter have appeared in the heavens to the above
preted). lt would be diflieult indeed, if not named emperor.——(vol. viii. p. 8T.)—Ecltbel
impossible, to find a like subject for admiration condemned this reinarkable Coutorniatc medal
and praise in the inscriptive memorials of without having seen it. In Messrs. Soihcby
modern times. and Co.’s “ Catalogue” for the sale of the Pem
There are passages in Dion which point with broke Collection, p. 297, are some very scusilrlfi
singular and luminous exactitude to the facts remarks on this singular piece, from which it
commemorated and typified on the abovc-men may he concluded that this Coutorniate is
tioned coins. “Augustus himself tool: the genuine; but that the use of s graving tool to
management of the formation of the Flaminian remove oxidation has been the chief cause ul
way ; because he intended to lead forth an army exciting suspicions of its antiquity.
in that direction, and so it was immediately
renewed. On this account statues on arches R.
were raised to Augustus as well on the bridge
over the Tiber as at Ariminum.”—This work R. The seventeenth letter of the Latin
of repairing the princi highways (or military alphabet.—I’ompo:ziu.1- hands down a trailitionar_i'
roads), which dive from Rome to the most noticc that the letter n. was invented by Appilv
remote territories of the republic, appears to Claudius, but the far more ancient appellalivfli
have been begun in the year v.c, 727. “But of Roma, Romulus, Remus, together nith lhc
the labour was great, demanding both time and brass and silver coinage of the earliest Rt-'\‘~‘s
expense, and frequently it was obliged to be refute this assertion, as Spanheim, coinnieming
suspended. At length, in the year of Rome on the 1)ialogucs of .lu_qn.rtin0, justly observes
738 (says (Eckhel) it was finished, and then and R. This lcttcr serves as s mint-mark on tin‘
for that reason were the statues placed and denarii of several Roman families, and also 011
dedicated, which Dion notices and these medals some coins of the Lower Empire.
represent. The same historian also adds that R. Itemissa, vel Rzsfitvdt, velR01M, "1
other roads were subsequently repaired.-—There Romanus, &,e.—Remitted, or he re-establishol;
are, moreover, testimonies even more specific, or Rome, or Roman, Sic. _
which are related by Suetonius, who says, “ In R. Reditu.—rao n. cslis. Pro Rzddv
order, however, that the city might he more easy Quars':.—B. AVG. Redifus Augmrii.
of access from all quarters, he took upon himself R. placed before P. Rei Publiva.
the task of constructing the Flaminian way as R. in the monetal ru6.riynaIion.v shows thv
far as Arirninam, and distributed the others coin to have been struck at Rome.——-!- F~
among individuals who had gained triumphs, to Monela Roma (percussa vcl signata).—l‘- K
be laid down, and the expenses defrayed out of Percuua Roma’, i.e. Jlfoueta. _
the money that the spoils of war were sold for.” R. R0mani.—lN PBOTES'l‘s'1‘E.\l P. R. I’vp~1*
-—And what Suet-onias here states, without Romani, on a coin of Trajan.
marking the time, is related by Dion to have R. R0m(ln0.—CONGlAR. nu. Por. R. (‘au
taken place in the above year: “To those who yiarium Du./um Popu/0 Romano, as in Nem
had gained a triumph, he enjoined that they R. Romanorum.-GL. n. Gloria Ii’-01-'14-1'
should erect some monument in memory of or-um.
 RAMT.'S.—-RATITI. RECTOR ORBIS. 679
R. Romanus.-—-P. R. Populus Romamu, i
hundredth denarius on all sales. But this
on a coin of Constantinus Mag1.—S. P. Q. u. 1 burthcn, in the year v.c. 770, Tiberius, yield
bk-natus Populusque Romanus, of frequent ing to the petitions of the people, had reduced
occurrence. one-half, that is to say to one denarius for 200.
R. or RA. Raoenna. At length, in the year v.0. 792 (.\.n. 89), the
Radium Corona. A crown composed of whole tax was taken ofi' _by Caligula, as the
rays.—lt first appears on coins encircling the inscription, on this small brass coin, of Remit-sa
head of Augustus, denoting his consecration, or CC. plainly tells; and Suetonius confirms the
as the Greeks called it apotlxeosis. But on the fact, in saying ducenlcrimum aueiionum Italia
medals of succeeding Emperors, both during remisit, although he does not specify the time.
their life-time and after their death, it is dis And that this act of liberality was permanent is
played indiscriminately, as if thereby to claim proved by medals struck in subsequent years of
openly some kind of divinity.—See Corona. Caligula’s reign, on which the memory of this
Rama, a branch, or more properly Ramsa benefit is gratefully renewed by the senate.—The
culus, a little branch, is seen in the hands of obverse is inscribed C. CAESAR. DIVI. AVG.
many different personitications, figured on Roman PRONepas AVG. S. C. (Caius Caesar Augustus,
as well as Greek coins.-—A branch either of great grandson of the,Divine Augustus), and the
laurel or of olive (for the ancients used both the type is the pileus, or cap of liberty, an allusion
one and the other in performing the lustrations) made to the right of sutfrage granted to the
is an attribute or sign of Apollo Salutar-is, as people in the year 791.
may be seen on a coin of Trebonianus. It is RE. Receptia, Reditu, Reriuar.
also a symbol of Hilaritas and of Lmtitia.-— Iteckiarius, king of the Snevi—his name
Ilerculrrs, Mara, and Minerva, in their respec inscribed on a coin of Honorius.—See IVSSV
tive qualities of Paufer, or Peace-bearing, are mcmsnr BEGIS.
distinguished by a branch held in the right REC. Rec-¢7|to.—IMP. REC. Impcrator:
hand.——The olive branch of Peace is~held in the Res-Ppfa, as in Claudius.
right hand of that goddess, on numerous coins RECE. Rec:pIis.—See SIGNis RECF4afis,
of the Imperial series—rsx .\vovs'rr.—~The as in Augustus.
types of Concord, Hope, Fortune, Providence, RECEP. Ree-epla.-—Sce ARMENia RE.
Picty, Rest (Quies), Security, Victory, and CEPta, as in Augustus.
Valour (Vwtus), likewise bear palm or other Rector, a governor or ruler.-The proconsuls
branches among their other attributes on Roman were reciorea prcrvineiarum, whether sent by the
coins.—On contoruintc medals we see the people or by the Emperor.— Spanheim observes
Quad:-igarii, or charioteers of the circus, hold that governors (restores) were sent into the
ing palm branches. provinces, invested with consular authority.
Itaplus Sabinarum.—The memorable rape of RECTOR 0RBIS.—This legend, with a
the Sabine women is graphically referred to on togatcd figure holding a globe in his right hand
a coin of the Titnria family. A first brass of for its accompanying type, appears on gold,
Antoninus Pius is quoted by Vaillant, on which silver, and first brass of Didius Julianne. The
are many figures representing the rape of the flattery was as gross as the times were venal
Sabines. The same numismatist speaks of a which could give this ephemeral sovercign—this
bronze medallion of Constantine jun., without contemptible dealer and chapman in state affairs
epigraph, exhibiting traits of the same cele —the appellation of Master qf the World.
brated event. The title occurs in this instance for the first time,
Ralis, or the ship stamped on the Roman and is found repeated in very few subsequent
trims and quadrans. instances. A silver coin of Septimius Severus
Ii’aiiti.——Certain brass consular coins were exhibits the same words; but, from the type of a
called asses ratili, quadrans rafitus, because naked man standing with a globe in his right
those asses and quarter asses were marked on . hand and a spear in his left, it would seem that
the reverse with the figure of a ship. And this the sun, as a deity, and not the reigning prince,
kind of money was in use among the Romans was referred to as Reclor Ordis; and tlmt, peace
long before they had begun to coin silver money, being restored in the East, Severus by this
whether denarii, or quinarii, or sesterces.——-Sec medal, paid religious homage to Sol, as the
As and its parts. arbitrator of the world’s destinies. Caracalla is
RAV. and RAVEN. Ravemuc.—Subsigna perhaps the only other emperor (besides Julianus)
tions on coins of Justinian I. and of Mauricius, on whose medals this legend presents itself.
signifying that they were minted at Ravenna, an R. E C V P. Recuperatia. Recovered—re
ancient city of Italy, situate on the shores of gained.—See Civibua cl Siynis Militaribus a
the Adriatic. Parllzis RECVPeratis, as in Augustus.
R. C. Romana Cioitas, or Romani Gives. RECVPERATOR VRBIS SVAE. The
R. CC. Remissa Ducentesima.—Initial letters rescuer of his city.—'l‘he Emperor seated: a
inscribed on the reverse of a third brass coin of soldier presenting to him a figure of Victory.
Caligula, commemorative of a tax having been In the exergue ssar..—Mionnet gives this from
abolished by that Emperor.-—The treasury of the reverse of a third brass of Constantinus
the state having been exhausted by the civil wars, Magnus in the Catalogue d’Ennery.—Bimard,
Augustus, to assist in replenishing the public in his annotations on -/alert (vol. i. p. 27), Elves
revenues, had established an impoet of the the following minute description of a medal in
680 REGALIANUS. REGI ARTIS.-—REGNA ADSIGNATA.
small bronze of the same prince, which at the army when Ingenuus assumed the title of
time he wrote was in the cabinet of the Abbé Augustus, about the end of the year 260. The
de Rothclin, and not then published, and which, cnieltics inflicted by Gallienus on the troops and
considering its diminutive size, must be a wonder inhabitants in Mo:sia, who had declared in
for design and workmanship. favour of Ingenuus, induced them, after the
RECVPER.-\TOR_I VRB. SVAE. (in the defeat of that usurper, to elect ltegalianns, who
excrgue PARL.)—'l‘he Emperor seated on a had already distinguished himself by his victories
kind of trophy, composed of cuirasses and over the Sarmatinns, against whom, even after
bucklers, receives with his right hand a small his election, he continued to signalise his valour
image of Victory placed on a globe, and which and augment his military renown. Some sly
is presented to him by a figure clothed in a that he was defeated and slnin in battle by
military garb, having a helmet on, and standing Gellicnus; others that he was killed by his own
before him. On the obverse is the head of soldiers, in concert with the people of Illyris,
Constantine crowned with laurels; the bust of who dreaded becoming victims again to the in
the Emperor is visible to the middle of the human vengcancc of Gullicnus.—-Bearwais cal
chest, adorned with the Imperial habilimcnts; culates his death to have occurred about the earl
the right hand is also to be seen, and holds, of August, A.D. 263, and Eckhel, on the
resting on the right shoulder a javelin, or a sort authority of Trebcllius, assigns the same date to
of staff rounded at the two ends. The left the event. Instead, however, of agreeing with
hand, which is not in sight, holds a bucklcr, on Bcauvais that the medals of Rcgalianns are to
which is engraved a man on horseback, who 'be found only in the collection of Goltzius,
treads under-foot a captive thrown down. Eckhel publishes two coins from the Cabinet of
These legends, together with that of aoara Vienna with the style me. c. P. c. REGALI.-\.\'V§,
RES'l‘ITVTA on another small brass coin of Con and his head radiated; the legends of till
stantine the Great, certainly refer to him as the reverses being respectively Lllil-‘Jt.-\LlT.\S arose.
rescuer of Rome by the defeat and destruction nnd omens AVG. The great German unmis
of the tyrant Mnxcntius, than whom no matist also ascribes another coin to Rcglianns,
one ever more afllictcd the inhabitants of that which is preserved in that Imperial collection.-—
city. The coins of Rcgalianus are in small brass or in
RED. Itcdacln. billon, and of extreme rarity.
Reduced, brought undcr.—
Armenia A Mesopotamia in Fates/ulezrz Populi REGI AIl'l‘IS.—-Yb {lie King qf Arts.
Romani R.EDactae, on a coin of Trajan. Spauheim, in his Cesare qf Julian (107),
RED. Reduz, or R.educi.—See 1"'m-trma. mentions a rare coin of Claudius Gothicus in
REDDIT. Reda'ita,m.—See OB REDDITam third brass, contained in
LIBER'l‘atem, as in Gallienus. the French Kings cabinet,
REDITVS AVG11sti.—The return of the with this unique inscrip
Emperor.—Rome seated, presents a globe to ‘ tion, and with the eflig
the Emperor as he approaches her. On s ' of Vulcan, holding sham
third brass of Florisnus. It is common to read - mer and piueers,——anrl
on the reverses of coins the words LDVENTVS observes that it alludes to
4vo., or when the Emperor has returned to a Greek word, Cfieirou-r.
Rome, ronrv.v.\s lmnvcr; but aenrrvs avo. or Re: mammm, that is to
is a legend that ap only on this coin, say, the chief of handicraftsmcn, or uranuflb
which Tanini has published. It is evident from tnrers, the true epithet of Vulcan.—~In reference
this inscription that the return of Florianns is to the same coin, Eckhel calls to mind tlm‘
to be understood as an event desired; but his coins of Valerianus and Gallicnus inscribed nso.
death prevented its being realised. vor.rr.-mo, with a similar type of Vulcan stand
REF. Rqfecta. Rc-built, or repair-ed.— ing. At the same time he expresses an opinion
AIHILIA nar. The Basilica Ernilia Refizcta that this rm: arli: is probably the god Gzbirll
ona denarins of the Emilia family.-—]\‘¢.ficere, commemorated on another coin of Claudius ll.’
was a word peculiarly applied to such public who (see 01:0 CABIRO) was believed to have been
edifices as were re-construct/cd afresh, or restored beneticent to that emperor, and who might like
to a perfect state. wise be called re: arhlr, as the type of that coin
REG. Rcyis-.—Sce TVTOR R.EGis, on a and the doctrine respecting the Cabiri lend 00¢
silver coin of the Aemilia family. to suppose.
REGALIANVS, one of the usurpers in the REGINAE REGVM. I"ILlOR\'i\l REGV.\l.
reign of Gallicnus.—Trcbellius and Victor call —Scc Cleopatra, on a coin of M. Antony.
him Ifegillianua, “and from this name (says REGN. Reyna
Eckhel), Goltzins, on his own authority, has Brgina.—Sce Juno.
fabricated Q. Nonniua Regilliauvu. But there REGNA ADSIGNATA. Kingdoms assigned.
are genuine coins which cull him P. C. Regali —The legend of a coin of Trajan, in gold, silver.
anus. He was a Daciau by birth, and was and large brass, (from the last of which all
believed to be a lineal descendant of Decebalns, example is here given,) on which is the Ernpervl‘
whom Trajan with difiiculty subdued. Regali sitting on an cstrade, and attended by two figan!
anus is said to have possessed the heroic co standing; before and below him are five othrr
and great qualities of that king. He served figures, the foremost of whom touches the lllfld
under Valerian, and commanded the Illyrian of the Emperor with his own.
 RELIGIO AUG. RELIQUA. VETERA. 681
1 Valcrianus, we read RELIGIO AVGGu.1torm/1;
but as it was a privilege, frecly exercised by
princes, to choose the divinity whom they most
delighted to honour, so the reIi_r/ion of Valerian
and his imperial colleague is found associated not
with Jllercurius but with Diana Venalriax
Reliyio C/lI‘i8lidfld.—W8 see the series of
imperial medals consecrated to the Christian
religion, from thc time of Constantine the Great,
with the sole exception of Julian the Apostate.
The celebrated monogram composed of the Greek
The subject of this coin, analogous with that letters X and P, indicating the name of Christ,
of the first brass inscribed REX PA]?-THIS nyrvs, displays itself on a coin of Plncidia, encircled
(see the words) is alike glorious to the Roman with laurel; on the helmet of Constantine; and
name and to Trajan himself: for that this most frequently on military standards, with
illustrious prince, when he was in the east, gave various inscriptions; such as ononm axnncirvs
kings not only to the Parthinns but also to other —GLORlA aoMAnoauu—1N noc SIGNO vicroa
nations; that he rcceived some foreign states 1-:a1s.—-A brass medallion of the usurper Mag
into alliance; confirmed treaties with others; and nentius ofl'ers on his reverse the monogram
settled differences existing bctwccn people and between the Jlplia and Omega, and sanvs on.
people, are facts vouched for by Dion, by NN. svo ET cans. The monogram also occurs
Eutropius, and other writers. , on the reverse of a coin of Procopius in the line
REI.—ltEIP.—RElPV.—REIPVB. Rei of the legend.—See p. 657.
pu&limz.— See r1=:Lic lTAS——GLORIA--BEPARATIO RELIQVA. VETERA. HS. NOVIES.
—nr:s'rI'rv'roa—sA1.vs—sncvarns-——sPEs— MILLie.r. ABOLlTA.—Thc coin of Hadrian
Reipublicee. (in first brass), on the reverse of which this
RELIG-io AVG.—'I‘he Religion of the Em legend appears, is certainly one of the most
peror.——On the reverse of a first brass of M. remarkable monuments of imperial munificcnce
Aurelius is a temple, supported by four termini, that can bc found within the recording province
and in the centre of which stands the statue of of numismatic art. They tell us that the
Mercury on a pedestal; in the pediment appear emperor voluntarily remitted to his subjects all
the arrears owing to his treasury, on account of
tributes, revenues, or other debts, amounting to
an immense sum of money, and that he caused
the notes and bonds relating to arrears to be
burnt in the Forum Trajam'——an act of liberality
unexampled in its extent, and every way worthy
of a great and mighty prince. The inscription
states the abolition or cancelling of old fiscal dues
to the value of nine thousand aestertia, or
(according to Eckhel, equal to 60 millions of
Austrian florins, or 30 millions of Roman scudi—~
and by the calculation of the author of Lrcons
de Numinmztiquz Romaine, to about 157 million
a tortoise, a cock, a ram, and other attributes French francs; and according to Pinkerton
of the messenger of the gods.——Thc first-named 7,500,000 pounds sterling).
animal recalls the fable that Mercury was the The emperor is here represented standing,
inventor of the lyre, called in Latin tesiudo. clothed in the chlamys, and with a lighted torch
The second is the symbol of watchfulness, a in the act of setting fire to a heap of scrolls.
quality ncedfnl to his employment; and the There is another and a rarer medal of Hadrian
shepherds having adopted him as their patron,
he is sometimes seen accompanied by a ram.
The legend of this reverse presents itself for
the first time on any mcdal—Religia Auguaii.
That Marcus Aurelius, malgré his love of
philosophy, was zealous for all that related to
Polytheistic worship, even to the utmost extent
of its manifold superstitions, is proved by his
oppressive and cruel rigor towards the Christians.
But it would have been difficult to account for
his having selected Mercury from so great a crowd
of deities, in order to display his piety, had not
Diodorus Siculus thrown a light on this point by
stating that, in Egypt the bearer of the caduceus
and wearer of thc winged cap was reputed to be hearing the same legend ; but in which the type
the author of sacred rites and sacrificial cere exhibits the emperor standing in the attitude
monies connected with religion.—On coins of and act above-described, before three citizens of
4S
682 REMUS. RENIA .
Rome, who lift up their right hand as if in had wished to renew the memory of Augustus»
aeclamations to their sovereign. The inscription after a hundred years had elapsed since his
of the obverse marks his third consulate. decease. Others approve of the some reading,
There is a passage in Spartian’s Life qf ‘ but think that the word renovaz-it was put for
Hadrian (c. vii.) with which these two medals the more usual word resliluil, and that it
perfectly correspond. He says that this prince, signifies that the original coin was restored by
omitting nothing that was calculated to gain the Hadrian, in like manner as was done by Titus
favour and good opinion of the people, remitted and others. But this opinion is overturned by
his claims to immense sums, which were due to the subjoined observations of Eckhel, who. in
the imperial excheqner (infinitam pecuniam que opposing himself to Baldini, begins by remarking
ficcn debebatur) by many private individuals, as that this coin does not belong to the class of
well in Rome as in the rest of Italy, and even numi restitutionum. For, in the first place
exempted the provinces from paying residues (says he) even if it were granted that the
amounting to very large sums, and that he abbreviation meant R_ENomrit, yet it still
caused to be burnt inforo Divi Thajani all the would remain uncertain what Hadrian was
ryngrap/la or documentary proofs of these to be understood to have renovated. Then,
pecuniary obligations, in order to remove thereby it is evident enough that this silver coin,
every subject of disqnietude to the debtors for because it is of the largest module not used in
the future. The term reliqua vetera is used on the mint of Rome, must have been struck at a
coins to denote arrears of the last sixteen years; distance from the city, respecting which rule a
and the liberality of Hadrian in this memorable frequent lesson is read on Roman imperial coins
instance was also limited to that space of time, And, indeed, not a few silver medals of this size
according to the testimony of Dion. Yet, are extant with the names of Trajan and Hadrian,
the reliqua thus abolished were, it seems, which were almost all of them struck in the
not arrears of every kind of debt, but only eastem provinces of the empire. But, says
of money. Hence, as Spanheim remarks, this Eckhel, I have sufiiciently proved that this coin
act of generosity, however extraordinary, has ofi'ers every indication of its having been struck
not remained free from the shafts of de abroad. It is, therefore, very likely that some
tractors. And looking to so vast a sum of such temple of Augustus (and there were many
outstanding debts as are stated to have been then existing in the provinces, especially in
remitted by Hadrian, the some author shrewdly Asia), together with its image, as is exhibited
asks, “ whence could they have accumulated to on the reverse of this medallion, had bcai
such an amount Within the space Of sixteen renovated by Hadrian. Nor (he adds) do I
years ?” Nevertheless, making all proper allow rashly imagine this; for it was not the only
ances for uncertainty as to the exact value, and benefit bestowed by Hadrian on the temple of
for exaggeration as to the scope of the benefit Augustus. Spartiauus alluding to the journies
conceded, it was an illustrious boon worthy of of that emperor relates, Pas! /use Hispanic:
a Roman Emperor to grant, and of the Roman pelit, cl Tarracane liyemmrit, ubi Jumplu no
Senate and people to applaud with heart and aedem Juguelirestlluit. Cap. I2. Similaracts
hand. of bounty and liberality performed not only by
Iieliqua were remitted by other Emperors princes, but also by private individuals, are
also. Thus there is an act of vast liberality sometimes boasted of on coins (abundant men
recorded of M. Antoninus, by whom, as Dion tion is made of such deeds on marbles), and
relates (1. lxxi.), arrears of six and forty years on this point we are taught by the denarius
due to the Emperor’s treasury and to the public of Aemilius Lepidus with the epigrsph
exchequcr were freely forgiven to the people. AIMILIA REFecla. And that the word
Remus, the brother of Romulus, and reputed renovare is rightly applied to substructures, or
son of Mars by Rhea Sylvia.—See Lupa; also buildings, may be learnt from Cicero—n'de:
see Romulus and Remus. Honoria iemplum a .51. Marcella rcnoraiun.
According to fable, miscalled history, he Let the reader judge (says Eckhel in conclusion)
appeared after his death to his foster father and whose explanation may appear most entitled to
mother, Aces Laurentia and Faust-ulns, to the preference.”
demand that divine honours should be rendered Renia, a family of whom historians make no
him. And certain it is that in the most remote mention. its denarii have but one type, namely,
times, a temple was consecrated to him in the the winged head of Pallas, on one side, and on
fourth remon, at Rome. the other, c. RENI. with a female driving a big:
REN. This abbreviation, about the meaning of goats, and nous in the excrgue. Morell
of which there are various opinions, appears on remarks: Rania: ille, triumvir moncla/is, apfe
the reverse of a silver medallion of great rarity, bigis impa.ruit.- pm equi: renos pomit ad names
which, having the bare head of Augustus on its suum adludens.
obverse, exhibits as the legend of its reverse an RENOBATIO. VRBIS. ROl\'l1'.‘. For Reno~
Upright figure, holding out two ears of corn in vntio Urbis Rom:2.—This legend with its pecu
his right hand, his left hand wrapped up in the liar orthography appears on a second brass of
toga which he wears, and inscribed rmnamnvs Maguentius, fonning one of four lnrdals struck
avo. P. P. nan. by that usnrper, and which boast of the liberty
Baldini would explain this REN by reading it of the republic, as vindicated, of victory and
Il.ENovavit, that is to say, as though Hadrian 1 fireedom as restored to the Roman world ; of the

._ ~ ~-'---r
 REQUIES. OP'I‘IMOR. MERIT. RESTIO.—RES'I‘1TU'l‘IONS. 683
renovation of the city itself as accomplished; in gold, ten fcet high, in the capitol before the
and all this to be understood as the result of his temple of Jnpitcr; nor were similar demonstra
having conquered and slain his rival in usurpa tions of respect coutincd to the authorities and
tion and tyranny, Nepotianus. Yet these vain population of Rome, but (wc are told by the
glorious pretensions to the character of a liberator same writer) that in every city throughout all
and a restorer are not confined to the coins only the provinces statues, standards, crowns, altars,
of Magnentius, but are assumed in an inscription temples, and arches, were dedicated and erected
on a marble quoted by Gruter, dedicated to his to his honour. Trebellius, indeed, in his life of
honour as LLBERATOR1 vrmrs 1-11" oasis ROMANI this good, great, and victorious Emperor,
RESTITUTOIH LIBERTATIS, etc. finishes with saying——IZlum et Senalu: ct
REP.—REPARA.—-lteparatio. popular ante imperium at in imperio at post
REPARATIO. MVNERIS. ~FELICI'I‘ER.— imperium ric dilerit, ut -ralir conalet, neque
A man receiving on the point of his spear a bear Yrajanrzm, neque Antonino-r, neque quemquam
which is rushing upon him. alium principeln sic amatum.
This is one of those Venalionea, or hunting RES. REST. RESTIT. Rertitulis or
subjects, which appear on the reverses of Con Re.riitui!.—— Restored, or he has restored.
torniatc medals, having on their obvcrses the RES'l‘lO.—The cognomcn of Jntia pens, on
head of Nero, included in Ilavcrcanip’s Catalogue a denarius of which the obverse type is the head
and represented in Morell‘s plates.—Sce Eckhel, of a man, remarkable for its muscular, large
who under the name of Pseudomaneta, has featured, and hard favoured countenance. This
classified these peculiar productions of the Roman is supposed, with much probability, to be the
mint, not in the order of the Emperors’ reigns, portrait of the C. Antius Restio who was the
but according to their respective subjects, and author of a sumptuary law, which not only
these latter are so various as to embrace, among placed the expenses of convivial banquets under
others, mythology, history, illustrious personagcs, restriction, but also prohibited any magistrate,
public spectacles and sports, Sac. or magistrate elect, from dining abroad, except
REP. Rquzmtio.—See i-'E1..rr:n.nr:1>. Felix: at certain people's houses.—It is not worth
Temporum Reparati0.——A legend which first up while to inquire when this unsocial and fruitless
peara on coins of Constans I. (from A.D. 337 to limitation was enacted, for a law so absurd met
350), with various types; and afterwards occurs its fate of remaining unobserved, and even its
frequently in succeeding reigns. See p. 378. proposer is said to have never afterwards dined
Repetitiorw of types and of inscriptions on the out, for fear of witnessing (and perhaps assisting
reverse as on the obverse, are among those errors in) the violation of his own legislative inhospi
of the mint, more or less gross, which occa tality.-—See Antia gem.
sionally betray themselves on Roman coins of Reatituliona, or restored coins, is (from the
the Imperial series; even in the earlier reigns verb reslifuo), a name given to pieces of
such as Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian not omitting money copied from other pieces struck at an
Augustus himself. [See Rasche.] anterior period of time, with the adjunction of
REQVIES. OPTIMOR. MERIT. (Opti legends which prove the reproduction of these
marum Jlcril0rum.)—A figure veiled, wearing particular coins.—'l‘he motives which lcd to the
the toga, sits in u. curule chair, the right hand fabrication of such medals do not appear sus
extended, the left holding a soeptre. ceptible of a satisfactory explanation, notwith
This cpigraph and the accompanying type standing the pains bestowed and the ingenuity
present themselves, for the first time of their exercised by the most learned numismatists, with
occurrence in the Imperial series, on a silver and a view to throw light upon the subject Certain
on small brass coins of Claudius Gothicus. It it is, that many of the Roman Emperors caused
appears, says Banduri, as well from the deified the coins of several of their predecessors, and
title on the ohvci-se——(1)1vo cnavoro OPHMO also coins of the consular or republican rera, to
rm>.)—-as from the veil (likewise a symbol of be re.rl0red—that is to say, they commanded
divinity) with \vhich the head of Claudius is pieces to be struck which reproduced the types
covered, that these medals were struck alter his and legends of those more ancient coins, with
death.—The re-rt or repose qf the /u1_9lze'st merits, the addition of the name of the reigning emperor,
was, as applied to him, the language, not of together with the word RESTituil——a word
adulation or of exaggerated praise, (ns, when which has been subjected to very ditfcrent
similarly used in subsequent reigns on coins of interpretations.
Maximinnus and Constantius Uhlorus,) but of The learned and judicious Bimard de la
truth and justice, to the memory of a prince so Baslie, in his annotations on Jobert's work, thus
universally beloved and lamented that all writers defines the kind of money now in question: “ We
of Augustun history unite in making him the call (says hc) those restored medals (Jlédail/2.:
theme of the most glowing, and apparently as Itestituéea), be they consular or be they imperial,
sincere as glowing, panegyric. Trcbcllius Pollio, upon which, besides the type and the legend
in relating the various honours awarded to which they had at their first coinage, we sec,
Claudius after his decease, says a golden shield moreover, the mime of the emperor who caused
was, by the unanimous vote of the whole senate, them to be struck u. second time, followed by the
placed as a tribute to his virtues in Romana word REST.-—Ol' such a sort is the second brass
curia. And the people (a thing never before coin on which, round the radiated head of
done) placed, at the public cost, a statue of him Augustus, we read DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER,
452
684 RESTITUTIONS. RES'l‘ITl.'TIOI\'S.
and of which the reverse type is n globe with a given (Oper. Select. p. 507). a counter explain
rudder, and the legend IMP. T. VESP. AVG. tion fraught with great ingciiuity but equally
RES'l‘.—Of the same kind is that silver medal fraught with greater ditfieulties, Bimnrd declares
of the It/rbria family, which represents on one his preference for the opinion of Yaillant, as
side the head of Concord veiled, with the abbre having much more of probability in it; ll81l1f’l_\',
viated word DOS., that is to say DOS.mmu.r-, that Trajan, in ordcr to conciliate in his own
and on the reverse a qundriga, on which is a favour the sentiments of the senate and pcoplr,
Victory holding a crown, below it L. RUBRl., wished to shew marks of his vencratic-u
and round it IMP. CAES. TRAIAN. AVG. (generally) for the memory of his predccc_§ors.
GER. DAC. P.P. RES'l‘.——'l‘hcre are other and of his good-will towards the first houses of
medals to which the epithet of restored has the republic. With this vicw he ratored the
improperly been given, although they do not money of emperors who had rcigncrl bi-fore him,
bear the word RES'l‘., which seems to be the and those coins also upon which were inscribed
distinctive mark of these restitutions. Such the names of Roman families. A proof iifld:
are the medals struck under Gallicnus, to renew Bimnrd) that Trajan had restored all the cou
the remembrance of the consecration of many sular medals is that in the small number of
of his predecessors. Nor can the appellation of such restorations extant at the present day.
restored medals be in any sense given to those many are found of the same family, with
which Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, different types, and sometimes of a family but
and Nero causcd to be struck with the name and little celebrated, as amongst others the R1656
the head of Julius Caesar, of Augustus, of family, of which we have three didcrent coir-.1
Livia, of Agrippa, of Agrippinu, of Drnsus, and restored by Trajan. According to this opinion,
of Germanic-us, because these are not instances the meaning ascribed to the legnd nrr. CA5»
of ancient types employed afresh, but absolutely TRAIAN. no. or-za. vac. P.P. nssr. is perfectly
new cuinngcs, as well with respect to the type conformable to the rulcs of grammar and to thf
as to the matrix or die.”-——After correcting the genius of the Latin tongue. When the ins:-rip-_
error which (misled by false coins quoted by tion was engraved on the very monument ital!
Oisclius and Hardouin) Jobert had made in stat which an emperor caused to be re-built, tit!
ing the restorations to have commenced with the name of the restored monument was frequently
reigns of Claudius and Nero, Bimard proceeds: omitted, because it was impossible to make AI.‘
—-“It is nnder Titus that we begin to Sec mistake as to the case governed by the Warfl
restored coins, and we know them to have been restitrzit, and because everybody supplied it min
struck in memory of Augustus, of Livia, of ease. Thus when on the Ninies road I
Agrippo, of Drusus, of Tiberius, of Drusus son military column is seen, with this inscriplicll
of Tiberius, of Gcrmanicus, of Agrippina TI. cazsan nivl r. avo. FONT. aux. ra WT
motlicr of Caligula, of Claudius, of Galba, and xxxn. anracir. E1‘ unsrirvir. v., we clearly
of Otho.-After Titns’s example, Domitian understand that this column, which ser\'c<ll°
restored certain medals‘ of Augustus, of Agrippa, mark the fifth mile from Nimcs, had been R‘
of Drusus, of Tiberius, of Drusus, son of erectcd by order of Tiberius. Amonzstll
Tiberius, and of Claudius.—Nerva restored infinity of examples exhibiting this clliplliil
none of his predecessors’ coins except those of mode of expression, there is in an ancient
Augustus; but Trajan renewed by restoration inscription on the Pons Fnbricins at Rcmethr
the medals of almost all the emperors who had following: L. IABRICIVB c.r. cva. \'IAR}'!~
reigned before him.” Besides which, he restored FACIVNDVM connavrr; and that was suflirien
numerous coins of Roman fnniilies.—.-ilarcmr to convey the meaning that Fnbricins had causal
Aurelius and L. Verus jointly restored a dennrius this bridge to be built, because the inscription W1‘
of M. Antony. engravcn on the bridge itself. Nothing is mg“
The majority of the earlier writers on Roman common than to find on Oippi, whether W05"
numismatics, and Bimard seems nearly to or sepulchral, 1>osv1r.—rr:crr.-r.\c|s.vn\'I
coincide with them in opinion, contend that the cvnavrr, without those verbs being follnwlffl Pl
word n.as'r., that is to say, Itmliluit, signifies any governing noun, because the Lippi \.°*
merely that Titus, Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan altars) themselves are supposed to supply lb‘
caused the dies of their predecessors’ coins to place of it. For the same reason, when we
be re-made; that by their command medals on medals IMP. T1TVS—-Ir\IP. DOMlTi¢I'"’
were struck with these same dies; and that they —IM]?. TRAIAN1u RESTc'tm't, if it as._=il_
allowed such medals to be circulated in com believe, of the re-fabrication of the coin 11~‘='—l1
merce, like their own money. These anti that it is designed to make mention, it "5 ‘Pi
quarics also believed that Trajan did not confine necessary to add bum: nummum, for we hold ll‘
himself to this practice of coining medals from our hand, and have nnder our eye the "fl
the dies of the princes who had preceded him; thing which was re-established. an It will
but took the further step of re-establishing allnot be thus if it had been intended to nwfd
the matrices which had been used for the con that these Emperors caused in some sort
sular medals, at the period when they were the revival of their predecessors, and of the 8"“
current coin of the state. men whose names were engraved on 3111‘-‘
After combating at considerable length the pieces of money, for it often happen! ill"
objections of Pcre Ilnrdouin, who has ridiculed there is nothing in the type which Y‘:
the above ideas on the subject, and who has lation to the virtues, or to the M10114 bl
 RESTITLTTIONS. RES'l‘I'l‘UTlOI\'S. 695
which the Emperors are supposed to represent six which, if genuine, were restored by Titus.
them.” Of all these no archetype is known to exist, or
But, before he approaches the task of elu if anything like their original be extant, there is
cidating, so far as crudition, research, and some material difference between them. They
nuniisnuitic skill can elucidate, the obscure and ' consist of Julius Caesar, Augustus, 'I‘ibcriu5,
ditficult, yet curious and engaging, subject of Claudius, Galba, Vespasian, Titus, Nerva.
Restored Coins—Eckhel has applied himself to Bran Cains of Re:titutian.—C0ins of this
draw up a descriptive catalogue of these peculiar metal have Titus, Domitian, and Nerve for
monuments, in composing which,—I. He has, in their restorers. The epigraph of the restore“
the order of the three metals, enumerated them, vary, as it also varies in other coins of theirs.
with the addition of the restorer’s name.—II. In these medals Domitian often indicates his
He has noted such coins of this kind as are name by the single letter 1:>.—At the end is
lmown to have archetypes; also such as have y added ruzsr., or at full length nr:s'r1'rvrr. These
none yet known; and such as in any degree brass arc of Augustus, Agrippa, Drusus senior,
difier from, or fall short of, the archetype.—lIl. Tiberius, Drusus jun., Gcrmanicus, Agrippina
He has likewise inserted those coins of the senior, Claudius, Gnlba, Otho, Julia. Titi.
Jugusti and Umsarm, \\'ll-ll0lll. which no decision _Le Beau, in his “ Lucubrotions on restored
could be arrived at in this examination.—lV_ coins," I€jBCtS the views of the matter in
And, lastly, he mentions none but coins of question entertained by Bimard and others, and
perfectly authenticated genuiucness, and which brings forward what he thinks asounder opinion.
credible witnesses have seen and opprovcd.—'l‘he He asserts that the word 1-eslituit signifies
catalogue is divided into the following heads :—— that the emperor whom the coin denominates as
Si/ver Coins (If Restilution.——'l‘hesc are all the restorcr, had restored some public monu~
the work of Trajan (except the medal of Divns ment of him (whether emperor or other illus
Trajanus, on which is read the name of Hadrian trious man) whose name the coin publishes. A
as the rcstorcr; and the coin of Mark Antony compendium of the prolix arguments urged by
the Triumvir, restored by M. Aurelius and L. this learned writer in support of this opinion is
Verus).—On the reverses of all the coins furnished by Eckhel, who chnracterises them as
restored by Trajan we find the legend, inscribed being all so specious as to he worthy of the
circulurly, uur. TRAIAN. avo. one. nae. P. P. genius of Harduuin alone.
R1-:sr.—()f this class we have the archetypes lI.——Brnss coins, on which the portraits of
(with the exception of the above cited one of Emperors are restored, belong chiefly to tliat
Hadrian) manifestly agreeing with the restored class whose reverses exhibit nothing but the
coins.—Of consular medals there are two, one letters s. 0.; a mark from which we cannot
with the hcml of Janus, the other with the hend glean any other information than that it was the
of Pnllas—the reverse of the former has Jupiter pleasure of Titus, of Domitian, and of Ncrva,
in a quadriga, and the word norm; the reverse trom what cause soever, to recall the images
of the latter is the Genius of Rome seated, with of those princes.
ROMA and the wolf and twins before her.—0f IIl.—'l‘o this class, in which the types only
family coins there are thirty-fivc——viz., of are restored, or the memory of some singular
Aemilia, Care-ilia, Carisia, Cassia, Claudia, facts are recalled, belong all the gold and most;
Cornelia, Cornuficia, Didia, Horatia, Junia, of the brass coins of this kind. They cannot
Livineia, Lucretia, Mamilia, Marcia, Maria, be called restored coins, because between these
Memmia, Minucia, Norbana, ll\1111OIllI\, Pompeia,
and the ori,-ginals a striking difference presents
Ruhria, Scribonia, Sulpicia, Titia, Tullizi, itself, whether seen in the epigraph or in the
Valeria.-—The denarius restored by Hadrian types, and sometimes even another metal. The
bears on its obverse the head of Trajan, with same coins may be seen in the first gold of
the epigraph mvvs TRAIANVS rarnn avovsrvs; Tiberius, and in others. In many the archetypes
and on its reverse lladrian sacrificing; it is are manifestly wanting, as in the greater portion
inscribed IMP. IIADRIAN. DIVI. NER. TRAIAN. of the gold; and it is probable that they never
OPT. FIL. REST.——Tl)8 silver coin of M. Antony, did exist; but that the types of those medals
restored jointly by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, were devised by Trajan, whatever might be the
is inscribed ANTONINVS svovn. llI.Vll1. a. P. c., motives which actuated him. In the same
the type a Trirernir. On the reverse is the manner Treboninnus also (others suppose it to
legionary eagle between two other military have been Gallienus) restored the emueprgtimu
ensigns, and these words LEGio VI. ANTO of preceding emperors ; but after a new fashion,
NINVS ET VERVS. AVGG. REST. or certainly one but little in conformity with
[The intelligent author of Lcgrons de Numis the size of the archetypes. But no one may
mafique Romaine, in a passing observation on persuade himself that the first models of the
the silver coins of families restored by Trajan, gold coins have perished, and (what follows)
says “taut en c011.s-m-van! soiqrzmzsmrzent lea that lll like manner the gold and the silver
anciem types car Junie:-.9 n’0nt qua le paid: can be reckoned among the number of restored
ordinaire dew autres 1/eniers clu méme prince : coins; for who would believe that the gold had
ce qui prauve qu’ils e'z‘aient rzarinzilée-r 12 la suffered such a fate, as that their primeval
nonmzie couranle de son re_yne.”] forms should have been annihilated, when the
Gold Cains qf Itmlitlztiorz.-—These also have originals of all the silver, so far as we have
Trajan for their rcstorer, with the exception of hitherto met with them, are still extant?
686 RESTI'I‘U'l‘lONS.-RESTITUTOR. RESTITUTOR.
These are tho things, adds Eckhcl, which the personified Genius of the Gauls from akneel
either ascertained, or probable, or uncertain, or ing posture. This piece of inscriptive adulation
wholly unknown, I find on the subject of re was fabricated after a victory which Gallienns
stored medals (de re.r/i/ulionum nurnis). I obtained over the barbarous invaders of Gaul,
shall conclude with but a few animadvc.\'sious.— by the assistance of Postumus; but that gm!
I. As Trajan restored the coins of obscure commander, nevertheless, retained the govern
families, for instance three of Rubric, it is very ment and improved the security of those
likely that most of them (the Consular and important provinces, and therefore might with
Family coins), and perhaps all, were restored by greater right have assumed that title on his own
that emperor, but they have hitherto not been i coins. 'l‘hnt we
in the plural Gaul wasseen
have spoken of by
in the theofRomans
coin Galba,
seen. For we pcrccive that their numbers,
although slowly, yet by degrees increase, and inscribed runs oiu.1.i.\r:. .
without doubt a great many lie in various REST. ITAL. Re-lfituta Ilalia, or Resfifntor
museums hidden, and unknown to ns.—II. We Ital1T¢e.—The Emperor raising a woman that
have no gold piece, either consular or of a kneels before him; opposite are two children
family, restored by Trajan, who nevertheless standing with uplified hands.-—This legend and
ordered the restored imperial medals to be~ type, on gold, silver, and first brass of Trajan,
struck generally, in gold. This deficiency serves doubtless refer to the large funds appropriated
greatly to confirm me in the conjecture which I by this beneticent prince to the maintenance and
have formed (and stated in section i. cap. iv.), y education of youth in various cities of Italy,
that during the republic there were no gold which by this well_-timed and paternal liberality
coins struck. For what was the reason why of his may rightly be said to have been rerlaml.
Trajan should abstain from restoring the gold RES'l‘l'l‘\"l‘0lt LlBElt'l‘A'1‘lS.——'l'he Em
consulnrs? The cause of his omitting to re peror holding in his right hand a figure of
store the brass coinage of the republic, I think, Victory, and in his lefl hand a banner with the
was that these had common types, peculiar to . monogram of Christ.-—This medal, in gold and
the weight of each, and which therefore it did in silver (engraved in Khell‘s Sup;1leu1e»l.ad
not seem worth while to restore.-——III. As Vaillani, p. 259), is one of several struck
hitherto no restored coin of any family has been ‘under Magnentius, in which that ferocious
discovered, of which the archetype is not also traitor and most cruel tyrant, who profannl
extent, a ray of hope may now be indulged, ‘ the Christianity he professed, has impudently
that hereafter the series of family medals may designated himself as the restorcr, the l‘Ell0\'al0h
be more amply enriched with the desired the conqueror of liberty and of republican
accessions.—lV. Out of the whole crowd of independence for Rome, whose lawful prince
family medals, which the fertility of Goltzius (Constaus) he had caused to be assassinatol.
has brought to light, though known to himself and whose lllyrian provinces he had deluge!
alone, we are cognizant of no restored coin; with Roman blood.
nor bns.any restored coin hitherto appeared, RES'l‘l'l‘\"'l‘0lt MON. Rerlitufor Mauls.
whose original the Thesaurus Goltzinnus sup —The Emperor (Alexander Severus) standing
plies. This may seem wonderful, but we can y with his right hand extended, and a S[l'a1'lll
nevertheless divine the tnie cause. To" forge the left. Second brass Of all the emperofi»
restored coins will not have exercised much Alexander is the only one who boasts of hinistli
reflection, but he will never he able to furnish as the Iteslurer of time (Roman) .-llint. BM
the archm~t_\'pes, because the coinshitherto seen this he has done, with the sanction of the renal!
by him (Goltzius) ulonc are almost all esteemed (s. 0.), both on the present coin and on nnoilnr
fictitious. ‘ middle bronze, inscribed MONela RESTI'l'\‘T.\
Such is the substance as well of the various There is a long passage of Lampridius, in which
opinions haznrdcd, as of the different facts that historian assigns to the prince in question
stated, by antiquaries, both of the new and the merit of having caused the silver coinagt fll
of the elder school respecting restored coins. ltoine to be restored to greater pni-ity.—Evlib'rl
And, although some of tho speculations on however, who has quoted Lampridins at full
this subject are freer from objections as being ‘ length, denies that the silver medals of Aler
more reconcileable to probabilities than others, ander are such as to bear out this ancirnl
yet when we look to these instances con writer's assertion, and concludes his remsrli
fined to a few reigns of emperors re-coining by saying——that “this emperor only in out
the money of the republic precisely after the respect deviated from the practice of his inu!1¢
designs of the original types, and also of re diate predecessors, viz., by discontinuing t-ht
newing the medals of their predecessors on a mintnge of that larger-sized silver which U4!!!"
less accurate principle of imitation, it must be calla instituted. Nor, indeed, is the silver If
confessed that the restorations in question are Alexander's money of a better quality, W
still left amongst the unsolved riddles of ancient rather more impure, insomnch that, but for tht
numismatism. testimony of Lampridius and of these lcgwli
RESTIT. GALLIAR. Rzstitutar Galliarunz. on his coins, we should not know that Alri
—On the reverse of a silver coin of Gallienus under had made any change whatever in ll"
that etfcininate volnptuary, who by his heartless monetary affairs of his empire.”
misconduct brought the Roman empire to the l REST. NVM. (as read by mistake) ou_l
very verge of ruin, is here represented lifting silver coin of Galba, having for the type 0! ll‘
 RESTITUTOR. R.ESTI'l‘UTOR. 687
reverse a female head with an ornament round common to the coins of Valerian, Gallicnus,
the neck.——This medal, which is now in the Postnmus, Aurelian, Tacitus, Probus, and Carus,
French Imperial Cabinet, has given rise to various from a third brass of the last of whom an
conflicting opinions among the learned. But engraving is taken.
M. Barthélcmy, having again minutely inspected
it, and also compared it with a similar one in
the I)‘Enncry Collection, proved that the con
troversy on this abbreviation was a foolish one,
and that it is to be read LIBEETAB RESTITVTA.
RES'l‘ITV'l'OR OltBlS.—This legend ap
rs on a third brass of Aurclian, on which is
typified the Emperor standing, and to whom
Victory presents a laurel crown.-—Anothcr third
brass of the same emperor exhibits the figure of RESTIT. ORIENTIS. A turretcd female
a woman, clothed in the stola, olfcring a crown crowning the Emperor.———RES'l‘I'l‘V'l‘OR.
to him: a star in the field of the coin. In the ORBIS. The Emperor raising a female, whose
exergue K. A. I‘.—-And on another medal of the head is turretcd; also the Emperor, with spear
same metal, size, and reign, are the same nnd military ensigns.—ltES'l‘l' ‘VT. GENER.
legend and the same type, except that n captive HVMANI. The Sun standing, holding a globe.
kneeling before the emperor is substituted for —'l‘he appcllations of “Restorer of the East,"
the star in the field.—From these coins Span “ of the World," “of the Human Race,” as
heim takes occasion to animadvert upon the applied to Valen'anus, on whose silver coins they
cruel, sanguinary: and ferocious disposition appear, are indeed “ more glorious than true.”
which characterised this celebrated prince. In All three medals were struck in anticipation of
fact, historians agree in speaking of him, as Valerian’s success against the Persians, lt was
one who had no less stained the empire by his a fallacious augury. The event of this expe
cruelty, than he had restored it by his victories dition proved signally disastrous; he was taken
gained over the Sarmatians, the Goths, the prisoner by Sapor, and after sutl*'ering every
Palrnyrians, the Francs ;—victorics which, species of indignity, miserably perished, to the
amongst others, had given rise to that medal of disgrace of his son and successor Gallienus, and
Aurelian, on which he is crowned by Victory, to the dishonour of the Roman race.
and honoured with the glorious inscription above RES'l‘lTVTOR. ORIENTIS.—/lure/ianus is
qu0t,cd.—Ce'sars de Julian, p. 97. thus called, on a rare gold coin, which has the
Same legend, with the type of a woman figure of the sun radiated for the type of its
offering n laurel crown to the Emperor, appears reverse, and which was struck after his victory
on the reverse of a small brass, bearing on its over and capture of Zcnobia, who had assumed
obverse the portrait of Cnrus (the successor of the title of Queen of the East, the Persians
Probus), and the impious dedication nrzo ET and Armenians having also yielded to the power
Dosmvo caao. of his arms.—“Pacalo iyitur Oriente," says
RES'l‘ITVTOIt ORBIS.—A nearly naked Vopiscus, “ in Europam Aurelianuc rediil
figure, with the palliurn on the right shoulder, victor.” .
and the haste in the right hand, offers with RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE.—Onn brass
his left a globe to another figure, in military medallion (and also on a gold coin) of Valens,
habiliments, and laureated, holding a spear in the Emperor isrcpresented standing, with the
left hand, and extending his right hand towards labarnm in his right hand and a wictoriola in his
the proffered orb. left.
This appears to symbolize Jupiter placing the Valens, brother of Valentinian the First, is
government of the world in the hands of an here, in the pompous inanity of imperial decad
emperor.—-Spanheim, in a note to his translation ence, called the Restorer of the Republic of
of the C'¢.rar.s of Julian, gives (p. 102) an Rome.—Haverca.mp gives a similar reverse of a
engraving of this legend and type, as from the brass medallion of Gratian, but it is not re
reverse of a coin of Probus. [The obverse type cogniscd either in Mionnet or in Akerrnan.
being the radiated head of that emperor, with RES'1‘lT\'TOR SEC. or SAECuli.--The Em
the legend raavnrvo rnr. c. rnono nvvrcr. eror (Probns) standing, holds a globe and the
,svo.]—-And then, quoting Vopiscus, to shew asta; a Victory behind him, with palm branch
how many provinces and allies of the empire in left hand, holds with her right hand a crown
were, by the warlike exploits of Probus, delivered above his head.—-Third brass.
from the oppression of the Goths, Germans, There is another and a rarer third brass coin
and other barbarians, as well as from various of the some great and warlike prince, on which
usurpers of the Imperial purple, thereby re the legend is given ll.ES'I‘l'l‘\'TOl-I s1-:cv. in Aker
establishing peace throughout the Roman world, man’s Catalogue, and of which the type is there
he concludes by saying—“ On voit der Jllédaillea described to be the Emperor standing, holding
de Probua area lee Inscriplionr et les Figures the globe and spear; his right foot on a captive;
de MARS PACIPER et d’ HERCVLES mcrrna, the Sun standing : in the cxerquc xxIQ,.
et d’ail/eura par un tilre bien plus‘ glorieuz, Appearing, as this legend does, on coins of
et gui lui convenoit mieur encore qu’& Aurelian, Probus, it serves as on instance to show that
viz., nnsrrrvron oasis.”-But this reverse_ is numismatic eulogies are sometimes based on
688 RESTITUTOR. RESTITLTTOR.
truth and justice. names of their respective provinces in which
This illustrious ruler of the
Roman empire was indeed, by his wisdom, energy, they were stationed; and distinguishrxl further
and valour, the instniment of its restoration to by some type of allocation, as on the large brass
peace and security, during the period in which EXERCITVS MAVltE'l‘Al\'IC\'S, with the
he only too briefly flourished. Emperor on horseback, and four soldiers on foot
RESl‘ITV'l‘Olt, or RESTITVTORI, VRBIS. bearing military ensigiis.—Ncxt, we observe, as
—The Emperor standing at a sacrifice: another in the present case, that the Emperor is termed
with the same epigraph, has the type of Rome Ilie Restorer of a particular province, as in the
seated.—This appears on silver of Sept. Scverns, large bronze medal dedicated by the Senatc’s
to whom this fluttering appellation was given decree, RES'I‘ITV'I‘OltI .-\CH.-\l.»\E, whereon
doubtless on account, not of his having either Hadrian is represented extending his rizbt hand
rebuilt or embellished Rome, but of his having to lift up a kneeling woman, an urn with a palm
restored the honour of the “Eternal City" by branch in it, standing in the midst—or in that
avenging the death of Pertinax, secured domestic
tranquillity to the empire by the destruction of
his competitors Albinus and Niger, and made
the Roman name again respected abroad by
his victories over the Parthians.-—ln a similar
manner, but without the same pretence, coins
were struck by order of his cut-throat son,
Caracalla, in dedication to lrimuy as to “the
Restorer of I/le Uify."
Rl*lS'I‘l'l‘\-'T()Rl ACllAI.~\E,—AFRICAE,
-—ARABIAE,—ASIAE,—BITHYN IAE,—
GALLIAE,—H I S PA N I .-\E,—l TA L I A E,
LIBYAE,—-M./lCEDOl\'lAE,—l\IAVRE'l‘A
NI.-\E,—NIC()MEDIAE,—PHRYGIAE,— kneeling genius has a rabbit at her foot. And
SICILIAE. lastly, to crown the climax of distinction, not
These legends are all on coins of Hadrian, unjustly due to the benefactor and re.-establishu
who travelled frequently over and surveyed with ot' so many component portions of a vast empire,
attention the ditferent provinces of the Roman we find a medal of the same size and metal,
Empire, inspecting the armies, enibellishing the whose type exhibits Hadrian, in the imperial
cities, and everywhere leaving marks of his robe, raising from hcr posture of genuflexion I
liberality and niunificcnce. female figure, wearing a crown of towers on her
hcad, and holding a globe in her left hand;
whilst the legend, in one emphatic title, designate:
him Restilutar orbir lermrum, the Restorer of
the (Roman) world.
By terrarunz here, of course, is meant every
land inhabited by citizens in towns, and culli
vated by a civilized rural population. Spartianus,
in his Life of Hadrian, observes, “ Nee quisy.-min
fere principum hmtum termrum Iain celer-ilzr
perayravit.”
The suite of these geograplriral medal: (uni
geograplxia), as Eckhel calls them, is consider’
These manifold proofs of solicitude for the able in point of number, and deservedly’ sought
interests and prosperity of his subjects were after by all collectors of taste and intelligence.
typified on medals with a carefnlness that seems Some of them arc very rare; others are sulfi
to have anticipated the records of history, and ciently common.
in a variety of modes most suitable to the RESTITVTORI ITALIAE IHP. V. COS.
circumstances of his visits.—Sometimes the pro III. S. C.—Mareus Aurelius, whose great and
vinces are represented simply by a figure and good qualities, as a prince, shone no le:\= in
some attributes as on a first brass inscribed peace than in war, had certainly a just title to
AEGVPTOS, where a woman is seen seated on the honour here bestowed upon him, snafu
the ground, having at her feet the bird Ibis; commllo, of being the acknowledged Rnlorn
sometimes the coins of this most magnificent of of Italy; for, besides paying particular atten
emperors present themselves as so many monu tion to that province, as the first in importance
ments of his arrival at and residence in these and the nearest to the capital, he may truly be
provinces, explained by the words ADVENTVI said to have restored Italy, by averting the
AUGusli; as for example MOESIAE, with an danger which at one time impended over her
analogous type, such as the Emperor and the from the sanguinary revolt and threatened
Genius of the province, standing opposite each invasion of the Germans.—This transcendent
other at an altar, sacrificing: the Genius holding merit, as Havercamp (in Nam. Ibg. Ckri.rti.~:.2)
a patcra in her right hand, and in her left a observes, “it appears to have been the object to
cornucopia or a Sceptre.-—At other times we see mark in the typo of this (large brass] medal.
the armies which he inspected designated by the The Emperor standing, holding a lance, and
 REX ARMENIIS DATUS. REX ARMENIIS DATUS. 689
clothed in armour, olfers his right hand to a type the Emperor stands clothed in the toga,
female figure, who has one knee on the ground, and is in the act of placing a diadem on the
and whom he assists to rise. This figure not head of the new monarch. The latter is covered
only has a radiated crown on her head, but with a royal mantle, and lifts his right hand to
moreover a globe in the left hand, because she his head.—Notwithstanding the many fierce and
represents Italy, a country which then possessed bitter contests of the Romans with the Parthians,
the empire of the world.”—~'l‘he legend of the Armenia, situate between both those empires,
reverse tells us that the coin was struck when was accustomed to receive its sovereigns some
Marcus Aurelius was Impcrator for the sixth times from the one, sometimes from the othcr.—
and Consul for the third time : the inscription of Eckhel observes that there is nothing to be
the obverse shews that it was under his twenty gathered from the res gesta of Antoninus which
scvcnth renewal of the tribunitian power.— bears upon this event, except what Capitolinus
A.D. 159. hands down: Partlwrum reyem ab Armeniorum
Reverse of a coin, in Latin culled arena and elrpugnatione colic literals re_1mlit.—Vaillant has
poatica, is the side opposite to that of the head. been led to conjecture, from a passage of
REX v. IVBA REX.—King of Numidia
Mauretania. i and Jamblicus, quoted by Photius, that the king of
Armenia, appointed by Antoninus, was named
REX ARETAS.——This title and name appear Acliaemenes.
on an elegant historical medal of the Emilia But, although the old writers have scarcely
family. Dion briefly alludes to the subject of anything to say on the subject, yet the legend
the type by relating that Syria and Phoanicia and type of this reverse unite in proving the
having been assigned to the government of occurrence of such an event, and form an
Arctas, King of Arabia Petrara, who had ofi:en addition to the many instances in which medals
disturbed Syria with his incursions, Pompey the are not a little serviceable to history, and, if
Great waged war against, and delivered him as a only on that account, are wcll entitled to be
conquered prince into captivity.—-losephus, how deposited in cabinets and studied as amongst the
ever, imparts a clearer explanation concerning most useful, as well as the most curious, monu
this denarius. He says that, affairs in Syria ments of antiquity.—This point, amongst others,
having been settled, Pompey made his prepara Ezekiel Spanheim has admirably demonstrated in
tions for returning to Rome, and committed all his great work De Prmrt. Nam.
Syria, from the Euphrates as far as Egypt, to REX ARMENIIS DATVS. IMP. II. TR. P.
M. ZEmilius Scaurus, who immediately attacked IIII. COS ll. S.C.——'I'he emperor, surrounded
Aretas; hut the latter, mistrusting his own by three figures, is seated on an estrade, at the
power to make a successful resistance, sued for foot of which stands the king of Armcnia.—
peace and obtained it, at the expense of three First brass of Lucius Verus.
hundred talents. These transactions took place As in the case of the coin of Antoninus just
v.0. 67 2.—Accordingly the denarius above described, so with respect to this of Verus, struck
alluded to (sec Ami/ia and Areias) shews the twenty-four years afterwards ; but little light has
Arabian king as if dismounted from the camel, been thrown by historians on the fact of another
(on wlnieh, after the Arabian fashion, he had “ king given to the Armenians,” though recorded
been riding») and kneeling, as in the act of and typified on this interesting reverse.—
supplication, holding up an olive branch (symbol Capitolinus, as cited by Tristan, in allusion to
of pacification), hanging from which are to be Vcrus’s campaign, says, “ when the war was
seen (as Havcrcarnp has already observed) fillets terminated, he gave kingdoms to kings, and
or ribbands, according to that which Virgil the government of provinces to his ofiicers/’—
(Endd, viii. 127) mentions: For (adds the old French numismatist)
Oplime Gmjugenum, cui me Fortima precart, “Armenia was a kingdom, and nevertheless
El vitta comptoa voluit pretenders ramos. sometimes made a province of by the emperors.
REX ARMENIIS DATVS.—There is a But Capitolinus does not distinctly say that
magnificence in this legend (on a large bronze Verna had created a king in Armenia. Now,
medal of Antoninus Pins) which is by no means this medal supplies what the historian has
expatiatcd upon with corresponding precision in neglected. It says in the inscription that the
the annals of that prince’s reign. The event which emperor established a king, a fact which in
it commemorates is one illustrious for Rome: truth is not elsewhere mentioned. But Photius,
, on the authority of Jamblicus, states that the
king in question was named Sowmus, and that
he was living in his time; that this prince was
son of Achaamenes, and grandson of Arsaces,
and descended from great kings; that, never
theless, he was only a Roman senator, and
honoured with the consular dignity.” Tristan
goes on to say that this Soarmua was at length
appointed king of the greater Armenia by the
Romans ; that he was afterwards driven from
his throne by Valogeser, king of the Parthians,
and that he re-ascended it under the protection
A King given to t/re Armenz'an.r.—In the of the Emperor Vcrus.
4T
690 REX PARTHIS DATUS. REX QUADIS DATUS.
REX ARTAXIAS.—On reverse of a denarius —Aecording to Dion (quoted by Vaillsnt) the
of Germanicus.—0bv. esanamcvs, with other Re: Parlllua of this and the preceding coin,
letters indistinct, round a naked head of Ger was Partlzanzas-pater, son of Art-abaues.
manicus.—Rev. Two male figures standing; by REX QVADIS DATVS.—Thc emperor
Antouiuus, clothed in the toga, with his right
hand joined to that of the king of the Qundi.-—
Laige brass.

the side of one is inscribed ARTAXIAS; behind

the other, GERMANICVS. This coin, introduced
by Mr. Borrell, who procured it from Kaiser,
the ancient Cresarea of Cappadocia, records the
crowning of Zeno, sou of Polemon, king of
Pontns, by Germanicus, the name Aria:-ia:
being received by him from Artaxata, the capital This is another of those imperial medal!
of Armenia. The coin is of the highest his which, like those described above, serve to
torical interest, and is fully explained by a show the superiority acquired by the Rom!!!
passage in Tacitus Arm. lib. ii. cap. 206.———See over foreign nations. History, however, ii
also the Numismatic Cl!-ranicle, vol. ii. p. 4. silent with regard to the fact of Antoninus
REX PARTHIS DA'I‘VS.——This superb having given a new king to the Qusdi, Whv
legend, of which those of Antoninus and of were a people inhabiting the left bank of the
Verus, as to the Armenian kings, are to be Danube, occupying that tract of country Wlilfh
regarded in the light of inlitaiimw, appears on now forms part of Lower Austria, and extends
the reverse of a first brass of Trajan; and as far as Moravia. The history of this barbarous
together with the auona ADSIGNATA of the tribe was more fully known in the snbseqaflli
same reign, already noticed in its alphabetical reign of Marcus Aurelius, to whom they beam!
order, refers to events that must have been in formidable:-Perhaps (says Eckhel) the kin‘:
the highest degree flattering to Roman pride here given to the Quadi by Antoninus is Ill}
and ambition. Towards the close of his reign same as he, of whom Cspitolinus speaks (ill ll"
this illustrious Prince, having conquered the life of Marcus): Quadi aulem anukm reg! "@
Parthians and dethroned Cllosroer, their king, non prius se coqfinnaturoa eum qui era! rmdll,
imposed n new sovereign upon them, and the dicebant, guam id nostris placuiuel inpflfi
scene of this important transaction is represented toribus. _
with consummate tact "on the present medal. Rhea Silvia, the daughter of Nuniitor, hm!
We see here the personification of Parthiu, of the Albans, whom, nfler she had been £015!‘
cratcd by her uncle Amulius as a 1° ‘hi
service of Vesta, became pregnant by Mm. “ii
brought forth Romulus and Remus.——011 *
second coin of Antoninus Pius, she is NPR‘
sented half naked in a sleeping posture,
Mars descending towards her ; to this rernarbbif
coin there is no other legend than cos. ui. st.
Rlrenu-r, that celebrated river now allfll Q5‘
Rhine, which, rising in the chain of the RIHTTI“
Alps (amidst the terrific rocks and glscitii at
the Grisons), flows through the lake of (‘oust-‘W-i
(Brigantinu: Lucas) past Basilio or Ba:1l;131*“
taking its true direction to the nonh-F51»
divided ancient at-mm“ from awe, “'1
kneeling before the emperor, as if aolicitiny a empties itself into the sea through the co\111T1‘!'°‘
king at his hands. Trajan, who is seated on a the Balavi, of which Luyrlunum Bal1.zr0rwn,\1'Y'
sugyestum, attended by the commander of the Leyden, was the eapital.—The three Gallir Pm‘
Praetorian guards, complies with the request, vinces, on the western bank of the Rhine l\"“'
by giving her one, whom he points to with his taincd several German nations—umn¢1l_\’.
hand. The fact is attested by the words of the Vangiones, whose capital was Borlmtolrilfllh
inseription—A king given ta the Partbianr. now Womu, north of which were Moguufl-\¢'lmv
REX PAR'l‘HVS.——This is also a very rare now Heinz, and Confluentes, now !.l>5!r‘»*-'-"‘
gold coin, allusive to the same transaction, the Nemetes, whose capital was Noviom5.="?’~
having for the epigraph of its reverse REX now Qiires; and the Triboci, whufif dud‘
PARTIIVS; and for its type, the king of the town was Argentoratum, now iS‘¢rru6ury. I-0*"
Parthians bending the knee before Trajan, who down, on the some bank of the river, W1‘-if Qt”
is surrounded by soldiers and military ensigns. the Ubii, whose capital was Oolonia Ag"PP‘*""
 RHENUS.-—RHESAENA. RHESAENA.—~RHINOCEROS. 691
(now Cologne), so called after Agrippina Claudii; that of Severus’s family.-—Ncar Rhesaina, the
and the Eburones, whose country, afterwards Persian king was signally defeated and his army
occupied by the Tungri, had for its principal put to flight by Gordianus III.-—Old writers
city Aduataca, now called Tonyr-es.—On the furnish no particulars respecting this Mesopo
eastern bank of R/zenur, were the Frisii, occupy tamian town; but its coins, which take their
ing the country which now forms part of date from the reign of Hadrian, form in this
Holland, Fneslarul, and Groningen. It was respect a supplemental monument to histo1'y.——
across this tract that Drusns, in his campaigns They consist of (Greek) Imperial of Caraculla;
against the Germans, caused a canal or dyke to be and of Colonial Imperial successively dedicated
dug, called Flevo Lacus, as a fortification against to Alexander Severus, to Trajan Deeius, to
the incursions of the barbarians. On the same Hercnnia Etruscilln, and to Herenuius. These
bank were the Chauei Minores and Majores, of latter have Greek legends with some few words
the race of the Sucvi, praised by Tacitus as the in Latin. For example, there is, on every rare
best of the German tribes. On the east hunk second brass, struck in honour of Alex. Severus,
also were the Catti, a great and powerful nation, the legend PHCAINHCIIIN, Rhesaiuesiorum,
whose capital was Mattium, now Jlarburg , accompanied by the type of a colonist at plough
and to the south of them were the Mattiaci, with oxen, together with a verillum, on which
occupying the present electorate of Hea:e.Dar1n is inscribed LEG. III. GAL. Le_//io Te/‘tia
Jlatll. Gallica.
B.HENVS.—There are two medals in large The type of the Colonus bones agens here
bronze, the types of which represent Germania used shows that Rhesaina was a colony; and
venquished—alluding to a victory to which it is to be observed that although the word
Domitian falsely laid claim.—-In the former ‘COLonia does not appear on the coin, yet it
a German, on his knee, surrenders a long does appear (in Greek characters) on another of
shield, that is, his arms, to the emperor. In the same emperor, and also on one of Trajan
the latter the vain-glorious Domitian treads Dccius—.see below. The present medal also
underfoot the Rhine, which serves here as the denotes that the veterans of the Third Gallic
symbol of Germany. Legion were settled in Rhesaina, which city
That the river personified on the lost-mentioned dedicated coins to Alexander, as in gratitude
medal signifies the Rhine (which Domitian, as bound, because that good emperor had [reed
Zonaras writes, passed over in his expedition of them from the devastating presence of the Per
4.1). 84), is indicated by other coins similar to sians, as Eutropius states, by his waging war
this, except that, as Putin and Morell have against that pcoplc, and gloriously vanquishing
delineated them, they exhibit RHENVS written their king Artaxerxcs.—-The second brass of
in the exergnc.—As coins of the former kind Alexander Severus and of Trajan Dccius alluded
are common, so those with the word nrnsrzvs to above exhibit the colonist and oxen, but
are of the greatest rarity, unless perhaps it be without the vex-illum. In that of Decius there is
safer to suspect them of being conntcrfeits ; for an eagle, typical of Roman government-. Thus
it is exceedingly strange that the name‘ in ques we have the calonus as representing the citizens,
tion was unknown to Vaillant, and that they are and the vezillum as symbolizing the legionary
also unknown in the finest collections. Nor veterans.—“ Quanta iyilur (exclaims Vaillant)
Hisloria luz: e 7l2lfll7!liJ I”
does Moi-ell add to his engraving of the coin any
reference to the museum which contains it; There is another type of this colony, which
whence it would appear that he had followed (like the Ptolemuis of Trajan already quotcd,)
only the authority of others. It was from the presents the figure of 11 turreted woman, sitting
Rhine that Martial took a subject matter for on a rock with corn-cars, and a river-god at her
adulation, when addressing the prince; he says: feet. This is meant for the Genius of the City,
Tibi summe R/uni domitor, J/‘c.—E,z2ig. ix. vii. whose mountainous site is also here denoted,
It/zenu; fluvius.—There is another image of whilst the corn-ears serve to indicate the abund
the Rhine on a coin of Postumus (in gold and ance of wheat produced on its fertile soil. The
silver), in which the recumbent Genius of the man emerging from the water represents the
mighty stream is represented with two horns river Chabora, which, rising from Mount Masius,
(bicomisj, as indicating the belief of ancient flowed past the walls of Rhcsaina.
geographers that this river made its outlet to Rlu'nocero.v.—'l‘his animul (according to Span
the sea by two mouths.——See SALVS PRO heim) indicates both games and wars: it is also
VXNCIABVI. the sign of imperial munificence and eternity.—
R/zesaena, or rather Rhesaina, a city of The rhinoceros, as certain coins of Domitian
Mesopotamia, situate on the dcclivity_ of Mount shew, was seen at Rome in the times of the
Masius, near the river Chabora, at its point of Flavian emperors, it being exhibited in the
zoufluence with the Euphrates, not very fur secular games.—Eckhel mentions three smnll
from Currhae, and close upon the eastern brass coins, well preserved, in the Imperial
‘J-ontier of the Roman empire. This place, cabinet, bearing on their obverscs inn. nonrr.
which was in a later age called Tlneodosiopolia, AVG. oEu1n., and on their reverses the figure of
ms for its present name Ras-al-ain (Asiatic a Rhinoceros, from whose snout rise two horns:
Purkey, province of Diarbekir). It was made of these the one nearest the mouth is the longer,
L colony by Sept. Severus, as indicated by its the other a little higher up and less prominent.
tssumed surname of Septirniaa‘, adopted from The rhinoceros bivormlr is the rarer species; tho
4T2
692 ROGUS FUNEBRIS. ROMA.
old writers, however, recall it to remembrance. Verus, Pertinax, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, Juli:
Thus hlartial, Spectac. xxii. : Mmsa, Saloninus, Yalerianus jnn., Claudius
Namque gravem oE.\n.\'o coaxv dc eztulit ursum. Gothicus, Tctricus jun., i\'i_s_'riniaruis, (‘onstantius
Chloru.s.—See eo.\'ssca.vrm.
Pausauias’s narrative corresponds clearly with On the Rogue (says Vuillnnt, Pr. ii. 2031,
these coins of Domitian, when he atliruis him an eagle was placed at the consecration of
self to have seen rllinocaratea (which he calls emperors, and a peacock at that of einpresses;
Ethiopian bulls) from the extremity of whose and when the cord by which it was tied became
nose a horn juts out, and a little higher up consumed in the flames, the bird thus freed, and
another, hut not a large one.—'l‘hcsc particulars flying through the air, was popularly be-lierai to
(adds Eckhel) have demanded notice, because carry the spirit of the deified personage up to
Hardonin teaches that from these identical coins heaven. This image of consecration was after
of Domitian it is manifest that this wild beast is wards struck on the imperial medals.
furnished with only one horn on its snout; and RO. or KO“. Roma’. At Rome.—n.oI.
the same error, derived perhaps from Har Romani, or Romano, or Ilomanorunu.
douin, about only one horn being observable on Roma, formerly queen ot almost the whole
the coins of Domitian, has since been propagated carth.—Horace (L. iv. od. 3) calls hcr the
by James Bruce, an Englishman, who, in his prince of cities; and according: to Martial (L. xii.
travels in Abyssinia, relates many things respect epig. 8) she is lernzrum den _qentin|.-aqua.-——
ing this animal, at one time as unicorni-r, at ltomc, a city of Latium in Italy, situated on
another as bicormlt, when describing the natural the Tiber, founded by the Alban youth, under
history of qnadrupeds in that region. the leadership of Romulus and Remus, the
Right band: joined, are symbols of Concord grandsons of Numitor. At least the mos:
and indications of mutual confidence, real or generally received opinion is that Rome was
a:.rumed.—See lllanua. so called from Romulus, who was fimi named
Rogusfunebria, or funeral pile of the Romans, Remus, according to the authority of Scr\'ins_
was a quadrangular kind of scaffold, or compact For when Romulus and Remus undertook jointly
structure of timber-work, on which the dead the building of the city, the latter wished that
bodies of princes and princesses were burnt to its name should be Remuria, from his own name.
ashes.—Vaillant says it was called Rogue because Romulus, on the other hand, preferred to have
the dii manes, or deities of the shades below, it named Roma. The auspices were given in
in eo roganfur, were supplicated, and believed to favour of Romulus; nevertheless, the city IE
be propitiated by the ceremonies performed at not styled Romula, lest such a diminutive of the
them.—'l‘he rogue, from the reign of Antouinus name should derogate in any degree from the
Pius, is the common type of consecration on majesty of the city.
coins of Imperial personages of both seIes.— Rome took for its sign the wolf suckling the
Dion briefly speaks of this pile as in form like a twin brothers, in recognition of the well-known
tower of three stories, adorned with ivory, gold, story. When, indeed, the power of the city
and a few statues.—Herodianus gives a fuller became so great that the descendants of its
description of it, observing that the ground founder
its historybegan to be ashamed
was adorned of their origin,
with fahles.—llenr~elthe
floor of this square building was filled with dry
fuel; that on this substructure stood another sagaeious Livy, in his preface to his Libr. Hicla,-_,
tier, similar in form and ornament, but narrower, says—“ Qzuz ante condilam L‘0!Id€7l£{(llII!-‘Q’ urkrw.
and furnished with open doors; that on these poetic-is magi: decorafabulia, quam inmrrwptu
were erected a third and a fourth, still narrower rerum ye-rtarum -mouunzentis lraduratur, ea use
in dimensions, so that the whole work presented euifirmare, nee rqfellerr, in animo e.|t."—But
the appearance of a [1/Laros; that the corpse although it is the common belief that Rome was
being then deposited in the second story, and built by Romulus, because he founded n monarch)‘
the accustomed ceremonies being performed, there, yet there are many authors who assert
the lighted torch was applied, and the entire that, before him, Evander, from Armdia,
mass consumed by tire.—After making these reigned over that part of the city, aftcrwsnls
citations from the old writers, Eckhel alludes called Mons Palatinus; nay, there are othcra
to the abundance of coins, which place before especially the Greeks, who pretend that, before
our eyes the form of the r0_qu.r, exactly corres the time of Romulus, there existed in the same
ponding with their description; and he par place a city named Rome which had been built
ticularly mentions a medal of Julia llfmsa, not by a certain noble lady, Greek or Trojan, namtd
long ago found at Rome; the possessor of ltoma, who was with Eneas, it is not known
which, Viscount Ennius, an antiqunry of great in what quality, whether slave or wife.
repute, wrote to the Papal Nuncio at Vieiula, Leaving these, however, and other opinions
saying that it was in so beautiful and entire a of Rome,
which haveand
beenwhich are founded
advanced onlytheon one
respecting
state of preservation, that, what had never
before been observed in these representations of jectures altogether arbitrary, we may regard it
funeral piles, the body of the Augusta appeared thus far as certain, that she spran from the
placed on a bier in the second story. smallest beginnings; that her first foundations
As symbols of consecration, these Royi are ,were on the Palatine mount; and that her
seen on coins of Aelius Csesar, Antoninus Pius, ’ boundaries were then from time to time enlarged
Faustino senior, M. Aurelius, Faustino juu., L. 1 round that spot to a vast extent. For Pliny
 ROMA. ROMA. 693
(L. c. 6) writes that, in the reign of Gallic and Britannia rendered tributary; the
Vespasian, the circuit of the city was 13,000 Illyrians, the Istrians, the Liburni, the Dalma
paces. And Vopiscns relates that the Emperor tians, vanquished; Achaia invaded; the Mace
Aurelian increased the compass of its walls donians overcome; war waged with the Dar
to thirty thousand paces.—So great and famous danians, the Moesians, and the Thracians; the
did this city in the end become, as the capital legionary eagle was planted on the banks of
of the most powerful and extensive empire the Danube. Having defeated Antiochus, the
ever known, though it owed its origin to a Romans set foot for the first time in Asia;
troop of herdsmen, fumtive slaves, and robbers, victorious over Mithridat-es, they take possession
conducted by a man of ability and resolution. of the kingdom of Pontus, together with
If writers have varied in their sentiments on the Armenia Minor, which that monarch had held;
origin of Rome, they have equally differed withthey march into Mesopotamia, and enter into a
regard to the year of its foundation. The most treaty with the Parthinns; they fight against
geneml opinion assigns for that event the year the Arabians; Judaea is conquered ; Cilicia and
from the creation of the world 3231, viz., 753 Syria brought into subjection; at length Egypt
years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the third is reached by the victorious arms of Rome, and
year of the sixth Olympiad, 431 years after the her republic is no morc.—Under the Emperors,
ruin of Troy, and during the reign of Jothan, from Augustus to the times of Theodosius and
King of Judah. his sons, a period of 440 years——the Cantabri,
Ifome was called Seplicollia, because she in the Astures, and all Spain were placed under the
closed within her mural boundaries seven hills,— yoke; the Alps, Rhretin, Norieum, Pannoniu,
viz., Palatinus, Quirinalis, Aventinns, Cmlius, and Moesia, were added to’ the empire; the
Virninalius, Esquilinus, and Tarpcius, or Capi whole tract of the Danube was reduced to the
tolinus. Such was “the eternal city” under state of provinces; all Pontns and the Greater
King Romulus and his successors. And if, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Arabia, and
after the substitution of the consular for the Egypt yielded obedience to the laws of Rome,
monarchical form of government, she gained in And thus, by the successive efforts of these
point of extent, she was but a rude and unsightly “foremost men of all the world,” and by the
mass of cabins and cottages, until the period of valour and perseverance of the Roman people,
her being burnt by the Gauls. Subscqueuily to this most august empire was elevated to the
that event she assumed a better architectural suprernest height of human glory—having for
character, having been re-built in a more com its limits the ocean on the west, the Rhine and
modious and durable manner. But it is stated the Danube on the north, the Tigris on the
by her historians, that even so far down as the east, and Mount Atlsson the south.
arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy, the houses were ROr\IA.—This word is often found inscribed
covered with only shingle and planks. Nor was on nearly all the coins of families, in addition
it till the year 622, that the embellishments of to their names, especially on the most ancient
Rome commenced, thence proceeding to that dcnarii, and even on coins anterior to them.
pitch of splendour to which Augustus carried They are generally wanting on such as were
them. A splendour which Nero, after playing struck the decline of the republic.—Vaillant
himself the part of an incendiary with the ol says, and so does Havcrcamp, in very many
city, still further improved upon in restoring it places, that when the word nous is added it
from its ashes. This high and palmy state was indicates that the medal was struck in the city ;
under Trajan not only maintained, but rendered the omission of it signifies that the piece was
still more noble; and long after that great coined in some province. “ In the first place,
emperor’:-2 time it exhibited almost undiminishcd this rule is fallible, because on coins of a later
magnificence, in spite of the ravages of the age the word is wanting; in the next place, I
Goths, the Vandals, the Ostrogoths, and other know not why coins, although struck in a pro
barbarians, whose assaults were scarcely more vince yet by a Roman magistrate, could not
ruinous than the degeneracy ot the people them have been recognised as Roman, when they were
selves.—-Rome still contains relics which serve doubtless Roman currency, especially as on even
to indicate what she must have been in the daysforeign coins the word nous is not unfrcqucntly
of her imperial power and grandeur. read, by which indeed the conquered people
mun. imperium.——'l‘he Roman dominion sought to prove their connexion with the govern
or territorial jurisdiction, which began under ing cit .”—Eckhel, vol. viii. 70.
kings (viz., Romulus and his six successors, RO 'IA.——This word also appears in mono
Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostillins, Ancus gram on dcnarii of the Didia and Marcia
Martins, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, families, and on a deuarius of Culpurnius Piso
and Tarquinius Supcrbus), whose united reigns Frugi.——ROMA likewise is inscribed on the Con
occupied a space of 243 yca.rs,—did not extend sular coinage, in silver, both dcnarii and quinarii.
further than within 18 (Roman) miles each way On family dcnarii it is generally accompanied by
from the city. But under the Consuls, amongst types of Victory in a biga or in a quadriga, or
whom were sometimes Dictators, &c., the advance by the Dioacuri.
of Roman power, and the extent of Roman con Rome was personified and worshipped as a
deity by the Latins as by the Greeks, and the
quests, during a period of 447 years, were in effect
nearly as follows ;-—Italy captured as far as appellation of Gin, or of Dea Roma, is found
beyond the Po; Airica and Spain subdued; applied to that renowned but presumptuously
 694 ROMA. ROMA R.ENASC.—ROMA RESTIT.
proud city both amongst writers and on coins. ROMA RENASC. vel RENASCES, vol
Thus it was said of her: “ Terrarum dea R.ENASCENS.—Rome rising aga.in—or Rome
gmtiumque R0ma.”—Cassiodorus narrates that reborn.—A helmeted figure standing, with a
under Hadrian, Pompeianus and Alettius being Victoriola in right hand.—This epigrnph, on gold
consuls, a temple was raised to the worship of and silver coins of Galba, was a vain augury of
Rome; and a representation of this temple the Romans indulging in hopes of happier days,
appears on coins of Antoninus Pius, with the after the reigns of those impure and tyrannical
legend of ROMAE u:rea1nr;.—There are also men Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.
several coins of Augustus and Tiberius, with an Rome is here called rena-wens, as if appealing
altar and the inscription non. at ave.—-See the to be again free ; for alter the death of Caligula
words. the senate, though the government still continued
Designed after statues of the best ago of art, in the family of the Caesars, had it in contem
(which are, however, extremely rare,) we see plation to assert the cause of liberty, so it seemed
her on medals of Nero, in the dress of an that, the Caasarian stock being, by the death of
Amazon, seated on a mass of body-armour or Nero, now extinct, Roman freedom came to a
spoils of war, holding in one hand a short second birth through the election of Galba to
sword and in the other a. spear. On coins of the Empire
Galba, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Hadrian, Anto On the word BENASCE8, Eckhel makes the
ninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Commodus, L. Verus, following remark in reference to Havercamp,
Pertinax, Severus, and many other emperors, who interprets it in the future tense :—“A.n
Dee Roma appears either standing or sitting, opinion this, truly, which imports a gross solecism
with her amazonian habit tucked up, and the in the Roman mint, since even tyros knew that
right breast uncovered. On a first brass of it was (in that case) to be written BENACZRIS.
Vespasian, she presents herself seated on seven But its true sense, the word placed on other
coins being neusscans, is sufiiciently clear.
Thus on medals of Vespasian also is read non
ansvaeas. The Latins were ofiaen in the habit
of leaving out the N, especially when it
the letter s. Thus also on marbles of the best
age you may read INPAS for nvrsns, and other
instances similar to it have been searched out
from lapidary inscriptions by Marinins. The
same fancy prevails in the words quotiezu, pud
rayeruima, &c., the N. is omitted.”
ROMA RENASCENS. S.C.—R0me seated,
a helmet on her head, a victoriola in her right
hand, and the /iaata para in her lefi. First
brass of Nerva.
Eclrhel does not notice this legend and
type nnder the reign of Nerve; but Mionnet
hills, at the foot of which are Romulus and and Akerman recognize its genuineness; and
Remus sucklcd by the wolf: in the front, Havercamp, from whose work this engraving is
the Tiber personified. The mint of ancient taken, makes the following comment :—“ Medals
Rome invariably represents “the goddess” were struck during the above reign with the
wearing a helmet, and frequently, besides the type and inscription of noun aaiuscnns.
Iuuta, or the lance, holding a small image of (Rome reviving, or springing up, rising, or
Victory, and sometimes a globe. It is a remark being born again), in like manner u had already
of Eckhel‘s that, nnder the lower empire, Rome been done under Galba, but with more justice
was represented with the head surmounted by a and truth in regard to the latter than to the
crown of towers, and resting the right foot on former emperor. For under Galba the Roman
a ship’s prow. people had cherished only a vain hope of better
On Greek coins of the Imperial series, the times—whereas their condition soon changed
efiigy of Dea Roma is not always represented for the worse through the gross negligence and
with a helmet, but is also ornamented with a the shameful dcbaucheries of Vitcllius. Under
turreted cro\vn.—The people of Smyrna, accord Nerva, on the contrary, the Roman common
ing to Tacitus, built a temple to her, and she wealth began renlly to revive, and was perfectly
'was worshipped as a goddess by most of the re-established under his successors.”—Cabiaet
cities of Asia, as coins to this day testify. Nor
de la Reine Christine, p. 4-9.
did the adulation of the Greek cities stop at ROMA R. XL.——See n. XL. ROLL
Paying divine honours to Rome; but many of ROMA RESTl'l‘. S.C.—'l‘hcrc is a first brass
them, with the view of conciliating favour from of Galba with this legend of Roma Realitafa
their conquerors, stamped on one side of their (Rome restored), which—acc0mpnnicd by the
coins 8!-IAN POM]-IN, Deam Romam; and on type of the emperor raising up by the right hand
the other side GEON CTNKAHTON, J);-um a helmeted female figure having in her lelt
Senalum; thus including the senate with the hand a trophy, or in some coins a child——~was
city of Rome within the “ample room and obviously designed to shadow forth the same
verge" of their impious flattery. state of popular feelings of joy and confidence
 ROMA RESURGES.
at the death of Nero and the accession of the
veteran Galba, which is referred to under nous
RENASCENS.
ROMA RESVRGENS.-—S. C.——Vespasisn, a rare gold coin of Hadrian, “ under whom (says
veiled and clothed in the toga, and a female hold Vaillant) Rome was called Eternal, on account
ing a shield, standing by a kneeling female,
whom the Emperor is raising up. First brass.
Undcr Vitellius the Roman empire fell into
decay and confusion. Assigning, therefore, to
that glutton the merit of restoring Rome
was an act of wretched flattery on the part of
the senate. To Vespasian, on the contrary, it
was an honour rightfully awarded. And the
large bronze medal, which thus ascribes to him
the re-establishment of the Eternal City, first
by his military virtues and afterwards by his
attention to her architectural embellishment,
represents that fine old emperor standing, clothed
in the toga, litting up a kneeling woman; another
female fi gure, helmeted, and with a buckler,~ paid divine honours to Rome, erected temples
stands at the back of the kneeling figure, as if and altars to her honour, and instituted priests
supporting her.—-Rubenius and Oiselius under
stand by the woman on her knees Liberty op
pressed under Vitcllius. This fallen goddess Ves
pasiau raises up and restores her to Rome, who
is present in a military form.
ROMA RESVRGES.—Similar type.—’I‘he
Roma Renasces, in Galba, has been noticed
abovc.—IIere we have Itesurqes doubtless for
Resurgens, as already stated.——“ And truly (says
Eckhel) Vespasian could speak of Rome firing
again in his reign; for he signally adorned her
with new edifices, whilst he as etfectively repaired
the old buildings, which, either through neglect
in antecedent times or from the ravages of iu
cendiary fires under Nero and Vitellius, had sus
tained grcat injury. And it is this golden period
of Vespasian of which a retrospect is taken by
Tacitus, in that passage of his Annals (xv. 41)
where, in dwelling on the splendid monuments
of the city which were ruined by the Neronian
conflagration, he goes on to say:—quamvi.r in
tanta RESVRGENTIS VRBIS pulckitudine
multa seniors: meminerant, quw reparari
nequibant.”
R0ma°AeIerna.—Vaillant observes that the
Genius of Rome bears a Victory in her hand, as
conqueror of the world, and that the peculiar
epithet of Eternal as applied to Rome is one
which Livy, Amniianus, Dionysius of Halicar
nassus, and Symmachus severally employ, either
in prediction of her perpetual domination, or
for the purpose of distinguishing her from other
cities.
ROMA AETERNA.—ROMANUS. ass
ROMA AETERNA.—This legend, with the
type of Rome seated, supporting the heads of
the sun and the moon, appears for the first time on
of the many things restored, and the various
edifices constructed by him, so as thereby to
have been ensured a perpetual duration. A
temple was constructed to the honour of Rome,
as a goddess, on Mount Palatine, by Hadrian
himself. It was in memory of these benefits
that she holds in one hand the head of the sun,
in the other that of the moon, as symbols of
eternity, the Romans, from the religion of the
Egyptians, regarding those planets as eternal.”
Roma Aetern¢.—From the earliest age it was
the presentimcnt of the Romans that their city
would be Eternal; and to such a pitch of mad
ness did this opinion ot‘ theirs proceed, that they
to perform sacrifices to this deity of their own
creation.
ROMAE AETERNAE.—This legend, struck
in each metal, with various types (but chiefly
that of Roma Victrix seated, a shield by her side,
a spear in her left hand, and a figure of Victory
in ht‘-I‘ right.) appears on coins of Antoninus
Pius, of Peseennius Niger, of Sept. Severus,
of Gordianus I. and II., Alex. Severus (first
brass), Philip sen., Trcb. Gallus, Hostilianus,
and others.—A silver medal of S. Severus bears
on its reverse ROMAE snrnnnsa, with a temple
of six columns, adorned with many statues, in
the midst of which Rome is seated.
ROMAE RESTITV'1‘AE.—On the reverse of
a third brass of Constantine the Great, are this
legend, and the image of Rome seated, holding
in her right hand a flower, and in her lefi a globe,
divided into zones.
This doubtless was meant to describe the happy
change in the state of the city which ensued on
the death of the tyrant Maxentius, than whom
no one had more cruelly aiilicted the inhabitants
of Rome; and in contrast to whose atrocious
government the lawful and comparatively merciful
sway of Constantine was, therefore, in the eyes
of the Romans a renovation of Rome.
Romans.—The following heads of illustrious
Romans occur on coins of families, viz., of
Agrippa, M. Antony, and 15!. Antony the
Younger, Lucius Antony, gens Antonia; L.
Brulua and also M. Brutus, g. Junia; Coeliu;
Cnldus, g. Coelia; Dolabella, g. '1‘;-eb0m';;;
Domilius Aheuobarbus, g. Domitia; L. Libo, g.
Livia; I/ivineius Regulus, g. Livineia; Munatiu:
Plancus, g. Munatia; Narbanur Flaceus, g.
Norbana; Pompeius Magnus, as also 0n. Pom
peius F. and Se:-tus Pampeius, and Pampeiu;
Rig/‘us, g. Pompcia; Numoniux Vaala, g.
Numonia; A. Paatumius, g. Postumia; Servius
Rufus, g. Servia: Servilius Ahala, g. Junia; lll.
Silanus, g. Junia; Snlla, g. Cornelia.
Roman Em_per0rs—Portraits of on coins.—
See Imperatores.
Romanus I. Lecapenua, born in Armenia, of
a family in private life, became distinguished in
696 ROMANUS. ROM. ET AUG.
arms, and was made pmgfeclua classic, or ad ROM. ET AVG. (Rom: at Augruto. To
miral, under Constantine X., by whom he was Rome and Augustus.) COM. ASIAE.—G.m
afterwards declared Augustus, and associated in munilas Asia.—A silver medallion in the hn
the empire at the same time he married Helena, perial cabinet at Vienna, exhibits on one side
daughter of that prince, a.n. 919.—He soon the naked head of Augustus, with un>. ix. n.
usurped priority of rank, and gave the second P0. v., and hears this‘ inscription on its reverse.
station with title of emperor to his son Christo The type is a temple of six columns, on the
pher, compelling his benefactor Constantine to cpistyle of which the words nos. E1‘ avo. are
content himself with the lowest place.—Driven engraved. See con. asras.
from the throne and banished to the isle of The most learned and skilful numismstists
Prota, by his son Stephen, whom, after Christo unite in opinion that coins of this type (and
pher’s birth, he had taken as his imperial col there is a variety of them as well in brass as in
league, A.D. 944, he died in a monastery, A.D. silver) were struck out of Rome with the
‘J46.——Romanus and his son Christopher united character and workmanship of whose axial they
on coins are called ROMAN. ET. xaisroro. avoo. have indeed nothing in common.
His medals are most rare, both in gold and silver. Suctonius, in his life of Augustus, says
Ronzanus II. surnamed Junior, the son of “Templa quamvie mire! eliam procvuulibv:
Constantinns X. Porphyrogenitus, and of Helena, decemi salere, (namely 'fitus Flanrinius, by the
daughter of Romanus Lecapenus, born at Con people of Calchedon), in nulla tamer: provisos,
stantinople, A.D. 938. Succeeded his father in niai commmzi SVO RO_=‘lLlEQVEn.ami1|e rerqail:
the eastern empire a.n. 959-0. bad prince, and nam in urbe quidempertinaciscime abslixuil lmc
suspected to have been a parrieide.—Died A.D. l:on0re.—Eckhel, after making the above cits
tion, alludes to the supposition hazarded by
963, aged twenty-one.—The inscriptions on his
coins are in Greek. Schlcgel, that the temple represented on this
Romanus III. snrnamcd Argyma, the son of medallion was that of the Olympic Jove, at
Leo, horn about A.I). 973', married Zoe (another Athens, the construction of which was finished
Messalina), daughter of Constantinus XL, u at the common cost of the kings of Asia. This
few days before the death of that Emperor, and Eckhel treats as an unfortunate conjecture, and
through that union arrived at the throne, a.D. proceeds to observe on the con '—“ We hm
1028.—Poisoned and stifled in a bath by his other and most decisive evidences that the
lascivious and wicked wife, who then bestowed temple in question was that of Pergamus (now
her hand and the empire on Michael of Paphla Bergama), the capital of a province of Asia
gonia, s.n. 1034-.—Mionuet says there are no (Minor). This in the first place is proved by
coins of this prince. Tacitus—cum divas Augrutu; SIBI algae lrbi
Romanus IV. surnamcd Dioyenes, of eminent ROM.-{E templum apud Pergamum tisli sol
Cappadocian family, and himself a great com prolzibuiarel. To corroborate the fact there an
mander, was the son of Constantinns Diogenes; also Greek coins of Pergamus, struck not only
raised to the throne by Eudocia, widow of Con after Angnstus’s death but during his lifetime.
stantine Dncas, whom he married A.D. 1068; on which he is represented standing with a spur
he was made prisoner by the Turks A.D. 1071. in his hand, within a temple inscribed BEON
Restored to freedom the same year he was de EEBAETON (Dcum Augustum).—.\Ioreover, on
prived of sight by Michael Ducus, who, during other coins struck also in the age of Augustus.
his captivity, hnd usurped the throne, and he at the same city of Pergamns, is seen the head
died in a convent a short time afterwards. There of Rome turreted, with the epigraph 6!‘-AN
are no Latin inscriptions on this emperor’s medals, POMHN (Deam Romaru).—And likewise on I
which are all extremely rare. Pergamanean coin, in the Imperial Muselllll,
Roma Lalii.—From certain coins of Com struck under Trajan, is read: POMH. KAI.
modus, we find “the Eternal City" itself treated 2!-IBAZTD. accompanied with the type of I
as a colony by that mad-braincd emperor-—thus temple, within which Augustus stands, and, hold
confirming the assertion of Dion, in which, speak ing a spear, is crowned by Rome, who sup
ing of the unworthy son of Aurelius, he states that ports a cornucopia: in her left arm. If there
he wished his City to seem to be a colony ; and to with bc compared those silver medallions which
this refers his golden statue with a bull and a cow. severally. bearing the heads of Claudius, N61“,
lt is on large and middle brass, struck senatu-r con and Trajan, arc inscribed COM. AS]. (Cou
sultmthattheinsnneideaof changingthcveryname nmnilzu A-nlt); ROM. ET. AVG., accompaflitd
of Rometo that of C()L0nia Lucia ANTOm§niaua with a similar type; and also the beautiful iii"!
COMMo11iana, is proved to have been enter medallion of Hadrian, bearing on its rcvcrsc the
tained by Commodns—and not only entertained words COM. BIT. (Communifas Bit/r_yru'¢r), 8113
but recorded as a work actually wrought with for its type a temple of four columns with the
the usual ceremonial observed in founding a new statue of the emperor in the portico, and the
colony, by a veiled priest (in this ease the Im legend ROM. S. P. AVG. on the entablntnre
perial Pontgfez Mazimw himself), tracing its above, it will be apparent enough that the mm
circuit with a plough, to which are harnessed a which both in inscription and in type thus agmt.
bull and a cow. See c0L. L. AN. con. although they may differ in language, ye! "P
ROM. COND.—See nsnc. non. coxn. struck in one and the same city, namely ll
Herculi Romano Oonditor-i.—On a coin of Pcrgamns. Still more applicable to the prs’-‘f‘"i
Commodus. medal are the words of Dion, who after h=\1"5
 ROM. ET AUG. ROM. ET AUG. 697
stated that Caesar had permitted a temple to be living, received the honours of consecration at
erected at Ephesus and at Nicwa, in honour of Rome; or that with Havercump we should devise
Rome and father Julius, adds: ertraneia autem the evasion above-mentioned. But I have proofs,
lzominibus qua: Gnzcoa ipse appellabal, 001/cesril, not a few, and these of the most valid kind,
ut SIBI quoque fempla facerent, ASIANIS to shew that this money was coined abroad.
quidem Pcryrmri, Bill)!/nir vero Nicomedizr. I. Augustus, though he forbade divine worship
Therefore those also are Asiatics, who, on this to be paid to him in the city, allowed it freely
coin, eall themselves COMmuniIas ASIAE, and out of Rome. From a mass of testimonies too
who show that it was purposed to raise at their numerous to cite at length, I shall adduce some
own expense the temple ROMae ET. AVGVS'l‘i. which spontaneously occur to me. Suetonius
—Sec the word CO.\lmzme or COMm:mita.r. says: .Prum'ncz'm-um plernrque super temple cl
ROM. ET. AVG.——An altar richly orna araa, ludos quaque quiz/quezznale-s pacne 0ppiz/a
mented between two columns surmounted by tim conslitueruut. Aug. c. lxi. The testi
Victories, who themselves bear other -images cf monies of Tacitus and of Appianns may be
Victory and palms. On the face of the altar, added, from which it partly appears that divine
two Genii support a crown placed between two honours were paid to Augustus, on the defeat
pines. On a brass medallion of Augustus, also of Sextus Pompey, and therefore early enough.
on first and second brass of the same emperor, We have already noticed the altar erected to
and of his successor Tiberius. There is a Augustus at Tarracona. Concerning that at
splendid bronze medallion of Tiberius with his Lugdunum, Strabo states it was erected to
portrait and rm. cansan AVGVST. F. IMPERAT. Augustus, with a temple, at the confluence of
vll. on the 0bverse—and this same type of an the rivers (the Saone and Rhone), in the
altar and two Victories with ROM. Er. AVG. on name of the Gaulish nations, or peoples,
the revelse—in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. sixty in number. Suctouius hands it down to
Autiquaries, in treating of these coins, which us that this altar was dedicated v.c. 744; but
are to be found in all large collections, have Dion informs us that the fcstal day of Augustus
adopted various opinions concerning them. had already been celebrated two years before at
Amongst the more modern writers, reference the altar of Lyons. Livy moreover notices the
may be made to Sehlegcl and Havercamp, both dedication of an altar to Cmsar (Augustus) at
of whom regard it as beyond a doubt that all of the confluence of Arar and R/wdrmua (Saone
them were struck at Rome, but differ from each and Rhone), and the appointment of C. Julius
other in assigning reasons for their having been Vercnndaridubius of the ]Edui as priest of the same.
publicly stainped.—Eckhel on the contrary An epigraph in Gruter makes mention of the
asserts, and in the most masterly way makes altar erected at Narbn (Narbonne), by Martins;
good his opinion, that they are all of foreign and the priest of the altar of Rome and Augustus
workmanship.——Schlegel thinks it sufiicicntly is mentioned in inscriptions found at Lyons.
proved from these coins that even whilst Augus Bat, what still more closely applies to the present
tus lived, an altar was dedicated in the city, and coins, I have brought forward several testi
a temple built to his honour, and that this was monies under the year v.o. 735 {see non. E1‘. AVG.
COM. ism! above], that evdrywhere through
done about the year v.c. 741, as on the coin itself
Augustus is called roN'r. sux.; and, moreover, out the provinces templeslwere dedicated to
he names from Sex. Rufus the region (of Rome) Rome, and at the same tinig to Augustus. I add
in which these sacred structures stood. But to these the inscription, which (as mentioned by
that, so long as Augustus lived, no divine Pocock) to this very day is read at Pola in Istria,
honours were paid to him in the city, is placed inscribed on the fronts of the temples: no sun.-:. nr.
myond n doubt by the arguments of Eckhel on .\vovs'ro. csnsam. nrvr. r. rxrnr. PA’l‘RIAE."—
aha medals of Dlvvs Augustus. The coins in After having quoted Josephus’s History for
(ucstion, therefore, could not have been struck Cmsarea in Palestine, Chishull's Ant. Asial. for
n Home itself during the life-time of that Mylre in Caria, and ancient marbles for Pergnmns
|l'lIlCC. As, however, from Suetonius and others and other cities in Asia, to shew that in the
t is clear that altars and temples were every Greek provinces of the empire, temples were"
where established in the'provinccs, to the joint consecrated and inscribed to Augustus, and that
worship of Rome and Auymlus, Havercamp the worship paid to him, in his life-time, was
'rzmgeIy reconciles himself to the notion that associated with that to Rome, the learned and
"rese medals are of Roman die, by supposing acute author of Doctrina Nmnarum Velerum,
‘mt the senate wished, by this type, to evince proceeds, II. To observe, that “the (religious)
re respect of the conquered people towards the venerat-ion jointly paid to each of the divinities
nperor, but that divine worship had not been (Roma et Augustus) is also marked by the coins
rcreed t0 the living prince in the city itself.— themselves, which were doubtless struck ea.-tra
n these two opinions Eckhel passes judgment urbem.”—With regard to the medal above
the following effect :—“Even though we may described, which exhibits the temple erected by
rive at the conclusion that all these coins were COMmunila.r ASIAE ROMM ET AVGVSTO,
ruck beyond the walls of the city, in some one Eckhel expresses his belief that “ no one would
other of the provinces, it will not be needful wish to deny that as a tcrnple established in Asia
zher that with Schlegel, against the authority itself is thereby indicated, so also the medallion
historians the most worthy of belief, we itself was struck in Asia; and, therefore, for
Quld rashly assert that Augustus, whilst still the coins now in question, a country foreign to
4U
698 ROM. ET AUG. ROMANO REX OVA.
Rome must be sought. Ill. If these coins had Muratnri) in which C. Julius is called sat-canes
been struck in “the city," there would not have nous]: ET .u‘Gvs1‘0. an. sans. Q\'sE. £51.
been wanting the mark S. C. (Semzlua Cons-ulfaj, an. CONl'L\'EN‘l‘Ell, namely of the Rhone and
which, on brass money of assuredly Roman die, the Suone (R/mdani at Jrarar), near which. we
struck under Augustus, it was never the practice see from Strabo, this altar stood.—Docl. .-Tam.
to omit. lV. Many proofs of this are derived Vet. vol. vi., pp. 135, 136, 137.
from medals of the largest size, but of this age The author of La Ga/Ierie Mull!/Jlogiqial
there are none of such volume coined at Rome ; ‘ informs us (t. ii. p. 120) that the columns of
not u few, however, appear which were struck this altar have been sawn in two, and form at
in Spain and in other colonies. V. We have i the present day the pillars which support Id
extremely few coins, in large brass, of Roman voile, or the arched roof, of the Church oi
die, on the obverse of which the head of Dismay, at Lyon.
Augustus, he still living, was engraved. It is ROM. ET. AVG.——l7ndcr the head of
therefore in no way probable that the mint “ Dlonnaie: frappées llorr dz Rome," the
masters, in stamping coins of this kind, should V intelligent author of “ L¢‘fO1l8 11: 1Yumi:»lal'iq's/
have wished to infringe upon the custom of his Rormzine” (p. 72-3) has given as an unedited
age. Lastly, VI. If their fabric be examined, coin a second brass of Augustus, having on its
the eye accustomed to inspect coins will easily obverse the laureated head of that Emperor.
perceive that it differs exceedingly from that with legend of csr-zssn PONT. ar.\x.; and on the
which is found peculiarly to distinguish Roman reverse the words ova. 1'1-;:<o, and the type.
workmanship. Indeed there is in the Imperial already noticed, of an altar between two Yictories
Museum (at Vienna) a coin of this kind extant, placed on pedestals, or columns.
with Nerds head upon it, of a fabric so bar writer The following
on the above
are the
singular
remarksvariety
of thisof swell
barous, aud with the letters of the reverse so
gaping, that there is evidently no likelihood known coin :—“ The ablest antiquaries agree 1“
whatever of its having seen the light in Rome. regarding the medals of this type as not being of
No one, therefore (says Eckhel in conclusion), Roman die, of which indeed they exhibit neither
will now, l think, question the fact that all thesethe workrnnnship nor the distinctive mark s.c.—
coins were executed at a distance from Rome. It is supposed that they must have been struck
But it is less safe to hazard an opinion as to the at Lyons, where a temple and an altar had been
particular city which brought forth this com erected, by sixty Gaulish tribu, to Ron: and
modity; for the worship of Augustus, as may to Anyuatua.”——He then goes on-to say: “ Tim
thus far be seen, was prevalent in all the same type is found again on the above descnbol
provinces of the Roman world. All things duly medal; but with s legend calculated to flfllt
weighed, the supposition may at length be the curiosity of the learned. The word (or words‘
allowed that those divine honours paid to below the altar (ova. rmso) = does it prmeutthr
Augustus at Lyons (Lzlgdunuan GalIi¢) must name of one of the sixty peoples, or of somt
have been on the days of his nativity. This magistrate? or, rather, is it anything more than
opinion is the more strongly countenanced by a defective (or blundered) inscription 9 Be this
the high celebrity, at that period, of the above as it may, the coin in question was fouad_n1
named town, in which Augustus himself resided Vivarai: (south of France) ” In the engraflll
many years, that he might keep a watch, from the first letter seems more like s than o.
its neighbourhood, over the turbulent Germans: ROMANO RENOVA. Wolf and Twins
Tiberius and Drusus also often took up their nonano nmvov. Same type.—On coins of
abode in that city, not to say anything of its Carau4iu.r.——The epigraph is to be read Roll]
being the birthplace of the Emperor Claudius. orum 1i’mocaIio.——'l‘hat is to say, Carausnll
The chief reason, however, for ascribing these wrests a part of the Roman empire from til!
coins to Lugdunum Gallize is the altar itself of hands of Diocletian and Maximian; and excuses
Augustus, the image of which is so conspicuous the robbery under an honourable tenn—l»t¢
on their reverse—-an altar consecrated with renewal of (be Itnrnam.
particular devotion, and, according to Strabo, Ilomulea, or Jifomula, a colony founded _by
in the name of all Gallia; insomuch that the Julius Cmsar in Hispauia Bastien, now SH/1_J/I
day on which those religious solemnities were in Andalnsia.—It is, according to both Vila!
performed, was made a festival in perpetuity, and Strabo, the same place as Hispalis Caloma;
and this custom obtained up to the age of Dion. and it was situate on the banks of the Rivet‘
The same writer also relates that the chief men Baetis (Guadalquiver).—Of this city there ll‘!
of Gaul, during the life-time of Augustus, colonial imperial coins, bearing the heads of
assembled together every year on the anniversary Augustus and of Tiberius, and their familim.
day of the festival to renew their vows. Nor A first brass of this colony, inscribed COL
was the city [of Lyons] without a mint (qfiicina ROM. Colonia Romulea, or Romulermlr, and
monetalb); for Strabo expressly states that struck in honour of the former emperor, after
both gold and silver money was struck there. his death (as indicated by the title of Dir“,
It is, therefore, extremely probable that on the the radiated crown and the thunderbolt, symbolfi
occasion of Augustus’s fcstal day, these coins of apotheosis), exhibits on its reverse the head
were then struck and distributed amongst the of Julia placed on a globe and adorned with a
common people. To the same city of Lyons, in crescent. The legend : l\'LlA A\'Gu.rla GE.\E
all likelihood, belongs an inscription (cited by TRIX ORBIS.—To flatter Tiberius, the colo
 ROM ULO AUGUSTO. ROMULO.—ROMULUS. 699
nists of Romula caused a similar coin to be down the insurrcctionary spirit of the Germans,
struck in honour of his mother Julia, with the Dacians, and Jews; put an end to rebellions in
preposterous appellation of Mu!/zer of i/ze Achaia and Egypt; and stopped the hostile
World. For this reason her portrait is placed progress of the Alani and other barbarous tribes.
on a globe, and adorned with a half moon, as Eclchel observes that this type of Romulus
though she were Lucina, presiding over women appears to have been chosen on account of the
in child-bed, or, to adopt Tristnn’s suggestion, i singularly fond attachment of Antoninus for the
as though she were Venus Genetriz. . religious antiquities and customs of the city, a
A small brass of the greatest rarity, struck fondness which embraced even the prodigies re
by the ICOmulen.re.r of Hispania Baetiea; the corded in its early history. It seemed good,
head of Gernianicus is eugraven on the obverse, therefore, to the uioneycrs, that this emperor,
and the reverse presents a votive shield within a who endeavoured to revi\-'e, by every means in
laurel crown, and COL0m'a ROMulea PERM|'s.m his power, a love for the country which had been
A\'G\'Sli. carried to the height of greatness by so many
[Vaillant is of opinion that this type of a Wonders, should be held up as another Romulus;
shield was struck by the colonists in honour of that is, as a ROMVLVS avovsrvs; although by
Gcrmanicus, for having compelled the Germans reason of his pacific policy and pious character
to restore the niilitary standards and legiouary he should rather have been assimilated to Numa.
eagles captured by the Germans when the legions ROMVLO COi\'Dl'l‘ORI.-—Hadrian, on one
under Yarns were destroyed] of whose silver, as well as first brass coins, this
On a very rare second brass, bearing the legend legend is engraved, with a type similar to the pre
COL. ROM., appears the head of Tiberius on ceding, is said to have held Romulus, as founder
one side, and on the other the head of Nero of the city, in great honour. The truth of this
and Drusns Ctesars.—See Akerman’s Coins of assertion is manifested by his having caused the
Hispania, p. 51, pl. vi. No. 5. day of Rome’s foundation to be celebrated with
ROMVLO AVGVS'1‘O.—This dedicatory more than usually grand ceremonies, as may be
legend is inscribed on a large brass of Antoninus seen by the memorable coin inscribed ANN.
Pius. The type depictures the warlike founder DCCCLXXIIIL NAT. van. r. cm. con. (See the
of Rome, in a military habit, marching with a description of it in its place.)-—Nor is the claim
of this emperor to be regurderl himself as
another 1fomulu.r the founder, otherwise than
fairly to he allowed, so many were the edifices
at Rome which he built and repaired.—Spartianus
thus enumerates some of the renovations and
eurichments of the capital accomplished under
this inaguitiecut prince : Rome izwlaumvit
Pan!/urum, Sepia, baa-ilicamNept:4ni, aacraa 121/er
plum/1a.r, /'0/~um Au;/u.rti, lavacnun Agri])pa.'.
.l'le'cit rt eui nominis ponlem, el sepulc/zrunl, at
adem Dome Dene translulit.
Romulus el Remu.:.—See Lupa.
ROMVLVS (rllarcua Aurelius), eldest son of
spear in his right hand, and a trophy on his Maxcntius and of the daughter of Galerius
lefi. shoulder —The same type is also found on Maximiauus, born, as it appears, A.l). 306. Of
coins of Hadrian.—Nevertheless, as I-Iavercamp this youth, who is said to have been very hand
(in Num. Begin. C121-isiin.) observes, this com some, nothing more is known for a certainty
parison, whether of Hadrian or of Antouine than that he was declared Caesar by his father
with Romulus is by no means too suitable either when he had completed only his first year, and
to the one or the other; for neither had followed Augustus a short time after—that he twice pro
the example of Romulus by enriching himself ceeded as the colleague of Maxentius in the
with booty personally won from an enemy in ccnsulship, whilst as yet a mere boy, as his
the field.—By senatorial adulation, however, it countenance on the coins shews, and that dying
would seem, that allusion is made on the medals A.D. 309, his father placed him in the rank
of both emperors to victories gained by their of the gods—all the medals which are extant
generals abroad. We learn, indeed, from Capi of him being struck in memory of his con
tolinus, that Antonine’s love of peace and tran secrati0n.—l\iionnet has given (in his work, De
' ity did not prevent him from employing the la rareté der Médaillea Romainea) a highly
man arms in repressing such wars as occa finished engraving from an unique gold medallion,
sionally broke out in the provinces and other in the most perfect state of preservation; on the
more distant countries. Per legato: sum11]urima obverse of this with his bust clothed in the toga,
bella _r,om-it, are the first words of that historian the young prince is styled DIVO aonvno NVBIS
in the passage of this Emperor’s life, where he cons. On the reverse is atemple round in form
states the defeat of the Britons by Lollius and having on its domed topfu eagle with wings
Urbicus, and the construction of another wall, spread: the legend surrounding it is anraanau
of turf, to restrain their incursions. By means MEMORIAE, and in the exergue POST. or other
of presidents and lieutenants, Antonine also letters.—The great French numismatist values
compelled the Moors to sue for peace; kept this superb coin at 1,200 francs, but professes,
4U2
700 ROMULUS AUGUSTUS.—ROSCIA. ROSTRA.—ROSTRIJ M.
with Eckhel, his entire ignorance of the meaning of the Roscia coins, but the variety lies almost
of the words NVBIS. cons. (see p. 578), which exclusively in the sigilla, or mint-marks, and
have given rise to so many conjectures amongst none are of historical interest.—<See Juno
the older schools of rnedallists.—There is a fine -S'i.vp1'la.
silver coin of Romulus, cited by Beauvsis, as Rosfra, from R0-9frum.—This name was
uniquc.—The second and third brass are not given to a public place in Rome, where a species
very rare.-—0ne brass medallion, of great rarity, of ealrade or scaffold stood, surmounted by s
represents him on one side, and Jllaa-entiua, his tribune, whence the magistrates or other orators
father, on the other.—See nvsrscons. harangued the people. It was square in fonn,
ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS, son of Orestcs, supported on columns, ornamented at its base
who was one of Julius Nepos's favourite generals, with beaks of ships, and ascended by a stairmc.
but who, devoured by ambition, ungratefully There were two Roslra, velera and nova. The
returned the confidence of his imperial master former were placed in the Forum, or great
by driving him from the throne, and proclaim square, near the spot called curia /Ioalilia. The
ing in his place this young prince, Augustus and naval beaks with which they were originally
Emperor of the West, A.D. 475. But Odoacer, enriched were from the ships taken from the
the Herulian, having captured Rome, assumed Antiati by the Romans, commanded by the
the title of King of Italy in 476, stripped Consul Mmnius, who, in the year v.c. 416.
Romulus of the purple; but compassionating his destroyed the port of Antium, took their fleet of
youth, spared his life; and this last emperor of twenty-two gallies, six of which were armed
Rome, being sent away into Campania, finished with spurs or beaks. The figure of these realm
his days as a private individual near Naples, is to be seen on a medal of the Lo/Iia family in
enjoying 5 considerable yearly income assigned the Thesaurus Morelliamu, on the obverse of
to him by Odoacer, which is s female head, with the name of
unsarss, to whom the rosin: were sacred;
also on a denarius of C. Junius Silnnus, published
by Gcssner, and upon other coins both consular
and imperial.—The roslra nova were called
rarlra Julia, either in consequence of their being
situated near the temple of Augustus, or because
they were the work of Julius Caesar, or from
This Romulus, on his coins, is styled D. N. Augustus having ordered them to be restored.
nmrvnvs svovsrvs P. r. svo. Two medals (given in Ursinus) refer to the roxlra
The head of Romulus Augustus, as on the gold nova or Julia. On one is the bare head of
quinsrius here given, is diademcd with pearls: Augustus, as is testified by the inscription,
usually it is helmcted; and he holds n spear CAESAR svevsrvs. The reverse of this medal
in his right hand, and in his left a buckler, on exhibits two persons (whom some have suppos.-d
which is the figure of a horsc.—The reverses to be Augustus and Agrippa) seated in cnmlc
are, on third brass, ssnvs nsrrvsucss.: n chairs, on a suggestum ornamented with three
Victory marching with trophy on right shoulder, rostratcd prmvs of ships. Above it is inscribed
and dragging a captive.——v1c'roa1s sve.= Victory C-aiua SVLPICIVS PLATORl.\'ru.—Tl1c
marching. On one gold,_—v1c'roar.i sveoo.= other coin, illustrative of the rortra nova, is
Victory holding a long cross.—Wit;hout legend: thus briefly described and explained by Span
a cross within a laurel garland; in the exergue hcim (Pr. ii. p. 193): There exists (says hr)
conon. : a quinarius (see cut.)—Without legend: a coin of the lllussidia family, which shews the
a soldier standing. All are extremely rare. comitium (or place of legislative assembly)
ROSCIA, a plebeinn family, having for its situated near the rostra velera, or elsewhere, in
surname Fabatua, of Lannviuinn origin. It was the Roman forum, or by its side, with the
at Lavinia, the ancient Lanuvium, and also at cancelli (lattice), and with two personage!
Rome, that I. B. ll. R.—Jun0 Sispita Hagna clothed in the toga, who cast the voting M115
Reyina (Juno the Preserver, the Great Queen), into urns. At the bottom of the medal is
was worshipped with particular devotion; and inscribed the surname CLOACl.\'ae Vencris
accordingly we find on the coins of this family (the Cloacinian Venus), whose image stood ill
(which are all silver, serrated, and common), the same place. Thus P/autus (in Cumd. ir
L. ROSCI, with the head of the above-mentioned 1. 10) is illustrated, whilst in his t1u'n he throwi
goddess covers-zl with a goat skin, and behind light on the medal—
it some small figure. On the other side IABATI,
with the figure of one of her priests-sses per Qua‘ perjurum convenire volt horninem, millo in
forming her allotted task of feeding the sacred QuiCamitium ,
mendacem ct ghmios-um, apud CLOA Cl.\'.4E
serpent of the Lauuvian grove. Propertius sacrum. See 31ustiriilh
gives an interesting description of this cere
mony.—-Luci14.1 Rorciua Fabalus was a very great Roatrata Colummz.-—See Colunma Roatralm
admirer of Julius Crrsnr, and was his qnsastor in Rostrata Corana.—See Corona R0-rtmla.
the year v.c. 698,Iin Gnllin 'l‘ransnlpina. He Rortrunl, the beck or spur of an ancient
is mentioned by Caesar himself in his Com galley, placed on a level with the water. ll
mcntaries, amongst the Lcgati of the XIIIth protruded in front of the prow, and was armed
Lcgion.—Morell enumerates forty-three varieties with a sharp point of copper or of hon. It was
 RUBELLIA.-—RUBR.IA . ROCKS.—RUS. 701
almost exclusively used in ships of war (thence The following quinarius is rare :—1>oss1-21¢.
denominated Rostratw mwes), to render them Head of Neptune, with trident.——Rev. 1.. nvniu.
more formidable against an enemy’s vessel, Victory walking, holds along palm brunch above
which, when near enough to strike, they fre her shoulders; before her fect is an altar, upon
quently sank, by piercing a hole through the which is a serpent.
side, and letting in the watcr.—-The figure of R. V. Roma Vic!/~i.r.—Rome the victorious.
these roslrated vessels occurs frequently on RVLLI. Rullus, surname of the Se/"cilia
Roman coins, both consular and imperial.—— family.
There is a deuarius of Pompey the Great, bear Ituminalia /icus.—The tree under which the
ing on its reverse a galley with a legionary eagle wolf (it is said) gave suck to Romulus and Remus.
on its rostrated prow, and with oars and rudder; -—lt is represented, together with the shepherd
its stern ornamented with the aplu-strum, and on Faustulns, the wolf, and the twins, on several
the deck a tower stands, surmounted by the figure Roman coins.—A brass medallion of Antoninus
of Neptune, who holds the trident in his right Pius exhibits the ficu: Ruminalir, with Rome in
hand, and plants his lcfi: foot on a rostrum. Round her he.l1nct sitting under it, before whom are the
this type are the words 1!.-\o. PIVS. uur. rrrza. emperor and other figures.
'l‘hat, in the earliest times of the Romans, The same fig tree of traditionary fame appears,
Coins were struck with the prow and beak of a ship with a bird (picue), on a deuarius of the
appears from Pliny (1. xxxiii. c. 3), Nola aeria Pampeia family. See Pompeia.—And, with the
fail ex altera parts’ Janus geminur ; ex altera twins, on the shield which Val. Maximianus
1'0-rirum navis; in lrienle vero el quadrants bears.
rafe.!.——Sec1’r0ra navis; also the As and its parts. Roe/c.r.—These figured on medals indicate a
On the rostrum of a ship Minerva Jaculatrix city built on, or situate near, n hill or small
stands, in gold and silver coins of D0mitinn.— mounts. The personified genius of a Roman
A silver medal of Augustus also exhibits the province is sometimes seen seated or reclining
prow of arostraled galley, on which n naval upon rocks or hills. (See I£oma.)—'l‘hus Africa,
trophy is fixed, together with a rudder and on a coin of Antoninns Pius; Brimnuia in Anto
anchor placed transversely; the inscription is niuus and Commodus; Dacia, in Trajan and
CAESAR. Dlvl. r. Hadrian; Hispania, in lladrian; &c.—Rome
R0. P. S. Roms Pecunia Si_qnala.—Money herself, on the coin which represents the _/icuc
struck at Rome. ' Ruminali-1, above alluded to, is seated on rocks,
Rota, the figure of a wheel, is the symbol of allusive to the seven hills on which the city was
public roads repaired by order of the reigning built.
prince, for the convenience of carriages, as in RVS. Rusficue, the surname of the Aufidia
VIA TRAlANA.——-Al; the feet of Fortune, it family.
signifies the rnntability and inconstancy of that RVS.—-The names of several Roman colonies
goddess.—We see the wheel, beneath the chair begin with the letters uvs. Amongst others
of Fortune sitting, on coins of Sept. Severus, Ruscino, a city in Gullin. Nnrbonensis, which
Caracalla, Gordianus Pius, Aurelianus, Gallienus, Pliny calls oppidum Lalinorum Rurcinormn,
and other emperors, with the epigraph of and to which Mela assigns the title of colony;
PORTVNA ni-mvx. but by whom founded, whether by Augustus or
R. P. Roma Permwra.-—1\Ioncy struck at by Julius Caesar, is a matter of qncstion.—lta
Rome. modern name is Tour de Rousillon, in the county
R. P. Rei Publim.——Sce IIIVIR. 12.. P. c. of that name, province of Lungnedoc, not far
Tn'unzvirReiPublim' Constiluende (for establish from Pcrpignan.—T0 this place, situate on the
ing the Republic), on coins of Antony, Lepidus, Telis (Tcln), near where that river empties itself
and Octavianus (Augustus). into the lfleditcrraiiean, the following small brass
R. S. Rom: Si_qnata.—Money struck at Rome. coin is referred, alike by Vaillant, Morell, and
RUBELLIA, a family of the equestrian the editor of the Mm. T/|eup:—IMP. cuss.
order, according to 'l‘acitus, originally from AVGVSTVS. Head of Augustus, without laurel.
Tibur. Its cognomen B/andua.—'l‘he only coins —Rev. con. Rvs. LEG. v1. (Colonia Ruscino.
are small brass, struck under Augustus, inscribed Legiones Sertw). Two legionary eagles.
L. RVBELLIVS. numnvs. rrrvm. A. A. A. r. P. [The above military type denotes, says Vaillant
RUBRIA, a plebeian family. Surnamcd (i. 43), the planting of veterans from two legions
D0-menus. Its plebeian rank is inferred from in this colony. For the Sir!/L Legion was a
Rnbrius, a tribune of the people, having carried double one (Gemina), namely, Victrzir, which
a law, named after him Lez Rub:-ia.—'l‘hcre are Augustus sent to Syria, and Ferratzr, which he
ten varieties in its coins, of which the silver are established in Spain. But before he stationed
common; some of them were restored by Trajan. them in the provinces, that emperor drafled off
The bronze pieces of this family are the as, or the discharged and worthy soldiers (Emeri/i)
parts of the a.r.—Some deuarii present reverses of each, partly to colonise Cmvaraugruta and
which have given rise to various unsatisfactory Acci (as we know from their coins) and partly to
conjectures amongst the lcarned—l'lavercamp in occupy Ruscino. Hence on the reverse in
particular; and even Eckhel himself, though he question, two legionary eagles are engraved, with
bestowed two erudite notes on the types in the inscription of LEG. VI. Legio Sena.
question, acknowledges his ignorance of their Vaillant describes this medal as one of singular
exact meaning. elegance and rarity; and further observes that it
 702 RUSTIA.—RU'I‘l'LIA. SABIN.--SABINA.
had been found in the district of Ruscino, given AVGu-xii. But Eckhel, with better ground of
to him, and held n place in his cabinet whilst he probability for his opinion, thinks that the single
was composing his work on the colonial coins] letter S constitutes part of the titles of Mar
Ruse, a surname of various Roman families. cianus, and that it should be read Sacralissimi.
Rustin, a family scarcely known in the time This name, he adds, is by no means in the
of the republic. Its coins (which in silver are present ease a newly invented attribute of the
not very rare, but in gold rarinimi) exhibit but emperors. Frontinus had said of Trajan, rlara
two varieties, one of which oifers on one side Jacrati-uimi imperatoria noalri r.rpedilio. But
two female busts (one of them wearing a helmet), in the age of .\larcianus——nnme1y, the fifih
placed on afluttened cippue, ornamented on each century, nothing is more haclrnied than this
side with a ram’s head, with the cpigraph title of .mcrali.m'mu.r as applied to a Roman
Q. nvsrtvs. roarvzun. ANTIA'1‘.—TlN3 obverse emperor, especially amongst lawyers.
of the denarius has CAESARI. avovsro. ex. s. c., S. SaIu!e.—Pno. s. cans. Pro Salute
and an altar, inscribed ron. un.—See roarvrun Cmsaria.
AN'l‘IAT.——An almost similar type accompanies S. SenaIua.——s. R. Semztus Ronunuu.
sons, on a coin of the Pl¢t0rz'a family The S. Seni or Seni0ri.—D. N. Dl0\”LE'l'l.kS0.
reverse applies to Augustus, and shows that this P‘. P. s. ave. Domino Naalm Dioclelimw Pia
denarius was struck V. 0. 735.” Felici Seni Augusto.
Rutilia, a plebcian family ; snrnarned Flaccus. S. Servn!0.r.—0. C. s. Ob Circa Serralos.
The following is the only medal (in silver, and S. Serc-avil.—H. 0. C. 9. Eastern Octidit
not very rare) extant of this family, viz. :-—l'L.AC. Uivem Servavil.
Head of Pallas.—Rev. 1.. RVTILI. Victory in S. Se.z'lu.r.—S. ATIL. Seztu: .1!i!ius.—
a biga at full speed. This denarius refers to L. s. Pour. Serlus Pompeius.
Rutilius Flaccus, who was an edilis plebir in the S. Siynala JIonetn.—P. s. Perunia Sigaata.
year v.c. 597, and prsetor of a province in 600. S. Sint_—Qvov. V. M. s Quad Fa}: 31:
This coin seems, however, to have been struck nita Sinl, or Sunt.—See Vinicia family.
before, viz., in his provincial quwstorship. S. Money struck at Si.rcia.—s. C. Siam}:
R. XL. LIBE RTAS. AVGu.rti. S. C.——Liberty Cuaus, at bottom of a gold coin of Diocletian.
standing. On first and second brass of Galba. S. Si.rpita.—t. S. M. ll. Juno Sispita, or
R. XL. (Remissa Quadrageaima. The fortieth Soapila.
abolished or remitted to the people.) ROMA. S. SoIvi!.—-v. s. Volum Solvil, on a coin of
Ou a first brass of Galba we see Rome, hclmcted Augustus.
and paludated, standing, with right hand extended, S. Soluta.--vo'r. xx. s. Vain Vicenna/'
on which stands a female figure, holding a brunch Salute, on coin of Val. JIa.riminianus.
or garland in right hand and cornucopia: in left. S. So!ulum.—v. and S.—Votum Salutes, .
The left arm of the Genius of Rome rests on a on coin of Augustus.
coat of mail, and holds a caduceus, or in some S. SptJ.—S.A. fizz: Jugu.rIa.—~s. n. Spa
a legionary eagle; she sets her left foot on a Reipublica.
helmet, and before her right foot is a shicld. S. Spuriua, 8 Sll1'l\&II1€.—-S. N. Span-ii
All writers agree in characterising Galba as Nrpas, §"c.~See Poslumia family.
unseasonably penurious. Nevertheless, that S. Sumpti6u.r.—n. s. s. Dedit Sui; Sailp
there was an interval in which he indulged in liblu.
some liberal acts, and doubtless at his accession S Suo.—coivs. s. Conservator-i Sun.
to the empire, for the sake of winning favour S. Suscep!0.—v. s. Vain Su-rceplv.
from the public, is proved by those medals, which S. A. in the field of some coins. Salas
predicate a benefit to the public in the no small Augusli, or Securila: Auyusti, or Spec .lu_qu!:',
sum of quadr11_7e.9ima remrlrm; to which is to or sly”/4 Antioclmz (money struck at Antioch}.
be added the testimony of Suetonius, who states SABIN. Sa6ina.—sABlN. .\v0.—See Sabina,
that Vespasian renewed the taxes remitted under wife of Hadrian.
Galba—(om1Lrsa sub Ga/be vecligalia rev0caaseJ SABIN. Sabinua, surname of the Jlinalia
—See QVADRAGENSVMA nnuissae. and Iituria families; the heads of which pro
duced their origin from the Sabines.
S. SABINA (Julia), the consort of Hadrian,

S. Sacra.—As in the subsigning of Roman

coins.—s. M. Sacra Moneta; thus szaa Sacra
Honela A/e.mndrz'¢e, <51‘.
S. M. VRB.—Sacra Monela Urbis, §*c., at
the bottom of a coin of Constantine Chlorus.
S. Sacn's.——Ar:n. s. Aedibus Sacn's.—
s. P. Sacnlr Faciundia.
' S. Sacrntis:imi.—ADVENTVS. S. D. N.
AVG; the emperor crowned with the nimbns,
and on horseback in the habit of peace.—On
the reverse of a gold medallion of Marcianus,
published by Pellerin, who reads the inscription
thus, Al)VEN'l‘VS Secundu: Domini Noalri . daughter of Mitidia, and great niece of Trajan.
 SABINA . SABlNAE.—SABINI. 703
by his sister Marciano. History has not re of Sabina, from the coinage of this medal with
corded the name of her father. She was given the type of an Allur, which he dedicated to her
in marriage a.D. 100, to lladrian, who, through with the epigraph of Piela: Augusta.
this alliance and the influence of Plotina, was This empress is described by historians as
enabled to become the successor of Trajan. particularly handsome and well formed, of noble
But although coins in plenty boast of Com.-ardia manners and gracious denieanour, of great recti
Augusta, and some even exhibit Hadrian and tude and even elevation of mind, in short a truly
Sabina together, yet mutual disagreements in virtuous woman, whose temper, naturally amiable,
domestic life, which resulted fatally to Sabina, had been soured only by the ill~trcatment of her
abundantly prove that these nuptials were uncon husband. That her countenance beamed with
genial to llymen. The infamous passion of the an air of majestic dignity will readily be believed
emperor for his minion Antinous was partly the by those who have contemplated the lineaments
cause, and a just one too, of that irrcconcileable of her profile and the symmetry of her bust
hatred which Sabina entertained towards her handed down on coins of the Imperial and Sena
husband. And, he no sooner saw himself in pos torial mints of Rome. The head dress of Sabina,
session of the throne, than, throwing off the mask like those of Marciana, Matidia, and Plotina,
of pretended courtesy and of conjugal regard, he is arranged in different styles, sometimes with
became the morose and persccuting tyrant of the hair flowing straight and terminating in a
his wife. On her arrival at Rome, this princess long braid behind, with or without a veil; at
received the title of Auglula (smma. svovsn. other times bound upwards tightly from the back
IMP. HADIUANI. AVQ.); and the senate flattered of the neck in a circular knot, and ornamented
her with the name of Nora Ceres. But treated with a tiara or diadem in front, but almost
by Hadrian rather as his slave than as his always with great elegance, proving the diversity
empress, her life was one continual course of and inconstancy of female fashions, whilst the
vexation and unhappiness. Nor on her side was medal fixes the epochs of their change.
there any display of resignation or forbearance The Roman coins of Sabina are common in
under thc insults and indignities to which she silver and brass, except medallions; but the
was exposed by the brutality of him who ought gold are somewhat rare.
to have been her protector. She openly declared Sabinia called 75-anquillina, wife of Gordianna
that the sterility of their marriage was owing to Pius.—See Tranguillina. '
a determination on her part never to bear SABlNAE.——-The rape of the Sabine women
children to him, lest she should give birth is represented on Contorniate medals, one of
to one who should be more wicked than his which has the image and superscription of Nero;
father, and become the scourge of man another those of Agri pina senior; and a third
, kind. Enraged at her alienation and re those of Constantius I .—On these the soldiers
proaches, Hadrian, though feeling himself sink of Romulus are seen engaged in their violent
ing under a mortal disease, had the barbarity to breach of hospitality and good faith ; behind the
compel her to commit suicide, or, as Roman group of men and women are seen three obelislrs,
writers singularly express it, ad morlem volun constituting one of the Circensian meta, at Rome.
tariam compulm eat. It has been said he Eckhel, in his no less instructive than copious
isoned her himself (s.n. lg), a short time observations on what he terms “ Pseudomoneta,”
fore his own death,—and, according to the states that, amongst the various subjects to
sarcastic remark of Beauvais, aatilfait de which the types of this peculiar class of medals
Favoir ravie 3 Ia terre, il la fit placer dam refer, only one exam le is to be found drawn
le ciel!—'I'hat she was cancmlrcd into the from the history of ¥{ome's earliest age—viz.,
number of the goddesses we indisputably learn that flagrant injury inflicted on the whole Sabine
from the coins of diva Sabina; but that this nation, which the dcnarii of the Tiluria family
honour was conferred on her by Hadrian, is also typify, but upon which it would have been
scarcely credible under all the circumstances of more honourable to have remained silent, instead
the case. Eckhel argues this point with his of restoring its characteristic incidents as the
usual intelligence, and refers to the two follow fabricators of thcse contomiali have done. The
ing silver coins, as confirmatory of his opinion, mcla is introduced as indicating the place in
that Sabina was consecrated not by her husband, which the affront was given, namely the Circus.
but by his successor Antoninus, whose mother Sa6ini.—'l‘he Sabines, a people of ancient
she was by the law of adoption. Italy (Halia Propria), whose country lay
DIVA. AVG. SABlNA.—-lltblld of Sabina, veiled. between Latinm and Etruria. Pliny writes that
Rev. c0.vsr:murr1o.—An eagle standing; on it was enclosed on both sides by the chain of
others, Sabina with hasta in right hand, carried the Appennines.—Strabo says the Sabines inhabit
upwards by an eagle. a narrow ficld.—Fer0m'a was their goddess.
The second medal has the same obverse. See Petronia family in Morell.—Butler, in his
Rev. PIETATI. svo.—An altar. Ancient and Modern Geography, describes the
According to the opinion of some ancient territory of the Sabini as south-east of the
Umbria, separated from Latinm by the river
writers, Antoninus was called Pius because he
wrought upon the senate by the earnestness of Anio, now the Teverone.
his entreatics to decree celestial honours to his S A B\"LA.—-See Couulia family.
father Hadrian. He would seem to have SAC. Sacra. ' Thus sac. non. vns., &c.
obtained the same requested object in favour Sacra Monela Urbic, u in Diocletian.
704, SACER. SACERDOS.
SACR. F. Sacri-rFaciundi.!, vel S¢oraFacimJ. Curiones, the Septemvirs, named Epuloues, the
Appointed to take care of sacred things. Feciales, the Re: Sacrz'jiculus.——The other
C. SACR. PAC. Censor Sacris Faciundia. priests had each their peculiar divinity, such an
xv, via. sacn. me. Quimlecimvir Sacrir the Flamens, the Salians, the Lupercals, the
1"arimzdis. A tripod, with a dolphin upon and Politii, the Pinarii, the priests (of Cyhele)
a crow below it, on a silver and gold coin of called Galli, the Vestals. These priests had
Vitellius. assistant ministers to serve them at the sacri
SACER. Sacerdos, Sacerdolet. Priests, fices, such as the Uamilli and Gmu'll¢, the
ministers, who, under the Pagan system, were Flamineu and Flaminica, the Cullrar-ii, the
entrusted with all the affairs, interests, and cere Papa, the Viotimarii, the Ficlore-9, the Pra.-cIa
monies of religion. Amongst the Romans the mitalorer, the Lictors, the Scribes, the attend
sscerdotal institution commenced with their ants on the Aruspioes, the Pullarii, the Chla
worship of the gods. Romulus appointed two tores, &c.
persons in each curiu, to the priesthood. Numa, Sac-erdo.r.—The figure of a priest appears at the
in adding to the number of the deities, increased altar, holding a patera, and behind him is the
also the number of those who were dedicated to victimar-ii.r, or slaughterer of the victim, with
the service of their temples. This important the ox for sacrifice, appears on a gold coin of
function was for some ages exclusively confined Augustus, with legend of vora. rvauc.A..—On
to the Patricians and the most illustrious a coin of the Portumia family, a priest stands
families, but after a time the Plebeians were on a bullock, with his right hand extended
allowed to share every branch of the priesthood above an ox, the altar being between them.
with the nobles. At first, these priests were SACERD. COOPT. IN. OMN. CONL
chosen bv the college in which they entered; SVPRA. NVMR. Saoerdor Cooptatus In Omnia
but in the sequel, after a hard struggle, the Collegia Supra Numerum.—This legend, having
privilege of electing them was transferred to the for its accompanying type four instruments of
people, and the colleges retained only the right sacrifice (namely, simpulum, tn'pu.r, Iilueu,
of admitting the candidate into their body. palera) appears on a gold and silver coin of
Under Sylla’s dictatorship, things resumed their Nero, with the addition of Ex. S. C.
former state, and the people were deprived of By the manoeuvres of Ag-rippinn, unscrupu
the privilege they had usurped. But the altcra-, lously ambitious to procure from the senate fresh
tion was short-lived. Atius Labrinus, a tribune accessions of honours for her son Nero, at the
of the people, carried the revival of the Le: age of fourteen, he, already designated for
Domitia, which Marc Antony caused to be again emperor, and made Princepa Jurmfulis, was
abrogated. At length it monarchieal form of (as this medal tells us) adopted priest in all the
government rose on the ruins of republican colleges, and admitted as supernumerary. The
liberty ; and the emperors seized upon the rights various saccrdotal companies into which this
which had so long been the subject of mutual boy was co-optatus, or elected a member, are
contention between the priests and the people. thus enumerated in a lapidary inscription, copied
[See the word Pontifes-.] Augustus aug by Pighius.—PONTIF. AVGVR. XVFIR.
mented the number of priests. The emperors EPVLON.-And a Gruterian marble marks the
who followed him made a great point of time with singular preciseness. ADLEC-'l‘\'S.
having those destined to succeed them in the AD. NVMERVM. EX. S. C. Nero Claudia:
empire, even boys, admitted into the College oi’ CAES. AVGu;ti filius GERMANICVS. 8'0.
Priests, which was called cooptari, and eaoptari ANN. DCCCIIII. (v.c. 804). These four
rupm numermn. The case of Nero presents a colleges are also indicated by the type itself.
flagrant instance of many different sacerdolia For the rimpulum is the sign of the pontifi
being heaped upon one individual, and he s cate, as coins of Cains Agripprc F. manifestly
youth. [See sscnnn. cooyr. IN orm. CONL., show; the liluua denotes the ofiice of angur, or
&c.]—The emperors went under the assumed soothsayer; the lripus, or tripod, is the mark
name of Pontffez )l[a.rimu.!.—'[‘he members of of the quindecimvirate (or commission of
the pontifical order possessed several privileges ; fifteen magistrates for ordering religious atfairs) ;
they could not be deprived of their dignity; the patera is that of septemdccimvirate, orficers
they were, moreover, exempt from serving in called Epulonea, whose'number had been in
the army, and from the obligation to discharge creased from three (or seven) to seventeen,
the duties of any civic otiice. The heathen and whose duty it was, according to the
priesthood continued to exist some time under testimony of Cicero, ludorum 01111/are .nu-ri
the Christian emperors, and was not wholly /icium facere, to furnish banquets on feast days
suppressed until the reign of Theodosius, who for J upitcr and the rest of the Gods.
expelled from Rome the whole sacerdotnl body, SARERDo.:. DEI SOLIS ELAG.\BaIu.r.—A
of both sexes, as Zozimus states—E.r_pelle1mniur figure, clothed in the stola, stands holding in
uiriusque nsu: Sacerdotet, etfana destitute the right hand a. patera over an altar, as in the
.racr1fcia'.r omnibusjaceban¢.—The Roman priests act of sacrificing.—On silver and bronze of
may be divided into two classes, viz., those who Elagubalus.
were attached to the service of no duty in At the period of his being elected emperor,
particular, but whose duty was to offer sacrifices the son of Sommins, whose real name was not
to all the gods. Of this class were the Pontitfs, Antouinns, but Van'u.r Arifua Basriarzrzs. held
the Augurs, the Decemvirs, the Aruspices, the at Emesa, in Syria, the ofiice of the Phoenician
 SACE RDOS. SACERDOS. 705
Deity called Elagabalus, or Ilcliogabalus (which of another priesthood, the office of which he was
his coins lead as to believe was the snn.)—The himself forced by Caligula to accept, when the
present is one of a set consisting of six or seven latter called himself Jupiter Latialis, &c.—
coins (all struck A.D. 219), which bear witness Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 236.
to the insane devotion of this wretched youth SACERDOS VRBIS.—-The emperor stands
for his favourite divinity; of which he brought before an altar; his right hand, hanging down
to Rome both the worship and the idol (the holds a branch ; in his left is a spear.—On a third
latter being a large black coloured stone of a brass of Alexander Severus, the obverse of which
conical form); and built a temple, where he bears his laureated head, with the epigraph of
himself exercised the priestly otfice. Herodiauus, inn. auaco. AVB. sn. AL. av.—In the imperial
speaking of him and his cousin Alexander, says, cabinet at Vienna.
they were both high priests of the Sun, which Eckhel, in his Sylloge (i., p. 103), has edited
the people of the country chiefly worshipped and copiously illustrated this remarkable and
under the Phmnician name of Elagabalus. So genuine antique coin. It will have been seen,
when he had brought his oriental tutelary to from the description of some of his medals, that
Rome, and adored him in preference to others, he Elagabalns, treating with contempt the sacred
himself always adopted the title of the God, of _ rites of the Romans, had the stupid folly to intro
whom he was called Summua at Invictua duce the religion of his Syrian god into the city,
&1verdo.v.—Sce Elagabalus. and attempt to spread through the empire the
The medals convey but a faint idea of the worship of the Den Caelealie of theCarthaginians.
extravagant vcneration which this half madman, But it also appears, on the positive authority of
half monster, paid to the symbol of the Deity, llcrodianns, that, immediately on his accession
whose barbaric appellative has remained a nick to the throne, Alexander, having abolished those
name to the execrable pontit‘l'.-—The star placed barbaric ceremonies, restored in all their former
above in the field of the coin, in this and most splendor the forms of the ancestral worship.
others of the emperor in question, signifies Deus “To this fact, therefore (adds the great German
Sol—the Sun, as an object of Divine worship, numismatist), both the inscription and the type
according to the religion of the Phuznicians and of the present coin allude. For the reason above
other Asiatic nations. On a marble, in Muratori, mentioned, Alexander called himself Sacerdot
is read Junius Maternus sacsn. n. s. HALAGAB. Urbz':—the priest of the city—namely of Rome,
SACERDOS DIVI AVGVSTI.—T\vo torches which was itself regarded as a goddess, by whose
with garlands attached. The legend and type influence Roman affairs were governed, and not by .
appear on gold and silver of Antonia, whose the power of that deity, from whom eitherEmesa
head on the obverse is crowned with corn-ears, or Carthage sought protection. In the same
as if she had been another Ceres.——Cn1igula, manner, on an inscriptive marble (Ron-iMemonla
who was grandson to this princess, conferred upon Bl'€fl86.), a certain Sex. Valerius boasts of being
her the title of Augusta, made her P1-{eaten SACERDn: VRBIS ROMAE AETERNAE.
of (the temple of) Augustus, and appropriated —On account of the metal, the bad workman
to her all the honours of a Vestal.-—-—Vaillant con ship, and the epigraphs on the obverse, the like
siders thc torches on the reverse as referring to
of which does not occur in the Roman mint,
the mysteries of Ceres. But Eckhel is of there is no doubt but that this coin was struck
opinion that this type bears simply on the rites out of the cit-y.—[Eckhel, vol. viii, p. 270.]
of her Augustan priesthood. He adds that “ as Sacerdoialia Iuatrumenta.—Instruments, or
it is certain from the very titles themselves that insignia of sacrifices—such as the apex, :ez,-uric,
the present coin could not have been struck cultcr, vapeduncula, adspergillum, &c., are re
before the government of Caligula, so is it most presented on coins of the pontifis and priests.——
probable that it saw light in the reign of Spanheim (Pr. ii. p. 370), with his usual dis
Claudius.” play of learning and ability, treats of those coins
Similar reverses to this and to another coin which, exhibiting the sacerdotal instruments and
(CONSTANTIAE Avovsri) is found also amongst the names of the sons of emperors, refer to the
the money of her son Claudius, who frequently ofiices of priesthood borne by those Cmsars. Thus
restored the memory of anccstors.—See Anlonia that class of coins which bears the inscription
Augusta. SEVEBI. rn. avo. 1111.. is to be explained as re
It was this circumstance which induced Haver lating to the adoption of, and admission of the
camp to suspect that the dies had been changed children of Severus (Caracalla and Geta), into
through the carelessness of the mint-master. the saeerdotal colleges.-—See Ponlificalia and
Eckhel sees no reason for supposing any such
thing. For, he remarks, “Claudius, as well Sacerdotnl C'rowna.—-The priests, to denote
as his mother Antonia, had been appointed a their sacred oflice, took for their model the skulls
Sacerdos D. Augusli, and he indeed by Tiberius, of oxen, and the dishes into which they put the
as Tacitus affirms. And there seems to have entrails of victims, strung together with the
been another cause for Ulandius’s choice of ribands that served to decorate them when led to
this reverse. For, besides his professing to the altar, and wrought the representation of
reverence Augustus so much as to hold no oath these objects into the form cl a crown.—Such
taking more sacred than that of swearing per an one is found on a medal of Augustus.
Augualum, he appears to have employed this SACR. PER. Sacra Periodica.—-Sacrificers,
type for the purpose of removing the disgrace periodical or perpetual vows.
4X
706 SACRA MONETA.-—SACRIFICIA. SACRIFICIA.
SACR. MON. VRB. AVGG. ET. CAESS. persons performed this religious solemnity solely
NOSTR. Sacra Jllonela Urbis Aazyzutorum El from gluttony. The ceremony being finished,
Cl2|!tlI‘1l1Il N0.!'lrorum.—-This legend, more or the sacrificcrs washed their hands, said some
less abbreviated, and with the type of a woman prayers, and, having made fresh libations, were
holding a balance in one hand and a cornucopia: dismissed in the customary form. lf the
in the other, appears frequently on second brass sacrifice was in the name of the public, it was
coins of Diocletian, Maximianus, Maximinus succeeded by a public feast, called Epsle
Daza, and other emperors of the same age. sacral/icalea, but if it was a private act of
Sacra lllonela Urbir, an inscription which, worship the feasting was also in private, and
from the period of its adoption by Diocletian, the parties eat of that portion of the victims
appears more and more frequently on the coins shared with the gods.—Allusiun having just
of the empire, is also engraved on a marble (in
been made to public, in contradistinction to
private, sacrifices, it should be mentioned that
Muratori), at the end of which, according to
the amended reading of Marini, is CVRANTE.
the Romans had, in effect, three sorts of
VAL. PELAGIO. Viro Egregio PROCuratare sacrifices—-viz , public, private or domestic, and
Sacne Moneltz Vrbis VNA. CVM. P. P. (pr¢ foreign. The first of these was conducted at
po.riti.s) ET OFFIClNATORIBVS.—The the expense of the state; the second was
inscription of MONeta VRBi: occurs also on performed by each family, and at the expense of
medals of Antioch. the particular family on whcsc account the
SACRA MONETA VRBIS, and MONETA sacrifice was undertaken, and they were called
VRBIS VESTRAE, with the type of the three Gcntilitia; the third class was celebrated an
Monetar standing, appear on fine bronze medal occasions when the tutelary gods of conquered
lions of Constantine junior. cities and provinces, together with their n1_\'strries
Sacr2_'/icia. Sacrifices:-To make these con or ceremonies, were transported to Rome.-—The
stituted a principal part of the worship which sacrifices themselves differed from each other
the heathens paid to their fabled deities. In this according to the diversity of gods adored by the
act the ceremonies performed had relation to theancients. There were sacrificial rites uliar to
individuals who sacrificed, the animals to he the celestial deities, others for the infernal gods,
irnmolated, and the sacrifices themselves. With others again for the marine deities, for those of
reference to the sacrificers, they were, in the the air, and for those of the earth. So there
first place, required to be pure and chaste, and was, moreover, as already observed, a 1‘1ifi'v:ren1c
without spot or blemish; secondly, to wash both in the victim and in the manner of
themselves, especially their hands, for which sacrificing it. In the public sacrifices, there
purpose near the temples there were vases, were some called Slala, fixed and solemn ones,
called Fam'.r.r¢, or Futilia. The sacrificer was which were reckoned as feast days, marked in
clothed in white, and wore a crown formed of the Roman calendar; others extraordinary,
the leaves of the tree sacred to the god to whom named Indicla-, because they were ordered for
he made the sacrifice. When the sacrifice was some extraordinary and important reason ; others
votive, or promised by a vow, the priest per again depended on chance: such were those of
formed it with dishcvelled hair, with robe the Ezpiationea, or atonement; the Dmimla
uuloosed, with naked feet, sud the ceremony and Novendialea feri¢, viz., ten or nine days
always began with pledges and prayers. The together kept holy, for the expiation of some
animals intended to be offered up were called awful prodigy or calamitous event.
Victimw or IIO.v!i:z.—At the commencement of Sa1:n_'/ieial preparations are minutely set forth
the sacrificial rites a herald proclaimed silence, on Roman coins, revealing the clearzst represen
the profane were driven away, and the priests tations of sacred vestmeuts and instruments.
threw upon the victim a sort of paste made of Thus we see the pontifical mitrc, or albrgaler-:1,
wheatcn flour and of salt; this was termed with its infulw or labels hanging on each side.
immolalio, or the offering. He afterwards The peculiar form of the ape‘: or top of this
lightly tasted of wine, and gave it to Others cap, said to be the sign of the jlamm zmzrtialu,
present, for them in like manner to taste, pour is also learnt from medals. Then there is the
ing the remainder between the horns of the whole apparatus of sacrificial weapons spread
victim. This was called Libntio, or the drink before us through the same ancient medium
otfering. After the libations, the fire was viz., secewiia, a species of knife; semi:-i.r, the
lighted, and, as soon as incense had been burnt, axe; pmferimzlum, the vase; urreolus, the
certain menial attendants, named Popcz, naked small water pitcher; patera, the broad dish:
to the middle, led up the victim before the simpulum, a ladle, or cup with long handle:
altar; another of the priest's servants, named and capeduncula, a little pitcher; all suited
Cullrur-ius, struck it with an axe, and instantly to hold wine or blood; ruwrra, or iflridulun.
cut its throat. The blood was received into the censer; also altars and tripods in great
goblets, or broad circular plates, called patenz, variety. On coins of M. Antony the Illliil,
and poured over the altar. The slain victim was or augural staff, is frequently seen with the
then laid on the sacred table, Anclabri-r, and png/‘ericu/um.—The ndrpergilluni, or sprinkler,
there it was skinficd and cut into pieces. Some as well in its ordinary fonn (see the word)
times it was burnt whole, but more frequently as in that of the lnstral branch, which the
the sacrificers and their friends shared it with censors used in their ofiice of purification
the gods, whence it oflea happened that many may also be seen on coins of Augnstus.—.\'0r
 SAECULARES AUGG. SAECULARES AUGG. 707
are the instruments solely, but all the " pomp metal, of Philip, father and son, and of
and circumstance” of the sacrifice are offered to Olacilia, empress of the former. They bear
our view, on coins of the Imperial series, as in reference to the secular game: celebrated in
the PIETAS of Caligula, the vora rvnuca of the thousandth year from the foundation of
Commodus, &c. The sacrificer dressed in the Rome. The animals represented on the re
toga and veiled; the doomed and decorated ox verses of some of these medals are amongst those
held bound by the viclimarius, and standing which were exhibited in the amphitheatre on
under the uplifted axe of the papa ; the sacerdos, that and similar occasions. The cijmua is a
with head veiled, pouring from a putera libations column with an inscription, which it was cus
on the altar; lastly, the augural crows, together tomary to erect for the purpose of preserving
with the iibicen, or flute player, the cit/zaroedus, the memory of some particular public event; as
the harper, and other assistants at a pagan may be seen on coins of Augustus, struck ob
sacrifice, are clearly and graphically displayed on via; munilas ,- and as in former cases of secular
these mcdullic monuments of Roman antiquity. celebrations may be observed to have been before
Sacn_'fican.r Imperal0r.—The emperor sacri done, in the respective reigns of Domitian and
ficing before an altar appears on Latin coins of Severus.—Sec Ludi Smculares.
Domitian.—Also of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, SAECVLARES AVG.——A stag standing,
Antonina, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, Commodus, beneath it a palm branch. This appears on a
Severus, Carucalla, Geta, Elagabnlus, Alex. silver coin of Gallienus in the Vienna Museum.
Severus, Gordianus Pius, Trcbonianns Gallus, On others it is engraved sancvnanns.
and their successors down to Licinius senior. As, not very long before the reign of Gallicnus,
The emperors, as soon as elected, performed the secular games were performed, viz., under
solemn sacrifices, in quality of their pontifi Philip and his son, it has been supposed by
cate. After Tiberius, they were admitted to all some that the above reverse was rashly counter
the orders of priesthood.—0n n first brass of feited by Gallienus from t;he_miut of those two
Severus are three figures clothed in the toga, predecessors of his.—But, says Eckhel, they
veiled, and in the act of sacrificing, two joining certainly are mistaken; for on the coins of the
hands across a lighted altar, and one in the Philips avoo. is always read, and at the bottom
centre behind the altar.-—In the Cabinet of them, instead of the palm-branch, there is
1"a;-nése a similar type is given as from a invariably a numeral mark; nor on any medals
first brass of Caracalla. And as the former of the last-named princes do we ever find that
medal bears the 18th Tribunitian power of the barbarous sancvnanus which is common on the
Father (cos. Ilr.), and the latter medal records coins of Gallienus. It must be acknowledged,
thc 13th Tribunitian power (cos. 111.) of his therefore, on nnmismatic testimony, that among
eldest son and successor, the supposition of other proofs of madness by which Gallienus
Havercamp (in Jlus. Christin. 164) appears ex signalised his reign, was his having at an
tremely probable, that the type in question of an irregular period ordered the secular garnes—au
otfered sacrifice rcfcrs to the subject of the instance by no means without precedent—the
Britannic victory, achieved by the emperor and time for these particular celebrations having been
his sons, 4.1). 210, and that Severus, Caracalln, anticipated by Claudius also.—We learn from
and Geta here are represented redeeming the Trebellius, that on receiving intelligence of
vows which they had made to the gods at the Macrinus’s death, Gallienus began to indulge in
commencement of that memorable, but to the pleasures, and to give to the public sports of
emperor himself fatal, cxpedition.—On a coin of every description, amongst which it is probable
Caracalla and Geta, two emperors are seen were also the Iudi .rwculare.r.—But, respecting
sacrificing (sce sar-zcvurnra sacaa); the same the apparently improper times in which these
type occurs in the Philips, father and son; in games were sutfercd to take place, our illustrious
Valerianus and Gallienus; and on a medal of numismntist has more copiously discussed the
Aurelian the Emperor and a woman standing question in his annotation on a third brass of
opposite each other perform sacrifice at an altar. Maximianus Hercules (in the Imperial Cabinet
On some imperial coins, three, four, five, and at Vienna), bearing on its reverse the following
even sir figui-es—for example, the sancvnvn inscription :—
NOVVM of Philip sen. SAECVLARES AVGG. A cippus; below
SAE. S¢zculare.r.——See Lvn. san. r1-:c. it IAXX.-—-Tl1iS remarkable coin, however, from
1]/lo: S¢zecu!are.r Fecii.—-On coins of Domitian, which all suspicion of fraud is to the remotest
Severus, Caracalla, referring to the celebration degree removed, openly attests the celebration
of the secular games. of those games, which were secular, as is
SAEC. Sm-uli.—sar:cvr.r rnucrras. manifestly shewn, not only by the cpigraph
' S A E C V LA R E S (sascvnaaas AVGG.) but also by the type (a
AVGG.—'l'his legend, cippus), which is also the symbol of the Ludi
with the type of a zrippua, Swculares on the coins of the Philips.
or of Romulus and Remus Eclrhel in an elaborate dissertation observes
sucklcd by a wolf, or of that this is not the only coin bearing witness
some wild beast (such as to the fact of secular games performed at an
a hippopotamus, an ibcx, irregular period of time, yet on which historians
u stag, a lion, &c.), arc silent. He then refers to the two silver
appears on coins, in each coins of Gallicnus, which have just been noticed,
708 SAECULARIA SACRA.
as the subject of his own elncidations; and re
marks that Banduri is one of those who, aware
of the existence of both the above medals,
charges Gallienus with having recklessly applied
to his own coin a reverse which belongs to the
Philips.—Doct. Nam. Vet. vol. viii. pp. 20
et seq.
SAECVLARIA SACRA. S. C.—Sacrifice,
with victim, flute-players, papa, and some other
assistants. On a first brass of Sept. Severus.
This is one of three medals which com
memorate the secular games performed by
Severus,—a fact corroborated by Caracalla's
coins of the same year, and still further authen
ticated by Herodian and Zosimus.
SAEC. AVR. Swculum Aureum_—Thig
legend appears on a silver and a gold coin
(both of them trnnscendeutly rare) of Hadrian.
The accompanying type is a half naked man,
standing in the middle of a circle, which he
touches with his right hand; his left hand holds
a globe, on which rests a phccnix.
The Genius of the Senate seems to be in this
circle, as if to denote that IIsd.rian’s reign
deserved to be called the Golden Age. For this and their attributes.
reason the circle is introduced, as likewise a
phcnnix placed on a globe, both these constituting
symbols of eternity.
SAECVLI FELICIT.-\S.-—On n third brass
of Julia Domna, this legend appears with the one hand a caduceus and in the other a rah, “I
type of a female figure, standing with a child some instrument resembling a trident.
on her arm, and her left foot on a galley.-— The age of Albinus and his successful nfll
Akerman. - Severus, was indeed fruitful, but its fec\'w\li'.‘
SAEC. FEL. Saculi FeZiei!aa.—-On a silver
coin of Commodus, which has for its type a
figure of Victory inscribing on the trunk of a
palm-tree vo. nn. Vola Decennalia.
SAECVLI FELICITtIJ. The Iuzppineu of
the a_qe.—On silver and brass of Faustina junior
this legend appears, with the type of two boys
in a lecli.r!ernium.—-See Lectisternium.
Commodua and Antoninur, whom Faustina
brought forth at one birth, are here dedicated in
worship to the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux).
As to any degree of felicity imparted to the age
by that event, it is certain that the subsequent
scra utterly failed to prove the reality of the
anticipated blessing.
SAECVLI FELlCITAS.—Accompanying
this legend there is a rare and curious type, from
the mint of Severus, given among the second
brass of the Jllus. C/zristimr, and also from a
gold coin in the Imperial Greek Cabinet, pub
SAECULO FECUNDO.
lished by Andrew Morell, in his Specimen BA
Numaria. The inscription of the obverse round
the laureated head of the emperor is--SE\"Elt\'5
PIVS AVG.; and on the reverse is read C0181!
III. Pater Palrnle. SAECVLI FELICITAS.
In the field of the coin stands a female figure
clothed in the slola, holding on her left arm s
cornucopia: filled with grain and fruit, and in
her left a dish or patera, which she extends
before her over the heads of two smaller figures
(apparently children), as if in the act. of shown
ing its contents over them ; there are three other
little figures close behind her, lifting their fares
and hands up towards this personification of the
Felicity zf flu! Age. The particular oecmbu
on which this singular medal was struck is but
matter of conjectnre.—Hsvercamp quotes the
commentary of Morell, who regards the medal
as referring to the great and munificent are
taken by Severus in furnishing an abundance of
provisions to the Roman people. On this subject
he cites the authority of Spanheim (Bio_orap5_v
of Severus, e. xxiii.) to the efi'ect, that tbii
emperor “bequeathed for public distributions)
great a number of measures of corn. as wwld
supply every day, for seven years, 75.003
bushels; and that he likewise left by his dying
will for the same purpose a quantity of oil
sufficient for the consumption, during five years
not only of the city of Rome, but even of all
Italy l”—l\lionnct- and Akerman both iuclud?
this among the rare reverses. It is not noticed
in Eckhel.
Sasculi Fblicila:.—This flattering legend also
appears on bronze medals and medallions of
Trebonianus, Marius, Probus, and Carus, villi
the elegant type, copied from the well-known
coin of four boys, representing the four sesiofi
SAECVLI GLORIA.—See ononu ssrcvn.
sancvno FECVNDO.—On a are mi
second brass of Clodius Albinus, exhibiting tljl
type of a man with radiated head, holding!!!
,
chiefly consisted in human misery and in svflil
desolation, produced by the wars of auibitioifi
chieftains and their military adherents tighwl
for supremacy at the expense of a might
empire in its period of decline.
SAECVLO FRUGIl"ERO.—A cadufim
between corn-ears. On silver of Pertinal-"T3
the honour of this good but ill-fated emper0f»'3';
is recorded by Dion, that scarcely had he aqendfi
the throne when he himself undertook I 5'3’
voyage for the sake of procuring a supply cit?"
for the people. Amwnm con.rulti.r:imé p W
is a merit on the part of Pertinax eIpfi>'~‘l.‘
ascribed to him by Capitolinus.——It was_therr
fore to signify the abundance of all article‘ vi
subsistence which prevailed under his g!_!\’P"'
ment that this epigraph of the fruit-bca1'l"¥°,'
plentiful age (Seculum Fnzyrferamj was Id°P"‘“
with the appropriate type of ears of corn Ind Li“
caduceus, as a symbol of peace.
 SAEC ULO FRUGIFERO.
SAECVLO FRVGIFERO. COS. Tl.-—On
first and second brass of Clodius Albinus. The
type, which is given here, from a large brass
coin, resembles that described above. In the
gold series, however, occurs a remarkable variety.
The Saeculum Frugifer is represented as a seated,
bearded, figure, wearing an eastern head-dress;
his right hand is raised ; and in his left he holds
a flower. On each side of the chair is a winged
sphinx, wearing the Phrygian cap. A similar
type is found on two medallions in brass in the
French cabiuet.—See M. Lenormant’s remarks
in Revue Num., 1842, p. 20.
The same legend (SAECVLO rnnomsao) is
found on atirst brass of S. Severus, who certainly
appears to have been almost unpreeedentedly
provident for the wants of his subjects, in re
_frumentaria‘.—Immediately on his arrival at
Rome, he evinced his policy as well as his
providence by sending legions into Africa, lest
Pescennius Niger should, through Libya and
Egypt, occupy the former province, and cause
the Romans to sntfer under a scarcity of corn.
And (as Spartian aflirms) he extended his care in
this respect during all the remaining years of his
reign, at moriens aeplem annonum canomrm
reliquit ; so that 75,000 measures of oil alone
might be expended daily, which should suffice
for five year’s consumption not only of the city
but of all Italy. “ The type of this coin repre
sents a man with a radiated head, holding a
caduceus with corn ears and a trident, and
(observes Eckhel) is composite; for the rays
indicate the sun, by whose ripening influence the
fruits of the earth come to maturity; the caduceus
and the corn ears apply to Mercury, the presid
ing deity of trading people; the trident symbolises
Neptune, across whose waves the corn-laden fleet
was borne.”
SAECVLVM. An altar with fire on it.—
Bnnduri gives this as on a third brass of Tet:-icus
filius.
Eckhel briefly says of this coin, that the
epignph of its reverseis new, and that its type
has a recoudite meaning, which he does not
attempt to explain.
SAECVLVM NOVVM.—A temple of six,
in other coins, of eight columns, in which is an
idol seated,—Silver and first and second brass of Spanish name of Jiiurviedro, at the mouth of
Philip sen.-—There is also a middle brass, in the river of that name (the ancient Turin).
which Philip and his son, veiled, are sacrificing The coins of the Saguntines (brass) are autono
at an altar, with flute players and four other
figures standing near, in front of a temple.
SAGlTTA.—SAGUNTUM. 709
This New Aye, like the T/iouaandllt Year,
(MILLIABIVM ssscvrvu, which see,) comme
morated on a coin of the same emperor, bears
reference to the secular games so munificently
celebrated by him in the 10th century from the
foundation of the city, the charge and manage
ment of which was entrusted to the Quiude
cimvirs. The temple is that of Jupiter C-apitolinus.
The same reverse occurs on coins of Herennius
Etruscus, Hostilianus, Trebonianus, and Volusi
auns, from which it appears that Novum Svzculum
does not necessarily signify the first year of a
new century or age; for we read this epigraph
on the coins of the above-mentioned princes,
although the nu-ulum was not renewed during
their reigns.
Sagitta, an arrow.—This missile is seen in the
hand of Diana Venatria, on coins of Titus,
Domitian, Hadrian, Trebonianus, Acmilianus,
Gallienus, and other cmperors.—Also with quiver
and bow, between two serpents, on a medal of
M. Antony.—An arrow, bow, and tiara appear
on a coin of Augustns.—Three arrows appear in
the hand of the figure of Asia, on a coin of
Hadrian.—On a denarius of the Cornelia family,
Bacchus (standing between two females) holds in
his right hand the thyrsns, and in his left a
bundle of arrows, balk of which Eckhel shows
to have been attributes of the god of wine.
Sagrmtum, a city of Hispania Tarraeouensis,
founded by the Zacynthians, "and situate beyond
the river lberus, or Ebro, at the foot of a chain
of mountains (says Pliny) which divides the
Hispani from the Celtiberi, about a thousand
paces distant from the sea. It was once a
flourishing and faithful ally of the Itomans.—
During the second Punic war (A.Y.C. 535, B.c.
216,) Saguntum was rendered famous by the
siege which it endured for four months, at the
expiration of which time Hannibal took it, and
the inhabitants, rather than that their persons and
property should fall into his hands,~committcd
both to the flames.—Sag1mtum is stated by
Pliny to have been neither a colony nor a
municipium, but simply s town of Roman
citizens, for that writer makes a distinction
between the colonia, and the urbs or oppidum
civium Romzm0rum.—It is still a place of some
consequence in Valencia, under the modern
mous and imperial, the latter with the head and
name of Tiberius only.—Rev. SAG. Sagunlum,
7l0 S.&L.—SALII SACERDOTES. SALIORUM CAPITA.—SALONINUS.
and the names of the Duumvir, with the type of mand also they were all deposited in the temple
a trircme and military standard. The galley of Mars, where twelve young patriciaas, who
either refers to its site, or implies its maritime had father and mother, were appointed to guard
importancc.——See Akerman’s Coins qf Cities them. Tullus Hostilius doubled the number of
and Prince.s-, p. 102-3. these priests, and also of the Ancilia, as the
Salacia, the reflux or ebb of the sea personified. sacred bucklcrs were Called. And every ymr,
—Venilia was the flow of the tide.~—Millin~—— on the feast of the god, the Salians carried these
Diclion. dc Ia Fable. shields in procession through the city, dancing
S.~\L.——' ‘hesc three letters are engraved on n and
At these
leaping,
festivities,
whence came
whichtheir
luted
name
three
of days,
silver coin of Sextns Pompey, immediately
beneath the head of Cn. Pompey his father.— they also sang verses which bore reference to the
On the subject of this singular abbreviation, solemnity.———'l‘his priesthood was held in great
which has given rise to some conflicting con veneration at Rome, and the noblest families of
jectures, Jobcrt, among others, reads it SALdu&a, the city regarded it as a high honour to have
which was the old name of Cmmrnugusla any of their members admitted into the college
(Sarragossa.) Bimard, on the other hand, shews of the Salians. These priests, when performing
the fallacy of this opinion ; but, in its place (for their functions, wore a gold embroidered tunic,
reasons with which, however, he seems himself a sword in a belt of brass, and on their heads
not sufliciently satisfied), proposes that it should either the cap called apex, or brazen helmets;
be read SAL:/.r.—'l‘herc is ingenuity in the in their right hand they held a lance, or a wand:
explanation offered by Vaillant, citing Appian, and on the left arm each bore an am‘ilirnu.——lt
who reads it SALacia, amarine goddessregarded was thus dressed, accoutrod, and armed that they
as the spouse of Neptune. Vaillant thinks, executed their leaping dances to the sound of
therefore, that as Sextus Pompey had, on other flutes, and between the dancing chanted obsolete
denarii, caused himself to be called the son of hymns of praise to all the dicties, and in honour
Neptune, so, on the coin in question, he openly of the great men of the republic.
professes to be thc sou of Salncia.—Against Salim-um Apez.—This head dress of the
Vaillant’s ingenious interpretation is the question Salian priesthood appears between two nncilil,
as to what the word in the Greek text of on a very rare gold coin of Augustus, struck by
Appian may have been, for it reads Sakamm his moneycr, P. Licinins S!ol0.—See Ancilia.
and not Zakaria, and thus would mean merely Saliorum Ca_p£la.——Gesncr and Morn-ll in
mare, the sea. Still Eokhcl thinks the,latter their family and consular coins respectively give
may have been the word, as in H. Stevens’ the heads of Saliaus, with an ancilium, as from
edition, quoted by Vaillnnt, and that it may a denarius of C. Aufidius Ormtis Aurelianllfi.
have been altered by some transcriber who was struck on the occasion of some successful war.
ignorant of the goddess Salacia.—See Dost. For it was the custom for him, who had the
Nam. Vet. vol. vi. pp. 27 and 28. charge and command of any war, before he went
SAL. AVG. Salas Augusta, or Saluti out on his expedition, to enter the sacmrium of
Augzlstm; on u silver coin of Hadrian. Mars with the Salian priests, and there to more
Salduba, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, or raise up (commoczre) first the ancilia, and
situate on the river Ibcrus (E6ro).—lts name afterwards the spear of the G0d’s idol, saying
was changed by Augustus to Cmvarea Auyua-Ia ; Mars, vi_r/ila.
afterwards it was called in one word Gerar A Salian priest is represented on a coin of
augusia (now iS'ara_qo.:.ra).—Cmsaraug1ista was Sanquinia family. And one of this sscerilotal
made a free colony, and its imperial coins extend order is on account of the military dance which
from Augustus to Caligula.-—-co1.. CAESAREA. the Salians performed at the secular games
AVG. S.\LDVBA.——S8C tltesar-Au_qusta. represented on a silver medal of Domitian.
SAL. GEN. HVM. Salas Generis Humani , standing before a eippus, holding in one hand 1
ou a coin of Commodns. winged caduceus, and in the other a shield.-—
Salii S¢zcera’ote.r.—The origin of the Salian See LVD. sane. rec. cos. xlm.-—Also see
priesthood is uncertain. Its usages and cere Sanquinia.
monies do not appear to have ever been practised SALONINA (Cornelia) wife of Gallienu5_
by the Greeks, though it is probable that the
Romans modelled their institution in imitation
of the Pyrrhic system of religious dances. Numa
Pompilius was the first to establish a college of
them as priests of Mars, on the occasion of an
alleged prodigy, related by Dionysius of Halicar
nassns. A buckler having fallen from heaven,
the Aruspices oracularly pronounced the event
to signify that the city, in which it should be
preserved, was destined to possess the empire of
the world. 'l‘he politic monarch affecting to be
apprehensive lest this precious monument should
be stolen, caused eleven others to be made like
it, in order that the recognition of the true one
might be rendued impossible, and by his com Of her family nothing is known. but all Inno
 SALONINA.— SALONINUS. SALONINUS. 711
rians agree in characterising this lady as one jealous of the warlike exploits and increasing
whose beauty and wisdom were equalled only by glory of Postumus, prefect of the Gauls, em
her prudence, courage, and conjugal virtue. broiled his young master with the soldiers of
Married to Gnllienus about ten years before his that experienced general, in the paltry matter
accession to the throne, she was named Augusta,
when her husband became associated with his
father Valerian, in the sovereign power A.D. 254.
Without pride, without luxury or ostentation,
and, though flagrantly outraged by the infidelities
of her imperial consort, superior to the pro
vocation of jealousy ; ever zealous for the public
good, and distinguished by her true benevolence
and amiable condeseension, this accomplished
princws patronised learning and encouraged of some booty taken from barbarians who had
meritorious talent throughout the empire, which been repulsed in an attempt to pillage the
her voluptuous consort would have left without borders of the Rhine. The consequence was
a struggle on his part to be torn to pieces, but their revolt from Saloninus, and their election of
that she more than once stimulated his dormant Postumus as en1peror—i1nmediately followed by
valour by her rernonstranees, and conciliated his laying siege to Colonia Agrippina (Cologne),
the wavering loyalty of his legions by her com where the youthful Augustus and his preccptor
panionship in the dangers and privations of war. resided, and where on their being delivered up
The vicious misconduct of her husband had, by the cowardly garrison, both were put to
however, brought state affairs into inextrieable death by order of Postnmus, A.D. 259.—Salo
dilficulties; and at the siege of Milan, where ninus was placed amongst tlie number of the
the usurper Aureolus bad shut himself up, shegods by his sorrowing father, who, however,
fell a victim to the fatal conspiracy formed did not fulfil his oath to avenge his death on
against Gallienus, and perished with him A.D. the head of Postumus.
268. She was the mother of two princes, The coins of this young prince are in ordinary
Saloninus and Julius Gallienus; and of one sized silver, and in small brass, common; rare
daughter Licinia Galliena. in first and second brass, and very rare iu gold,
Her small brass coins and the silver ones of as also are his bronze n1edallions.——On these he
of the ordinary size are common; first and is styled P. 1.10. con. vansnuusvs caes.—s.4i.o1v_
second brass rare; the gold very rare. On VALERIANVS NOB. CAES.—-IMP. c. L. VALERI
these she is styled SALONINA AVG. ANVS. NOB. CAESAR.—VALEltIAN\'S NOBIL CAES.
CORnelz'a SALONINA AVGu.rta.—-Some pieces -—lMP. c. P. uc. VALERIANVS. P. P. ave.
represent her with Gallienus. orvvs coax. san. vsu-munvs.—Some of the
M. de Witte, with good reason, considers the pieces represent him with Gallienus.
coins of Salonina, bearing on the reverse The medals which nulnismstists were formerly
AVGuata IN PACE, to have been struck by accustomed to divide between Saloninus and
Christian moneycrs after her death.—Revue Valerianus junior, are now assigned solely to
de la Numisrnatique Be/ye, 1852, p. 321. An Saloninus. The researches and opinions of
example, in small brass, from Mr. R. Smith’s Eckhel have led to this decision amongst
collection, is here given. antiquaries on a once perplexed and unsettled
question. The learned and acute author of
Doct. Nam. Vet. has, in two copious and elaborate
diatribe: (see tom. vii. p. 427 at aeg.), clearly
shewn that Valerianus the younger, brother of
Gallienus, never took the title either of Caesar
o'r of Augustus, and consequently that no medals
were ever struck in honour of that prince.
“The medals of Saloninns (says Mionnet—
Med. Rom. tom. ii. p. 54) have this peculiarity,
SALONINVS (Cornelius), eldest son of that great numbers of those struck during the
Gallienus and Salonina, born A.D. 242, was life-time of this young prince give him the title
declared Caesar by Valerian, his grandfather, at of Augustus, whilst on the greater part of the
the same time that his father was associated to medals struck after his death he bears only the
the imperial government, .\.n. 253.—About the title of Caesar. From this latter circumstance,
year 258 (according to Beauvais) he received it seems to follow that Saloninns had no legal
from his father the titles of Imperalor and claim to be called Augustus; that is to say, if
Au_q1:.rlus. Sent by Gallienus into Gaul, under this title was conferred on him by his father, it
a preeeptor, named Sylvanus, his residence in was not confirmed to him by the senate. But,
those provinces contributed to maintain them in in that case, how does it happen that this title
obedience to the Romans till 260.-Gallienus, is found on medals which were struck before the
after the captivity of his father, being compelled
death of that prince? We must believe, with
to go into Pannonia, then disturbed by the Eckhel, who seems to have given the most satis
revolt of the usurper Ingenuus, continued to factory solution to this difiiculty, that Gallienus,
entrust his son to the care of Sylvanus, who, in departing from Gaul on his expedition to
712 SALVIA.-—SALVl'S AUGG. SALVIS AUGG.
pacify Pannonia, and in leaving there his son her hand, whether a chaplet or a branch, corn
(Saloninns) under the care of Sylvanus, bad ears or grapes, nor what connection there is
previously taken the step of conferring upon him between the type and the inscription. The
the title of Imperator, in order to give him cpigraph of the reverse is some form of soda»
more authority, and that many mint-masters, mation.
deceived by this title, which was usually accom SALVIS. AVGG. ET. CAESS. FELi.r ORBIS
panied by that of Augustus, were induced to TERRM-um.—One of the monetnr standing
add that title also on their medals, believing between a woman, and Mars who bears a \'ictor_v.
that it really belonged to the prince. The
supposition respecting the title of Imperator
given to Saloninus is warranted by several
monuments in which this honour is united to
that of csnsan, or of NOBILISSIMVS c.£ssB.”—
See Docl. Num. Vet. tom. vii. p. 426.
SALVATOR REIPVBLIC.-\E.—'l'his legend
occurs on a most rare gold coin of Vetranio (an
usurper in the reign of Constantius, about
s.n. 350), the type being a common one of that
age—viz., the Emperor holding a labarum with
the monogram of Christ, and a Victory crowning
him.
Eckhel, who gives it from the Mus. C’¢zs., —On the other side is a bust of Marirnilfl.
says-“ This inscription is new, but it is also armed with a buckler, and holding his horse by
barbarous. Fordmy Seidelius, and other learned the bridle, with this legend, vlnrvs IAXIIIA.“
commentators, it has already been remarked no.
that, instead of aalualore and salmre, words Here not merely a single city like ('arthLf’§;
taken from the discipline of the Christians, and or Nicomedia, or Milan, but the whale amrld ll
inverted by the Holy Fathers (of the Church), Augusli
made /lappy
and Caesars:
in the health
of Home
andl—.\ledallion
safely of ul
it would be in better latinity to say servator and
aervare." bronze, of great rarity.
SALVIA, a plebeian family; surname 0!/zo. Salas (Health), a Goddess of the K411111115»
Its coins present four varieties. There are pieces the same that was worshipped under the namt
in silver and in brass bearing the name of this of llymea by the Greeks, who feigned her to ll?
family, struck by the moneycrs of Augustus; the daughter of ffisculapius and of Minerva.
and among others the follo\\ing:—-M. SALYIVS. On a denarius of the Acilia family appears the
orno Invm A. A. F. 1I'., in first and second head of the goddess, and on the reverse l
brass, with the head of August-us, behind which female standing with a serpent in her hind
is a victory, as if crowning the emperor with The typw of this divinity on imperial coins meat
laure1.—This monctal triumvir was the grand frequently present to view a woman clothedm
father of the Emperor Otho, and had himself the stoln; sometimes she is sitting, at 011161‘
served the praztorship. standing; in others in a recumbent post“;
SALVIS AVGG. ET CAESS. AVCTA. (vel with a serpent either on her right or her lifl
FELIX) KART.—A woman standing, holds in arm in n quiescent state, rising in foldl, °'
outstretched hand a branch or some fruits. entwined round an altar before her, I115 FF‘
This reverse frequently occurs on second brass ceiving food from a patcra, which she holds}!
coins of Diocletian, and of his imperial colleague her extended hand. It is in this form (“filth
Maximian. Victor thus explains it :—Ac mirum was doubtless that of her statues and Mill
in modum novia all/ma, cu/tiaque rnaenibua these symbols) that she is exhibited on rnoét
Romana culmina, et ceferw urbes ornate ; max-[me of the coins of the imperial S€l'1(‘5 51'9"‘
Carthage, Mediolan um, Nicomea'ia.—ltis certain, Galba to Maximianus, She had a celebrated
therefore, that Carthage was enriched and im temple at Rome, painted, it is said. l3." Q‘
proved (avers) by the senior Auyuali, with Fabins, who thence was surnamcd Picfor Hi"
similar bounties to what the same city experienced painter).-—Therc appears to be some llliflllf
under Severus, some examples of which are between this personification of Sa1u.r, "ll?"
referred to by the mint masters of that emperor, otfering food in a patella to a serpellt. lndlhi
in the year v.0. 956, on the coin inscribed Lamwian virgin represented in the sanw 511°“
INDVLGENTIA AVGG. IN churn.-—Accordingly coins bearing the head of Juno Sotvjlllfl-"W
we find the medals of Diocletian and Maximian opinion also has probability on the face of_n,
predicting the happiness of Carthage, rnux which refers the scrpmzl on coins, where mention
xaa'r.—Indeed, Herodianus, speaking of that is made of Salua _»lugu.s!i, or JIl9W!0""'v to
city as it existed in his time, highly extols its “ /E-wulapius and his daughter Hygrrid (°|' S41”)
prosperous condition, in point of population, as deities of l{calth.—-Certain it ii fhil "hm
extent, and resources. And it appears to have those sanitary divinities, and es]>¢‘1'"1lll" ‘hm
continued a most flourishing place under subse Dea Salas, occur on coins of Emperfifl» ‘hi’
quent emperors, until a rival sprung up in the time under
indicate thatsome
thosediseases: on which
princes were MX‘°‘“1i'
lab0l1l'l"S 3' i l
Byzantine capital of Constantine the Grea.t.—It
is not sufficiently clear what the woman holds in would seem, sacred rites had been pt’-l'f°1'm°d f°'
 SALUS.—SALUS AUGUSTA. SALUS AUGUSTA. 713
them, and the memorial of the event recorded under Tiberius (about twenty-two years after the
on public monuments.—See VOTA PVBLICA birth of Christ), and which represent Livia (or
PRO. SA_Luti PR., as in Commodus ; SALVS Julia), the wife of Augustus, under the figure,
AVGu.sti, as in Tetrieus Filius and Claudius or under the symbol, of several different deities.
Gothicus; and SALVTI AVGurti, or AVGVS On one she is called rvsrrrm; on a second
TORum, as in M. Aurelius. ' Prnrss; on a third, as in the present instance,
Salas and Aeaculapiua standing, with their SALVS avovsra.
customary attributes, viz., the former carrying SALVS AVGuata.—-This legend is used on
the serpent, the latter bearing a staff, round several third brass coins of Claudius Gothicus,
which a serpent is coiled, appear on coins of the type of one being H3/yeia standing; of
L. Aclius, Antoninus Pius, Faustina sen., M. another, Apollo holding a branch and his lyre;
Aurelius, Faustino jun., L. Veins, Commodus, of another, Isis holding the sistrum.
and other cmperors.—On a bronze medallion of “An agreeable variety of divinities (says
Antonine, quoted by Vaillant, Salua stands Eckhel) for Claudius to entrust with the charge
pouring wine into a patera, which Aesculapiua of his health.”
sitting holds out in his right hand; a small altar SALVS AVGVSTA PERM. AVGVSTI.-—A
is between both figures, and a tree behind. first brass, assigned to Livia, bears on its
Vaillant also gives a first brass of Hadrian, in obverse this legend, together with the type of a
which the Goddess of Health is holding a wand female head.—-The reverse bears IYLIA svovsrs
with serpent entwined on it; a naked figure of —a female seated with haste and palera.
Hercules stands opposite, and behind him is That Salas Augusta was worshipped as one
Trajan’s pillar.—Ou a brass medallion of Aure of the greatest deities by the Romans is well
lius, without legend, the type of the reverse is a known; but why Livia should have been
female with her legs crossed, standing under a identified with, and even delineated as that
tree, feeding a serpent entwined around Hygeia, goddess, it would be difiicnlt to imagine, except
who is standing on a table, on one side of which that, as on coins struck to her in the altered
is a vase. name of Julia (as she was called after the death
SA.L\-’S.—Head of the Goddess of Health of Augustus), she was personified not only as
within a collar or chain (torques).—On a Pietaa and Justitia, but also as Vesta, Juno,
denarius of the Jzmia family, the obverse of and Ceres; so, in the same spirit of senatorial
which is Victory in a biga, aroimd which D. flattery, to please her sou Tiberius, this poor
SILLNVS L. r., who was, perhaps, one of the helpless mortal might have been honoured as the
descendants of C. Junius Bubulcus, consul dispenser of that greatest of earthly blessings
v.0. 443, by whom the temple of Salas was health; or, as llnvercamp renders it, s.u.vs
built at Rome, and who designed by this coin to svovs'rA—August Prosperity.—'l‘he above coin
restore the memory of the piety of his ancestors. is quoted by Eckhel, from Flarez, on the coins
—See Torques. of Emerita (Merida), in Spain, a Roman
SALVS.——The goddess sitting, holds a patera colony.-—The intelligent author of Leyons de
in her right haud.——On common gold and silver Numismalique Romaine describes a large brass
of Nero. This tyrant made frequent vows for (from his own cabinet) of the same empress,
his own health, and also instituted certamina on struck in the colony of Itomula, now Seville,
that account. Indeed, Tacitus records that, forwhich presents openly both the image and the
his escape from a plot laid against him in the name of (Livia as) Julia, followed by the pre
year of Rome 818, he erected a temple to Salas. posterous titlc of (Gz'nr.'lri.z' Orbir) Mother of
But so little did he care about the health of the World. And he calls attention to the fact,
others, that he made the same conspiracy against that “excessive flatterics and divine honours
his life a pretext for sacrificing hundreds to his had their beginning in the pravince.!."——The
revenge. word PERZ\l(i.s=.m) AVGVSTI mark the pri
SALVS. RM. TR. P. X. IMP. VI. COS. III. vilege of coining money, granted by Augustus
P.P.——On a bronze medallion oi Commodus the to Emerita, Roinula, and other cities of Spain.
foregoing legend accompanies the type of Salas , SALVS AVGu.rti. (The health of the Em
seated on a chair ornamented with the figure of peror.)—'1‘he type of a first brass of Commodus
a grifiin. The goddess is in the act of giving with this legend.
food to a serpent, which raises itself on its tail SALVS. AVG. NOSTRI. (The health of
before a column, behind which is a tree. On our Emperor.)—-This legend appears for the first
the top of this column there is a small statue, time on a second brass of Constantius II, (son
which Havercamp believes to be that of Mars, of Constantine the Great), though the type
but which Mionnet describes as that of Bacchus. which accompanies it (the monogram of Christ)
—'l‘his medal, of which the design is very had been abundantly used in prior reigns of
elegant, appears to have been struck on the Christian princes, as well as the A and Q
occasion of some vows pledged, or prayer put in the field of the coin.
up flattcringly for the health of the Emperor, SALVS DD. NN. AVG. ET CAES., with
or secretly, and with greater propriety, for the monogram of Christ and A and Q in the field.
safety of the commonwealth, which the imperial -—See Decentiuc.
gladiator was so ruinously misgoverning. SALVS EXERCITI.—1Esculapius standing.
SALVS AVGVSTA.—A female head; on On gold coin of Postumus.
second brnss.—'1‘his is one of the medals struck Saluc Generic .Humani.—Th.is eulogistic testi
4Y
714 SALUS GENERIS HUMANI. SALUS PROVINCIARUM.
monial was bestowed on emperors of very snlate of Commodus, for the health or pre
different characters. It is, for example, applied servation of the Roman people; seeing that
on coins in common to Galba, Trajan, Commodus, during the year preceding, viz., i\.v.c. 942, the
and Caracalla; and if the truth of history de city of Rome and all Italy were afilicted with I
pended on these monuments alone, they would cruel pestilence.”—But whether the standing
seem all to have equally merited the widely em figure in the group be meant for Hygeia or for
bracing expression of praise.—Eckhel describes, the Emperor himself, there never was a more
and comments on, three reputed medals of shameless prostitution than this nohly culogistic
Augustus, also bearing the above legend (with dedication to a monster, who was in the most
types of Victory standing on a globe, and odious and destructive sense of the phrase
writing on a shield); but as he quotes them graviasima pectic Iiumani _qeneri:—the exccrahle
not from his own (the Vienna) cabinet; on the plague and desolating ruin of the world.
authority of others ; and as neither Mionnet nor SALVS. MVNDI.——A cross in the middle of
Akerman recognises any coin of Augustus with the coin.—On gold of Olybrius (.\.D. 472). i
such an inscription, their genuineness may he SALVS PROVINC1ARVM.—'l‘he Rhine
regarded as doubtful. Passing on then to Galba, personified, imder the recumbent figure of 1
we find amongst the rare reverses of that reign, bearded man, having two
in gold and silver, as follows: horns on his forehead,
SALVS GEN. HVMANI.——A woman stand his right hand placed on
ing with patera in her right hand sacrifices at an a prow, his left hold
altar; in her left she holds a rudder reversed, ing a reed, and resting
and plants her right foot on a globe.——This coin on an urn.-—On gold and
alludes to what Suetonius relates, viz., that silver of Postamus——|
Galba was induced to take charge of the govern type of elegant design for
ment by Julius Vindex, who (having already the age in which it was
raised the Gauls against Nero) wrote to the noble struck.—Having in the
veteran (then governor of the Tarraconensian strongest manner fortified the Rhine on both its
province in Spain), telling him that his high banks with camps and citadels, Postunuu
birth and established reputation warranted him watched over the welfare (salus) of the Gallic
to aspire to the first place, if it became vacant, provinces. It is thus that Trebellius speaks of
and concluding with these words—ut humano him: Si quidem m'miu.r amor erya Postumtl
generi adsertorem, ducemque re adcommodaret. omnium erzzt in Gallica genie populanoa, pm!
SALVS GENERIS HVMANI.—'l‘his legend, submolis omnibus Germanicia gentib us, Roman:
with similar type to the above, appears on a rare in prislinam securilalem revocauet imperimu.
silver coin of 'l‘rajan.—By the figure of a woman The title bestowed in the above legend on tllt
sacrificing, and holding a rudder whilst placing Rhine, as being the health or safety of the
her foot on a globe, is signified (says Vaillant) Provinces, was doubtless appropriate to that
that health and stability were derived to the mighty stream, which either hindered altogetllfl’.
human race from the piety and the govcmment or rendered extremely difilcult, the incursions Oi
of Trajan, so that the emperor himself is called barbarians into a most important portion of the
Salua generis Izumani, as we read it on Galba’s Roman empire. The river god is represfllifil
coin; and as Nerva, in Pliny's panegyrie, is furnished with two horns, exactly according to
termed Imperator, at pareus generi: /mmani. Virgil, Rlmzuague bic0rnis—an epithet whith
SAL. GEN. l-lVM.—’l‘he Emperor raising is repeated also by Ausonius; and Eameaifli
up a figure.—Mionnet and Akerman both assign likewise calls the Rhine bicornzls. The attribati
this legend and type to a silver coin of Commodus. of horns, which the ancients usually assigned
But they take no notice of a medal which Haver to rivers, is in this case with more than ordinary
camp includes amongst the large brass of Queen suitableness applied, because the Rhine empliol
Christina of Sweden's Cabinet, which to the itself into the sea by two horns, or channels
abbreviated words SAL. GEN. nvx. adds cos. v1. Hence the above-named Eumenius observes :
P.1>. s.c., &c., and which has for its alleged type alvei uniu: impalierw in s-ua conzua _r/will
the Goddess of Health with staff, round which a en.-eds;-e.—Pane_q. Con-r. Jug. vii. 13.
serpent is entwined, and lifting up a kneeling SALVS PVBLlCA.—A woman seated, hold
male figure.—Laurent Bcger, in Tbc.sa14ru.r Bran. ing corn-ears in her right hand. On gold 05
denburyicus (tom. ii. 680), has given this last Nerva. As the scarcity of wheat at Fowl,
named coin, but without any explanation.-— during the reign of Domitian, had occasioflfll
Tristan, on the other hand, who (tom. i. p. 729), the greatest inconvenience and distress to ill-1
has engraved nearly the same type as that in people, Nerva had no sooner been elevated 10
Bartolo’s plate, supposes “ qua Ia Démse H_1/_q£e, the imperial sovereignty, than he comma-nllvfl
nu Salas, ayani rendu la sanié P1 Commode en corn to be imported to the great capital at i113
Ime maladie fort peri/lease, elle dervail, par dominions. Hence the public safety (3'11"
jlatlerie envers cc monsfrr, Eire recomme pour Publica) secured by an abundant supply Of P0",
la salut ale taut le rests des hommes.—Whilst (amzona,) is signified by this type.
Havereamp, and apparently with great pro Salas Reipub/icrt.—The health or safety 91'
bability, thinks that the type of Health raising the Roman commonwealth is represented 111
up a man from his knees, “refers to the vota various ways on coins of the lower empire B
which were made in the year of the sixth eon is, for example, seen typified by the mow?!“
 SALUS ET GLORIA ROMANORUM. SALUTI AUGUSTORUM. 715
of Christ’s name, with Alpha and Omega, on Caesarea ad Argwum (Mazaca), formerly the
medals of Constantius lI., Valentinianus, Lib. capital of Cappadocia, amongst some rubbish
Severus, and Anthemius; also of the Empresses in the foundations of an old building, cast out
Eudoxia, Galla Placidia, and Greta Honoria. from the depth of twenty feet underground, and
Four military standards, in Valentiniau I. and having been presented to Louis XV., is now an
V_alens. A military figure standing with a illustrious ornament of the Royal collection at
captive at his feet, in Honorius. The emperor Paris.
standing with globe and spear, in Constantius “ With respect (says Eckhel) to this and other
jun. The Emperor holding a globe surmounted coins of Justinian inscribed cream sonsnoavx,
by s oictoriola, and treading on a captive, in Cedrenus aflirms that that Emperor delighted so
Valsntinian I. and Valcns. Two emperors much in the warlike virtues of Belisarius, that
sitting on a throne, holding a columen in the he caused a medal to be engraved with his own
right, and a cross in the left hand, on coins of etfigy on one side, and that of Bclisarius armed
Theodosius jun. A woman veiled, holding two on the other, and near it to be written nam
children to her breast, on coins of Fausta, wife SARKVS GLORIA ROMANORVM. No similar coin,
of Constantine the Great (see Spec Iteipizblicze). with the name of Belisarius expressed thereon,
A female figure (Victory) walking, carries a has yet been found, if you pass by that which
trophy on her left shoulder, and with her left Ducange quotes from the cabinet of Peter
hand drags along a captive by the hair of the Gyllius, but which I suspect to be counterfeit.
head, on medals of Theodosius Magnus, Arcadius, It was possible, however, to happen that money
and Honorius. Victory sitting, inscribes on a of one kind or other, such as we have just
shield fixed to the trunk of a tree the monogram described, had met Cedrenus’s observation, with
of Christ, on coins of Flaccilla (see Flaccilla, the epigraph GLORIA ROMANORVM, and that he
wife of Arcadius), Galla Plaeidia, Aelia Eudoxia thought Belisarius appeared on their reverse.
(wife of Thcodosius jun.), and Pulcheria.—See And, so many enemies of the empire being
the words. vanquished, Justinianus no doubt thought that
SALVS REIP.—A stone bridge of three this G/my qf tile Romans constituted his own
arches, on which a Victory is marching with a also, for he is found assigning to himself acrowd
trophy on her shoulder, followed by the Emperor, of surnames taken from conquered nations-—
armed with euirass, javelin, and buckler ; at the Alemanici, Goltltici, Ihzncici, Germanici,
feet of Victory is a suppliant captive, and below Antici, Alanici, Vamlalici, Africzzni, as they
the bridge the figure of a river god.—Pellerin, are read in various laws made by himself, and
in his JIe'lan_qe (i. p. 215), gives this, with the indeed written in the preface to his Institutes;
word DANVBIVS, as the reverse of a bronze and they appear also in the same order on a Greek
medallion of Constantine the Great. marble edited by Muratori, although he evidently
SALVS RElP.—A stone bridge of three used some of them too much by anticipation.”
arches, on which a soldier with his spear either Salularix is a title of praise dedicated to the
pursues a woman or is following her, who points gods by the Romans on their coins. It is an
the way ; near her are two suppliants on bended epithet assigned to Apollo, as the god of
knees. On one side is the god of the river medicine, on medals of Trebon. Gallns, Volusi
sitting with his urn, whence water is flowing. anus, Valerian, Gallienus, Postumus ; and
On the other side is a tower; at the bottom, indeed, was one of the modes dictated by the
the word DANVBIVS.—-This is described by blind spirit of heathen superstition for averting
Eckhel, from the Imperial collection at Vienna, the plague which, during the reigns of the
as a brass medallion of Constantinus M., and above-mentioned princes, raged with more or
as having two ships with rowers in the river less violence throughout the empirc.—SeeAp0lla;
itsc-lf.—See DANVVIVS. Zlloueta ,- and also Oybele, Salut-aris being like
SALVS ET GLORIA ROMANORVM.— wise an attribute of MATER DEVM.
This magniloquent legend appears on a gold SALVTI. AVGVS'l‘ORum.——A woman stands
medallion of Justinian, described by Akerman, feeding, from a patera, a serpent rising from an
after Eckhcl and Mionnet, as unique.-—The altar; in her left hand she holds the basic.
type of the reverse represents the Emperor on From a passage in the 8th chaper of Capitolinus's
horseback, his helmet adorned with the nimbus, Li/‘e of Marcus Aurelius, it would appear that
and holding a spear in the right hand. Before this legend, which occurs on gold and brass
him goes Victory, bearing a trophy on her left coins struck cos. 11!. of that emperor, has
shoulder, and pointing the way with her right reference to the circumstance of his colleague
hand. In the exerguc, CONOB.——Oll the obverse Verus having, on his expedition against the
is the bust of the Emperor, hclrncted and Parthians, fallen sick near Cauusinm, a fact of
nimbedz he holds a spear before him in his which Aurelius was no sooner apprised than he
right hand, and bears a shield cast behind his set otl‘ in great haste to see him, after pledging
shoulder. vows (for the health of Verus) in the senate,
Distinguished not only by its unique character, which, on his return to Rome, the news of
but also by its unusual volume and weight (for, Vcrus’s safe passage being reported, he immedi
according to Eekhel), it equals five ounces and ately fulfilled.
nearly three drachms, and Mionnet gives its SALVTIS.—-This word occurs on the obverse
diameter as 38 lines (French measure), this of a denarius of the Acilia family, having for
splendid coin was found in the year 1751, near its type the laureated head of a woman.—Tho
4Y2
 716 SALUSTIUS AUTOR. SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS.
reverse is inscribed M. ACILIVS IILVIR. observes that “ they appear on many Imperial
VALE'l‘V., and represents the figire of a female Greek coins." The same able numismatisl
standing, who holds in her right hand a serpent, remarks that “the gods of the ancient Greeh
and rests her left arm on a little pillar.-——Eckhcl were originally worshipped under such forms;
observes, on this silver coin (vol. v. 119) the so that the vencratiou of Elagabalus for his
obverse exhibits the head of Salas, to whom, as block of stone is not deserving of the ridicule it
Livy relates, a temple was vowed, raised, and has met with. In a superstitions age, the teal
dedicated by C. Junius Bubulcus, and which ing was natural enough.”—l"or an apposite
Victor states to have stood in the sixth region of passage from Winkelman on the subject of stone
Rome. But the word VALETV has induced worship, see Akcrman’s “Descriptive Cata
learned men to hazard various opinions upon logue,” vol. i. p. 414 ; and sacza. DEL sous.
it. Onuphrius lengthens out the whole epigraph nnaosn.
by conjoining III.V 111$ VALEtudim'a TVena'a', Sanquinia.—With the exception of its cairn
functionaries hitherto unknown in Roman insti (which have four varieties, and are not very
tutions. Thc same objection applies to the rare), there are no memorials of this family.
IIIVIR VALETVdinariu.r of Putin. although Tacitus and Dion have recorded the
SALVSTI VS AV'I‘OB..—On a eontorniatc consulate of Sanquinius .\\Iarirnus under 'l'iba'ia~"
medal (given in Morell’s Tlieraurusj appears the and Caligula.—'l‘here are pieces in silver and
bare head and bearded chin of a man, which are brass bearing the name of this family, vrhirh
allowed to be intended for those of 0. Salina were struck by the moneycrs of Augustus; on:
tiua Crirpm, the celebrated writer on Roman denarius of M. SA1\'Q_VINl\'S is inscribed srsvsr.
affairs. In others of this pseudo-monetary mvr. r. LVDOS sar:., and it commemontcsihe
class, the beard is wanting, a circumstance secular games celebrated by that emperor in the
which goes to invalidate the hypothesis of year v.c. 737. Therefore this Sanqninius was
Gesucr (Nam. Wrar. Illuaha), who thinks that in that year a monetal triumvir. The type of
this medal was struck in the reign of Julian, the reverse represents a man, clothed in the
because that Emperor was also addicted to the toga, standing with a helmet on his head. !
nourishment of his own beard. caduceus in his right hand, and bearing inhis
SANCTo DEO SOLI ELAGABALo.—Four left a round shield. Eckhel holds opinion rill:
horses drawing a chariot, upon which is a species those who think that this is the pram, orhenild.
of cone, surmounted by an eagle, and round it in his sacred dress, announcing and inviting the
four poles (pertim).-Gold and silver of people to the solcmnities of the ludi maskra.
Elagabalus. Sapienlia.—-The propensity of the Romansts
On this very rare and singular coin Elagabalus, imitate the Greeks, among and above other
whom the frenzied emperor of that assumed things in selecting objects of religious worship.
name worshipped as his favourite deity, is is well known to the classic reader, and to aim:
represented under the form of a black conical more than the numismatic antiqi It will
stone, drawn in state. The subject is with appear, therefore, the more remarkable that.
surprising clealness illustrated by Herodianus.— although they built temples and paid their adora
Vaillant interprets the word ssncrvs as used in tions to Honour and Valour, to Hope, Health.
the legend, to meaning in this instance propitiur, and Security. and rendered peculiar devotion to lb!
or favourable. fickle divinity of Fortune, yet to that concentra
Respecting this public exhibition of the Syrian tion and result of prc-eminent virtues sarlrxru.
God Elagabalus (or the Sun) at Rome, we learn no altar was raised, no acknowledgment \-1'
from the copious narrative of the historian above tutelary influence offered; and that, until a law
quoted that the vehicle which bore it, glittering period of the empire (viz., the times of Licinivl‘
with gold and gems, proceededout of the city and Constantine), Wisdom, that sormigl!
into the suburb, where its temple stood, the mistress as she is of human existence mil
V emperor going before the car, and holding the advancement, should have obtained no pllm
reins.—-As to the four periica! or poles, which and that but an insulated one, in the minllgti Oi
encompass the body of the carriage, and sustain Rome.
as many cones, Eckhel acknowledges himself SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS.—An owl plarfll
unable to discover what they denote, “nor (he on a pedestal, between a shield, a spear, and I
sensibly adds) is it worth while to inquire more helmet.—This new sort of reverse is givffl 5.‘
fully into all the mysteries of a foolish super Banduri, as from a third brass of Licinius Pater.
stition.” The god lleliopolitanus, under which —The same legend, and a type of an owl sitting
'name also the sun was worshipped, was conveyed on the top of a column, a@nst which res! =
in the same manner at Heliopolis, for it is thus helmet, spear, and shield, appears on a medal at
that Macrobius_writcs : Vc/ti./ur enim rimulacrum Constantine the Great, with legend of SAPIESTII
deilleliopolilal/1'ferm/lo, uti veliumfur in pompa on the column and rnmcmis raov1n:.\"rls=‘1>ll
" ludorurnCirccu.s'iu21! den:-ma rimulacra. Sat. l.i. round the coin. Also on n contorniate medal cl
—Lampridins atfirms that the sou of Soacmias Honorius SAPIENTIA is read, with the type cl
was the priest of 1-lcliogabalns, or of Jupiter, or Pallas, who stands holding a branch of laurel of
of the Sun, as if it were doubtful which, unless of olive in her right hand.
they were all considered as identical. Sarmatia.—That part of Europe which lay
.\Ir. Akerman, in alluding to the conical shaped east of Germania and north of the imniolifi"
stone rcprcscntcd on Latin coins of Elagabalus, vicinity of the Danube was known by the Roman-=1
 SAR\IATIA.—-SARMATICUS. SATURNIl\iUS. 717
and inscribed on their coins, under the generic SATRIE. Satrienus, the Roman nomen
name of Sarmatia, and the inhabitants were gmlile of a family known only by the denarii on
called Sarmataa and Sauromataa. These barbarous which it is inscribed. Yet of these silver coins
and almost unknown tribes also Occupied the vast (which are common) Morell enumerates twenty
tracts of territory now called Russia. two varieties, none of them, however, otfering
SARM. Sarmatico, on a coin of Commodus. any other legend and type than the following :—
SARM. (DE). This appears, with the type A juvenile head, helmeted.-—Reo. P. SATIUENVS.
of aheap of armour, on gold, silver, and brass A she wolf 1 above, nous.
coins of M. Aurelius, who in his thirty-first Some take the head on the obverse of this
tribnnitian power and third consulship (viz., a.n. denarius for that of Mars, others think it is that
930) triumphed over the Germans and Sarmalre, of Minerva. But supposing it to be Mars, it
and in the following year these coins, with a will easily accord with the wolf on the reverse.
representation of the arms of those warlike Albricus (Deorum Imag., p. 3) aflirms that “the
tribes engraved for a trophy on their reverse, wolf is depictured bringing a sheep before Mars,
were struck in remembrance of the event.—ln because that animal was by the ancients specially
the year v.c. 932 (A.D. 178), another revolt consecrated to that deity.”—On this point, still
having taken place on the part of these trans more properly belongs what is related in Origo
Danubian nations against the Roman power, Gentis Rmnanw, ascribed to Aurelius Victor, that
Aurelius, who had gone forth on this second the wolf was under the protection of Mars, Mars
northem expedition n year before, conquered the bestowing on her this signal favour, because she
Marcomanni, the Hcrmunduri, the Quad], and suckled /ii: twin children (Romulus and Remus) by
the Sarmatis in n bloody battle, and for that Rhea. “I thinlr (addsllckhel) this was the reason
victory was called Imperator X.—'l‘he next year, why the wolf is called Mar-tiua by Virgil, and also
engaged in an almost internecine contest against why Livy (l. x. c. 27) thus expresses himself
the same obstinate enemies of the empire, he died llinc victor Jlarliu-2 lupus gratis no; Jlarfire,
of disease, at Vindobona, in Pannonia (Vienna) ct condiloris noalri adm0nm't.—Thcrefore, Lan
at the age of 50. rentius Lydus (De Jllcnsi/1u.y rightly says—
SARMATIA. DEVICTA.—Vietory standing, “the eagle is the symbol of Jupiter, Lions of
treads with one foot on a captive, while she holds the Sun, the wolf of Mars, serpents of Mercury."
a palm branch in her right and a trophy in her —Doct. Nam. Vet. vol. v. p. 300.
left hand. SATVRNINVS I., an excellent general under
This coin (in silver and third brass) alludes toValerian, and an unwilling usurper of the
the Sarmatinn war and the victories of Constan urple in the time of Gallienus; he perished by
tine in the year of Christ 322, According to the murderous hands of the soldiers who forcibly
Zosimus (lib. 2) that great emperor d.rove back elected him.—It is uncertain in what region he
the routed Sarmatw beyond the Danube, and performed for a little while the part of emperor.
pursued them to a place where they had rallied Two tyrants of the name of Satnrninus are
for the purpose of renewing the fight. He there handed down to us, one the above-mentioned
again defeated and put them to flight, taking a under Gallicnus in the writings of Trebellius,
great number of them prisoners, whom he doomed another in Egypt under Probus, according to
to captivity, and their King, Rausimodus, being Vopiseus, equally the reluctant instrument of a
left among the slain. licentious and cruel soldiery. The former of
SAlL\l.-\'l‘lA —'l‘his word appears at the these is Publiau Semproniua, the second Sertus
bottom of a coin (gold and silver) of Constantinns Juliua.——The medals ascribed to the first
lI., which bears on its reverse the legend Saturninus were copied from Goltzins by Medio
GAVDIYM aosmxouvst, with the type ofa trophy, barbus and Banduri, but are considered false by
near which a woman sits in a sorrowful attitude. Eclrhel. Those of the second Saturninus are
Similar medals are extant both of the father given by Goltzius and Ursinus, but are as yet
of the above emperor and of his brother unknown.——But if a third brass coin described
Crispus, but those are inscribed ALAMANNIA or by Banduri is to be regarded as genuine, there
IRANCIA, and never SABMATIA.—-See GAVDIVM was n I/lird Snturninus, who in some necessarily
lonranonvai. remote province was recognised as emperor.
SARMATICVS.-—M. Aurelius received this The medal in question bears on its obverse a
surname (A.D. 175), and his medals also ascribe radiated head, with the inscription mr. can.
it to him on account of his success in subduing sarvaumvs. av.—-The type of its reverse is a
the Sarmatw; a general appellation designating soldier, who pierces with his lance an enemy
not only the Sarmatians but also the neighbour fallen from his horse: the legend is FEL. TEMP.
ing tribes, such as the Marcomanni, the Quadi, BEPABA'l‘I0., and at the bottom BSIS.
&c. See 8ABM.—Hi8 unworthy son Commodus Eckhel, in quoting the above, says this coin
assumed the same title, but without having per can belong neither to the Saturninus of Gal
formed the same services to the empire, and lienus’s reign, nor to the other tyrant of that
he is styled also in his coins GERMANICVS and name who revolted under Probus, because it
SABMATICVS. otfers a reverse which was not in use in the age
SASE RN. Saaema, a surname of the Ilaalilia of either of those emperors. “However (adds
family.-—Sec uos'rn.1.\. our authority) as this coin is justly entitled to be
SAT. Saluminus, surname of the Senlia ascribed to the age in which we live, in other
family. words, is a forgery ; so by allthe historians who
718 SATURN. SA'I'URN.—SAU-FEIA.
have written concerning the transactions of this of Quaslor VRBanus, and the military stand
age (viz., that of Constaus and Constantins Il.), ards which are on the reverse additionally testify
Saturninus tyrannus III. is manifestly an un it. It is Well known that the Quaestors were the
known personage.”—“ There are also those,” he Prmfects or principal ofliccrs of the Roman
adds, “ who raise doubts as to the authenticity treasury (Pnrfccti aerarir), but it is also
of this coin, as Banduri bears witness.” [Vol. known that the ¢ran'um was in the temple of
p. I13.]—Mionnct evidently suspects the Saturn.
genuincness of the’ coin. Saturn is considered to be typified, in a
Satumu.r.—Satnrn, under whose fabled reign quadriga, on a dennrius of Saturninus.—See
—the “golden age”—the happiest times were Sentia family.
enjoyed by all, was nevertheless aflirmed by the Salurni navis.—The ship of Saturn, which
ancients to have been himself expelled from his appears on the reverse of the Roman ac, was in
kingdom of felicity by his son Jupiter, and to the most ancient times the peculiar symbol of
have sought refuge in Italy at the court of king Saturn, it being, according to the story, with I
Jmms.—Therc is a passage in Macrobius (quoted fleet that he came to Janus, in Italy.
by Bimard) which attributes, not to Saturn (as Saturn, under the form of a man with I
Jobert makes Eutropius do), but to Janus, the beard, veiled, and wearing the toga, who standing
first use of money, adding, however, that out holds the Izarpa in his lefi hand, appears nu
of respect for Saturn (in Salami reverentiam) coins of Valerianus and of Gallienus, as a symbol
Janus caused to be engraved, on these first of Eternity. See AETEBNITATI svoo.
specimens of coinage, the ship which had It is thus that Eckhel decidedly considers the
above described efligy should be understood, and
brought Saturn to Italy.—Saturn was regarded
as the God of Time, and is represented on and not as an image of Pluto, which Tanini
ancient monuments as a decrepit old man, hold supposes it. In proof of its being Saturn, he
ing a sickle or reaping-hook, calledfalz. Some» refers inter utia to the /zarpa (reaping booth
times also he is represented with his infant son the beard, the veil covering the head, all sure
in his arms, and lifiing the child up to his indications of that pagan deity, the two former
mouth, as if intending to devour it, as the old attributes being never omitted in his typification.
myth relates on that point. The Romans gave him the fab: or lwpd 01
Spanheim (in his Notes on the Cmrar: of account of agriculture, over which they Mm
Julian, p. 10) refers to this god a figure on an monly believed him to preside. Macrobius says:
ancient marble published by Spon, in which Simulacrum indicio est, cuifalcem in.~'i_e'-M
Saturn is represented in the form of an old man messi: adjecit. Cyprian observes: Ruilicilatix
veiled, and with his falx. The same writer also bio cultor fuit ; imlefu./cem feren: piugilnr.
mentions to have seeh a small silver medal SA'I‘.—In Morell’s T/10-raurus (Fan. Imrf.
bearing a similar bust, which he likewise refers tsb. 4) a silver piece of the form of s deuarius
to Saturn, on account of the attribute of the is published, which, with the foregoing abbre
curved knife, also engraved upon it. Besides viation, has for its type the bearded head 051
which (he adds) there is a medal in the French man, whose hair is bound with a fillet, and
King's Cabinet, struck under Elagabalus, by below it the falx, to which is aflixed a longfl‘
the city of Heraclea, and published in the handle than usually is seen on this attribute of
collection of Patin, which represents Saturn, or Saturn, and more like our modern sc)1he.—
Time, with a scythe in his hands, and moreover Eckhel is of opinion that this coin (which ht‘
with wings on his shoulders.—Aceordiug to classes under the head of Pseudamonda) is ow‘
Plutarch, he was believed by the Romans to of those which refer to the Salurnalia, N13
have presided over agriculture and fruits— that s.\'r and the type allude to Saturn, in vhf!‘
to have been, in short, the guardian of rural honour those extraordinary outbreak: of socifl!
affairs, as well as the Father of the year and of were professedly originated among the Romans
the months.—-For this reason a laureated and But the form of thefalz he regards as of doubtful
bearded head, with a sickle behind it, on a dc antiquity, observing that the true shape Of
narius of the Calpurnia family, commemorative Saturn’s scythe is typified on the denarii of tilt
of the mission of Piso and Cacpio as Quastores Neria family, and especially on the silver row!
AD FRVmentum EMVndum, to buy com, and of the Emperor Valerian, inscribed .m‘E11
distribute it among the people, is considered by NITATI svco. l
Eckhel as most probably the head of Saturn.— Saurée:.—The French distinguish by lb“
Another head of the same deity, as designated epithet medals, which were struck simply 0'1
by the falz asperia dentibua, or reaping hook, copper, and then covered with a lcaf of pr'\1FYv
with serrated edge—nn instrument allusivc to or a wash of silver.——Jobert says “such rouli
him as the reputed inventor of agriculture, and are found from Postumus to Diocletian."
whence he is called falcj/‘er by Ovid, is to be SAUFEIA, a plebeiau family ; there are 5"
found on coins of the lllemmia, Servilia, and varieties of its coins; one dcnarius bcori 111°
Senlia families. head of Pallas; and Victory in a biga, §lll°l"
Saturn is most certainly represented on a ing, inscribed L. save. and, below, the QT‘
nous. “This Lucius Snufeius (suys\'ail_lfl!1l'
silver coin of the Ne-ria fa1uily—his symbol the
Iuzrpa, or fair, is prominent behind the head. may be he who was the familiar friend of CM"
“ But this (says Eekhel) is not the only proof and of Atticus, and who was Quzrstor Urbfl“
that it is Saturn. The title given to NERI1u in the year v.C. 696, when the above dfiwbtd
 S. AUG.—S. C. S. C. 719
medal was struc ."—The brass pieces belonging rightly infer the monetary partition of the three
to this family are the as or parts of the as. metals between the emperors and the senate, in
S. AVG. Seculi Au_qu.m'.—nns'r1rv'r s. ave. the manner above mentioned. In support of
Rmiitzztor Seculi Auyusti. this opinion, as founded on metals, be then
S. AVG. Seniori Augusto. (To the Senior brings forward evidence from monuments of
Emperor.)—On coins of Diocletian and Val. another kind. A marble, published by Gruter,
Maximianus. bears these W0l‘(l8:—OFFIClNATORES monnnp;
S. C.——'l'he letters placed in the reverse AVRARIAE ARGENTARIAE CAESARIS. If the
generally on each side of the type, but some brass mint had belonged to the emperor, a
times below it) intimate that the coins were. notice of it would doubtless have been included
struck by the public authority cf the Senate, in this inscription.
according to the constitution of the republic, Some historical facts handed down by ancient
and the laws of the Roman mint. writers corroborate the truth of this opinion.
Found constantly on the brass coins of the We learn from Dion, that after the death of
Roman emperors, from Augustus to Gallienus, Caligula, the senate, out of hatred to his very
and but very rarely on their gold and silver: name, ordered the whole of his brass coinage to
that these are initials of the words Senatus be melted down. Why, since the object was to
Cons-ulto has scarcely been at any time disputed abolish the memorials of this imperial tyrant,
or doubted. But there have been differences of did the ordinance confine itself to the brass money
opinion amongst the learned as to the way in alone? Assuredly we shall find no other suitable
which these words ought to be understood, with reason than that the senate had no authority over
reference to the precise meaning involved in this the gold and silver mints, but solely over the
memorandum (as it were) of a decree of the brass.——-Lastly, what is indeed one amongst the
Senate, which exhibits itself on almost all brass most weighty reasons, but hitherto untouched
money of Roman die, struck after the com by those who have entered into the disputation
mencement of the empire. The justly cele on this subject, it can be proved by the most
brated Bimard de la Bastie is the author who certain testimonies that the emperors had entirely
first advanced, against the doctrines of a fanciful relinquished all claims to the right of coining
school, what is now held to be the true opinion brass money. In the first place, there are extant
on this subject; and the views of that acute and a great quantity of Otho’s gold and silver coins,
judicious antiquary, have since had a full tribute but not one genuine brass coin of that prince
paid to their accuracy and shrewdness by the of Roman die, struck at Rome. Those who
congenial sagacity of the learned Eckhcl. That think that the whole monctal department of the
great luminary of numismatics and most trust public business was entrusted to the senate, are
worthy guide in all ditiicult points of discussion bound to furnish some substantially good reason,
connected with the science, has, in the Pr0le_qa why that body‘should have dedicated to Otho
merra Generalia of his immortal work (Doct. coins of the more precious metals, and to have
Nam. Vet., vol. i., p. 73, et scq.), given so clear withheld that of less value; notwithstanding the
and conclusive an exposition of all that is greater portion of the money usually struck at
materially important, to guide the judgment Rome was from brass? The division of the right
and to fix the decision in this matter, that we of coinage between the emperor and the senate
cannot do better than subjoin the substance of constitutes an explanatory answer to this other
his remarks. wise insurmountably ditiicult question. In causing
After a slight passing allusion to the various money to be struck in gold and silver, Otho
but obsolete notions which Jobert has collected exercised his right as emperor ; he did not inter
together in his Science dc; Jllédaillec, he fere with the brass, because that coinage came
commences by observing that the common and under another jurisdiction. The causes which
almost universally received opinion is that induced the senate not to strike brass money for
Augustus, became possessed of the whole power this emperor, like many other things connected
of the republic, appropriated to himself the with matters of antiquity, are unkuown.—'I‘acitus
rights of the gold and silver mint, and permitted relates that at Vespasian’s accession to the throne,
ibe Senate to preside over the coinage of brass one of that emperor's first cares (apud Antio
money. There are two principal and most deci chcnser aurum aryentumque riynatur) was to
llVG grounds on which this division of the fabri- , have gold and silver money struck at Antioch.
ration of money between the emperors and the Then why not brass also? Certainly because,
ienate, without being textually recorded by though the right of the former belonged to him,
iistorians, appears fully established. First, it ‘ that of the latter was exclusively senatorial.
s certain that the letters S. C. are not to be The coins of Pesceunius Niger are likewise n
'ound on imperial gold and silver medals, or, if support to this opinion. There are of this per
here be any instance of the coin, those initials sonnge not a few silver ones extant, as published
efer to the type of the piece and not to the by numismatists worthy of credit, and probably,
riece itself. Secondly, it is also certain that one in gold; but no brass coin of his with latin
he letters S. C. are to be seen on almost all the l inscription, uncoudemned as counterfeit, has
rrass coins, from Augustus to Gallienus, with I hitherto been found. This was not without cause.
he exception of a very small number, and these For Pescennius, after he had once assumed the
dmit of a clear and satisfactory explanation. imperial title, struck silver and gold as belonging
f"rom so constant a rule, therefore, We may to him, but not brass also, the senate in the
720 S. C. S. C.
meantime being occupied at Rome in the coinage planation, as well as the accuracy of his rest-ml,
of brass money with the etfigy of Severus, in in adopting as he has done the views, and in
whose power it then was.—-An examination ot strengthening the arguments of Baron Bimini,
Clodius Albinus’s coins will be found still more respecting the letters S. C. which appear on the
decisively to bear on the present point. Of this brass coins of the Roman die.—To the ground;
general, to whom Severus had given the title of and inferences, however, on which this explana
Cresar, we have not only gold and silver money, tion is based, cerlain objections have been
but also brass. From the moment, however, opposed, one of which has been drawn from the
that he had separated himself from Severus, and excessive flatteries which were lavished on the
roelaimed himself Augustus, of his own accord, emperors in the inscriptions and legzeuds of their
lirass money evidently ceased to be coined in his medals. It has been argued that it was not
name. For no brass coin of Albinus has hitherto possible that the emperors should have dermal
been discovered, which call him Augustus, to themselves such adulations, and that, there
although there is an abundance in silver on which fore, it was to be believed that the senate hal
he is so styled. The cause of this fact is clearly the management of what related to the fabrica
developed. It appears, from the express testi tion of money of the three metals. But it may
mony of Herodianus, that Severus ordered money be supposed that the emperors took cognizance
to be struck at Rome in the name of Albinus, of what concerned the due weight and purity '
then absent in Gaul. The senate, therefore, of the coinage, leaving to the monetarytriuunirs
minted brass coins, as well in the name of Severus to determine upon the legends and the typu
Augustus as in that of Albinus Caesar, alter the Add to which princes, who had deified thdr
manner in which the same body, at one and the parents, and who had allowed almost divine
same time, struck coins in the name of Antoninns honours to be rendered to themselves, might
Pius Augustus and of M. Aurelius Caesar. But well be supposed capable of ordering thenarlvt!
as soon as Albinus, having taken the title of the flattering legends, which were placed unis
Augustus, was denounced by Severus as an enemy great a number of their monies. To rampldl
of the country, his brass coinage must have these ideas it will be right to add the following
ceased, Albinus not arrogating to himself a right observations :—
which belonged to another power, viz., to the lst.—The letters S.C. are found, as we hm
senate; and the senate, under the control of seen, on all the brass money of Roman J1?
Severus, not daring to continue the honours of struck from Augustus’s reign. Nevertheless
its mint to Albinus. We find, therefore, those some pieces unquestionably of Roman die, all
coins of Albinus with the title of Augustus are undoubted money, are without that indieltiua.
all of the nobler metals (viz., silver and a few These are coins of the second size, on nrirhlh
gold), having been struck by his orders in Gaul brass, struelt under Tiberius; and also undo
or in Britain, of which provinces he held the Vespasian and Domitian, which represent, 011
government. the reverse, a caduceus between two horns of
Having by these proofs, drawn as they are plenty. But this type (as Eckhel h shown on
from the very sources of numismatic knowledge, coins of Tiberius, struck in the year v.r. Ti‘-IY
the medals themselves, manifestly shown that is the symbol of the senate and the pt-opll‘ "l
the business and control of the Roman mint Rome, and it is probable that on this arena!’
was divided between the reigning princes and the usual sign S.C. was not placed on lbw?
the senate ; having, moreover, shown that these pieces.
proofs chiefly arise from aflinities, which indicate 2nd.—'I‘hc greatest number of medallionwl
an identity of workmanship and regulation Roman die in brass, struck after the time fit
between the gold and silver medals, in respect few,Hadrian, do not
however, are bear
to be the markThis
found. S.C.;
omisslvl
to types and legends—atfinities which fail to
exemplify themselves on the brass coinage—the of the indication, so far as regards the gal"-\‘
same learned and eminent writer proceeds to part of the brass medallions, added tothe wu
deduce fresh arguments in favour of all that he rarity,
siderution
has of
ledtheir
to thelarge
veryvolume
probableand
snppoim
has just advanced, from the legends which
appear on gold and silver coins of the imperial that these pieces were not money, or at 1%‘
series, and which do not ap on the brass; that they had not the character of actual WW
as also from those legends which are found on like all the rest. This point has already W!‘
the brass, but neither on the gold nor on the animadverted upon (see Medallion). Bu W
silver medals of the empire, the types them absence of the letters S.C. from mmt of ll"
selves likewise corroborate the accuracy of this medallions alters in no respect whatevtr 15°
0pIlll0Il. principle on which the right of coining H1011‘?
The details into which our illustrious “teacher" was divided between the emperor and_15‘
enters in his further observations on this subject senate, even admitting that the medalllfll‘
are more copious than would be compatible which do not bear S.C. were not money» “
with the plan of the present compilation to give opinion which may be applied even to lb‘
at length. But referring to the Dartrina greater part of those which exhibit that mark
Numorum Vrferum (vol. 1. p. lxxiv) itself, it 3rd.—After the reign of Gallienus, tllf 5-C
shall suffice with us to say that those particulars, does not appear on the brass coins of Roman
and the remarks which accompany them, are of die. Two causes probably led to this ¢hl_"K\‘
a nature fully to establish the exactness of his ex First, the successive diminution of the "Sh"
 S. C. SCAUR.-SCEITRUM. 721
and of the authority of the senate, which re- , 6th.—Eckhel, in conclusion, remarks that
tained no more, so to speak, than s shadow of “ the Emperors of the East (Imperalore:
power; secondly, the establishment of monetary Orientis) were so desirous of appropriating the
workshops in difierent. provinces of the empire, gold coinage wholly to themselves, that they
and the habit which those provincial establish were unwilling that gold should be coined by
ments contracted, as a consequence of their foreign kings, unless with their assent and autho
distance from the capital, viz., of withdrawing rity; and if it happened that any of those foreign
themselves from the central authority on points sovereigns dared to do in this respect what the
connected with the coining of monies. Romans were not able to prevent, such money
4th.—The notation s. C. sometimes occurs on was prohibited from having currency at any
Roman imperial coins of gold and silver. It value within the confines of the Roman empire."
does not follow, however, that this money was S.C.—It has already been stated that this
struck under the authority of the senate. The mark is omitted on some of the brass coins
mark of a Smatus Consultum, in that ease, of the first emperors. In describing those
indicates that what the type of the piece alludes of ‘Tiberius, under the year 774.-, Eckhel
to was done by order of the senate, and it docs notices, as a fact worthy of observation, that
not apply to the piece itself. Thus for example, from such as have for their type the double
the gold and silver coins of Vespasian relative cornucopiae and caduceus, the letters S.C., con
‘to his consecration bear EX S.C. This signifies trary to the custom of the brass mint, are
that the above-mentioned emperor had been absent, and that there is the same omission on
consecrated by s Senate; Consullum, and not coins of the same metal, exhibiting the ssma
that these coins had been struck by order of the type, struck under Vespasian in the year v.0.
senate. The money fabricated under the re 827, as well as on coins of Domitian (Caesar)
public, had before otfered similar examples, at in 826.—-As, therefore, it is solely the brass
an epochs when the senate regulated the coinage coins with this type which want the mark in
of all the three metals. Accordingly we read question, there must necessarily be some
on deuarii of M. Lepidus, S.C.; on denarii particular reason for the circumstance. "I am
of M. Scaurns, EX S.C., viz., that Lepidns, as of opinion (says our authority) that it is to be
this consular coin declares, was made TVTOR sought in the type itself; namely, that the
REGIS (Pio1cm¢i 7., King of Egpt), cornucopia: and the caduceus, inasmuch as they
Senaluc (70n.mll0, by a decree of the senate; were symbols of the senate and people, supplied
and that Scsnrus, as the other consular medal the mention of the senate. That those insignia
records, was made AEDili.\- CVRuli.r (Curule were appropriate to each of the two orders is
Edile) EX S.C.——Other deuarii, such as those shcwn by an ancient gem, on which is engraved
of Msnlius Torquntus, Sex. Purripeins, and s cornucopia and a caduceus, with this inscrip
Lentulus, present additional examples. In like tion sun. ror. QVE. non. For a similar cause,
manner, the epigraph of POPVLi IVSSV on a on common coins of Caligula, with the epigraph
silver coin of Octavianus (afterwards Augustus), s. P. Q. a. r. P. on. ervas SEBVATOS, the s.c. is
indicates that the equestrian. statue, which this suppressed, because the authority of the senate
dcnarius exhibits, not the coin itself, was is already indicated in the inscripti0n.”—[V0l.
executed populi ju.m1.——Some gold coins of vi. p. 192.]
Diocletian and Msxirnian bear the two letters SC.~\N'l‘lLLA.—-See Illanlia Seanlilla.
S.C. lt would be difficult to find a satisfactory SCAVR. Scaurus, surname Of the Jemilia
explanation of this singularity, as well as of family.—M. Aemilins Scsnrus, one of the
many others which occur on Roman money, at lieutenants of Pompey the Great, in the year
that aara of political confusion and decay of art. v.c. 692, being appointed to the governorship
5th.—We also see the mark S.C. on the of Syria, repelled the incursions of Arctas,
imperial coins of some cities: these are chiefly king of Arabia Petrma, and compelled him to
pieces struck at Antioch in Syria, and money sue for peaee.—See Aemilia, a deuarius of
of certain Roman colonies; the cause of which which family elegantly alludes to this historical
has not been sutliciently unrnvelled.———[M. fact.—'l‘he mdileship of the same Scsnrus was
Hennin, in reference to this passage from distinguished by the excessive magnificence of
Eckhcl, observes that—-“L’e:plicati0n Ia plus the public shews which he and his colleague, P.
naturelle dz ee fail strait que cc: ville: Hypsreus, gave during their year of oflice.—Sec
avaient recu lafaceur de voir Ieur monnaie Re: Arelaa.
de cmvre aaaimilée rt cefle dc l’Empire, et S. C. D. 'l‘.—'l'hese letters. added to the type
plat-fie -mus la jar-i.i-diction de la Senate; of s serpent twincd round a tripod, and to the
mais cc fail n’a pas Etc’ convenablemenl name of vo1:rr~:rvs, on a silver coin of the
erpliqué.” [The most natural explanation would Volteia family, are by some explained to be
be that these cities had received the favour of Senatus Consullo Die Tertio ; by others,
seeing their brass money assimilated with that of Dedicato Tripade.—Eckhel calls them both
the empire, and placed under the jurisdiction of “ inane: conjectur¢.”
the senate; this fact, however, has not been Sreptrum, sccptre, an ancient ornament held
suitably explained.]—But what is much more by kings in their right hand when they per
surprising, and equally unaccountable, the same formed any of the important functions attached
mark, mialus eommllo, appears on some coins to royalty, especially when they administered
of Agrippa II., king of Judms. justice.—-The sceptre is, on coins, the sign of
4Z

F
722 SCEP'I‘ItE.—-SCIPIO. SCIPIO.
divinity, and particularly an attribute of Jupiter. —'I'his ivory stat? was a prominent mark of the
Tnrquin is said to have been the first who carried higher magistracies,-viz., of the consuls, the
a golden sceptre surmounted by an eagle; and the przetors, and in like manner of the proconrula
Romans, who invested their consul with regal In the time of the republic, the sripio ebaneu
power and authority, added to other marks of had no sort of ornament ; and the senate alone
dignity enjoyed by those chief magistrates of had the right of giving it to the consuls elect.
the republic a kind of sceptre called sci;/io (see the Under the emperors it was sunnonnted by the
word).—lt served afterwards to designate i|npe image of an eagle, or as Juvenal (Satyr 1..
rial power.—Jobert observes that on medallions, v. 43) expresses it :——rolucrcm Jceplro (ll
ruryit eburno. During the republic the consuls
and even on the smaller coins of the lower empire,
the Augusti, when represented in the consular bore this distinctive symbol of their great otfire
habit, hold the sceptre; and it is thus that only on the day of their triumph; but under the
almost allthcConstantinopolitan emperors appear. emperors they carried it every day, and enteml
The rcrptre is surmounted by a globe, on which the senate with it in their hands.-—Millin says
an eagle is placed, to shew by these tokens of " the emperor never carried the scipio.” Trui.
sovereignty that the prince governs by himself. not as emperor—the sceplrum being the mark
From the time of Augustus this consular sceplre of imperial distiuction—but probahlyan empemr
of which we speak is seen on medals of the carried the scipio when he made procession sl
Imperial scries.—“ Phocas (adds the same author) one of the consuls, for Morell has given ustle
was the first who caused the cross [which sacred scipio elmmeus, with an eagle on the top of it,
symbol of Christianity, by the way, he insulted as in the hand of Vespasian and of Titus, on 1
by his murderous ingratitude to an earthly bene brass coin of the former e1nperor.—The same
factor] to be added to his seeptre ; his successors ensign of consular dignity appears in the lunl
relinquished the sceptre altogether, in order to of Trebonianus Gallus, of Probus, of .\'11m€
hold in their hands nothing but crosses of rianus, of Val. Marimianus, on the wsperliw
difl’ereut forms and sizes.” coins of those Auyuati.
The Sceptre appears in the hands respectively SCIPIO, surname of the Cornelia, likewise
of Cybele, Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Pallas, The of the Cecilia family, derived, according Iv
Sun, Venus, Vesta, Aeternitas, Pax, Pietas, Jllacrobiuc, from a certain Roman citizen, namsl
Pudicitia, Salus, Securitas, Arabia, Asia, Italia, Cornelius, who, in filial piety, made himself, i‘
and Macedonia, with other deities and personi it were, a walking-stall‘ to his blind father, l1,V_
fications, on numerous coins of emperors and conducting him through the streets. QM
also on several coins of Roman families. coynominem patrem luminibus carenlcm, W
The Sccplre is seen in the hand of the em bacula rcgcbat, Scipio rognominahu, not-W1
peror, on medals throughout nearly the whole ex coynominc posteris dedil. Sat. l. i., c. v1.—
series from Augustus to Johannis Comnenis. 'l‘he race of the Cornelii, divided into H1111.‘
It also appears in the hand of other figures on branches, took for distinction sake nnous
various family coins and many imperial medals co_qnomina.—'l‘he first was Cornelius Srifi-L
from Julius Cresar to Honorius. without any other surname.—2. -4,/"'
A Sceplre, on whose point n globe and an canua, the celebrated son of P. Cornelius Scipio
eagle appear, being the sign of empire acquired —3. Scipio Acmilianus, also called -l_/-"'“""'
by arms, is often observed in the hand of em minor, adopted out of the Jimilia family ill!“
perors whose efligies are adorned with a breast that of Cornelia Scipionum.—4, Scipio Jnsgrls.
A Sceptre, to which a laurel crown, a globe, elder brother of
Plate. Africans: rndj0P'_-f‘
Hispalus.—8.
5. Asina.-6.
Scipio 1\’a~rica,
Scipio Calvux.—-7.
son of the $f1F°
and a rudder are added, on a denarius of the
Cornelia family, indicates the sovereign power who, together with his brother, tell in S1111“;
of the Romans, since kings for the sake of a man held in the highest reverence by ll“
majesty used the sceptre. The globe is displayed senate.
to signify the earth, as the rudder does the sea, SCIPIO, a surname of adoption; for fl"
over both which the Roman empire extended adopted natural son
in the
of P.will
Cornelius
of Quintus
ScipioMate-lllli
Nasifl PM
itself. Moreover, the Corona laurea is united
to the Sceptre to denote that the power of Rome pontifex maximus, was on that account "M
was strengthened by victories. Q. Cazcilius Metellus Pius, but retained tht HF‘
A Scrjltre and a peacock on a leetisternium name Scipio, in order to show, as Splfllltll“
form the type of the reverse on a coin of says, that he had passed over from the wffil“
Faustino senior, allusive to her consecration. into the C'a.'ci/ia family. _ _
SCIP. Scipio, surname of the Cacilia, and SCIPIO IMP.-—-Hence on one of his 011111"
likewise of the Cornelia family. read SCIPIO IMPcraIor. On another IPF"
Scipio Eburncua, a wand or stick, made of the letters Q. o. M. P. 1., which at uplwrl
ivory, which it was the custom of those who to be the we of all his mime, B5 mus-wt
were allowed triumphal honours to bear in their from his dennrii—-namely, Q. Caciliu Jlell/1"
haud.—Many representations of this are seen Pius Impcraior. This man (according 1° 5'1"
on coins of ancient Roman families, such as tonins) was, in the year v.c. 702, associlwl if"
those of Acilia, Aemilia, Cm-iatia, and others, the remaining five months of the consuhll‘P
on which we see figures, carried in trinmphal with Pompey the Great, whose father-in-_l=“" h‘
guadrigw, holding the acipio in their right hand. was, and to whose party he adhered IlI11'"1!m'
 SCORPIO.—SCRIBONIA. SCROFA.—-SCUTUM. 723
civil war. The Pompeians being conquered at thing happened well, it was received as the gift
Pharsalia, and the war being renewed in Africa, of Bonus Evenlus. That this was esteemed to
he was appointed .rummu.r Imperalar, or general be a Genius of the same nature as Felicitas is
of the whole army of that province, from super shown by a dcnarius which Morel] gives.
stitions regnrd for the name of Scipio, which in SCROFA, a surname used by the Romans.
Africa was held to bc invincible. But Caasar, Scrofa.—'l‘he figure of a sow, with or without
to whom he was opposed, proved the omen to be a litter of pigs, appears on several Roman coins,
fallacious, by defeating his forces in the field, and as well imperial as consular. Among other
compelling him to embark on board ship; when instances, on a denarins of the Veluria family,
finding himself on the point of falling into the there is a sow, which a man on his knees holds
enemy's hands, he drove his sword through his between two soldiers, one of whom carries a
own body, and at the same moment plunged into spear upright, the other a spear reversed, and
the sea.-—See Oacilia. each touches the sow with a stick or with their
SCON. Signaia (moneta) Canatanlinopoli. daggers. (See Velm-ia.)—This is considered by
-—Money struck at Constantinople, in the crcrgue some allusive to the treaty of peace between
of coins of Constantius jun., Constantius Gallus, Romulus and Tatius.—Another silver family coin
Julian II., and others subsequent. (amongst the Incerta of Morell) represents eight
Scorpio, a symbol of Africa, is seen in the men standing, four on one side and four on the
right hand or at the feet of the figure personify other of the kneeling figure, and each touches
ing that country on Roman coins. the sow with his short stick or dagger. _Ou a
SCR. Scribania, or Sc:-iboniu.v.—Name of a coin of the Sulpicia family are seen standing two
Roman family or of a man. military figures, armed with spears, who point
Scribonia, a plebeian family-, surname Libo. with the right hand to a sow lying on the ground
—Six varieties of coins, some of which, in silver, between them. (See Sulpicia.)——This curious
were restored by Trajan.—The brass pieces reverse, and others similar to it, have given rise
belonging to this family are Asses, or parts of to various opinions amongst the learned. Eckhel,
the A-r.—The only medal of historical interest is after stating all, gives his in favour of the view
a deiiarius, on the obverse of which we read taken by Ericius, namely, that the figures per
PAVLLVS LEPIDVS CONCORD, with the sonify the Dei Penales of Lavinium, and that
veiled head of Concordia; on others appears a the animal represents the sow, with its thirty
wornan’s head, encircled with a fascia, and the pigs, which was the cause, according to the
Roman legend, of Eneas building in a cer
tain spot the city of Lavininm. (See linear.)
—On a silver coin of Vespasian, accom
panying the abbreviatcd inscription IMP. xix.
is the figure of a sow and pigs, doubtless rc
ferring to the same portentous mother and brood
of thirty which were seen by rEneas, and to
which Virgil adverts at the beginning of the
eighth book of his immortal poem, in the words
addressed in a dream by “ Father Tiber” to the
epigraph LIBO. BON. EVENT. ; on the reverse Trojan chief.
of both is PUTEAL SCRlBON., and a structure, This favourite incident of Roman tradition,
to which are attached two lyres and a garland of in the way of marvellous an , is graphically
flowers. The Puteal of Libo, acelebrated place shadowed forth on two finely designed and boldly
in Rome, was the round parapet of a wall with relieved medallions in bronze of Antoninua Pius,
a cover to it, which Scriboniua Libo had caused both without epigraph. The former of these
to be raised, by order of the senate, over a place represents 1Eneas disembarking by a plank from
where thunder had fallen, in the field of the a ship on the shore of Latinm, where, holding
Cm/zilia, and near the statues of Marsyas and his son Ascanins by the hand, he contemplates
Janus. It contained within its enclosure an altar a sow suckling its little ones imder an oak trec,
and a chapel. It seems, moreover, that it was above which appear the walls of a city. The
a kind of tribunal or seat of justice, like our latter exhibits the fortified gate of a city,
Court of Common Pleas.—On some medals, above which stands a sow with her young -. behind
with the same type of puteal, the inscription is is Eneas carrying Anchiscs, an altar lighted,
PUTEAL LIBOni.r.—See the word Puleul. and a round temple. The town, which is depicted
The Bonus Evenlus, which occurs on one of on the last-mentioned coin, is Lavinium, accord
the above dcnarii, has reference to the custom ing to Eckhel, who has more fully explained the
of the Romans in holding sacred whatever was subject in his annotations on the dcnarii of
capable of bringing good or evil, as fortune, Sulpicins Rufus.—See Sulpiciua.
hupc, genius, &c. S0 also Eventur, according Kolb, in his Traité de Nun1i.r2naliqueAncienne,
to the list enumerated by Lucretius in his gives (pl. vii. fig. 13) a second brass of Anto
“ Events," brought slavery, liberty, riches, ninus, with a sow and litter under a tree, evi
poverty, war, and concord. But Ciccro’s dently in allusion to the same fable.
dctinition of Eventu-r is alicujus e.-ritus negalii, St-alum, a shield.——Spunheim observes that
in qua quari solel, quid 0.2: quague re eveneril, the ancient shields, as figured on coins, were of
eveniat, everiturumque sit. Therefore, if any an oblong or circular form. The oblaugum
4Z2
724 SCYLLA.—SCYTHIA. SCYTHIA.
nrutum formed part of the defensive armour seating crowns of gold (carom: aumz) to princes
appropriated to the cavalry of the Romans, as and other great meu—a custom, originating with
the clipeu; was the huckler of the foot-soldier. the Greeks, but afterwards readily sanctioned
The sczatam appears on the left arm of Juno by the Romans, and not a little abused by them
Sospila, on coins of the Pracilia family; and on as well in the time of the republic as in the
the arm, or by the side, or at the feet, of subsequent period of the empire, for it led st
Pallas, and of Den R0ma.—See Clipeus, and last to the gift culled aurum corona:-mu, that
is to say of gold il.re(/'.—-Referringito thus:
Victoria.
Sculum J[acedonicum.—Sec Fella. erudite and luminous observations as much we
Soy/Ia, a fabulous monster of the sea, de diffuse to quote at length, it must;here sutlioe in
scribed by the poets and mythologists to have note the confidence and respect in which (by the
borne the form of a woman downwards to the concurrent testimony of historians) Antonina:
waist, and thence divided into two tails of a fish,was held by the neighbours and by the subject!
with the heads of three dogs, open mouthed, at of his vast empire; a fact which E1-khel con
her waist. It is in this shape she is seen on siders to have caused not only all the Roman
an ancient Sicilian medal and on some other dominions, whether more or hss distant from
monuments. In her hands she is usually niadc the capital, (such as Africa, Alexandria, Ash.
to hold a rudder in the act of striking some one; Britannia, Cappadoeia, ltalia, Dacia, His|nm
thus is she figured on a denarius of Scxtus Maurctania, Sicilia, Syrin,) but also curtail
Pompey (vases. oaan nramr. ET eras. s.c.), to foreign regions and independent kingdoms ml
indicate that spot in the gulf of Sicily, where states bordering on some of the remoier pro
(after the death of his greater father) he gained vinces, to he brought within the scope of rom
some successes by sen over Julius Caesar. Scylla, mernoration by the senatorial mint, as evidencing
in fact, was a lofty and dangerous rock, over at once the fiounlr/ring state q/' all Ike pm
looking the narrow straits that divide Sicily vincee, during this happy reign, and the amiclhle
from Italy, and opposite the whirlpool of terms on which the priuce’s conciliatory yo
Carybdis; the two together were regarded by firm policy enabled him to continue even I115
the ancients as presenting the very acme of the hitherto hostile and aggressive powers Of
perilous navigation; and the extreme difliculty PARTHIA and scY'rnra.—It is related of Asw
of steering safely between them gave rise to the ninns, by Capitolinns, that of that expelisim
proverb-——Incidit in Sc]/llam qui cult vilare and to the donors frequently over burthensomk
C’/larybdin. present—the aurum c0r0narium——ofl'ered I0
Scyl!a.—See Contomiate Jledala. him on the occasion of his adopt.ion, he reswrrd
Sq/llur, Scythians, a people, who in the time the whole to the Italians, and half of it to lhr
of the earlier emperors, inhabited the borders of provinces. The manifestation of grateful furl
the Enxinc, on the confines of the two Mmsias ings which this considerate remission of 0 PM
(now Servia and Bulgaria).—'l‘he Scythians, a tar naturally produced towards him thmqlwifl
very ancient as well as warlike nation, possessed the empire at large, serves strongly to counti
themselves by conquest not only of a large nancc the opinion, that the type of the 001115
portion of Northern Europe, but also of North above alluded to, bearing the names of so H1111.‘
eastern Asia. Hence the terms Scytliia intra provinces, directly points to this liberal conduit
Imaum and Scylliia extra Imaum, as applied by of the emperor. On most of them I9 W
the Romans to the vast tracts of country, on standing the Genius of the province. who hold!
either side of Mount Imans, part of a chain out, with extended arm, what she carries in ll"
supposed to be that which extends to Thibet.— hand, in an attitude which indicates the ott'cr\I{¥
In the progress of their southern incursions the of something. This is on some of the med-‘*5
S03/{Ila penetrated as far as Cappadocia, dnringl in question either u crown, or a little rho‘
the reign of Gallicnus, and afterwards devastated fcaniatrum vel capsa), which might be supilflél
Italy. to contain either the aurea corona, or a qu-wt"!
SCYTHIA, S. C.—This legend appears on of gold itself, instead of the coronal ornalllfllb
first and second brass of Antoninus Pius, with To this view of the subject, Eckhel suticilllti
the figure of a woman (pcrsonifying the country) the objection, that besides the provinea 0511",
standing with a crown in her right hand, and a Roman empire, commemoration is also mwlfi "I
staff in the left. Partlzia and Sq;/tlzia, from which, being folrl;-'1‘
This coin is classed by Eckhel, under the states, such a gift could not be exacted. N‘
head of those numi yenyrap/iici, on which, as indeed the provinces from custom which be¢0}I1"~‘
in the money of Hadrian, so in that of his law, were wont to pay it, and foreign I1ll1°“~‘
adopted son and successor Antoninus, are ex spontaneously to otl'er it; whether bcr'al!Sv:ll'1'l'
hibited images of various provinces and peoples. were allies and friends, or because from WP‘
In doing so the author above-named has thrown or fear they curried favour. If that be H111
a clearer light on the subject of the types, which Photius relates from Memnon, nulhfll’
which present themselves in this batch (so the Heraclean history of Pontus, the Ruin"-‘
to speak) of medals struck, by a decree of sent to Alexander the Great, at that li1ntP“'
the senate (S.C.), in the first year of the reign, paring for war with the Persians. I {!“l\l"“
or in the second consulate, of Antoninus crown of high price, as a gift for the ssh? °f
Pius. For this purpose he has entered into n esteem. Dion aflirms that Julius Cusar I\'(‘€l\td
most learned dissertation on the subject of pre many crowns from kings and princes 13¢! 1"’
 SCYTHIA.—SEBASTE. SEBASTE.—-SEBASTIANUS. 725
achievement of so many victories. And Josephus the Ptolcmies, and to the Jews, it was aug
states what particularly belongs to this point, mented by Herod the Great, and called by him
that Vologcses, king of Parthia, sent a gold Sebaate in honour of Augustus (about the year
crown to Titus, on account of his conquest of v.c. 728). Its imperial coins do not, however,
Judma ; nor was this custom extinct at a later commence before the reign of Nero; and after
age, as is attested by Euscbius, who narrates wards appenr only under Domitian, Commodus,
that aurere corona! were presented to Constan and Caraculla. It was not until the reign of
tine by distant nations, whereby they signified, Sept. Severus that Sebacte, (or Samaria) was made
as he proceeds to add, the otfer on their part of a Roman colony; on which occasion it took
obedience and alliance to the emperor, if he from that Emperor the names of Lm-ia Sep
was willing to accept it. When Julianna, timia; and the colonists, out of gratitude to
having engaged in war with the Persians, the founder of their privileges, struck on their
had crossed the Euphrates, the petty kings of coins the heads of Severus’s family——nameIy,
the Saracens (according to Ammianns) genibus Julia Domna, Curaeulln, and Getn, with the
supplies: niri oblala er auro corona irmguam inscription COL. CEBACTE, and on some
mzmdi naliommrque suarum dominum adora others COLonia Lucia SEl’1imia. No later
runl. L. xxiii. »c. iii.—Influeuced by the medals of this colony than these are extant.—
same notions, therefore, the Parthiuns and The imperials of Domitian and of Conimodus
the Soy!/ziaru, that they might ingratiate them are bilingual Greek and Latin.—'l‘he colonial
selves‘ with the recently adopted Antoninus imperial have also Latin inscriptions on the
immediately on his entrance upon imperial obverse, and Greek on the reverse.
dignities, sent to the destined successor those Vaillant gives the two following type: of this
accustomed gifts which render hoth men and colony from coins of the greatest rarity, viz. :——
gods propitious. Nor was this done Without 1.—On a second and third brass of Julia the
hope by the Parthians, for it appears from empress of Severus, three figures standing within
Spartianus, that Hadrian had promised that a temple of four columns, accompanied by the
nation that he would restore to them the chair legend of cot. CEBACTE, Colonia Sebzu-ie.
of their kings (walla regia) which Trajan had [The middle figure of this group is that of
taken away; but that he did not make good his Jupiter, whose temple it appears to be.]
promise, we learn from Capitolinns, who states 2.—On second brass of the same empress, a
Antoninus to have stoutly refused the same figure in military garments standing, is crowned
chair to the renewed entreaty of the Parthian by Victory; on the other side stands a woman,
monarch. Concerning the Sq/tbians nothing clothed in the stola, wearing towers on her
certain appears, except, perhaps, that they head, her right hand extended towards the
endeavoured to win the favour of Antonino, lest centre figure, and her left hand holding a
he should assist certain bordering states, with cornueopise.
whom they were at war. Indeed, it is aflinned [The colonists of Sebnste here dedicate to
by Capitolinus that the Tauroscytlue of Olbiopolis Julia Domna, the wife of their founder, a medal
were molested by an army from Ponies (on the on which his efiigy, taken perhaps from a statue
shore of the Euxine), but that an auxiliary force erected in their forum, is exhibited, crowned by
having been sent by Antoninus to that city, Victory in presence of the Genius of their city,
the invaders were expelled, and had to give in memory of Severus’s splendid exploits against
hostages for maintenance of peaee.”—See Aurum the Parthians, Adiabenians, and Arabians]
caronarium. Sebaalianua, brother of Jovinus, was asso
S. D. Senatua Decreto. ciated in sovereignty with that usurper of the
S. DEN. Sicinius .Dentatu:.—-On a coin of purple, during the reign of Honorius, 4.1). 412,
the rS'1'cim'a family. and proclaimed Augustus in Gaul, of which
SE. Severus, or Seuero.—IMP. C. SE. country Jovinus had been the most powerful
ALEXAND:r AVGu.1tu:. nobleman. But Ataulphus, King of the Goths,
Season: (the four of the year) are designated who had just abandoned Italy to enter Gaul as
on coins of the imperial series by four little the ally and colleague of Jovinus against the
boys, or girls; these types are found on medals rightful emperor, otfended at the elevation of
and medallions of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Sebastian put him to death at Narbonne as the
Faustino sen., L. Verus, Commodus, Julia condition of his own peace with Honorius,
Domna, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, Trebon. s.n 4-13. Thus perished, after a few months
Gallus, Probus, Diocletian, Licinius jun., Con of false glory, a gay-_hearted, thoughtless, un
stantine the Great, &c.—See TELLVS 8TABlL.—warlike young man, premature victim to the
TEMPORVM FEIJCITAS.-—PELlCIA rnnrroaa. ambition of a brother, who himself was also
SEBAST. Sebaste.—coL.sr:n.is'r. Calonia captured and beheaded by the unscrupulous and
Sebaste.—An Augustan colony, distinguished vindictive Atanlphus, a short time afterv/ards.—
from other-s'of the same name by the title of The coin of Sebastian, in silver, published by
Sebasle Ponlica, formerly called Cabins.‘ Mionnet and Akerman, it is to be feared is not
Sebasle, Samaria, in Palaatina (now authenticated as genuine.
Chiemrurn).——A city of very great antiquity, SEC. or SECVRIT. ORB. Securifas Orb1'.s'.—
situate on the mountain Samaria. After be On silver of Commodus (the safcty,_security, or
coming subject in succession to kings of Israel, tranquillity of the world.)
to the Assyrians, to Alexander the Great, to Seceopita, a long knife with a round ivory

f‘
726 SECURIS.-—SECURITAS. SECURITAS.
handle, ornamented with gold or silver, which and attributes is on the whole too evident to
the priests at sacrifices used to slaughter the require explanation. There are medals of nearly
victims or to extract the entrails. all the emperors (with flagrant inappropriatenes
Securir, axe, or hatchet.—The fascea which to most of the reigns) from Otho and Yitellius to
the Lictors carried before the Roman consuls and Constans and Constantius jnn., which have for the
other very high magistrates, consisted originally typc of their reverses this figure of Security, and
of axes, the long handles of which were bound present for their legend the word sscvmns,
up in a surrounding casc of rods. The custom with the addition of the words, .\vovs1‘l, or
dated itself so far back as the age of Romulus, avcvsronvn (security of the emperor or of the
who, it is said, borrowed it from the kings of emperors); oasis (security of the world):
Etruria. But soon after the establishment of a PVBLICA (public security); 1>ea|>a'rva (perpetual
republican government at Rome, the fasces (as security) ; POPYLI noun"! (security of the
we learn from Dionysins of Halicarnassus) were Roman people) ; TEMPORVK (of the Times);
allowed to be armed with the secures only when nrrnnii (of the empire); sar:ev1.1 (of the age);
the consuls left the city to join the army. These anrvnucan (of the republic), &c.
awful instruments, as denoting the power of life SECVRITAS. AVGG.——The emperor in a
and death, were, however, permitted to be joined trinmphal quadriga, with an olive branch in his
to the farce: of the dictator, whether in the city right hand.—On a gold coin of Liniaiua Pater.
or at a distance from it, to the number of twenty The securily boasted of by the base-born and
four. The same number was also granted to brutal prince, who caused this medal to be struck,
both consuls if they happened both to march forth is considered by Eckhel as indicated to have been
together. obtained in the first place by the defeat of
Havercamp observes that the Secures in fas Maxentius, and afterwards by that of Maxirninus
cibus have, by way of ornament, the head some Daza, [after whose death Licinins and Constan
times of a horse, sometimes of a ram, placed on tinus (the Augg alluded to in the legend) remained
the middle of them. Au example of this kind masters of the empire, the former receifing for
is given in Morcll, on coins of the Liciniu family-, his allotted portion the eastern provinces] Ami
and also of the yam Norbana, so far as relates the present coin proves beyond a doubt that the
to thefascrr, but the securis does not appear on unruly Licinius, having overthrown his rifll.
thorn. [The types in question may, therefore, assumed the honours of the triumph in some city
perhaps be considered to represent thefaacea in of the east for a victory gained over his cvrn
the state in which they were borne before the countrymen. The more modest Constantine
consuls within the city.] had indeed used the same sort of inscription
Securia ziintimaria, the sacred axe, used in (Securitas reipubliccr), but with a very ditferent
dividing the bones and the flesh of the victim type, namely, the usual figure of Security, leaning
into many parts, and the same sacrificial instru on a column.
mcnt was also employed to slay the victim.—'l‘he SECVRIT. PERPET. DD. NN.-The usual
figure of it appears, as a mark of the chief pon type and attributes of Security.
tificate, on coins of Julius Gzmr and others. The above legend appears on a middle brass
It is likewise seen on coins of the Aemilia, of Galerins Maximinns (in which, by the WI)‘,
Antonia, Domitia, and Jzmia families, accom the mintmaster has blundercd the word Perpet
panied with the capeduncula and other sacerdotal into I’epret).—Eel(hel is of opinion that this
insignia. coin was struck not long after the period Whfll
Securitas.—Secnrity, as a goddess worshipped Diocletian and Maximianus abdicated the imperial
by the Romans, is delineated in a great variety throne which they had filled together as we
of ways on their imperial coins. She appears ciated emperors; and that to those two prince
for the most part under the form of a woman in alone belongs the inscription of its reverie, ll!
matronly costume; though in some few instances which seczaritaa perpelua is promised to them,
she is but half clothed, having a veil thrown under the care and management of new Auyuh
over the lower extremities. Sometimes she is and Caesars; for in that age (beginning of till
quietly seated, as if perfectly at her ease and fourth century) the title of Domino; .\'o.rIer W15
having nothing to fear. That is to say, her right customarily given on money to the llrzgufi only
or her left elbow rests on her chair, and the as private individuals, but it was soon aflerwanii
hand supports her head, as in Nero. Or else greedily caught at both by Augusli and Canard!
one of her arms is placed above the head; an SECVRITAS PE RPE'l'VA.— Minerva stand
attitude which ancient artists regarded as charac ing, holding in her left hand a s ar rcvsfiflh
teristic of repose. She holds in one or other of and resting her right hand on a sliicld.—Sil\'¢1’
her hands either a sceptre, or a acipio, or the of Caracalla.
luula pum, or a cornucopise, or a patera, or u SECVRITAS P. R. Security q‘ t/le Roam-I
globe. On some medals there is near her a People.—Gold and silver of Otho bear tbii
lighted altar-, on others she stands leaning legend on their reverse, with the type vi
against, or with her arm upon, a column or Secilrilaa in a matron’s habit, who, lifting lht
cippus, having sometimes the legs crossed in a left harid to her head, and resting her elbow 011
tranquil, easy posture, carrying one of the above a chair, sits at her ease, holding the borhzplfl
mentioncd symbols, or otherwise holding before in her right hand.
her a branch or a crown of olive, or a palm Eclrhel gives the above as a genuine coin fwm
branch. The meaning of these various attitudes the Imperial Cabinet of Vienna, and lllfl3'>'
 SECURTTAS. SECURITAS. 727
that are extant with this type, not one has
to another published in Morell, which is more
fully inscribed POP. ROM. as “seeming to behitherto been found with the aforesaid altar.
snspected.”—Rasche quotes from the Arschot Nor has Sozomenus alluded to it.—Ncither does
collection a silver me of Titus (to whom Banduri agree with Socrates respecting the
indeed, but no! to ephemeral Otho, the legend reason why such like coins were struck. For,
might have been dedicated without either false judging from Julian's pcrtinacious adherence to
hood or flattery); but Eckhel, Mionnct, and the superstition of the Egyptians, he is of opinion
Akerman are alike ignorant of its existence, or that by the bull standing with two stars are to
more than doubtful of its authenticity, for they be understood lllncvis [one oftheoxen worshipped
take no notice of such a coin under Titus. On as the living symbol of the Nile, and] con
the other hand, Eclrhel describes from the secrated to the sun [Osiris], and Apis [another
illustrious museum of which he was himself the “sacred” bull also adored by the poo le of
C07!JP7'l’lll07', a silver coin of Vitellins (rather a Egypt] consecrated to the moon [lsis. In
glultonau: guarantee for the security of a good earnest, Amminnus relates that, at the
people), inscribed SECVRITAS i>. n., with a time he (Julian) tarried at Antioch, the new
woman seated before an alta.r.——Mionnet, who Apis, having been diligently sought for in
does not give this with P. 11., quotes one as Egypt, was at last found.—Coins of the kind in
reading SECVBITAS P. aoiraivi, and aflixes question (adds Eckhcl), besides being collected
thereto the words rllédaille Suspecle.—Mr. in astonishing numbers, also serve this purpose—
Akcrman’s Catalogue contains neither of the that, on the lower part, they shew the cities
above under Vitellius, but ascribes to that from whose respective mints they were issued,
Emperor’s mint a gold medal, bearing on its and that more distinctly than other monies
reverse SECVRITAS me. oniuuiu. and the figure exhibit them. Accordingly, there may he rend
of a female seated, which is not in either Eckhel on them-—.u\"r., aQviL., CONS., CYZIC., HEB-ACL.,
or Mion net. 1.von., N16,, SlRM., sis., TES., with the addition
SECVRITAS PVBLIC.-L—This legend of various arithmetical signs, either in Latin 01
(which for once, and only once, in the whole in Greek characters, thus serving very clearly to
imperial series of coins, was well applied in the explain the mint-marks of that ‘age. On other
ease of M. Aurelius) appears on a third brass of medals of the same emperor, especially those
Hanniballianus (brother of Delmatius, and nephew of the Vola, there is a careful notation of
of Constantine, who was murdered A.D. 337). the cities [wherein they were struck], amongst
It claims remark only on account of the unusual which is also found van. son. (the city of
type, namely, a river god reclining on the Reine).
ground, his right hand resting on a staff, near The same legend of sncvnmis aizirvnnicsn,
him is an urn whence water issues forth, and but with a type more worthy of a Roman coin
also a reed.—On the exergue, coNs.—There is than the above favourite of. Julian (the beast
another coin of the same unfortunate young worshipper), appears on a gold and third brass
prince, inscribed SECVRITAS BEIPVBLICAE, with of Flnvia Helena. On these the Security of the
a similar type to the above, published by Commonwealth is personified hy a woman in
Bandui-i.—It is the conjecture of Tristan that the stola, standing with a branch in her right
the river here meant is the Euphrates, which hand.—In the exergue SMT.
divides Cappadocia from Syria and Armenia, Mr. Akerman, in noticing this type in gala‘,
and which afforded some sort of security (a very observes that it brought £23 at the sale of the
poor one it must be confessed) to the former Trattle collection. It is valued at 1000 francs
province, of which, together with Pontus and by Mionnet, who says a. coin of modern fabric
Armenia, the government, with the title of is known, bearing on the cxergue SMR.
king, had been assigned to Hanniballianus by SECV RITAS REIPVBLlCAE.—'I‘hislc-gend,
his uncle Constantine. but with types of a very dificrent kind to those
SECVRITAS REIPVBh'cze.—A bull stand on Julian’s, and likewise varying from each
ing: above its head are two stars; on some there other, also appear on coins of that philosophical
is a crown near the bull, on which an eagle pantheist’s nominally Christian successor,J0vian.
stands. In the excrgue are the names of various —One of these (in gold) exhibits two women
cities.—Second brass of Julianus Il. sitting, the right hand one of whom wears a
Of this type on medals of Julian, Socrates helmet, she to the left having her head turreted,
and Sozomenus (says Eckhel) have made mention. a spcnr in her left hand, and her left foot on the
Namely, that the townsmen of Antioch falling prow of a ship. They together hold a buckler,
short of provisions, and the emperor being inscribed vor. v. MYLT. x., outhe exergue slim.
present, as they were of their own peculiar or the lilte.——A similar type, but with Gloria
inclination given to banter and jest, said that a instead of SECVRITAS, appears on gold of Con
bull should be engraved on coins, and the whole stuntinus ll. in .l[us. (7¢2.v.—On others (in gold
world (01-bi: Ierramm) be perverted by its and silver), the emperor standing in a military
example. For, as Socrates explains the point habit holds in his right hand a Iabarum, with
(of this joke), Julian, when continually immo the monogram of Christ, and in his left a globe,
lating bulls on the altars of the gods, com a captive sitting at his fcet.—The silver of this
mnnded an altar and a bull to he engraved on epigraph, with the last described type, are in the
coins.———As to what relates to the altar, Socrates highest degree of rarity, one of which Eckhcl
is certainly in error, for among the many coins records as being in the lmperial Museum at
 0

728 SECURITAS.—SEGETIA. SELLA CURULIS.

Vienna.-—A female figure draped, standing, and with ssooanroa within an oakeu crown, on
holding a branch. Sec HELENA. their reverse.-There are no others of this
SECVRITAS TEl\IPOR\’M.—Security rest Roman station.
ing her elbow on a column, and holding the Sella C'uruli.r.-—-'I‘he_curule chair wasa scat of
hasta.—Silvcr and gold, and second brass coins dignity, of which the Romans, it is believed,
of Mucrinus bear this legend, with the usual first adopted the use under king Tnrquinius
type of Security. And, perhaps, so far as Priscus, having borrowed it from the Etrnscang
reasonable hopes seemed to be warranted by the from whom they copied many other customs
appearance and prospect of things at the outset besides this, and on whose monuments a chair of
of this emperor's accession to the throne of the similar form often presents itself. Name had
Caesars, it may be remarked in reference to the already granted it to the Flamen of Jupiter as s
epigraph of the present medal (what Vaillant mark of his pontificial oflice. It was made of,
says, Pr. ii. vol. 2 p. 264, of another of the or at least covered with, ivory, high and orna
same reign, inscribed rsmcrras rsnvoavn), mented with engraved signs and figures, sup
that it was not to be wondered at if Macrinus ported on four carved feet, in form almost his
became an object of eulogy on the ground of two pair of horse shoes, each pair placed inversely
having restored Security to the Times in which one above the other, as is shown on several
he was elevated by the mcclnmation of the whole family coins.——After the change from monarchical
senate to the supreme rank and honours of the to republican government at Rome, the rrlla
Augusti ; for Herodianns says——Neque vero curulis was appropriated, as a peculiar mark of
lanlopere gaudebiznl omner Macrini successions, their high ofiice, to dictators, consuls, pntluri,
guanfopere ezultabant festamque lrrlitiam uni censors, ediles, and also to the prefect of the
verri agilabant, quod Antonino (Caracalla) city (prq/'eclus urbis), who for that reason were
librrrati euent. lndeed, the fratricidal, and called curule magistrates. The pontiff: and the
would have bem parricidal, son of Severus had vestals likewise had the right of the curule chair.
long been looked upon as the most cruel tyrant But neither the qnestores nor the tribunes were
of Rome, beloved only by a venal soldiery, honoured with a similar distinction. The hirh
whom his largesses had enriched, and whom his magistrates endowed with the jzu ullrt carilil
ruifianism encouraged in their proiligacy. were at liberty to have it carried with them
Seyslia, or Seyeshz, so called from segeles; wherever they went, not only at home, butslso
was supposed to preside over wheat and other extra urbem, if sent on any military expedition,
corn when they appeared or appointed to administer the government of an)‘
above ground.—— Cum verb province.
jam super ler-ram esasnl, Sella Cm-uli.r.—On a denarius of the (hnrlia
says St. Augustin -(De family appears a curule chair, between the liters
Civil. Dei), at segefem and a garland; with legend of sv1.La. coa Q.
facerent Deam Segiliam POMPEI. RVF.—Ren. avsvs. cos. Q. roam.
prapomerunl. We are Q. r.—A curule chair, between an arrow mill
informed by Millin (in branch of laurel.
his Dictionnaire de la This silver coin records the colleagneship at
Fable) that this female the celebrated L. Cornelius Sulla and Q. Pomptilii
deity was invoked for the fields at seed time, Rufus, who made the procure: mural!"-Y
under the name of Seia, and that she was not together in the year of Rome 666.-—ln that
called Segelia until the plant had grown np. types the curule chair indicates the suprrmfi
The virtuous and beneficent, though in a honour of the consulate enjoyed by Snlla-. th=
religious sense benighted and ignorant, Salonina, lituns shows the augural dignity with which he
wife of Gallienus, paid peculiar worship to this was also invested. The other attributes artfli
goddess, as is attested by those coins of hers doubtful significntion.—See Cornelia.
inscribed nms ssearrss. It was that exemplary On one denarius of the Lollia family we 51? ‘
princess who took upon herself, in a time of laurel crown, and on one of the Norbasa family
great public calamity, the care of procuring a a helmet, placed on a curule chair. On anolllfl
plentiful supply of provisions for the population the calla curulia is placed between two corn HI‘!
of Rome, and it was her real sentiment of piety, The Sella Curulis appears on coins of lhi
however mistaken and ill-directed, which caused Furia and other families, between t1ro_fiI~'¢"
her to build in that city a temple to the rural with the secures. This is considered to indiqiil
divinity, who, under the above name, was the provincial prmtorship of the indiridlllh °'
supposed to yield her special protection to the of the ancestor of the individual, aaoccari,
crops of corn and other grain at the time of who, as monetal iiivir, struck the coin. 011}
harvest.-—Sec Dme Segelia. coin of the Licineia family, the curule chi"
Segobriga (now Segorbe), a city of the stands between six fasces without the -a'fl1Yf‘-'
Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraeonensis (part of viz., three on each side.——'l‘his Ill’-Iltlrllli, whwh
modern Arragon and Valencia), respecting bears on its obverse the bare head of amen, W"
which and Bilbilia Sertorius and Metcllus waged struck by L. Liv11\'r:ivs 1uzev|.vs, who, 119 ll"
a bloody war. It was a Roman munieipium, words rnssr. van. intimates, was (al.‘t‘01‘\lll|_§ 1°
possessing the privileges of the Ilalicum, the opinion of Havercamp) one of the pmltf"
and its imperial coins bear successively the of the city, whom Julius Csesar, 0" 11°“?
heads of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, into Spain, left at Rome, as Dion stew?’ ‘ml
 SELLA CURULIS. SEMP. 729
vho assumed to himself the jus hclorum ei consecrated Vespasian. This was also placed in
rella curulia. And the circumstance of the n temple as a sign of the highest respect for the
laces, wanting, in this instance, the secure: (or new daily, the remembrance of which honour
ores), serves to support the doctrine of Spanheim paid to so great a prince Trajan has here rc
hat those edged tool: were additions not tolerated storcd.—A similar restitution by the same em
luring the consular government as part of the peror is also extant, of which ]i'tu:’s consecra
nsignia of the Urban Praafects. tion is in like manner the object of reverence.
The Sella Cm-ulis appears on a denarius of Sella I/nperatoria, called also Cast-‘renrzk, was
r. Pmurroalvs, whose oflice is also verbally the curnlc chair which the generals of a Roman
rxpressed by LED". CVR. Cicero himself has army, in the time of the republic, used when in
-ommemorated (Pro J. Cluenlio) the cnrule camp with their troops, and which afterwards
edileship of that eminent magistrate. became the throne of the emperors.
Sella aurea at cor0na.——A curnlc chair of Sella Priucipis Juve/2tulis.—A chair was
;old and a crown were decreed by the senate to given, as a token of honour, to such sous of
l0D0!I.1' the memory of Julius Crcsar. emperors as were graced with the title of
In reference to this fact, a 8L'f/a curulzlr, upon Prince q/' the (Roman) Youth. A seat with an
vhich is a laurel crown, presents itself on a amzc/inlerium, or back, richly ornamented, and
ilver coin, struck in honour of Julius after his with a alrayu/um, or embroidered cover, spread
leath by order of Octavianus, his adopted son over it, is elaborately figured on the reverse of a
.nd heir, whose head (caasaa Ill\'1l_1. 11.. P. e.) silver coin of Domitian, with‘ the inscription
s on the obverse. (See Morell’s Fain. Julia, PRINCEPS IVVENTVTi.r; on the obverse
ab. 7). In this instance the curule chair itself appear CAES. DIVI. F. DOMITIANVS. COS.
IBEX! the inscription caasan mo. PER. ; in VII., and the laureated head o'f that emperor,
lthers there is ax. s. c. in the field. It was who, in his seventh consulate, on the death of
loubtless the -rella decreed among other honours his father, was declared b’y his brother Titus
>y the senate as related by Dion. partner with and successor to him in the
(Dnze) Sella Curule.r.—Raschc says that to empire (imperii censors et successor), and to
he above-mentioned ceremony of placing magis whom a chair of this ornamental and honorary
crial mementos of illustrious persoaages, even description was assigned.—In Morcll is an en
vhen absent or dead, in the theatres at Rome, graving of the above coin, and the commen
s to be referred the circumstance of two curule of Gorias thereupon, who says 1 that “the rella
hairs appearing on silver coins dedicated to was classed amongst those decorations with
1'cspasian and Titus after their death and conse which the .e'0ur qf emperors were endowed, as
ration. But with this remark of the learned soon as they were culled Caaars, may be
cxicographer, I do not find any coin in i\Iorcll gathered from Tacitus (Hist. 1. iv. c. i.), who
>r elsewhere to correspond. A gold coin bear says respecting Domitian: Nomen SEDEIIIQVE
ng a type of the same character, having acurule C'AES.»lRIS Domilianus acceperat; it is there
hair with a laurel crown upon it, occurs in the fore not surprising if on his medals the sella
ase of Titus, but struck during his lifetime, as is so often assigned to him.”
ts inscription (ra. 1>. ix. IMP. xv. cos. vnr. P. P.) Sella Junonis, or ll[atr0nali.r.—This was a
manifestly shows.——This custom, however, seems seat on which mat-rons at Rome performed
o have been revived amongst the Romans from sacred rites to the goddess Juno. Hence on
he usages of the old republic, during which, at Roman coins (as in Faustina seu.), a curule
nnerals of illustrious men, the etligics of their chair, traversed by a hasta, or a sceptre, is
ncestors were placed in ivory chairs, such as used as a symbol of Juno, to designate the
vcrc the -relke ¢mrule.r.—Seats of this kind were consecration of Augusta.
Ilflfifid in the theatres in honour not only of Semis, or Semi.r.ri:, or Semi as, the half as,
r-ceased or absent emperors, but also of their indicating half a pound, weighed at first six
wives, as in the instance of Faustino, empress ounces. But when the Roman commonwealth
if Antoninns Pius, or of their relations and found itself unequal to meet the expenses
irogeny, as in the case of Marcellus and Ger incurred from the Puuic wars, it began to
nanicus.—By degrees also it was so ordered, that diminish the weight of this early piece of brass
lot merely one chair of this sort was assigned to money. Besides the face of Jupiter, there were
-ne emperor, but, out of greater reverence for struck on the semiaser the heads of Apollo,
he defunct Augustus, several of them were in Ilercules, Mars, Pallas, Rome, &c. But the
his manner publicly dedicated, as in the case of ship of Saturn (represented by the prow of a
’crtinax, at whose death three sella curules were galley) was impressed on the reverse side of
o appropriated. Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 210. most of them. And for the most part, on each
.‘he same honours of the sella were sometimes field of the coin, is the mark S, (or the same
xhibited in temples to the Cicsars. reversed S, or lying u>,) or six globules . . - . . -
Sella curulir, supra quam fulmen.-—A curule Many of these coins bear the names of Roman
eat, with a thunderbolt upon it, appears on families.—Sec A: R0/1umu.r, and its parts illus
;old and silver of Ve.rpa.n'an, inscribed urr. tratcrl.
:AES. TRAIAN, &,c., nr:s'r.—It is well known SEMI’. Semper.——sEMP. AVG. Se’m1)er
says Vaillant) that the fulmm is a symbol of Au_7u.s-tu.s.—~This title (according to Bauduri) is
mpcrial power, and we see it on this coin de seen first on coins as given to the l*impcror
iosited on the aella curulis in memory of the Julian II.—[It seems but another mode of ex
5A
730 SEMPRONLA.-—SENATUS. SENATUS.
pressing the permanent possession of the im- bably unique. The obverse shews the bust of
perial dignity by the reigning prince, as implied, Constantine arrayed in robes covered with
is the PERPetuu.r lMP¢-ralar, and the PERP. ornament, holding a globe in his lefi hand-, and
AVG. of an earlier period, as in Probus, and in a sceptre, surmounted by an eagle, in the right.
Constantine II.] It was struck at. Treves, in compliment to the
Sempronia.—'l'he surnames of this Roman emperor and the senate.
family as they appear on coins are Atraiinue, SENATVS — — — NVS.—Vict0ry walling.
G’-ravens, and Pilio. Of these (as Livy shews) holds a shield in her right hand, on which is
the Atratini were patricians, the Gracchi ple- inscribed vi. av.
beiuus; of what order were the Pitiones is Eclrhel gives the above from a silver coin ei
uncertain.—Although Morell gives twenty-two Vitellius, in the imperial cabinet, and, tilting up
varieties, in silver and first brass, yet the types the letters which are wanting in the legend thus:
are, as Mr. Alrerman observes, “ for the most SENATVS R0maNVS, he remarks that the
part uninteresting; consisting of the winged inscription appears in this ease for the firsttim:
head of Minerva, with the reverse of the on the coinage of the Romans. “Byits ty!
Dioseuri.”—A very rare gold coin, bearing on (he adds) the senate rejoices at the August\‘i:u\r_r
its obverse the moderately bearded face of (Vlctoria Avgusla) gained by Vitellius our
Octavian, with nivi iv1.r. l"., and on its reverse Otho.”-—Vol. vi. p. 317. _
a female figure holding rudder and eornucopiai, SENATVS.—Sec EX SENATVS C0)
together with the imposing inscription of T1. SVLTO.—GENIO Sl'lNA'l'\"S P. R» ii
ssnesonrvs GRACCVS mr.vra. Q. pesto. has Ga1lienus.—MATer SENaIu.r, a title givmw
given rise to a dissertation of Havereamp’s, in Jnlia Domna.-PATER SE.\'AT\'S, in Cen
which Eclrhel finds him to have twice shewn modus.—PATRES SENATVS, in Balbimii.
symptoms of somnolence (bis dormitat); and PIETATI SENATVS, in Commodus.
about which nothing of consequence seems pro- Semztua, Senate, or assembly of scnatofl. ll!
bable than what the coin itself indicates, viz., name given (from JIPIIBJ, because, at first,e/do!
that this Graccua (of plebeian parentage, to say alone, on account of their experience and $11?
nothing “dc aeditiond’ of his famous agitating posed prudence, were alone selected fur mem
aneestors,) officiated as Quatuor 1n'r monelalis hers) to that council of state, which Roms]?
to Augustus, and at the time when he struck instituted to assist him in the government 0!
the coin was Qurestor elect.—Thcre are silver his infant kingdom, and to regulate its pubis
pieces of this family coined by the mintmasters affairs, during his absence on any nrlik
of Julius Caesar and Augustus. The brass are expedition. '1'he original number appointed by
either the as, or parts of the a.7. the founder of Rome was one hlmdml, W1
SEN. Senatu.s.—See MAT. sen. mar. PAT. these being chosen from the oldest, as vicll is
Mater Senalua, Mater Pairia of Julia Domna, the wealthiest and wisest of the citizens, I11’!
SEN. Senior or Senior-i.—This title is called patricians, from the word paler.-Tlb
frequcntly read on coins of the Emperors qninius Priscus (himself a nova: homo and 11'
Diocletian and Maximian, to indicate (Spanheim foreign descent) was the first who, from am\"Es'
observes), or to explain the cause of their both the most eminent of the commonalty (p1l’»l-'./_
abdicating the government at the time when took another hundred men of advanced xi.“-l
the strength of Maximian was still unimpaired. conferred upon them the senatorial title flji
SENAT. Senatua.—See CONSENSV SENA'l‘., dignity. It was the object of Romulini 1“
&c. Consenau Senatua, J/-0., as in Augustus. creating the senate, to establish a body '51
SENAT.—See PATEB SENAT. of Commodus, should perform a leading part in the adiniai-111
and PATRES SENAT. of Balbinus. tion of government, and occasionally to com
SENATVS.—The emperor in imperial or mand in his place. His successors suppoflel
Benatorlkl habit, richly ornamented with the it in the excmise or this great authority will
mm lulu, lloltllng iii ha right lllilld 3 globe, Tsrquiu the Proud began to reign; at be
according to Livy, abolished their former PB”
rogatives; had a council of his own, consfllmi
neither senate nor people, but made pwf "J
war, treaties and alliances, with whom 5?
pleased. Afier the expulsion of that twil
and the abolition of the Roman monarrhii lb‘
first consuls, in order to supply the places 0!
those whom Tarquin had slain, and at the 511??
time to augment the order, made it to cansfi
of three llllnllltbtl. It was at ma eporlll the
the senate possessed its highest dcgm J
political power. lt then beczmie absvluli
master of the commonwealth, and a M4?"
and in his left a sceptre. In the cxcrgue SMTS. com-ultum was the sole channel of information
This beautiful gold medallion of Constantine about public matters to “the masms.” Di
the Great forms the vignette to the second people, in fact, appeared to have enjoyul ll‘
volume of Mr. Akcrrnan’s “Rare and Uuedited finitely less liberty under the corsnlar )_'O\t‘i'!
Roman Coins." He observes it is most pro- ment than had been granted by Romului, 313
 SENATUS. SENATUS. 731
continued to them by the majority of their kings. of re-establishing the senate in its old rights
For the insupportable weight of the Patrician under Nero; but Tacitus, who alludes to the
yoke the people revolted in the year v.c. 259, circumstance, observes that it was a mere
and their retreat to Mons Sacer proved the disguise of that prince, who, under some such
means of obtaining for them the right of electing a fair outside, sought to mask his real inten
Tribzznes as the peculiar magistracy of the Ple tions, which soon betrayed themselves in the
beians; and the subsequent law by which, on the most atrocious encroachments. Succeeding
occasion of the atfair of Coriolanus, every Roman Caasars, equally arbitrary, and some of them
citizen, without respect for order or dignity, still more artful, proceeded in the gradual but
should be compelled to answer, when duly sum effectual task of robbing this powerful and once
moned to appear, before the people assembled in majestic body of all its state privileges, and of
canzilia by tribes; the patricians having pre erecting imperial despotism on the ruin, humilia
viously acknowledged themselves amenable to tion, and disgrace of the senatorial order.
no other judges than the senate itself. But, Senatus C0n.ruZ¢um.—See s. C.
although thus materially shorn of its over pre SENATVS. PIETATI. AVGVSTI. S. C.
dominating power, this aristocratic and justly On an elegant first brass of Galba, with the
influential body still remained the sole guardian foregoing legend, a senator is represented in the
of the public treasure ; it took cognizance of all act of crowning the emperor. Havercamp, in
political affairs committed in Italy, retained the his commentary on Morell’s engraving of this
right of sending ambassadors to, and of receiving coin, says he has no doubt but that this remark
envoys from, foreign princes and states ; it con able type refers to two similar statues, which
tiniicd to exercise the prerogative of decrceing were erected at Rome by a decree of the senate
triumphs, of receiving the despatches trans in honour of Galba. For he is here seen crowned
mitted by those who commanded the Roman by the senate, or by the Genius of the senate, a
armies; and in great emergencies of ordering the rite originally performed among the Greeks at
consuls to raise forces for the preservation of the ceremony of raising statues, and which seems
the state. The senate was moreover entrusted to have been adopted from them by the Romans.
with the supcrintendenee of all that concerned As to the Piety celebrated on this medal, the
the festival rites and the functionaries of religion. same numismatist regards it as an allusion to
In a word, so long as the free republic lasted, that display of modesty which distinguished the
it was regarded by all as the sacred head, the conduct of Galba, who shunned the appearance
perpetual council, the support, defender, and of assuming the empirc without the consent of
prescrver of the commonwealth. Three hun the senate, and who, after he had revolted from
dred remained the number of the senate up to Nero and been saluted as emperor by the army,
the age of Sylla. And, although the amount had the prudent shrewdness (as Snetouius relates)
to which he increased it cannot be precisely to call himself only Legatum Senatus ac Populi
ascertained, yet probably it then exceeded four Ronumi.-—See GENIO SENATVS.
hundred, which was the number in Cicero’s SENATVS. POPVLVSQVE. ROMANVS.
time, as may be gathered from his letters to S. C.—A column, on which is an owl. This
Atticus.—When thc empire supplanted the legend and type present themselves on a first
republic a corresponding change took place in brass of Trajan. And in reference to the
the constitution of the senate, which had already column, Ficoriui, in his dissertation on lcadcn
been enormously increased by Julius Cmsar. coins, has expressed an opinion that it was
(Dion says to nine hundred, and Suetonius carries intended to represent the one which is to this
it to one thousand). But as a great many of day seen lying on the ground within the palace
these new members were totally unworthy of called Curia Irlnocenziana on Monte Uiloria at
the honour (for strangers from Gaul and else Rome.
where had been introduced into association with SEN. AVG.—Senior Augurtus, additions to
the palrea conacripli of Rome) Augustus sig the title of the Emperor Val. Jllazimianua. The
nalised his accession to supreme power, amongst word Senior appears on coins of Diocletian and
other things, by bringing the senate back again his colleague Maximian, who reserved to them
to the numbers, and restoring it to the out selves this honour, in their abdication of the
ward splendour which it had before the civil empire.
war-, or, perhaps, he permitted it to be numeri SEN.-ET. P. R.—Sce vora oasis, &c., of
cally greater, as, according to Dion, it then Constantine the Great.
consisted barely of six hundred senators; and, Senez, an old man, bearded, with a staff,
although succeeding emperors sometimes made which a serpent entwines with his folds.—See
anginentations, its average number was never lisculapiiu.
afterwards much more. The revolution, still An old man borne on the shoulders of a
rejecting the name of King, gave ii monarchical youngi=r.—Sce Heremiia family.
form to the goveriiincnt, and soon influenced the SEN. FORT. IMP.—Seiiior Fortisrimus
position of the senate. Aiigustus's appointment Imperator, on a consecration medal of Val.
of a distinct council of state was the first blow Maiiimianus, given by Banduri.
struck at the pristine authority of that celebrated Sentia, ii plebian family, from which sprang
assembly. Tiberius managed step by step to C. SENTIVS, who served as tribune of the
deprive it of executive power in matters of any people A.V.C. 65l.—It had the surname of
leading importance. There was, indeed, a show Salm-ninus.—On the obverse of one of the many
5A2
732 SENTIAM.—SEPULLIA. SEPULLIA.——SERAPIS .
denarii of this family, bearing the winged head handing down to us portraits of Julius Cesar in
of Pallas, is inscribed ARG. PVB.—-on the various attire,~and with different inscriptions.
reverse is the name L. SENTIu.r C. F. And, on the reverse accompanying the names ui
L. SENTIus Caii l"ilius, and the type P. snevnmvs nscaa, we see in one instance the
Jupiter in a quadrigs.—On the reverse of favourite tutelary of the Dictator, Venus Vidal: ;
nnother denarius we read L. SA'l‘VRNinu.r; the and in another the dedicatory epigraph c|.axr§
type being a naked man driving n four-hcrsed rlan CAESARIS, also of frequent occurrence on
cur at full speed, and holding up in his right the coins of Julius.—The following is one ol
handa curved k_mf'e.—It is not clearly known the rarer types of this family :—
who was the L. Sentius who had the charge of No legeud.—A veiled head, bearded, before
coining these earlier denarii dena:-ii.s) it the lituus, behind it the prrcfericulum.
out of the public silver—ARGentum PVBIicum. Rev.—P. 81-IPVLLIVS inset-za. An equestrian
As to what the naked man on the latter coin (Derullar) guiding two horses, which heurgzs
holds in his right hand, Eekhel ees with on with raised whip; behind is a_palm branch
Havercamp in pronouncing it to be t e faI.z- (or and n garland. ’
curvcd reaping hook), and, from that symbol The veiled head on this denarius is considmrl
recognizing Saturn, the more likely to be figured to be that of Mark Antony. And from the
by Scntius on his coins, because the name of circumstance of its' exhibiting a beard (the fact
that deity bore allusion to his own cognomen of being recorded that Antony suficred his bcardt-1
Satuminmr. (Sec Salurn.)—There arc thirty grow for some time in token of his grief for
one varieties, but diitering only in minute par Cazsar’s murder), it would ap that than
ticulars. The silver common. silver coins of Sepullins were struck not long
SENTIAM.—Fortune standing, with her after the death of the Dictator, the head of
rudder and cornucopia:.—Rev. l'ELIcrrnn., with Julius being placed on some of them, in grateful
out type.—Thcsc appear on a Ieaden coin, or remembrance of such a man, by the than
teuera, of the third m itude; and Seguin in governing triumvirate.
his Selecta Num. Jntiq. honoured it with an The male figure on the reverse, riding on one
attempt at explanation, more copious and much horse and leading another, is regarded by
more serious than merited b , or clucidative of, numismatic antiguaries as one of the de:sll07'-',
the subject; on which Ban elot, in his Utility’ or equestrian vanlters [the Ducrovrs and B3il_\'5
dca Voyages, is judiciously briefer, but scarcely of their day], whose part it was, at lllfi
more luminous.—'l‘hesc counters, in the heaviest Apollinarian and other public games, to spar on
and dnllcst of metals, if they have any meaning, two horses together at their fullest speed, $1
have most probably reference to thefeeZz'n_/;.r and that, being mounted on one, they presently
fortunes of the private individual who caused jumped upon the other, nnd back againallernntelp
them to bc struck, with wonderful quickness.-——Hence, byametaplwh
SEP., or SEPT.—Septima, an appellation the light and tickle character, he who oolznol
adopted by the several colonies of Laodicma in many mistresses, or who often changed polilifll
Syria, Sebaste in Palestine, and Tyrus in sides, was called desultor. Thus Ovid
Phoznicia, from the prazuomen of their founder, Non miJu'millepl1u:ent, non sum desahor amorih
or benefactor, Septimins Severus.
Sepia, places in the Campus Martins at Rome But Mnnilius (Aatron. l. v. 85), whom Ikkhfl
enclosed with mils, in which the people were happily quotes, aifords the clearest l.llllSll1ll'~l-'|
accustomed to assemble for the purpose of giving to the type in question :
their votes. From the resemblance which they Nee nan alterno desultor sidrre /WP’
originally horc to sheep-folds, these sepia were Quadrupedum, et stabiles pom-it 11¢;/igere plunw.
also called ovih-.r. They were thirty-fivc in Perque volebat equos, ludcns per tcrya r0Im+lv=
number, one for each Ir-ibu: or ward. Built at Thcse bold and skilful horse-riders are likewise
first of wood, they were afterwards more solidly typified on coins of the fllarcia and Ca!1m'I'#*
constructed, and, under the emperors, shews of families.
gladiators and other spectacles were occasionally SER. Sergiu.r.—On coins of Galba, 'fl1°5‘i
given in them to the people.—The septa, as used pramomen it was.
for the purpose of collecting the popular suifrages, SER. Servalo.s.—Sec OB GIVES SERMM
are seen depicted on denarii of the Cocceia, Serapir.——The mythology of the Egyptiwfi Ii
Hostilia, I/icinia, and Muuidia families.—v. more than usually obscure and diflicult in fl
mi: locia. plnining the powers and attributes ofthis diV'l\"*."'
Septem. Sqafima, Septimmn.—This number, whose name and worship, however, though !l°‘
seven, we find written on Roman coins vn.— known to them in the earliest age, was eta later
Thus, vii. vln. S¢-_ptemvir..—-Leo. VII. Legio period held above all others in the highlzt \'¢"5l'
Seplima.—i.\lP. VII. Imperrzlor Sqriimum. once and distinction by that s|1pcrstitiouspe1>]1l¢
SEPVL. Sepulliu.r.—Family name of a -—That the ancients themselves wen: at mum-“
Roman.—1>. SEPVL. uscnn. Publius Sqzulliue with each other respecting Serapis is shown 5.‘
ll[acer.—Sec Sepullia. that passage in Tacitus wherein it is -'1l'fi1'll}“l
SEPVLLIA, a family snrnamcd Marer, known that many recognised in this god, .-Escslapvsr,
only from its coins, struck in silver b the imputing the healing of sickness to his inter?‘-‘"
moneycrs of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.— tion; some thought him identical with Own}
It has thus been the instrument, however, of the oldest deity of the Egyptians; othen '5“
 SERAPIS. SER.-\PIS.— SERAPIDI. 733
regarded him as Jupiter, possessing universal altar placed between them.—Sec ADVENTVI AVG.
power; but by most he was believed to be the ALEXANDRIAE.
same as Pluto, the “gloomy” Dis Pater of the On a eoin of the colony of Caisarea (con. PRIM.-\
infernal regions. Be this as it may, the general rL. AVG. cansam), struck under M. Aurelius,
impression of the ancients obviously seemed to the head of Serapis is depicted, covered with
have been, that by Serapis, was to be understood the calat/ms, or bushel measure. This serves
the beginning and foundation of things; and as one of numerous proofs that the worship ot‘
accordingly we find him adored in process of Serapis was greatly spread at this time among
time not only at Alexandria,‘ but at Athens, and th'e ditfercnt nations of the pagan world; and
in other Greek cities, some of which charged corroborates the observation made by Vaillant
their coins with the figure of this deity. At (tom. i. p. 167), that the ancients understood,
length the Romans, whose fondness for new gods by the name of Serapis, thc universe itself,
increased with the corrupting influence of their or rather the soul of the world, that is to say,
foreign conquests, introduced the worship of that ancient principle which gives life and
Serapis within the walls of their city ; not, how motion to all created beings. '
ever, without opposition and resistance for a On a coin of Commodus, in Ec_khel’s Cat. (ii.
season on the of the senate to the popular p. 264), Serapis is depicted with Isis behind
thirst after such novelties. Through the influence holding the nlrtrum. Opposite to them is
of P.Victor an altar was erected to Serapis in the Commodus wearing the toga, Victory standing
Circus Flaminii, and it quicklg assumed the form at his back and crowning him. Serapis and the
of a snpcrb temple, which, a cr its Alexandrina Emperor join right hands‘ together. '
prototype, was called the Sera éon. The prin Jobert (Science dea Médailler, vol. ii. p. 369)
cipal ltalian cities, never far bc ind Rome in the in animadverting on the ‘word Pantheon, which
race of idolatry, soon imitated her example in signifies an assemblage of the symbols of several
this instance; and it was not long before the dilfcrent deities in one personification, illustrates
worshi of Serapis was extended from Italy by his_ meaning by reference to a bronze medal
the ' erent colonies sent from that countr into (coined in Egypt) of Antoninus Pius. This
Asia Minor.—lt has already been noti that presents on its reverse the hcnd of a man in
amongst the motives for invoking this fabled which (says he), all in one, is to be recognised
deity, was his healing attribute, especially in “Serapis- by the boisscau or measure which it
cuscs of acute diseases. Marcus Aurelius, tor carries; the Sun by its crown of rays; Jupiter
tured with the malady which afterwards proved Animon by the two rams’ horns ; Neptune by the
fatal to him, made a‘visit to the temple of trident ,- and iEsculapius by the serpent entwined
Serapis, at Perinthens, in Thrace‘; and thence, round the handle of the trident. See Pantheon.
according to his historian, he returned in health. -—[Th1s eoin is given not only in Jobert but
The circumstance is recorded on a medal (struck also by Seguin.]
by the Pcrinthians), on which is seen the head On a large brass, struck by the colony of
of the emperor, and on the reverse that of S_inopc in honour of Geta,‘ is a majestic figure of
Serapis.-—At a much later aara, and with not Scrapis standing.-—See Pellerin, Jlélange, i.
the same excuse of educational prejudices, the xviii. No. 10.
Emperor Julian IL, another philosopher, but Thc Emperor Julian, in his ‘.‘ Crosars,”
bigotcdly preferring Paganism to Christianity, makes Jupiter address himself to his “ brother”
and especially delighting to honour l'lgyptian Serapia (the imperial author taking him here for
Polythcism, under Grecian and Roman names, Pluto), because (says his translator Spanheim)
consulted the oracle of Apollo, for the purpose it was in his celebrated temple at Alexandria
of learning whether Pluto and Scrnpis were (1/1e yrandest and most deautgi/‘ul in t/re world,
diiferent gods; and he rccdvcd for answer that as we learn from 'l'lieodoret), that Vespasian rc
Jupiter-Serapir and Pluto were one and t/re ccived iutclligcnce of the death of Vitcllius, and
same divinily.-——We sc_c the use of this made by even other auguries of his own accession to the
that able, brave, accomplished, but wretchcdly throne. This perhaps led his son Domitian to
inconsistent man and most eccentric prince, ralsc a temple to that god of Rome, or at least
in his coins inscribed mso SEKAPIDI; vora to re-build the one which was burnt during tho
1>vnr.rc.»\, &c. reign of Titus.”
Serapia is represented with thick hair and M. Dumcrsan, in his Descriptive Selgciian
rough beard; he is also furnished on his head of Ancient Medals from the Allier ale Hau
with the measure (modim) or basket (calatluuj teroc/ze Cabinet, has given an engraving of
seen in Greek coins on the head of Jupiter.—In an unedited first brass, struck at Siuope, and
the Roman imperial series, he usually stands dedicated to Marcus Aurelius.—'l'he reverse of
with right. hand elevated and holding a staff this beautiful coin bears for its legend c. 1. F.
transversely, and the skirts of his garment in sworn arm. ccvn., and for type the busts of
his left, always with the madiua in capife. It Serapis and Isis.—See pl. x. No. 17, pl. 67.
is thus that he is delineated on coins of Com SERAPIDI CONSER. AVG.-Serapis
modus, Caracalla, Trebonianus Gallus, Gallienus, standing with the modius on his head, his right
Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, and Helena. hand extended, and a spear or wand in his left.
Serapis, on a first brass of Hadrian, given by On a rare silver coin of Commodus.
Vaillant, appears with Iris, and they both join Lampridius bears witness to the fact that
hands with that emperor and Sabina, across an Commodus was mightily addicted to the super

f
734 SERAPl'DI.—SERPENT. SERPENT.
stition of the Egyptians, that he sacrificed to Isis, a few instances in which it is represented both
shaved his head, and oflicinted as a priest in the on the Consular and on the Imperial medals of
procession of Anubis. As, therefore, Serapis R0me.—The inventor of medicine, rEscn.lapius,
was thought by many to be E-sculapius, Vaillant son of Apollo, was worshipped by the Roman-‘>
supposes that the medal was struck on the occa under the form of a serpent. That animal was
sion of Comrnndus being cured of some disease, the sign of the health-restoring faculty, because,
after paying his vows to Serapis, who is for that as the serpent, in casting off its skin, was sup
reason here called the Emperor’s preseryer (Con posed to become young again, so the sick,
servator ./lugusfi.) through the tutelary aid of the healing deity,
SERAPIDI COMITI AVGusti.—This le were believed by the ancients to renew life and
gend, with the type of the god, and an ibis at to put off old age. It was in consequence of
his feet, appears on a first brass of G-allienu_s, this animal being thus regarded as the symbol of
who, having selected a multitude of deities as his renovation, that the name Serpcnlariu-I took its
preservers, here condcscends to acknowledge the rise in reference to the constant attribute of
great Serapis for his “ companion.” Escnlapius.
SERGIA, a family of high patrician rank, The Serpent, with the head of Serapis, on
which, according to Virgil (Aeneid. v. 12l_), ro medals struck under Autonine, is thought, by
fcrred its origin to Sergcstus, the compamon of Millin, to signify a beneficcnt genius and the
Eueas: master of nature. This serpent is also seen on
Sergutmque, dormu tenet a qua Sergio nomen. a medal of Nero, with a legend which indicates
that this emperor was a new benefactor for
From this stock sprang Catilina, the mortal Egypt.—On s medal of Memphis, and in the
enemy of Cicero, and the profligately daring hand of Isis, it symbolises fecundity and fer
conspirator against the very existence of Rome tility. And as the serpent was said to renew its
itself. Its coins are silver, and exhibit the word youth by the annual casting of its skin, the
Silas as the surname of the Sergio family. above-mentioned writer thinks it may be taken
There is only one type, but that claims notice for the symbol of the Sun, on a medal of the
as being of historical interest, as follows :— Emperor Verus, on which a serpent, with the
On the obverse is the winged head of Minerva: head of Serapis, is mounted on the back of a
behind which is noun, and before it EX. s. c.— horse, whose march symbolises the year passing
On the reverse n. senor. BILVS. A horseman away: the head of Serapis representing the
helmeted and in military habit, riding at speed, Sun as the sovereign of the universe.
holding in his left hand a human head and a The Serpent was n symbol of Apollo, and as
sword. mlutgfer accompanies the image of that deity
This denarius represents a Roman veteran, whom the ancients regarded as the guardian of
named M. Sergius, a prodigy of courage and health, on coins both of the Greeks and of the
fortitude, as evinced by his exploits in the Gallic Romans.
and Hannibalic wars. Respecting this extra The Serpent was assigned to Bacchus under
ordinary man there is a remarkable passage in various titles, and for various reasons foundtd
Pliny (1. § 29), who describes Sergius as like the object symbolised on fable and super
having lost his right hand in one battle, and in stition. Clcment of Alexandria aflirms " Signs!
two campaigns receiving three and twenty Bacc/I-ioorum Orgiorum cue initiatum J27
wounds—yet fighting four times with his left pentem." The same author describes Bac
hand only--and afterwards having made for chantes as crowned with serpents. Hence s
himself an iron right hand, fastening it on (the serpent creeping out of a half opened chest
stump) and again skirmishing in mortal combat (cista) betokens the orgies of Bacchus. A
with the foel To this Sergius, Eckhel considers aeqaent appears on coins of M. Antony, who
the coin relates. called himself a second Bacchus.
Ser7m:t—-Serpents appear to have been the Twin Seqrents, rising in tortuous folds,
symbol of Asia. Pomponius Mela says “ the attached by the tails to each other, but with a
figure of Asia Minor holds in its hands a ser vista between them, appear on silver medallions,
pent, because perhaps serpents abound in that bearing the heads of Antony and Cleopatra, as
region.”—Serpents may have become the symbol given in Morel].
of Asia afier that country had adopted them on Two Serpents are seen on amedal of Hadrian,
its coinage, for the purpose of calling to mind the
a male and a female; one has by its side n
worship of Bacchus, which they carried to a sistrum and a poppy, the attributes of Isis; the
great extent.—The Bacchantcs in the mysteries other is represented with a caduceus and corn
were crowned with serpents. The serpent was ears, attributes of Anubis.—" This type, (my:
one of the symbols of initiation into the Millin) incontestably refers to the mysteries of
Bacchnualian orgies. Isis, and the fecundity of nature.”
.S'erper¢l.——This reptile, as an image of divinity It is sacred to and attendant on Juno Leznarixa,
and of nature, is figured both in its natural or Sorpita, in whose temple or grove, according
shape, and under a variety of monstrous and to ancient custom, it was required that a virgin,
imaginary forms, on a great multitude of coins in proof of her chastity, should offer food to
of Grcck cities, and also on Greek Imperial the sacred serpent (“ mrruptia v:'ryini6u.s y>er.13-;.»
medals. It is less frequently found on coins locus,” says Woltcreck). Coins of the Pop. ’ .1
with Latin inscriptions; but still there are not and Procilia families, and of Antonino: Pius
 SERPENT. SERPEN’l‘.—SERR.ATI NUMI. 735
and Commodus, have types allusive to this Rome had a temple in that very irwula Ifberirra,
legendary subject. The same animal was also which the bridge of Fabricius served to unite
held sacred to Jupiter, Neptunc, Minerva, Pluto, with the city.
Ceres, Proserpine, Mercury, Isis, and Seraph. A Serpent folded round an egg placed on an
And that its image was used by the ancients altar appears on a first brass ot the .@rpia
to denote Felicity, Vigilance, Concord, Pru family. The signification of which typo»Haver
dence, Power, Victory, and, above all, Health camp has attempted to explain with various con
(Salas), is shown on Roman as well as Greek jectures, no ways satisfactory to the judgment
coins. of Eckhel, who, in his turn, displays as usual
A dead Serpent twincd round a tree appears his learning and research, but perhaps not with
on a fine brass medallion of Antoninus Pius. his accustomed success in solving the enigma of
Hercules, who has slain this Hydra, stands on the make and the egy.
one side of the tree gathering its fruit: on the A Serpent wound flortuosuaj into many
other side are the three Hesperidcs. circles, or rising in spiral folds, occurs on
A Serpent is the sign of Asia (see Asia denarii of the Aemilia, Papia, Pompeia, and
Itecepta); also of Africa; we see a serpent Pomponia families, and on Greek coins of
trampled upon by the forc feet of an elephant on Trajan, Hadrian, and Faustiua sen.-—A sinuous
a well,-known denarius of Julius Cmsar.—Like snake glides before the biga of Juno Soapita, in
wise a serpent before the figure of Africa, on Procilia.
one of Diocletian's medals.—It is seen entwined A Serpent with n lion’s head is given by
in folds, erecting itself above an altar, on coins Bauduri, from a coin of Diocletian.
of the Claudia, Nonia, Rubria, and Tullia A Serpent creeps before Minerva on a brass
families; and on imperial medals of Augustus, coin of the Clovia family.
‘Tiberius, Nero, Hadrian, Antonina, Aurelius, . Two Serpents twined round a winged wand
Alexander Severus, and Maximian. constitute the caduceus of Mercury.
A Serpent coiled round a tripod is, according A Serpent is placed at the bottom of the
to Jobert (p. 415), referable to Apollo, or labarum on medals of Constantine the Great
indicates the Delphic oracles. This type is seen (see srns. PVB.); and on coins of some of the
on Greek coins of Nero and Domitian.—[But it later Christian emperors (such as Petroniua
is seldom seen on imperial medals of Roman Maximns) a serpent prostrate is seen with the
die, except as an attribute of 1EacuIapius and foot of the emperor placed upon it.
Sa1us.] Serpentind c1'.rta.—See Oista Mystica.
A Serpent issuing forth from a ship, occurs Serrati Numi.—Coins are thus called which
on a fine medallion of Antoninus Pins.—¢See have their edges regularly notched round like
ar:scv1.aP1vs.—-There is one that crawls before the teeth of a saw. These serrated, or denti
Victory on a gold coin of Julius Crcsar, re culated, medals are common amongst products
stored by Trajan.—Another is seen erecting of the consular mint as far as the time of
Augustus, after which scarcely one is to be
itself before the face of a woman, in Faustina
sen. found.——Thus specimens of this ancient prac
A Serpent invariably appears either in the tice are seen on coins of the Antonia,
hand or near the figure of Salas, goddess of Aquilia, Claudia, Cornelia, Domitia, Mamilia,
health, on numerous coins of emperors and Maria, Memmia, Papia, Porcia, Postumia,
emprcsscs. On a contorniate medal of Nero Procilia, Roscia, Sulpicia, and other families.
a serpent appearaas if lapping food from a patera It was a precaution adopted, as Pinkerton
offered to it by a woman [Olympias '9] lying observes, by incision, to prevent forgery, by
on a couch; on another a huge snake, raising shewing the inaide of the metal. “ But,” adds
itself in a spiral form, directs its head towards this scientific numismatist, though churlish
some apples deposited on an altar; behind the writer, “the old forgers also imitated this; and
serpent is a tree. I have a serrated consular coin, of which the
A Serpent is placed on the back of a incisions, like the rest, are plated with silver
horse on coins of Vcspasian struck in Egypt, over copper."—From a brief passage in Tacitus
and the same reptile creeps with head uplifted (1. v. De Mar. Germ), it would seem that the
on the prow of a ship on a Greek medal of Germans had a partiality for this class of Roman
Domitian. money-—“.Pe¢,-uniarn probant veterm et din
A Serpent occupies the reverse of a coin of natarn, .rerrato.r, bz'_qato.rque.”—The brass coins
the Fnbr-it-in family, which Eckhel calls “the of the Syrian kings (such as the Seleucide) also
serpent of Esculapius.” L. Fabricius is recorded exhibit the same peculiarity; but this probably
to have caused the stone bridge to be built at was done to them as an ornamental feature, and
Rome which communicated with the island in the metal was cast in that shape before they
the Tiber, in the year v.o. 692.——To this fact were struck. I
the epigraph of L. FABRICIMJ on a tablet with Sorturn, a garland or wreath, of leaves or
Popular Romanus above it, which appears on flowers, a chnplct.——See Corolla and Cor0na.—
this second brass medal, most probably alludes. Seen in the talons or the beak of an eagle (see
And this opinion is the more strongly corrobo Aquila); and in the hands of Victory (see
rated by the type of the serpent, inasmuch as Victoria).
/Esculapius being brought undcr the form of that SERVATOS.——Sce on crvns snavaros, on
creature [as the story goes] from Epidaurus to coins of Augustus; to be found amongst those of
736 SERVlLIA. SERVILIA.
many Roman families; also on medals of Brutus. The reverse of the latter exhibits
Caligula, Claudius, Galba, Vcspasian. Victory marching, with a garland and pahn
SERVILIA, an Alban family, transferred to branch, and the same inscription navrvs. me.
Rome, afler the destruction of Alba, by king Plntarch states that the two brothers |S'eni1ii
Tullus, and elected into the patrician order, Cascm were amongst the assassins of Ca>sar.
according to' Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Of these P. Casca, whom Dion asserts to have
It became divided into many branches, none of been a tribune of the people, struck the first
whose names, Caepio,‘
except A/ralai, however,Casca,
are recorded on coins
and Iiullua. The blow at-the Dictator. Afterwards, when war
was declared against the murderers, he ass-oeiatal
two last were plebeian. himself with Brutus, amongst whose friends in
A/zala.—A coin of the Servilia family (most that war P. Casca is classed by Plutarch, and
rare in gold, though common in silver,) exhibits we see their names united on the above described
on one side the head and name of AHALA, and coins. Appin states that Cains was the pre
on the other the head and name of nnvrvs, re nomen of the other Casca. But there is a prolix
marks on which dcnarius will be found under the and tedious examination in Havercamp, as
head of Junia.—See A/mla. _ to whether Casea and Longns be surnames
Ca.>pi0.—F0r denarii inscribed PISO cssrro (cvynomirmj of different families, and whether
Q.—Sce Chlpurnia. Longrus be the agrwmen of Casca, or otherwise.
The following silver coin, belonging to the —The types of these two dcnarii allude to some
Servilia family, is of historical interest :—A maritime victory; which it was is nncertain.-
laureatcd female head. N0 legend.—Rev. Q. Docl. Nam. Vet. vol. v. p. 308.
caarro nnvrvs. IMP. (on some others rno cos.) .Rullus.—A common silver coin exhibits the
Two captives at the foot of a trophy. cognomen of the Sen.-ilia family, viz., nrLr.r,
The above are the names and titles of that with the bust of Minerva. On the reverse mde
M. Jnnius Brutus, who stabbed Cazsar. It is is 1;. snsvrm. 1r. r. and Victory galloping in a
thus that he is designated on denarii, and the biga. _
fact is confirmed by writers of his time; among P. Scrvilius Rullns is known as that plebdsa
others by Cicero, who, at the cud of the Tenth tribune whose agrarian law Cicero, when consul,
Philipic, repeatedly calls him Gapio .Brutu.9, stoutly opposed in an oration which is still
procousul. Whence (adds Eelthel) it becomes extant. The father of the tribune, also named
certain that he was adopted by Q. Servilius P. Servilius Rullns, was the man of whom
Crepio, who was his uncle on the side of his Pliny says, that he first at feasts served up a
mother Servilia. But he did not, after thc usual wild boar whole to table. It is uncertain to
custom of using the family name, call himself which of the two this denarins belongs.
Junian-us; perhaps because at that period there Amongst other uncertain coins of the Serrilii,
was already a Crassus Junianus-, but he turns Eclrhel takes a copiously intelligent notice of
the surname of his adoption C./epio into the a dcnarius o'f no rarity, but neverthela-\< of
name, retaining his cognomen of Brutus. some historical interest, from the legend and
With respect to the inscription of IMPerator type of its obverse, allnsive to the public shews
on the above dennrius and others of Brutus, celebrated at Rome under the name of F/onzfxiz.
Dion assigns the time and the reason of B1‘utus’s —See rr.oa.s1.. Parnvs.
accepting this title, namely, that he went on an To which M. Scrvilius, lieutenant (LEG-wlsx)
expedition against the Berri of Thrace, as well of Brutus and Cassius the following coins belong,
with a view to punish the hostilities of that has been matter of rnuch controversy, hitherto
savage tribe, as in order to gain for himself the with no benefit resulting. He seems to have
namd and dignity of Impemtor (sec the word), been the same individual whom Cicero calls s
wherewith he might the more easily carry on tribune of the people, and to have arrayed him
war against Caesar, and against Antony, and self on the side of liberty; but the surname
make an end of both. According to Plutarch, docs not appear. The former of the two denarii
Brutus, tozether with Cassius, was proclaimed (very rare in gold) presents types that agree with
Imperalor by the army, at Saudis. the times of Brutus and of Cassius; viz., C.
On a dcnarius of Brutus, bearing on its csssm. raw. A young female head laureate1l.——
obverse a female head and the word LIBERTAS, Rcv. s1:-:nv1L1vs.Lr:o. The aplustrum.
the reverse is charged with the inscription The latter dcnarius bears the same head on
CAEPIO nnvrvs PRO. cos., and the type is a its obverse, and on the reverse appears the
lyre between a laurel branch and a sf]/lus. inscription ssnvluvs (n.) 1.rso., with a crab
The word Pnocos is aflixed (instead of Imp.) fish griping an acrosfolium in its claws ; below
on this coin and others of M. Brutus, because it is the flower of the pomegranate fbalaulissuj
he governed the province of Macedonia with and a diadem nnb0und.——On this enigmstieal
proeonsular authority. ' reverse both Vaillant and Havercamp have offered
C1uca.—Con.necfed with this surname there comments, abounding more in the wondrous,
are two coins, one most rare in gold, the but partaking much less of the probable, than
other very 1-are in silver, both inscribed cssca the following remarks of Eekhcl :—
LoNovs; the gold has on the obverse s trophy “ As the above type is plainly allegorical, the
between two prows, the silver bears the lanreated very mane: of the ancients will pardon us, if
head of Neptune. On the reverse of the former we sometimes decline attempting to explain the
is BBVTVS IMP. and the bare head of Marcus riddles under which they often veil the truth.
 SERVIL'S.——-SERVES SESTERTIUS. 737
The following conjecture alone perhaps carries Fidei Dqeneor was in as bad keeping with the
probability with it, viz., that the balauelium or character of the lustful tyrant on whom pre
tlower of the pomegranate (since this obviously tended infallibility, for his own worldly purposes,
was the symbol of the Rhodians), alludes to the bestowed it.
victory gained by Cassius over these islanders, Seatertiua (qua-ri aerquitertius), the sesterce,
recorded by Dion and Appian. It may be a coin in value two asses and a half. It was,
added, that there appears in the lower part therefore, one fourth part of the denariua, and
of the coin, a diadern unbound; and that it the half of the guinariua, and, when the value
is a diadem, I confidently assert, from an of the Roman coinage underwent a change, it
inspection of the best preserved specimens of shared with them a common fate. It was the
this dennrius in the Imperial Museum (at smallest coin of the Roman silver mint (exclusive
Vienna); although in engravings it is always of the “pretended libella,” which was the
represented as if it were a shoot springing from tenth part of a denarius, about three farthings
the stem of the pomegranate flower. It is of our money).—The sestertius is marked 11s.,
difiicult to imagine what is the meaning of this shewing it to be worth two as and a semis,
dindem; unless it may perhaps allude to the fall which multiplied by four make the denarius.—
of the regal power which Julius (Jaasar aimed at." On the well-known medal of Hadrian inscribed
For a description of the acrostolium sec the RELIQVA vrrrnna &c. (see the words), as well
word in loco. " as on other ancient monuments and in published
Twenty-five varieties‘ of the Servilia coins are books, it is written ns., namely, with a small
given in Morell.--The gold are extremely rare, line joining together each mark of the M‘, thus
the silver common. The brass pieces of this resembling the letter H.
family are parts of the As, and are very rare. Hollmun, quoted by Rasche, says—-“ Four
Servius Tullius, king of the Romans, who sesterces make a deuarius, that is ten asses,
died about the 218th year of the city, and who, which, if it is silver, is equal in weight to a
(passing by as fabulous the asserted claims for drachm.”
Saturn and Janus), there appears something like The sesterce has for its types, on one side a
historical ground for believing to have been the female head /zelmeted and winged, behind it 11s.,
founder of a money coinage in brass at Rome. on the reverse are the Diascuri on horseback,
On this point the words of Pliny are Servius and below nosla.—This little coin is by no
re: primu: rignavit mt. Anlaa rudi u.r0.r Roma! means common. Eckhel had seen but two ; one
Timmu lmdil. In this opinion Cassiodorus belonging to the Cordia family, ascertained to
also concurs—Servius re: maxetam in acre be a sesterce solely by its weight; the other to
primum imprerrirse perlu'betur.—See Honda. the Sepullia family, which, besides the right
Goltzius has published arnedal as belonging to weight, had the mark ns.
the Tullia family, exhibiting in the legend the The simple sestcrce, or little sesterce, says
tomes of Smius Decula, and in the type the Kolb, was worth about four mus French money
head of King Servius Tullius. And Morcll has (2d. English).
:opied the same into his Thesaurus Familiarum, At the epochs when, according to the generally
rnder the head of Numi incertrsfidei (pl. xxxiii. received opinion, silver money was introduced at
N0. 2). But, as Viscouti observes, this unmis Rome, viz., in the year 269 before Christ (485th
natic monument has never been seen by of the city), the monctal unit (l’unile' monélairej
iutiquaries whose fidelity and judgment are above was changed; the A-1, which had become
suspicion; and, therefore, it is vcry properly successively of a less important value, ceased to
ronsigned to the class of apocryphal monuments. be used in numbering sums. The sesteree was
$'e’rvu.r C/zri.r!i.——Justinian the Second is thus adopted as the mouetal unit, probably because
railed on his coins; the reverse of which exhibit this real money (mormaie qfeetive) was the
. figure of that Byzantine Augustus (who died inter-medial coin of three established forms of
..D. 711), standing with his right hand taking specie.
mld of a cross placed on steps, and inscribed D. Se.rtertium.—-Under this word, as contra
VSTINIANVS. sauv. cuursrr. distinguished in its terminal letters from
That for the first time in three hundred and sea-tertius, it is here expedient to explain the
eveuty years after the cross had been unmis Roman mode of reckoning and designating sums
iatically acknowledged as the sign and surety in sestcrces, an object which has been accom
f imperial success, (see noc sreso VICTOR plished with no less accuracy than oonciseness
:rus of Constantius lI.), the title of Olxnlrti by M. Heuuin, as follows :
lervus should have been assumed by a Roman 1st.—Sestertiu.:, in the masculine singular,
lmperor, and he the most avaricious, the most signified a single sesterce; and, in order to
cbauchcd, and the most barbarously cruel of describe any number whatever of these pieces,
rinces, is remarkable in a two-fold point of the Romans put, with the number, the plural
iew. The fact, however, constitutes only one, masculine seatertii; thus, cenlum sealertii, one
rough a flagrant, example amongst mnny which hundred sesterce pieces.
istory furnishes, that the wickedness of the 2nd.—-Seslerlium, in the neuter singular,
ery worst men is found equalled by their signified mills -reslertii, one thousand sesterces ;
yp0crisy.—~The Sermu Servorum Dei of the its plural sestertia, with a number, denoted as
spal style too often marked the ecclesiastical many thousand sesterce-pieces as that number
pride that apes humility ;" and the title of contained units. Thus, decem -lestertia was
5B
738 SES'l‘IA.——SEVERlN.»\. SEVERINA.—SE\’ERUS.
equivalent to deem millia serlertioi-um, ten as well from coins as
thousand of the pieces called sesterces. from the dedieatory in
3rd.—lf the word seslertium was used with scription of a marble
the adverbs decies, viciea, centiea, millier, &c., copied by ltiuratorimhich
cenliea milliea, a hundred thousand, was under names her as ULPIA
stood; thus denies sesterlium signified decies SEVERINA AVG.
ceniiea mi//ies aestertiorum, ten times a hundred COnIVX INVICTI
thousand, or a. million of sesterces; centiea AVRELIANI .-\\"G. But
:1.-aterlizun was centiea eentie; milliea .se.ilerti scarcely anything is his
orum, one hundred times a hundred thousand, torically or personally
or ten millions of seste.rces.—Of this mode of known of this princess. Her medals, as Beaarais
reckoning in sesterces there is an example in the observes, do not represent her as handsome, and
coins of the imperial series; as novu.-:s man. give great severity to her countenance. She is
saoLrra.—See B-ELIQVA. said to have been warlike in disposition, and
According to some authors, serlerlium would even as Empress to have followed Aurelian nn
here be an adjective referring to mille understood, his military expeditions, on which occasion she
and would signify a ante/'liary I/wuaand; as gained the affection of the soldiers by her kind
sealerlia would be the adjective of millia, ness and her liberalities. The cya of hr:
sestertiary thousands; but with the adverbs cruelly rigid husband were watchful over ha
decies, centies, aerteriium would be a contrac conduct, but she never gave the least pre
tion of the genitive plural aesterfiorum. tence for slander.——Grec.k medals of Severias,
When Claudius was elected emperor he gave struck at Alexandria, acquaint us that she sar
to each Praetorian soldier seslerlia quindena, vived her husband. These same mulals git!
which (means not fifteen sesterces but) is equiva her the name of the Ulpia family: a circum
lent to quindena millia aeatertiorum, fifteen stance which induces Eckhcl to believe what
thousand scsterces. indeed Beauvais had already stated) that she ns
SESTIA, originally a patrician, at a later period the daughter of Upius Crinitus, a celebrated
a plebeian fa.mily.—Four varieties in its coins; general in \'alerian’s time, who, descended from
all of silver and rare.—There are two quinarii the family of Trajan, resembled him in valour and
of this family, the former of which bears on talents for war. This great captain adopted
one side L. SESTI. Piw. Q, Lucius Scalius Aurelian (a.n. 258), named him for his heir,
1’r0- Quaatore, with a chair and the hasta. The and gave him his daughter in marriage.-—ller
latter has on its obverse the same name of the coins are of the highest rarity in gold; stoned
Proquaaator Sestius, and for its type the veiled brass scarce; base silver and small brass commou
head of a woman. The reverse of both is Some pieces represent her with .-lui-slim.
inscribed Q. CAEPIO slwrvs rao. cos. Quinlua Style: ssvsama AVG.-——SE\'ERlNA i=.r. AW
Ckepio Brutus Pro C'0n:ule.—On the reverse of —The portrait given above is from an um:
the former is a tripod between the apex and in the British Museum.
the simpulum; on the reverse of the latter is a SEVERVS (Septimim), whose talents, judg
tripod, on either side of which is the securis ment, prudence, and courage qualified him.
and the simpulnm. before all other men of his age, for the arduous
The Lucius Sestiu: mentioned above not only
was a zealous personal friend and most intrepid
adherent to the cause of Brutus, but what
exhibits a rarer virtue, he shcwed unequivocal
proofs of his atfection for him qfler his death.
On the authority of Dion, quoted by Ursin, and
adopted by Eckhel, it appears that Augustus, in
the year v.c. 731, appointed to the consular
dignity, L. Sestius, who had always favoured
Brutus, had taken part with him in his wars,
and revereneed his memory in possessing his
statue and extolling his merits, Augustus regard
ing the friendship and fidelity of Sestius as
honourable to him.-—This anecdote, so creditable task of restoring the empire to that stahihty
to both parties, deserves to be adduced, as it which it had lost under the haneful sway vi
has been, in illustration of these two seemingly Commodns——was born at I/sptis, in Atrial.
uninteresting coins, on the former of which the year of Rome, 899 (s.n. 146.) His father,
sedile and the Iuuta indicate the rights of the Septimius Gcta, was of a scnatolial f3lZlll_Y;
Quaastorship. his mother's name was Fnlvia Pia. Beforrhis
SEV. Severa.—See IVLia AQVILIA attainment of sovereignty, he held a coniniand
SEVera AVG11ata. in Gallia Lngdunensis; administered affairs ll!
SEV. SEVER. Severm. Sicily with proconsnlar authority ; was honoured
SEVERA (Julia Aquilia), second wife of with the consulship in the year \‘.C. 935; beramf
El:|gnbalus.—See AQVILIA sevens. governor of Pannonia and Ill_\'ria under (‘eni
SEVERINA (Ulpia), wife of the Emperor modus, afler whose death he was equally faithful
Aurelian, as she is certainly proved to have been to Pertinax. That virtuous prince having bwl
 SEVERUS. SEVERUS. 739
basely slain, the legions of the above-named to the most odious faults. Simple in his habits,
provinces revolted against the venal election of patient under laborious exertion, content with
Didius Julianus, and proclaimed Severus Emperor the coarsest fare, and temperate amidst luxu
at Carnuntum (now Altenburg on the Danube), rious abundancc, persevering, intrepid, self
hc effecting a rapid march upon Rome, caused possessed in danger, and unsubdued by adverse
himself to be acknowledged by the senate, who put circumstances; skilful in war, indefatigable in
Julianus to death, in the year of the city 946 statc atfairs, he had early cultivated eloquence,
(.\.n. 193.) Having first disgraced the Prae philosophy, and other liberal acts congenial to
torian guards for their basencss in selling the peace; an able statesman, a victorious com
empire, he entered Rome \vith a magnificent mander, a prosperous ruler; on the other hand
retiuuc, amidst the favouring acclamations of the his sanguinary disposition and vindictive temper
people; on which Occasion he added to his other revelled in the destruction of Roman competitors
names that of Pcrtinax. Then proceeding with and their families, whilst his cruelty no less
out delay to the East, he defeated Pcscennius frightfully displayed itself in the brutal fury
Niger; returning with equal celerity to the with which he persecuted the Christians. Wise
West, he vanquished Albinus at Lyons; and and just in his general policy, a friend to order
thus by the successive fall and death of his rivals and the public good, he oppressed a defenceless
he remained sole and undisputed master of senate whom he hated, and relaxed the discipline
millions (A.D. 197). No less victorious over of soldiers whom he both loved and feared.
foreign foes than successful against domestic Craft and dissimulation equally with force and
enemies, Severus, as emperor, subdued the bloodshed ministered to his remorseless ambition
Parthizms, the Adiabenians, and the Britons, and to his insatiate avarice. “ He promised,
adding the several names of those regions to hisonly to betray; he flattered, only to ruin," as
own titles, in memory of his conquests. He in the instances of Niger and Alhinus. And
formed three new legions; celebrated (A.D. 204) though he left the empire in a state of glory,
the secular games with a magnificence that peace, and plenty, yet the consequence of his
astonished the Romans; adorned Rome itself system and conduct, especially as regarded
with many edifices, to which architectural em his lieentious children, was destructive to the
bel.lishments he added the restoration of the permanence of its power ; and of this sovereign
pantheon; above all he made a constant and of the Roman world, as of Augustus, it was
liberal distribution of corn and provisions to the said, “that he ought never to have been born,
people. He founded several colonies in the or that he should have lived for ever”—so
Asiatic theatre of his military glory, among bloodstained was the path of his ascent to
others Helvia Ricina in Picenum, Laodicea in supremacy—-with so firm a hand did he hold the
Syria, Nisibis in Mesopotamia, Tyre in Phoznicia reins-—with so sagacious a mind did he direct
Moreover, Heliopolis in Phosnicia, Carthage, the course of govcrnrnent—so ruinous an example
Leptis Magna, and Utica in Africa were in of military despotism, and so fatal a legacy of
cluded by him in the privileges of the jus calamities in his immediate successor did he
Iia/icum. In the year of our Lord 209, bequeath to his subjects and their posterity.-—
he set out from Rome with his wife and He had two wives, namely Martia, who died
his two sons, for the purpose of conquering before he became emperor, and Julia Domna,
Caledonia; that expedition is recorded to have by whom he had Caracalla and Geta.—His
cost the Romans above fifty thousand men. The coins are very niunerous; those of Roman die
next year, under his orders, commenced the con are rare in gold, common in silver, first and
struction or reparation of the fortified wall which, second brass; his bronze medallions are very
crossing from sea to sea, separated the bar rare. There are no third brass of his.
barians of the North from that part of the Severus is styled IMP. CAES. L. SEP
island forming thcltoman province of Britain, and TIMIVS PERTINAX AVG.; also SEVERVS
of which the vestiges still remain. It was after PIVS AVG. BRITannicu.r.—On reverses his ad
fighting with his usual success iu many battles, ditional titles are often ARABicu.r, ADIABenic1u,
and whilst preparing a war of extermination to PA RT/ticus, PA R'l‘lu'cu.r MAXimu.i, DI VI Marci
punish the renewed invasion of the Caledonians PII Filius, Pater Patri¢.—['l'his last reverse,
that this emperor terminated his mortal career. observes M. Mionnet, confirms the statement of
He died of a disease (it is said) in the joints, on historians who have recorded that in the year
the 4th of February, 211, aged 65, at the city of v.c. 948 (a.n. 195), Septimius Severus declared
York (Ebnracum), not without suspicion of himself the adopted son of Marcus Aurelius,
having been poisoned by his execrable son although that prince had then been dead fifteen
Caracalla, who, impatient to reign, had already years.]—On other reverses we see him further
tried, though in vain, to seduce the troops from distinguished by the appellation of FVNDATOR
their allegiance, and was even on the point of PACIS, or of PACATOR ORBIS, or of
making an attempt on his fathcr’s life, whilst RECTOR ORBIS, or of RESTITVTOR
the latter was at the head of his army. VRBlS.—l-lis style in association with his son
Severus had great qualities, but their glory Curacalla is IMP. INVICTI. PII. AVG.—Some
was tarnished and their utility impaired by pieces of this Emperor represent him with
atrocious crimes. In his character there was Julia Domna, Caracalla, and Gela.
no mediocrity; his vices were enormous, whilst It was during the reign of Septimius Severus
cvcn his virtues carried to excess, approximated that the silver money of Roman die began to be
5B2
740 SEVE RUS. SEVE RUS.
adnlterated. Coins of that metal are mentioned But the very pervcrsenmi of the man was the
in the following reigns, as far as that of Gallienus
inclusive, as being of silver, although the standard
of them was successively debased, insomuch as
to render them no longer anything but billon of
the lowest alloy.
The coins of this Emperor are exceedingly
numerous, and present a great variety of
reverses, many of which are historically interest
ing. The denarii are particularly common, but
include many rare reverses, and a legionary
series of at least fourteen
legions. The gold coins
are somewhat rare, with cause of his advancement. For, in the yar
several rare reverses, from v.c. 1058 (A n. 305), Galerins, whom his
which that of the Circus himprofiigacy
to theand subscrvience
dignity alikeand
of Caesar; suited,
soon after,
Maximus (see the word)
is here given. Quinarii ‘on the the death of Constantino Chlornz, re
in gold are still rarer. fused to recognise Constantine, son of that
Silver and brass medal emperor (whose superior merit he dreaded), in
lions are rare. The large any other quality than that of Caesar, whilst he
brass and the second also may be termed scarce ; persuaded Maximianus Hcrculius to invest the
the third brass rare.—For a list of the rarer debauched Severus with the title of Augustus,
coins of Severus, see Akerman’s “Descriptive and in the partition of provinces, Italy, Africa,
Catalogue.” and Upper Pannonia, were allotted to his share.
SEVERI INVICTI. AVG. PII. FIL.—A But when, by Galerius's orders, Scvems marched
youthful bust with radiated head and right hand at the head of a numerous army from Milan
nplifted.—'l'he obverse exhibits the legend of P. upon Rome, for the purpose of dethruning
snrr. oars. cans. ro1vr., and the portrait of Maxentius, who had there assumed the purple,
Gets as Caesar.-—Eckhel gives this from a gold Maximianus, resuming his recently abdicated
medal in the imperial cabinet at Vienna, with titles, came to the assistance of his intrusive
the following remarks on the singularity of the son, and besieged Severus in Ravenna. There,
reverse type .-— having surrendered himself to Maximian, on
Geta is here exhibited in the guise of the the promise of being allowed the unmolested
Sun, as appears from the radiated head and enjoyment of his imperial dignity, this unhappy
elevated right hand, which, coins commonly prince was perfidiously sent captive to Rome, in
teach us, are peculiar to the God of Day, or,
the neighbourhood of which he was put to
what is the same thing, to the East (Oriem), death, April, 307, nfier having borne, Without
which is delineated with those attributes as wcll glory and without desert, the name of Csssr
as the Sun. lt was about this period, v.c. 957 for fifteen months, and the supreme title of
(A.D. 204), that Severus ctfected his Oriental Emperor about nine months. He left a sou
conquests, whence he derived the title of Invicl11.v, named Severianus, whom Lieinius caused to he
or Invincible, engraved on this medal. This slain six months afterwards. His gold coins
was the reason why Geta is here depietured under and small silver medallions are extremely rue.
the figure and usual attitude of Sol, for, indeed, Eekhel doubts whether any silver of the ordinary
from that son, Severus received aid throughout size exist. His brass medallions and small brass
his campaigns in the East. are very rare, and his second brass are scams.
SEVERI PII AVG. FIL. Son qf I/ee August On these he is styled ssvr-znvs. NOB. cams:-, or
Severus Piu.r.—This legend appears on the me. FL. VAL. snvr-znvs. P. P. ave.
reverse of coins (in all three metals) of Anto SEVERVS (I/ibiur), the third emperor who
ninus (Caracalla), the type of which presents bore that name, successor of Majorianns, was I
the figure of that Emperor standing in the dress native of Luoania. This phantom of a sovereign,
of war, holding in his right hand a figure of enslaved to the will of
Victory placed on a globe, a spear in his left Ric-imer, who induced the
hand, and a captive at his feet. soldiers to give him the
This medal, which is rare in gold and silver, title of Augustus, in the
was struck in the year v.c. 951 (A.D. 19S), city of Rsvcnns (.\.n.
when Caracalla was called Augushle by his 461), pawed his days
father, and soon after his brother Gets had been carelessly and iniquitously
declared Caesar. It was in that year when at Rome, and died there
Severus, at the expostulations of friends, having in the palace of the
relinquished the assumed name of Pertinnx, tools Cicsars, .\.D. 465, after
the surname of Pius. about three years and eight months’ occupation
SEVERVS (Flavius Valeriua), second of the of a degraded throne, during which the bar
name, Caesar, and afterwards Augustus. Born barians under Genserie invaded the empire on
of an humble family in lllyria, he was dis all sides, scarcely leaving a single province ex
tinguished chiefly if not solely for his vices. cept Gaul in the possession of the Romans He
 SEXTARIUS.-—SIBYLLAE. SIBYLLAE. 741
is styled on his coius, which (of each metal) are Sibyll of Cumaaa in Italy, whom Virgil makes
more or less rare, n. N. LIB. ssvnavs svo., Eneas consult, at a time when, according to
and rrsr. sevrzavs P. r. avo., with the monogram the fable of Apollo‘s gift of longevity to her,
of Christ, or the emperor holding s long cross, she had lived some hundred out of the thousand
and planting his foot on the head of a dragon;years allotted to her, The same attribute of
or Victory standing; or Rome seated. In the supernaturally prolonged existence has been
exergue oouoa. or other letters.—The portrait given to another of these prophetesses; so that
here given is from s gold coin in the British to signify an extremely old woman, she is
Museum. Rev. vrcroam avooo. termed a Sibyll. Nothing is known of the way
Si: globules, or circular marks, indicate a in wh.ich, what are called, the Sibylline verses
amiss. were composed.—Among the records of auti
SEX. Seztus, a Roman prscnomen.——sEx. r. quity no information is to be found as to how
Sezli Filius, son of Sextus. this alleged mass of predictions, put into
SEX. NONI. PR. L. V. P. F.—See Nonia hexameters, happened to be discovered, nor at
family. what period it appeared, nor who was the
Sezdecim, marked thus xvi. denotes the author of it. The early Romans boasted of
increased value of denaria.-—-[Havercamp and being the preservers of the Cumaaan Sibylls’
Morel], tom. p. 202, 419.] verses. But all that their historians state which
Sea-tans, a Roman coin, which is marked can be construed to bear on the subject, is the
sometimes on the obverse, sometimes on the well-known story they tell in connection with
reverse, or on both sides with two globules or the reign of Tarquinius Superbns, of a woman
[. .], denoting it to be the sixth part of the who offered to that prince nine books of this
as, or two ounces (uncia), because the as was prophetic poetry, for three hundred pieces of
divided into twelve. It has for its types the gold, and obtained her price alter burning six
head of Mercury and the prow of aship.-Some and leaving Tarquin only three for his money.
of these pieces bear the names of Roman So profoundly secret was the custody of this
families. The sextans was also a measure for precious deposit, that fifteen oflicers formed
liquids, which contained two cyatlzi, or twelfth specially into a college alone were allowed to
part of s sertariur. sec and examine it. They were called the
Sea-iariua, a Roman measure for liquids, Sibylline Quindecemvirs; and so implicit was
which, like the as, was divided in twelve the popular belief in the truth of the things
ounces, that was also called q/aflii. This foretold in this collection, that the Romans,
measure held two cotylav, or lreminw, being whenever they had a war to undertake, or when-'
about an English pint and a half.—“ Hence ever pestilence, famine, or any extraordinary
(says Eckhel) the phrases duo eyatbi serious, calamity afllicted the city or the country,
tree cyatfii, quadrana, &c., by which is easily invariably had recourse to it. The senate itself
explained that passage of Martial: Ep. xi. 37. set the example of consulting these mysterious
Quincunces ct sex cpnthos bessemque bibamus, volumes on occasions of seditious insurrections
Caius utfiat Julius, ct Proculus. or of any serious defeat sustained by the armies
of the republic, or when the appearance of
Namely, nineteen cyeflai for the number of prodigies seemed to threaten some great mis
letters, which are in Cains, Julius, Proeulmr.” fortune. Many examples are furnished in the
——The sertarius was also the sixth part of scon annals of Rome, which shew the solemnity
gius, a liquid measure of ten libra in weight (about with which the Sibylls’ books were referred to
one gallon). It was the moderate quantity of in similar conjuuctures. The Sibylline verses
wine which persons of sober habits drank at continued to be held in respect even under the
their meals, as Vopiseus remarks of the Emperor emperors, but a large portion of the senate
Tacitus :--11»: fuit vita parcisrima, ila ul having become professed Christians about the
seztarium vini Iohi die mmquam polaverit. time of Theodosius, the sentiment of veneration
On the other hand, the congius was the scale for these supposed revelations began to decline,
and criterion of “deep drinking ;" some topers and at length Stilicho, the general of Houorius,
being celebrated under the names of bicongii, caused them to be burnt. Such, however, was
whilst those more daring were called trioongii , the degree of superstitious regard which the
three or rather six bottle maul different Sibyls and their oracles had at one time
S. F. Sacris Faciundi.r.—See Mescinia obtained, that some of them received divine
fami1y.—s. F. Saculi Felicitas. On coins of honours; the Siby/Ila Tiburtina was worshipped
Diocletian and his colleagues. at Tibur as a goddess; and the Sibylla Cumwa
Shield.-—See Buckler; also CL. v. (Clipeua had her temple at Cums.
V0livu.r.) On a deuarius of the Miznlia family, the
SIBYLLAE, the Sibylls, women who, pre obverse bears a female head, beneath which is
tending to be divinely inspired. predicted future the word SIBVLLA ; on the reverse of the coin
events. Authors agree neither as to who the is a tripod, with two stars above it; the whole
Sibyls were, nor respecting their numbers, nor within an ornamented circle, including the name
the times and places where they prophesied. of L. TORQVATu.r IILVIR.
Some reckon fourteen, others tea, others only The learned have hitherto adduced nothing
four, and even three. 'lhe principal were either probable or consistent on the subject of
the Erythrcan and the Cumman. It is the these types. Havcrcamp, in Morel], inclines
742 SIBYLLAE. SICILIA.
to regard the female head as that of the Vicrmnalia sic Tl-icemuzlia (cola soloantun) on
Erythrsean Sibyl, sud, in confirmation, points to medals of Diocletian and Maxiiniun.
the tripos, M the surc and constant sign of the Sicilia, Sicily, the most celebrated island of
quindeceinvirs specially entrusted with the that part of the Mediterranean, called Tyrr/Lauri!
guardianship and inspection of the Sibylline mare, or the Tuscan sea. It was ancicnily
books. Eckhel offers no explanation of his own; denominated Sicania, from the Siaaui, a Spanish
nevertheless, in describing the medal, he speaks tribe, who held possession of it until driven to
of the mput Sibylla, and shews the accompauy~ its western extremit by the Sivuli, a nation
ing Word, SIBVLLA, to have been written for of Italy, the original inhabitants of Latinrn.—
SIBYLLA (the V. being on ancient monuments The soil of Sicily, favoured by its fine climate,
was so luxuriantly
not nnfrequently substituted for Y.) If the same fertile, especially in corn, as
to have obtained
Lucius Manliua Tm-quaius who struck the coin for it the not undeserved
had been called XV.VIR, instead of III.VlR,appellation of the granary of the Roman cm
the direct allusion of these types to the Sibyll pire; it was regarded as the cella panaria, or
and her sacred books would have been indubitably bread store-houses of the Romnns—plebi4grae
clear. It is, however, not unlikely that he Ilorname nutriz. It is believed, at a very re
who, as Monetal Triumvir to Czesar, has mote period of antiquity, to have been joined
encircled the reverse with his ancestral collar to Italy, from which it afterwards was divided
(torques), should have decreed the word by some great natural convulsion. Thence it is
SIBYLLA on one side, and the tripos figured on supposed to have derived its name quasi.
the other, to be sufficient designations of the Sicilila, i.e. Resecla.-—-The very narrow sea
Sibylline Oracles entrusted to the authorities of which separated it from the main land, pue
Rome. And, considering the importance in sented two well-known objects of terror to
which they were ostensibly held, and the care ancient mariners, in Chrybdis and Scylla, the
bestowed on their preservation, as well as the former rock being on the Sicilian, the latter on
many occasions on which they were consulted, the Italian shore. On the general principle of
the matter of surprise is that these denarii assimilatlng countries to the form of some
should be the only known memorials, at least familiar object, Sicily was called Triqaeh-a,
of a numismatic kind, pointing to so favourite from the figure of a triangle. It was also called
and long prevailing a superstition.—See Manlia. .’Il~inacria, from its three promontories Pelorann
SIC. Sit-.—Sicul. Pachynum, and Lilybzeum.
SIC. V. SIC. X. Sic Quinquewlia, -via Sicily, (observes M. Hcnuin,) from the rc
Decennalia (decurmntfelicitcr) /-—'l‘hese mono markable events which have taken place in it,
sylluhic words and nurrierals appear on a gold olfers, in a numisrnatic point of view, the
coin (given by Bauduri) of Licinius junior, greatest degree of interest. The principal cities
inscribed on the pedestal of a sitting statue of of the island issued a very considerable number
Jupiter, who holds in one hand the hasta pnrs, of coins, in all the metals, which do not yield
and in the other a small victory; an eagle at to those of any other country in‘ historical
his feet; and encircled with the legend of IOVI importance and in beauty of workmanship.
CONSERVATORI CAESa1-is. Some of them are perhaps even superior to all
This most rare and remarkable medal repre that can be mentioned as belonging to other
sents on its obverse the full face of Licinius Hlius, c0untries—pnrticnlarly those pieces of unusual
under the features of a child scarcely two years sizc, commonly named larye s-ilner me-dalliau
old, bare-headed, and clothed up to the bosom of Syracuse. These are in the highest decree
in the paludamentum. It was struck on the to be admired for the style and grand charactzr
occasion of his being called Caesar, when he waswhich they display in their fabric. It is doubtful
placed, with festal celebrations, under the pro whether they were current money. There seems
tection of Jupiter, the tntelary god of his better ground for believing that they were used
father. To this infant a happy five years are as prizes at the games, or on other occasions.
wished, and that ten years more may roll on [In this class, holding a. chief place in the
with equal felicity to him. Alas, for the nn foremost rank for excellence of design and
eertain fate of imperial princes in the fourth execution, is that with the head of Proserpine
century; he perished in his twelfth year, a on one side, and on the other a quadriya, and s
victim to the same barbarous policy which Victory flying to meet and crown the successful
subjected his ambitious father to a violent death, chariotcer, who seems to be cheering on his fleet
but which, carried out against the life of this conrsers to the goal.—The Aretllusa, with a
meritorious and innocent youth, disgraces the similar reverse, is also a splendid specimen of
memory, as it belies the pretensions, of the the Greco-Sicilian mint.——Syracnse indeed, as
Emperor Constantine, his uncle. Kolb says, is averitsble Peru for the antiqua.r_\,
SIC. X. SlC. XX.—By these rnarks of votive for no city produces so many gold and silver
augmentation, it was the custom of the Roman pieces, nor of such heavy weight, and, what is
mints of the Lower Empire, to wish that (sx.) most remarkable, they surpass in perfection
Vicermalia, or a score of years, might be evcrthing that presents itself on other medals]
enjoyed in health and prosperity, after the coni Money appears to have been coined in Sicily
pletion of the first (X.) Dccmnalia, by thc from almost the original pcriod of the art.
prince in whose honour the coin was struck. Passing the autonoms and the coins of kings
This is extended from XX. to xxx., viz., sicnt I and tyrants, it may be remarked that the Car~
 SICILIA . SICILIA. 748
thaginians, who conquered and occupied a monetal 1u.vm. to Augustus, we see the three
portion of Sicily, struck money there which is legs with the head of Medusa, which symbolise
conspicuous for its elegance. These pieces, with Sicily, which coin he caused to be struck in
Punic characters, are considered to have been memory of his ancestors, the Caii and Manii
coined at Panormus (Palermo), the central seat who were proconsuls of that province.
of Cartliagiuian power in the island. SICIL. Sicifia.-—This abbreviated word
The neighbourhood of Magna-Gracia, and appears on the exergne of a denarius struck by
the relations existing between the monetary the above-mentioned mint-master, to revive the
systems of those two countries, warrant the memory of his ancestor Manius Aquilius Florus,
belief that Sicily was subjected by the Romans who, as proconsul of Sicily in the year v.c.
to the some regulations as those they imposed 654, put an end to the servile war. Round the
upon Italy, and that the independent rights of reverse of this historically interesting coin is the
coinage ceased to be exercised in both those inscription MANius AQ,VIIriu.r MANii Filim.
countries towards the same epocha. Some cities l\‘IANii Nepos. The type is a soldier holding a
of Sicily, however, issued Imperial-Greek pieces, shield on his right arm, and looking back, he
which was not the case in Italy; but those lifts up with his right a female figure, who, with
pieces were struck only under Augustus and a shield on her left arm, in sunk down on her
Tiberius. Subsequently, there is reason to knees. It is thus elegantly that Sicily, which
believe, otlices were established in that island had been despoiled and insulted by the fugitive
for minting coins of Roman die. Italian slaves, is figured under the traits of a
In the partition of territory, which took helpless and almost prostrate woman, raised
place after the death of Sextus Pompey, who from degradation and misery by the rescuing
at one time held despotic sway over the island, hand of a brave warrior, who, on his return to
whilst Corinth and Achaia were ceded to M. Rome after this service performed, enjoyed the
Antony, -5'z'ci/y, with Sardinia, was assigned to honours of an ovation.—See Aguilia gens.
Octavianus (afterwards Augustus). By that SICIL. IMP. VIII. IX. X. &c.—The word
emperor the Sicilians were included in the Sicilia, thus abbreviated, is exhibited on other
number of Roman citizens; and Panonnus gold and silver coins of Augustus, after he had
(Palermo) made a Roman colony, with the recovered possession of that island, on the ex
power of coining money, which privileges were pulsion therefrom of Sextus Pompey. On the
continued to that city under Tiberius. The obverscs of these medals are AVGVSTVS nrvr r.
whole island became a praatorian or proconsular and his head; on the reverse is Diana, who,
province. Hence it is that so many coins, both walking, with a dog at her feet, holds a bow
dcnarii and brass money, are extant, on which and arrow.
the remembrance of those Roman proconsuls Vaillant, and other learned antiquaries, have
and praztors, who were sent into Sicily, are referred the coinage of this denarius to the year
preserved. From family medals we also learn of Rome 738 (before Christ 21), because during
that Sicily received two Quaastors from Rome. that year Augustus tarried in Sicily, and arranged
Sicily is represented, as well on Latin as on his affairs there. On many similar coins the
Greek coins by the Triquetra, composed of three numbers IX. X. XI. and XII. are added to
human legs, spread out IMPerator, in the same manner as other dcnarii
from one another in a of Augustus are inscribed ACT. Il\iP., with
triangular form, in allu various numbers and with the type of Apollo of
sion to the threwsided Actium.——On these circumstances, Eclrhel com
shape of the island, or to ments with his usual sagacity and intelligence.
its three promontories. These types of the Sicilian Diana and of the
On some also of these Actian Apollo (says he) are not without motive
medals, in the centre be repeated through many consecutive years; for
tween the three uniting (according to the popular superstition of the
thighs, a female head (namely, of Medusa) is seen. Romans) Augustus owed his good fortune to
See Panor-mu.v.—'l‘he tria crura, and a Medusa’s both those divinities, namely, at Artemisium or
head in the centre, and sometimes with corn-ears Dianium Sicilia, near Mylas, when Sertua
joined thereto, as upon the above denarins of the Pompey was vanquished, and at Actium, sacred
Cornelia family; also a maritime trophy in a to Apollo, where M. Antony sustained his deci
temple, whose pediment exhibits the same sive dcfcat.—The same pre-eminent teacher of
symbol of Sicily, appear on certain medals of the numismatic science, refers to the priesthood
Augustus, and refer, says Spanheim, to the (aacerdolium) DIAN¢ VICTRicis ET APOL
defeat of Sextius Pompeius (shortly after that of LINIS PAl.ATim', recorded on a marble by
Brutus and Cassius,) in the straights of Sicily, Muratori, and which priesthood was unques
where this sou of the Great Pompey had become tionably instituted by Augustus, when, by the
a captain of pirates, as Florus states: not assistance, as was believed, of the divine brother
to say that Augustus oppressed this young and sister (Apollo and Diana) he achieved the
man under the appearance of Peace, as some victory over his enemies..
wise men view it in Tacitus, and moreover that SICILIA. S. C.—On a first brass of Hadrian,
Agrippa had the better share in all the suc with this legend of the reverse is a j\i\'enilp head
cesses of that war of which Sicily was the which presents a full face without neck: it has
thcatre.—On a dennrius of L. aqvruvs raoavs, the hair dishevelled, and the chin without beard.

¢\
74--L SICILIA.-—SICILlAE. SIDERlBUS.— SIIDON.
Beneath it is some sea monster, having the figure multiplicity of epithets, were raised, as Plntarch
of a woman from the head to the waist, and says, who besides unhesitatingly aifirms that
having serpents for the legs and arms. Vaillant more to fortune than to their virtue the Romans
thinks that this head represents that of Medusa. owed their aggrandisements, which gradually
Havercamp regards it as more likely to be in extended their empire from the banks of the
tended for the Sun, such as it is represented on 'I‘iber over the greatest nations of the known
medals of Rhodes, which ofien sent colonists to world.
Syraeuse.—Ecl<hel believes that, if the head be Fortum Populi Romani appears also on coins
really that of the sun, of which, however, he of the Arria family.—Another denarins of the
thinks, there is strong ground for doubt, it above Q. Siciniuii is classed with the C'4¢oiu'a
alludes to the sun as seen at the rising by family.
Hadrian at Mount Etna (as related by‘ Spartian) SIDERIBVS RECEPTA.—-On a first brass
rather than to the Rhoilian strangers, especially of Faustina junior (Empress of M. Aurelius),
as the inhabitants of his Mount Etna engraved bearing this legend, is the type of Diana Lucifera
the head of the sii.n on their money. ,But (he walking. On another bronze medal, we see
addh) the head is more probably that of Medusa, her pondueting a car, after the fashion at
which ‘often appears on Sicilian medals, placed Diana. Other medals strnclr in honour of her
(us above described) in the centre of the triqystra. apotheosis, represent her seated on a
,—Therc can be no doubt but that the marine that wings its flight beavenward. But the present
monster, placed below, is Scylla, which, in the typo was evidently intended to announce to the
Sicilian straights (fretum Siculum), appears to subjects 'of.»:an emperor who loved this wife of
have exercised a grievous tyranny, and which in his “ not wisely, but too well,” that she was
a form not greatly dissimilar is typified on coins already received into the firmarnent, and had
of .Sextus Pompey. become a new star-.—On the obverse, round the
' SICILIAE (ADVENTVI AVG.)—An altar, head, we read DIVA FAVSTIIA PIA. The Divine
by which on one ‘side stands. the emperor, and Faiistina Pia.—-See Con-ten-ation.
and on the other a wpinan whose hand is adorned Sidon, or Zidon (now Seydc), a maritime city,
with ears of corn, and who also holds corn ears in that part of Syria called Phcenieia, renowned
in her left,himd.-—On first and second brass of for its great antiquity, being celebrated in history
Hadrian. ,, ..' both sacred and profane.—Sidon has its name
SICILIAE (RES,h_‘ITVTORI).—The em eror from the son of Canaan, mentioned in Geriisis
raising up a kneeling woman, whose left and (c. x. v. 15). The equally famous city ot'Tyrelong
holds, :md>.whos‘e_ head is boulld round with ears oontendedwith it for primacy. But, as Isaiah
of corn.—Onfir:t and second brass of Hadrian. (c. xxiii. v. 12) calls.'I‘yre the “dau_ghta- of
The types of the above described, forming as Zidon," thus continuing what Strnbo says, that
they do part of the series of geographical medals, Sidon only, and not lyre, was celebrated by
furnished by the ricl_1 and varied mint of Hadrian, Homer, the palm of-antiquity must necessarily
are susceptible of easy explanation; since the be yielded to Sidon. Its inhabitants were early
ears of corn clearly denote fertility; one of the famous for their naval power, insomuch that,
well-known qualities of Sicily.’ It was,to that according to Diodorus, they could send out a
island, on his returning from Achaia (to, which hundred gallies of the largest class. At length the
event Tillemont assigns the date of v. c. 879), opnlencaof this grand emporium of commerce
that Hadrian made a voyage, on which occasion, became a prey to Persian cupidit_v.~—l~‘alling after
according to Spartianns, Aetnam montem con wards under the sway of the Romans, Sidon rs
sccndil, ut colic artum vidaret, arcus -Ipvcip, ul deprived of her long enjoyed dignity of a metro
dicetur, vizrium. On first and second brass of polis by Augustus.-——But Trajan, mindful of in
Antoninus Pins, bearing the word sicii.i,i, was ancient glory, reconstituted its pre-eminence in
the same figure of a vroinan holding corn ears, the Syrian province; and at length this moss
thus associating with the name of Sicily the ancient city was restored to its metropolitan rank,
symbol of abundance in agricultural products, and made a Roman colony, by one utterly im
which served long to distinguish her as the worthy to hold the sceptre of imperial Rome, via,
granary of Rome. by Elsgabalns, himself a Syrian by birth.—'I‘hese
SICINIA.—A plebeian, but formerly also a metropolitical rights, however, seem to have
pratrician family.—Its coins consist of three been soon abolished, for beyond the reign of
varieties, in silver, rare.——On a denarius of Q. Alexander Severus no coins assign that title to
SICINIVS iiivia monetolilr, are roar. r.a., and her.—That Sidon was constituted a colony, vriib
the type of a female head. The type of the the distinctive appellation of .4ure'Iia Pia, by
reverse is a palm branch, caduceus, and laurel Elagabaliis is shown by the numerous coins struck
crown. in honour of himself and wives, of his niorher
Ursinus explains the ivord FORT. as meaning and auiits.—-The autonomous coins of this place,
Fortitude. Eckhel and others as l'brluna. His many of which have Phoenician legends, bear the
observation is that Fortitude does not appear to
heads of Syrian kings from Aiitiotlins l\'_ to
have been worshipped by the Romans, though Demetrius III. Its imperial medals, with Greek
Wrius, which is almost equivalent, was placed legends, are from Augustus to Hadrian. The
among the qualities deified by that people. But colonial are inscribed to Elagnbnlns, Julia Paula,
the Romans on the other hand paid vast honour Aniiia Faustino, and Julia .\Ia'sa, and also to
to Fortune, to whom splendid temples, under a Alexander Severus. These all have Latin legends,
 SIDON. SIDON. 746
such as con. MET. AVR. ma. SIDON. Colonia tests between him and Pescenuius and Albinus,
Jlelropolia Aurelia Pia Sidon ; and on their and also to fulfil his determination of waging
reverses the features of the Greek and Roman war against the Parthians, Severus established
arc singularly mingled with those of the Syrian three new legions, which, that he might give
and oriental superstitution. them a character for valour, as if they had
The following are the types found on coins already gained victories over the enemy, he
of this colony, as given by Vaillant, whose work called Partbice. But having brought the war
is rich in Latin medals of Sidon, and no less so to a successful conclusion, he ordered the first
in explanatory animadvcrsions on the subjects and third of these newly formed legions to
to which the ditferent types refer :— winter in Mesopotamia for the protection of
Astarte.—Among the numerous nurnismatic that province. Subsequently, as many of the
dedications made by the Sidoninns to the Syrian soldiers had completed their term of service,
Elagabalus and to members of his house, are they were ordered by Elagabalus to be stationed
first and second brass, bearing the legend of in this colony of his own founding, not far
con. svn. rm. IETR. sin. (Colonia Aurelia Pia remote from the place of their winter quarters.
Illclropolzls Sidon), and exhibiting the etligy of Eurzqza, riding on the back of a bull, holds
their favourite goddess, standing with her right with both hands a veil, which floats above her
hand placed on a trophy, and with her lefi
holding a wand. A figure of Victory, placed on
a column, extends to her a crown, and at the
feet of Astarte is the figure of Silenus.—0n
another first brass, inscribed to the same emperor,
the same deity appears, and the same Victoriola,
within a temple supported by four columns, but
without the trophy. This type also appears on
coins of Julia Paula.
[The Sidoniaus, like their Tyrian neighbours
and rivals,
flu-ee paid supreme
the word); adoration
and their to Astarteal head; on a second brass of Elagabalus and of
city contained
Annia Faustino, his third wife, the legend of
temple erected to her honour. The goddess this coin is c. A. PI. sun. srn., Calonia Aurelia
lays her hand on a trophy, in the same way as Pia _l[etropoli.r Sidon.
will be seen on the Tyrian money, and seem [Vaillnnt observes that this elegant type, re
ngly for the same purpose—namely, to point at presenting the rape of Europa by Jupiter under
ihe various colonies established far and wide the form of a bull, refers to the antiquity of
‘mm Phcenicia, and in which trophies had been Sidon. Bimard (ad Jnbert. ii. 261) views it in
ilaced as tokens of conquest; for which reason, the same light, in opposition to the conjecture
)01'llllP5, the small figure of Victory is made to of some writers, who contend that the young
iifcr a crown to Aatarte, who holds the Jcipio, woman and the bull simply designate the
ll‘ a sceptre, her appropriate symbol, as queen united beauty and strength of the Sidoniaus,
-f the place, loci re_qina.] qualities for which they were by no means
[Sidon, after having experienced many changes remarkable.—Thc same learned annotator judi
f fortune, was at length made a colony, and ciously adds that “Sidon, at the period when
he metropolis of Phoenicia, by Elagabalus. its Roman authorities caused these medals to be
ind he, having invested Alexander Severus with struck, was inhabited not only by Phmnicians,
he title and rank of Caesar, had this medal but also by Greeks, the latter of whom had
edicatcd to him, in congratulation of the event, established themselves there from Alexander
nd especially in remembrance of Alexander's the Grest’s time. And the Greeks, adopting on
ictory over the Persian invaders of Syria. The their part the worship of Astarte (the most
idonians, therefore, adopted the deified hero as ancient divinity of the Sidonians), imparted
type on their coins, perhaps in flattery to in their turn to the Sidoniaus, the worship of
lexander himself, as if he were another con Europa.” Thus, tho figure of Astarte and of
ieror of the eastern world.] Europa, with their respective attributes and
Colonue ayens bove.r.—-On the first brass of indications, were alternately engraven on the
lagahalus, the colonial priest drives his plough colonial-imperial coins of Sidon, whose inhab
am of oxen, by wliose side stands a vezillum, itants, like the rest of Phreniciu, had eventually
l which is inscribed LEG. III. r,\a.—Leyio become composed of people who paid adoration
21 tia Part/u'ca.—On a similar reverse of Annie equally to each of these deifications.]
mstina, the colonist extends his right hand, Emperor Sacrz_'fici1rg.—On a coin of Sidon,
hich holds a staff over the oxen. struck under Elagaba.lus.—-The emperor, in the
[The third legion had its appellation of garb of a pontifi', stands before an altar with
zrtlzian conferred upon it by Sept. Severus; patera in right hand; star in field.—Pl. xix. 10,
d the military standard here inscribed with P . ]|Iodiu.r.—On
203. a first brass of Elagabalus,
i name denotes that old soldiers from that
rion were sent as a reinforcement to the struck at Sidon, appears the modiua, or bushel
)Y‘nfll'l population of this colon_v.—It appears measure, filled with ears of corn, and at the
at in order to supply the place of the many bottom of the coin is AETERNV. BENEPI.
terans who had fallen in the civil con Aetemum Berle;/icium.
5C
746 SIDON. SIDON.—-SIGNA MILITARIA.
[Allusive to the donations of corn which, which a male figure stands with hands extended
after the custom of Rome (see Armona), were towards two figures (onc of them a female), in
made by Elagabalus to the Sidonians. This the other galley. At the top of the coin is the
type seems to have been borrowed from a cele car of Astarte, and in the lower part is a
brated coin of Nervn, struck by order of the dol bin.
senate, with the epigraph Plebei Urbana Fru This naval group is supposed to refer to the
mento Corutiluto.] story of Dido's flight from Sidon.]
The epigraph is singular, but still in keeping On another Sidonian medal of Elagabalus
with the monstrous exaggerations and fulsome a half naked woman is seen standing on the
flatteries of a hideous reign. prow of a galley, with right hand extended, and
Sigua J[ililaria.—There is a first brass of left hand holding a wand transversely.
Sidon, struck under the same Emperor, which [Some regard this type as alluding to the
exhibits three military ensigns, whose tops are flight of Dido; others, as merely representing
surmounted by small eagles. These refer to the Astarte.]
veterans of the Third Parthian legion sent by Woman, with turreted head, standiu g, clothed
Elagabalus as colonists to Sidon, and on which in the alola, holds her right hand over an altar,
remarks have already been made in describing opposite to which is a legionary eagle placed on
the type of Colonus boves agens ; see above. the prow of a ship.—On a first brass of Ela
On small brass, dedicated by this colony gabalus.
respectively to Julia Soazmias, the mother, and to [This figure represents the genius of Sidon.
Julia Maesa, the grandmother of Elagabalus, are She wears a crown of towers, as a Metropolis;
three military standards, but without the eagles. she is dressed in the garb of a Roman matron,
Tables and Urns.-——A coin of Sidon, inscribed as a colony; she holds a patera over the altar,
to Elagabalus, has a table with two urns upon as in the act of sacrificing for the emperor. The
legionary eagle refers to the veterans with which
the colony was peopled ; it is placed on a ship’s
prow, either to shew the site of the place
(Sidon, till its capture by the Persians, being,
according to Mela, the greatest and most opulent
of maritime cities), or to demonstrate the naval
power of the place.]
Sidonia dea, or goddess of the Sidonisns, is
believed to have been the same object of worship
as that called Europa by the Greeks, Astarolb,
or Astarte by the Hebrews, and Vemu Caelestilr
by the African colonists of the Sidonians. Nor
it, each urn having a palm branch. Around is is she otherwise considered by Froélich, who
inscribed eon. METRO. AVE. rm. sn).; or co1.. shews her (Ann. Syr. p. 113) on many Greek
AYR. 91.4., etc., as in the example here given. Imperial coins to be denominated Den
Below are a vase, apples, and the epigraph CEB. ruz.
or cenr. Pan. 1s1sr.. oecvu. (Periodonica, Sidus.—A star or sign in the heavens.-50!
Iselaslica, (Ecumenica). In the coin engraved Astra-—SleIla.
above it must read, cs. rs. oec. IS. Sidus Julium, a star with hairy train, like a
[Vaillant considers 01:11. or czar. PER. to comet, is near the head of Julius Cmsar, some
signify Oertamina Periodonica. But Bimard, times opposite his face, at others behind his
who rejects Periodonicum as an unknown and neck, on coins of his struck after his death.
even barbarous word, and who equally rejects SIG. Si_gm'.r.——slo. us:c.—-Sigmlr Receplis.
the explanation offered by Hnrdouin of Certamen Sigillum, a little image of something, im
Perpetuum, adopts the opinion of Iselin, that printed on a medal as a mark.
by can. PER. is to be understood Cerirunen Siglze, abbreviations in writing on coins and
1’n-iodicum, that is to say, public games, in on marbles.
which all the ditfercnt kinds of combats and Signa militrlria. Military cnsigns.——Th9
contests were united, as was the custom at the Romans entrusted these to the custody of the
four great games of Greece. Compare with Quarstors, who preserved them with the zmriwll
Vaillant “Num. Imp. in Coloniis Percussa,” or public treasury, in the temple of Saturn.—
vol. ii. p. 90. See Saturnua.
On a very rare first brass coin of this colony, The ensign: of the legions are common on
struck under the same emperor, and on a second Roman coins, especially the imperial, not with
brass of Annia Faustina, his wife, appears a the bundle of hay (1nam'pulu.rform'_), but Wit-ll
laurel crown, within which is read CERT. small bucklers on the top, in which were painted
SAC. PER. OECVME. ISELA., the whole sur images of the Gods and of the Camus, and
rounded by COLonia AVRelia PIA. ltIETRopali; even of illustrious men. On a colonial medal
SIDON.—alluding to the celebration by the (of Geraraugwta) the simpler and more ancient
Sidonians of the same certamen per-iodicum. form of the siynum manipulrzre is erhibitfii
Triremis, or Galley.—On a rare second brass \'iz., fasciculi of corn-cars, straw, or hay. A5
of Elagabalus, bearing the usual legend of this symbols of the soldiery they were held by tlif
colony, are two gallies, in the right hand one of Romans in the highest veneration; auspices
 SIGNA MILITARIA. SIGNA.—SIGNIS. 747
were taken upon, and divine worship paid to, of the army, in the hands either of the emperor
thcrn. himself or of his cohorts, or in the grasp of
The rigna mililaria, captured by the Parthians some personification, or ‘placed before an Em
from M. Crassus and M. Antony, but restored peror, Empress, or Cwsar, throughout the series
by that nation to Augustus, in consequence of afrom Tiberius down to Constantine, accom
renewed treaty between the Parthians and the panied by legends declaratory of the concord,
Romans, are found alluded to on several family the fidelity, the glory of soldiers, who were
denarii, such as those of Aquillia, Caninia, continually quarrelling amongst themselves,
Durmia, Petronia, which have perpetuated the murdering their sovereigns, oppressing their‘
remembrance Of this event by a diversity of fellow-subjects, and betraying the empire they
types and symbols ; that is to say, by the kneel were entrusted to defend.
ing figure of a Parthian holding an ensign; or The eagle-standard, as distinguished from the
by a triumphal arch with a quadriga on the top ordinary ensigns of the Roman legions, is well
of it; or by the naked image of Mars standing pourtrayed on a silver coin of Nero, and still
with an eagle in his right hand, and the better on a second brass of Galbs, where these
standard of the legion in his left; or by a similar peculiar objects of the soldiers’ idolatry are
figure holding a trophy and standing in the planted on prows of ships.—See Leyionum.
temple of Mars. The same fact is also typified Insignia.
by an wgle in a t/wnsa, or sacred chariot, SIGNA P. R. Signa Populi Rgmani.—On
drawn by four horses; or by votive shields gold and silver of Augustus; this legend accom
placed between the eagle and the ensign of panies a legionary eagle placed on an altar
the legion; likewise by oaken garlands and between two military ensigns, thus typifying
civic crowns; or by a capricom, the astro and designating the conquering standards qf
logical sign of Augustus's birth, with the the Roman people.
addition of various inscriptions.-——Augustus SIGNIS RECEPTIS. Capri¢:ornus.—An
always treated his recovery of these last standards elegant gold medal of Augustus bears this legend
as holding the place of a great triumph to him and type. It was under the Zodiacal sign of
self.—'l‘hc aigna militaria, taken by the Ger Capricorn that this emperor was born, to use the
mans in the slaughter of the legions under jargon of superstitious astrology (“ 0 fauslum
Varus, and recovered by Germanicus, are also et felicem diam”) ,- a.nd to which sidereal influ
commemorated on coins of Tiberius.—Dornitian’s ence he was wont to ascribe all fortunate and
pretended re-capture of Roman standards from happy events of his life. Even the very surren
the Sarmatians occasioned coins to be struck, dering to him of the military ensigns, which the
like Angusl:us’s, mulato nomine, Sarmati for Parthians took from Crassus, and which Augustus
Parthi. most evidently wished for, seems here to be
Signs militaria form a frequent type on attributed to this genethliacul constellation, or
colonial coins, and they were engraved thereupon star on which “ his nativity was cast.”
in memory of the colony having in its origin SIGNIS PARTHICIS RECEPTIS.—Still
been formed of legionary veterans. “For (as more specifically allnsive to the same event is a
Rubenius says in his notes on the Arschot collec denarins bearing on its obverse the youthful
tion) Augustus, who had partly associated the head of Augustus, and on the reverse side the
legions of Lepidus and Mark Antony with his legend annexed within the field of the coin, and
own, after the division of the provinces with without type.
the people, disbanded a great many soldiers, SIGN. RECE. CAESAR AVGVSTVS.—A
and sent them into such of the colonies as Parthian kneeling on one knee, and holding out
needed a supply of men.” This fact is proved in his right hand a military ensign, as if in the
from a multitude of coins, the most rare of act of presenting it to some one.
which exhibit the names of the legions. Thus, This appears on a dennrius minted by Aquilius
as Vaillant teaches us, the rigna veteranorum Florus, one of the moneyers of Augustus, the
are found on medals of Antioch in Pisidia, obverse of which bears thc radiated head of a
under Caracalla, Elagabalus, Gordianns Pius, man, and which, like several others, was struck
Philip, and Decius; on those of Apamea, under in memory of the standards captured from, and
Caracalla; on those of Crmma and of Sidon, sent back to the Romans by Phraates, King of
under Elagabalus and his family; of Dacia, the Parthians, to Crnsar Augustus whilst remain
under Philip; of Deultmn, ‘in honour of Tran ing in Syria (in the year v. c. 734), and which,
quillina ; of Heliopalrk, under Macrinus; of says Dion, “he (the emperor) received as though
Vimimurium, under Gordian. he had been victorious in some battle with the
On the reverse of s fine brass medal of Parthians.”-—SeeAvovs"rvs,p. 105 ; andrr-znoivra.
Tiberius, struck at Crcsarangusta (Sarragoza) Another silver coin of
in the thirty-seventh year of that emperor’s tri Augustus,bearing the same
bnnitian power, appears a standard (or labarum) legend, and allusive to the
between two military ensigns, with the initial same event, exhibits the
letters of the colony, and with the names of the standing figure of Mars,
duunrvirs and of the legions who had been sent who holds in his right hand
to settle there. Nor are any types more common a Roman eagle, and in his
on Imperial coins of Roman dic than the left a military ensign.
legiunary eagle, the vezillunz, and other cnsigns The god of war is hcrc
5C2
748 SIGNIS. SIGNIS.
introduced, in immediate reference to the templeenvironed with the rigna of captured cohorts;
which Augustus, on the restitution of the again, after that disgrace the legions lost their
military ensigns by the Parthiaus, caused to be standards also ; and these were carried about in
built in the capitol, and which he dedicated to reproachful insult to the Romans (in Romanonm
Mars the Avenger. (See Mars Ultor.) In opprobrium circumlahz). And as, indeed, the coin
grateful memory of an event so acceptable to in question distinctly exhibits the a ila legion
heal their wounded national pride, the senate aria, so we find the same author, acitns, not
and people of Rome voted a buckler of honour disguising the shame incurred by his own nation,
to the emperor, which is represented with the in the cutting off of two legions by Civilis, but
above legend. acknowledging that they were compelled to
SIGNIS RECEPTIS. S. C.—The emperor surrender.-—Eclchel, under the circumstances,
standing on s pedestal, with a spear in his lefl thinks it very likely that these ensigns were
hand, accepts with his right a egiouary eagle, restored when the good fortune of Civilis hsd
which Victory presents to him.—On a first fallen way, and he was himself compelled to sue
brass of Vespasinn. for peace, the beginning of which we have from
Pelleriu in giving this, from the treasures of Tacitus; but what afierwards happened between
his own cabinet, as a coin considered to be those things which have been narrated and that
unique, observes that “there is no doubt but restitution of ensigns which this coin proclaims,
that it was struck after the model of those together with the fact of the restitution itself,
which Augustus caused to be struck at Rome, has had the misfortune to be omitted in Roman
in each metal, to record the fact of his having history. These mcduls, therefore, teach us
obtained from the Parthians a restoration of what we are not allowed to learn from written
those military ensigns, which they had kept as history.”
a glorious monument of victories they had A similar case of cigmz recepta occurred, or
gained over the Roman armies commanded by was pretended to have occurred, under Domitian,
Crassus and Mark Antony; but history is not whose duplicity and treachery suiliciently
found to have made mention of a like event betrayed themselves in thc war with Civilis.
under the reign of Vespasian. It is only The imperial braggart caused medals in gold and
seen in Josephus and Tacitus, that, whilst in silver to be struck with the type of a Dacian,
Italy he was contending for the empire with who, kneeling in the attitude of a snppliant,
Vitellius, the Daeians attacked all the troops presents a military cnsig-n.—Pellcrin on this
of his party, who were on the banks of the point quotes Dion, who relates that the degene
Danube, in Mocsia; and it may be inferred rate son of Vespasian, and unworthy successor
(adds Pellerin) that having afterwards reduced of Titus, “received back arms and captives
these barbarous tribes to obedience, he com from Dccebalus, king of the Dam-ians, of whom
pelled them to give up the military eusig-us of he had purchased peace at the price of great
which they had possessed themselves; a par sums of money ; and that he was so vain of it as
ticular circumstance which probably was for to cause himself to be decreed a triumph by the
gotten or neglected by the historians.”—Jlélange, senate, as if hc had gained some signal victory ;
vol i. p. 200. the same ancient writer also states that Domi
Agreeing with the illustrious Frenchman tian had required all the Roman prisoners and
above quoted, so far as relates to the motive of arms in the possession of the Dacians to be
Vespasian being similar to that of Augustus in delivered up to him; but, Dion adds, that they
causing medals to be coined as a record of kept many of them in their czmtles, where
military honours recovered after being lost, the Trajan subsequently found them.”
equally illustrious German, whose Dactrina is SIGNIS RECEl’T1S.———'l‘his inscription, with
the text book of all Greek and Latin unmis the addition of Smalua Pqzuhu Que Ronauu,
matists of the present day, goes on to express his appears on gold and silver coins of Augustus,
opinion that this singular coin refers, not to trans some with the type of a votive shield and cu \'.
actions with the Dacians or any other barbarians (Clipeus Votivus) engraved on it, between a
inhabiting the borders of the Danube; but rather military ensign and a legionary eagle; others
with barbarians occupying the regions washed with a trinmphal arch: all serving to accumulate
by the Lower Rhine, and which followed that evidences of the joy with which Augustus received
sanguinary and desolating revolt raised (v.c. 823, the blood-stained cnsigns of slaughtered legions
A.D. 70) by Civilis the Bstavian, in which the from the Parthians, and for which he took an
Germans made common cause with his country ovation, entering the city on horseback, and
men, and which would have been still more being honoured with a triumphal arch in the year
injurious to the Roman empire, if either there v.c. 734. But why the memory of the event
had been greater concord amongst the barbarians, should have been renewed after his death it is
or if a general, less discreet in policy and less certainly diificult to imagine. And yet, in the
self-possessed amidst surrounding dangers than Museum Farnese, there is a second brass with
Petilius Cerealis, had chanced in the end to Divus Augustus s. c. and his radiated head,
command the Romans. That during that war having on its reverse the above inscription of
military ensigns were lost by them in various SIGNIS RECEPTI8 s. P. Q. a. and cr.. v. betwmn
unfortunate battles, Tacitus the eloquent his military standards, as in the gold and silver
torian of that rebellion distinctly declares. He medals struck during his lifc time, and at the
states that Civilis went forth to the assault period of the transaction.
 SIGNIS.—SILENUS. SILENUS.—SILIA. 749
SIGNIS. RECEPT. DEVICTIS. GERMa1u'-s, deuarius of Marcius L. Censorinus, Silenus
S. C.-—Germanicus, in military habiliments, stands with one hand raised, and the wine skin
stands with the right hand extended, and hold at his back; behind is a small pillar, on which
ing a legionary eagle in his left.-—On the stands an image.—-Eckhel, in his commentary
obverse is osnuarucus csrzssn, who stands in on the coins of the Marcia family, acknowledges
a triumphal quadriga, holding a wand sur himself ignorant ot the reason why the figure of
mounted by an eagle in his left hs.ud.—See p. Silenus appears on the medals of Censorinus.-—
4-16. Among the colonial are those of Troas, in
This elegant and most interesting, although Phrygia, struck under Marcus Aurelius and
common coin, in second brass, was struck in the Commodus, in which he is accurately recognised
year of Rome 770, under 'l‘iberius, to comme by Vaillant as an elderly male figure, naked,
morate the celebrated triumph of Germanicus, holding up his right hand towards the stars, and
on the Occasion of having subdued several nations hearing his goat skin bottle on his left shoulder.
of Germany (such as the Cherusci, the Catti, The people of Troas, his reputed birth place,
the Angrivarii, &c.)—The obverse attests that honoured his memory as the author and master
triumph. ThereverscbyitsinscriptionDEVICTIS of the best of studies, and worshipped him as a
GERMa:u': bespeaks the complete defeat of god.—A coin of Bostra, under Alexander Severus,
those tribes, and also marks the subject of the exhibits Silenus in the same posture, and with
triumph; the other part of the epigraph, SIGNIS the same attribute of the wine skin, but as
BECEP'1‘iJcomprisesan allusion tothat renowned is younger mau.—'l‘he colonies of Coillu, in
exploit of Germanicns, in which, after his victory, Numidia, under Caracalla, Elagabalus, and
having instituted a search for the eagles lost in Gordianus Pius; of Dama.xcu.r, under Philip
the overthrow and destruction of Vsrus and his senior; of Deultum, in Thrace, under Maerinus ;
legions (by the Cherusei, under Arminius, s.n. and others, likewise bear the efligy of Silenus;
10), and having found them in a grove, where on some of these his extended hand is pointing to
they had been buried by the barbarians, he a cypress tree.
brought them back to Rome, as Tacitus most SILIA, aplebeian family. Its surnames Nerva
circumstantially relstes.—P. Gabinius, one of and Italic:u.—A silver coin bearing the former
Clsudius’s lieutenants, having in the year v.c. cognomen, exhibits on one side ROMA, with the
794 (s.n. 41) conquered the Chauci (according bust of Minerva holding spear and buckler—on
to Dion) recovered the eagle which alone had the other side P. msavs, with the septa or
remained with that noble and warlike nation as enclosure of the Comitia, within which a citizen
a relic of the Varian slaughter. standing puts a voting tablet into an urn, whilst
SIGNIS A SARMATIS RESTITVTIS.—A another stands by in the act of receiving the
barbarian on his knee presents a military standard. tablet from the officer (diribitor) appointed fur
On a gold coin of Domitian, published by Morell. that purpose.
—See clvin. ET SIGN. &c., and cursvs. Morell inserts the deuarius amongst those of
Silenus, the Phrygian, to whom fable has the Licinia family, to which the same surname
assigned the distinction of being the foster-father, of Nerva belongs. Vaillant assigns it to the
tutor, and companion of Bacchus, as one of the Silia family; and Eckhel thinks this the more
first that held the son of Jupiter and Semele in accurate reference, " because (says he) we know,
his arms, and who followed him in his travels of no Licinins with the pnenomen of Nerva,
and excited him in virtue and glory.—Indccd whereas there are many Silii who bear the addi
some ancient traditions have exalted the character tion of Nerva.”—A similar type of the Comitia
of Silenus into that of a great captain, a great appears on coins of the Msusidia family, under
physician, and a sage counseller. But (as the head of which an explanation of the above
Spa-nheixn in-I ulianus Caesar sarcastically remarks) described is given.-—With respect to the surname
"he was evidently better versed in the knowledge of Italian, Eckhel adds that C. Silius Italicns,
of nature than in that of reasoning.” In other the consular poet, is commemorated on medals
words, he would seem to have been more the of Smyrna.
_ friend of wine and raillery than that of science Silvauus, the god of cattle, of fields, and of
and research—s sort of philosophic voluptnary. woods, at whose altar n hog was sacrificed.
And as to the representations of this personage Sinlpulum, or Simpuvium, a small vessel
on antique moniunents, the ridiculous consider or ladle with a long handle, used at sacrifices
ably prcdominates over the dignified. He is to make libations, and‘ to taste the wines
ordinarily figured as an old man with a bald and other liquors which were poured on the
head and a thick beard, a snub turned-up nose, head of the victims. It is the sign of priest
in a state of more than half nudity and of entire hood, and one of the insignia of the college
drunkenness, holding a stafl’, or the canfliaru: of pontitfs. It ap s on a coin of Patrm,
into which he was wont to press out the juice qf struck under Augustus. It is also placed before
file grape; sometimes standing, but seldom the head of Vesta, as a mark of that goddess,
without support, sometimes lying along carelessly on a coin of the Domitia family, and is scen in
on the back of an ass.—The images of Silenus the hand of a vestal on coins of the Claudia
are found on medals of Macedonia, and of family.-—A togated and stolated man holds a
Ancyra in Galatia. It is a type awn on some simpulum in his hand on a coin of Antonio
family coins, and is of sufiiciently frequent Drusi, sen.—This vase is united with the asper
occurrence on Roman colonial medals. On a gillum, securis, ancx, patera, seccspita. ors:feri
750 SINGARA.--SINOPE. SINOPE.
culum, lituus, that is to say, with one or other on this coin, Pellerin observes that “it is
of these sacrificial and augural instruments, on reckoned from the zera of the year of Rome
coins of Julius Caesar, M. Antony, Lepidus, 684, which was established at Sinope in memory
Augustus, Caligula, Vespasian, Nerve, Anto of the freedom which Lucullus that year granted
ninus, M. Aurelius, Caracalla, Gets, Philip jun., to this city. This date of the year 36 falls in
Volusianus, Saloninns, Valcrianus jun., as well the year of Rome 719, in which M. Antony
as on many consular and colonial medals. openly divorced himself from Octavia his wife,
Singara (now Sengiar), a city of Mesopo sending her from Greece into Italy. The city
tamia, appears to have been a Roman colony, of Sinope (he adds) was doubtless unacquainted
from coins inscribed to Alexander Severus, and with that fact, when it caused that medal to be
struck. The Abbé Belley has edited a similar
also to Gordianus Pius, with Graék legends, in
which it is called Aurelia Septimia Colonicmedal, dated the year xxxi, accompanied with
Singara.—Vaillant, who gives a specimen of remarks on the two seras which Sinope followed
her colonial mint under each of the above at difi‘erent times.”—-(Mélange i. p. 245.)
named emperors, inclines however to the opinion, Siruqw-0a1i_qula—c. 1. r. s. ANN. !.xxxn1.—
that Singnra owed its first foundation as acolony A colonist and oxen. (llélange i. xvi. No. S
to M. Aurelius and L. Verus rather than to p. 262.)
Alexander Severus.——Its sols type is a female Sinope.—Agrippina Clsndii, (xvi. No. 10.)
head, turreted and veiled, representing the With respect to the types found on coins of
Genius of a fortified town (the common symbol this colony, as given in Vaillnnt, there is one
of the Mesopotamian cities); above the head is struck under Hadrian, which bears the head of
placed a centaur (Sagittarius), with bow in his Serapis; another coined in honour of Geta ex
right hand; allusive either to the surpassing hibits a fish, and is inscribed c. 1. 11. smorns.-—
skill of the Singarenes in archery, or more pro~ One of the most elegant as well as most remark
bnbly to the computation of their year com able types presented on the Latin coins of this
mencing under that zodiacal sign. Roman settlement was struck under Caracalla,
Sinape, a very ancient city (now called Sinub), who g-ave it the name of Aurelia.—c. 1. svu.
situate on the shore of Paphlagonia, in Asia snvo1>a.sNN. cc1.11. Colonia, Julia, Augusta,
Minor—the birth-place of Diogenes, the cynic or Aurelia Sinope, mow 252. Jupiter recum
philosopher. Originally founded by the Mile bent on a Ieclisternium, his head adorned with
siaus (Greeks), it subsequently became the the calatlius, an eagle on his right hand, in his
residence of the kings of Asiatic Pontus, and lefi; the luwia of divinity.——The years 252 are
especially that of the great Mithridates, afiaer the a-,ra of the Sinopian colony, reckoning firom
whose death it was brought into subjection to the time (v. c. 706) when Julius Caesar drove
the Romans, and reduced to the state of a pro Pharnaces out of Pontus, a11d which, joined
vince. But Pharnaces, having driven out together (as Vaillant observes), make v.c. 958,
Domitius Calvinins, one of Julius Ca=,sar’s lieu in which year Caracalla was associated in the
tenants, occupied for a time this kingdom of his imperial government with his father.
ancestors. Caesar, however, at the entreaty, as Among many other reigns, to which Pellerin
was said, of the Sinopians themselves, com has supplied medals of this colony not to be
led Pharnaces to quit the province, and found in Va.illant’s work, are the following,
ormed it into a colony, to which he gave the v1z. :—
name of Julia. Its colonial-imperial coins 1.—A very fine brass inscribed to Gets, on
extend from Julius Caesar to Gallienns, including the obverse of which is the laureated had of
in that series those of Augustus, Tiberius, that prince; on the reverse, c. 1. r. s1.\'o1>x.
Caligula, Agrippina Claudii, Octavia Neronis, ANN. cc1.v. The type is a majestic figure of
Nerva, Hadrian, L. Ver11s, Faustina Aurelii, Serapis, having the moziilw on his head, with
Caracalla, Geta, Diadumenisnus, Alex. Severus, his right hand extended, and holding a kale
and Maximns Ctesar. All these pieces have para crosswise in his left hand. (.-llilange i.
Latin legends, and are very numerous.—The pl. 18.) A similar figure of this great divinity
first medal of Sinope given by Vaillant (who of the Egyptians appears on a coin of Alexander
calls that city the oldest of Roman colonies) is Severus, pl. xix. 14; and ofMaxim11s, xx. 3.
dedicated to Hadrian. But Pellerin and the 2.—On a small brass of Sinope, struck in
Abbe’ Belley agree in assigning one to Julius honour of Diadumenianus, the youthful son of
Caesar. Its legend, however, shows it to have Macrinus (0. 1. r. sworn. CCLXL); the type of
been coined after his death, viz., DIVOS ivmvs. the reverse is Mercury standing, holding a purse
c . . . . . SIVS. uvm. c.a.r.s. Laureated head in his right hand, and a caduceus in the left.
of Julius. Rev. AUGUSTUS n1v1 1'. Naked head (Mélange i. pl. xix. No. 8.)
of Augustus. (Mélanye, i. p. 245.) 3.—O11 a large brass of Gallienus, struck at
Those struck in this colony under Augustus Sinope; the reverse exhibits a woman, crowned
bear the initial letters c. 1. r. s. Colonia Julia with towers, standing with the right hand
Felix Sinope.-—Pellerin gives a remarkable one pointing downwards, and resting her left hand
of this reign, bearing his portrait on one side, on a /meta.
and the united heads of M. Antony and Octavia 4.—Another large brass of this colony (0. 1.
on the other.—The legend of the obverse is r. s. AN. cccxxx.), dedicated to the same
c. 1. 1'. s. A. XXXVI. emperor, represents Bacchus, clothed in a long
Respecting the date of the year 36 marked dress, holding a cartharus or pitcher in the Ilglll
 SIRENES. SlSCIA.—SlSPITA. 75 1
hand, and supporting himself with the left hand stantine jun., Julian II., Jovian, Valentinian I.,
on a thyrsus. At his feet is a panther. and other Augnsti and Cesars of the Lower
Sirenes, Syren-1.—The poets represent these Empire. -
fictitious monsters as persons, who, with the Sirmium, situatedin a pleasant and fertile spot,
handsome countenance and voice of women and held a conspicuous and important rank amongst
the thighs and legs of a bird, inhabiting steep the ancient cities of Pannonia. Pliny (1. iii.
rocks on the sea-coast, allured voyagers by the cap. 25) mentions “ Sirmium oppidum” and
sweetness of their singing, and caused them to “C'ivita.r Sirmien.n'um.” It is also mentioned
perish. On some ancient monuments the Syrens by Herodian, Ammianus, Zosimus, and others;
are figured as women, with the lower extremity and was the birth-place of the Emperor Probus.
of the body terminating in shape like a fish, but lt is now named Sirmiclz, in that part of Sclavonia
this is the form ascribed to Nereids.—On others, which belongs to the Turks, between the Drave
they have the head and breast of a woman, with and the Save rivers.
the wings, thighs, and feet of a bird, which SIS.-This abbreviation frequently occurs on
better agrees with the description given of them coins of the lower empire, and denotes that they
by the oets of antiquity. An instance of the were struck at Si.rm'a.
former kind occurs on a coin of the Valeria Szlrcia, a chief town and a colony of Pannonia,
family; an example of the latter is also given which was a Roman province, divided into upper
by Morell, in coins of the Peironia family. and lower, comprising Styria, Austria, and
The Syren Parthenope, as depictured on the Croatia of the present day.-—It was situate at
medals of Cums, has the head and upper part the confluence of the Colnpis and Savus, and is
of a young woman, with wings on her shoulders, now called Sissecb. There were otlices for
and the lower part of the figure terminates in coining imperial money at Siscia, and a mint
the form of a fisb.—See Parflzenope. master called procurator mzmeta! Siaeiamr.
The medal struck by P. PETRONiu: TUR SISCIA. AVGuati.—On a silver coin of Galli
PILIANVS. IIIVIR (Monetal) of Augustus, has enus this legend appears, accompanied by the
for the type of its reverse a figure presenting the type of a woman sitting, who holds a hasta in
head, body, and arms of a young woman; and the right and a cornucopia: in her left hand,
the wings, legs, talons, and even tail of a bird; below her is the recumbent personification of a
this monster stands holding a trumpet, or tibia, river (the Save).—On another silver coin of
in each hand. Gallienus the female figure sits with outstretched
On this type, Eckhel makes the following hands, and the river deity is emerging below.—
observations :—“ Here we see a single Syren; On a third brass of Probus is the inscription
and, according to ancient fables, the true SISCIA Pnonl avo., with xx! Q in the exergue ;
appearances of those beings, who sprung from but, in the type of this last-named coin, the
Achelous, and as some say the muse Terpsichore, seated female holds a sort of scarf in her ex
others Calliope, have been represented by the tended hands, and there are the demi figures of
voice of antiquity as at once delightful from the two river gods, one on each side below her.
allnrements of their singing, and dangerous With regard to the former coin, Vaillant thinks
from the snares laid by them for the unwary. that it was struck afier Gallienus had conquered
She appears with the face of a virgin, her Ingennus, the usurper of Pannonia. But as
shoulders have wings attached to them, her Siseia may be seen named on the mint of Probus,
form ends below like a bird, and she holds Eckhel conjectures that this city was considered
in each hand a trumpet, or a flute, as if as a sort of barrier to the empire, as well on
about to sing; that is to say, as Servius re account of its convenient situation (on the
ruarks—tbere were three Syrens; one of these frontiers of Sarmatia) as because it was fortified
sang with the voice, the other performed on the by nature, and had, therefore, been constituted
pipes (tibia) the third played the lyre; and they a place of arms amidst the wars which were per
inhabited first the neighbourhood of Pelorus, petually breaking out in that tract of country.
afterwards the island of Caprma. The fact is On a marble found near Sabaria, in Pannonia,
(he adds) they were barlots, who, because they is read conoma. smrrma. srscu. avovs-rs.
reduced passengers to extremities, were feigned SISC. P. Sm-ix Percuasa (moneta).—Money
to have occasioned shipwreck to them. The struck at Siscia (Sisseeh.)
three Syrens standing together, and with their SISC. P. S. Siscia permzssa qficina Sepfima.
respective musical instruments, are represented —Money struck at Siscia, in the seventh otfice
on ancient anaglypbs, and especially on the sar of the mint.
cophagi of the Etruscans; and in the same SlSEN.—Sisenna, surname of the Cornelia
design Ulysses is generally to be seen on board family, on a eoin of which it is written at length,
his ship with his hands tied to the mast.” Why but with only one N.—-thus srsmu.
the type of a Syren is placed on a coin of SISPITA, surname of the queen of the gods,
Petronius docs not appear to be known. as is shown on some rare coins of Antoninus Pius,
SlRM.—I.etters engraved at the bottom of with the inscription IVNONI srsrrrau; such as
certain coins, doubtless designating Sirmium are in the Medicean and Barberini cabinets.
Pannoniae, at present Sirmich in Sclavonia.-— Capitolinus refers to the Iempla Lamlvina as
This mint mark is seen on the exergne of medals, restored by that emperor; for this Siapila was
struck under Constantine Chlorus, Licinius jun., the goddess of Lanuvium. The word SISPES with
Constantine the Great, Crispus, Fausta, Con the ancients was the same as Sospes; whence
752 SISTRUM. SOCRA'l'ES.—SOAE.\IIAS.
Festus remarks-—“Si.qn'tam Junonem guam vulgo S. M. SISC. Signala Moneta Siacia, on the
Sospitam appellant, antique us-u17;aIuznt.”—For exergue of coins of Valentinian I. and of Valens.
thus it is to be read, not Soapitam and Sospitm. S. M. T. and S. M. TR. Signata Honda
-—Spanheim (Pr. i. p. l20) confirms this by an Trever-i.r.—(Mouey struck at Treves). On eoius
old inscription, in which mention is made not of Constans, Constantino jun., Valens, Magnus
only of Juno Sis-_1Je.r, but also of Jupiter Sispea.— Maximus, &c.
Raachefir Lexicon. S. M. T. SB. Sacra Manda Tn-venlr Signals
Sislers qf Emperors were sometimes distin Secundo in Qfiicina.——(Sacred money struck st
guished by the Roman moneyers by the surname Trcves in the second ofiice of the mint). On
of Augusta, as is shown on coins of Drusilla, of coins of Constantine M. and Constantine jun.
Domitilla, of Julia Titi, and of Msrciana, sister Socrate.r.—There are two contoraiate medals
of Trajan. On the other hand, the names of which bear, what are said to be, portraits of
Agrippina, Drusilla, and Julia, the three sisters this great philosopher. One of these is taken
of Caligula, are found inscribed together on a trom Ursinus by Havercamp. His name is
large brass medal of that Emperor, without the given in Greek characters, and his head is
title of Augusta being atfixed to either of them. naked and bearded. What was the reverse of
Si.rtrum.—This was a species of timbrel, or this medal is not stated. The other is pub
rattle, made of brass or some other sonorons , lished by Pedrusi from the Farnese Museum,
metal. It was oval, and its circumference per l and on the obverse of which is a bearded head,
forated with several holes opposite each other, but with no epigraph added. “I cannot (says
through which were inserted horizontally several Eckhel) discover on what grounds he should have
small metallic rods. This “tinkling cymbal or ventured to pronounce this a head of Socrates."
sounding brass,” shaken in cadence, emitted a SOAEMIAS (Julia), mother of Elagabalus.
harsh sound, and was carried by the priests of This princess was the daughter of Julius Avitns, a
Isis when sacrificing to that Egyptian idol. It Syrian by birth, who was consul under Caracalls,
is an instrument which is seen figured on a
great many monuments of antiquity. It is
described by Apuleius (Metamorpls. lib. xi.)
The Sialrum, as one of the insignia of Isis
is seen in the hands of that deity, on coins of
the Czecilia family; and on coins of Hadrian, the
two Faustinas, Commodus, Claudius Gothicus,
Julian the Apostate, and other emperors. The
same instrument is generally seen in the right
hand of Egypt and of Alexandr-ia personified.
“Isis (says Vaillant) was believed to be the
genius of Egypt, who, by the shaking of the
sislrum, signified the increase of the Nile." It and of Julia Mrcsa, sister of Julia Domnn, wife
also appears in the hand of Anubis, another of of Sept. Severus. Married to a senator named
the monster-divinities of Egypt, on coins of Varius Marcellus, also a Syrian, she became the
Julian and of Helena. mother of Elagabalus in the year of our Lord
Sitella (diminutive of Situla), a little vessel 204. Becoming a widow she retired, afier the
into which voting tablets were put : one of them death of hcr nephew Caraealla, to Emesa, in hfl‘
is seen on a denarius of the Ctzuia family. native country, where she and her mother Man
S. M. Signata Mrmeia. caused Elagabalus to be declared emperor. By
S. M. A. Signals Jllonela Anliocbize. the influence of her beauty, and by her courageoljl
(Money struck at Autioch).—On the exergue of example, she won the hearts and secured the Md
coins of Diocletian, Licinius jun., Constsntinus, of the legions in the east, by whose means she
and several of their successors. succeeded in defeating Macrinus and seating her
S. M. AQR. Sacra Monela Aquileia son on the imperial throne. On her return $0
Percuam.—On coins of Valentinian, Valeus, Rome she was declared Augusta and admitwl
and Grutian. into the senate, when she assumed so far asfo
S. M. HER. Signata Jlonela Heraclefle. give her vote like the rest of the senators. Vwl.
(Money struck at Heraeleia).—At the bottom of proud, and profligately ambitious, her Whole
coins of Constantine, Gratian, &c. conduct was that of a shameless, iusoleut, and
S. M. KA. Signata Maneta Cartlzagina cruel woman, who by the encouragement Whlfill
0 cina prima. (Money struck at Carthage, in she gave to the abominable crimes of her sch,
the first oflice of the mint)-—On coins of Licinins had made herself in a great degree answerable
and of the Constantines and their successors for the horrors of that monster’s reign.-511°
down to Theodosius the Great. fell s victim to the fury of the soldiers, who Plli
S. M. N. Signatrz Monela Narbomz, or Nico her to death at the same time and in the same
merlei¢.—On coins of Val. Mnximianus, Gal. ignominions way that they killed hcr detestablv
Maximianus, Maximinus Daza, the two Licinii, sou, A.D. 222.—She is styled on her coins l\'L
and Constantine and his family. (or IVLIA) SOAEMIAS ave. (or .u'ovs-rA)- T_l'°
S. W. R. Signata Moneta Rom/r.—-On coins ,gold are extremely rare; silver of usual 811°
of Diocletian, Theodosius M., Aelia Eudoxia, ‘ common; large brass rare; and middle hr!!!
Gratian, Valentinian jun., and Valeus. l common.
 SOL. SOL. 753
Sol, the Sun.—~This glorious luminary was perfect stature, either standing, or in a walking
originally regarded and worshipped by the Papas attitude, or even as if running with great swift
as being the most brilliant and the most useful ness, and,almost always with a circlct of rays
object in the universe—as constituting by his diverging from the head ; the right hand is open
light and heat the natural source of life and health and extended upwards, the left holds a globe or
both to the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and a whip (flagellum), the symbol of his velocity.
as imparting his splendour to the other heavenly —On coins of Elngubalus, a huge alone, in the
bodies, and his glory to the whole firmamcnt. form of a cone, drawn in a chariot, rcprcscnts
The more deeply investigations are carried into the Sun, of whose temple at Emcsa, in Syria,
heathen mythology, the more clearly it is to be Elagabalus was a priest, before he was raised to
seen that almost all its principal diviuities disgrace the throne of the Ca:sars.——1)iffercnt
resolve themselves into an identity with the Sun, types of the Sun are more frequently seen on
to whose predominating influence over the moon the coins of Roman emperors without any other
and stars the government and preservation of all inscription than that of the letters P.M. TR. P.
things both in heaven and earth were ascribed. and so forth, as in Alexander Severus; or in
Ancient monuments represent the Sun under the conjunction with the words coxsnuvxr. svo. as
form of a man, with a youthful face, the head in Probus: also with the following legends =
‘encircled with rays: sometimes he is mounted ORIENS svo. or AVGVS'l‘.—SOLI lNVlCTO.—SOLI
on a chariot drawn by winged horses. A horse INVICTO COMlTl,—l.\'VlC'l‘VS. These are found on
was sacrificed to him, on account of the great many Imperial coins from the time of Hadrian
swiftness of that animal, a usage especially to Constantine, shortly after which there is no
practised by the Laccdcmonians. longer a recurrence of these signs of paganism.
The Sun was called Jlillmu by the Persians; The personification of the Sun is accompanied
Oainlv by the Egyptians. He was considered by with the inscription INVICTVS, on coins of
some to he the same deity with Apollo ; by others Victorinus, Tctricus, and Carausius.
the same with ./Erculapiua. Sol and Bacchus Sal was, with the Egyptians, the symbol of
were also one and the same according to the elernily, because, said thcy, he never grows
superstition of the Syrians; and in illustration old, but flourishes in perpetual youth. Hence
of some Roman colonial medals, Vaillant quotes it is that he is represented on some Roman coins
Macrobius to show that Hercules and even under the figure of a naked young man, with
Jupiter were only other names under which the radiated head and uplifted right hand, as an
Sun was worshipped in the East.—-The Romans, everlasting sign in the heavens. So we find
following in this and almost all other instances Sol and Luna placed on other coins (see p. 23)
the polytheism of the Greeks, paid divine in the hands of the female figure personifying
honoiu-s to the Sun, and on the silver coins of eternity. Nor was the Sun adopted only as the
the republic his figure is represented.-—A medal symbol of eternity; but he was held to denote
of the Manlia family exhibits him in a quadrign, invincible fortitude; since diversity of time_s and
which he is driving at full speed; on each side seasons withdraws nothing from him, and he
of him is a star. Amongst the coins of foreign pursues unweariedly his ceaseless course.-—The
die inscribed nonsivo, Eckhel notices one with first of the emperors who dedicated coins to the
the head of Apollo on one side and a horse Sun, under the name of Invictus, was Elagaoalua,
leaping on the other ; a star above him, which and he called himself Solis Saccrzloa.
he regards as confirming what is asserted by old On a gold coin of Vcspasian, given by Morcll,
writers, that the horsc was consecrated to is a rostrated column, surmounted by the image
Apollo or the Sun; and that the same animal of a naked man, with radiated head, holding the
was in many countries publicly dedicated and Iuula in his right hand, and in his left something
afterwards immolatcd to the honour of that like a parazonium.——'l‘his is considered to repre
deity. Thus by the Rhodiaus, who were sent sn image dedicated by Vespasian to the Sun,
especially noted for being Sun-worshippers, a and which, on account of its vast height (respect
qumlriga of consecrated horses was cast into the ing the exact number of feet, however, historians
sea, because, as Fcstus relates, the God of Day greatly differ), and of its wondrous perfection
was believed to be carried round the world in as a work of sculpture (on which latter point all
such a chariot. coincide), the testimonies of the old historians
On a denarius of Ccelius Caldus, appears the designate as having cnnobled the government of
radiated haul of the Sun, evidently in allusion the above-mentioned emperor. 'l‘his colossus is
to the name of Caldus, for Calidua. (Sm: recorded to have had its head crowned with rays.
Morcll's “Famil. Roman.”) —On the subject of this prodigy of art Eckhel
Sol is represented in various ways on coins of quotes Martial :—E]n'_q. i. 71.
the Imperial series. A second brass of Aurelinn Nee le delineal miri radiala Colossi.
presents the naked head of the god, with the Qua Rhodium moles vincere gaudet opus.
inscription SOL nonuvvs IMPERII nouiuvr (see
the words) ; thus shewing how peculiarly he was Now (says he) the image presented on this coin
the favourite deity of that emperor, who caused has also its hcad radiated. The time likewise
a magnificent tcmplc to be built at Rome to his corresponds accurately : for in the year v.c. 829,
hon0ur.—On another coin of Aurelian, with not before, this type was exhibited on medals.
the same remarkable inscription, the head of But it appears from Dion, that this famous
Sol is radiated. Sometimes he appears in his colossus was in the yenr v.0. 828 placed 1!]. the
5D
7 54 SOL. SOLI.
Via Sacra; and, therefore, as a work of such superstition, Aurelian, sscribing his military
immense bulk, it was thought fit to bestow upon success in the East to the same celestial aid,
it the celebrity of coins. performed his vows and founded temples. He
The gold medal of Geta, whose bust is also ordained the same honours to the Sun at
radiated in the likeness of that under which the Palmyra, a city greatly addicted to that kind
Sun is generally represented on coins, has already of worship. But the chief proof of this em
been described and explained.—See savsar peror’s devotion to the Sun was the temple
mvrcrr avo. rn. rrn. _ which he caused to be built at Rome in honour
SOL. AVG.—This epigraph, accompanying of his favourite Dominua Imperii Romaui, the
the type of Sol standing with right hand elevated, magnificence and enormous cost of which edifice
and with the flagellum in his left, appears on s is a subject of record with almost all the old
third brass of Claudius Gothicns, in the Vienna writers. Hence the fact, that the greater part
Colleotion.—There is another with a similar _type, of Aurelian's coins relate to the worship of the
but inscribed soLvs svo., given in Pi:ll8l'll1.— Sun, who either alone constitutes the type of the
(Suppl. ii. p. 99.) reverse, or at least his head is placed on the
This allusion to the Sun recurs not unfreqnently field of the coin. Of this kind there are
on the coins of the above-named emperor.— ORIENS AVG. The Sun standing, of which the
Pellerin supposes that the inscription so1.vs abundance is incredible.—PACA'I‘OR ORBIS.
svo. intimates that Claudius, to the exclusion The S1171 dandin_q.—PROVll)ENfia DEOR.|nn.
of Tetricns and Zenohia, was to be acknow T/re Sun, and a woman carrying two military
ledged as the sole head and sovereign of the en.rigm.—RESTlTVTOlt ORIENTIS. The
ernpire.—-“ This is a shrewd guess (says Eckbel) ; Sun st¢mdin_q.—SOLI INVICTO. The Sam
but as all the others agree with the first quoted {reading a captive underf0ot.—MARS IN
coin (son. 1tVG.), the word so1.vs goes, doubt VICTVS. T/me Sun delivering a globe to a
less, to augment the catalogue of those errors military man standing opp0.rite.—On the two
which careless moneyers have so very oficn coins to which we are now directing our atten
committed.” tion, there seems to be a concentration of the
SOL. DOM. IMP. R.OMANI.—'l'he ra honours paid to the Sun, for they salute him as
diated head of the Sun, before whom are his the Lord of Ute Roman Empire.—-Aficr quoting
four horses. On second brass in the Vienna an expression of Julian the Apostate, in which
Cabinet and in the British Museum. he calls himself the sewing attendant upon Re:
SOL. DOMINVS. IMPERI ROMANI.— Sol, Eckhel concludes by observing that the
The naked head of the sun, without rays. On manifestation in Aurelian’s time of so much
a brass medallion in the Museum Pisani, and on obsequious reverence for the Sun as went to
second brass given by Banduri. ascribe to it the absolute sovereignty of the
These very rare and curious medals bear universe, is not to be wondered at, since Pliny
reference to the worship which, according to himself appears to have regarded the same King
historical as well as numismatic testimony, was of Stars as almost the only deity.—The first
in u peculiar manner and beyond the example of type is the most illustrative, on account of the
all preceding emperors, paid by Aurelian to the four horses of the Sun being added; on the
Sun. This avowed disposition to regard the other coin, the head could not have been under
Solar Orb, not only as a divinity, but also as stood to mean that of the Sun but by the help
supreme Lord of the Roman world, is said to of the inscription.
have been hereditary in Aurelian, whose mother SOLI COMITI AVG. N.—-The Sun and the
was priestess of the Sun, in the village which Emperor standing: a captive kneeling at the
his family inhahited.—Eckhel, who quotes the feet of the latter. On gold of Constantine the
authority of Callicrates, as adduced by Vopiscus Great.
on this point, proceeds to remark that this SOLI CONSER\'al0n'. A centaur holding I
prince's religious reverence for the Sun dis bow.—On a third brass of Tetricns Filius, given
played itsclf with increased ardour, when he by Banduri.
took upon himself to wage war against Zenobia SOLI COl\'Ser-vatori AVGusti.-—Pc-gasus, or
in the East--a region of the earth anciently an ox standing.
believed to be peculiarly subject to the deifiedSOLI INVICTO.—The Sun standing, with
power of that luminary. This is the reason right hand raised, and a globe in the left.
why the head of the Sun appears on coins of These inscriptions and types occur on silver
Trajan, and likewise on those of Mark Antony and third brass of Gallienus. They are founded
the triumvir, both of them having been mach on the very ancient and long-continued belief of
occupied with their Oriental expeditions and paganism that Apollo, or the Sun, was both the
conquests. Nor were the Romans the first to author and dispeller of pestilence.—That the
acknowledge the government of the Sun in the Sun was worshipped with the epithet of Inricfu
East. The Greeks at an earlier age set the is attested by numerous marbles; so also the
example of this devotion; and, according to Emperor Julian, in one of his oral-ions, says
Pansaniss, erected an altar at Troezene (now “ Ultimo meme, qui Saturni est, splendidisu-imox
Dlzama1a', in the Morea), to Sol the liberator, ludos SOIifacimu.r,feslum illud SOLIL 'V1(.'T0
because, as they thought, they were freed from nuncupanle-1'.”
the dread of Xerxes and of the Medes, by his Pegasus, as the companion of the Muses
assistance ; and therefore influenced by the same i readily applies to Apollo, “unless indeed (says
 SOLI. SORS.—SOSIA. 755
Eckhel) it may be more correctly considered as and spear: in the exergne sum. In gold and
one of the horses of the Suu, to which wings silver of Constantine. In the exerguc of some,
are added for the purpose of signifying velocity. sq. or other letters.
—Whnt appertains to the figure of an ox, Homer SOL. DOM. IMP. ROM. Soli Domino
(in the Odyssey) commemorates the oxen of the Imperii Ro1nam'.—Full-faced radiated head of
Sun grazing. Strabo alludes to the hull Mnevi:
consecrated to the Sun at Heliopolis in Egypt.
Inscriptions on marbles are addressed nso sou
INVICTO iarmaal-1.
SOLI. INV-IC’l‘O.—'l‘he Sill] peisonified,
stands with his right foot pressing upon a
captive, with his right hand he offers a globe to
a military figure, helmcted and armed with a
spear: below, xx11.—Small brass of Aurelian,
in the Vienna cabinet, not noticed by Mionnet
or by Akerman. the Sun surmounting the horses of a quadriga.
SOLI IN VICTO.—The Sun ina quadriga: his Obverse of second brass of Aurelian. The reverse
right hand raised. On a small brass of Carausius. reads svnnusnvs ave. coxs. The Emperor
SOLI INVICTO COMITI.-—This legend, sacrificing. In the cxergue s.
with the usual type of the Sun standing with S01idu0.—See 001.1: comseE.—See Ezagium
right hand uplifted, and a globe in the left, Solidi.
occurs on brass coins of Constantine the Great SORS. Chance, or Fortune.--A dennrius of
one of the relics of the old solar worship, the Plato;-ia family (given in Morell) presents
which, like other symbols of paganism, appears on one side a female head, and on the other
on the mint of this professed convert to Chris the half-length figure of a young woman (whose
tianity. The words sou mvrcro COMITI are neck is adorned with a collar) ; and the pedestal
found on two other medals of the same Emperor ; which this female bust rests upon is inscribed
one (third brass) with the radiated head of the with the word Sara; round the type is 11.
Sun ; and the other (gold and silver) wherein rnasroa. cnsr. (Marmu Platorius Cestius)
this god is represented standing with his crown s.c.
of rays, a globe which he holds in his left hand; The Romans (as M. Millin observes), not
whilst with his right he places a crown on the content with receiving Gods from the Greeks,
head of Constantine, who holds the labarum, or from the Egyptians, and even from the Persians,
Imperial standard. Both these coins have the undertook the imaginative task of deifying the
name and portrait of Constantine on their virtues, the qualities, the qfection: of the
obverse. In noticing them, in his remarks on mind. And these they have represented by
the Caesars of Julian, Spanheim says they may various attributes on monuments, principally
be supposed to have been struck by the moneyers medals. Among such allegorical divinities was
of some Roman cities still addicted to idolatry, this personification of Sara (chance or hazard),
or before they had solemnly renounced the which has been sometimes confounded with
worship of false gods. The fact is, however, Destiny or Fate.—At Antium and Prmneste
that, with the exception of the In /we Jig. were two most celebrated temples of fortune.
The Fortum Antiates are already noticed in
vie. legend of a doubtful medallion, all the epi
graphs and types of the artful, cautions, and their place, as appearing on a silver coin of the
anything but pious or humane Constantine are Rustia family. The present denarius makes
drawn from heat/zen mythology, not from allusion to a similar piece of superstition called
C/lrislian theology. And, accordingly, we see the Sorter Pr¢ne.xtia, which, it seems, were
on his medals the Sun represented as the Guide, teaaem, or tablets of oak inscribed with sentences
Protector, and even Colleague of this emperor, of antique writing, and shut up in a casket of
with the inscription sou INVICTO and sou olive wood. It was believed that, under the
INVICTO com'r1.—See Comes. secret guidance of the goddess Fortune, Sore
The same inscription ol' Soli irwicto Comiti drew these lots by the hand of a child, and it
occurs on coins of Probus, Maximinus Daza, was supposed to learn its fate by the reading of
Crispus, and others. what was written on the tablets by one of the
SOLI INVICTO COMl'I‘I.—The Sun placing ministers called sortilegi, or fortune-tellers.
a garland on the head of the Emperor, who SOSIA, a plebeian family.—The coins, which
are of second and third brass, exhibit three
varieties. Amongst them are pieces bearing the
head of Mark Antony.—'I'he following ofl'ers a
reverse of historical intcrcst:—c. soslvs IMP.
A male and female captive sitting at the foot of
a trophy.
This small medal, in bronze, commemorates
the victory gained by Antony, in the year v.c.
716, over Antigonus, King of Judaaa, the last
of the race of the Asmoneans, who had retained
stands, in military costume, holding a globe. the kingdom 120 years.—The C. SOSIVS whose
5 D 2
756 SOVSTI.—SPES. SPES.
name appears on this coin as IMPeralor was M. cated a temple to her honour near the 'l‘ibnr.
Antony's Lieutenant in Syria, and sent by him The personification of Hope appears on some
(as Josephus infomis us, l. xiv. c. 16) to assist ancient sculptures; but it is much more fre
Herod in taking the government from Antigonus, quently seen figured on medals of the Imperial
according to the decree of the senate. These series, struck at the beginning of a prince's
two generals having, by their united forces, reign, indicating either the favourable anticipa
gained possession of Jerusalem, Antigonus sur tions which the people entertained of him, or
rendered himself to Sosius, who sent him to the expectations which he wished to raise rc
Antony at Antioch, where he was put to death, specting himself. She is often exhibited on
being the first king whom the Romans had ever medals of the Cesare, or adopted heirs to the
beheaded. And thus was the cruel, corrupt, Imperial throne, because her influence is pecu
and low-born Herod confirmed in the sovereignty liarly strong over youthful minds.-—.$e.v is
of Judaaa, and an end put to the illustrious ordinarily represented in the shape of a young
Asmonean family. woman, standing, or walking, holding in
So.vpita.—See Sispita. her right hand a tender flower: for where a
SO\"S"l‘I.—A brass coin of Faustina senior flower appears there is Izope of fruit to come.
bearing these six letters, followed by the Her left hand is usually employed in lifiing up
senatorial authentication, S.C., and having for the skirt of her semi-transparent robe. Some
its reverse type Ceres standing on a globe, and times she holds in her lelt hand a cornucopia:
holding a torch in each hand, is given in the with other symbols, marking the benefits antici
Mémoirea de Trevouz, as from the collection of pated from her On a brass coin of Drusus
P. Chamillart. It is accompanied by various senior, the word srns stands alone ; it was with
attempts at interpretation—the productions of Claudius that the practice began of adding the
as many learned writers, whose ‘conflicting words ave. or AVGG. or avovsra, or P.a. or
opinions Rasche has, without comment, re rva. rvnnrc. rvnuca, &c., all serving re
capitulatcd; but respecting which, on account of spectively to designate the occasion for which
their far-fetched extravagance or their ludicrous she had been chosen as an appropriate type.-—
absurdity, sovsrr is evidently, Eclrhel says, an Vaillant gives a silver coin of Pescennius Niger,
‘ unhappy blunder of some careless mint-master, bearing on its reverse the legend norms sear,
similar instances of which are not unfreqnent on with the type of the goddess walking——Ciccro
the reverses of Roman coins. opposes the feeling of good bope (bom qm)
SP. A Roman prenomcn.—sP. F. Qaurii to that of despair in all human alTairs.—Aad
FiIiu.r.—On coins of the Poatumia family. Plutarch remembers an altar at Rome inscribed
SPE. AVG. Spec Augusla. I"ortun¢ Bonn %2ei.—Gruter quotes a marble
Speculalor, derived from Specula, a prospect, inscribed BONAE sear .\vo.—-It is observable
that is to say a view from the summit of a place, that on coins of the lower empire, the early
whence anything may be seen advantageously at image of Hope no longer appears. The legnd
a distance.—'l‘hus a cohort of this description Spec Reipublim of the Empress Fausta has for
(S[I£'(,'!l1lll0I‘Il7!l C0/ION) was established by M. its accompanying type a woman suckling two
Antony, that they, from an elevated part of his children; and the fies Romauorum of lllagnus
ships, might explore and act as sentries or Maximus, the gate of the Praetorian camp.
watchmen. There were other acceptations of Spec appears, in the form and with the
the word, such as spies, and even exccntioners. attributes above described, on coins of Claudius,
Speculatores under the early emperors were Vcspasian, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Commodus,
public attendants on the person of the prince; Pescennius Niger, Albinus, S. Severus, Cara
in effect, his body guard. Otho was attended calla, Gcta, llindumenianus, Elagabalus, Alex.
by an escort of this kind; whence it is that Severus, Philip senior and junior, Hcrcnnius,
Tacitus conjoins the pretorian cohorts with the Hostillianus, zllmiliunus, Gallienns, Postumus,
rpeczzlator-es. And, for the same reason, also Tctricns senior, Quietus, Claudius Gothicus,
in inscriptions on marbles the latter may fre Tacitus, Probus, Carausius, Allcctus, Julianus
quently be seen comrninglcd with the former, as II., Vulens, &c.—The following are the most
srac. con. 1111. 1>a.—()n a denarius of M. rare of this legend and its types :——
Antony, the t,‘0]t0fI speculaiorum evidently SPES AVGVSTA. S.C.——Hope walking,
rclatcs to maritime affairs, as the military with flower in right hand, and left raising her
standard fixed on the prow of a ship serves to tunic behind, as if to disengage her tripping
indicate, together with the praztorinn galley and footsteps from impediment.
the triumvir‘s name on the obverse of the coin. This type of Spcs, which became afterwards
—See caoarls sracvaxroavu. so common on coins of the Imperial mint,
Spes.—’l‘hc ancients worshipped Hope as a appears for the first time on a large brass of
divinity. She had her temples and her altars, Claudius. From other bronze medals, having
but nothing is said by old writers as to what the same legend, but with dissimilar types, as
victims were sacrificed to her. Livy speaks well us from an inscribed marble, it would sccru
of the herb market (forum olilariumj at Rome that Claudius worshipped Hope as n favourite
as one of the places where this goddess had a divinity, and on his natal day made vows to her
temple; and he also makes mention of that honour.
which Publins Victor built in the seventh region SPES AVGVSTA. S.C.—-Hope and three
of the city. The censor M. Fullius also dedi soldiers standing. On first brass of Vespasian:
 SPES. 757
breasts of these young princes; each heir of an
emperor being regarded, like Marcellus by
Virml, Magrra Sp:-.1 allem Roma. So Diadu
rnenianus is made, by Lampridius, to say to the
soldicry of his father, Macriuua, Ego autem
elaborabo, ne desim nomini Antoninorum.
SPES PVBLlCA.—llopc advancing towards
three military figures, extends in her right
./’ ‘i r

[Mionnet and Akerman both recognise the

genuineness of this fine coin, of which llavcr
camp has given an engraving from the Mus.
Christinre. The last-named autiquary thus com
ments on the type-—-“ Vespasiau had very much
greater pretensions to the empire, and a better
founded hope for success in his enterprise, than
many of those who had preceded him. In fact,
before his accession to the throne, he had hand towards the foremost and principal, who
unequivocally displayed the virtuous qualities may be considered as the emperor himself, a
essential to the character of a great prince. figure of Victory. The obverse exhibits the
Nor did he disappoint the high expectations laureated head and bust of Alexander Severus in
entertained of him. For this reason SPES armour; in his left hand he holds a baton; in his
avGvs"ra—August Hope, was adopted as the right, afigure of Victory bearing atrophy. Brass
type of this medal; and the goddess is repre medallion in the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith.
sented under the form of a female, clothed in SPES PVBLICA. S. C.—H0pe walking.—
light drapery, who presents her right hand to A coin of Aemilianus, in third brass (pub
the foremost of three soldiers, because Vespasian lished by Banduri), bearing this legend and
had assisted the republic with his victorious type, is remarkable on account of the s. c.
legions, and there was the strongest ground of being annexed thereto, after having for a long
hope that this warlike em eror would re-establish interval been almost wholly disused.
it on a firm foundation.” The same also appears on a rare and elegant
SPES AVG. COS. II. and SPE. COS. II.— qninarius of Gallienus. This coin was struck
Hope with its accustomed attributes.—Silver of when that emperor was proclaimed Impcrator
Albinus.—-In reference to the former of these Auyustus by his father.—Vnillant (Pr. ii. 369)
inscriptions, Vaillant remarks that on coins of says of the type and legend that they unite in
the Ca's'ar.r (as contradistinguished from those suggesting to the people to place their firm
of the Augusti), Hope was exhibited, chiefly to faith, not in the old age of Valerian, but in the
indicate those amongst the former who were youth of Gallienus, to whom Spec gives promise
actually designated as successors to the reigning of a long life and a happy reign.—“ Hope told
prince; but as the harvest of empire was still a flattering tale" in this case.
in cmbryo, the goddess is pictured with a flower, SPES PVBLICA.-—A serpent. on which
portending fruit to the plant in its maturity. stands the labarnm, inscribed with the mono
SPES FELICITATIS ORBIS.—Hope stand gram of Christ. Small brass of Constantine.
ing in her usual attitude. SPES PUBLICA.—A figure in military
The elder Philip, one of whose silver coins garb, stands with right hand raised, opposite to
bears this reverse, after having done everything which stands a female with flower in right hand,
in his power to conciliate the Roman senate and &c.; a star between thcm.—Ori a rare and
people in favour of his usurpation, and wheedled elegant silver coin of Saloninns. There we see
himself into the soldiers’ good graces by his Hope, the usual companion of the Caesars, pre
profuse largesses, here indicates his hope that senting herself to Saloninus, who is clothed as
the world, under his sway, would enjoy hap a soldier to denote his having just embarked in
piness. The commencement of his reign is a war with the incursive barbarians. The
therefore called Speafelicilatis or-bis. goddess holds out a flower to the young prince,
SPEI FIRMAE.——Hope walking.—This as if to assure him of victory.
unusual legend appears for the first time on SPEI PERPE'l‘VAE.—}lope with her usual
silver of Pescennius Niger, published by attributcs.—On a silver coin of Elagabalus, who
Gessner, from the Pfau cabinet; it is afterwards is here, by a wretched piece of flattery, made
found repeated by the mint of Severus. to appear, whilst growing up, to be under Hope’s
SPES PVBLlCA.——Hope standing.—Silver good nnd perpetual influence.
of Dia'lumenianus.——Hope, as goddess of youth Spei I’er]1eluue is first found on silver and
(says Vaillant), is represented on the coins of bronze of Caracalla, whose conduct and dis
Caesars, as if for the purpose of exciting the position from his boyhood upwards also gave
feeling of Good Hope (Bona Spei) in the the lie perpetual, to such a compliment.
758 SPES.—-SPHINX.-—SP'ICA. SPINT.—SPlNTRIA.
SPES REIPUBLICAE.—A woman suckling this symbol of the aedileship. In the Aemilia,
two int‘ants.—See Fausla. Cornelia, Norbana, and other families, the Spica
SPES R_P. (Romani Populi).—The Hope of accompanies the papaver, or poppy, the caduceus,
the Roman pcople.—On a gold coin of Valens and thefan-es. Sometimes a corn-ear is placed
given by Banduri, two imperial personages are on each side of a eurule chair; at others, on
seated, each with the nimbua encircling his each side of the modius, as on a denarius of the
head, and holding thc hasta and a globe. A Livincia family. On many imperial medals from
smaller figure stands between them, but with Augustus to Val. Severus, Spiaa appear either
out the nirnbus, above whose head is a buckler in the madius, or bushel measure, or in the hand
inscribed vo'r. v. 1nv1.. x. of Ceres, or combined, as before observed, with
The two principal figures of this type were the caduceus and the poppy, or placed between
doubtless intended to represent the two emperors a double c0rnucopia:.—See ruin. r1;r.1e|ns.—
Valentiniau and Valens, whilst the lesser figure saucvno rnv0rr1:n0.—On a brass coin of the
is evidently designed for the boy Gratian, Servilia family two corn ears are engraved,
already destined to the throne, but who, not which intimate certain shipments of wheat and
being yet proclaimed Augustus, remains un other grain from the corn-growing provinces to
distingnishcd by the nimbus. Rome.—Ears of corn are the insignia of fertility
Sphin.r.——~This fabled monster, according to in the hands of those figures which personify
the myth of the Greeks, born of Typhon and Egypt, Africa, Spain, Sicily. &c,
Echidna, had the head and face of a young SPINT.—Spint.her, a surname of the Cornelia
woman, with the wings of a bird; the rest of family.
the body resembling that of a dog. This fictitious Spintria, in Italian Spindria, from “ea-w9'l|p,
animal, whose mysterious origin is associated scintilla, quod velut scintill¢ et fame: libidiai:
with the most rcmotc antiquity, is said to have ail,” as Rasche, quoting Sabellicus, says :1-It is
had its haunts in .\Iount Sphincius, near Thebcs, a word used to denote the inventor or invcntrcss
and to have been accustomed thence to nssail of obscene monstrusities, such as were patronisorl
and destroy wnyfarcrs. Apollo having been con and employed by Tiberius, according to a passage
sulted in this matter, the oracle assumed that in the work of that depraved emperor's biographer
there was no other way to rescue the country —“ Seceuu (says Suetonius, 7l'b. Nero Can. cap.
from its flu-y than some one’s solving the enigma xliii.) vero Capreenri sellariam e.u'0_qilao-it,-redeavu
of the Sphinx (allusive to man in his infancy, arczmarmn libidinum: in qua»: undique con
youth, and old age). Oedipus guessed this riddle, quisilipuellarum et ez-oleiorum greges, monstro
rique cancubilua repertorrs, qua: -§‘l’L\'7YZl.lS
and the monster flung itself from its rocky seat
appelladat. — — — Cubicula plur§'fan'a.vn dis
and perishcd.—-On numismatic and other ancient
monuments, the Sphinx is represented in two pasila tabellis ac sigil/L: lascivissimarum pictu
ways, that of the Greeks and that of the rarum et _/i_1/urarum adornavit, &c."—To the
Egyptians. The former has wings and breasts, honour of the MONETA ROM.-baa, be it ob
the latter has neither. The_carly mint of Rome served, howcvcr, that no numismatic monuments,
adopted, as usual, the Greek model. On denarii even under the most protligate of her princes,
of the Carisia and Radinia families (says hlorell) have ever been found to fix the stain of such
is a figure of the Sphinx, sitting on its hind legs; pollutions on any medallions or coins, either
it has wings, and a virgin‘s head, displaying the sanctioned by the senatorial mark of authentica
paps of a woman in front and the (lugs of an tion, or in any way issued under the public gnar
animal of the canine species beneath the belly. antce of imperial authority. The only medals
On coins of Augustus the Sphinx occurs struck within the pale of Roman domination, on
often; in one instance it is accompanied by which shamelessly indecent figures appear, are a
the lcgend Allhll-1Nl.\ car'ra.—Accoi-ding to few Greek colonial, dedicated to the Lampsacan
Suetonius, that emperor was accustomed to seal god—and that suite of brass lessens, or counters,
his diplomatic papers and private letters with a known under the name of Spinh-i¢, which er
figure of this zcnigmntical nondcscript. Vaillant hibit on one side, in designs of coarse work
(Pr. i, 176), and Banduri, describe a first brass manship, immodest representations; and on tlw
of Volnsianus as having a Sphinx for the type of other the numeral letters I. or Il. or Iv. or L
its rcvcrsc. But neither those writers, nor to XVI. and upwards.
Eckhcl, who quotcs their authority, attempt to Nurnismatic antiqnaries, as well as other
give any explanation on the subject of its appear learned writers, arc much divided in opinion
ance, so little to be looked for on a medal of respecting this “ignobile vulgus" of medallic
that Emperor. relics; a vile class of remains, which, to use
S1n'ca.—An ear of com, on ancient medals, the sensible expressions of Eckhcl (viii. 315)
sometimes signified the fertility of a particular “ thrown into the rear, like the suttlers, soldiers’
country, and the abundance of grain produced boys, wine sellers, and strumpets of a tarm)",
in it ; at others it denotes the care of the Aamona are to be recorded more to avoid the slightest
(soc the word), or import of corn into Rome as deficiency in anything that could throw light
well as its distribution to the people by the npon the subject of Roman coins, than from the
Ediles, to whom that important duty was profit to be derived from thcm to learning and
especially committed in the time of the republic. to a useful knowledge of antiquity." Some
Many dcnarii struck under the consular govern think that the S]/inlria were struck to ridicule
ment exhibit (see AED. cva. and AD. rav. snv.) and expose that perfidious tyrant and worn-out
 SPINTRIA .
voluptnary, Tiberius, who made the sea-girt
rocks of (Japrma the scene of his brutal pleasures, to admit persons to Floralia, and other public
and, to issue them with greater facility, numer spectacles, where the grossest indecency was
ous letters were imprinted on them as on those
which served as admission tickets to the theatre;
others consider thcm to have been stamped by
“the rank old emperor’s” express orders. Some,
again, believe that they were used at the festivals
of Venus; others, for the Saturnalia, and others
that they were coined for the purpose of being
flung, in showers, among the crowds of a corrupt
metropolis, who flocked to the public exhibition
of liccntions spectacles, and which were of the
kind alluded to in the epigram of Martial. (lib.
viii. 78.)
Nunc veniunt .1-ubitis lasciva numismata m'1n-bis:
Nunc dant apectata-s tesaera largaferas.
Addison, who visited the island of Caprma,
in 1701, observes (in his “Remarks on several
parts of Italy”) that these medals were never
current money, but rather of the nature of
medallions to perpetuate the monstrous inven
tions of an infamous society; and he adds—
“What, I think, puts it beyond all doubt that
these coins were rather made by the emperor’s
order than as a satire on him, is because they
are now found in the very place that was the
scene of his unnatural lusts.” This is certainly
a fact strongly calculated to support the opinion
which ascribes to Tiberius himself the coinage of
these Spintria: and their circulation amongst the
companions and victims of his ini'amics.—Yet it
is to be remembered that such a belief is not
borne out by the authority of any historian.
Even Suetonius, whose language we have above
quoted, and who touches more fully than any
other ancient writer on these revolting traits in
the biography of Tiberius, says indeed that the
emperor had made a collection Ia-wivissinzarum
picturarum, at Capraea, but does not speak of
his distributing medals of that sort, unless by
the word .ri_1/illum in the passage in question be
meant a medal, as Patin interprets it. But as
M. Kolb, in his Traité de Numi.s-maiique, ob
serves, “.n' Tibére eut fail frapper ale pareillea
médailles, elles aefussent réparzduea darn Rome,
et ca trait d’irgfamie 212! élé rmdu par Suélone
avec plus de force et cl’ énergie." Execrable,
therefore, as was the personal character and be correctly ascertained, as historians are totally
individual conduct of that emperor; disgusting
as is the portraiture which historians have drawn
of his vices and excesses, it appears to be not
without sutficient reason that Spanheim acquits
him of being the originator, or (by an express
command of his) the author, so to speak, of
these numi obscwni, or lewd counters; first, be
cause they are not identified by any indication
with his name; and next, because Tiberius was
evidently disposed rather to conceal his base
enjoymeuts within the recesses of Caprsea than
to reveal them by public representations and
disclosures. Nor docs that profoundly erudite
man, whose opinion is above referred to, as
sociate thcse coins with the Iascivi numiamata
of Martial; but rather seems to be of opinion
that what are called Spintriw are to be added to
the rest of those tesserze, or species of marks
SPOLL-\.—SPONSIANUS. 759
which, under impure and disaolute rules, served
practised.—It is, however, a curiosity of no
creditable kind that leads to minuteness of in
quiry into so filthy and profitless a subject;
and it shall here sutlice, therefore, to add, from
Spanhcim, that in the cabinets of Roman anti
quaries, medalets similar to the above, are found
up to number xxlx. inscribed on them, whilst
Bcanvais greatly increases this estimate of their
number and variety, by aflirrning that “more
than sixty of them, with ditfcrent attitudes,
are known. Their module is uncertain, between
middle and small brass.”
Spolia bellica-—spoils of war—arc exhibited
on coins of the Cornelia, Claudia, Furia, and
many other Roman families ; also on the imperial
series commemorating victories over the Par
thians, Sarmatians, &c. It is sitting on, or
standing near, warlike spoils of armour that
Rome is personified on coins, because she enriched
and loaded herself with booty taken from the
foes whom she had conquered. On a deuarius
of Lepidns we see a figure on horseback carrying
on his shoulder a trophy composed of the spolia
6elIiaa.—See Emilia fam.
Spolia opima.—Thcse, “ the most honourable”
of military acquisitions, consisted of the armour
which one general of an army took from another
general whom he had encountered in single
combat. In their origin they formed nothing
more than atrophy of arms raised on a simple
cross of wood, or the stem of a young oak
tree. During the republic, they were carried
by the Romans in a triumphal chariot, and
aficrwards dedicated in the temple of Jupiter
Feretrius. This ceremony is shadowed forth on
n dcnarius of Lentulus Marcellinns, whose
ancestor Claudius Marcellus, v.0. 532, slew in
single combat Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrian
Gauls. Allusion to the consecration of the
Opium Spa/ia is also regarded as made on a coin
of Cossus Lentulns, struck in memory of his
progenitor, Cornelius Cossus, who, v.c. 326,
killed in battle Lartis Tolumnius, king of the
Veieutes.—Sec Claudia and Cornelia families.
SPONSIAN\'S.—Who this person was cannot
silent respecting him. It is supposed that he
usurped the title of Augustus in Dacia, or some
adjoining region of the empire, about the same
time as the equally unknown Iotapianm, and
the no less obscure Pacatiamu, assumed the
purple—viz., probably during the reign of
Philip senior and junior; certainly after Gor
dianus Pius; because the following gold medal
lion is of the same workmanship, and seems to
have had the same origin as the barbaric medal
lions, described by Mionnet (vol. i. 394- and
404). Eckhel enumerates two medallions in the
Vienna Museum, and two in other Austrian
cabinets.
mr. sroxsram. Radiated head to the right.
Rev.—c,\vo. A column surmounted by a
statue, which has a spear in his right hand ; on
one side of the column is a man clothed in the
760 s. P. Q. R. S. P. Q. R.—Sl?URILIA.
toga, holding something which cannot be defined; 1 ‘ S. P. Q. R. M.'_EMORIAE AGRIPPINAE.—
on the other side of the column is an augur See p. 552 of this Dictionary.
bearing the Iilmw; and at the foot of the S. P. R. OB. C. S. (Ob Give: Serval0s.)—
column are two'e:irs of eorn.—Sec Akerman, Caligula and Albinus.———Sce p. 166 of this Dic
vol. i. p. 493, pl. viii. No. 7. tionary. .
S. P. Q. R. Letters which were used by S. P. Q. R. A. N. F. F. OPTIMO PRINCIPI
the Romans on their coins, standards, and The Senate, &c., (pray fur) 5 progpemu
public monuments, to signify Senatus Populusque and happy new year (anmfm IIOFHM, faudun,
Ronumus. (The Senate and the Roman People) .— _felzce_m) to the best of Prinees.—On coins of
These initials appear on several coins of uncertain Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Alexander.—See
families. They stand as an inscription by them p.~44 of this Dictionary.
selves, with some type or other, on coins of S. P R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI.—On coins
Augustus, Galba, Fanstina jun., Gallienus, &c. of Trayun, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Sept.
‘S. P. Q. R.-—A lion, on which stands Severus, Gallieniis, Maxiininus Daza, A1¢;;md_
an eagle, both within a laurel crown.-—On Tyran. Licinius pater, and Coustantinus Magnus.
gold of Gallienus, in the Imperial cabinet at —See pp. 236-397 of this Dictionary.
Vienna. S. P. R. PARENT. CONS. SVO. Senalu
“It is for the reader to judge (says Eckbel Popufusque Ronuznus Parenti Cong;-M10"? $'0_
in reference to this coin) whether it is because —'l‘his is engraved on a denarius of Augustus, 35;
the senate, with its inveterate habit of adulation, memorial that the Senate and Roman people pm.
had compared Gallienns to Jupiter and to scnted to that emperor the sceptre with an
Hercules, that the creature sacred to each of eagle, the toga picta, or embroidered robe, and
those deities is here brought forward: or, the laurel crown, as to their parent and pm.
whether it is because the eagle and the lion are server.
supposed, alter a manner, to bear sway, each over S. P. R. V. S. PRO. S. ET. RED. AVG.
its respective genus of animals, and to give Senatus Populucque Romamu Vota Solemn! pm
place to no master—that Gallienus is here Salute et Reditu C¢eaari.r.—The Senate and
feigned to possess supreme power over the whole Roman people acquit themselves of their vows
race of mankind, and even over the very for the health and happy return of Ca>.sa.r_-On
usurpers themselves, who were at that identical a coin of Augustus.
period invading every part of the empire.” S. P. Q. R. QVOD INSTINCTV DIVINI.
Dact. Num. Vet. vol. vii. p. 411. TATIS, &c.—-On a coin of Constantine the
S. P. R.—-—These initials likewise exhibit
Great.--See p. 678 of this Dictionary.
themselves on numerous medals of the imperial S. P. R. V. P. RED. CAES, SemzIu.rPopu
series in each metal, from Augustus down to luique Romanus Vofa pro Redilu C¢:a11'-r.—
Constantine the Great: they are found placed The Senate and Roman people offer vows for the
either round the circumference of the coin, safe return of Csesar.%)n a coin of Augustus.
along with some other legend, or in the field of S. P. R. SVF. P. D. Senafu: PopuIg;qg¢
the coin on a shield, preceding the abbreviated Romanus .rz_:fl_imeniu _PopuIo‘ d_ala_-On a fin;
word CL. V. (Clypenm vovit); or with some other brass of Caligula this inscription is considered
legend, as in the following examples ;— to_ signify that the emperor, in concun-em-e
S. P. Q. R. ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS with the Senate and the Roman people, had
PVBLICAE. (The Senate and the Roman made the usual distribution, that is to sav, of
People, to the Defender of Public Liberty.) t/ring: necessary for the Secular Game:.;See
On first brass of Vespasian.—See p. 8. of this Sigflirnenta.
Dictionary. SPVRILIA _q_en.r.—Thcre is no authentic or
S. P. Q. R. DIVO TRAIANO PARTI-IICO. precise information to be gleaned from the old
—See Aurora. writers respecting the ordo of this fnxnilv. Its
S. P. Q. B. EX. S. C. (Ex Senaius Consullo.) coins present but one type—nam_ely, in silver; a
——Hadrian. winged head of Pallas on one side, and on the
S. P. Q. R. IMP. CAES. QVOD V. M. S. EX. reverse A. SPVRilm.1, and Diana in a biz-a of
EA. P. IS. AD. A. DE. (Senatu: Populusqiw horses at full speed; at the bottom, ROMA,
Romanus Imperalori Czrsari quad viw munitw S. R. appears on the field of certain coins,
rint ex: ea pecunia quam is mrariurn delulit.) about the time of Constantine, 8lg'nifyi]]rr 3,11"
-—-This is inscribed on acoin of Augustus, struck Roma-riorum or Spa; Reiprrblicw. 8
by L. VINICWB, rnunetal triuinvir, as ii monument S: R. _ Seaafus Romamas.-—-On going of
of the gratitude of the Senate and Roman people Antioch in Pisidia, instead of S. C. Smatu
towards the Emperor Caesar Augustus, for having Consullo.
established high roads, and contributed to the S. T. Siymzta 7$'everi.9.—-A mint mm-k of
public safety, at his own expense; in causing tocoins struck at Treves.
be conveyed to the public treasury the money STA. BOV.—'I‘hese letters, nccompariving
which is the fruit of his victories, and of the the type of u bull walking, appear on the reverse
advantages which he has gained over the enemies of a second brass of Geta, in the Vienna
of the state.—See p. 19 of this Dictionary. Museum.-—Gessner gives it as a third bm55_
S. P. Q. R. IVLIAE AVGVS'l‘.—The Senate Putin and lrlurdonin have both eoimnemed
and Roman people to Julia Augusta.—On coins on this coin of a foreign mint. The fm-me;
of Livia and Domna. (Impp. p. 367) reads snsov as one word, and
 STAR.
proceeds to ascribe the coin to Slabiw, a town ' A Star appears opposite the personification of
in Campania, at the bottom of the bay between
Naples and Sorrento, now Monte zle la T0rre.—
Hardouiu (Oper. Selec. p. 161) divides STA.
from Bov., professing to believe that the one
means Stabire and the other Bovilla. He goes
on to call them oppidum ye/ninum, twin towns
in Campaniu; adding that Stabiw is now Czutell’
a mare di Slabia, between the mouth of the
river Sarno and Sorrcnto; and that Bauilla was
amongst the cities of Cumpania, on the shores
of the Uediterranean. Eckhel, who, as well as
Vuillant (Cal. ii. 6.) places this coin in the list
of iueerta numismala, says, after quoting the
above opinion of Hardouin, “I have my doubts
whether this explanation of the enigma will be
deemed satisfactory at the present day ; for the A Star and Cross appear on coins of Con
prevailing impression now is that from the time
when the supreme power of Rome was vested in
the emperors, the cities of Italy at large
abstained from striking money. And then,
again, how can Hardouin say that Bovilla is a A Star at the back of Venus, as in a coin of
town of Campania, when in point of fact it
stood in Latinm and near Rome ?”—~Eckhel
(vii. p. 234) concludes his note on the legend in —— near the figure of Victory, as in Aurelian,
question by referring his readers to a coin
struck under Trebouianus Gallus, which bears Two Stars over the bonnetcd heads of the
the words ARN. ASL as throwing light on the
subject. In that particular case (see the words,)
the enigma seems fairly solved by the reasonable
conjecture of Pellerin; but the riddle STA. Bov.
remains as dark as ever, and seems hardly
worth the pains of being rightly guessed.
Slar.—-On many coins the figure of a star has
reference to astrology. It was also among the
Pagan Romans a symbol allusive to eternity or
to consecration (sce those words). It was like
wise a sign of glory. It frequently is used as a
mint-mark. Besides appearing on numerous Six Siam on a globe, on which Fnustina is
medals of cities and kings, it is found on several
coins of Roman families, such as Elia, Aquillia,
Manlia, Papiria, Portia, Rustin, &c.
A Star appears before the head of Mars, on
n coin of the Rurlia family, because the year
was believed to begin with the month Illartiua,
which took its name from the God of War.
Star: are seen on some one coin or other of
nearly all the emperors, from Julius Caesar to
Justinian, and even sti]l_ further down the
series.
Long-haired Star (Stella Crinita), or comet,
appears on dcnarii of Augustus, referring to an
extraordinary meteor seen immediately after the
death of Julius Cresar. This cometary sign is
placed on some medals behind the portrait of
the murdered dictator, or occupies the reverse
side of the medal.
A Star, under the heads of Mercury and IIcr
culcs, on coins of Vcspasian (Khcll 33434).
— within u crescent moon, as in Domitian,
Trajan, S. Severus, and Caraealla.
— by the side of an emperor sacrificing, as
in Elagnbalus.
Its frequent occurrence on the coins of this
Emperor was associated with his Syrian birth
and office as priest of the sun at Emesa.--Sec
Bimurd i. p. 399-426.
5E
STAR. 761
the Sun (sou mvrcro), as in S. Severus,
Elagabalus, Gallicnus, Maximinus Daze,
Licinius senior, and Constant-inus M.
between two military figures, with SALV8
nairvn., as in Theodosius M.
by the side of Fortune, as in Constautius
Chlorus.
before the figure of Genius Auyurti, as
in Licinius senior.
above two emperors, standing with joined
hands, as in Theodosius jun.
is seen over the spirit (nnima) of Con
stantine the Great, drawn in a quadriga.
in a crown of laurel, on coins of Cou
stantine and Constantius II.
stantiuus Magius; also of I"l:u:cilla, wife
of Theodosius, and Elia Eudoxia. Also
on Jnstinianus II. and other medals of
the Byzantine series.
Su:mias.—See .Venu-t Carle.rti.r.
_ under Vesta,seated.1-—(Khell, Sup. 74-75.) '
Valeritinian I., and Gmtian.
Dioscnri, who are distinguished thus as
often as they are represented on coins
or other ancient monnments.—Sce Castor
and Pollux.
over the head of a bull, as in Julian the
Apostate.-—See Securilas Reipub.
under which Cupid sits on a dolphin, as
in silver of Augustus, inscribed S.P.Q.R..
above the wolf, with Romulus and Remus,
and the epigraph vnns aoxa, on coins of
Constantine the Great.
seated, with cpigraph Acternitas.
-— surrounding the figure of Jupiter.—See
IOVI DEl~‘ENSori SALVTIS AVG.
-— amidst which a naked child sits on a
globe, appear on a silver coin of Domitilla,
wife of Domitian.
Seven Star: encompassing Augustus, in n
chariot drawn by elephants, as on coins
of Caligula and Claudius.
— around the figure of Faustino senior, on a
consecration coin of that empress.
Six Slars, surrounding a crescent moon, appear
on coins of several families; and on some of
Augustus, Hadrian, Faustina senior, Faustina
junior, Sept. Severus, and Julia Domna.
Stars on Roman imperial coins sometimes
serve to distinguish figures, as those representing
the children of reigning princes; and, in other
instanccs,their deceased offspring received into the
ranks of the gods, and placed amongst the stars.
A Slary sphere, on which stands a phmnix,
appears on s coin of Constans.—See ran.
TEMP. nsrsnxrro.
-— on which stands an eagle, on a consecration
medal of L. Vcrus.
— on which the emperor is seated, forms the
type of a bronze medallion of Alex. Severus.
—See rmrr. YELICITAS.
762 STATIA.—S'l‘ATILIA. STEPHANUS.
STABlL.——See TELLVS S'l‘ABII-ita, on legend L. svr.1..\. mr,, and for type, a military
coins of Hadrian, Sabina, Faustinu sen., and figure on horseback, seems to derive illustration
Commodus. from a in Cicero, wherein he mentions a
Slannei numi, pewter money, respecting which gilt statue of Sulla on horseback, erected to his
see Spanheim, Pr. i. p. 9. honour in Rome. (Eckhel, v. l9l).—-An eques
STATIA, name of a Roman family; it was of trian statue was customarily erected in a city
the plebeiau order, for T. Statius belonging to on the occasion of the reigning priuce’s arrival
that gens is enumerated among the tribuni plebis: within its walls. Vaillant enumerates seven
its surname Marcus. There are two varieties iu. different equestrian statues of Augustus, as repre
its coins. One of them bears on one side the sented on rare coins, chiefly silver. The statue
head of Neptune, on the other uvacvs urr. and of an Emperor on horseback (Imperawr aqua)
a trophy, before which stands a male figure in is to be seen frequently on Imperial medals,
the toga, who extends his hand to a kneeling sometimes in a military dress (pahadahu), at
woman. Lucius Statius Murcns was one of other times in the garb of peace (habits
Julius Czesnr’s lieutenants during the civil war. pacijEcatoria.)—See Cornelia.
On the death of Julius, he first of all gave his Statue of Trajan, on horseback.-—'l‘hcre is on
aid to Octavianus (aflerwards Augustus) in Syria. silver and first brass coins of this emperor,
Subsequently he sided with the republican party; accompanying the legend s. P. Q. ll. orrnlo
and Cassius not only gave him the rank he had ramcrrl, an equestrian figure of this “ best of
before held, but also committed the fleet to his princes," holding a spear in his right hand.
charge. This circumstance is alluded to by the Doubtless (says Eckhel) this was intended to
head of Neptune on the above dcnarius. Cassius represent what Ammianns (L. xvi. e. 10) speaks
himself, in an epistlc addressed to Cicero, calls of in terms of the highest praise as a wonderful
L. Statius Murcus, imperator; and he is termed work of art. That writer relates that Con
vir pmtorius and imperator by Vallcius. It is stantius the Second, having come to Rome,
not known why the honour was conferred upon viewed with admiration, among other objects of
him which led to the title IMP. being placed utter magnificence, the Forum of Trajan, and ex
his name on this coin. Cicero calls him publicly, pressed his eonviction he could himself construct
proconsul. After distinguishing himself by his nothing equal to it, but added that he was both
skill and courage in naval warfare, he fled, utter willing and able to imitate the horse of Trajan,
the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, to Sicily, placed in the centre of the court-yard (air-inn),
where he was at first kindly received by Sextus and which bore on its back the prince him
Pompey, but afterwards, out of either jealousy self. One of the distinguished personagts
or distrust, he was put to death. On the reverse near the emperor at the time, Hormisda by
of this very rare silver medal, it is Asia which name, replied by saying,-“ Ante rtabulrm tale
seems to be represented in a su pliant posture, condi jubeto, si valer: eqmu quem fabricare
solicitin]g the help of Caasius.— lrhel, vol. v. di-rpomlr, ita late succedat, at rlrfe qua:
P . STATILIA,
816. afamily of uncertain rank. It was videmus.” “First build such a stable as this
(Tr-ajan’s forum), and then let your horse be
first known nnder the Caesars. Its surnames are made of as ample dimensions as that which we
Taurus and Libo. There are four varieties in its now see."
coins, all in brass, either Spanish money, or Stepluznus Quadri_qariu:.——A Contorniate
struck by the mint-masters of Augustus. medal, given by Pedrusi in the Mm. Fumes.
Stator, a surname of Jupiter, from riata (to bears on its obverse the head of Trajan, and on
make or cause to be made to stand or continue.) its reverse the word sraranvs, accompanied
See Iovr srnonr. with the type of a llieronices, or conqueror st
Statuaria ars.—-See quotation from Barouius, the public games, who, holding in his right
in R/asche, vol. v. pt. i. p. 30. hand a whip, and in his left n palm branch,
Statues abonnded in ancient Rome. It was stands in a chariot drawn by four palm-bearing
the custom of the Romans to pourtray in images horses.——Havercamp (in Marelli Impp.) also
of brass and of marble, their various deities gives a contorniatc which has n similar type on
and illustrious men, whom the common people its reverse, and with the words srsrars. Nlli.\.—
believed to be thereby rendered present to them. On the obverse is the head of a man, which
Hence it is that so many statues of gods and Eckhel, as well as other antiquaries, states to be
goddesses, demigods, emperors and heroes, re that of Apolkmius 7_l/anens-is.
main to this day.—Spanhcim (Pr. i. p. 26) The reason which the portrait of Apollouiu
auimadverts on the multitude as well as the 7)/auenaia is here found on the same medal, with
excellence of antique statues still extant. On a representation of Steplzamu, the chariotecr,
family and on imperial medals we see repre is atiirmed to be, that the former happening to
sentations of statues, both equestrian and pedes be in the act of public disputation at Ephesus,
trian, of Consuls and Ediles, Emperors, Em the very moment when Stephanus, the freed
presses, and Caesars. Statues also appear in the mnn, slew Domitian at Rome, suddenly became
interior and on the pediments, and on the steps speechless, and seemingly like one thunder
of temples and triumphal arches, which form struclr; but presently, as if regaining his sense,
the types of numerous Roman coins. Amongst he began to exclaim—“ Well done Stephanus—
other dcnarii of the Cornelia family, relating to bravo Stephanus—strike the homieido.»—you have
Sulla (the Dictator), is one, which, bearing for struck—you have wounded—you have slain
 STOBI. STOBI.—STOLA-. 763
him." her right a Iiasta pura, round which a serpent
This story, fabulous as indeed it is, was,
according to Dion and Philostratus, universally coils itself.
credited at the time.—Eckhel, vol. viii. 297. [The people of Stobi, in consecrating a. coin
Stobi, or Slobas was, according to Livy, to the wife of Severus, as they had already
one of the most ancient cities of Macc done to himself, have flattcringly conjoined the
donia. Situnte in Pelagonia, a central region of Goddess of Victory with the Genius of their
that kingdom, to the north-east of Pella, it is city. Respecting Victory with wings, Ovid
called by Pliny oppidum civium Romanarum, writes (Trial. Eley. i. lib. i.)
and its coins prove it to have been a nmnicipium , Victoria Dea le colitis circurrwolat alia.
but by whom it was invested with that character,
whether by Augustus or by Vespasian, is uncer The serpent is added, as a companion of Victory,
tain.—Paulus includes this place amongst those because, as Valerius Maximus observes, the
of Macedonia, which enjoyed the privileges of former foretold the latter: in other words the
the Jus Ilalicum.—The money, struck by the serpent predicted military successes. The head
Stobensm, comprised but one Autonome; the of the woman is turrcted, and bears a coma
rest are Imperial, with Latin legends, beginning copize, as the Genius of a city. Thus, in their
with Vespasian, and continuing under Titus, self-exalting adulation, the Stobenses represent
Titus and Domitian, Domitian, Trajan, S. Victoria under the form of Genius, on the coins
Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta, finishing of Domna, as though that empress was herself
with Elagabalus.—'l'he following are the prin at once the Guardian Deity of their town, and
cipal types on the coins of mvmc., MVNICL, or the companion of Severus in his victorious
IVNICIP. srosnns. Municipium Sfobensium, career.—Col. ii. 22.]
as given in Vaillant’s work on the Rmnan A similar type appears on coins struck by the
Col0nie.r.-— same municipium in honour of Caracalla, whose
Ten¢pIe.—A second brass of Vespasian, Titus, successes over the Parthians had afforded security
and Domitian, has a temple of four columns, in to the whole province of Macedonia.—'l‘he some
which a military figure stands with right hand type is also appropriated to s coin of Gets;
extended, and holding a spear in his left. and to Elagahalus (the last in the list of em
[The people of Stobi seem to have been much perors whose portraits appear on Stobensian
attached to the Flavian family, for we see coins medals) a second brass is dedicated, with the
of this municipium dedicated in succession to same reverse, struck on the occasion of Maori
Vespasian and to his two sons and successors in nns’s defeat and death.
the empire.--The temple on the above reverse River Deiliea.—On an extremely rare and
is regarded by Vaillaut as representing one rather singular coin, dedicated to Gcta by the
which was erected in honour of Augustus, rather Municipium Stabcnsium, two Rivers are per
than of Vespasian. There is a similar type on sonified in a recumbent posture, resting each an
a coin of the Stobenses bearing the head of elbow on an urn whence water flows, and between
Trajan. and above them is a military figure.
Wonunc Turrctea'.—A second brass of Ves [The site of Stobi is pointed out by this type,
pasian exhibits a female figure standing, clothed as being at the confluence of two streams, one
in a short dress, and wearing towers on her of which was called Erigon, tho other Rhmdias.
head. In her right hand is s Victory; in her The figure, in warlike attire, would seem to be
lefi a cornucopiss; at her feet on each side arc that of Gets, to whom the province dedicates
spoils of armour. itself.—Cal. ii. 59.]
[The woman thus depicted seems to be the Observe—-In the text of Vaillant one of tho
Genius of Stobi. The crown of towers sym river deities is described as bearded, and the
boliscs the municipium, whilst the horn of other as without a beard; but in the engraving
plenty is an especial attribute of an urban inserted to illustrate the letter-press, both those
Genius. She holds a victory, in reference to recumbent figures are drawn as females, clothed
the conquest of Jndaca, the warlike spoils being in the stola, and of course without beards.
indications of that recent event. It was by Most probably the engraver has made a mistake.
striking this medal that the people of Stobi Stula.——This was the long gown or robe worn
congratulated the emperor on his decisive and by every honourable matron among the Romans.
appalling triumphs over the Jewish nation.— It was n dress with sleeves, and descended to the
Col. i. p. 133.] feet; usually of purple cloth, having quite round
Viz-tory.—A second brass of S. Severus has it at the bottom a plsited welt or border of
for legend on its reverse mvruc. S'l‘0BEN8., and fringe, sometimes of gold stulf ; for which reason
for type Victory walking, with crown and palm the words atola et inrlita are used by some
branch. authors to signify the chasteness and modesty
[Vaillant supposes the Stobenmr to have placed which best become women of respectability, to
this type on the coins of Severus, in memory of whom alone it was allowed to wear the alola, as
the victory which that emperor had gained over according to Festus, the toga had been abandoned
the generals of Pescennius Niger, at Cyzicus.] to the lower classes of women and to eourtesans.
Victar_y.—'l‘hcre is a medal of the Stobenses Hence the phrase mulier alolala designated a
dedicated to Julia Domna, on which a female woman of quality. Over the stoln Roman ladies
figure, turret-crowned, and with wings, stands put a sort of mantle, called polls, which was
holding a cornucopia: in her lctt hand, and in also an article of drcrs peculiar to the sex, inas
5E2
764 S'I.‘OLO.—~SUB.~\U RATUS. SUFI-‘IBULUM.—SUBSELLIA .
much as men could not with any degree of pro certain numeral letters, either Greek or Latin,
priety wear it.—The female colonists of Antioch placed sometimes in the field of the medal, viz., r.
used the rlola, on which account the Genius of or n. or rrr. or iv. or v., as in small brass of
that Roman city appears on its coins stolala Tacitus; at other times on the lower part of
(Vaillant Cal. ii. p. 4).—Thc Genius of the colony the coin, viz., B. G. A., &c., as in small brass
of Sidon is also personified as mulier stalala, of Probus. These under-struck characters are
after the Roman manner. also found on small brass of Saloninns, Postumns,
STO LO.—Surname of the Licinia family.— On Victorinus, Claudius Gothicns, Quintillns, Aure
first and second brass coins of Augustus we read lianus, Florianus, Cams, Numerianus, Carinus,
P. Licrrnvs s'ror.0 ruvra A A A P r~'.—Also on de Magnia Urbica, Maxentius, &c.
narii of the same emperor is the legend P. s'ror.o Sqflibulum, the name, which according to
rlrvln.-—The apex between two ancilia. [Accord Festus, was given to a long, white, bordered
ing to Varro, one of this family, who as tribune, veil, or covering for the head, worn by the
caused a law to be passed prohibiting any Roman Vestals whenever they otfieiated at sacrifius.
citizen from having more than five acres of land, Its name derived itself from the word I"i6xla,
was called Stalo, on account of the extreme care because this vestment was fastened with a buckle,
which he took to have all such suckers and other or broche, lest it should happen to fall otf.—
useless offshoots rooted out from his land as Oisolius (Sel. Num., tb. 46, tig. 8) gives a coin
might inconvenience his farming labourers] of an uncertain family, inscribed Vesta P. R.
S. T. R. Signala 7$'everi.r.——M. S. TR.., or Quiritium, and on which the fibula as well as
MO. S. TR. Mon-eta Signala Thrvenlr.-—The the cqflibulum, is very conspicuous. In the same
miut mark of money coined at Trcves. work are several figures of Vesta, whence it is
STRAB. Strabo.—Surname of the Voltein easy to perceive the form and length of the
and Pompeia families. sqflibulum, and also the mode in which it was
Slrobilu: (artichoke) or mu pinea (apple of put on by the priestess of Vesta.
the piuc tree). Something that bore resemblance Subaellia.-—'l‘his word was originally applied
to each of these plants was an ensign of the to the public benches or seats in the amphi
Vr'nd=-h'ci.—On a gold coin of Claudius appears theatre. But it was afterwards used to denote
a triumphal quadriga, in which is either the a low sort of seat (liumili: mama), of which
strobilua or the nu: pinea, in the room of a Asconius describes the use by saying that they
human figure. were appropriated to the plcbcian tribunes and
Struc.1 Armor-um.-—A pile of arms; the sign edilcs, the triumvirs, the qmestors, pro qnmstors,
of victory gained.——See DE GER, as in Domitian; and other persons who, exercising judicial func
DE GERM, as in Drnsus senior, M. Aurelius, tions of a minor kind, sat, not in curule chairs
and Commodus; DE GER.\-IANIS, as in nor on tribunals, but on .rubsellia.—Er-khel
Augustus; DE S.*\Rl\Iali.r, as in M. Aurelius. (vol. v. p. 317) refers to a silver coin of the
Slrullmmnw/u.r.—An ostrich appears on a Sulpicia family, on which two men clothed in
coin of the Fabia family, as a symbol of Africa. the toga, sit together on a simple sort of low
—On a dcnarius of the Cornelia family this bird form, and comparing this common looking seat
stands between a palm and a branch of laurel. with certain ornamental and more elevated chairs,
SVB.—SVBAC. Subrwta, subdued.—Scc which are represented on denarii of Cornelius
ALEMANNIA svaacra, as in M. Aurelius. Sulla, Cestius, Norbanus, Lollius, and other
Subaural/ca numuc. Plated n1oney.——This consular dignitaries, he leaves his reader to judge
species of false coin consisted of brass or copper whether the humble bench figured on a coin of
covered over with a thin coating of silver leaf, Sulpicius Platorinus must not be one of the
both materials being so dcxtcronsly united together rubsellia mentioned by Aseonius.—Sec Sul_pitia
as frequently to baffle detection, except by the family.
coin itself being cut in two. This description of Sqfimenla, donativcs of sulphur, bitumen,
counterfeiting commenced among the Romans and other inflammahlc and combustible sub»
(says Jobert i. 42) during the times of the early stances for the composition of torches, which
consuls, and was revived at the period of were distributed among thc people a few days
Augustns's triumviratc. It is at the same time before the celebration of the secular garnes, and
an infallible proof of the antiquity of the medal, with which they performed their part in the
and even of its rarity; for, as Morell observes, expiatory and lustral ceremonies peculiar to those
as soon as this spurious coinage was discovered, occasions. Pitiscus takes notice of these erg)?
the dies were broken and the fabrication de menta, which he observes were wont to be given
nounced, under the heaviest penalties, by the state. in the way of atonement and purification, either
—See Pelliculati muni and Jllézlailles Faurréer. by the emperors themselves, or by the consuls
Sublician Brillg/e.-—See /lenzi/ia family. and decemvirs when sacrificing at Rome before
Subscriptiones (l£!em).—Lettcrs or characters, the temples of Apollo Pallatinns and Jupiter
under-written, with which coins of a late age in Capitolinus. Bellori states that the rrgflimeufa
the Imperial series are furnished, first present included frankincense and other kinds of pcr~
themselves in the reign of Gallienus.—Some, fume nscd by the Romans in their public
however, are observed on silver of Philip sen., lustrations.
and Otaeilia Severn, his wife. But it is under SVF. P.D. Sqfiimvnta Popnlo Dahz-ln
Gallienus that this usage is more clearly found to scribed on a first brass of Domitian.—-Sec Lvn.
have commenced: for on his coins are engraved same. FEC., p. 527 of this Dictionary.
 SilFFRAGI.\. SULLA. 765
Sufragia, sulfragcs ; the vote given to some of the same family has on its obverse Q.
one in elections for magistrates, and other public csssrvs, a female head, and the word LIBERT. ;
otlices. The right of suffrage was the distinctive and on the reverse side the same type and
attribute of Roman citizens; and for a long time letters as the preceding. The urn, the tablet
they exercised it vivd voce, the votes being rc marked A. 0., and the head of Liberty, all
ceived by the seniors of tribes (R0_qatorea), who, evidently refer to the above-mentioned pas
each for his respective tribe, reported to the sage in the history of Cassius Louginus, as
President of the Assembly the result of the the author of the system of voting per ladcllru.
polling. But this custom was annulled by the And it was in memory of this ancestor of his
Lea: Cassia Tabellaria, which enacted that in that Q. csssrvs LONGINVS, a monetal triumvir,
order to leave the sulfrages of the citizens in a caused the coins to be struclr.——See Doct. Nam.
state of greater freedom they should thence Vet, vol. v. 166.—See also Cassia family in
forward tender them by means of a ticket or this dictionary.
tablet, called Tabella, which gave its name to Suggeatu, de mggestu, pro suggestu, <f"c.—
the law.——This important change from open A term used with respect to the emperor, when
voting to the vote by ballot, was extremely standing on his tribunal or eslrade (suggestnm) ;
popular at the time, inasmuch as it appeared and about to make a speech to the soldiers
favourable to the cause of republican liberty, (Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 628).—See ADLOCVTIO.
but it was fraught with consequences destructive SVL. SuIpicius.—Sce Galba Imp.
to the purity of election and fatal to the real SVLL. Sulla.—Surname of the Cornelia
freedom of the state. These tabella were very family.
narrow bits of wood, or other materials, on Sulla (or iSfylIa).—Lucius, descended from a
which were written the names of candidates at high patriciau family, was the son of L. Sulla,
the elections for magistrates, and were dis praetor of Sicily. In the thirty-ninth year of
tributed among the voters according to the is age, he was appointed qunestor to Marius,
number of competitor:-1.—It', however, the busi who was then in his first consulship, and whom
ness before the assembly was that of passing he accompanied into Africa. It is to Sulla
some law or decree, which had already been pro that his biographer, Plutarch, ascribes, in an
posed to the people, there was then given to each especial degree, the glory of those victories
citizen two labellar, or billets; the one for ap which crowned the Roman arms in the Jugur
proving, the other for rejecting. On the former thine war. But in that war were at the same
was inscribed a v. and an 11., which signified time laid the seeds of mutual hatred between
Uli rayas, “ as you request ;" and on the latter, the consul and his quzestor, which produced the
which was for the negative, an A. meaning most furious factions, and involved the republic
Antique, “I anuul,” or “I-vote for the old in all the sangninary horrors of domestic strife.
law.” If the matter in question was to pass a Bocchus, the Numidian king's perfidions betrayal
verdict in judgment, either to condemn or to of Jugurtha into the hands of Sulla; and the
acquit any one, three tabella were givcn to ostentatious use which the aspiring Roman was
each elector; one of these had the letter A. prompted to make of praises bestowed by his
absolve, the other C. for candemno; and the countrymen on that earl instance of his enter
third N. and L., meaning nan liquet, “ it docs prise and courage, exci the ferocious jealousy
not appear," as expressing inability to decide, of Marius, and led to results the most disastrous
or a desire to put ofl’ the business in hand to to the peace and prosperity of their common
another hearing. This last was used when the country. Ascending in the scale of public
accused had not appeared to have fully cleared oflices, he obtained his election for proctor, and
himself, and yet did not seem to be absolutely was sent as general into Cappadocia. In the
guilty. year v.c. 665 he obtained the consulship. And
It was L. Cassius Longinus, who, during his alter Marius and himself by their antagonistic
tribnnate in the year v. 0. 617, carried the system of prescription had filled the families of
Ir: labellaria, whereby in all judgments, cases Rome with terror, and her streets with blood,
of murder excepted, the people were required he succeeded in wresting from his defeated
to give their votes on inscribed tablets; and in rival that favourite object of his ambition, the
effecting this great alteration in the law respect management of the war against Mithridates.
ing sutfragcs, he was regarded, as it would ap Having taken and plundered Athens and van
pear, even by Cicero himself, to have eminently quished Achelaus, the general of that monarch,
consulted the interests of public liberty. near Mount Thurina in Bmotia, he erected two
There is a dennrius of the Cassia family, trophies, and was styled Imperator. After
which bears on its obverse Q. cassrvs and thewards, having defeated Dorylaus, another of the
veiled head of a woman, with the word vasr. Mithridatic commanders, he raised another
ncar it.—Rev. A round temple, within which is trophy in Thessaly, and was called Imperalor
a cnrule chair. In the field of the coin is on one Iterum. Hence, we find "three trophies on his
side an urn, and on the other a tablet inscribed coins, corresponding with the number of those
s. c. The letters, as above explained, signify which, it is to» be inferred from Dion, were
Ab-salvo ,- Condemno ; and the urn, or little pot engraved on the signet ring of Sulla. The
(often by Cicero called sitella), into which the flattering surname of 1"eli.r (i. e. Fortunate) was
tabe/la.’ of the voters were thrown, is here added to his own. Indeed, according to
seen standing near them.—Auother dcnarius Plutarcb, he gave himself that appellation,
766 SULLA. SUI.-LA.
making it his boast that he enjoyed perpetual floating above her, seems as if sitting in the
felicity, or good success, in all his affairs. “ For clouds. In the midst stands Victory bearing s
this reason,” says Appianns, “ he was designated palm branch.—See 1Emilia family.
as the happiest of men.” Pliny also testifies: [This type corresponds in its group of figures
“ mm-1 kominum ad lsoc aevi Felicia s-ibi with the main incidents of Sulla‘s dream, in
cagnomm aaseruil L. Sulla." That this which he pretended to have been forewarned by
name of “Felix,” at first bestowed upon him in some goddess of his future victorious fortunes,
private was afterwards publicly appended to his and on account of which he regarded his celestial
other titles, we further learn on the authority monitress with “ a grateful mind.”—Thc relation
of Appianus, who writes that a gilt equestrian by Plutarch of this incident is as follows:—
statue was placed in the raslra at Rome, with “There appeared to him (Sulla) in a dream s
this inscription—“ Cornelia Sullm Imperatori goddess, whose worship the Romans borrowed
Felici. Moreover, Cicero, whilst Sulla was from the Cappadociaus, whether she be Luna
still living, called him Felix. Certain it is also (Diana), Minerva, or Bellona, who seemed to
that Sulla, whether sincerely or atfeetedly, stand by him; and to put thunder into his hand;
ascribed all the glory of his exploits, not to and who, having summoned each of his enemies
himself nor to human wisdom, but to Fortune, by name, bade him strike them. They fell
and what others imputed as a disgrace he pro under his stroke, and were consumed. Inflamed
fessed to honour as proceeding from this leading by this vision, he related it to his colleague the
tntelary of his choice and worship. In order next morning, and bent his way towards Rome.”
still more closely to identify the source of his —Thi.s dream of Sullu’s refers, in point of time,
extraordinary prosperity with the favours of to v.c. 671, when he was threatening the city
Fortana at Felicitas, not only did he take the from Campania.-—L. Emilins Buca. was qumstor
surname of Fauelu-I (i. e. auspicious and happy), in Sulla’s time.]
but he also conferred it upon each of the two The following are the only denarii of Sulla
children whom he had by his wife Metella, that were struck during his life-time :—
naming his son Faustus, and his daughter (L) SVLLA lMPerator.—A military figllm,
Fauata. There was, however, apparently much standing in a triumphal quadriga, holding s
art and tact in the way in which Sulla made caduceus and crowned by a victory flying over
his subservienoe to the superstitions of the his head.—-On n coin, rare in silver, and most
priesthood work together for advantage to his rare in gold, of the Cornelia family.~See also
bold and unscrupulous plans of aggrandisement. the Manlia family.
Not only Fortune and Felicity, but Apollo and SVLLA lMP.—Sulla in military habiliments,
Venus, and Diana came in for a share of his standing with parazoniunkin his lclt band, joins
grateful devotion. The character of this re his right hand with that of a soldier standing
markable personage was one of strikingly con opposite him, and holding a in his left;
trasted qualities, in which, however, the vicious behind is the forcpart of a galley, from which
predominated frightfully over the better attri Sulla seems to have disembarked.—This type
butes of his nature. A gross voluptnary, and appears on the reverse of a very rare silver coin
a licentious wit, yet strict and punctual even to of the Cornelia family, the obverse of which has
austerity as a mun of business; infamous for his a bust of Minerva, with Victory behind placing
libidiuous excesses, and most disorderly in his a garland on her head.-—Soe Cornelia family.
convivial pleasures; he was a sage in council, (L) SVLLA.—-Head of Venus, before which
and a hero on the field of battle. In the a little figure of Cupid stands, holding s long
obscurity of his early life the associate of jcstcrs, branch of palm.
mimics, and profligate revcllcrs of both sexes; Ren.—1nrnn. rr1mvx.—The lituus and the
hc changed his exterior behaviour on the attain prusfcriculum between two trophics.—On s
ment of supreme power, displaying the highest dennrius of the Cornelia family, common in
talents for civil government, combined with silver, but most rare in gold.
consummate genius and capacity as a military [The first of the above three sccms to record
commander. Yet, in these nnd in all other some signal triumph won by the Dictator over
things, ever rushing to extremes and glorying in Mithridntes.—Of the type on the second coil!»
eccentricities, he exhibited himself as a monster Eckhcl says, “ I am in doubt what opinion to
of lust and of cruelty, chcckcring a life of the adopt. The conjectures which antiqnarim hart
most splendid and important actions with hitherto hazardcd are not satisfnctory."—'l'l1B
flagrant inconsistencies, blackened by enormous third denurius is more open to nnimadvcrsion.
01511193, and paying thc forfeit of intemperancc The head of Venus is placed on the obverse.
and debauchery by a horrible death from the because, on the authority of Plutarch, it appmli
most loathsome of diseases.—-See the words that Sulla caused the names of Mars, l"ortnu6,
r1-:1.-zux, ravs-rvs, and noccnvs. and Venus to be inscribed on a trophy.—Cup1d
As connected with the numismntic illustra with palm branch readily points out Velllli
tions of Sul1n’s history, it may here be noted Victrix. We further learn from Plntztrch that
that on a denarius of the 1E'milia family, bear Sulln was singularly devoted to the worship
ing the n:u_nc of L. BVC.-\., the figiirc of a man of Vemu the Conqueror, and that, in honour of
is represented as if sleeping in the presence of that goddess, he adopted the Greck surnanicof
a female figure, who, distinguished by the Epap/zroditus, or (as translated into Latnll
crescent moon on her forehead, and by u veil Venuatu<r.—Plutarc,h adds that, in writing totlw
 SULLA. SULPICIA. 767
Greeks (in answer to their applications), he took SULPI. Sulpicianus, surname of the Quintin
this additional name, and that the inscription on family.
the Roman trophies left at Cheronaza was Lucius SVLPIClA.—-This house, which possessed an
Cornelia Sulla .@JapItroditu.!.-—-Appianus records illustrious name amongst the most ancient families
this last adopted surname, and also says that of Rome, came originally from the city of Camera.
Sulla Imperator dedicated certain gifts to Venus, —Ac.cording to some writers, the Snlpitia were
because, as he pretended, he beheld in a dream so called sue specta. And this is done by a
that goddess meeting his soldiers, and mixing suflicicntly far-fetched process of derivation,
with them in martial attire.—The two trophies founded on the legendary figment about one of
on the reverse denote the two victories, which, Eneas’s companions being the first to behold,
in the year v.c. 667, Sulla gained over Archelaus beneath an oak, the sow lying with her litter of
near Mount Thurium, and in the field of thirty, on the spot pointed out by the oracle, and
Cheronma; in memory of which events, as we on which the city of Lavinium was afterwards
learn from Plutarch, two trophies were erected. built. Hence, we are told, this fortunate sow
That on account of those two brilliant and finder was by his immediate descendants, called
decisive victories he was culled IMPerat0r Sui-qricius, which word was changed by their
ITERVM, is shcwn with sufiicient elcarness by posterity into Sulpicius !—'I'his family did not,
the epigraph itself of this denarius—-a coin however, make its appearance in history, it
which, by universal acknowledgment, was struck seems, until about the year v.c. 254-, at which
in Sulla’s life-time; and which, in its type of period Sulpicius, surnamed Cumerinus, was
the lituus and pnrfericulum, or gullu-1, nn consul with M. Tullius Longinus-—although the
questionable insignia of the angnrs, demonstrates Emperor Gulba, who belonged to it, pretended
that Snlla was one of that fraternity, as was to trace his descent from Jupiter. . Its surnames,
also at a later period Faustus his son.—Appianus as recorded on coins, are Galba, Rufus, Plato
aflirms that Sulla was admitted to the sacerdotal rinus, and Proculur; of these the Gulba branch
order. (Nam. Vet. vol. v. p. 191.)-—See Cor was patrieian, that of Rufus plebcian; the
nelia fam. others are of uncertain rank.—Therc are thirty
SVLLA. COS. Bare head with bcardless two varieties in the medals of this family. its
fnce.—Rev. avrvs cos. Q. POMP. nvrr. A gold are of the highest rarity ; its silver common,
bare head and beardlcss face. All. except those restored by Trajan, which are
SVLLA COS. POMPEI. RVF.— very scarce. The second and third brass are
Curule chair, between the lituns and a gar also rare. The following are specimens of the
land.—1?ev. nvrvs. cos. Q. POMPEI. Q. r. A Sulpiciau denarii, arranged according to sur
curule chair, between an arrow and s brunch of names :—
laurel. All. GaI6a.—On the obverse, head of a woman,
See Eelrhel’s observations on the above two veiled, behind it S. C.
denarii, vol. v. pp. 191, 192.-—Sce also Sella Rev.—-1>. oars. (Publius Galba) AE. cvn., or
Curulis. LED. ova. (iifidilis Curulis).—The simpulum and
SVLLA COS.-—Head of a man, bare and secespita.
beardless. [It is uncertain by what P. Gnlba this coin
Rev.—-nvrvs COS.—Q. roar. avrr.—Another was struck during his year of otfice as curule
beardlcss and uncovered head. edile; but, as already stated, it was from this
This denarius of the Cornelia family pre gem that the Emperor Galba sprang]
sents the portraitnres of two Romans, L. Cor Plat0rinua.—On the obverse of a very rare
nelius Sulln, and Q. Pompeius Rufus, who were silver coin of this family we find the epigruph
Consuls in the year v.c. 666.—“It is an cansan. avovsrvs, with the naked head of
acceptable thing to sec, as we do on this coin, Augustus.
the eiligy of Sylla, in contemplating whose Ii8v.—PLATORlNVS mvm. M. AGRIPPA.-—
countenance, a certain Chalccdon, versed in Naked head of Agrippa.
physiognomy (as Plutarch relates), exclaimed Another denarius of the Sulpicia family, with
that such a man could not be otherwise than the same obverse, has on its Rev. 0. sUI.PIcrvs
destined to future greatness, and that he even PI.ATOllIN.; and for type, two men clothed in the
wondered how it could be that he did not toga, sitting on a low table, or form, at the
already occupy the highest place in the Republic. bottom of which are three roslra, or beaks of
Those traits of personal appearance, which of gnllics.—[No mention is made of Platorinus, in
course are not perceivable on a. medal or in a ancient history. The reverse of the second
statue, are also mentioned by the same writer, denarius remains of doubtful interpretation.
who observes that “ his eyes were of a lively Ursinus sees in it the roatra nova, or Julia,
blue, fierce and menacing; and this ferocity of which Caesar caused to be erected at Rome. In
aspect was heightened by his complexion, which this opinion, Spanheim, Vaillant, and Haver
was of a strong red, interspersed with spots of camp appear readily to coincide, and they even
white.”—His shining hair of a golden colour is go so far as to recognise Augustus and Agrippa,
likewise mentioned. as consuls, in the two figures sitting here with
SULP. SuIp1'cia.—See HISPANIA cnvma. the roslra beneath their feet. “ But (says
BVLP., on a coin of ‘Sulpicius Galbn, on which Eckhel) on what a lowly and unbecoming rub
Hispauia is called Sulpicia after that empcror’s aellium would this supposition place two men
family name. of such high rank, who in their quality of con
 768 SULPICIA. SULPICIA.
sular dignitaries ought to be represented seated figures were meant for the Dr'o.rcan' (see the
on cnrnle chairs.” '1‘hc same sagacious com word) is plainly indicated by their caps and
' mentator then refers to the form of seats other attributes. The reason why the type of
assigned to inferior magistrates, to whom the the second dcnarius was adopted, appears to have
jus selke curulis did not belong, many examples been that Servius Snlpicins, a military tribune,
of which are furnished on consular medals; invested with consular authority, hastened from
such for instance as those on which Piso and Rome with an army, and rescued 'I‘nsculIu.-n,
Crepio, quzestors ad frumendum emundum when pressed with a close seige by the Latins.—
(otlicers appointed for purchasing and importing But it seems from Cicero, that in his time there
corn to Rome), and also such as M. Fannius was n temple dedicated to Castor and Pollux, at
and L. Critonius are seated. (See Fannia 'I‘nsculum.—Festus also states that Castor was
family). Moreover, the luuta leaning against worshipped in that town. On account of this
the seat, as in the denarius in question, is hereditary honour, not only the most venerated
also seen on coins of Papius Rufus, qurestor, divinities of the '1‘uscu.lans, but the very town of
and L. Caninius Gallus. “We may consider Tusculum itself, are exhibited on the pre
ourselves, therefore, (concludes Eckhcl,) to eminently rare gold coin.
have before us in the type of this reverse the Eckhel refers to the Dioscuri also, the two
identical kind of benches or seats appropriated heads on the obverse of the third coin, although
to the use of those less exalted functionaries the letters D. I'.P. (Dii Penales) are inscribed
of the Roman commonwealth, whom Asconius near them. Heads similarly conjoined, lanreatcd,
alludes to in these terms ;—Subs-ellia run! and surmounted with stars, are likewise found
tribunorum, lriumvirorum, qmestorum, at lrujus on denarii of the Fonteia family, with the
modi minora jrlditid e./rercentium, qui non in addition of P.P. (i.e. .Pena1e.r.) But still more
rel/is curulilma, nee tribunalibua, 8611 in sub explicitly on coins of the Antia family we read
selliis, con.ri1lebenI.”]—-See the word Subsellia. Dii 1’enate.s, at full length, near heads similarly
Rafe-9.—-1. The obverse of a rare denarius of yoked together. Deities in appearance diflerent
the Sulpicia gens bears for legend L. sanvrvs (because they are differently delineated on other
nvrvs., and for type a bare head with short coins) are in reality identical with these Dioscnri.
beard. The Dii Penate: were so called, according to
Rev.—No legend; but the type exhibits two Cicero, because their name was derived from
naked men standing with spears; a star over Perms, the name given to everything catcn by
the head of each. This, restored by Trajan, is man, or from the fact of their having their
very rare. situation within the house ; whence also they are
2. A gold coin of the highest rarity, with called by the poets PeueIrales.—See PENATES.
same legend on the obverse, has two heads of The reverse type of the third coin has given
young men, jngatcd, each wearing the pilens rise to a difl‘erencc of opinion among learned
and laureate-d ; two stars over head. numismatists. Some have professed to regard it
as exhibiting two of the companions of A-Incas,
who first beheld the white sow under the oak
(170.2) with her litter of thirty, to which Varro
and Virgil both allude.-Others suppose that it
relates to the treaty ratified between Tnllus
Hostillianns and Mctius Fntfetins, by the sacrifice
of u pig.—Ericius, on the contrary, thinks that
the Dii Penaler (whom it was not unusual to
depict armed with spears and in warlike costume)
Rev.—'l‘he walls of a town, over the gate of are exhibited in this instance also.—Eclrhcl (vol.
which is inscribed 'rvscvr..—See below. v. p. 320-21) himself considers this la.st-mcn
3. Another denarius of this family has on one tioned opinion to correspond the most closely
side n. P.P.; two jugated heads of young men, with the truth, and he goes on to quote old
laureated.—-See Penates. writers in support of it—amongst others Dio
Rev.—C. SVLPICI. c. r. Two military figures,
nysius Halicarnassus, who adds that “the sow
with spears, stand pointing with their right and the whole litter were offered by Eneas in
hands to a sow, which is lying on the ground sacrifice to the Dii Pt-mates." It was held as a
bet ween them. great point of religion amongst the Romans that
Who the L. Servins Rufus of the first two the public solemnities or rites connected with
coins was is a matter of uncertainty. Some the worship of the Penutes should always be
erudite nntiquaries believe him to have been the celebrated at Lavinium. Insomuch that when
son ol Ser. Snlpicius Rufus, a celebrated juris it was alleged against M. Emilins Scanrus,
consnlt, the friend of Cicero, and who was prince)» Senatua, as a criminal charge, that the
consul v.c. 703; after that, having embraced public solemnities, in honour of the I)ii Penates
the side of Crcsar, he was sent on a mission to were, through his neglect, omitted to be per
M. Antony, at the time of the Mutinensian war. formed at Lnvinium with the solcmnity due to
Whom the head on this denarius was meant for those sacred observanccs, he very narrowly
has likewise been made the subject of a con escaped a sentence of condemnation from the
troversy still undecided, and never worth the people. (Sec Asconins on Cicero pro Scauro.)
pains bestowed upon it. That the two standing These testimonies being so closely in accordance
 SULPICIU-S.--SU1\IltIUS. SUPE RA. 769
with the type of the coin in question, and the emperor, which has for legend of reverse P.M.
Dii Penales being so distinctly named on the TR. P. in. cos. lll. r.v., and of which the type
Sulpician medals, there can, adds Eckhel, be no is similar, with the exception of there being in
doubt but that in this deuarius allusion is made in the area of the medal, behind the figure, two
by the type of its reverse to those household darts, one of which is sharp-pointed, the other
deities. has a conical head.
SVLPICIVS URANIVS Al\"l‘ONlZ\'VS.— [These coins, together with those bearing the
Zosimus makes mention of two usurpers, who, legends of Irwictus Sacerdoa ,- Sanvto Dev Soli
with the support of a disutfected mutinous E/agabal., etc., indicate the worship paid by
soldicry, assumed the purple in the reign of the Syrian Bassianus at the time of his accession
Alexander Severus. He adds that one of those as emperor, to the Phoenician god, called
was called Antoninus; the other Uraniu.r— Elagabalus, or Hcliogabalus, believed to be the
that the former, unable to sustain the weight Sun, after whose name he has since been called,
of government, took to flight, and appeared and of whom he here proclaims himself the
no more; that the latter, a man of servile High or Chief Priest, having the audacity to
origin, was proclaimed in his room, but prefix it to the Imperial title. We hcre indeed
he being soon taken prisoner, was brought see him officiating at those rites, for which
before Alexander with the purple robe on, in functions, as his hateful biography informs us,
which he had arrayed himsclf.—lt is to Sul that loathsome young maniac “circumcised him
picius Uranius, (unless, as Eckhcl observes, self and abstained from swine’s flesh.” These
Zosimus, whose knowledge of the history of coins also exhibit the sort ot‘ dress which he
that period is deficient in accuracy, may per used in these sacerdotal ministrations—\'iz., a
ehance have made two out of one nsurper,) that something between the Phcenician sacred robe
the unique gold coin, dcscrihcd below, is to be and the cloak of the Modes, according to Hero
assigned :— dia.nns’s description of it; and as the author says
L. rvr.. AVE. svnr. vas. ANTONlNVS.—L8Il in another passage, “he (Elagabalus) walked in
rented head; moderately bearded; shoulders barbarian costume, with purple tunic interwoven
clothed with the paludamentum. with gold, long-sleeved and down to the feet.”
Rev.—-rr-icvunrms Avo.—A woman standing, The palm-branch which he holds in his hand,
clothed in the stola, holding in one hand a and which on most of his coins more resembles
cornucopiaa, in the other a rudder. a club, perhaps points to the Phmnician origin
l\iefl'ei hesitates to allow the antiquity of of the worship. But the darts placed near the
this medal. His doubts are based on these before-mentioned attributes no doubt constitute
grounds—first, that medals of gold, with Latin part of this absurd idolatry. The star placed
legends, and of such fine workmanship as this above, in the field of the coin, as in many
is, would not have been struck for a tyrant others of Elagabalus, denotes the god SoI.—On
who was acknowledged only in the East, and a marble published by Muratori is read rvnrvs
whose reign lasted but a few days; second, that srsraanvs sacna. n. s. nr:1.aom.]
the head of this nsurper is accompanied by the The able author of Leeons de Numirmatique
type of Fecundity, and that that Fccundity is Romaine, in reference to the monstrous freaks
represented with the attributes of Fortune. of Elagabalus, as faintly shadowed forth on
But Bimard, who (in Jobert, tom. ii. p. 348) some of his coins, makes the following pertinent
has given an engraving of this coin, and written and comprehensive remarks :—Can.9ervrnt pour
along and, as usualwith him, an ably critical com ea divinitéfavorite une ezlravagante vénération,
mentary on it, contends that these difiiculties are il en apporta 2; Rome le culte et l’ia'0le (qui
not such as to be in any degree calculated to over etait une groue ylierre noirdtre de form:
turn the strong intrinsic evidence of its genuine conique) et lui fit batir un temple, 012 il
ness offered by the medal itself. To the opinion of rempliarait lui méme lea fonctions sacerdotalel.
this eminent man, and of those equally experienced Enfin dc toutea sea démences, don! ces médaillu
nurnismstists who coincided with him, “ I (says qfre rm faible monument, il restu d l’ir_z/‘am:
Eckhel), who have not seen the medal, and have poniife le nom de son dieu pour sobriquct.”
nothing to urge in opposition, most freely sub SVPERA (CAIA CORNELIA.)—Thia
scribe.” (Doct. Nam. Vet. vii. 288.)-Mr. lady is known only through the medium of the
Akerman, in his Descriptive Catalogue, states coins which bear her name as Augusta. Some
that this anreus of Sulpicius Uranius Antoninus antiquaries have regarded her as the consort of
"formed part of the plunder of the French Trebonianus Gallus.—'l‘ristan, who was the first
Cabinet in November, 1834.” The genuine to publish a medal of this princess, supposes
ness of the gold coin is confirmed by those in her to have been the wife of Valerian the
brass struck in the East, in Greek characters: younger.—Vnillant:, and as it would seem even
like the gold they are extremely rare. Pcllerin (Mél. i. p. 239) adopted the same
S\"'Lpicia.—See HISPANIA cnvma sv1.. opinion.—Beanvais also expresses himself in
SVMMVS SACERDOS AVG.—The emperor favour of this latter conjecture; but candidly
clothed in the toga, and holding a palm-branch, admits that he had been confidently assured by
stands before a lighted altar: a bull, as a victim, on others of the existence of a Greek medal, bear
the ground; a star in the field. The foregoing ing the name, with imperial title, of Cornelia
legend and type appear on a silver coin of Supera, the date of which led to the inference
Elagubalusw-Thcre is another coin of the same that she was the wife of the Emperor 1']milianu:_
5F
770 SYLVANUS.—SYMBOLS. SYMBOLS.
This opinion, Eckhel, by reference as well to l, the Voconiu family, from the surname VITULUS,
numismatic monuments of induhitable authen &c.—Other symbols are aanigmaticsl or fabulous,
ticity, as to the chronology of the period, has such as Pegasus, griflin, sphinx, chima:ra, centaur,
proved to be correct. Adducing two medals of caprieorn, &c.—The following symbols have
Cornelia Supera, one Greek of 1Egea, in Cilicia; their peculiar and appropriate signification on
the other of the colony of Parium, in Mysia, Roman coins, viz. :—
the epochs and reverses on both which are to Aplustre, a ship’s ornament, imports maritime
be retraced with exactness on the medals of power.
Emilianus; Eckhel, afier a full investigation Apollo's head refers to the Apollinarian games.
of dates and historical facts, comes unhesitstingly Bow, symbolises Apollo.
to the conclusion, that the emperor last named Bow and club, Hercules.
must have been the husband of the unlmmon Bow and quiver, Diana.
Au_qu.rta. (See Duct. Num, Vet. vol. vii. p. Buckler, round, Macedonia.
374 et seq.) Caduceus, or winged rod with serpents, is an
“In this decision (says the judicious author attribute of Mercury, Felicity, and Peace.
of Leyona de Numismatique Romaine) we are Caduceus, between two coruueopize, signifies
furnished with another, amongst many instances, Abundance and Peace.
to show us how the ditfercut departments of Caduceus, between corn-ears, Fertility as well
medallic science afford mutual aid and illus as Peace.
tration to each other; teaching us at the same Camel, symbol of Arabia.
time how disadvantageous it is to confine our Capricorn, or sea goat, the astrological sign
selves to the study of a single branch of it ex of Augustus’s nativity.
clusively.” The style of this princess, on coins Capricorn, or sea goat, also symbol of Plenty
of Roman die, in silver, are :— and Happiness.
c. eon. or coax. or COBNEL. svrnas. AVG.— Ceres, the goddess, denotes Fertility, and dis
The head placed on a crescent moon. tribution of corn.
The reverses are couconnxs. svo.—1vso Cornucopim, or horn of plenty, Fecundity;
ll-EGINA.—VENVS VIC'l‘RlX.—-VESTA; with the also abundance of all things.
usual types accompanying each respectively. Corn ears (spim tritici) symbolise Egypt,
Thesc are in silver and of the highest degree of Africa, Spain, and also Annona and Fertility.
rarity. If small brass really exist, they are Crowns,0f various kinds, relate to public games.
equally rare. Crocodile, symbol of Egypt.
Su.s.—Thc figure of a sow appears on the Crabfish (pagurus) indicates a maritime city.
earliest of Roman coins. Thus, on the senzis, Chimsera belongs to Corinth.
a sow stands with s. above its back.—A sow, Crane (ciconia); this bird symbolises Piety,
or bristly boar, accompanies the three globules meaning affection to parents.
which are the mark of the quadrana.—'l‘he head Club (elava) attribute of Hercules.
of a sow or boar is placed between the four Colonist driving two oxen to plough, sign of s
globules that designate the trien.r.——The sow, Roman colony. .
with her litter, was represented on the coinage Column, or pillar, denotes security.
of Rome to indicate its primary origin.—The Dog, attribute of Diana Venatrix; also of the
same animal is figured on medals of Vespasian Lares.
and of Antouinus Pius.—The sow was conse Dolphin, attribute of the Cyprian Venus; it
crated and sacrified to Ceres.—On n coin of M. also marks a maritime town.
Aurelius, given by Vaillant (Pr. iii. 133), the Eagle, the wings of, Jupiter, whose attribute
papa, or slaughterer of victims, is dragging byit is; also a type of Eternity.
the ear a sow to the altar of immolation. It Eagle, legionary, refers to the army of the
was employed in connection with oaths taken on commander-in-chief.
the ratification of treaties.— (SeeFeciales, Scrqfa, Elephant, symbol of Africa; also of Eternity.
Sulpicia) Frankinscenee, branch of (tlmri: mass)
SVSC. Su.wepla.—See vora. svsc. (Vela attribute of Arabia.
Suacepla), an epigraph of frequent recurrence Fast-es with the axe, imports sovereign
on medals of the imperial series. authority.
S_:/lvanu.r.——The name of an usurper, in the l<\'sh, denotes a maritime state.
reign of Constantius II., the son of a Gaulish Grain of wheat, marks Fertility.
captain; proclaimed emperor at Cologne A.D. Grapes, bunch of, indicates a place celebrated
355; slain within thirty days after his assumption
for its produce in wine.
of the purple. The coins, which have been as Horned head, Jupiter Ammon; also regal
cribed by Goltzius and others to Sylvanus, are power.
pronounced to be false. Hasts pura, or spear with blunt point, marl:
S_1/mbals, or signs, on Roman coins.——Some of Divinity.
of these allude to the names of families; as Laurel, attribute of Apollo and of Victory;
Ariunlua, on denarii of the Valeria family. also refers to public games.
Flor, an open round flower, the surname Lion, symbol of Africa.
of Aquilius Florus. The Muses, as in the Lion's skin, attribute of Hercules.
Pomponia family, on account of the surname Lituus, or stall‘ with curved head, sign of the
MUSA. Vilulus, a calf walking, in a symbol of Augursliip, or Soothsayers’ olfice.

‘I
 SYMBOLS. SYRIA. 771
Lotus flower, Isis; the Egyptian people. appears n curule chair, with a crown upon it, the
Lyre, attribute and symbol of Apollo. lstter being the reward of victors at the public
Modius, or bushel measure, symbol of the games, accompanied frequently, on the same
Edileship. medals, with the inscription itself of AED.
Modius, or bushel measure, filled with corn or AFDIL. cvii. (/Edi/is Curulzlr), viz., those
ears, signifies provision, chiefly corn. same Cnrule Ediles, under whose management
Owl, attribute of Pallns. and direction these games were conducted with
Olive branch, of Peace. due dignity and order. Objects allusive to these
Praetorian galley, represents the fleet of the matters, always of intense interest and predilec
Republic. _ tion to the people of Rome and of her colonies,
Prow of a ship, refers to Rome, or some man are to be found on coins of the Norbuua, Papinia,
tiine city. and Vibia farnilies.—Moreover, as to this class
Palm tree, emblem of Alexandria, Damascus, of edilcs was committed the curalia amwna.-: the
Judaia, Sidon, 'I‘yre,, Phoenicia. important charge of securing a constant supply
Panther, attribute of Bacchus. of provision to the Roman capital and circum
Peacock, of Juno. jacent territories: so we see the exercise of these
Pednm pastorale, shepherd’s crook, emblem of functions recorded on coins by the curule chair,
Pan and Faunus. and a corn car on each side of it, together with,
Pegasus, a winged horse so called, symbol of sometimes, a cornucopia: added, as on dcnarii of
Apollo ; also of Corinth. V the Lollia, Plautis, Quintin, and Rutilia families.
Pegasus and Bcllerophou, type Of C0l0l1lfl-l Indeed, the title AED. cvn. is inscribed on the
Corinth. _ last three, whilst the modiua, or bushel measure,
Pileus, cap so called, symbolises Liberty. placed between two corn cars, appears with
Rabbit, attribute of Spain. _ obviously the same signification on medals of
Right hand raised, signifies Security, Peace, the Livineia family.——Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 151,
Health. et aeq.
Right hands joined, denote concord. Syria, a maritime region of Asia, the most
Right hand holding a caduceus, concord; and interesting as well in a religious as in an his
at the same time Peace. torioal sense, of any in the world. It anciently
Rocks, or stones, indicate places on lofty sites. included Phoenicia and below it Palsestina, (the
Rudder, or helm of a ship, attribute of latter afterwards called the Holy Land, as hav
Fortune; also shows a maritime city. _ . ing been the country of our Blessed Saviour’s
Serpent signifies Prudence and Wisdom; it_is nativity, the theatre of his miracles and labours
also the attribute of 1Esculapius; and of Hygieia, of love, the scene of his passion, death, burial,
or Salus. glorious resurrection and ascension.) Syria was
Star, the numismatic mark of Elagabalus. bounded by Cilicia on the north, by Arabia and
Stella crinita, or comet, alludes to Julius the river Euphrates on the east, by Arabia and
Csesar. Egypt on the south, and by the Mediterranean
Stars, over the beads of two young men, on the west. This magnificent region had, for
mark the Dioscuri. ages before its subjugation by republican Rome,
Sow, with litter, symbolises the Romans. _ been governed by a succession of independent
Staff, round which a serpent is coiled, attri kings, conspicuous among whom were the
butc of Escnlnpius. _ _ Seleucidte. The epoclia when Syria became a
Thyrsus, or spear wrapped round with ivy, Roman province is not prcciscly known; pro
attribute of Bacchus. _ _ bably it was Pompey the Great who reduced it
Triquetra, three human legs triangularly joined, to that condition, as he appears to have invested
is an emblem of Sicily. its municipal authorities with the privilege of
'l‘ruptcum, trophy with captives at foot, betokeus coining money (autonoines). It stands after.
ll province captured or a people vaiiquished. _ wards recorded amongst the provinces of the
Table, with urns upon it, refers to the prizes empire, under Julius Cinsar and Augustus; and
at public games. _ _ its famous city Antioch, (where C/zriatiam were
Urns, with palm branches issuing therefrom, first distinguished by that appellntion,) situate
allude to the same thing. on the Orontcs, was by succeeding emperors
Vases, augnral, pontilicial, and sacerdotal, made not only its metropolis, but also the
insignia of the Angurship, Pontificate, and metropolis of the whole East.—The Syrians were
Priesthood. especially devoted to the worship of the Sun;
Veil on the head of a female, sign of Vesta or at the same time acknowledging Jupiter and
a Vestal virgin ; also of a consecrated empress. Apollo as the chief, if not only, diviuities.—
S;/mboIa.—On the subject of those, by which The Genius U2-bis is represented on Imperial
the supcrintendcnce and control of the Cnrule colonial coins of cities in this province, par
Ediles over the celebration of public games ticularly those ol the first rank, under the form
{Ludi} is designated on Roman medals, Spanheim of a woman with turrcted head.—See Vnill:-int's
should be consulted (Pr. i. p. 149), where he Num. Imp. in Cal. ,- also the words Antioch and
refers to such coins as bear the clfigy either of Jslarle.
the rlea cpimfera, Ceres ; or of the mater magna, SYRIA. S. C.—Ecl<hel gives from the Im
Cybele, drawn in ii biga of lions; also where the perial cabiiict, s large brass of Antoniiiiis Pius,
same great writer treats of coins on which having on its reverse this legend, and for type u
5l"2
772 TABELLRE. TACITUS.
woman with tnrrcted head, holding in her right demeanors, excepting murder.—See Sqfragia;
hand, apparently, a triple crown, or perhaps u also Cassia gens.—'l‘hc letters L.D. were inscribed
basket (mmlrfrum) ; in her left hand is a cornu on Tabelllz to signify Li/Iero, Danmo, used in
copize. This female figure has her right foot voting on questions of guilty or not guilty, at
placed on an emerging river deity.—Miounet judicial assemblies. One of the tablets marked
recognises this coin mnonzst the grand bronze L.D. is seen at the back of a man's head, K‘.
of Antonine.—In the catalogue of the Museum csnnvs. cos. on a denarius of the (‘aelia
Theupoli is n similar medal, with the addition family.
of cos. II. to the inscription.—The sagacious The Tabella or Teuera in the hand of the
author of Dost. Nam. Vet. (vol. vii.) couples statue of Liberalilzu was a square brass tablet,
this coin with the scrruu, &c, of the same on which the quantity of bread and the name of
the recipient were engraved, according to what
emperor, as furnishing in the type of its reverse,
an instance of the aurlun coronarium, pre the liberality of the emperors had ordained to
sented by a Roman province to the reigning be distributed to each citizcn.—See Teuera.
prince.—Sea the word, p. 115 of this Dictionary. TACITVS (Marcus Claudius), a noble Roman
of consular rank, who was not ashamed to
T
T. This letter of the Roman alphabet is
seen as a mint-mark in the field of many family
coins, and also on medals of the lower empire.
T. double is a mark of the plural number.
See GENT1‘. Gentium, as in Constantine the
Great.
T. Tarmac Hispanim.—C. v. 1‘. -r. Calonia
Victria: Togala Tarra(:0.—Bimard, and Vaillant.
T. Talius.—'ra sssnv. Talius Sabinua. reckon the historian Tacitus among his ancestors;
T. Temporum.-1‘. P. Tempnrum 1"elicita.r.-— and who, after an intcrregnum of eight months,
Bimard ad Jobert, and Vaillant. during which the empire remained wholly with
T. Terlia.—T. ans. Trrlia AreIaten.n'a out s head, was, by the united assent of the
(qficimz monetaria aignavil munmum.)-—Moncy senate and the army, elected and declared
struck at Arles in the I/iird mint. So T. CON. Augustus, A D. 275, as the successor of the
Tertia Conaianlinopolis oflicina, &c. illustrious Aurelian. The elevation of this
'1‘. Tcrtio.——D. 1*. Die tcrlio, as on coin of prince, whose merit and virtues placed him on
Volleia.-—Vaill. Fam. the throne of the Caesars, at the age, it is said,
T. Tiberiu.:.—'r. oanccnvs. Tiberius Grac of 65, was hailed with universal joy by the
e/ma.—Eekhel Cal. people of Rome and of the provinces. He was
'1‘. TilllJ.——T. mvr. vnsr. r. Titus son of a man of strict integrity, correct in morals,
the Divine Vespasian.—On a large brass of benign and affable, and so addicted to the pur
Titus, the legend of the head reads as follows: suit of literature, that he never suffered a day
—lMPcralor Titus CA.ESar VESPa.ri1um.r to pass without reading or writing something.
AVGucIu.! Ponlf/1'2 Mnrimus Tllibunicia Temperate in his habits, he appeared, when
Polestale Pater Pairim COnSul VlII.—Thc emperor, in the same unostcntatious dress to
Emperor Titus Caesar Vcspasianns, the August which he had been accustomed in individual life.
Sovereign Pontiif, enjoying the Tribunitian nor would he pemiit his wife to wear either
Power, Father of the Country, Consul for the diamonds or pearls. Yet he expended his own
8th time. _ immense fortune in contributing to the popular
'1‘. Ti'adru.‘la.—COL. r. 1'. Colania Julia gratification and comfort, causing public baths
Iluducla. to be built at his own cost, but command
T. Tranquillilas.—B. '1‘., in the field of coins ing them to be shut before night.—Althongh
of the lower empire: Bantu h‘anq1lil1iz‘a.!. an involuntary and unwilling occupant of the
T. Tribum'cia.—'r. P. Tribunicia Pofesfale. imperial scat, Tacitus, afier having established
'1‘. P. .'l‘reveri.s pen-uua.—Coin struck at several laws for the maintenance of good order
Treves. and the preservation of internal peace, proceeded
T. Tulelaria, or Tulalor, on denarii of quickly from Rome to join the army in Thrace.
the Fabio, Licinia, and Octavia families, this The Scythiuns, who, having crossed the pals:
letter being placed before the head of u Genius, M¢otz'.r, had penetrated into the provinces of
of whom Censorinus says,—“ Genius, that guar Pontns, Cappadocia, and Cilicia, were arrested
ilian under whom every mortal was born and in their career of devastation and cruelty by the
ives." arrivnl of this brave sovereign, who, in eon
Tabell¢z—Tablets or Billets.-—'l‘hcsc are made junction with his brother Florianns, vanquished
the subject of more than one type, on coins of those barbarians of the north, and compelled
the Cauia family, on account of the Ia: tabeI them to take refuge within their own native
Iaria carried by L. Cassius in the year v.c. 653, forests. But, as he was returning from this
for the purpose of securing to the Roman people successful expedition into Europe, he died,
the right of voting by billet (or ballot) in all according to some writers, st Tarsus, according
Judgment cases, for all alleged crimes and mis to others, at Tyana, in March, .41). 9.76, either
 TARQUINIUS.—TARQUITIA. TARRACO. 773
of fever, or through the treachery of certain TARQVITI.
Publii Filiue P.
Qumator.
I". Victory
Quinta:in Tarquiliu-I
a biga.——
military conspirators concerned in the assassina
tion of Aurelian, whose death he had avenged Tarquitius Priscus appears as proeonsul on medals
by the capital punishment of most of his mur of Niema in Bithynia.—See Annia gens‘.
derers.—,His coins, which are very rare in gold,are Tarraco, a city, and colony of Hispania
still rarer in brass medallions and second brass; citerior, or the nearer Spain—of which it was
but common in small brass, from one of which the the capital, and thence the province itself was
engraving above was made : his style is IMP. CL. also called Hispania Tsrraconcnsis. Situatc at
TACITVS AVG.—IMP. c. M. CL. 'rAc1Tvs P. r. AVG., the mouths of the Tulcis (now Franconi) river,
or INVICTVS AVG. its foundation is ascribed to Scipio Africanus.
T¢da.—-See Tbrch. The Romans of Tarraco took part with Ciesar
T. AEL. Titus Aelius.—Prenomen and sur against Pompey’s lieutenants; and afterwards
name of Antoninus Pius. professed on all occasions to be influenced by
Trmia, fillet or wreath.—An ornament for the the greatest attachment and devotion to the
head, which the figure of Victory on coins often person and government of Augustns—a fact
holds in her hand. This head baud, the attribute which the legends and types on some of its
of heroes, in the Homeric age, and called by the numismatic monuments serve to place in a very
Greeks ¢r1'e¢cw9), became the coronal and diadcm servile and superstitious point of view.—Thc
of a later period. modern name of this celebrated old city is
TAMPIL. Tampilus.-—Snrname of theBaebia Tarragona, on the coast of what is now Cala
family. lonia.
Some of the coins of this colony are
Tarpeia virgo.——On denarii of the Petronia inscribed with the initial letters c. v. 'r., which
and Ylluria families two soldiers are seen, ap are interpreted C0/onia Vich-i.z Tarraco. The
parently in the act of casting their bucklers surname of Victriz was generally given as a
upon a young woman, who, with arms uplifted, reward of good desert to cities and colonies
seems already sinking amidst an overwhelming founded or re-established by Julius Cmsar.—0n
heap of shields. This type recalls to mind a others of its coins, we read c. v. 1'. 'r., which
well known incident of early Roman story, in Vaillant considers to mean Colonic Viclriz
which, with no small inconsistency of narration, Ibyata Tarraco, founding as he does the epithet
a virgin, at the period of Romnlns’s war with Togala on a pzmsage in the 3rd book of Strabo,
Tatius and the Sabines, is made to earn immor from which it would appear that the Tar1'ac0
tality by a deed of pcrfidious treason to her nensians distinguished themselves from the in
country; and to give her name to the highest habitants of other colonies in_ Spain, by their
rock of the Capitoline Hill at the price of sacri use of the log/a after the manner of the Romans.
ficing her life to her sordid love for “gold The judicious Bimard agrees in regarding this
bracelcts."—" lt is pretended (observes Visconti) as a reasonable inference.-—All the medals of
that this woman was the daughter of a warrior Tarraco are of brass, and are rare—consisting
to whom Romulus had confided the defence of of Colonial Autonomes and of Colonial lmperials,
the capitol, and it is added that the price of the with Latin legends, from Augustus to Drusus.—
treason was to have been the bracelets of gold On a first brass of this colony DIVVS. avovsrvs.
which the Sabincs wore round the left arm.— PATER. is read on the obverse, accompanied by
Propertius (L. iv. el. iv.) supposes that the the head of Augustus.—The reverse has for
female named Tarpeia was a priestess, and that legend only the letters (‘. v. '1‘. 'r., the type being
she had fallen in love with the enemy’s general a handsome altar, with a palm tree on the top
or prince.”—Sce Petronia. of it.
Ylzrquinius Priecua, king of the Romans, [This elegant coin forms an historical monu
having subdued the Tusesns, is said to have ment. Whcn Augustus had set out on his
assumed the paludrzmenlum from that conquered warlike expedition against the Cantabri (a people
nation. His figure is represented, with that of the occupying that region of Spain, now the Biscayan
Augur N avius, on a brass medallion of Antoninus and Astnrian provinces), in the year of Rome
Pius.——Sce NAvIvs.—Eckhel quotes Macrobius 728, the effects of anxiety and fatigue threw
to show that a son of this Tarquin distinguished him into a bed of sickness. On this occasion
himself whilst yet a boy by an act of valour against the people of Tarraco, where he had halted,
an enemy in battle, similar in description and in oifered up public vows for his health, and after
the honour of its reward to that which is alluded wards raised an altar in memory of his restora
to in the remarkable inscription on a coin of the tion. It was on this altar that, according to the
dimilia family, as achieved by the stripling M. current story of that period, a palm tree was
Lepidus, and which Val. Msximus explains to seen growing. Deputies from the colony made
the very letter.—See Aemilia. a journey to Rome, and congratulated the cm
TARQVITIA.—a family embracing members peror on the remarkable circumstance, as being
both of the patrician and the plebeian order. Its an auspicious presage of victory. 'l‘o these he
surname, on aeoin of foreign die, is P1-iscur. One replied by saying—-Apparet quam sap: accen
in silver, out of but two numismatic varieties, dalia—“ it is a sign that you do not very often
has for legend and type of obverse C. ANNlu.r light it.” In quoting this shrewd and sarcastic
T. F. T. N. PRO COS. EX S. C. Tili1"i1i11.9, 6011 mot from Qninctillian, Vaillant (Col. i. 45)
Tili Nepos, Procamule E: iS'm1alu.1 Comm!/n. adds that the Tnrraconcnsians continued, never
The head of a woman; and of the reverse Q. theless, to regard this event as an angury and
774 TARRACO.—-TATIUS. TATIUS.-—TAURUS.
symbol of their imperial founder’s_ immortal naked and bearded head, which accompanied by
glory; and we see that even after his dcath TA. in monogram, and the legend SABlNa|
they studiously adorned their medals with a [the Titurii, thus referring to their Sabine
representation of this palm-surmounted altar.] origin,] is generally considered by numismatists
There is another first brass with similar ob to be meant for that of Tatius, the Sabine.
verse ; but the reverse exhibits the initials Visconti, in his Icanograplxie Romaine, remarks
c. v. 'r. T. within an oaken crown. that certain denarii of the Titania and Vettia
[The corona quercea, or wreath of oak leaves, families present two very forcible instances of
being the civic crown, was struck on most coins the eagerness with which those Roman magis
of colonies, under Augustus, in honour of that trates, who presidcd over the mint of the re
emperor as the liberator of Roman citizens. public, availed themselves of every opportunity
Both the altar and the oak crown appear on to unite family pretensions with historical facts,
medals of this colony, dedicated to Tiberius—a in the legends and types of their coins. It is
fact which proves the continuance of the worship thus that Titurius Sabinus and Vettius Sabinns
rendered to Augustus by the inhabitants of Judex, magistrates who prided themselves on
Tarraco, and their disposition to cherish and their descent from the ancient Sabines, and pro
perpetuate the remembrance of the palm tree bably from Tstius himself, have caused the head
growing on his altar, as a marvellous event.] of this chiefiain to be engraved on the coinage
On another first brass, struck at Tarraco, is of their respective families. On both the medals
seen on one side c. v. 'r. 'r. AETERNITATIS in question we accordingly see the head of Tatins
AVGVSTAE, and a splendid temple of eight (in without ornament. And on the reverse of the
some ten) columns; on the other nno svovsro, Titurian denarius, the Sabines are represented as
and the statue of Augustus, with radiated head, in the act of overwhelming, with their buclrlers,
seated after the fashion and attitude of Jupiter, the virgin Tarpeia, who had just betrayed the
holding in the left hand the haste, and in the capital into their hands. The posterity of Tatius,
right a victoriala (in other coins a peters). doubtless, wished to do honour to the founder
See DEO AVGVSTO, p. 318 of this Dictionary. of their race by manifesting his hatred of traitors,
[The Tarraconensians, whilst as yet Augustus even whilst profiting from the treason.—On the
was living, and even suffering as a sick man dcnarius of the Vettia family, we see, behind the
within their walls, paid divine honours to him, head, the word SABINu:, being the surname
as one in reality immortal. With Greek adula of a branch of that family. The monogram,
tion (as Vaillant observes), pretending to recog composed of a T. and an A., gives the two
nise him, not merely as Divas (obtaining deities initial letters of the name Tatius. The two
tion through the ceremonial of the apotheosis), letters S. C.—Senatua Consulto-—mark the fact
but, as Dena, these colonists raised a statue to that Titus Vettiur Sabinus Jude: caused this
him, which they placed in a magnificent temple, piece of money to be stmck by the authority of
consecrated, as this medal shews, to his Eternity/.' the senate. “ The bearded man, who stands in a
Havcrcamp (in Nam. Regina Christina) re ear drawn by two horses (adds Visconti), is pm
fers to Bartolo’s engraving of this coin, which bably Tntius himself. The palm branch, which
places a patera, instead of a figure of victory, on the first described medal is at the side of the
in the right hand of the emperor.—Pellcrin portrait, is on the second coin seen behind the
(lliélange, i. 255) edits two coins of Tarraco, figure of a Sabine prince, and bears allusion to
one dedicated to Augustus, the other to Cains his victories." [Part i., pp. 23-24.]
and Lucius Cmsares; the reverses of both which Taurus—A bull was immolated at the altars
have for lcgcnd c. v. 1'. 'r.\n., thus marking the of several of the pagan deitics.—Vii-gil points to
name of this colony by its three first letters, two in particular
instead of the single initial 'r., as it is on all Taurum Ncptuno, tam-um tibi pulcher Apollo.
those coins of Tarraco, published by Vaillant.
Othcr medals of this colony bear the portraits It was also sacred to Jupiter, and to the
of Tiberius, Julia, Drusus, and Germanicus. Egyptian god Apis.—Represented on Roman
TATIVS, king or general of the Sabines, coins, this animal is the symbol of a colouia
who inhabited the city of Cures, with whom the deducla, or transplanted colony.—The figure of
Romans waged the first war. This brave chief a bull appears on many family coins, and also
tain proved a formidable enemy to the then on numerous im ' medals from Julian and
infant colony of Rome, within whose walls he and Augustus down to Jnlinnus lI., either as a
his soldiers succeeded in penetrating, and they sacrificial victim, or at large, standing, walking,
would perhaps have destroyed it, if the Sabine running, or butting with its horns.
women, whom the Romans some time before Taurus et Elep/uu.—A brass medallion of
carried oil‘, had not made themselves the medium Alexander Severus presents a bird’s-eye view of
of consummating pence between their husbands the Flsvian Amphitheatre at Rome, in which is
and their own parents. The two people became seen an elephant, with driver on its neck, facing
united as one, at the expense of the power of a bull.-—See Amphitheatre.
Romulus, for he shared the functions of royalty Taurus at Leo.-—The bull and the lion at the
with Tatius, and admitted into the senate one feet of a recumbent female are attributes of
hundred of the principal Sabines. Tatius was Africa, as on a coin of Sept. Sever-ns.—Tbe
soon after assassinated, and had no successor.-— same two animals, with a human figure standing
On a dcnarius of the Tiluria family there is a betweenthcm, appear on coins of Viminaciun in
 TAURUS.—TELEGONUS. TELEPHUS.-'I'ELESPl-IORUS. 775
Mozsia Superior.—-A bull torn in pieces by a tomed to claim their origin.—-See the word
lion appears on a coin of Probus ; a bull, n lion, Mamilia, describing the elegant denarius of C.
and a tiger, encountered by two men armed Mamilius Limetanus, on which the anecdote of
with s , allusive to certain public shows and Ulysses recognised by his faithful dog Argus is
combats with wild beasts at Rome, are exhibited interestingly illustrated.
on a silver medal inscribed nsovnvs in the Teleplzus, the fabled son of Hercules, by
Lirineia family. Ange, daughter of Alens, King of Tegea, in
Taurus ct Muh'er.—A bull on which a young Arcadia.——On a brass medallion of Antoninus
woman is sitting, or rather, Jupiter under the Pius, in the Mus. Albano, the reverse (without.
form of a bull carrying away Europa on his epigraph) exhibits Hercules standing near a tree,
back, is seen on a denarius of the Valeria looking at a little boy suckled, on a mountain,
family; also on a third brass colonial of Sidon, by a doe. On the top of the mountain is an
dedicated to Elagabalus. eagle.—Vaillant and Venuti both regard this
Taurus irruen.r.——A bull rushing furiously type as referring to the twin brothers and wolf
along, delineated on a rare silver coin of the of the Roman story. But Eckhel, after com
Tlzoria family is regarded by Eckhel as bearing paring it with that on the coin of Pergsmns in
allusion to the name of Thorius; “for Sapws Mysia, clearly shows that it relatesto the infancy
or Sopios,” says he, “ signifies impetuous, and of Telephns, who being, according to the Greek
the bull on this medal carries himself with myth, the offspring of a furtive amour, was
an air of great impetuosity, for which reason it abandoned at his birth by his unhappy mother,
seems probable that the Thurii, or Thorii, of on Mount Parthenius, where, left exposed to die,
Italy, caused the figure of a bull charging at he was miraculously suckled and fostered with
full speed to be engraved on their coins.” maternal fondness by a doe. 'l_.‘he presence of the
Taurus Nepfuni victima.—Ou a brass medal eagle above is explained as an interposition of
lion of Commodus, inscribed vorrs rrcuclsvs, Jupiter himself, who sends his watchful bird to
the reverse exhibits five ships, and a tower on s guard the helpless child—ordaining that the
promontory, from which a hull is thrown down deserted progeny of his own son by Alcmena
into the sea; before the tower are two men should not miserably perish, but be preserved
standing.—Haym (in his TZesaur.Bn'lan. vol. ii.) for a high destiny.—See copious reasons for
explains this singular type as allnsive to the this interpretation given in Docl. Nam. Vel.
African fleet sent out by the above-named vol. ii. 468, and vol. vii. 34.
emperor to fetch corn. “And here (says he) Telesplwrua, the son, or at least the companion,
you see the sacrifice offered to Neptune, when of 1Esculapius—symbol of succcss nttcndant on
the fleet set sail, it being the custom of the the exercise of the healing art, and nllnsivc to
Romans on such an occasion to sacrifice a bull, that state of a person with whom disease has
and throw it into the sea; the two figlmzs are ended, and to whom perfect health is restored.
priests who offered the sacrifice at the sea-side." Telesphorus is figured as a little boy in a
—Eckhel, who approves of this interpretation, hooded cloak, standing by 1Esculnpius.—ln an
goes on to explain an enigmatical type on a gold antique painting he is introduced at the side of
coin of Augustus, in the cabinet of Vienna, Atropos (one of the Fates), whose arm he holds
which represents Victory plunging a knife into back at the moment when she is going to sever
the throat of a prostrate bull; and this he does the thread of life.-—Amongst those coins of
at some length, by shewing it to be an ingenious Caracalla which bear express reference to the
mode of symbolizing Mount Taurus. alleged recovery of that ferocious tyrant from a
Taunu el St/.-ll¢.—On coins of Julian II., horrible complication of diseases, mental as well
with inscription SECVRITAS RElPVBlic¢, a as bodily, and to the various deities (such as
bull is frequently seen with two stars above its Apollo, Serapis, Hercules, Sol, Luna, &c.) who,
horns, or over its buck. It is n well-known during the paroxysms of his painful illness, were
historical fact that this apostate from the invoked for his relief, there is one on which a.re
Christian faith, with all his enlightened genius a bearded man, naked to the waist, with staff
and philosophic learning, was superstitionsly and serpent, and a dwarfish figure, vn-upped in
addicted to s system of polytheistic worship, a mantle, standing near hirn.—Hcre then we see
chiefly borrowed from the Egyptians; and that Esculnpius and Teleqz/lama jointly recognised
he was in the habit of sacrificing whole hecatombs as deities who were supposed to bestow their care
of bulls at the various altars of his favourite and power on the reparation of health. Dion
deities. Oiselius, commenting on this type, records the fact of Caracalla’s having implored
and referring to this leading feature in Julian’s the aid of Alsculapius; and to the same period
character, considers that by the bull that emperor of Caracalla’s history belongs what Herodianns
meant to designate the god Api:.—Both Banduri relates of him-—viz., that passing from Thrace
and Eckhel favour this opinion.—See the words into Asia, he went to Pcrgarnus; in order that
Securitas Reipub. for the substance of Eckhel’s in the city where the god of medicine was adored
remarks on the question why a bnll appears with peculiar veneration, he might place him
on so many of Julian the IInd’s medals. self under this salutary influence, as was the
Telegonus, son of Ulysses, and the reputed custom. This is clearly confirmed by the Greek
founder of Tuscnlnm. It is from him that the coins of the Pergamenses, on not a few of which
most noble family of the Mamilii, who came Caracalla is represented offering sacrifices and
early to Rome from the former city, were accus vota to Elsculapius. It is to this subject that
776 TELLUS. TELLUS.
allusion is made on that remarkable gold medal famine had annihilated everything.—'I'he anchor
edited by Vnillant (Pr. ii. p. 249), the reverse (adds Tristan, Com. Hist. i. 479) is the mark
of which has for epigraph Psi. TB. P. xvii. cos. of the one, and the plough-share and corn-ears
iiii. P. 11.; and for type, the emperor dressed indicate the other.—Vaillaut entertains an un
in the puludamentum, sacrificing at the altar of hesitatingly expressed opinion that the drainage
Esculapius, which stands before the doors of of the lake Fuvinu: is the subject alluded to
a temple. (Pergnmus contained a magnificent an opinion certainly untenable.—Eckhcl, whilst
temple dedicated to that divinity.)—Buonarotti throwing a doubt on Tristan’s ingenious attempt
also gives a fine bronze medallion of Caracalla, at interpretation, and utterly rejecting Vaillant's
with flfisculapius and Telesphorus, struck on the as “preposterous,” ofl‘ers on his own part no
same occasion of that emperor’s going to Per other clue to the occult meaning of this reverse,
guinus (about A.D. 215), to be cured of his than one which rests on a brass medallion of
corporeal ailment, and (hopeless case for a fra Hadrian, of whose genuineuess he confesses a
tricide !) of his mind’: diaease.—Soc /Esculapius. strong suspicion. It is quoted from the Jlu.
Tellua (the earth), considered to be the same Tlieupoli, as having for lcgeud -ri-:1.i.vs su
pagan deity as Q1/bale, Mater Magna, and Rhea. BILITA (at full length), and for type n woman
—At the celebration of the secular gam_es_ at seated on the ground, who places her right hand
Rome, a sow pig was, as a customary victim, on a globe, round which are seen several boys,
slain in sacrifice to Tellus, pcrsonifying the fer or girls.—A similar type appears on 3 min
tile mother of all things tei-restrial.——See Lvn. of Julia Domna, inscribed PELICITAB Tax
sane. FEC. Ponvn. But neither Mionnet nor Akerman
TELLVS STABIL.—A recognises the medallion described by the
man in n short rustic vest editor of the Jluseum T/zeupali, as bearing the
ment stands holding in his epigraph of Tellus Stabilila.—Hadrian, how.
right hand an implement ever, as Eckhel himself observes, might truly
which appears to be a be said (in a political sense) to have given
weed-hook; and in his left stability to the earth, when, having suppressed
ii rake. Gold and silver of all internal seditious, and banished all appre
Hadrian. hension of foreign wars, he took measures for
restraining the avarice of governors, and diffused
TELLVS STABlL.——-A woman, seated on throughout his vast dominions the blessings of
the ground, leaning upon a basket of fruit, and peace, liberty, nnd public safety.]
touching with hcr right hand a large globe. TELLVS STABIL. RM. TR. P. XII. IMP.
Silver and brass of lladrian. VIII. COS. V. P.P.~On s very fine and rare
[These types, and the cpigraph which accom brass medallion, the obverse of which (see
panies cnch—Tellu.: Slabilitu—(the earth firmly Akcrnian’s Catalogue) presents the head of
established) are evidently allegorical; but unmis Janus with the features of Commodu-r, we see
matists seem more inclined to reject each (on the reverse) the above quoted legend, whilst
othcr’s explanations on the subject than to the type is a woman seated on the ground,
impart any that shall be satisfactory either to
themselves or to their rcaders.—Tristan gives
us, in one of his neat engravings, a medal,
having this legend on its reverse, with the male
figure holding in one hand a plough share, in
the other an anchor, and at his feet are two
corn-ears. The commentary of this fine old
French writer is to the following effect, viz.,
that the device of “the earth rendered firm"
(La Terre Afr-rniie), does not allude solcly to
the re-establishment of agriculture, by the
country being relieved from all fears of war as
well external as domestic, and a permanent state
of peace bcing secured for “the whole world”
by the prudent and wise policy of Hadrian; touching with her right hand a large globe,
but it also seems to praise that emperor for his which has stars on it, and over which four
“ piety,” as evinced by the zealous attention he young boys, or girls, personifications of the
manifested to the ceremonies of religious worship WWOB8, B96111 to be passing. The woman's lefl:
in every part of the empire—conduct which had arm rests on a basket: (in some specimens she
so propitiated the favour of the gods, that the holds a cornucopia: on the same arm); close
Roman provinces, it was believed, would thence behind her is a vine tree.
forth be no more desolated by earthquakes, such ~_ [Vaillant, in his illustrations and interpreta
as at the commencement of his reign had fre tions of brass_medallions, selmted from the
quently occurred, to the ruin of many cities, De Camp: Cabinet, has given an engraving of
but which, according to Spartian, Hadrian had this coin, remarking that, by its design and title,
caused to be effectually and in some instances Commodus wished to make it appear that the
splendidly rebuilt. Thus restoring confidence husbandman, throughout the Roman world, was
where terror before prevailed, and plenty where enabled in this year of peace to devote himself,
 TEMO. TEM PLUM. 777
with feelings of perfect security, to agricultural Tempeatatea Anni quat'u0r.—See Seasons.
pursuits. Hence, tellua alabilita est—the earth Tempeataa, the wcather.—In his observations
is made fast—is cstablished—-society is restored on a medallion of Commodns, bearing the legend
to a settled and safe condition. The four young of voris IELICIBVS, and exhibiting a curious
figures represent the four seasons of the year type, described by Haym (sec Taurus), Eckhcl,
(typified also on another coin of this prince) after successively quoting Plutarch and Valerins
the celestial globe necessarily revolves to the Flaccus, Cicero and Virgil, to shew that it was
increase of the ca.rth’s produce, at the will of a custom of the ancients to sacrifice bulls and
Tellua, or Providence, who, personified in a other victims, in imploring the gods, either to
sitting posture, lays her hand on it, as betokeu avert storms, or to send auspicious gales, or to
ing that the abundance of all things is in her appease the fury of the sea, goes on to prove
gift, as denoted by the cornucopite.—-Although that Tempeataa, as a deity presiding over the
to Hadrian the exaggerated praise telluri-I sta weather, was worshipped at Rome. And this
bililiz might have been with some degree of he does (Doct. Nam. Vet. vol. vii. p. 129)
political justice attributed, yet the same eulogy through the medium of a very ancient inscription,
conferred, as by this coin it is, on so profligate, a dedication by Scipio Barbatus (sec Reineaiua
so degraded, and so ruinous a government as that Inez,-r. vi. 34, p. 410); and also by the two
of Commodns, wears too grossly the impress of following lines of Ovid (Fast. vi. 193) :
adulatory prostitution to be viewed otherwise Te Tempestas meritam dclubrafatcmur
than with unmixed disgust.]—-See BELICITAS ~hw eat Corie’; obruta clauis aquis. ,
TEMPOBVM.
Temo.—The helm or rudder of a ship, which Templum, Temple; a building appropriated
directs and holds it on its course. It was repre to the public exercise of a religious worship.
sented on coins to designate the sea, as a globe In the earliest times, nations paid adoration
was to symbolise the land, over both which the to their divinities, simply at altars of coarse
power of Imperial Rome had so far and widely materials and of the rndest construction, raised
spread itself. The rudder is the sign of a in the open air on elevated ground, or in
maritime city, and also of excellence in nautical solitary woods. To these soon succeeded build
science and skill: it is also the emblem of naval ings little dilfering from the usual dwellings of
strength. ‘Thus we find maritime sovereignty the people, but consecrated to the service of
denoted by it on denarii of the Oariria, Egnatia, their gods. The introduction of temple-huild
and Jlussidia families. The gubemaculum or ing, properly so called, was gradual amongst
rudder appears as an invariable attribute in the the various nations of antiquity. The Egyptians,
right hand of _Fortune, who was believed to Phmnicians, and Syrians, taking the lead in
hold sway over human atfairs. It is held, or civilization, taught, through the instrumentality
placed, sometimes in an inverted, at other times of their colonies, the method of constructing
in a transverse position; and again, planted temples to the Greeks, who in their turn, having
upright on the ground: occasionally we see it in process of time surpassed all other com
crosswise with the prow of a ship. On coins of munities in civilization, devoted their superior
the Egnatia family, it stands with a ship's prow, knowledge in the arts to the object of erecting
between Honos and Virtus. The rudder of a temples in the most beautiful style as well as on
galley, under the guidance of the steersman, is the most majestic scale. It was solely from
a type on a coin of Hadrian. It is in the Grecian models, and undcr Grecian designs, that
hand of Victory, on a medallion of Constantine the Romans were subsequently enabled to render
jun. (Buonarotti, p. 398) ; in the right hand of any of their own sacred edifices worthy of being
Armomz, as in Antoninus Pius and Caracalla; numbered amongst the clnfs d’zzuvre of archi
and is frequently held by the Genius of a colonial tecture. The first temples, neither of the Greeks
city. It is seen in the lefi: hand of _E1erm'ta:, nor of the Romans, were otherwise than incon
as in Fnustina senior; and of Asia, as in siderable in size. According to Vitruvius they
Hadrian; of a centaur, as in Gallienus; of were round in form, but afterwards built square.
Concord, as in Postnmus ; of Felicilaa, as in This fact is confirmed by coins struck in suc
Tetricns; upon a globe, as in Tiberius and cessive ages. Even in later times, when increased
Elagubalus; in the left hand of Saluaiduguati, as richcs were employed in rearing temples, they
in Antoninus Pius. The rudder also is combined were not distinguished by any extraordinary
with an anchor on the prow of a ship, on a coin extent or magnitude, except in the case of those
of the Ckecilia family; on a. naval troplzy, as in dedicated to the tutelary deities of a city or a
Augustus; at the feet of Pietas, on a denarius colony, or to those principal divinitics which
of M. Antony; on a chariot within a temple, ~were the common objects of worship among
as in Augustus ; near a globe in the left hand of entire nations. The most usual form of Greek
the emperor, as in Antoninus Pius; grouped and Roman temples was that of an oblong
with a globe, the apex, the caduceus, and the square; sometimes it was circular; and then
ccrnucopirc, on a denarius of Julius Czcsar, they were covered with a cupola, of which the
strpck by Mussidius. Sec ron'rvN1i.—'l‘here are Pantheon at Rome still offers n striking example.
medals on which the ancients have given to As the statue of its presiding deity was the
Nemesis the rudder which usually accompanies most sacred object in the temple and the most
Fortune. Buouarotti furnishes an instance of conspicuous ornament of the adylum or calla,
this in his Ossewazioni. so the utmost care was bestowed on the work
5G
778 TEMPLUM. TEMPLUM.
manship of images, and the most eminently different figures of circular temples, which are
gifted artists were em loycd to execute such also found on some Imperial coins, struck in
pieces of sculpture.— u the earliest periods that city. On these latter the temples of Vesta,
citron and cedar-wood were the materials used; of Mars, and of Juno Martialis, are favourite
afterwards, these statues were cast in brass, but types.—The temples of those gods, who were
more frequently chiseled in marble, especially the objects of a. city's especial worship, are seen
in the Parian and Pentelic marbles. Among on different medals, struck under the empire, in
the bronze idols at Rome was that of Jupiter Greece, Procousular Asia, and other provinces and
Tanam. Gold and ivory, and even precious colonies.—The temple of Jupiter Capitolinns at
stones, were conjoined with marble to increase Rome is represented not only on a medal of the
the magnificence of these images. The names Petillia family, struck under the republic, but
of Alcamcnes, of Polyclitns, of Naucydes, of afterwards on the coins of many emperors, such
Thrasymedes, and above all of Phidias, are re as Vespasian and Domitian, who restored that
corded by Greek writers as those of the chief sacred edifice which had often become a prey to
statuaries whose talents were devoted to these the fiamcs.—Ou medals of Augustus we also see
exquisite works. Nor was the sister art of the temple of Jupiter Ibruzm, which that prince
painting less in requisition to decorate the in caused to be built in a style of great mag
tcrior walls: on the contrary, the most cele nificence."—For an able and copious article
brated pencils, such as those of Polygnotus, on the temples of the ancients, see Millin's
Micon, Zenxis, and others were dedicated to Dictionnaire dz: Beau: Aria.
Temples of various forms, and situate in
honour gods and goddesses, dcrnigods and heroes,
by producing vivid representations of their divers places, are represented on medals of the
fabled personifications, attributes, and exploits. lmpcrinl series, with scarcely a brcalr, from
Besides the statue of the divinity to whom the Julius Caesar to Maxentins.——Sce also those
temple was consecrated, there were occasionally struck in the eolonics.—The catalogue of the
other images placed either in the cella, or in the Vienna Cabinet (Cimel. Vindob. i. p. 94),
portico. Some of these bore reference to the Vaillant’s Pnzatant. i. p. 67, and Buonarotti's
principal deity; others served merely for orna Num. Carpey. (tb. f. 5, p. l6 and 19) re
ment, or were preserved there as sacred gifis. spectively exhibit most beautiful specimens of
This was the case in most of the metropolitan templa decaslg/la—temples with ten columns
cities in Greece and Asia; whilst at Rome many in front.
tem les were adorned with various statues. Templa, or Ede: deomm.—The temples of
In t e temple of Apollo Palatinus was an image deities represented on Roman coins were those
of Latona, by Cephisodotns, son of Praxiteles; which, to shew their “piety,” were crcctcd, at
and one of Diana, by Timotheus.—The steps first by the senate and people; and which, after
by which the temples were surrounded appear the extinction of the consular government,
to have been amongst the most important fea were either built or restored by diflereut em
tures of their general design, constituting at perors. 'l‘hcy were also founded in honour, and
once their bases and distinguishing them from for the worship, of those emperors themselves,
all other edifices. as well at Rome as in the provinces. [See
Besides what may be gleaned from the re Spanheim, Pr. ii. 643 seq.]—At Rome, when a
mains of many different kinds of temples both temple was about to be constructed, strict rc
in Greece and Italy, there is much that is well gard was had to certain rules of inauguration
calculated to throw light on the subject, which and of dedication. It was under the forms
medals exhibit relative to the various forms of prescribed by the Augurs, as interpreters of the
structures so clearly identified with the religious will of the gods, that the spot where the temple
rites and customs of the heathen world. “The was to be placed, and the space it was to
ancients (says M. Millin) often adopted these occupy, were determined upon. The site was
buildings for the types of their coins; according then purified and the foundation stone laid by
to which we find not only that the form of some the magistracy, amidst the solemn rites of the
temples was square, and others circular; but priesthood, in the presence of the people. The
also that some were raised on steps that encom temple having thus been founded, the ceremony
passed the buildings on all sides—-whilst othcm of dedication was performed by the consuls, or
were elevated on an artificial foundation, to y by the emperors, or sometimes by duum.-Ir:
which the ascent was by a flight of stairs. There ' specially chosen with the people's consent, and
are to be seen on medals deliueations of temples, under the authority of the senate. On these
whose facades display from four to six, eight, occasions the presiding pontifi‘ announced, in a
and even ten columns.—A coin of Verus, struck set form of words, the appropriation of the
at Corinth, shews a tetrastylc (temple with edifice to sacred purposes: he then proceeded to
four pillars in front); and a medal of Trajan, consecrate it by laying his hand on the door
struck in Galatia, presents to us a prostylc posts, at the entrance of the temple; and then
(row of columns in front of a temple), in which , followed sacrifices and public games.
have been suppressed the two pillars that should Buildings called Ede: Sacra differed, accord
have appeared between those at the angles, in ing to Varro, from Ternpla, inasmuch as the
order to give the needfnl room for the image former, though consecrated like the latter, were
of Hens-z'.r, chief deity of the pagan Galatians. never inangluated, nor were thcv dedicated by
Many medals of Corinth have on their reverses the authority of the senate. The lfdfl‘ would
 TEMPLUM. TEMPLUM. 779
indeed seem to have been nearly of the same says, “This round temple I im agine to be
form as the templum, but less sumptuous. the one which Augustus built in honour of
There were in Rome a great number of edea, Mars the Avenger. That that edifice was of
the smallest of which were called asdicuIa.— such a form is established by the type of a silver
Structures called dclubra were also distinct from coin of the same emperor, bearing the epigraph
temple, although the two are often confounded of MARTI VLTOri. For we find from Sue
together in the works of ancient writers. The tonius (Oct. Aug. c. 32), that Augustus had no
delubrmn appears to have been the shrine; temples erected to his honour even in the pro
or the place where the statue of the deity vinces, except in the na.me of Rome ns well as
or the altar stood. The sacellum (or chapel) of himself [non er avo.] But within the walls
differed entirely from a temple, being only of Rome he most strictly abstained from that
enclosed within a wall, and without a roof. honour.”—It has already been said that temples
It is evident, from Livy [L. x. c. 40], that were consecrated not only to gods and goddesses,
fana were different from temples, although and to others regarded in the light of divinities,
this word was in ordinary acceptation used but also to the emperors themselves in Rome.
by the old writers to designate whatever edifice Thus, in pursuance of a semztua concullum, a
was set apart for the worship of any deity temple was erected by Augustus, inscribed nivo
or deities. Some contend that the aacellum was rvn. or nrvo ivuo EX s.c., in the ad;/tum or
a small place, consecrated to some particular sanctuary of which was seen the image of Julius
god or goddess, and furnished with an altar. Cazsar holding the inaugural insiyne of the
Snered places, belonging to private individuals, liiuua.—Vit1'uvius alludes to this temple and
were called lararia, or aacraria, the one from image, which also appear on a gold coin struck
the lures, the other irom being dedicated by under Augustus, as edited by Spanheim and
each person to his household god. others, and confirmed as genuine and rare
Temples were erected not only to the celestial by Mionnet. This temple of “Caesar deified”
divinities but also to Rome itself as a deified was atterwards held by the Romans so in
city; not only to Clementia, Concordia, Pax, and violably sacred that, according to Dion, no one
other qualities, but to the healths of emperors who took refuge in that sanctuary could be with
whilst living, and to their memory after death. drawn therefrom against his will—a privilege
—lt was also a custom with the Romans to which, according to the same writer, had not
dedicate temples, erect altars, and sacrifice vic been granted to the temple of any god, not even
tims to the angry or displeased gods: witness to the asylum of Romulns.—It is further re
those coins which bear the images, or heads, of lated by Dion, that a mcrarium, or place set
Ve-Jupiter, of Pallor and of Pavor. Nay, they apart for divine worship was, by order of Tibe
erected altars and temples to Fever (Febris), rius, built in honour of Augustus; and the
whom they worshipped through fear of that house at Nola, where he died, wal converted
disorder, and that it might prove less hurtful. into a templc.—Pliny mentions the Palatine
Temple: at Rome.——ln that city nothing was temple; his words are-in Palalii temple,
more sacred, nor more celebrated than the quad fever-at D. Augusla conjuz Auyuata.
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see the words.) (N. H. L. xx. c. 19). This fact of a temple
A temple was also dedicated by Augustus to raised on Mount Palatinus to the honour of
Jupiler Touans, which appears, amongst the Augustus after his death by his widow is
coins of that prince, represented with a front of confirmed, through the medium of a first
six columns. Other medals of Augustus exhibit brass of Caligula, inscribed DIVO AVG, S.C.,
a four-eolumned temple, rovi nao; likewise with three figures sacrificing before a temple;
one of six columns, inscribed rov. om‘. (Jovi and that this or some other temple of Augustus
Olympia) to Jupiter Olympius.—-Other temples, at Rome was restored by Antoninus Pins, we
consecrated to this monarch of the heathen learn from coins of the last-named emperor,
deities, display themselves on imperial coins, inscribed AEDES DIVI AVG. RESTitula ; and
such as that of Jupiter (luatoa, which Domitian 'I‘EMPLum DIVI AVG. REST. COS. HTL, with
consecrated to that divinity, whose guardian s figure seated in an octostyle temple Cree the
image he also placed there.—Caracalla dedicated words).——That there was a temple built and dedi
a temple, in the city, to Jupiter the Pre cated at Rome to Faustina senior, the wife of
server (Javi Smpitaton), and Alexander Severus Antoninus Pius, is proved by the very beautiful
another to Jupiter tlie Avenger (Jovi Ultori). one represented, with six columns in front, on
These three edifices, their porticos adorned with a silver coin of that empress, struck after her
statues, appear on coins of the said princes as death and consecration. The legend of the
edited by Tristan, Gesaner, Spanheim, Vaillant, obverse gives her the title of DIVA, and that
and others.—-The image of Jupiter Conservator, of the reverse reads AEDe.r DlVw FAVSTINAE.
within a temple of six columns, appears on the Other temples at Rome, dedicated to the
larger medals of Diocletian. The temples of honour of different emperors, form the types of
Mars were numerous (see the word J[ars.)—Ou some of their coins, as in the MEMORIAE
a very rare gold coin of Augustus (cans.-xm AETERNAE of Val. Maximinianus, Constnntius
AVGVSTO S. P. Q. 11.), the reverse type is a circular Chlorus, Romulus, and others. And indeed
temple of four columns, in which a legionury not at Rome only, but in the provinces also,
eagle is placed in a triumphal chariot.— temples were consecrated to emperors, as ancient
Vaillant referring to it (Impp. Rom. ii. 35) writers afiirm, and as may be seen on medals.
5G2
780 TEMPLUM. TEMPLUM.
An example of this kind is otfered in the fine e. 25). And M. Aurelius, in a letter to his wife
silver medallion of Augustus, which presents Faustino, which Valentius Gallic-anus has pre
a temple of_ six columns, with ROMa ET served, says, “Hoe (Clementia) Cmvarem dean!
AVGVSTM on the pcdimeut, and COM. ASIA. f.'cit.—See CLEMENTIA.
(Commune A.»-i¢) on each side of the edifice, TEMPLVM DlVi AVG1uh' RESTilutII
commemorative, as Tacitus and Dion both shew, COS. lIII.——A temple with eight columns in
of such a structure being raised, with the assent front, within which are two figures; also two
of Augustus, by “the commonwealth of Asia.” figures appear in the inter-columniation, and
Two remarkable coins of Hadrian bear witness two more on the steps of the building.—This
to a similar honour paid to that prince during legend and type are found on gold, silver, and
his life time, by the Bithynians—the one first brass of Antoninns Pius. There is likewise
inscribed con. arr. (Commune Bitllyniar), and a silver coin of the same Emperor, bearing the
with non. s. P. ave. (on another it is s. P. n. same type, but having for legend AEDe: DIVI
AVG.) on the front of a temple with eight AVG. REST. COS. IIII.
columns.—A brass medallion of'Hadrian exhibits Representations of the temple of Augustus
a temple with two columns ; and the inscription first appear on medals of Tiberius, struck about
s. P. Q. n. ax s. c. would seem to indicate that the year v.c. 787; also on coins of Caligula in
this architectural object had reference to some various years of his reign.—-—'I'he medals of Pins
sacred fane dedicated to the same emperor’s here quoted were struck in the year of Rome 912
honour at Rome. There are likewise many (a.n. 159), and inform us, what history has
Greek imperial medals of Pergamus, Smyrna, omitted to mention, viz.: that the temple of
and Nicomedia, struck under Augustus, Tiberius, Augustus, whether fallen into decay from time,
'l‘rajan, Antoniuus Pius, M. Aurelius, Com or injured from other causes, was restored by
modus, Curacalla, &c., being representations of the reverential piety of Antoninus Pius. There is
temples, some of the most magnificent of which every probability that, of the two images which
were raised and consecrated to those princes appear within the temple, one is that of Livia
respectively. Subjoined is a further notice of (Julia Augusta as she is called on Latin coins),
temples formerly existing in Rama, and which, wife of Augustus, for Dion states that divine
as wcll as the divinitics worshipped there, are honours were conferred upon her by her grand
typified on coins of the imperial mint, viz :— son Claudius, who dedicated s statue to her in
TemplumApollinisPalatini.—Octavian(before the temple of Augustus. Eckhcl notices, as
he was called Augustus) built a temple to Apollo a circumstance worthy of observation, that this
on the Palatine Hill. Indeed, according to Dion, temple offers itself in the present instance under
in the year v.c. 718 he himself bore witness to architectural features different [rem those which
its dedication, as is recorded on the marble of distinguish the same temple as exhibited on
Ancyra:—§1-mravatqvn aronmms IN PALATIO coins of Tiberius and of Caligula, above alluded
rEcr.—-Afier the overthrow of Antony, at to.——Whether this discrepancy arose from Auto
Actinm, fresh honours were paid by Augustus to ninus having altered the form, in restoring the
this Palatine Apollo, to whom we also find a structure of the temple? or whether it was
dedicatory type and inscription on a brass medal because the edifice represented on the medal
lion of Commodns, as edited by Vaillant from above described was not the same as that typified
the De Camps cabinet.—See APOL. PALATINO. on the coins of Tiberius and Caligula (for Ser.
Templum Bacclli et Herculi|.—That Septimius Rufus, besides the temple of Augustus in the
Severus raised a magnificent temple to these two eighth region, mentions another dedicated to the
deities is proved by first and second brass coins, same Emperor in the fourth regon, at Rome)?
as wcll as by a bronze medallion of that emperor. or whether the mint masters in depicturing the
—See DIS. AVSPICIBus. fronts of temples were always faithful to the
Templum Clementi¢s.—On the reverse of a originals? are questions which our illustrious
silver coin, struck by one of the monetal German numismatist asks without otfering any
trinmvirs of Julius Caesar, we see a temple with solution of his own.—But it has already been
four columns in front, and thele_::cndcL1:MEu'rran shewn that engravers of imperial medals, both
cazsanrs. (See the words.) Eckhel places this Greek and Roman, were in the habit of taking
medal under the date v.c. 710 s.c. 44; and liberties with architectural details to suit purposes
quotcsDion as his authority for stating that, in the connected with the introduction of figures. And
above-named year, it was decreed that a temple the truth of the fact, respecting which, in the
should be dedicated to Cicsar and to Clementia , absence of all historical record, this medal
and that M. Antony as Flamen Dialir (Priest of furnishes the clearest proof, remains established
Jupiter) should be appointed to otliciate in it as in the legend which assigns to Antoninns Pius
priest. There is a passage in Appian connected the honour of having restored, in his fourth
with this fact; and Plutarch also touches upon consulate, the temple of the deified Augu-ttu-r.—
it, adding that the dccrcc in question bestowed [See Dost. Num. Vet. vol. vii. p. 25.-—See also
not pardon only, but honours, on Cu:sar’s enemies. a passing reference to this coin in p. 12 of this
Pliny likewise says that Julius was accounted Dictionary; and the word m:n|ca"r1o.]
merciful both by contemporaneous flattery and Templum Jani.—Sce Janus and IAN. CLV.
by the voice of postcrity—— Cremrei proprium at See also PACE., &c., IANVM crvsrr.
peculiare sit clementiw inriyne, qua usque ad Templum Jot-is Capitalimlr.-—A first brass
penitentiam omnes superavit. (N. H. L. of Vespasian has for the type of its reverse
 TEMPLUM. TEMPLUM. 781
(finely delineated in the Thesaurus Horellianus pressed by Hannibal, is aflirmed by Livy.
tab. 56, fig. 23) a most elegant temple of six Plutarch also mentions a votive offering to Dea
columns, adorned with statues on the pedimcnt Hens, by Emilius Scaurus, who lived in the
and on each side. In the centre of this edifice time of the Cimbrian war. Cicero, and likewise
is the image of Jupiter, on whose right stands S. Augustine (dc Civitate Dei) allude to the same
the statue of Pallas, and on whose left appears deification. Maw quoque numen [label is the
that of Juno. This -beautiful coin (another expression of Ovid, who adds that rota were
engraving of which is given by Pedrusi in his publicly made to “ mens" as to a goddess, every
Hus. Famese) exhibits a front view of the year.—Propertius, too, makes this apostrophe :
temple of Jupiter Capitoliuus, which, after it Hem bona, si qua (lea ea, tua me in sacrario dono;
had been destroyed by fire during the Vitellian
disturbances, was magnificently restored by lndeed, as the philosophic Cicero in many pas
Vespasian , or, to use a more correct mode of sages of his writings truly aflirms, the chief and
expression, was raised anew from its foundations noblest part of a living soul is “the mind,” than
by order of that Emperor.—0n the coin above which nothing that nature or that God has given
described, besides the idol of Jupiter appear to man is more excellent—-more divine.
those of Minerva and Juno. We learn, indeed, Templum 0pi:.—It is recorded by Victor, that
from Tacitus, that Helvidius the Prsetor, at the there was a temple at Rome, situate in the eighth
outset of the undertaking, invoked with prayers region, dedicated to Ops, the wife of Satm'n—
the united tutelage of those three principal 1Edi.r Opia ct Salurni in vico Jugario ; to this
divinities of the Greek and Roman superstition. edifice Cicero frequently alludes when he is com
Varro speaks of Capitolinum vetua, quad ibi plaining of seven million sesterces (replies
aacellum Jovis, Junonia, Minerva. And Martial, nzillier HS) having been taken away from that
endeavouring to wheedle the Emperor Domitian temple by Mark Antony, which large sum had
into a resolution to repair the Capitol (for it had been deposited there by Julius Caesar, as a pro
again been burnt during the reign of Titus) thus vision towards meeting the expenses of a war than
makes the flattering appeal :— contemplated with the Parthians.-—A marble, in
Quidgo culminibas geminis matrona Tonanli! Gruter, likewise confirms the fact of such a
allada prmtereo ,- res agit illa mas. temple having existed at Rome, by the following
Lib. ix. 4. inscription—1.ocvs ADSIGNATV8 sum oars aw
ssrvnm. But, says Eckhcl (vii. p. 143), it is
It is to be observed, that on the first brass to be observed that by the name Ops may be
medal in question Pallas stands on Jove’s right understood that abundance of all things, which
hand, viz., in the place of greater dignity, and makes life happy and comfortable (conmmdum)
that to Juno is assigned the Irecond place. Nor —a lot certainly not enjoyed by one who is inopa
docs this numismatic monument afford the (Le. poor and destitute). And that Ops, in this
only proof that, in the most superb and most sense, had a temple at Rome we have Cicero's
venerated of all the temples in Rome, Pallas authority for aflirming.—Victor, moreover, de
was placed on the right hand of Jupiter. As scribes an altar placed in the eighth region of
early after the foundation of the city as the that city, as that of Ops et Ceres cum signo
year 391, Pallas occupied the same place in the Vertunmi.—Macrobius says Saturn and Ops
same temple, according to Livy.——The mint of were believed to be the producers or inventors
Antouinns Pius also furnishes confirmation to (repertores) as well of fruit as of com. The same
the fact, some of that Empcror’s coins exhibit writer adds, et terram Opera, cujua ope Immama
ing the three deitics above mentioned, sitting in vita alimenta quwnmtur; vel ab opere, per
the same order of personal distinction. From quodfruchu frugesque na.r(:un!ur.—S¢d. lib. i.
these and other evidences it clearly appears that (And the earth was called Ops; by whose aid
the Romans assigned a higher degree of honour food for human sustenance was obtained; or from
to Minerva than to Juno herself; the reason of opus, as being the work through which both
which is doubtless to be traced to the fabled fruit and corn are grown.) In another place
origin of their commonwealth, the '1h-ojan Mncrobius gives to Qua the name of Con.riv1'a,
Palladium having been transferred to Rome, as as from c¢m.rerendu0—to be sown or planted.
Horace sings: Plautus calls Ops, opulenta-—rich and mighty
Unde nil generalur ipso (Jove , Ops—the mother of Jupiter. The above pas
Nec viget guicquam simile, aut 0 um: sages, quoted by Eckhel from the old writers,
Proarimos tlli (amen occu avit combine to otfer an easy explanation of the type
Pal hmwm. on these coins, as well of Antoninus Pius as of
Lib. i. Carm. xii. Pertinax, which bear the unusual epigraph of
A similar type of the Capitoline temple, and OPI AVGuat¢ and OPI DlVlN¢.-—See these
the same order of the cclhe are to be seen on inscriptions.
coins of Titus and Domitian.—.D0ct. Num. Vol. Templum Pacis.—Therc is no yenpine coin
vi. 327-8. of Vcspasian extant, bearing the representation
Templum M'enti.r.—That 1nen.r—the mind— of the Temple of Peace raised and dedicated by
meaniug that part of the rational soul ‘which is the that emperor at Rome, in the year of the city
seat of understanding, thought, judgmeut—had 828 (A.D. 75). “This,” says Eckhel, “is sur
a temple at Rome, and that vows were dedicated prising, for the temple in question constituted a
to it as to a deity, when the Romans were hard stupendous monument of Vcspasian’s munificence.
782 TEMPLUM. TEMPORUM FELICITAS.
There have been those, indeed, and amongst explanation of this last-mentioned coin, he
them Spanhcim himself, who thought that they quotes Cassiodorus, from whose words it would
had seen it so represented, but the coin which appear that what was originally built for the
they have adduced in support of their opinion temple of Rome and of Vcnus, was afterwards
has for its type the temple, not of Pcacc, but of called the Temple of the City (Templum Rona:
Jove in the Capitol. (For some description of et Venerisfactum est, quad num: Urbis appel
which see IVPITER CAPlTOl.Il\'VS.)—l{0l‘0diA!\\lS latur).-—'l‘hat the joint worship of those two
calls Vcspasiau’s temple of Peace the grandest deities continued to a late period in templun
and most beautiful in the world.--Pliny classes Urbis is amply attested by Prudentius (Contra
it inler pulclierrima operum, qua unquam ; and S_z/mmaclt. 1. i. v. 219) in the following verses :
according to Josephus (Bell. Jud. l. vii., c. 5, 6, Delubrum Roma: (colitur nam sanguine at ipse
7), there were collected together within its walls More dew, nomenque loci ceu munen habelur
everything for the purpose of seeing which men Atque Urbis: Vener-1's_que pali se culmine rolluat
had employed themselves in wandering over Temple, simul gemima adolenlur thura deabm.)
the face of the earth. Pliny enumerates the TEMPOKVM FELICITAS COS. EH.--A
various master-pieces of a.rt deposited there; double cornuccpise, on each of which is placed
and Josephus states that it contained the golden the head of an infant.
vases, and other sacred utensils of the Jews, The type of this reverse, which is found on a
brought from the temple at Jerusalem. But. first brass of Antoninus Pius, resembles that on
although, so far as is hitherto ascertained, a well known coin of Drusus junior. There
Vespasian omitted to typify this celebrated temple seems no reason to doubt but that, in the present
of Peace on his coins, yet no deity or genius instance, it serves to represent two (twin)
was more frequently exhibited on the products children born to M. Aurelius, probably about
of his mint than Peace, as is shown by medals the year v.c. 902 (A.D. 149); their names,
of every metal, struck in each successive year, however, remain unascertained.
from the commencement of his reign.—See PAL TEMPORVM FELlCl'l‘AS.—A brass medal
Templum Roma et Vmeris.—That Hadrian lion of M. Aurelius, bearing on its obverse the
built a temple to Venus and Rome appears from bare head of that emperor, with legend of
the statement of Dion, who adds that the AVRELIVS cansaa ave. Pll. r. ‘rs. P. 11. cos.
Emperor himself was his own architect in the IL; and on the other side, Hercules bearing a
erection of that edifice, and that by his orders trophy in his left hand, and resting the right
Appollodorus, the most celebrated of the age, hand on his club, as he stands in a car drawn by
and whose works adorned Rome in the reign four centaurs, each having different attributes.
of Trajan, was put to death because he had In the second edition of his work De la
frccly found fault with those parts of the structure Rarelé at du priz a'e.r llle'daille.: Romaiuet,
in which Hadrian had violated architectural Miounct has given an exquisitely finished eu
rules. According to Spartian, this temple was graving of this splendid medallion. It is also
of vast proportions—his expression is “ita at engraved in Akeru1an’s l)e.m1'ptive Calaloyue,
operi diam eleplumtes XX1Vad/ziberet.” There vol. i. pl. c.
is a brass medallion of Hadrian which bears on TEMPORVM FELICI'l‘AS,——I"on.r children,
its reverse a beautiful temple with ten columns designating the seasons of the year; on a brass
in front, adorned with various statues, inscribed medallion, the obverse of which exhibits the
with the initial letters s. P. Q. n. EX s. c.— infant portrait of Annius Verus (son of Aurelius
Buonarotti, who gives an engraving of it in his and of Faustina jun.) facing that of his brother
Osservazionilatoriclze (pl.i. fig. 5, p. 16), thinks it Commodus—-[in the French national cabinct]—
highly probable that the fane represented on this with inscription of COMMODVS C.\ESar;
medallion was intended for the very temple in VERVS CAESar.
question.——Eckhel dissents from this opinion, It was during the childhood of these two
observing that the coin itself plainly records princes (the former of whom died at a very cmrly
that the temple delineated on it, was raised age), that this elegant type was produced for
in pursuance of a senatorial edict—r-zx. s. c.; the first time on the coinage of Rome, though
whereas, according to Dion, as already cited, afterwards revived under Commodus, Caracalla,
Hadrian himself was the architect of the temple Diocletian, and others. It pcrsonifies, in suc
erected to the honour of norm ET VENVS. It
is, therefore, altogether uncertain to whom this
sumptuous building was raised by order of the
senate and the Roman people. But there is
another brass medallion of Hadrian, described
by the Editor of the Museum T/teupoli, which
has for legend vans nous scream, and for
type, Rome holding in her right hand a globe
and in her lcft the /ulsla, and sitting within a
a temple of six columns. To this medallion
Eckhcl joins a gold coin of the same Emperor, Q _-iiinaaoisvm
Ii‘
in the Vienna cabinet, on which Venus appears
seated, holding a victory and spear, accompanied rnatolrm
by the epigraph VENEBIS PELICIS; and, in
 TEMPORUM FELICITAS. TER. PAULLUS. 783
cession, Spring, Summer, Autumn, andWinter, the rabbit, as the old symbol of Hispania, it
each season bearing some symbol of its respective would appear that that country, or at least a
gifts. The first holds a basket filled with flowers; portion of it, was subject at the period in
the second a sickle ; the third a basket of apples question to these nsurpers in Gaul.
and a bunch of grapes, which an animal (a TEMP. FEL.—Buonarotti (in his Omervazioni
panther) is leaping at; the fourth a hare, and a Irloric/re) gives the engraving of u fine and very
bird suspended from a stick upon his shoulder ; rare brass medallion of Otacilia Severa (wife of
all the figures are naked, except the one which Philip, sen.), on the reverse of which a matron
represents winter, which is wrapped in vest of dignified appearance is seated in a chair of
ments—as in the octagon tower of Andronicus, state, between two other female figures likewise
at Athens, Boreas is sculptured, enshrouding clothed in the stola, who stand, the one holding
his face in a cloak. On the exergae we read an a caduceus, the other the basin pura and a small
announcement of that public happiness which, vase. At the knees of the seated woman are
in flattery to the reigning emperor, was boasted two children.
of as the characteristic q/' the times when the The learned and judicious Italian above cited
medallion was struck.—See rrzucrras TEMP. describes this type as representing Otacilia in
and l>‘I-JLICIA ransom. the form of Piety with her two children, one of
TEMPORVM FELICITAS—COS. llTl'. P.P. which became the Philippus Cmsar and Augustus,
—A woman, seated, holds forth corn-ears in whom his father associated with him in the
her right hand; before her four naked children empire, and the other a daughter whose name is
are plucking fruit from a tree, and putting them not mentioned. In support of this interpreta
into a vase. tion, Buonarotti refers to the beautiful first
Eckhel gives this as the reverse type of a brass of Domitia, in which that lady, wife of
brass medallion of Commodus, from the collec Domitian, is represented under the form of
tion of Count De Vitzai, and after observing Piety, veiled and seated, and holding her right
that the worn state of the coin prevents its date hand extended, as if pointing towards a child
from being sufficiently ascertained, goes on to who stands before her. That child was meant
mention a similar medallion in the Royal for the infant Cmsar, her son by Domitian, as is
Museum at Paris, and in which specimen also shcwn by the dedicatory legend, Dl VI CAESA Ric
the chronological marks are wholly wanting, MATRI, and the epithet DIVVS as applied to
apparently from the destructive effects of time. the word CAESAR also shows that the im
The four boys shew that the type was meant to perial heir was alrcady dead and consecrated.
symbolise the seasons, as clearly appears from “And so likewise in the medallion before us
a coin, with similar legend, struck under the (our author proceeds to say) the two figures of
same prince A.V.C. 944 (A.D. 191.)—See rau children were really meant for those of Otacilia,
CITAS TEMP. as is proved by the inscription FELICITAS
Same le_¢en1l.—The emperor sitting on a globe, 'l‘EMPORVM—a.s if the Roman empire had
which is adorned with stars, holds in his ex redoubled its happiness in the hope of that
tended right hand a large circle, on which four happiness being continued by the assurance of a
naked children are walking. He is himself succession to the throne, through the health
crowned by_ Victory, who stands behind him. and domestic felicity of the imperial family—
Jupiter, holding the Izaala, is also present at hence it is that these two deities, H]/yeia and
the right hand of the prince. Felicitas, are represented on the above-described
The preceding is given by Eckhel, as from a coin, standing on each side of the Empress.”
brass medallion of Alexander Severus, from the P . TEMPORVM
297. FEL. or FELIC. or FELICIT.
ltluscum Albani.—The starry globe, the circle,
the children—all indicate the Times (Tempura) —A woman standing, holding a long caduceus
and their eventful changes (under the form of and a cornucopiae. On coins of Carausius and
Allectus.
the Seasons) as we learn from that rare coin of
Hadrian, which bears for legend SAECulum TER. or TERR. Termrum.—0nB. TEE.
AVReum, and also from various medals of Orbi-1' Terrarum.—PACI. oas. TERR.
Commodus.—The obverse of the coin in question TER. Tertium.—-coNo. nan. P. a. DAT.
exhibits the head of the Emperor above-named Congiarium Tertium Popula Romano DaIum.—
opposite that of his mother, accompanied with cos. DESIG. rrnn. 1:1-. ran. Consul Des-ignatu:
the following inscription :—-IMP. SEVERVS Iterum et Tertium. Consul for the third time,
ALEXANDER AVGu.vlu.s, IVLIA MAMAEA was the highest honour in the republic of Rome.
AVGusta MATER AVG1uti (The Empress TER. PAVLLVS.—Thc very rare gold coin,
Julia Mamma, Mother of the Emperor). though common as a denarius, of the Aemilia
TEMPORVM FELICI'I‘AS.—A woman lying family, on which this legend is found, has for
on the ground, holds in her right hand an olive its reverse type a subject of high historical
branch, and near her left hand is figured a interest; for it serves to remind us of the
rabbit. defeat of Perseus, king of Macedonia, at the
Banduri gives this from the Vienna cabinet, battle of Pydna, by the consul L. Aemilius
as the legend and type on the reverse of a gold Paullus, to whom he was compelled to surrender
coin of Laelianus (one of those military chieftains himself and his family. lt also recalls to
who assumed the purple in the troubled reign of memory the important consequences of that
Gallienus).—From this monetary revival of victory; namely, the reduction of the Mace
784 TERENTIA. TERENTIUS.—TERPSICHORE.
donian kingdom to the state of a Roman pro rewarded with a naval crown, at the hands of
vince; and likewise refers to the magnificence of his illustrious chief. The above dcnarius shews
the triumph with which, in the year of Rome that Varro, in that arduous contest, was Pompey’:
587, Paullus was honoured for that signal P70 or. And that it was struck during the
achievcmcnt—a triumph than which, for wealth bellum predonum is rendered clear by the name
of spoils and gorgeousness of warlike pomp, Jlagmw, which had already been assumed by
nothing (according to the old writers) had till Ponipcy.—For similar obverses and reverses sec
then been exhibited more splendid or on a Pompeia family.—In the civil war, he was com
grander scale. The type of this medal repre pelled at length to surrender himself to Caesar.
sents the consul, clothed in the toga, standing The head of the obverse is by some thought to
on one side of a trophy, with his right hand be intended for that of Qnirinus; others make
stretched forth as if he were in the act of it a Jupiter Terminalia; both, however, are
delivering some command to Perseus, who him mere conjectures.
selfstands on the opposite side, with his hands tied TERENTIVS.—Terence, so celebrated for
behind him, and accompanied by two children, his dramatic writings, was a native of C
his sons, with whom, as history informs us, and the slave of Tereutinu Lucamu, who, in
this unhappy prince followed in chains the tri consideration of his genius and merit generously
umphal chariot of the victor. Respecting this gave him his liberty. This facile pr-iuqu
remarkable coin there is much in Spanheim (Pr. camicorum lived on terms of intimacy with many
220), but it is preferred to take advantage of noble personages, and especially with Scipio
the briefer and more useful observations of Africanus and C. La:lius.—But though Roma
Eckhcl, who regards the epigraph ran. PAVLLVS was the scene of his fame, his imhm were not
as ambiguous; for either, says he, it signifies destined to repose there. He is said to have
the duration of the trinmphal honours to have died at Stymphalus in Arcadia, from disease
been extended over a space of three days, from brought on by grief for the loss of many of his
the fourth knlends of December, of the year comedies.-—Amongst the contorniates is one on
above-mentioned, of which Florus (L. ii. c. 12) which appears the name of rnanrrrrvs and the
thus speaks—-quippa cuju-I apectacula triduum naked and beardless head of a man; on the
impleveril. Primu: dies rigna, tabulasque; other side is a wrestler, or a young man leading
aequem, anna, pecuniuque tranrverit ; tertius n horse by the bridle. Of the name inscribed
captives, iprumque regent attonitum adlmc, tan on the reverse only the last letters are discernible
quam rubito malo rtupentem: (alas, poor fallen . . . . rvs.
monarch!) Or it means the three triumphs of Termiuu.r.——A divinity to whom the ancients
Paullns, one of which was for his victories over generally, and the Romans in particular, paid
the Ligurians; the second over Perseus; the worship, as presiding over the bonndariu
third remains uncertain, (notwithstanding what of fields. He is represented with a human face
the indefatigable Pighius could glean from and a body terminating in the form of an inverted
Velleius.) But that there were three distinct pyramid. On the feast days of these tutelary
triumphs, is a fact which, however controverted gods of landmarks (February 21), the inhabitants
by some antiquaries, receives confirmation from of the neighbouring ' crowned their
a marble still existing at Rome, and which is images with flowers.—On the obverse of a
quoted by Pighius as follows :-—L. AEMILIVS. dcnarius belonging to the atlpuruia family
L. F. PAVLVS. COS. II. CENS. AVGVR. appears the statue of a man, the upper part of
TRIVMPHAVIT. 'l‘ER.—'l'he obverse of the whose body is clothed in the toga; but it has
medal in question bears for legend PAVLLVS neither arms nor feet, on one side of which is a
LEPIDVS CONCOR.Dia, and for type the laurel crown, and on the other a vase—withont
veiled head of Concord.—See Aemilia family. legend; but on the reverse rr. rrso rr.r. raver.
TERENTIA, a plebeiau family, whose surnames —Ursiuus sees in this the symbol of Terminus;
on its Roman coins were I/aoanua and Varra. and supposes that Piso (whoever he might be)
There are fourteen numismatic varieties belong adopted it as a type for his coin, for the purpose of
ing to this gem, the brass pieces of which are indicating the origin of certain religious rites per
the As, or some of its parts, or struck by the formed in honour of that rural deity, as introduced
moncyers of Augustus. The following is by Numa, who (according to old writers whom
amongst the more rare in silver : Ursinus quotes) first erected a little temple
VARRO PRO Qu¢.store.—Bcurded head flracellumj to Terminus, on the Tarpeian hill,
with diadem, finishing in the form Of a at Rome. A similar figure of the same "an
Terminus. of property limits, having on its head a radiated
Reu.—l\IAG. PRO. COS. An eagle and crown, and with a thunderbolt lying beneath,
dolphin with sceptre erect between them. exhibits itself on a silver coin of Augustus,
M. Terentins Varro, who on account of his inscribed urr. csssaa.
singular ability and extensive acquirements was Terpricbore, one of the Muses, who was
honoured with having, whilst still living, his said to have taught men the art of playing on
statue placed by Asinius Pollio in the Bibliotheca, the musical rceds—or “ Pan's pipes." Her
at Rome, had a high command under Pompey head, covered with laurel, is delineated on a
the Great in the war against the Pirates, and denarins of Q. Pomponius, and on the reverse
for his distinguished exploits in that war, as she is herself represented standing (with the
commander of the fleet in the Ionian sea, was word MVSA before her), holding the above
 TETRICUS. TETRICUS. 785
mentioned instrument with both hands.—See although he maintained himself in his govern
Pomponia family. ment for more than five ycars, including the
Terra.—See C1/bele—Ops—R/lea-TelZuJ.— period of Claudius the Second's reign, yet
The earth, which, according to the doctrine of frequent mutinies amongst his soldiers, who
the Pythagoreans, and now of all philosophers, were continually threatening to depose him, ren
moves round the sun.—Oiselius, Selec. Nam. p. dered his crown insecure and his existence
253. wretched and unsafe. Disgusted with the slavery
TERT. Teriium.—C. csnsaa. cos. 'r1-:n'r. of his situation, and anxious to regain the
Consul Terlio or Tertium.—C. Caesar (Caligula), tranquillity of private life, he applied for succour
consul for the third time. to Aurelian, who, on his return from the East,
Terurwius, a silver coin of the Roman mint, advanced with his victorious army as far as
so called from ter for tres, and um:ia.—See AS Catalaunum (now Chalons-sur-i\Ia1-ne), delivered
ei partes ejur. Tetricus from the power of his rebellious troops,
Tamera, a square, marked with a certain and resumed for the Roman empire, the pos
number of points, to serve as a ticket or session of those Gallic provinces, which the re
voucher.—Tessera were also small pieces of volt of Postumus had detached from it. In
wood, of bone, or of ivory, or of bronze, thus surrendering himself, his sou, his army,
which received various names, according to the and his imperial authority into the hands of
different purposes to which they were applied. Aurelian, he did not escape the deep humiliation
Accordingly there were theatrical, gladiatorial, of having to follow the triumphal chariot of that
liberal (frumentnr1'a), convivial, military, and proud conqueror; by whom, however, according
hospitable It-Nera. Many of these are a species to 'I‘reh. Pollio, he was afterwards treated with
of coin, or counter, and are found in most large the utmost benevolence, friendship, and con
numisrnatic cabinets. From the times of the fidence. Among the honours heaped on him by
emperors they were chiefly employed for dis the emperor, who called him his colleague, was
tribution amongst the people, to enable each his nomination as governor of the important
individual to go with one or more of them, and Italian province of Lucania.—'l‘etricus died in
receive the gifts which had been assigned to retirement, at a very advanced age, in what
him, in corn, in oil, in money, and in every year is not known, and, as his coins of con
other article of greater or less value. For this secration shew, hc was placed in the rank
reason they were called tessenz libera1itatis.— of divinities—“a remarkable circumstance,”
Medals, struck when public distributions were observes Beauvais, “in the instance of a man
made, present numerous examples of this kind, who for many years before had renounced the
and the tesaera, or tablet, appears in the right title and sceptre of supreme power.”
hand of the figure, which respectively personify His style, on coins, is, by himself, IMP.
Jmwna, and I/iberalita.r.—-See the words. rarnicvs svu.—1su>. c. c. rasv. Tr-:Ta1cvs
TETRICVS (Caiua Pea-uviua, commonly P. r. svo.—in association with his son, mar.
rerarcr. svoo.—nu=r. 'rI-rrarci. PII. .AVGG.~—
called Tetricus pater or senior), one of those
who took the name of Auyustus during the me. XNVICTI rn. svoo.
There is a gold medallion of this prince, said
to be unique, on the obverse of which, with the
inscription 1m>.r1".1'a1cvs., is seen the bust of
Tetricus as emperor; in his right hand is an
olive branch, in his left a sceptre surmounted by
an eagle. This medallion, according to a
memoir of De Boze, is composed of two thin
leaves of gold stamped together, and mounted
in an ornamented circle of gold with two loops.
His gold of the ordinary size are of the
highest rarity; base silver or billon very rare :
troubled state of the empire, under Gallienns. third brass extremely common. The money of
This prince belonged to a family of high dis Tetricus senior, of Roman die, was fabricated in
tinction in the senate, and had been honoured Gaul.—Among the third brass, of which the
with the consulship. Being governor of Aqui number extant is very considerable, there are
tania at the time when the usurper Marius died, not s few of which the workmanship is most
Tctricus was induced by the persuasions of that barbarous, and the legends nndecypherable.
extraordinary heroine Victorina (mother of TETRICVS filius, or junior, as he is com
Victorians senior), to accept the title of em monly ca1led.—Caius Pesuvius Pivesus Tetricus,
peror from the legionaries in Gaul, s.1>. 268. /vs-z..
A -~\ X
,-“;§'l5ll5;?%@,~\ son of the
young whenprecerlin , was
his father ve
hecarnrh
Already in great repute for valour, prudence,
and good principles, he disarmcd envy by his ‘,, élq emperor in Gaul (A.D. 267).
unpretending simplicity, and couciliated general . _ ‘ He was soon utter named
good opinion by the equity of his administration. ‘ g Caesar; and associated with
His first act of sovereignty was to give the rank $9 his father in sovereign power-_
of Caesar to his son Tetricus. He next under ' Possessed of a good figure, of
took to reduce the revoltcd city of Autun, and an agreeable countenance, and of high intel.
succeeded after a six months’ siege. But, lectual endowments, this young man reigned as
5H
786 TETRICUS. THEATRA.—THENSA.
his parent's colleague, under circumstances of Wzeatra, places specially appropriated,
great promise, until A.D. 272 or 273, when the amongst the Greeks and Romans, to the repre
elder Tetrieus thought fit to abdicate, and sentations of dramatic spectacles.-—The theatre
voluntarily submit himself to Aurelian. Then difiered greatly as to form from the amphi
it was that the sou shared the degradation of the theatre, the latter being of a circular, or, more
sire—wallring through the streets of Rome, properly speaking, of an oval figure : whilst the
behind the triumphal car of “ ltestitutor Orbis," former was that of a half circle, at the extremity
as Aurelian had the oriental presumptuousness of which a structure was transversely erected.
to tenn himself; but who respected neither his The l/aealrurn consisted of thru principal parts:
own good fame nor the dignity ot the senate in the seats of the spectators occupied the semi
thus treating two such distinguished members of circular space, the stage was in the edifice trans
that body. However, afier this indulgence of versely built, and between the two was the
his pride as a trimnpher, the emperor is said to orchestra.—[For an accurate description of the
have behaved towards both those princes as construction, arrangement, and decoration of
though they had not “fallen from their high ancient theatres, see Dictionnaire des Beau!
estate.” The younger Tetricus was re-established Arts par Millin, Dictionary of Greek and
in the possessions of his family, and admitted to Roman Antiquities by Dr. Taylor, and Museum
a seat in the senate. Such, indeed, was his of Classical Antiqnitics.]—The reverse ct‘ s
conduct, says Beanvais, “that he obtained the first brass coin, struck under Gordianus Pius,
friendship of the Romans by making himself at Heracles, in Bithynis, and engraved by
useful to every one; and no man of senatorial Bnonarotti from the Carpegna cabinet, presents
rank was more honoured than himself by a theatre with a portico behind the stage, which
Aurelian and his successors.”—His style on exhibits the scene of a temple; the semi-circular
coins is rivssvs TETBICVS cszs.—c. PIVESV. portion of the building is filled with spectators.
TETRICVS. cans.—nn>. rsrrucvs P. r. avo.— —See Amplzit/zealre.
and cssssa TETBICVB avo., as on the small fllerua, a sacred car in which the images of
brass (from the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith) the gods and godesses were carried to the germs
given above. Whether Tetricua the younger of the circus. Vehicles of this kind served with
remained Cscsar only, or whether he also re the Romans to symbolize that solemn consecra
ceived the title of Augustus, is a question which tion, or npotheosis, of defunct personngcs, which,
historians appear to have left in doubt, and on confined to the imperial rank, was decreed by
which numismatists are not agreed. Referring the senate alone.—'l‘he I/lens-a was usually made
the reader, who may desire further acquaintance of the wood of such tree as was consecrated to
with the pros and com of the case, to what the deity whose statue was thus publicly dis
Banduri has advanced on this point and Eelrhcl played in procession, and which appeared with
stated in opposition, together with Mionnet/s all his or her attributes.—-This peculiar sort of
comments on both, in his notes on the medals carriage was also used to convey either the
of this young prince (vol. i. p. 83-4), it shall image of some emperor or empress alrmdy
suflice for us here to observe that, with the fact, placed amongst the divinities, to some public
both historical and numismatical before us, that scene of pompous celebration, or the dead body
Tet:-icus junior was conjoined as IMPERATOB of a prince or princess round the campus
with his father, there is the greatest probability martius, where the corpse was afterwards burnt
of his having also been proclaimed avovs'rvs.— on n funeral pile amidst very imposing rites
And as moreover a gold coin of the younger and ceremonies.—0n some of these occasions,
Tetricus, with the title AVG. has, since Eckhel’s elephants were employed to draw the Menu,
death, been published as genuine by Mionnet, those vast animals, on account of their longevity,
we should hardly deem it premature to regard being selected as the symbol of eternity.—Ac
the question as already decided; in other words cordingly we find a first brass coin, struck under
we are of opinion that there exists sutiicient Tiberius, which exhibits the statue of Augustus,
proof of Telricus filiua having been styled with radiated head and other marks of deificatiou,
Augustus as well as Cmsar, especially as we seated on a thensa, drawn by four elephants, on
find such a conclusion supported by those the neck of each of which sits a driver.—See
undoubtedly authentic medals whereon his DIVO AVGVSTO.—There is also a large
portrait joined to that of his father is accom bronze medal, struck under Titus, with similar
ied by IMPP. TETRICII PII. AVGG. for types of the thensa.—See DIVO AVG. VES
egend of obverse, and by AETERNITAS PASiano.
AVGG. (Augustorum) for legend of reverse. From the above and several other nnmismatic
The coins of Tetricua jun. are extremely rare monuments, the form of the tlmua appears to
in gold—very rare in base silver, or billon ; but have been that of a platform, richly ornamented,
very common in small brass. and mounted upon four wheels, by which mode
The pieces of this prince, of Roman die, were of construction the idols or statues placed upon
coined in Gaul, as were those of his father.— it were rendered conspicuously visible. In this
“A great many medals of the two Tetrici are respect it differed, as well from the mrpenlnn
found (says Beauvais) with their legends and which was covered with an arched roof, its front
types disfigured by the coarseness of their fabric,
alone being open, as from the triumphal chariot
and the ignorance of the workmen. which was an open vehicle sometimes of cylin
T. FL. Iiti Fih'¢u.—T. FL. Tillu Flaviuq. drical, at others of semi-circular shape and
 THEODOR.A.—Tl-IEODORICUS. THEODOSIUS. 787
entered at the back, both of them being two rebellious subject, surrendered to him his own
wheelcd vehicles.—See Carpentum and Cirrus. rights over Italy, which he permitted him to
TIIEODORA, second wife of the Emperor invade A.D. 489, for the ostensible purpose of ex
Constantine Chlonis, whom she married 4.1). pelling Odoacer (who had already proclaimed him
292. She was the daughter of Galcria Valeria self king of that country), but in reality to rid
nEntropia (second wife of Maxi himself of so dreaded a foe as Thcodoricus.
minian Hercules) by a Syrian At the head of a powerful army, the gothic
\ nobleman, whose name has not chieftain arrived at Aquileia, on the 28th of
been recorded. Maximinian, August of the above-mentioned year; and,
havingadoptedConstantiusa.nd having defeated Odoacer, in three difierent
conferred on him the title of battles, compelled that prince to yield, after
Caesar, induced, or rather com sustaining a three years’ siege at Ravenna.
pelled him to divorce his wife Helena, and to Theodoricus engaged to spare his life, and even
marry this princess, who received the name of entered into a treaty of friendship with him;
Augusta, but who is known only by her rank but at the expiration of a few days, Odoacer and
as empress, and by the numerous family she left. his son, together with the nobles of his court,
History is, indeed, equally silent respecting the were, by Theodoricus' orders, basely assassinated
incidents of her life, the qualities of her character, at s banquet to which their perfidious conqueror
and the time of her death. “Sea médaille: had invited them.—-Proclaimed king of Italy at
(says Beauvais) la reprcsentent avec dee trait: Ravenna A.D. 493, this barbarous successor to
auezfina, at an air spiritue .” It speaks well the Ausonian domains of the Caesars, confirmed
of her merit as a wife, that so excellent a man his power by an alliance with the emperor
as Constantins, was greatly attached to her, and Anastatius, and by other political advantages.—
made her the mother of three sons and three After governing Italy and the Gaulish provinces
daughters. The former werc—1. Delmatius with great wisdom and justice, preserving
Censor, father of Delmatius Caesar, and of the tranquillity between the Visigoths and the
younger Hannibalianus. 2. Julius Constantius,
Italians, as well by the equity as by the vigour
Consul, who had by Galla, his first wife, Con of his administration, the natural cruelty and
stantius Gallus, Caesar; and b_v Basilina, his mistrustfulness of his disposition regained its
second wife, the Emperor Julian the Apostate. baneful influence over him, at the close of his
3. Constantinus I-lannibalianus. The princesses reign, and led him to pollute with the blood of
were-—1. Constantia, wife of the Emperor many distinguished and innocent persons the
Licinius. 2. Anastatia, wife of Bassienus, Caesar; glory of its commencement. Theodoricus, full
and 3. Eutropia, mother of Nepotianus, who of remorse and terror at the remembrance of his
assumed the name of Augustus. The medals of murderous enormities, expired on the 30th of
this lady style her rs. aux. ruaonoas. svo.— August, 526, at the age of seventy-two, having
There are two (of very great rarity) catalogued survived Odoacer thirty-three years and a half.
in the Cabinet d’L'nnery, and which Beauvais He had married Anaflede, sister of king Clovis.
regarded as of pure silver and genuine : one has On his medals, which are rare, he is styled
for its legend of reverse PIETAS ROMANA, the Dominua Noster THEODORICVS REX. Some
type is a woman who holds an infant in her pieces represent him with Anaslaliua and with
bosom, as if suckling it, and in the exergue Jualinus I.
1‘. 11. P.--This legend and type also appear on There is a third brass given in the Pembroke
her small brass coins, which are rather scarce.— collection, on the obverse of which his name
The coins of Theodora are considered to have and titles appear within a garland; the reverse
been struck by Constantine the Great. exhibiting the helmed head of Rome, with the
Z71eadoricu.r, first of the Gothic Kings in inscription INVICTA nous. The money of this
Italy, was the son of Theodemirus, king of the prince was doubtless struck in Italy.
Ostrogoths, a tribe of people from northern TIIEODOSIVS (Flaviua), customarily sur
Europe, who, about the middle of the fiflh named by historians (but not so on his coins)
century, were in occupation of Pannonia and Jlagnua‘, was born of an illustriously noble family,
Illyria.——Sent at eight years of age to Constan at Italics (now Seville), in Spain, A.D. 346.—
tinople, he lived there ten years as a hostage at Son of Theodosius, one of the ablest generals of
the court: of the emperor Zeno, who, with his
able assistance, vanquished and deposed Basi
liscus, and who rewarded his bravery and
services with wealth, preferment, and the
highest honours. But, in A.D. 478, having
quarrelled with his imperial benefactor, Theodo
ricus marched the armies of which he had been
appointed general into Thrace and Macedonia,
wherc he rendered himself so lormidable that
Zeno was necessitated to negociate peace with
him. In 483 he was elected consul. Four
years afterwards he again broke with the his time, Flavius early showed his hereditary
emperor, whom he hcsicged in Constantinople. courage and his good soldiership in campaigns
Zeno having once more come to terms with his against the Sarmatians, and in 374 was created
5112
788 THEODOSIUS. THEODOSIUS.
Count of Moesia. Endangered by the jeelousies fell ill of a dropsy and died (895), at Milan
and unjust suspicion which led to his father’s (Mediolanum), in the 50th year of his age.
decapitation at Carthage in 376, he retired into after an eventful reign of nearly sixteen years.
Spain, where, by order of Gratian himself who He is recorded to have expired in the arms of
caused that father to perish, he headed an army St. Ambrose, regretted as one of the greatest
against the Goths, whom he defeated in a great and best of princes. For fortitude, sagacity,
battle. On the death of Valeiis, he was chosen lion-heartedness, and consummate skill in all
by Gratian for his colleague, and vn'th the the acts of government, he might indeed justly
title of Augustus, declared Emperor of the be ed as “the model for sovci-eigns;"
East early in 379. This event took place at a but as to his piety, so much lauded by Roman
time when that portion of the Roman empire historians, there is more than a doubt of its
was ravaged in every direction by the Goths. purity and genuiueness, and to s of his
Assembling his forces with the utmost expedi moderation and clemency of character would be
tion, he attacked those barbarian hordes; over an insult alike to humanity and common sense
throwing them in several successive engage alter the horrible proof of his savage vindictive
ments, and finally compelling them to sue ness at Thcssalonica. Theodosius the Great had
for pence; and to take refuge within their two wives—the first was Elia Flaeilla, mother
own wild fortresses. From admiration of his of Arcadius and Honorius; the second was
valour and great qualities, Sapor IlI., king of Galla, daughter of Valentinian I. and of Jus
Persia renounced his enmity to and entered into tinia, by whom he had Plncidia, who was the
a treaty of alliance with the Romans, which mother of Valentinian Ill.
lasted a considerable period. In the year 888, On the medals of this emperor he is constantly
Theodosius conferred the title of Augustus on styled n. N. ruszonosrvsr. 1'. AU. (or s\'e.),
his eldest son Arcadius, an object of domestic the head diademed with pearls. - They are
policy, which he had no sooner accomplished common in silver and gold, except gold quinarii
than the conquest of Italy and the deposition of and silver medallions, The middle and small
Valentinian, Jl1l1l0l', by Magnus Maximus, called brass of this prince are very common; but his
the imperial hero once more away from his own bronze medallions are rare.—On the reverse of a
capital and dominions. llaving vanquished and silver medallion he is styled, and with historical
put to death the invading usurper (387), he truth, TRIVHPATOR GENT. man. Before
re-established Valcntinian on the throne of the Eckhel’s time, there existed an almost insuper
west, and hastened back to quell an insurrection able difliculty to distinguish the medals which
at Thessalonica, where one of his provincial belong to Theodosius I. from those which were
lieutenants had been slain by the inhabitants of struck under Theodosia: II. A note of Mien
that city. On this occasion he sullied his net, of which Mr. Akerman has given in his
hitherto irreproachable fame, by an act of Descriptive Catalogue (vol. ii. 830) a translation,
the most inhuman cruelty, in permitting his furnishes in a condensed form the information
victorious troops to massacre more than seven on this subject so usefully alforded by the leaned
thousand persons, the greater portion of whom and sagacious author of Doctrine Nun. Vet, in
were guiltlcss of the sedition which had so vol. viii. (pp. 181 at uq.), of that invaluable
violently irritated him. It was some time after work, to both of which the reader is referred.
this frightful atrocity that Theodosius, having THEODOSIVS (Flavim), junior, or IL,
presented himself at the portal of Milan cathedral, grandson of the above, being the son of Arca
was denied permission to enter by St. Ambrose. dius and Eudoxia, was born at Constantinople,
It is further related that the emperor, under the A.D. 401 ; declared Augustus the following year;
impression of religious awe and com auction,
humbly submitted to the sentence of t e vener
able arch-prelatc, and abstained from again
offering himself for admission into the church,
until for a term of eight months he had ex
hibited signs of sincere penitence. Returned at
length to the seat of his own government, he
found the Gothic tribes pillaging Macedonia and
Thessaly; and he chastised and expelled these
barbarians from the confines of his empire.
After the decease of the younger Valentinian, and in A.D. 408, became Emperor of the East.
he fetflfflfld Bgain to the west, and achieved his During his minority the administration of affairs
last military exploit by gaining s decisive victory devolved, first to the prefect Anthemius and
(though not till after some desperate struggles), afterwards to Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius,
near Aquilcia, on the 5th of September, 394, under whose influence he, in 4-21, married the
ovcr the psurper Eugenius, whom Arbogastes, celebrated Athenais. The same year he gained
the traitorous general of Valentinian and insti by his generals a victory over the Persians ; and
gator of his murder, had caused to be proclaimed the peace which they concluded with the
emperor. On the 17th of January in the Romans after that defeat, lasted twenty-four
following year, having just before obtained the years.
On the decease of Honorius, becoming
senatorial recognition of his second son Honorius, sovereign of the west, he conferred that division
as emperor of the east, this extraordinary man of the empire on his cousin-german Valentinian
 THERME ROMANORUM. THERME ROMANORUM. 789
Il'I., and sent him at the head of an army, in producing perspiration. And although even in
423, to expel the usnrper Johannes who had the earlier ages, there were structures of this kind
possessed himself of Italy, Gaul, and Spain. which far exceeded in extent what was actually
Theodosius engaged Attila to renew the treaty needful, yet it was not until u much later period
subsisting between the Huns and the Romans by that the public tbermz at Rome arrived at that
conditioning to pay an annual tribute of seven pitch of grandeur and magnificence to which
hundred pounds weight of gold to that barbaric they were brought with the increase of wealth
chieflain, and by other humiliating concessions. and luxury, chiefly through the unbounded
In 438 he caused the publication of that code of munificence, or more properly speaking, extra
laws which has come down to us under his vagance of princes, who, in the greatness of
name. After failing in an attempt to eifect the their works, sought to glorify their names in
assassination of Attila, who had broken the peace the eyes of posterity. The very ruins of these
made between them; and who devasted many baths, indeed, exhibit at the present day evi
provinces of the empire, Theodosius the Second dences of their by-gone grandeur so stupendous
ended his days at Constantinople, dying either as to excite the astonishment of every intelligent
from disease, or in consequence of a fall from and observant person who has had the oppor
his horse, a.n. 450, in the 49th or 50th year tunity of contemplating them. Nero appears to
of his age. He was a prince whose personal have been the first who contrived a gymnasium
qualities and intellectual attainments are de for robust and athletic exercises with the theme
scribed to have been such as would have rendered for cold bathing and for sudatory purposes. Titus
him most estimable as an individual; but his followed the example of Nero, and caused baths
monastic turn of piety and pusilanimity of to be built by the side of his amphitheatre.
disposition totally disqualified him for the Domitian and Trajan successively added to the
sition he occupied and for the times in which he number of these public establishments; and,
lived; whilst his timid, temporising policy was like their predecessors, built them on a vast
ruinous to the empire, which he governed only scale. Hadrian restored those which Agrippa
to sacrifice its independence and dishonour its (in Augustus’s time) had erected. Commodus
renown. and Sept. Severus also built baths at Rome.
His gold coins of the usual size, are common: And those with which Caracalla. adorned the
but the quinarii are rare; the silver extremely city were remarkable for their extraordinary
rare; but silver medallions less so; and small extensiveness of plan and splendour of construc
brass very uncommon. His style is D. N. tion and embellishment; but it would appear
THEODOSIVS 1=.r. avo. But, as has already that they were not completed until the reign of
been observed, it is difficult to recognise the Elugabalus. Alexander Severus added porticoes
difference between the medals of the Second to the baths of Caracalla; and it is the general
and those of the First Theodosius.—On this opinion that he either conjoined new tbenms
subject Eckhel expresses himself to the fol to those of Nero, or that he restored, enlarged,
lowing efl'ect:—Of the coins of boll: the and improved them. The edifices thus com
T/wodocii it should he remarked, that, even in bined, and provided through the liberality of
the majority of instances no safe decision can be that emperor with everything that could admin
come to, whether they are to be retered to the ister to public convenience and gratification,
elder or the ymmger, the same legend on the received the appellation of Tlzermze Alexandrina.
obverse above quoted appearing on the coins of Diocletian was thelast emperor who built baths, and
each, and there being no clue afforded in that those which still bear his name were the grandest
age by the lineaments of the countenance. This of any in Rome. When, therefore, certain
circumstance presented such ditficultics to silver and brass medals of Alexander are found
Banduri (ii., p. 558) that he preferred to give exhibiting an edifice profusely adorned with
the point up, and in the classification of the statues, columns, and other decorations, we may
respective coins, to rest on the opinion of others regard it as in the highest degree probable that
rather than on his own. For myself, adds such types were intended to depicture the baths
Eckhel, having noticed that on certain coins q/' which that prince dedicated to the use of the
the younger Theodosia: there usually occurs inhabitants of Rome. Nor is this probability at
a filll;/‘aced bust llelmeled, with spear and all lessened, when we note the exterior enrich
buckler (a type which does not appear on coins ments that mark the character of the buildings
of Theodosius the grandfather), I have ascribed represented on these numismatic monuments.
these without exception to the younger; and For as luxury increased so the iberma of
the rest, with the diademed head, to the elder; imperial Rome became more and more prodigally
except where obvious reasons induced me to augmented and beautifully adorned, both inside
think that some even of these should be assigned and outside, with the most precious marbles, the
to the junior.—Soe Mus. Cara. Wnd. ii., p. 523. most exquisite sculptures, and the most splendid
T/lerrrue Romanov-um. Baths of the Romans. works as well of pictorial as of architectural art.
Dnring the republic the sole object of the The Laocoon found in the ruins of 'I‘itus’s baths,
Romans in building baths was to consult natural and the Farnesian Hercules in those of Caracalla,
inclination, and attend to considerations of together with the fine paintings with which modern
cleanliness as promotive of health. Accordingly discoveries show the walls and ceilings of the
they were content to render such places sub bath of Titus to have been covered, are amongst
servient to the purposes simply of ablution, and the most convincing proofs of the fact abovc
 790 THERME ALEXANDRINIE. THESEUS.
stated. And in the instance before us, although of that emperor (c. 25), at once confirms and eluci
there is not, as in the Basilica Ulpia, or the dates by saying that he not only restored the
Forum and Aqua T>-a_;'um', that conclusive aid
which inscriptive precision affords, yet, with the
B. C. conspicuous on the bronze medal, We may
reasonably infer from such a type, that the
senate caused it to be struck as n record of
gratitude to Alexander for having undertaken
and achieved so great a public work.
For a general description of the various
apartments comprised in the interior of the
Roman baths, such as the spoliarium, for
undressing; the friyidarium, for bathing in cold
water; the tepidarium, or warm bath room;
the sudatorium, or vapour bath; the balneum,
or caldarium, in which hot water bathing took
place; and the unctuarium, where the oils and
rfumes were applied to the persons of the Works of the earlier princes but also himself raised
hdthers, together with the various utensils many new ones, amongst others the baths which
employed and arrangements made in each; see bear his name. (T/lermaa nominia aui, jurta
Diseaun cur Baine Antiques, par Du 0/zoul; eas qua Neroniamzfuerunt, aqua iuducta, gm:
and Dictiannaire de: Beam: Arts, par Millin. Alexandrina nunc d£citurJ The remains of
Captain Smyth’s remarks on the subject these baths of Alexander are still to be seen in
are so appropriate in themselves, as well as so the Palazzo di Medici. A representation of
characteristic in their tcnour, of the manly them also is, according to the generally re
views and correct feelings of the gallant author, ceived opinion, handcd down to us on silver and
that we are proud at once to grace our pages and bronze coins of his, bearing on their reverse the
express our concurrent statements with them :— legend r.1u.'ra. r. v. cos 1r. P. P. (his second
“ The temples of idleness, called t/zermm, were consulship corresponding with A.D. 226). That
imitations of the Greek gymnasia, and consisted in silver is edited by Vaillant (Pr. ii. 285)—e
of vast buildings replete with splendid and brass medallion is given in Angeloni (p. 226);
fascinating luxuries, calculated to relax the mind, also one by Havercarnp, from the Museum
and afford voluptuous exercise for the body. Christina; and another by Eckhel, from the
But it may be questioned whether the health of Imperial cabinet at Vienna. The types of all
the citizens was not substantially better, when these, though differing in some features of
they only bathed in the Tiber, than when hot design from each other, yet agree in delineating
baths became necessary to the very f¢.z an elegant and lofty edifice, adorned with
civitati.r." statues and enclosed in front with a portioo.
Furnoa ct balm}: laudat Angeloni’s specimen is profusely charged with
Utfortunatam plene prmslantia eitam. imagery, and surmounted by a quadriga, with
“The hardy warriors of the republic lost but the emperor himself in the act of enjoying
little time at their toilet, despised the matutino triumphal honours. The same writer goes on
amomo, and made no ditference between winter to point out in his engraving of what he describes
and summer rings; but even before the age of as “ ballissimo medaglioue," a. fountain in front
Caesar, a “ pretty gentleman” was unable to get of the T/lemme, representing that which in
under Weigh until he had been shaved, scraped, Alexander's time poured forth the waters, called
shampooed, perfumed, and what not, as the after him Alexandrina, and which were con
father of the “ Carmina Morum” says veyed to it at immense cost and trouble by two
grand canals (or aquaducts). This coin was
Scabor, sumaelor, desquamor, pumicor, ornor, struck a.n. 226, “and either commemorates
Ezptlor, pmgor.
the erection of the baths or the fighting them
There is no doubt (adds Capt. Smyth) that up at night, at Alexander’s expense ;" addidit at
the enervating etfects of the warm baths, en oleum tuminibu: tltermarum, quum antes nan
gendered both vice and effeminacy; but though ante aurora»: paterent, et antea Joli-s oceans
it is too clear that there were bagnios where clauderentur.-—Lampridius, c. 24.
the sexes bathed indiscriminately, the promis Theseus, sou and successor of Egeus, king of
cuous intercourse was not general, and such the Athenians. The history of this Grecian
could only have been frequented by the drcgs of hero is so much mixed up with the fables of
the females. Varro tells us—“ Ubi bina assent antiquity that it is scarcely possible to disentangle
conjuncta ¢zd|_'/icia lavandi caurd; urzum ubi his real exploits from the marvellous adventures
viri, alterum ubi mulieres lavarentur,-” and which poets and tragedians have ascribed to him.
Lampridius, speaking of Alexander Severus, But Plutarch, in his life, has collected many
says, “Balnea mirta, Rome ezlriberi, pro things worthy of commemoration, and there are
lzibuit." l)e.rcn;ptive Cataloyue, p. 230. some passages in Apollodorus which also serve
T/zerma Alexandr-ina'.——Alexander Severus is to justify his title to celebrity. The only
recorded to have adorned Rome with many noble circumstance by which a name, familiar enough
structures——a fact which Lampridius, in his Life to mythological associations, can with any shew
 THORAX.—-THORIA. THYRSUS.—TIARA. 791
of probability be brought within the range of Ptolemy, or by the river Strymon as Pliny
Roman numirmatics, is that of a contorniate gives it. It touched Moesia on the north; the
medal given in Jhrell’: Thesaurus. This Pontns Euxinus (Black Sea) was its boundary
pseudo monetal relic bears Ne-ro’s portrait on its eastward; and the Egean sea on the south.
obverse; it has for legend of reverse son‘ srs Spanheim (Pr. ii. 688) includes it amongst the
TESEV5; and for type a naked warrior, with provinces of Julius; but from an observation of
helmet on his head, and spear and bnckler in his Suetonius it would appear not to have been
left hand. He stands, with his right hand reduced to that fonn of subjection to the Roman
pressing on the neck of a Centaur, who holds a government until the reign of Vespasian. There
lyre, and whom he seems in the act of forcibly is a rare medal of Hadrian, in large brass,
compelling to go down on his knees.—Ovid (in which records his visit to this distant part of
Jletammpll. lib. xii.) in recounting the incidents the empire, by the legend ADVENTVI AVGu.rh'
of a bloody skirmish between the Centaurs and THRACIAE, and by the type of the Emperor,
the Lapithw, assembled together at the nuptial and the Genius of Thrace, sacrificing together
feast of Pirithous, sings the praises of Theseus, before an altar.
who slew Eurytns and others of the double T/iyrsua, one of the peculiar attributes of
limbed race, “ halt‘ men, half beasts,” for Bacchus. It was a spear or lance, the iron head
committing a brutal outrage on fair Hippodame, of which was wrapped round, sometimes with
the bride of his faithful friend.—Of the meaning ivy leaves, at other times with vine leaves and
to be attached to the inscription above-quoted, branches of the vine. The ancients feigned that
no satisfactory explanation has been offered ; and Bacchus used this weapon against the Indians,
whether the group pourtrayed on the contorniate with whom he was said to have waged successful
was intended to shadow forth the triumphant War. In memory of this event, it was the
prowess of Theseus, as the ally of “the horse custom of his votaries at their sacrificial feasts
tnmers," and the avenger of outraged hospitality to have the thyrsus borne in triumphant proces
and the insulted honour of marriage, is a sion by the Bacchuntes, who employed it in the
question still left to be determined by those who frenzied ceremonies of their wild and licentious
may deem it worthy of further inquiry. But worship. The Myrna is seen almost always in
the type shews at least that the family or tribe the left hand of Bacchus, as may have been
of the Centaur! continued to cultivate the observed on coins of the Cosconia and Trebonia
science of music alter the example of their great families, and on many imperial and colonial
progenitor Chiron.—See Centaur. imperial medals, such as those of Trajan,
Tlioru, the breastplate or corslet of a Roman Hadrian, Antonine, Commodus, Sept. Severus,
warrior’s suit of defensive armour. This is Caracalla, &c.
shewn on numerous coins of the imperial series, Tiara.——The cap or turban worn by tho
from Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus ancient Kings of Persia and of Armenia. This
Pius, down to the lower ages of the empire. differs from the cidaris, inasmuch as it was
The breastplate is placed on a trophy, or by the larger at the top than at the bottom, whilst the
side of the emperor. It serves also as a seat for cidaris was of a conical form and terminated in
Pallaa, Roma, Virtue, and Victoria. a point, as may be seen on various medals of
17:01-ia, a plebeian family, surname Balbua. the Parthian King’s. The cidaris, with bow
Its coins consist hut of two varieties, both in and quiver, on a densrius of Marc Antony
silver, one of which is rare, viz., 1. s. M. a. (with legend of nus. raimo uivia. ll.P.C.), is a
Head of Juno Sispita. monument of the conquest of Armenia by
Rn.—~L. THOBIVS ssnnvs. A bull running that triumvir. For Tigrnnes, the father of
furiously. Artavasdes, who was taken captive by Antony,
The reason why Iuno Siapita Magna Regina laid this symbol of royalty at Pompey’s feet.——
(for thus are the letters on the obverse to be That the cidaris was also the mark as well of
explained by copious authorities deduced from Armenian as of Parllzian royalty, is shewn
ancient marbles) is represented on this denarins, from the medals of Augustus, where the same
is supplied by Cicero, in a memorable passage of kind of tiara, with bow and quiver, accompanies
his works, in which he describes the character the inscription on PABTHIS, and aaiuzms
of L. Thorius Balbus, as that of a wealthy and cans.
systematic volnptuary, yet at the same time as a TI. Tiben'i.—'rl. svc. r_.-—7iberii Jugusii
man of rare and wonderful genius. He was born Filii.
at Lanuvium: hence the adoption of Juno TI. F.—TI. N. Tiberii Filius, or Tiéerii
Lanuvina’a image on his coin.-—See Roscia Nqzaa. Son or nephew of Tiberius.
family for what relates to that superstition, and TI. Tilus.—T1. cans. mvi. vi-nsr. r.—Titu:
the words Taurus irruena, for what is alluded to Crrsar Divi V1-.rpa:iam' Filius.
by the type of the bull on the reverse. Tiber and Tiberia.-—Though not the largest,
Tliracia, one of the most extensive, and, yet the most noted river in Italy, on whose
with the exception of a few Greek colonies on banks, according to the well-known legend, a
its maritime confines, one of the most unciviliscd wolf suclded the twin brothers, Romulus and
countries of ancient Europe, now forming that Remus. Taking its source in the mountains of
part of Turkey called Roumelia. Thrace Etruria, the Tiber flows into the Mediterranean
bordered westward on Macedonia, from which at Ostia, on the Latiau shore, about twenty
it was divided by the river Nessus, according to miles from where Rome stands, on its southern
 792 'l‘IBERIS.—TIBERIUS. TIBERIUS.
bank, just below its junction with the Anio. cruel, and perfidious disposition. Having become
The Tiber was at first called Albula; but early conversant with the literature of Greece
Tiberinus or Tiberis, son of one of the Alban and Rome, and having devoted particular atten
kings, having been drowned in that river, his tion to his political and military studies, Tiberius
name was given to it, and he was regarded as sbewed so great a capacity for public life, that
god of the stream. Augustus caused him to be through all
TIBERIS. S. C.—A river god seated on the civil ofiices of the republic, and conferred
the glcund—his right hand placed on a boat, upon him frequent appointments to important
and his left hand, reposing on an urn, holds a commands in the wars which he had to on
reed. The Tiber, thus distinctly named, is with external foes. In all these ehargu he
finely personified on a brass medallion of acquitted himself with superior talent, energy,
Antoninus Pius. There is also another brass and courage. When but 22 years of age (v.c.
medallion of the same emperor, the type of 734), he entered Armenia with an army, and
which alludes to one of the fabulous legends of restored Tigranms to the throne of that kingdom.
early Rome; such as he delighted to restore in The same year he received back for Augustus
public memory, viz., the arrival of Esculapius from the Parthians, the legionary eagles which
in Italy from Epidaurus, nnder the form of a M. Crassns had lost. In 738 he served the
serpent. On this beautiful reverse, fiber is Prsetorship, and at the same time accompanied
seated amidst the waters, as a vencrably bearded Augustus into Gaul. With his brother Drusus,
old man, with a bulrush in his left hand, and in 739, he subdued the Rhazti. In 742 re
his elbow resting on a vase pouring forth a duced the Pannonians to submission, and though
billowy stream that completely covers his lower denied a‘ triumph was invested with triumphal
extremities. [See AESCVLAPlVS.]—Ol1 a first honours. Divorced from his wife, Vi '
and second brass of Dpmitian, forming one of Agrippina, he, in 743, married Julia, daughter
the series of medals, struck under that prince to of Augustus, and widow of Marcus Agrippa.
commemorate his celebration of the secular He made the same year a successful cam '
games, a river god, in a recumbent position, against the Dalmatians and Pannonians. Iii
occupies a prominent place in the group of 74-5 he entered Rome with the honours of an
figures, and is shown by Eckhel to be unques ovation for fresh victories gained over the Dal
tionably a personification of the Tiber. [See matians. In 746 he marched into Germany,
LVD. sane. rnc.]_—In the Catalogue D’E1mery and having restored the power and influence of
a gold medal is ascribed to Galba, with TIBERIS. Rome in that quarter, he received the title of
P. M. TR. P. cos. ll. and an aquatic divinity Imperator ; was decreed a triumph ; and elected
seated. Eckhcl quotes and comments upon this Consul for the second time. In 748 (a.n. 6)
coin, without intimating any doubt of its the trihunitian power was extended to him for
genuineness. Mionnet and Akennan, however, the unusual term of five years. In 750, he re
do not include such a piece in their respective tired to Rhodes, ostensibly as the lieutenant of
catalogues of Roman money.—Vaillant (Pr. iii. Augustus, but in reality, as it is said, to avoid
115) gives a bronze medallion of Hadrian, the being a witness of the abandoned conduct of his
type of which he describes, as exhibiting the wife Julia; and in this sort of exile he
emperor on horseback, to whom the genius of several years in a manner that rendered him
Rome offers a branch; and below, the recumbent generally despised. On his return to Rome he
figure of a river god, resting his arm on an urnwas adopted by Augustus, v.c. 757, on which
whence water is flowing, with the word TIBEBIS. occasion, being received into the Julia family,
But no notice is taken of this remarkable he took the appellative of TIBEBIVS cansan, and
reverse by either Eckhcl, Mionnet, or Akennnn. as he had himself sprung from the Claudia
TIBERIVS (Claudius Nero), born on the family, he was also, according to the custom,
16th of November, in the 712th year of Rome, called CLAVDIVS. From that period till the
forty-two years before the birth of Christ, was death of Augustus, an interval of ten years,
Tiberius was continually engaged in military
expeditions. against the Germans, Dalmatians,
Pannonians, and Illyrians, sustaining several
severe checks but gaining many victories, and
obtaining the highest honours from both cm
peror and senate. In the year of Rome 767,
he succeeded to the empire (18th August, a.n.
I4.) The first ten years of his reign his
behaviour appears to have been on the whole
that of a prince, studious of promoting, by the
maintenance of civil order and an adherence to
good policy, the interests and happiness of his
subjects. Amongst the good actions of his early
the son of the Pontitl’ Tiberius Claudius Nero government, the munificent liberality with which
and of Livia, afterwards the wife of Augustus. he extended aid, and supplied the means of
Desccnded from the high patrician family of restoration to twelve cities in Asia destroyed by
Claudia, this prince united a penetrating com an earthquake in one night, deserves the record
prehensive mind to the qualities of a suspicious, which has elerniscd it, if only as a vivid con
 TIBERIUS. TIBERIUS. 798
trast to the gloomy despotism of his subsequent tion of Augumu, mu of the Divine Augustus
career. [See CIVITATIBVS ssislc as:s'rrrv'ris.]— (AVG. DIVI F. AVGuaii), and also the title of
The sequel of his biography is one continued Grand Pont‘:_'f (PONT. MAX.)
series of barbarity and opprcssion—he over With regard to the title of Imperator,
whelmed with taxation the provinces which his Tiberius is said to have also abstained from
tyranny had depopulated—most of the greatest applying it to himself as a prenomen. This is
families of Rome were ruined by his confiscatory borne out both by coins and inscriptive marbles,
decrees—he put Archélaus, King of Cappadocia, on which he is styled, not ms. 1'1. caassa, but
to death in prison: Germanicus, who had saved simply 1-r. CA.EBAlt.—Nevertl1eless, he allowed
him and his troops from destruction in Germany, himself to be called iurnasron in a military
was sacrificed to his jealousy; Agrippina, the sense, and on account of his victories. Accord
wife of that hero, and her son, also fell victims ingly we find by his coins that Tiberius in his
to his cruelty and ingratitude—even Sejanus, his 12th investitnre with the Tribnnitian Power,
minister and favourite, he had the pusillanimity was Imperator V., and at his accession to the
to give up to the clamorons demands of a blood empire Imperator VII. On the authority of
thirsty rubble—and many of the best and most Dion and Velleiua it appears that this prince
patriotic senators were delivered into the hands was called Imperator seven times, and decreed
of the public executioner, he being himself to have deserved triumphal honours for a like
their accuser as well as judge. In the midst of number, though content with enjoying them
these atrocities, and sinking into a dishououred thrice; but what these particular victories and
old age, Tiberius qnitted Rome in which, during triumphs were which caused the title to be so
nearly twelve years, he had lived only to desolate often renewed, it is difiicult to decide.—Seo
and oppress it, and took up his abode in the isle Eckhel Doct. Num. Vet. vol vi. p. 201.
of Capraz, whither his enslavement to horrible The coins of Tiberius are—Gold C. (worth
debancheries had led him, for the purpose of double with head of Augustus on reverse) ; ditto
concealing his enormities from the public eye. restored by Titus, nun; ditto quinarii, an.
Jllu/tarum virtutum tapas‘, ormsium viliorum Silver C., with the head of Augustus, E; ditto
compos, peuimun: egit Principem. This medallions, nna.—Brass medallions of Roman
wicked prince, who became in old age an object die, Balm; first brass (with his head), an,
of mortal dread from his murderous crimes, and without it, B; first brass of the colonies, nu;
of detestation and contempt for his hideous second brass, 0; ditto restored by Titus or
vices, expired on the 16th March, in the year Domitian, an; third brass, s; S_m'nh-iati (see
v.c. 790 (s.n. 87), at Mysenurn, in Campania, the word), an.
where he was suffocated, as is believed, by order Tiberius, son of Drusus junior.—In the year
of Caligula, whom he had named for his suc of Rome, 772, male twins were born to the
ccssor.——It was in the seventeenth year of younger Druans by his wife Livilla, an event
Tiberius’s reign that Our Blessed Lord and greatly rejoiced at and boasted of at the time by
Saviour, Jesus Christ, underwent the cruel the emperor Tiberius, who is said to have
death of the cross, on the 3rd of April, in the bestowed his own name on one of these children.
Blst year of the Christian ssra. The other, whose appellation remains unknown,
Names and 15'tle.v.—Tiberius was called died at the age of four years. The less fortn
C/audianu: and Gernlanicru, but not on his nate survivor was appointed in the grandfather's
eoins.—-The name of Augustus appertained to will to be associated in the empire with Caligula,
him by hereditary right; it appears invariably on whose accession to the supreme power in the
on his mintages, and was used by him in year v.c. 790 the youthful Tiberius was put to
his state letters and public documents, but he death. The infant heads of his brother and
did not otherwise adopt it.—That the honour himself, placed on two horns of plenty, with a
able addition of Paler Patria was the one which caduceus between them, but without inscription,
he uniformly refused, and abstained from, appears appear on lst brass coins of Dnisus their father.
to be the unanimous assertion of the Roman It is a type which elegantly symbolises the
historians; the words do not appear, either in fertility and happiness of the imperial family.
the full or the abbreviated form, on any of his Sce Cornucoplks.
genuine coins.—There is a second brass of this Tiberius Condaatinur, emperor of the East,
prince which has for legend of the head 1'1. a native of Thrace, adopted by Justin II., was
canssa svovsr. 1*. IMPEBAT. v., and for that named Augustus, A.D. 578, and succeeded to
of the reverse PONTIP. TRIBVN. rorrasrara 111. the empire by the death of Justin the same year.
s.c.-The author of “Leyons de Numismatique He is reported to have been a prudent, mild,
Romain!’ gives this medal, from his collection, yet energetic prince, under whom the Persians
not on account of its rarity, but because it is were twice defeated. He died at Constantinople,
the first which is known of Tiberius. This a.n. 582. His gold coins are 11., his silver
medal was struck in the year of Rome 763, aan.; his brass common. On them he is
during the life-time of Augustus, who for styled D.N. or rm. CONSTANT. or CONSTANTINVS
twelve years had granted to his adopted son the P.P. avo.—The reverse of a quinarius bears the
tribunitian power.—-On this he is simply styled legend LVX lavrml, and the type of a cross,
Pontif and Son q/' Augustus, without being the whole in a crown of myrtle.
honoured himself with that name. But afler Tiberius Jlauriciw, successor of the above.
his accession to the throne, he took the appella See Mauricius.
I
794 TIB1A.—TIBICINES.—TIGRIS. TITIA.—TI'I‘INIA.—TI'I'URIA.
Tibia, pipe or flute.-Passing _over the the type of a fine first brass medal of Trajan,
myth in which the invention of this instrument which represents this river with the Euphrates.
of music is ascribed to Minerva, and the praise The emperor is standing between the personifi
of celebrity as performers thereon awarded to cations of these two mighty streams, with the
Marsyas, Pan, and Olympus, it may snfiice for figure of an Armenian at his feet.—See anuzsu
our present purpose to observe that the flutes of 1:'r lesoronisia IN rorssrarnu r. a. aa
the Greeks and Romans were made either of a nacras.
peculiar sort of reed, or of some light kind of TI'l‘. 1$tue.—-'rrr. csesaa, &e.—'ri1‘. rr
wood; and were of two descriptions——:inyle ooarrr. fltu: at Damitianw.
and double. Of the latter, which is by far the 7i'mor.—Fear, amongst various other affec
more frequently delineated on coins, sculptures, tions, passions, and qualities of the mind, was,
and in pictures: one was called ainistra, from according to Plutarch, held sacred as a deity by
its being held in the leit hand, and serving for the Lacedazmonians. And from such types as
the treble ; the other was called dez-Ira, because those of Pallor and Paoor, on coins of the
held in the right hand, and employed as a Hostilia family, it would seem that the Romans, -
second to accompany the first. ever fond of intimoting Greek examplts, adopted
There is, however, one particular which Vis this absurd system of worshipping the malt, as
conti in describing this musical instrument has well as the bani genii.
omitted to mention, but which the sight of his Elia, a plebisn family. Its coins present six
graphic illustration suggests as a subject of remark varieties. One of its silver pieces, restored by
-—namely, that above as well as below the cross Trajan, has on the obverse a winged and disdained
mouth-piece of the instrument in question, the head with long beard; and on others there isthe
fingers of the performer seem employed as if in head of Bacchus, crowned with ivy; the reverse
covering stops—a peculiarity in the conformation exhibiting a flying pcpsus, with Q. 'ri'ri.—'l'he
of the tibia simple: which we have never before opinions of the learned on these types amount
seen in ancient representations. to nothing satisfactory or useful. And who the
Tibicines, players on the pipe or flute.-This Q. Titus of the above cited dcnarius was is
class of musicians amongst the Romans formed involved in conjectures neither interesting nor
a corporate body under the name of a college, probable enough to claim further notice.
and possessed the privilege of attending to play Iitinia, a patrician as well as a plebeiau
at feasts, and on all occasions of a ceremonial family. Its denarii, which are common, have
kind. This privilege was at one time taken the winged head of Minerva, and the numeral
from, but afterwards restored to them. There letters XVI. behind it.—On the reverse, C.
is a dcnarius of the Plautia family, the type of TITINI; and a victory in a biga. Its bronze
which alludes to the banishment of these money are the A4 or some of its divisions.
fibicinea from Rome, and their return to that 1iiuria.—'l‘he order to which this family
city.—See Plautia. belonged (whether pntrieian or plebeiau) is un
Tibicines are represented, generally blowing certain. Its surname was Sabinus-.——Morell
the doubled flute, at sacrifices, on coins of gives thirty-three varieties of its coins, which
Augustus, Domitiauus, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, are all silver, and common. Nor, with the
Commodus, Sept. Severus, Caracalle, Geta, exce tiou of two, do they otfer any features of
Philip sen. and jun., Trebouianus, Gallus, Volu the east interest.—Thc former of these has on
sianus, &c. the obverse a bearded head, and is inscribed
Iignls. 'I‘iger.——This animal, observes Span saanv. a. r.v. On the reverse, a feinalc with
heim (Pr. i. 207). is not to be confounded with dishevelled hair and uplifted arms, sitting amidst
the leopard or the panther. His skin is marked, a heap of but-klers, and on each side of her is a
not with round spots like theirs, but with long soldier, with shield in hand, as if about to cast
stripes.—The tiger is the symbol of Bacchus. it on her. Above is a crescent and a star. In
On denarii of the Vibia family one is present at the exergne 1.. Trrvnl.
a sacrifice to Libcr Pater.—I-le is often seen at The surname SABlNua on the obverse of
the feet of Bacchus on coins of Roman colonies. this medal was borne by Lucius Titurius, who
Havercamp gives a contorniate medal of Nero, caused it to be struck. “It may," says Yisconti,
on which the god of wine is figured, seated in a “also refer to the portrait of Tatius, who was
car drawn by Tigers, a Sabine.” The legend of the reverse presents
1i_qn's—a celebrated river in Asia, which, the prenomen and the name of this magistrate:
rising in the greater Armenia, and flowing thence L. TITVRI. Lucius Titurius: the crescent and
in a southerly direction, formed the eastern the star, emblems of night, serve to point out
boundary of Mesopotamia (a tract of country the time when the act of treachery was perpe
lying, as its name signifies, between two rivers), trated, according to this traditionary incident of
the equally renowned Euphrates washing it on Rome's earliest days.
the western side. Below the site of the ancient The second dcnarius of the Tituria family, to
Babylon, the Tigris forms a confluence with the which allusion has been made, as exhibiting an
Euphrates, and their streams, thus united, enter interesting connection with early Roman history.
the Sinus Persians-, or Persian Gulf.—The has on one side sanm. and n bearded head, near
extension of the Roman empire to the right hank which is TA in monogram; or, in others, _\. Pv.
of the Tigris, by the intervening regions, is at —-On the reverse, L. TITVRI. Two soldiers,
once recorded by the legend and symbobsed by each es:-rying a female figure.
 TITURIA.—TITUS. TITUS. 795
The name of Sabinus, and the types on both circumstances, one of the first commanders of
the above described coins, associating themselves, his time. To the loftiest qualities of genius
as they do, with well-known narratives of the there were, in his character conjoined a sweet
old writers, sufficiently prove that the gen-r ness of temper and an atfability of manners, that
Tituria was of Sabine origin. On the first might truly be said to have won for him
medal (as in one of the Petronia family), we see “golden opinions” from people of every sort
Tarpeia sinking beneath the weight of shields and condition. Whilst yet a mere youth Titus
successively flung upon her by the avengers of began his military career in Germany; he after
her pertidy, themselves not less perfidious, and wards served in Britain: in both those countries
adding brutal cruelty to the evasion of their he was the companion and pupil of his father;
mutually understood pledge to give their gold and in the latter theatre of sanguinary warfare
armlets, not their brazen bucklers, to the he gave a signal proof at once of his intrepidity
betrayer of her countrymen’s stronghold.—But and his filial affection, by rescuing Vespasian
the type of the other deuarius obviously alludes from a situation of the most imminent peril.
to the Sabine rape. And on this point, Eckhel On his return to Rome he was promoted by
reminds his classical readers that the manner inNero from the rank of tribune to that of prefect,
which the women are represented as carried ofl‘ and to the command of a legion. Following
by their Roman ravishers, agrees with the his father to the Jewish war he successively
graphic expressions of Ovid (Art. Jmalor. l. i. planted the Roman eagles on the walls of
v. 127). Tarichzca and Gamala, two strong cities of
Si qua 1' gnu-rat m'mium, comitemque negamt; Jndteu.——At the end of the year v.c. 821
Sub tam cupido vir tulit ipse airm. (s.n. 69) he went on a mission from Vespasian
That the head of the obverse was designed to to salute Galba, when, hearing of the murder
ppurtray the lineamcnts of Tatius, at that time of that emperor, and of the aspiring movements
'ng of the Sabiues, is rendered the more of Vitellins, he opportunely halted, and returned
highly probable from the letters ‘rs in monogram,
to his father. Then taking advantage of the
appearing on most of the denarii. This suppo
public hatred to Vitellius, he entered into nego
sition is further strengthened by the circumstance tiations with Mucius, governor of Syria, for
of the same monogram occurring on a silver coin transferring the sovereignty to Vespasian; and
of Vettius Sahinus [see Veitia family].—Aa to so successful was he in conciliating the favour
the letters A.P. they have, says Eckhel, un of the legions, stationed in that and the neigh
doubtedly the same meaning as the aim. rva. bouring provinces, that they quickly proclaimed
(Jrgento Publieoj on denarii of the Sextia his father emperor in the room of Vitellins. Left
family.—Sec Tatiur.
by himself in the year v.c. 822 (A.D. 69), to com
TITVS (Flaviua Veepasianua), eldest son of plete the conquest of Judma he was proclaimed
by the senate, Caesar, and Princeps Juventutis,
the emperor Vcspasian by Domitilla, was born at
Home in the year v.c. 794 (Dec.30th, A.D. 4l).—
and elected for the consulate of the following
Although brought up along with Britaunicus, in year as colleague of his father. And now, being
the same liccntious court where Nero’s vicious specially entrusted by his imperial sire with the
propensities were nurtured, and not uncon awful charge of carrying on the siege of
Jerusalem, he directed his whole strength
taminated with its seductions, his docility in
education saved him from utter ruin. Assisted against the place, which he at length took by
assault on the 3th of September, v.c. 823
in his devoted application to study by an extra
(an). 70). “This celebrated city (as Beauvnis
ordinary memory he was eloquent in speech, says) was then destroyed, as had been predicted
and felicitous in poetical composition. Skilful
and admit in gymnastic and equestrian exercises, by the Son of God, afler having flourished two
thousand one hundred years, and its defence
cost the life and the liberty of twelve hundred
thousand Jews. It was not without shedding
tears that Titus saw, in spite of all his efforts to
save it, the destruction by fire of that famous
temple of the Hebrews, a monument the most
superb which the piety of men had ever raised to
the honour of the Almighty.” For this splendid
achievement he was proclaimed Imperator by
the soldiers. The following year (a.o. 71)
quitting Palestine he went to Egypt, and thence
returned to Rome, where, as his coins shew, he
was designated Imperator II. by his father,
with whom he also shared triumphal honours,
and was soon afterwards associated in the govern
ment of the empire, as Vespasian’s sole colleague
his warlike courage and his moral firmness were and appointed successor. His first exercise of
early displayed. Possessing the ability to the supreme power wiu marked by pride, and
execute, as well as the judgment to form great tainted by injustice, not unmixed with despotic
designs, he proved himself, often amidst the violence and even with excesses of an odious
severest trials and under the most disastrous kind. But on his accession to an undivided
512
796 TITUS. TITUS.
throne, at his futber’s death (year of Rome 832, all doubt (says the author of Doct. Num. Vet.
79th of our as-ra), these blots on his fair fame vol. vi. p. 352), the medals which commemorate
were etfaced by a reformation so complete as to the conquest of Judsea, were without exception
render him the model of good princes and of struck in subsequent years, although many coins
virtuous men. Humanely anxious for the wel areextant, with the head of Vespasian, up to
fare of his subjects, his liberality and muni the year in question. And, therefore, judging
ticence knew no bounds when either public from the absence of this record on other undis
calamities required to be assuaged through his puted coins of the same date, we may conclude
ample funds, or when, in happier periods, the it to be altogether probable that during this
Roman taste for amphitheatric and eircenseau whole year (S24-) there were no coins of Titus
spectacles could be gratified, as they were always struck, except those on which he appears in
sure to be at his own enormous cost. The con fellowship with Domitian. For had such been
quest of Britain, by his lieutenant Agricola the case, it would seem strange that there
(v.c. 832, an 79), is recorded amongst the should not be found, as a matter of course, on
the coins of Titus, some memorial of a victory
most interesting successes of his arms abroad.
At home his course of policy bore the true so signal, and so mainly attributable to his
impress of magnanimity and beneficence. The prowess and generalship.”
year abovementioned was marked by a dreadful The title of Imperator is variously placed on
eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which laid waste the coins of Titus, and in a manner differing
the beautiful shores of Campania, and buried from the general usage of all others of the
Herculaneum and Pompeii in lava and in Caesars. On those struck v.c. 822-823, that
ashes. In the following year (A.D. 80), by a title is omitted to be given him.—In 824, on
most destructive fire at Rome, the temple of his medals of the first half year, he is called
Jupiter Capitolinus and other edifices, both cans. DESIG. 1MP., or deriguaius impemtor
sacred and secular, were destroyed. On the (iniperator elect); whilst on coins struck later
other hand, whilst these structures were put in in the same year he is styled "r. nu». cs1-zssn.
progress of restoration, Titus dedicated the And thenceforward, until he became Augustus,
stupendous ampitheatre, now commonly called he is constantly termed 'r. cuss. IMP., the
the Coliseum ; opened public baths; and gave other titles following. From that time also
the most magnificent shews to the people. he continuously presents the lanrcated head
Benignant and glorious indeed, yet eventful was (with however the radiated crown on many
the reign of this great prince; but too short for second brass), but never the barc head.-—It
that generation of mankind in which he lived, was in v.c. 832 that Titus received the dignity
and of which, for his active benevolence, he was of Augustus; and then we find that the 1149.,
justly named (amar deliciseque) the admiration which was invariably put last on the coins of
and the delight. From the effects of poison, Titus, as Cmrar, was thenceforih put first on
administered, as is believed, by his own un his coins as Augustus, and the inscription, by a
erpetual rule, became nrr. rrrvs cans. VESP.
grateful and wicked brother Domitian, this
renowned emperor expired on the 13th of ave. &c.—0n his coins struck in v.c. 824, he
September, year of Rome 834, a.n. 81, in is called DESIG-natu: IMPrrator. “To this
about the fortieth year of his age, having swayed title,” observes Eckhal, “it being the fruit of
the sceptre of the empire two years and nearly victory, no one was designated, or pre-ordained;
three mouths. but it was conferred qfler a victory by military
The coins of Titus are numerous. Some acclamation. Moreover, Titus had been in the
represent him with Vespasiau, others with preceding year (823) already styled Imperator
Domitian and with his daughter Julia.——0n for the capture of Jerusalem.-The title of
these, as auodated with his brother, he is Imperator, therefore, given him in V.c. 824,
styled rrr. rrr nomr. vase. sva. 1*.-Also is certainly to be understood of Titus as the
CAESARES vase. r.—r.1aaiu. IMP. avo. vasr. desigrzatus czmsors, or elect associate (with his
Alone, be is called, T. CAESar AUG1wti father) in the imperial government."
Filiua : on the reverse sometimes IMP. Nor is it less certain, that on the medals of
After his fat/zer’-1' death, um rrrvs cans. Titus, the word IMP. sometimes serves to denote
vxsr. or VESPASIAN. AVG. P. 11., &c. colleagueship in government as well as the
On coin: strut’/t‘ qfter his deal/t and come military title of Imperaior, as conferred on
cration (which latter cvent took place by a account of victories. And from a chronological
mtatua comultumj, nrvvs rrrvs avovsrvs, or series of inscriptions on Titus’s coins, Eckhcl
nivo svo. 'r. mvr. vasr. r. vasrssmuo. shews that he was Imperator for the first time
In auimadvcrting on the mint of Titus, for in the year of Rome 823, and that the same
lome singular points in thc order of which it is title was renewed to him every successive year,
diflicult to assign any precise reason, Eckhel and in some instances twice, and even four
refers, with an expression of astonishment, to times, in one year, successively till 833-834,
the fact, that there is no coin of this emperor, when he was nrr. XVI. (Imperator for the six
bearing the date of v. o. 824 (s.n. 71), which teenth and last time.)
attests the conquest of Judma; whereas it was Of this emperor’s coins, the gold and silver,
Titus alone who brought the Jewish war to a and the first and second brass, are common.
decisive close, and in consequence of which he The third brass rare. Brass medallions rare.
enjoyed a triumph with his father. “Beyond Silver medallions (foreign die) ans.
 TOGA. TORQUATUS.—TOXXO'I'ES. 797
Titus had two wives. The first An-icidia, from its being ornamented with large flowers of
daughter of Tertullus, a Roman knight, whom purple, or from its being dyed purple: it was
he married when a young man, but who is not the robe of the seuators.—'l‘he toga picta,
named on any medals. The other, Marcia accompanying a legionary eagle, and a laurel
Furnilla, horn of an illustrious family, to whom crown, is exhibited on a denarius of Augustus.
a Greek medal has been, but in Eckhel’s See Paazns cons. svo. s. r. Q. a.
opinion erroneously, ascribcd. Tbgati, and to_qatagen.1-—appellations given to
To_qa.—A species of garment so peculiarly in those colonies and municipia whose inhabitants
use amongst the Romans, that ramanus and dressed themselves after the Roman fashion, and
togatus became synonymous terms. It was made wore the toga.
of woollen stufi‘, generally white, without sleeves, T0_qaiu.9—a male figure clothed in the toga,
circular, or as some say, semi-circular in form, ascending a biga, appears on a silver coin of
and of such dimensions that when thrown over the Farauleia family.—On a medal of the
the body it entirely covered it down to the feet, Postumia family we find a togatml man, raising
as appears from coins and statues.-—T0_q¢ were his right hand towards a legionary eagle.—On
of course difierent in colour and ornament, as a denarius of the Cassia family, a male figure
well as in quality of material, according to the in the toga holds a voting tablet in his hand.
diversities of rank and age. It was large and TON. Tonana——thnndering—an epithet of
fine and with ample folds for the rich man’s wear, Jupiter-.—See 10v. TON. Jovi Tonanti.
whilst for the frugal and the poor it was scanty TORQ. Torquaiua; a surname of honour
and coarse. Only Roman citizens were allowed borne by .the Manlii, derived from torques, a
to clothe themselves in the toga. lt is said that collar, which one of that high patriciau ,race
King Tullus Hostillius invented that called took from an enemy in battle.—Livy (L. vii.
preterm, a robe bordered with purple, as a dis c. 10) says that (in the year v.c. 394, s.c. 357)
tinction for men of rank.—(See Pmte.rta.)-—In T. Manlius, son of Lucius, one of the noblest
the first age of Rome the toga was a dress com of the Roman senators, having slain in single
mon to both sexes, but subsequently the women combat a Ganlish chieftain of remarkably large
exchanged it for the palla or the :t0la.—Towards stature (who had challenged the Roman army
the decline of the republic, persons of high to scud for a chieftain against him), snatched a
quality wore the toga lined with purple, and so golden collar or torque from the body of his
adjusted on them that the front part fell a little slaughtered foe, and without offering it any
below the knee. Statues, has reliefs, and some other indignity threw the gold spoil round his
medals serve to elucidate better than any verbal own neck. The historian concludes his animated
attempt at explanation what was the disposition description of the combat, by saying that in the
and effect of the toga on the person. It was soldiers’ congratulatory efi'usions—Torquali cog
essentially the garb of peace, as contradistiu nomen auditum, celebra/tum deinde posteria
guished from the paludamentum or military cloak. diam, familinque Izonori fuit. “The appella
Hence to indicate a peaceful condition of public tion Torquatus was heard joined with his name ;
affairs, emperors were represented on their coins which, being generally adopted, has since done
clothed in the toga przetexts. The expression honour to the descendants of that whole line.”
cedunt arma toga: clearly points to the difference Nor is the military exploit, with its cou
between the warlike and the pacific habiliment. sequences, recorded by Livy alone. Suetonius
Nevertheless, it appears that there was what also makes it incidentally a subject of allusion
bore the name of Taya militaris, which was that the posterity of Manlius wore the torque:
expressly for the use of the soldiery, and so in memory of the event: velera familiarum
made as to be easily girdcd round the waist and insignia nobalrlarizno cuique adernit (says he,
shoulders so as to leave the legs free and unen speaking of the tyrant Caligula), Tbrquaio
cumbered. When on coins emperors are figured iorguem, Cincimzalo crinem, C. Pompeio rtirpi:
with a portion of the toga thrown over the head, anligluv, Magui coynm/zen. And it was for the
such an appearance is meant to signify that the same reason that the Maulii caused this honour
personage himself was of sacerdotal dignity. able decoratiun of the golden collar to be
Toga picta, properly called the vedia trium engraved on their coins; nor was it the dis
pkalir, being part of the usual costume of the tinctive mark of those only who continued to he
triumphers—a1though also worn by the Consuls, the members of the Manlia family. It is like
at their inaugural procemu. It was covered wise seen, together with the surname roaqvxrvs,
with embroidery, and with figures of divers on denarii of the Junia family, in consequence,
as Ursinus explains, of T. Maulins Torquatus
having, about the year of Rome 600 and odd,
been adopted by D. Juuius Silanus, and become
therefore transferred into that family.-See
Manlia.
TOXXOTES.—-A horse walking, on whose
thigh a mark is impressed; before the horse is
a palm-branch. To this may be added azuoa;
a horse standing, a palm-branch before it, and
colours—-and so far resembling the toga pur a similar mark on its thigh. Each figure of
purea, which latter derived its name either a horse is scooped out of the brass of thy
 79s TOXXO'I‘ES.—TR.~\BEA. TRA BEA.—TR.AJANUS.
medal, and filled up with silver (Morelli Specim. in Andalusia, to the west of Carteia (now
P . These
4-3.) several legends and types appear on Rocadillo), and consequently near Gibraltar.
The coins of the Roman colony, or munieipinm,
two contorniatcs, each bearing on their obverse are all Imperial, some having on their obverse
the head of llonorius. 'l‘hey unite in presenting the head of Augustus, with the legend P.ERMi-nu
examples of a practice, common amongst the CAESm-is AVGu.rli ; the inscription of the re
ancients, and which prevails to this day—— verse is 1vL. TRAD., and the type presents either
namcly, that of giving names to horses.-—From the heads of his two grandsons Cains Lucius
Homer we learn that Achilles had his Xanthus: Csesars (looking opposite ways), or objects sym.
Virgil sings of the Acthon of Pallas, and the bolical of those honours and functions which
Phoebus of Mezentins. Suetonius informs us belonged to Augustus, such as the aaken crown,
that Ineitatus was the name of the horse which and pontifical imrtrumenis, allusive to the sove
the demented Caligula caused to be elected reign priesthood.—Other coins of this Julia
Consul. Dion names Borysthenes as the Tkaducla bear on their obverves the head of
favourite steed of Hadrian; and Capitolinns Cains Cmsar, or that of Lucius Cmsar, singly and
records that Volneris was the appellation which separately, and have for the respective types of
L. Verns bestowed on a “winning one” of his their reverses either an ear Q/' bearded com,
imperial stud. Names appear to have been placed horizontally, or a bum-/4 of grapes,
selected for these noble quadrnpeds, on account serving, Vaillant says, (and he supports his
either of some corporeal quality, such as colour, interpretation on Strabo’s authority) to denote
swiftness, &c., or of disposition, as courage, that the Traductani of Spain possessed both
good temper, &c. Frequently the name of the corn and wine in abundance.—For a description
country, to the breed of which the animal of these rare medals, and for fqc cimile en
belonged, such as Seracusus, for r5:yracu.riu.r, gravings, see Akerman’s learned and valuable
was adopted for it.——The horse Torotes, on the work on Ancient Coins of Cities and Pn'm-rs:
first of these medals (wrong spelt with a double A medal ascribed by Goltzins to the Emperor
x.), was doubtless so denominated, from his Claudius, and which that writer publishes as
speed , rofidrns being Greek for Sagittarius (an exhibiting the epigraph of COL. IVL. rnanvcn,
archer). The other was called Amer, most pro has given rise to much disputation amongst the
bably as indicating his master’s aflection for learned. Whether the Goltzian coin be genuine,
him. Each horse, therefore, may be considered or whether it be spurious, thus much is certain,
to have been introduced on the coin where he is that there was another town of the same name,
represented, on account of a race won (as shown and it appears to have been situate on the coast
by that symbol of victory a palm-branch), an of Mauritania Tingitana (now Fez, in Northern
honour which ought not to be thought greater Africa.) According to a passage in the elder
than the ancients would readily bestow on the Pliny, its original appellation was Tingis (now .
merits of horses, since it is well-known that Tangier), and it was made a colony by Claudius
sumptuous monuments were erected to the under the title of Julia Tradm.-ta.
memory of those noble creatures, and that even TRAJANVS (M. Ulpius) was born at Italiea
a city was built by Alexander the Great in (now Sevilla Ia viqja, or Old Seville), in Spain,
honour of his Bucephalus.—See Docf. Num. in the year of Rome 806, 18th of September,
Vet. vol. viii. p. 299 ; and Contomiale Coins. A.D. 52. His family was more distinguished for
TR. P. Tribunilia Potestar.—The'l‘ribnnitian
power.—See the word.
TR. T7'everi:.—A mint-mark of money
struck at Treves.
TROB. Iheveris in Qficina Sea-unda.—Coin
struck in the second otlice of the mint at Treves.
TRA or TRAI. Trajamu'.——Ii\IP, CAES.
TRAI.-'tNu.r. '
7l'abea—a vestment which differed from the
common toga and likewise from the pmtez-ta in
being shorter and less ample. Its colour was
white like the sagum of the soldiers, but orna
mented with bands of purple called lrabee, or
oiryiz, according as they were more or less
broad. Liebc (Goth. Numaria, p. 254) says its antiquity than its rank; his father being a
that the pnlndanicntum and the chlamys are not soldier of high reputation (whose portrait was
to be confounded with the trabea; but other afterwards placed on his son’s coinage), was the
writers assert that there was at least much first of his race who enjoyed the honour of the
analogy between them. What appears certain consulate. Whilst yet a boy in age, Trajan
is that the trabes was placed over the tunic like commenced his practical study of the a.rt of
the toga, and was particularly in vogue amongst war, under the paternal auspices, in campaigns
the younger Romans of the equestrian order. against the Parthians, and with so much success
Traducla (Julia).——A city of this name was that he became one of the most celebrated
founded on the southern shore of Hispania generals, whose victories are enrolled in the
Baetics, and on its site now stands Algesiras annals of Rome. He was made prmtor v.0. E39
 TKAJANUS. TRAJANUS. 799
(a.n. 86), and consul 844 (4.1). 91). After Rome (v. c. 859 A. n. 106), received the fullest
which he was sent by Domitian into Spain, honours of a triumph for his conquest. Mean
whence by command of the same emperor he while, an expedition was undertaken by one of
proceed to quell an insurrection in Germany. 'I‘rujun’s generals against that part of Arabia
It was in the autumn of the year v.c. 850 (A.D. which borders on Judma. It was crowned with
97). whilst residing at Colonia Agrippina (now success, and is recorded to the emperor's honour,
Cologne), as prefect of the Lower Germany, on coins by the legend ARABia ADQVlSila,
and, entertaining no views of such elevation, struck in the name and by authority of S.P.Q R,
that he was adopted by Egggbbeing, as Pliny —In the same year he began to constru a road
the consul expresses it~Simul FILIVS, rimul through tbePontine Marshes, besides repairingthe
CAESAR, mo: IJIPERATOR, et censors old paved road from Beneventum to Brundusium,
TIUB. POTESTATIS, et amnia pariler, cl which great works he finished v.c. 863 A.D. 110,
statim, factus es. Nerva also shared with him at his own expense. [See VIA 'rRaIANA.]—From
the title of Germanim.r.——Those two princes, the last-mentioned period he employed an interval
indeed, seemed as men destined by their union of nearly five years in cmbellishing Rome and
to secure the prosperity and happiness of the Italy with numbers of useful as well as magnificent
empire. The reign of Nerva was too brief; but works, and in return (V. c. 866 A.D. 113) had
that of Trajan was extended long enough to the sculptured pillar of the Forum dedicated to
exhibit him as the approved friend of the Roman his name and honour—a monument still existing
people, and the firm protector of all the Roman to perpetuate the memory of his Dnciuu victories.
fan1ilies.——-At the death of Nerve (v.c. 851, In v. c. 867 .\.n. 114, hearing that Chosroes,
A.D. 98), Trajan took the title of Augustus, king of Parthia, had disposed of the crown of
being still at Cologne employed in suppressing Armenia, Trajan, from a professed regard for
the outbreaks of certain barbarous tribes in that the rights of the Roman empire which he deemed
vicinity.——The following year he returned to violated by this procedure, but in reality from a
Rome, entering the city on foot, amidst the too great love of conquest and military glory,
applanses of the citizens. Not only the panegyric carried the terror of his arms into the east,
of Pliny who spoils the praise of truth itself by when he placed a Roman governor over the
the extravagance of flattery; but also the more Parthians, whom he had conquered, and after
calm and sober evidences of coins, unite in wards (Y. C. 868 A.D. 115) compelled Armenia
attesting that his largcsses (congiaria) were and Mesopotamia to acknowledge his govern
distributed to the people on a scale of most ment.-—For these brilliant achievements he was
called Partlzicus by the soldiers, a title soon
munifieent libcrnlity. This year (v.c.832, 4.11.99)
afterwards confirmed by the senate and inscribed
not only the title of Pater Patriw was assigned
to him, but also the novel and to him pecu on his coins: nor was it an empty name; for
liarly acceptable appellation of Oplimus was con Dion narrates the admission of the Parthigin king
ferred on him by the senate, although it does not to the presence of Trajan as a snppliant for the
appear so early on his medals. Having refused Parthinn throne. In V. C. 869 A.D. 116, ha
to pay the annual tribute which Decebalns, entered Assyriu, and having first made a treaty
king of the Daeians, had exacted from the of occupation with the city of Ctesiphon, on the
pnsillauirnous Domitian, Trajan followed up his Tigris, he penetrated to the shores of the Persian
determination to wipe away this ignominy from Gulf. On his return to Ctesiphon he appointed
the Roman name, by entering Dacia at the head Parthamaspntcs, king of Parthia, in the room
of his armies, v.e. 854, 4.11. 101. The war of Chosrocs, whom he had deposcd.— [See REX
continued till v.C. 856, A.D. 103, when having PARTHIS nn'l'vs.]—And he explored that part
lost his capital Sannizcgctlinsa, and the greater of Arabia, situate between the rivers Tigris and
part of his kingdom, Dcccbalus sought an Euphrates (called from that circumstance Meso
audience of Trajan and humbly sued for peace, potainin).—Nor was it to the Parthians only
which he obtained on very hard conditions. that this great emperor assigned a sovereign;
Returning shortly after these successes to but, according to Dion, Eutropius, and other
Rome, Trajan enjoyed er inricfa gente primum writers, he also appointed rulers to other nations,
trump/mm, and received from the senate his and bestowed sceptrcs on other princes—[See
surname of 1)aci¢-u.r.—In the year v. c. 84-7 axons AD8l0NA'1‘A.]-—at the same time receiving
A. D. 104, Decebalus, being openly charged with some into alliance with him ; forming treaties of
having violated the terms of his treaty with the peace and amity with others; and adjusting
empire, and with having been guilty of renewed quarrels which had subsisted between different
acts of aggression, was again denounced by the states that owned his influence or felt his power.
senate as the enemy of the Roman people.—- But the days of this great prince were numbered,
' Accordingly, the following year, Trajan having and his career of existence, as well as of glory,
completed his stupendous work of constructing was fast verging to its close. In returning from
a srtone, bridge over the Danube, entered Dacia, his oriental expedition, 'l‘r1\jan became a prey to
for the second time, and agafin totally defeated disease. lle hnstcned to embark for Rome, but
its brave but rash and unfortunate monarch, who the disorder, which was dropsieul, made such
killed himself in despair. The royal treasures rapid progress that he was obliged to halt at
of Decebalus were found either sunk in the river Selinuntum, in Cilicia, where, having adopted
Snrgetia, or buried in eaves. The emperor made Hadrian, he expired, on the 10th August, v.c.
a province of this kingdom, and returning to 870, A.D. 117, at the age of 61, according to
300 TRAJANUS. TRAIANUS.
Some, of 65 as others assert. He had reigned Trajan was placed after his death, according to
nineteen years and s half. His body was burnt the superstitious system of the Greek apotheosis,
at Sclinunturn; and his ashes, enclosed in a in the number of the celestial divinitics. Spar
golden urn, were carried to Rome by Plotina tianns aflirms that even a temple was dedicated
and Matidia (his wife and sister), and there to the worship of nivvs -rmuaivvs.
deposited within, or upon, the celebrated column
which the senate and people had raised to his Trrws or Tnsran.
imperishable renown.—Of portly stature, robust Optinms.—Pliny, in whose Panegyric the
in frame, and hardy in constitution yet exhibiting titles conferred by the senate on Trajan are
in his countenance an air of grandeur that coin enumerated, attests the fact that that of Optima
manded reverence, Trajan was a man not less was given to him soon after his arrival at Rome
intellectually than physically qualified by nature from Germany—-namely, about the ycnr v.c.
to govern such an empire as that of Rome. 853 (am. 100); but neither on coins, marbles,
After all the atrocities which had. characterised nor public monuments, docs this title appear to
most of his predecessors, he was regarded as a have been used in conjunction with his own
blessing specially sent by Providence to comfort name, before the year 858, A.D. 105; and then,
and restore an afllicted world. His great and as regards his medals, it nevcr appears on the
bencficent actions, emanated from a noble mind obveisc, but always on the reverse, and almost
and an amiable disposition-simple and modest always this, s. i>. Q.l1. oi>'rnio,,i»aiivcii>i.—-It is
in his manners, benevolent, sincere, indulgent, also to be observed, that at the same period in
generous, patient, yet just, firm, and d¢°lB"_"e, which this form begins to obtain, the custom
he comported himself towards the senate with also began of inscribing the names and titles of
that respect, and towards the people with that Trajan always in the dativc ; in other words, in
benign atfability, which made all feel that under the dedicatory style. Hence, it is suflicicntly
him the ancient freedom was restored, and that evident, that about the same time, by s new
the surname of Oplimua, bestowed on him by aenatiu consu/lam, it was decreed that the title
universal concurrence, was ii title well deserved. Optima: Princeps should be inscribed on public
A hero in valour, Trajan re-established the dis monuments. At length, however, in the year
cipline of the armies, by_being himself an v.c. 867, a.n. 114, it became the practice to
example equally of the civil and the military omit Optima; Princep: on the reverse of his
virtues. As in private life moderate and unosten coins, and to transfer the word (batimiu by
tations, so whenever state policy or the maiesty itself to the obverse, in such a way, in that it
of the Roman name, whether in peace or in war, always is found to occupy the intermediate space
required it, he was most liberal in expenditure, between TB-AIANO and iivo.—l-‘rom this date,
and conspicuous for the_ highest display _of therefore, it appears that the title in question
imperial magnificence. His coins bear inscrip beg-an to be applied to Trajan as s real cogno
tive testimony to the realization of many of his men, and its use as snch extended to the
great projects for the benefit of his subjects and coins of his successor Hadrian, to whom, because
advantage of his vast territories, in the founding it was become a true surname, it passed by
of cities, the formation of roads, the construc adoption.—See Eckhel's observations on the
tion of ports and bridges, and the building of titles of Trajan, vol. vi, p. 458.
edifices at once superb and useful. Great and Germanicu-r.—The title of Germanii.-us was
good in general character and conduct, he was not assigned to Trajan on account of any
not without vices. A proneness to excess in victory gained by him in Germany, but de
wine is mentioned as one, and that not the volved to him as the adopted son of Nervu—the
worst of two degrading propensities laid to his law of adoption causing the son to succeed
charge. But the fault which comes most pro to all the titles of the father. An instance of
minently into view, as affecting his character for the operation of this same legal right was
princely wisdom and prudence, was his extreme exhibited in the case of Hadrian, who when
fondness for military glory—a passion which led first recognised by the Roman Senate and people
him into continual warfare, thus endangering as Trajan’s adopted son, was called Optima,
the safety of his empire by too great an Diwicu-s, Partliicur-—the cognomiua of his
extension of its boundaries, and consequently predecessor. Pliny, therefore, asserts what is
absenting himself too often and too long from nite in accordance with truth, when he says of
the proper seat of administrative power—the '1 jan—cum Germania pnz-rider-ct, GER
metropoltisn centre of his dominions. Never HANICI nomen /zinc (Roma) miuum. indeed
theless so dearly, and indeed so justly upon the the title was communicated to him by adoption.
whole, was the memory of this illustrious em In like manner, and on the same principle, the
peror prized by the Romans, that for ages after titles Filiua, (Jamar, and Imperator were also
wards in congratulating each succeeding prince sent to him from Rome. Accordingly, the firi
on his accession to the throne of the Caesars, coins of Trajan eiihibit the title of Ger-maniau,
the senate expressed its wish that he might as belonging to him by adoption, nor are they
be “happier than Augustus, and better than omitted even in the latest products of his mint.
Trajan :” felicior Auyus't0——-Trajana melior.—— Dacicua.--This title was conferred on Trajan.
We have the evidence of coins, as well as for his glorious victories over the Dscians, and
of numerous inscriptions, together with not began to be used on coins and other public
a few passages from historians to show that monuments in the year v.c. 356-57, an. 104.
 TRAJANUS. TRAJANUS. 801
Part/liens.-—It has been observed, in the and two thousand foot, against a city called
biographical notice of this emperor, that the Japlra, near lotupata, in which ex 'ti0n he
epithet Parlliicus (the Parthian) began to be showed great courage, skill, and pru ence; but,
included amongst the titles of Trajan, V.c. 869 at the moment when the besieged were reduced
(a.1>. 116), in which year the tribunitian power to the last extremity, he solicited Vcspasian to
is numbered xix. and xx. In a copious note of send Titus with a small reinforcement, that to
explanation on this point, the learned Eclthel the son of his general might devolve the honour
shews on the authority of Dion that, v.c. 868 of taking the plaee.—The same historian records
(a.n. 113), afier or on the taking of Nisibis (now another instance during the same memorable
Nisbin), an important town in Mesopotamia contest, in‘which Trajan again served ably and
(and for nearly two centuries and a half after successfully as 'l‘itus's companion in arms. For
wards a frontier of the empire), Trajan was the qualities of a brave and good officer, there
called Par!/licus by his soldiers. But, not fore, he stood high in the confidence of Vespasian,
choosing to rest his pretensions to that honour who soon afler his own accession to the imperial
on their acclairns alone, he waited for the throne, caused him to be elected consul. Pliny
confirmatory act of the senate before he assumed the younger calls the elder Trajan comularia
it. That confirmation appears to have been (of consular dignity) and has thus preserved the
awarded on the occasion of his taking Ctesiphon, remembrance of this event.--the Calendars
which happened about the year v.c. 369 (a.n. (Faati) making no mention of his name (yet
116), from which time the title began to be there is no doubt, says Eckhel, of his having
ascribed to him on public monuments. There been consul u{fl'ecluJ—i.e., chosen to lill the
is extant an extremely rare consecration medal eonsulate). lle also seems to have been at that
of Trajan, struck in gold, which proves that, time enrolled amongst the putricians, for,
on account of his great successes against the Pliny (in the same passage of his Pnnegyric on
Parthians, not only was the name of Par!/lieu; the emperor, his son), also designates him as
decreed to him, but permanent games (Judi or palriciua. After the period of his consnlship,
spectacles of triumph (rpeclaeula triump/lalia) he was sent as proprsctor into Syria. This fact
called “ Parthian” were instituted to the honour is ascertained from a remarkable brass medal
of his name and memory by the senate and published in the Pembroke Museum (part 3,
people of Rome.——See nuvurnvs PABTHICVS. tab. 87), and the existence of which was pre
The coins of Trajan are very numerous.-—On viously unknown to Vaillant and to Spanheim.
these, amongst other inscriptions, ,hc is styled The coin in question bears on its obverse the
-—-nrr. cans. NEBVA TRAIAN. Avo.—nn>. cans. laurcated head of Titus, with the letters me.
TRAIAN. avo. onau. DACICVS. P. P.—!MP. cans. PON., the rest of the legend being eIl'nccd.—~
NER. 'l'l{AL\l\‘VS. or>'r11uvs. AVG. (ma. nac. Paa For legend of reverse it has EH1 TPAIANOT
ANTIOXEIIN ET EKP (Sub Thaiano, Antiac/rem
'|'|-ucvs. P. P.—Aftcr his death and consecration,
nlvvs TRAIANVS PAB'l‘HICV8.—DlVVS TEAIANVS sium, Anna l25).—Eckhel shews from the
PARTH. avo. rams. epocha, IIKP, marked on this coin of Antioch
(y Roman die.—Gold c. Some reverses na.; in Syria, that it was struck in the year of Roms
that with the head of Trajan’s father RRn.—— 829 (a.n. 76); and, moreover, that it proves,
Silver c. There are a few rare reverses in thiswhat is not to be gleaned from any writer, the
metal.—Silver medallions na.—l"irst, second, fact of Syria being then governed by Irajanuo
and third brass c. Some reverses an. and Paler as proprsetor.—There is n fine sage in
ana.—Brass medallions Baa. the Pnnegyrie of Pliny above alluded to, which
Of F0rcign_fi162‘i¢'.—Sil\'er medallions Ba. expressly bears testimony to the fact that
Brass Latin (folonial an. aaa. the father boldly grappled in the field of battle
Several pieces represent Trajan with Nerva, with Parthian ferocity and haughliness (ferociam,
with his father, with his Empress Plutina, and cuperbiamque ParlIu'r-am), and won well deserved
with Hadrian. These are of great rarity. Trajan laurels in victory over that formidable enemy of
restored many coins of Roman families, and the Romans. But the time and other circum
several of his imperial predecessors. For a list stances are not known. “ It appears, however
of these see Alrerman's .De.rer-ipt. Cat. Amongst (says Eckhel), from what I have observed in the
the coinage of this emperor have been found annals of Vespasian up to the year v.0. 828 (a.n.
some very remarkable pieces, to which Eekhel 75), and Bellcy has carried his remarks still
and other erudite medullists give the appellation further, that it was about the period when
of numi melallorum, as having been struck in Vespasian was embroiled with Volo the
the metal of different provinces of the empire, Parthian.”-—Sincc, therefore, according to the
such as Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, &c.— coin above quoted, T1'njauI1.9.Pu/er was governor
See METAL. osuu, &c. of Syria, and since he is mentioned by Pliny as
TRAJAN VS (M. Ulpiua), the father of decorated with the Pnrthian laurel, the pro
Trajanus Augustus, born in Spain, appears to bability is that the eonduet of that war had been
have been s distinguished soldier during the entrusted to the Pl'0])l'8!i.0l' 'l‘rr\ja.n by Vespasim,
reign of Nero. For it is recorded by Josephus and that he, in consequence, obtained the
(Bell. Jud. 1. iii. c. 7, s. 31) that Vespasian, then ornaments of a triumph, for Pliny in another
in chief command of the Roman army employed place also calls hiln triulnpllalis. That he was
in the Jewish war, sent out Trajan, commander promoted from the proprmtorship of Syria to
of the tenth legion, with one thousand horsemen the proconsnlar government of Asia, is a fact
BK
802 'l‘IL\JA.\' US. TRAIECTUS.
discovered in a celebrated Greek inscription TRAIECT\'S.—'1‘his epigraph, signifying the
found at Laodicea in Phrygia. It is a marble passage over a river, or a short transit by sea,
dedicated to Titus Cncsar in his seventh consul appears on brass medallions of Caracalla, of
ahip by Marcus Ulpiu-r Iirajauua Pracon-rul, Gordianus lII., and of Carinns.-—On the coin
thus demonstrating that the Trajanus named on of the first named Emperor, the accompanying
this monumental stone was of the Ulpia family; type represents him in the act of passing over
whilst from the circumstance of 'l‘itus’s seventh s river, at the head of his guards, on a bridge
consulate being recorded thereon, it is rendered of boats. In the second and third instance of
no less certain that the marble was dedicated in the word Trajectu: being used, we see the pree
the year v.c. 832, a.n. 79. And as it belongs torian galley, with the emperor at the helm,
without doubt to Trajan the father, so it shews soldiers bearing military ensigns, and rowers at
that he was at that time Proeonsul of Asia. their oars.-—The raarncrvs of Caracalla is shown
What afterwards were the incidents of his life, by the remainder of the inscription (1>o.\"r|r. rm
and in what year he died, is not known. But P. x11. cos. 111.) to have been struck a.v.c. 962,
a.n. 209, whilst that prince was engaged with
it is clear from the tenour of a passage in Pliny’s
Panegyric, that at the time when that com Severus, his father, in war with the Britons.
position was delivered to the emperor in the The TRAIECTVS ave. (Trajecfus Augiuli) of
name of the senate, viz., in the year v.c. B53, Gordianus IIl., marked with the record -of his
a.n. 100, Trajan the elder was no longer living. fifth tribunate and second consulate (TR. P. v.
It has been seen from Pliny’s account that he cos. 111.), corresponds in the date of its coinage
was patriciua, consularis, and lriump/I-ali-r; with a.v.c. 995 A.D. 242—the year in which
and, from both coin and marble, that he hadthat emperor, according to Capitolinus, passed
been governor first of Syria, next of Asia. over from Thrace into Asia, namely by the
That after his death he was deified is equally traject of the Hellespont, at the head of an army.
certain, although all the ancient historians are The TKAIECTVS avoo. (Trajectuc Jugutornm)
silent upon it. This fact is attested by Latin of Carinns is assigned by Eckhel to the first
coins, struck in gold and silver by order of year of that prince’s association in the imperial
'l‘rajan the son, and which bearing on one side government. viz., v.c. 1035, A. n. 282.—
the name, titles, and portraiture of that emBanduri thinks that the legend refers to the
But Eckhel,
peror, exhibit for legend on the other side passage of thelooking to t-he rliiporand
river Euphrates of its
themilitary
mvvs rarna TRAIANVS. The type of one of
these very rare reverses is the bare head of freight, which form the type, with greater pro
Trajanus Pater, and that of the other repre bability, rcgards the coin as having been struck
sents him seated, holding in his right hand a by Carinus in honour of his father Carus and
patera, and in his left the /meta pura, attributes his brother Nuincrianus, to perpetuate the
of divinity. There are also gold and silver remembrance of their joint trajeet across the
medals, with the head of Trajan the Emperor on Hellespontian straight, preparatory to an expe
their obverse, and the head of Nerva laureated, dition against the Persians, undertaken the fol
and that of 'l'rajan‘s father without laurel, on fowing year.
the reverse, of which the legend is mvr NERVA TRANQUILLINA (Furia Sabinia), daughter
E1‘ TRAIANVS mr1:a.—Rcspccting these three of Misithe-ns,Prmfi:ct of thePra:torians andPrime
coins, Eckhel remarks that they furnish a Minister of Gordianus Ill.-—'l‘hat promising
second example (that of Dornitilla, wife of Ves young prince's friend
ian, numbered
liiiiing being the first)
with ofthen private individual
dcities.—lt also ship for and confidence
in so wise, eloquent, and
deserves attention that 'l‘rajan's father is depicted able a statesman, and so
without the laurel crown, whilst a similar eon eminently good a man,
secration medal, dedicated by the same emperor rendered him the more
to his father by adoption, presents i\'crva with capable of appreciating
laureatcd head; thus making the distinction the merits of Tranquil
between a private person and an einperor.— lina; and, preferring her
The year in which Trajauua Anya-rlus, in filial to any of the daughters
piety, caused divine honours to be paid to his of the most illustrious Roman families, he gave
father, is uncertain.—Eckhel assigns good her his hand in marriage, v.c. 994, a.n. 241.
reasons for thinking that, as these medals bear Young, beautiful, and intelligent, she graced,
the same date, and also exhibit the same form by the sweetness of her disposition and the purity
of inscription on their respective obverscs, which of her morals, the illustrious elevation to which
appear on the coin of the Forum Trajuni and on Gordian had raised her, and secured to her from
that of the Basilica U/11ia (v.c. 867, .\.n. 114), the virtuous of all ranks of both sexes through
it is probable that Trajan the emperor, when out the empire, congenial tributes and public
he dedicated his forum, added some new testi testimonies of love, respect, and admiration.
monies of his veneration for the memory of the She survived her murdered husband; but her
already consecrated Nerva, and willingly took subsequent lot in life and the period of her death
the same opportunity to offer similar honours of remain equally without record.—0t' this em
deification to his natural parent.—Sce Docl. press's coins there are but few of Roman die
Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 433 et. seq. none yenuiue in gold. The silver and first and
1ray'anus.—Scc Decius .’li'¢y'anua. second brass in the highest degree of rarity. She
 TRANQUILLITAS. '1‘ItEBANIA.—TREBONIAl\'US. 803
is styled on these SABINIA TRANQVILLTNA dragons, among the military ensigns at the vain
AVGusta. Her prenomen Furia is omitted on pompous processions of Gallicuus. The learned
her Latin coins; but it frequently appears on the Frenchman Le Beau has collected further testi
more numerous Greek medals struck in honour mony on this subject even from the poets. It
of this excellent princess, from one of which moreover appears, as well from the Trajan
the portrait above is engraved. column as from Lucinn’s account, that long prior
TnmquiIlita.r.—Tranquillity. The companion to the period of Philip senior, dragons fixed on
of peace (Comer Paris) as Froélich terms her.-— the tops of spears, were used as standards by
Security and tranquillity, or quiet, are usually the Dacians and the Parthians. We may, there
found united, and on some coins are typified fore conclude that the dragon on the coin in
under a similar figure and with similar attri question, borne by a woman, alludes to the
butes—nnmely, those of s woman resting her tranquillity (which this murderous traitor to his
lefi: elbow on a piluter, and holding the lzasta own sovereign wished to be llmuy/at) ensured to
in her right hand. The effigy of Tranquillitar the empire, by the fidelity and vulour of the
is seen on a silver coin of Antoninns Pius, as a cohorts. The same reverse is likewise found on
female standing with a rudder and ears of corn, a very rare coin of Tacitus, with doubtless a
and with the eireumscription TRANQm'llita: TR. similar meaning.-—See Draco.
POT. XIII. (or XIIII.) COS. III. (.\.o. 153). In the mintage of Constantine the Great are
Also on a gold coin of the same emperor, with some coins, circumscribed on their reverses
legend of reverse TRANQVILLITAS AVG. scan TRANQ_VlLL1TAS—tl’l8 types of these
It is truly appropriate to the reign of this wise are a globe or an altar, on which we read the
and good emperor. Not so the following. words vo'rrs xx.
TRAl\'Q\'lLLITAS AVGG.—This legend TRB. Tr-oz-Pris in Wicina Secunda.—l\lint
appears on the reverse of a first brass and of mark of coins struck at Trcvcs in the second
a denarius of Phillip monetal oflice of that city.
senior, from the latter TRB. Tribunitia.-—-'!‘RB. P. CONS. IIII.
of which the annexed Tribunitia Potestate, Consul, Quartum, on
cut is taken. The type third brass of Constantinns Magnus.
is that of a woman Debania, a family of uncertain order. Its
standing. She holds in coins exhibit four varieties, none of which are of
her right hand some any interest. The name of Inwiua 'l‘REBANIu.9,
animal; and the /uula an urban quacstor, or monetal triumvir appears
pura in her left.—Medi on a denarius of this family, with the head of
obarbus calls what the Minerva on one side, and with Jupiter Ful
female figure on this coin holds in her right minator in a quadrign on the other.
hand a dolphin in one instance, and in another Trebel!ianu.r—or.e of the nsurpers of im
describes it as a capricorn: on some it is not perial power——proclaimcd Augustus in Isauria,
unlike a rabbit, but which is not confirmed by towards A.D. 264; killed some months after
a close inspection. Eckhel, who quotes the type wards. The coins ascribed to Trebellianus are
from finely preserved specimens in the imperial false.
cabinet of Vienna, pronounces it to be a dragon; TREBONIANVS GALLVS (Cains Vibiu-1).
and of the same form which the Romans were —This emperor's family, native country, and
accustomed to place on their military ensig-ns— time of birth are not known with any degree of
with this difference, that the dram of the coin certainty. As general
has two feet outspread, which the dragons on of the Moasinn army,
the military ensigns have not.—An enigma is he was at the battle
presented in this numismatic image of the which Trajanus Decius
dragon, or great serpent, which the erudite _ fought with the Goths,
and acute author of Doctrimz1Vum. Vet. (vol. vii., '° I and is said to have most
p. 328) thus undertakes the task of solving :— perfidiously betrayed his
That dragons were the ensigns of the Roman trust, causing that brave
cohorts, is expressly stated by Vegetius—“ The prince and his son to
chief standard (says he) of the whole legion is perish in the morasses
the eagle, which is carried by an ofiicer styled near Abricium (A.V.0. 1004) .\.r>. 25l.—Being
the Aguilf/er. Dragons (dracones) are also borne immediately afterwards proclaimed Augustus, he
in battle, in each cohort, by otlicers called began his reign by conferring the title of Caesar
draconarii.” That they were interwoven on on his son Volusianus, and by making Hostil
the standards we learn from Ammianus, in his lianus, son of Trnjanus Decius, his colleague in
description of Constantius’s solemn entry into the supreme govcrn1nent.—In the same year he
Rome. “Others (says that writer) were sur advanced Volusianus to the sovereign rank of
rounded by dragons woven in purple threads Augustus; and prccipitately concluded an igno
fixed on spears, with gold and jewclled heads; minious treaty of peace with the Gothic invaders
blown about with their gaping mouths, and so of the empire, whom he not only permitted to
appearing to hiss with indignation, lashing the return to their own country with their booty,
long folds of their tails in the wind.” Ammi and even with their Roman prisoners, but also
anus elsewhere mentions dragons fixed to spears. engaged to pay them an annual tribute in gold.
And Trebellius alludes to the appearance of Having in this base and impolitic manner
5K2
804. TRES G.-\LL'1.-in. 1 TRES GALLIAE.—TREV'ERI.
pacified for a time the foreign enemies of the Caesar; whereas later historians inform us that
state, he arrived at Rome, into which he made it was portioned oil‘ by Augustus (a.v.c. ‘I27,
as pompous an entry as if the peace he had just 13.0. 27) into four great provinccs—namcly,
concluded with the barbarians had been the fruit Narboncnsis, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, and Bel
of his victories over them. The pestilence, gica.—Ou the testimony of Tacitus, however,
which was then ravziging the world, had attained it may be believed that Belgica was afterwards
its most frightful mortality. Hostilianus is said excluded from this arrnngcment, because those
to have been one of its uumberless victims A.D. Gaulish cities which lay nearest to the Germanic
2li2.—'l‘rebonianus, nscribing to the Christians legions obtained from Galba neither the jn:
this wide-spread and desolating plague, subjected civilalis, nor any relief from taxation, as the
them to a cruel persecution. Meanwhile, he and others had done; nay, some of those cities
his son remained in the city, endeavouring to were subjected to a diminution of territory,
gain popular favour by their courtesies and probably on account of their having too tnrdily
libcralities; nor with all such as were as indolent, given in their adhesion to him even after Vindex
voluptuous, and corrupt as themselves did they had been slain.—Bnt this omission of Belgic
fail of success. But famine accompanied pesti Gaul is observable on marble also. Thus on
lence.—'l‘ho Goths, in another invasion, on one one, in Gruter, we rend TBIVM. PROV. GALL
side, and the Eersians, rushing across the eastern LVGDVNENS. NARBONENS. 3'1‘ AQVITANENS. The
frontier on the other, over-ran the finest pro same three provinces are doubtless alluded to on
vinces, and the reign of Trebonianus became a other marbles inscribed rnas. rnovmc. 0.11.1.
succession of miseries, devastations, and horrors. It is likely then that Belgica was separated from
D1253, Aemilianus, commander of the lemons the other three Galliaa, the whole tract of Gaul
in Thrace and Mccsia, who had just vanquished situated on the banks of the Rhine having been
the Gothic invaders, was proclaimed emperor by reduced t0 subjection and divided by Augustus
his soldiers. On hearing this, Trebonianus at into Germania Superior and I1;/‘erior. This
length abandoned the course of cffeminatc luxury, fact is gathered from Tacitus, who, in his
which had brought his affairs to the verge of Annals (i. 31), speaks of two armies formed on
ruin, and began to take measures for the defence the Rhine, one in the Upper, the other in the
of his throne. He entrusted the first operations Lower Germany, and both subordinate to Ger
of the War to Vnlerianus, who hnd for that manicus, the commander-in-chief, then in the
purpose drawn forces from Gaul and Germany. interior of Gaul, holding the assembly of stata
But 1Emilian was beforehand with him, and ere and collecting the revenues of that nation. The
the close of the year had entered Italy at the some writer mentions, under the reign of
head of a great army.—ln the beginning of 254, Tiberius, “ Germanin superior” and “ Gcrmanin
Trebonianus set out from Rome to encounter inferior.” But it is to be remembered that
Emilian, by whom he was totally defeated in a both these districts lay on the left bank of the
pitched battle; his own soldiers, dcspising his Rhine, and formed no part of Germany properly
cowardice, slew him in his light, together with so called. From that timcthe provincia Belgica
his son Volusinnus, near lnteramnn (now Terni), and Germania superior and inferior seem to
in Umbria. He died in the 49th year of his have constituted one and the same territorial
age. During the eighteen months of his holding body. Hence they are often united together in
the government, he had done nothing worthy of inscriptions, as in Grntcr, T. Varius Clemens is
prnisc, nor had he been favoured with a single called rnoc. rnovmc. annorcsn. ET. \TRlTSQ,
incident of good fortune; on the contrary, his oanunum. And in Spon, C. Fnrins Snbinns
reign was one of the most calamitous, as well as is styled Paoo. rnov. BELGIC. 1_:r nvsnvx.
the most disgraceful, recorded in the annals of GERMANIAR.—-Hardollin excludes Narbonensis
the cmpirc. For the consequences which imme (instead of Belgica) from the Trcs Galliaa of this
diately followed the deaths of 'l‘|-cbonianns and singular coin, on the ground that Pliny divides
Volusianus, see /Enlilianus and Va/erianus. Gallia Comala into three distinct tribcs—viz.,
The coins of Trebonianus Gnllus are—in gold, Aquitani, Lugduncnses, or Celtic, and Belgra
amt. ; in silver 0. (with very few exceptions); Baron Bimard also unites thcsc provinces to the
first and second brass c.-, Latin colonial R.-—On exclusion of Narboncnsis. Vaillant, in noticing
them he is styled ran». c. GALLVS. AVG. IMP. the dcnarius in question, uflirms that under
cans. VIB. TREE. G.\LLvs. avo.—m1>. can. c. Galbn the three provincial divisions of Gaul
vm. 'ruEn. GAI.L\'S. /mo. were respectively denominated Belgica, Celtics,
TRES GALLIAE.—This epigrnph, on the and Aquitnnica.—Amidst these uncertainties,
reverse of a very rare silver the opinion of Eckhel, which has been first
coin of Galba, nccompanies referred to, appears in every respect to be the
pe of three female heads bcst supported, and consequently the most
u on globes; before each of entitled to adoption.
w ich is (sometimes) an ear Ti-e'z=eri—a numerous and important tribe of
of corn.—The obverse exhibits people in Gallia Be/gim. The Romans gave
an equestrian figure of Galba, the name of Augusta to their chief city, which
with the eircumscription of still reveals its antiquity under its modern name
BEBV. GALBA IMP. , of Trevcs, situated on the Mosclle, or lloulla,
This coin would seem to make Gallia consist a. tributary of the Rhine.-—It was one of six
of three divisions only as described by Julius cities in Gaul to which the privilege of coining
 TRIBUNITIA POTESTAS. TRIBUNITIA POTESTAS. 805
money was granted, during the lower empire. year from the foundation of Rome (before
The appellation of the Treveri abbreviated, is Christ 23), that the most accurate numismutists
of very frequent occurrence as a monetal sub place the first medals on which appeared the
signation—such as TB. P. Treveria percramr, or date of the trilzunilian pan-er. But although
Treveren.si.: Pecunia. (Money struck at Treves.) that legend serves as a means for calculating the
'1' R. OBS. Treveria Obsignata, or Ikerezis (fllicina years of an empcror’s reign, yet it is not to be
Semmda Signata. (Money struck at Trcves : or, relied on as the basis of an invariable rule; for
money struck at Trcves in the second oflice of some princcs, sons of emperors, or adopted by
the mint of that city.) them, were invested with this dignity (so for
TRIB. P.-, or TRIB. POT.; or TRIBV. midable undcr the commonwealth), more than
POTEST.-—Sec Tribzmilia Polcrlas. once bzfare their accession to the imperial
Tribunilia Palestas. The tribnnitian power.— throne. The tribunilia poleatas (says the
It is well known that the Tribuncs of the People author of L4;-con: de Numismatique Romaine)
(lribuui plebia) were magistrates created at was in some sort the foundation of the inviola
Rome, sixteen years (as it is said) after the bility and unlimited powers of the emperors
abolition of Royalty (v.c." 262), to protect the (who were supposed to have succeeded to the
rights and advocate the claims of the plcbeians rights of the ancient tribunes of the people, and
against the over-bearing and tyrannical conduct who certainly augmented those rights). This
of the patricians. It is equally well known, that power or dignity was the title which of all
by means, and under circumstances, which others they generally least neglected to mention ;
historians have fully explained, but which it but as it was considered to be removed each
comes not within the province of this work to year, it was by that renewal they almost always
do more than incidentally allude to, the strength reckoned the years of their reigns, thereby
and power of this popular magistracy, gradually offering the greatest help to chronological
increasing, arrived at such n pitch as rendered researches. Unfortunately, however, for those
it not only a perpetual source of vexation and researches, Ie guantiéme of tho tribnnitian
annoyance to the aristocracy; but also enabled power is not always expressed on medals.
it to make inroads on the privileges, and to The shove may sufiicc to convey a general idea
compete with the functions, of the highest of what is meant by the Tr-ibunitia Pofeataa ,
magistrates. After being thus elevated in the and to explain some of the reasons why those
scale of political and judicial importance, the words, either in full length or in a more or less
tribunate became in its turn an object of abbreviated form, so frequently occupy a place
jealousy and hatrcd to those ambitious faction on Roman coins and marbles. As, however, it
aries, who, like Sylln and Marius, either by is a point of considerable importance to be cor
their corrupt proceedings undermined, or by rectly understood by those who arc willing to
their open violence overthrew, the liberties of devote themselves to “ the science’ of Latin
the republic, and paved the way for the usurpa medals ;" and is, morcver, one on which the
tions of Julius Caesar, and for the prescriptive talents and researches of several very learned
tyranny of that triurnvirate on which the artful nntiqnaries have been employed, we shall proceed
Augustus subsequently built a superstructure of to add the subjoined passages, translated from
imperial powcr.—'l'hcre is a dennrius of the Eckhel, including the purport of his sagacious
Lollia family (see p. 521 of this Dictionary), remarks on the subject in question, after his
the type of which, according to Morell, alludes having critically examined the lucubrations of
to the restoration, a.v.c. 684., of that authority others :—
(paleslasj, which the constitution had assigned Wlience tile Emperors derived the Tribunilia
to the Tribuni Plebi-1, but which, under Sylla’s Pots-:ta.r.—So important were the rights, and to
dictatorship, had dwindled into a mere name. extensive the powers, which had been conceded
As one of the attributes of sovereignty it to the old 'l‘ribunes, that nothing was more
eventually fell, with other dignities, into the likely than that the princes, who overturned the
hands of the emperors, who, reserving it to republic, and who afterwards endeavoured to
themselves, assumed the tribnnitian title, not appropriate to themselves all the magisterial
because it was the first in rank, but because it functions, should also canvass for the tribnnitian
would have given too much authority to any authority, or at least be desirous to have it
individual citizen. Hence Roman monuments, spontaneously offered to them. Nor was it
under the emperors, instead of bearing the first, indeed a slight addition either to their supreme
second, or third years of their reigns, exhibit power or to their permanent welfare to be per
an enumeration of their tribunatc, which was sonally inviolate fcacrosanvlum) ; and that, as
renewed to them from year to year; and, accord Cicero says, not only against force of arms
ingly, the legends Tribunilia Poteaiaa, or (contra vim etferrum), but also, under the pro
Potratate, which are found on most coins of tection of sacred laws, against words also, to be
the imperial series, mark the years when their enabled to negative any order of the senate, to
tribnnitian power was re-assigned to them. convolre and to dismiss at pleasure both the
For example, when TR. 1>o'r. I}. appears on a senate and the people, and to compel obedience
medal, it signifies that the emperor had just from even opposing magistratcs.—-Julius Caesar
entered into the twentieth year of his tribunntc, was the first to whom, according to Dion, the
or that the tribnnitian power had devolved to tribnnitian power was decreed out of regular
him for the twentieth time.-It is in the 731st course. Indeed amongst other honours which,
806 TRIBUNITIA POTESTAS. TRIBUNITIA POTESTAS.
on hearing of the victory oi‘ Pharsalia, the people treacherous dealings, disguised, however, under
conferred upon him, was that of his being a popular mask, than by more open assaults, the
privileged to retain, after a manner, the tribu commonwealth might be overthrown.—Well and
nitan power for life. The some honour was truly was it called by Tacitus—.i-ummi fasligii
bestowed on Octavian (after his victory over vocabulum—not that it signified, but that it was
Sextus Pompey and Lcpidns in Sicily, according the means of procuring the supreme authority;
to Orosius, or over Antony at Actium, as Dion insomuch as to warrant Vellcius in afiirming of
asserts); but he seems at that time to have Tiberius that “by his being associated in the
declined accepting it, or at least to have treated tribunitian power he became equal to Augustus."
it with inditference. Because, seven years alter And Vopiscus also calls that power “the most
these events (v.0. 731), as Dion aflirms, it was important part of regal government."—There
decreed by the senate that Augustus should be are writers who have not suflicicntly appreciated
perpetual tribune of the people (triburmr plcbia it, whilst othcrs have ascribed to it too much.
pmpeiuua) ,- and he immediately adds, hence it Amongst the former, Noris, too sparing, is of
arose that Augustus and the emperors who suc opinion that the tribunitian power of the em
cccdcd him, under some such law, assumed, perors had no reference to the actual administra
with the other honours, that of the tribunitian tion of public alfnirs, but only meant the right
power. Augustus, thercioro, was the first who of putting in a velo, and of enjoying perfect
received and retained it under the authority of immunity from harm or violence. Amongst
that law, of \vhich his successors availed them the latter, Henry Dodwell, too liberal, asserts
selves, as we learn from ancient monuments. that in the power of the tribunate was included
Wily Augustus coveted this di_qnity.—In doing that of the proconsulate. But both these ex
this, Augustus was actuated by more than one treme opinions have been accurately refuted by
motive. For besides the reason above adverted to, Schwartz, in his learned work, E.rerr:itatio
he increased thereby his own power and security, Academic-a de Auguslorum, Cmnzrumque Tr-ib.
whilst he avoided, in appearance, an invidious Potestate; and also by Mazzoleni in his
assumption of the power of the people.—Tacitns dissertation on the same subject.
(Jun. L. iii. s. 56), in treating of the 'Ih'ibunitian D:_'1fcr¢-nee between the rqmblican and fl:
power, intimates that this policy of Augustus imperial iribunale.——Betwecn the old tribune:
did not in fact escape the discernment of of the people and the emperors endued with the
the quick-sighted.——-“That specious title (id tribunitian power, there was a great difierence,
eummi faatigii vocabulum_)——that term of the the nature of which Dion explains in certain
proudest assumption, importing nothing less passages of his work :—First, he says that
than sovereign power, was invented (says he) by neither Augustus nor any other emperor bore
Augustus at a time when the names of re: and the name of .’l'ribunu.r Plebis, but simply the
dicfalor were not only unconstitutional, but title of the tribunitian power. This, indeed he
universally detestcd. And yet a new name was aflirms in another place, as follows :-—“The
wanted to overstep the magistrates, and the emperors esteem it inauspicious to hold the
forms of the constitution. The same historian plebeian tribunate, they being themselves patri
(Ann. L.i. s. 2) had said of the same emperor, cians; but they accept the whole tribunitim
that he laid aside the iuvidious title of Triumvir, power at the highest pitch of greatness to which
content with the more popular name of Consul, it ever attained." From this we learn that the
and with the Tribunitian power, which he pro emperors, although they might have been of the
fessed to assume for the protection of the plebeian order, were immediately elected into the
people." Augustus indeed pretended by that order of patricinns, of which S artianus also has
course, which seemed most agreeable to the given an example, in Didius ulianus. In the
people, to be in the highest degree regardful of next place, during the freedom of the republic,
the public welfare; and, in strict conformity to a tribune of the people could not be at the same
the institutions of the state, to protect the lives time consul, nor fill any other magsterial
and property of the citizens. This sort of cflioe, but the emperors were permitted to do
affected decorum was the more needful at that so. Moreover, the ancient tribunate, according
time, when the recollections of liberty were still to the usual course of law, was only an annual
cherished in the minds of men. Yet, it is to be office, entered upon the fourth ides of December
observed, that Tiberius-—a man in other re in each year; whereas the tribunitian power of
spects of violent character but of keen craftiness the emperors was perpetual, and decreed to
—adopted the same line of policy.-—“ He (says them at any period whatsoever of the year.
Tacitus, Ann. L. i. s. 7) began all his movements Lastly, the old tribuucs were not allowed to be
through the consuls, a.fl"eeting the appearance of absent from the city, nor even to pass a single
republican principles, as if the constitution still night out of its walls, except during certain
existed, and he himself had formed no design holidays called frrire Latina; besides which
for destroying it. The proclamation itself, their authority did not extend beyond the city;
indeed, by which he convened the senate, pro but it was lawful for the emperors to absent
fessed no other authority than that of the themselves from Rome, and the tribunitian
Tribuniiian power conferred upon him by power lost none of its force during their absence.
Augustus.”—Hcnce, it is clear, how available Of this Tiberius furnished an example when,
was that power for the strengthening of the being at Rhodes, he ordered some one who had
sovereignty, and how much more surely by those been cited before the judgment scat as a slan
 TRIBUNITIAN POWER. TRIBUNITIAN POWER. 807
derer (convitiator) to be dragged to prison Agrippa, for the space of five years ; after that,
(Suetonius in Tib. c. 11). But although the in v.c. 741, it was continued to him for another
emperors possessed themselves of the tribunitian five years. ln v.c. 748, with a view to repress
power, yet the ancient custom of appointing the iusolcncc of Cains and Lucius, Cmsars, he
tribunes was not discontinued; and there are gave it for the same quinquennial period to his
frequent examples of the tribunitian prerogative son-in-law, Tiberius, who, being banished from
of the veto, being exercised against decrees of Rome, was again reduced to a private station.
the senate, as may be seen in Pighius. But it But Cains and Lucius both dying, Augustus, to
may readily be supposed, that, as to the rest of prevent uncertainty respecting his choice of a
the magistracies so also of the tribuneship, the successor, and to curb the perverse hopes of
authority gradually decayed, and at length others, as Tacitus remarks (jdrm. c. 56),
nothing but the mere name was left.—Panvinius adopted Tiberius in the year v.c. 757, and gave
is of opinion that the tribnnes lasted till the him the tribunitian power for ten years ; at the
reign of Constantine the Great, by whom, expiration of which term he extended it to him
in establishing as he did, a new form of beyond that period, as is shewn on the coins of
state government, many old institutions were Tiberius. It wus Augustus, therefore, who set
abolished. the example of an emperor treating him whom
T/re tribunitian power coqferred by the senate. he hnd invcsted_ with a share of the tribunitian
-—-The right of investing the emperors with the power as his colleague in the empire, and as his
power of the tribunate belonged to the senatorial destined successor; which measure of his became
body, by whom, as already observed, it was a precedent. For succeeding emperors took
granted to Julius Caesar and to Augustus. But especial care that the tribunitian power should
afterwards, even when the imperial government be immediately decreed to those, whom by
became fully established, and when such princes adoption they had selected for the government,
as had the inclination, were not deficient in the provided only they were, in point of age, com
strength of means, to usurp the privileges petent to administer public affairs. Examples
entrusted to the senate, yet those honours do of this prc-arrangement were given by Augustus
not appear to have been wrested from it by asregarded Tiberius, by Nerva towards Trajan,
force. Thus, according to Tacitus (Ann. iii. by Hadrian towards Elias, and aftcnvards
e. 56), Tiberius himself requested the senate towards Antouinus. It has been ndviscdly said,
to confer the tribunitian power on his son provided such adopted heirs to the imperial
Drusns. It is for pursuing an opposite course, throne had attained an age to qualify thcui for
in this respect, that Dion, among other things, the public service; for neither did Augustus
reprobntes the conduct of Elagabalus, who, allow the tribunitian power to be bestowed upon
without waiting for the sanction of a aenatu: Cains and Lucius (his grandsons), although by
conaultum, seized, with the rest of the llOIl0lu‘S adoption his appointed successors, and although
usually paid to princes, on the name of the the former had already served the eousulship;
tribunitian power. nor did Claudius permit it in the ease of Nero;
On the other hand, respect
nor Autoninus give it directly to Aurelius. The
ing the immediate successor of Elagabalus, viz.,
Alexander Severus, we learn from Lampridius, same rule also prevailed with respect to the
that on one and the same day the senate pro natural sons (filii ruztu;-ales), as contradis
claimed him, by the respective titles of tinguishcd from the adopted sons, of emperors,
Augustus, Tribuuitia Potcstas, and Pntcr and consequently to the Caesars. Of this a
Patrirc.-—Nor can I (adds Eckhel) discover the conspicuous example was afforded by Tiberius,
reason why u coin of Pesccnnius, struck attcr who, when he asked the senate to bestow the
he had opcnly declared himself Augustus, tribunitian power on his son Drusns, amongst
should make no mention of the tribunitian other reasons, mentioned the circumstance of
power, unless, since it could not be decreed to that young prince being then of age, which he
him by the senate, who were under the control himself had attained when raised by “the
first of Didius Julianus and next of Sept. Divine Augustus,” to the same honourable
Severus, he had the moderation to abstain from ofiice. Nor could the favour which he now
taking it unopposed. But certainly, on no coin sought be regarded as premature (he added);
of Pcscennius hitherto discovered, is this power for Drusns had gone through eight years of
found inscribed. Moreover, as the people of probation. It was by seditious quelled, by wars
Antioch from the time of Trajan, and sub successfully terminated, by triumphal honours
sequently, were accustomed constantly to stamp earned, and by two consulships served, that his
on their tetrndrachmsthe words Al-IMAPXIKHC merits had been proved, and his qualifications
EEOTCIAC, Tribunilia Patestate, so for the for duly discharging the duties of public oflice
reason alone stated, they have on a Pcsccnnius established. (Tacitus, Arm, s. 56).-—Ves
omitted that epigraph, substituting in its stead pasian made his son Titus, already of mature
that of ITPONOIA 61-ION, Pr0via'cntia ])e0rmn. age and of well-known virtue, partakcr with him
Emperors Imd their colleagues in the (ri self in the same dignity:-The worst examples
6unate.—Inst.-inccs are frequent of the reigning were—that in which Marcus Aurelius bestowed
prince associating with himself a colleague in the tribunitian power on his son Commodns,
the tribunitian powcr.—According to Dion, then aged only 16, besides adding to it in the
Augustus himself supplies three examples. In same year the title of Augustus—and the more
the year v.c. 736, he conferred it upon M. insane folly of Severus, who signalised the tenth
808 TRIBUNITIAN POWER. TRIBUNITIAN POWER.
year of his son Antoninns (oulgo Caracalla), by December in each year.—The author of Doel.
giving him the trihunate together with the Nam. Vet. then enters (vol. viii. p. 397) into a
Augustan tit1e.—Afic-rwards, all rules and pro critical examination of these respective opinions,
prieties were set at naught, as in the instances showing, with his usual clearness and candonr,
of Philip the younger, and of Volusianns, whose to what extent, as he conceives, each may safely
respective fathers heaped the honours of the be adopted, or should prudently be rejected.
consulate and the tribunitian power, with the And having fully and impartially delivered his
titles of Caasar, Impcrator, Augustus, and judgment on the sentiments of other learned
Pontifex Maximns, on these hcardless boys men, he next proceeds to state his own, which
of theirs, in disordered haste and in “much are in substance as follows:—That the tri
admired confusion.” ' bunilian power of the emperors, from Augusta:
The irihunitian power customarily renewed to ./lflloninus Pius, was renewed yearly, on
year afler _1/ear.——As the poleslar trihunitia, Ihe same day of the year on which it mu first
conjoined to the title of emperor, was some conferred ; and that from Antonina: Pius down
thing like u foundation or basis of government; to Gallienua, it was renewed on the kalends
and as he who bore it was either a reigning of January, in each _1/ear.
prince, or an appointed successor to the sove Rulesfor illustratiny the mode of rem*ural.—
rcignty—so each of those princes, in his turn In exhibiting the grounds of proof on which his
was pleased, from the day of this power being doctrine rcsts, Eckhel lays down the following
bestowed upon him, to take that (if such an seven reyulte, viz. :—l. That coins are the
expression be allowable) as an epochs, from Burest testimony to rely npon in the attempt to
which to date his admission into the supreme investigate the method of renewing the tribnni
government. For what, says Dion, on this tian power.—2. That no coins, however, are to
point? “They (the emperors) assume the whole he admitted as evidence, in the course of resmreh
tribunitian power, in the most enlarged degree on this branch of the subject, but such as are of
in which it was ever exercised; and they reckon clear and acknowledged genninencss.——3. That
according to that the succeeding years of their the testimony of marbles, in the case of the
reign, as though they had accepted it yearly tribunitian power, is uncertain.—-4. That it is
with the tribnnes of the peoplc.”—Nothing, not the adverse tenour of some few monumental
however, is more common than to see, on inscriptions, although of unquestionable antiquity,
coins and on marbles, the tribunitian power and supported by the best authority, which can
of each prince so numbered as to increase a overturn an opinion confirmed by sure and
unit every year. For we see the tribunitian abundant numismatie proofs.——5. That wherever
power, and its number, inscribed on the public the emperors are found to have renewed the
monuments of Augustus; yet the same Augustus, tribunitian power on any day within the same
on the celebrated monument at Ancyra (a town Julian year after the kalcnds of January, it is
of Galatia, now Ancyre), which sets forth a most certainlyshown that the tribunates were
train of achievements performed by himself, conjoined with the consulates.-—-6. That if em
has marked out their dates, not only from the perors have renewed the tribnnitian power with
consulships, but also from the tribunitian power. the Julian year, it was doubtless renewed on
For instance, in recounting the different con the very day on which it had been first reccivcd,——
_qi/rria (or gifts either in corn or inmoney) which 7. That on coins of those emperors the tribu
he had caused to be distributed, the time is nitian power never alters, within one and the
noted to have been TBJBVNITIA rorssrarr. same Julian year; thence it is certain it was
nvonncrrrvn; and presently after rnravsrrran renewed in the January kalends.
POTESTATIS nvom-zvrcssurvn cousvr. Xll. Having with copious citations and apposite
Thus, when Augustus departed this lite, his last examples supported the above rules for ascer
tribnnitian power was xxxvrr.—From this one taining the mode ot renewing the tribnnitian
may easily perceive how much the numbers of power, and for avoiding those errors into which
the tribunitian power, if correctly described and an incautious handling of the -matter in question
known, contribute as well to fix the chronology has led some even of the most learned men,
of the emperors, as to reconcile certain acts and Eckhel goes on to adduce a perfect series of
events with their dates in each reign. evidences from such numismatic monuments as
Zbibunitian power-opinions as to the mode are themselves of undoubted authenticity to cor
qf its renewal to the enrperor:.—-Eckhel then roborate his opinion, as already stated—namcl_v,
adverts to the ditfcreut opinions which, in the that from the reign of Augustus (A.V.C. 727) to
application of their great erndition and intel that of Antoninus (a.v.c. 891, a.n. 138) this
lectual acutencss to this point of research, have fictitious renewal of the tribunitian power was
been advanced by various eminent antiquarics— accustomed to be made to each emperor on the
from amongst these he selects two opinions anniversary of the day on which he first received
as appearing to him the most probable, it; and that from the eighth year of Antonina:
namely,—lst, that of Onuphrius Panvinius Pius as far as Gallienus (A.D. 253), both inclu
(De Civil. Rom. c. 60), who contends that sive, it was renewed each year in the January
ihe tfibunitian power was renewed yearly, on lralends, whatever might have been the day on
the day on which it war first received; and which the prince was first invested with it. This
2ndly, that of Nicholas Toinard, who thinks opinion, however, he does not give as incon
that it was repeated yearly, on the IVth idea of testible: on the contrary, he acknowledges that
 TRIBUNITIAN POWER. TRIBUNITIAN POWER. 809
it does not serve to explain all the various com A different way was adopted by the Greeks,
binations of dates, without exception, that pre in marking the year of an emperor's reign,
sent themselves on Roman medals; but he on meda.ls—viz., by A, B, I‘, &c., up to 9, for
regards it, and with apparent reasonableness and 1, 2, 3, &c., to 9; I for 10; Kfor 20, &e.;
justice, as more probable than any other. sometimes by ETOT2 or contracted ET. or ETO.,
Discontinuance qf the Tridunitian Power. preceding the nulrremls. In this class of im
Referring the reader to vol. viii. of our great perial medals, there is a tine and numerous
author's work above quoted, for a masterly suite, which were struck at Alexandria, in Egypt,
accumulation of monetal evidences, which occupy from Augustus to Diocletian, and which all bear
more than forty consecutive pages, we must the year of the reign of the ditferent Roman
content ourselves with subjoiuing a short extract emperors. For example, on the reverse of s
from the remarks with which he concludes his medal of Trajan, the Nile appears under the
own faithful, accurate, and judicious treatment figure of an old man, and on the exergne
of a subject peculiarly beset with contlicting of the same coin is inscribed L. A. or the
ditliculties ;—“ As we have traced (says he) this fourth year of that princ-c‘s reign. [See the
custom of mentioning, on Roman coins and word ur1.r:.]
other monuments, the tribunitian power, nud of TR. P.—'l‘R. PO.-—TR. PO'l‘.—TRI.POT.——
enumerating its renewal, from its rise and TRIB. P.—'l‘R1B. POT.-—TRIBVN1C. P. or
POT or Pf)'I‘E§'l‘.—TRIBVNICIA, or TRI.
through its progress, it remains for us to mark
that period of the lower empire when, having BVNITIA POTESTATE.-—We see this record
previously become less and less frequent, the of the Tribunitian power, gencr-ally more or less
practice at length entirely ceascd.——Wc find that abbreviated, though on some few medallions at
Constantine the Great was the last emperor who full length, either with or without the addition of
inscribed it on his coinage. But on marbles it a number, and either followed or not by a similar
continued in use some time after the reign of record of the Consulate (c0s.) and of the lur
Constantine; for there are lapidary inscriptions peratorship (ram), on coins of the imperial
extant, which exhibit this dignity as still added series from Augustus to Gallienus, and from
to the imperial titles of Julian, Vnlentiuian, and Gallienus to Constantine the Great.—The fol
Gratian. In the lowest age of the Augustan lowing list of the renewals of the Tr-ibunitiau
history (including Justinns I_.) instead of Tm power, by each emperor respectively, is drawn
BVNITIA P(7l'l~2S‘l‘ATE 1. 11. 111., &c., we see arvuo from Eckhel's catalogue of the Cazsarean cabinet
I. 11. 111., &e., inscribed for a time on coins of at Vienna, collated with and completed from
the imperial series, to mark the year of each the same autlror’s later and greater work, his
prince's reign.” I Dactrina Numorum Velerum :— _
Augustus .. ........... .. TB. P._1.* 11. (year of Rome 731-32; before Christ 24-23) to xxavr.
_ _ and xxxvrr. (v.c. 767; after Christ 14.)
116erma.......'.. TR. P.‘ (for the first time, v.c. 748.)—'ra. 1>.v1. (v.c. 757; after Christ -11)
to xxxvnr. (v.c. 790, a.n. 37.)
CaIi_quIzz..... TR. P. 1. 11. (v.c.791-92, a.n. 38-39)—'ra. r. 111. rm. (793-94.,a.n.4-0-41.)
Claudius ..... TR. P. 11. (v.c. 794-5, s.n. 41-42) to x111. and "xiv. (v.c. 806-807,
s.n. 53-54.)
Nero
New-a..............
Dorzzitianmr
Otho
Vilelliua
Galba
Vespasian.............
.. . ~—- 1. 11. (807-808, a.n. 54-55) to xm. X1111. (B20-821, s.1>. 67-68.)
simply—(82l, A.D. 68.)
simply—(821, a.n. 68-69.)
(S22, A.D. 69.)
. 1. 11. (822-823, 4.1). 69-70) to rx. x. (881-882.)
r. 11. (82-11,825, 11.1). 71-72) to x. xr. (884, a.n. 81.)
1. 11. (year of Rome 824-825, /1.11.71-72) to xv.xv1. (84.9, 11.1). 96.)
I. I1. (849-850,851, 4.1). 96-97-98.)—Some ehro
nologers have assigned, on numismatic authority, a third tribunate

Hadriarzzu...
Trajrmua llll
. ..... .