Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BAHASA INGGRIS
Disusun Oleh:
N1A119053
1E
UNIVERSITAS JAMBI
2019
1. Avian influenza diplomacy
News of the nationwide barrage of bird flu in various print media has given the impression of the
extent and magnitude of this problem. The public is widely invited to worry and be afraid of this bird flu
case. As a result, it is not only felt by the community itself, but the world of animal husbandry that is
considered the bearer of the plague is also burdened. The case in Indonesia shows that bird flu actually
afflicts many common people and not cage workers. That if we further identify it becomes a big question.
Is it so easy for the H5N1 virus to move to humans or are there other factors in cases of human death
while bird flu is only a driving force towards death? This virus actually does not make humans a habitat
for life. This means that optimal growth in chickens, ducks and other poultry. To be able to move to
humans is still a big question mark whether through intermediaries or directly. Please note that this virus
needs attachment media so that it is unable to fly through the air directly into the respiratory tract. So
excessive concern is not needed as long as people are accustomed to cleaning their bodies after contacting
poultry with detergents.
Why big?
Cases of bird flu in other countries are not as large as in Indonesia. It is interesting to be a
material for study and reflection on whether government policies are correct in controlling bird flu cases
or vice versa. In controlling this problem there are actually two big problems. First is the technical
problem of coping and second is diplomacy.
In the era before SBY, although there were already known cases of bird flu, the pattern of
handling tended to only be carried out by the relevant departments. The advantage is that the problem
does not extend to the media widely. The disadvantage is that the funds are very limited, so the settlement
is not complete. In the era of SBY's administration, the president was drawn to participate in completing
it. With the increase in the case of bird flu to RI1 then inevitably the reporting of bird flu cases became
big news. So that every flu accompanied by fever and shortness is always associated with bird flu,
although not yet positively affected by H5N1. As a result, people are increasingly worried. Even though
problems in the tropics like Indonesia, respiratory tract infections are ranked high. As a result the
diagnoses are the general public and the mass media by asking to and fro. Because it is not certain, finally
reported as suspect bird flu. Of course this does not solve the problem but it is detrimental in the pattern
of national bird flu control and control. In addition to the losses, of course there are benefits obtained for
example funding from the international world so that it becomes a big work and a big project for certain
agencies and people. Large funds are also useful for overcoming bird flu in a comprehensive and
sustainable manner. Unfortunately, until now the bird flu problem has no sign of ending.
For this reason, there are two approaches that the government should be able to immediately take,
namely one side with bird flu diplomacy and the other side technical countermeasures by the relevant
departments. The diplomatic step that can be taken by the government and should be SBY or JK because
the problem is already so big is to immediately provide information that bird flu is not a big problem and
the way it is transmitted to humans is not easy.
Cases of death in the world which is still around 150 is still very far compared to human deaths
due to HIV in the United States alone reached 18,017 people in 2003 from 43,171 HIV patients. SBY had
to voice in an international forum that Indonesia was able to independently cope with bird flu cases.
Indications that occur with cases of bird flu raised to the international world so that it is "pitied", making
the case really scary and worrying.
2. MIXED
The end of 2018 concluded with a shocking report released by the Government of the Philippines
and WHO about the outbreak of measles in the country. The number of cases reached 17,298 during
January-November 2018, which is an increase of more than 350% compared to the same period the
previous month. Earlier this year the outbreak was reported to have spread, covering seven regions in the
Philippines, including Manila. Fifty-seven deaths were reported from Lazaro Hospital, a government-
owned hospital in Manila. In 2014 the Philippines experienced a measles outbreak covering 58,010 cases
and 110 deaths.
Measles is a contagious infection caused by a virus. Before measles immunization was promoted,
measles was one of the endemic diseases that caused the most deaths each year. This disease generally
attacks children, although it can also occur in adults who have never been affected in childhood. This
disease is caused by a virus in the Paramyxovirus family which is usually transmitted through direct
contact with sufferers or by air. The virus infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the
body. Specific symptoms of this disease are reddish skin rashes that appear 7-14 days after exposure and
can last for 4-10 days. In children, this disease can cause deadly serious complications if not treated
properly. The most common complication is vomiting. What is worrisome is complications to the lungs in
the form of pneumonia (pneumonia). The child will have difficulty breathing and shortness of breath.
Other fatal complications of encephalitis are inflammation of the brain that causes children to experience
seizures and decreased consciousness. Children can also experience bleeding and thrombocytopenia, but
this is rare. Back to the outbreak in the Philippines, why did this happen when so many other countries
had declared themselves free of measles? The opposition and several public health experts accuse the
government of Dengvaxia's dengue vaccination program being carried out in 2016. The program includes
vaccinating 800,000 elementary students without prior screening. Several cases of fatal dengue infection
are associated with this vaccination. In November 2017, the vaccine maker Sanofi announced that for
those who have never been infected with dengue, giving the vaccine can cause disease severity. The
dengue vaccination program was finally postponed, and there were demands for policy makers and
Sanofi. Public health experts see this as a bad precedent that decreases public confidence in vaccination.
Dengue has an interesting feature, which has been known for a long time, namely cases laden
with bleeding, not just a primary infection, but the result of a cross reaction with a different virus
serotype. What is meant by serotype is the difference in the reaction of the virus with human antibodies in
the blood. Known serotypes include four types, called DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. That is, if a
child is infected for the first time such as DEN-1, then the risk for bleeding increases. Dengvaxia in this
case contains all dengue serotypes.
In people who are already infected (seropositive), giving this vaccine will provide protection for
secondary infections with severe symptoms. However, in people who have never been infected
(serobegative), it may make the secondary infection worse. In endemic areas, where seropositive can be
more than 90% like the Philippines, this vaccine in the perspective of the population still provides
benefits, reducing hospitalization and mortality. The Philippines has several fatal cases that are suspected
of being related to giving this vaccine to seronegative children. WHO now recommends giving this
vaccine only to subjects known to have suffered from dengue infection before (by serological screening).
The Dengvaxia case has reduced Filipino trust in the vaccination program. A study conducted by
Led from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), noted a decrease from 93% in
2015 to 32% in 2018, for approval to be vaccinated. As for perceptions about vaccine safety, the decline
occurred more dramatically from 82% in 2015 to only 22% in 2018. Thus it can be understood that the
coverage of basic vaccinations in the Philippines nationally in 2017 is only 70%.
As a country that has many similarities with the Philippines, Indonesia needs to learn a lot from
the cases above. First, many parts of Indonesia are dengue endemic areas, even Jakarta and several major
cities have experienced a significant increase in cases these days. The use of vaccines for dengue is not
yet discussed, but the experience of the Philippines related to dengue vaccine is a learning lesson. If
considered for vaccination, serological screening must be a prerequisite. In humanitarian ethics, however,
a protection program must not put the subject (seronegative) at risk. Loss of support of public trust in fatal
vaccinations for the achievement of herd immunity.
Second, Indonesia as a Muslim-majority country, has been shaken by MUI's illicit fatwa on the
MR vaccine (for measles and rubella), because it was considered to contain pork products, in 2018. Data
shows the coverage of the rubella vaccine in Java until November 2018 was only 68%, even in Aceh it
was reported to be only 8%. Vaccine coverage is safe at 90-95%, vaccination coverage of this magnitude
is needed to create herd immunity, ie an environment or community that is resistant to a particular type of
disease due to vaccines. The provinces with vaccination coverage reaching 90% are likely only 15
provinces out of a total of 34 provinces in Indonesia. The last measles outbreak that was reported in
Indonesia was in Asmat Regency, Papua, late 2017 to 2018. The crisis involved 71 children died and at
least 800 people were hospitalized. Although conditions in Papua are indeed different from geographic
difficulties and malnutrition, from a public health perspective, if herd immunity is not achieved, we are in
fact at great risk for an outbreak.
Maintaining Environmental Health is an obligation for every individual, in addition to being a gift
given by the creator to his servant, Environmental Health must be maintained so that our families avoid
disease. Because health is priceless. Sometimes when we are healthy, we forget the blessings and when
we are sick we only realize and feel that health is really very valuable.
A healthy body can be obtained from exercising regularly, consuming nutritious food, and a
healthy and clean environment. A healthy environment is sometimes we often do not pay attention to
because of busy work so that the environment is not kept clean. As a result of an unhealthy environment
can cause various diseases, one of which is worrying is dengue fever (DHF) because it can cause death.
Environmental cleanliness is a state free from dirt, including in it, dust, garbage, and odors. In Indonesia,
the problem of environmental cleanliness has always been a debate and a growing problem. Cases
involving environmental hygiene problems are increasing every year.
We must know about the benefits of maintaining environmental hygiene, because maintaining
environmental hygiene is very useful for all of us because it can create a safe, clean, cool and healthy life.
There are many more benefits of maintaining environmental cleanliness, and therefore we must
realize the importance of environmental cleanliness starting from our own homes, for example, diligently
sweeping the yard, diligently cleaning the sewers of our homes, throwing trash in its place, there are still
many more. The environment will be better if everyone is aware and responsible for environmental
cleanliness, because it must be instilled early on, even at school we are taught to always live clean. Even
in Islam we are taught to always live clean, because cleanliness is part of faith. In addition to the things
stated above, we must also support each other so that our goals in maintaining a healthy environmental
together can be achieved, so that illnesses or unwanted things do not occur in the future, and so that our
environment can still be enjoyed until our children and grandchildren someday. The following tips and
tricks for keeping the environment clean:
1. Starting from yourself by giving examples to the community how to maintain environmental
cleanliness.
2. Always involve influential community leaders to give direction to the community on the importance of
maintaining environmental cleanliness.
3. Include young people to actively participate in maintaining environmental cleanliness.
4. Expand the trash around your environment;
5. Hire environmental cleaners by giving appropriate rewards every month.
6. Socialize to the community to get used to sorting household waste into organic and non-organic waste.
7. Learn compost making technology from organic waste so that it can be reused for fertilizer;
8. Creative, by making souvenirs or crafts using trash.
9. Set a schedule for community service activities to clean the environment.
7. Nutrition
All living things need food to survive. It gives us energy for everything we do. It also gives the
body what it needs to repair muscles, organs, and skin. Food helps us fight dangerous diseases. It's
important to eat a variety of foods to stay healthy. Nutrition is the science related to food and how the
body uses it.
Starch must be broken down into sugar before our bodies can use it. They are found in beans,
bread, potatoes, cereals, corn, pasta, peas, and potatoes. They give our body a constant supply of energy.
• Fat
Our body needs small amounts of fat. Fat consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. They store
vitamins and produce fatty acids. We need this acid to produce cell membranes.
Fat can come from animals or plants. They are present in meat and dairy products, such as butter
and cheese. Other types of fat are vegetable oils, nuts or seeds.
Too much saturated fat produces high cholesterol, a waxy material made by the body. It starts to
build up in the walls of blood vessels and can block blood as it flows through our body.
• Protein
Protein is one of the most important building blocks of our body. Muscles, skin and hair, for
example, are made of protein.
Proteins are complex molecules made from amino acids. The body can produce some of them
ourselves, but we must get others from food. Protein is in cheese, eggs, fish, meat, milk, and beans, peas,
and beans.
• Minerals
Minerals needed for growth. They are inorganic, not made of living things. Our body needs
various amounts of different minerals. Calcium and magnesium, for example, are important for bones and
teeth. We also need a little iron. This is a component of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to red blood
cells. Fluorine or zinc is another mineral that we need in very small amounts. They are called trace
elements.
• Vitamins
Our body needs various vitamins to stay healthy. Each of them does a different job. Vitamin A,
for example, helps the growth of skin and hair. Vitamin C is needed to fight infection. Vitamin D helps
the growth of bones and teeth
Proper diet
The key to staying healthy is eating the right foods. Nutritionists recommend eating according to
the food guide pyramid. It has five parts. You have to eat a lot of the bottom, but only a little of the top.
Food guide
1. Be careful with your weight. Obesity can cause health problems.
2. Exercise every day. This helps the body burn calories and fat that you don't need.
3. Eat a lot of grain products
4. Be careful not to eat foods that have too much saturated fat and cholesterol
5. Don't eat too much sugar. Foods and drinks high in sugar have lots of calories but not a lot of
nutrients.
6. Don't put too much salt on your food. This can cause high blood pressure.
7. Include fiber in your food. This helps food move in your body.
8. Beware of alcoholic drinks. They have a lot of calories but do not have nutrients.
9. Store and cook food properly so they don't lose nutritional value
Nutrition and disease
Around the world, people suffer from diseases caused by eating the wrong foods or not eating
enough. In developing countries, deficiency disease arises when people do not get proper nutrition.
Kwashiorkor is a disease that occurs if your body does not get enough protein. Marasmus occurs in young
children who do not get enough calories every day. They become weak, thin, and often die. Illness often
occurs if you are deficient in vitamins. Not enough vitamin D, for example, can cause bone disease.
In industrialized countries, people often suffer from overeating. Too much fat and cholesterol in
your body can cause heart disease, obesity, and cancer. High cholesterol levels can make your arteries
narrow. The result may be high blood pressure, heart attack or stroke.
Lack of certain minerals can also cause disease. Not enough iron in your food reduces the ability
of blood to make red blood cells, which are needed to carry oxygen throughout our bodies.
Meeting the needs of body fluids by consuming water is highly recommended. This needs to be
done because our body composition is dominated by water or liquid. Therefore, we are recommended to
consume at least eight glasses of water a day to meet the needs of fluids in the body. Behind the
obligation to meet the intake of water or fluids in the body, not many people pay attention to how to drink
water that is good and right. Why is it really necessary to drink water that is good and right? This is
needed to be able to get the maximum benefit from consuming water. Yes, can not be careless in
consuming water. Often considered trivial, it turns out there are some wrong habits that are often done
when drinking water.
• Drinking Too Much Water
Not only lack of drinking water that can endanger health. It turns out that excessive drinking of water can
also have a negative impact on health. In human kidneys, it is only able to accommodate and process 800
- 1,000 ml of water per hour. So, if you consume too much water, it will cause your kidneys to work so
hard that the sodium level in the blood is not balanced. This condition is usually called water poisoning. If
it is too severe, it can cause brain damage, coma, and even death.
• Drink too much before going to bed
Thirst before bedtime is natural because the body wants to prevent dehydration. As it is known that when
sleeping at night, we will not get any fluid intake in a long time so that it will be more susceptible to this
condition. It's just that, while sleeping, the body will also slow down various functions of the body's
organs, including the kidneys. This will have a major effect on urine production which also decreases and
makes us able to survive until the morning does not urinate. Different conditions occur if you consume
too much water before going to sleep. The body will find it difficult to slow down the kidney's
performance because there is a lot of fluid that must be processed. This will make the urine production
will be abundant, making us often wake up at night to urinate. Although it looks like a natural
consequence due to drinking too much, in reality nocturia can have a far worse effect. For example,
disturbing the quality of sleep becomes dramatically decreased. Then this will affect memory,
concentration, and mood after waking up in the morning.
• Drink While Standing
When you drink while standing, it will make nutrients wasted. Because the water that flows into the body
will be very fast to the risk of disruption of lung function, heart, kidneys, and bladder. In addition, oxygen
levels will also be disrupted and the body will easily feel stressed and experience tension.
• Frequently Consuming Cold Water
If you have a habit of drinking cold water, then for now you can start avoiding it. The reason is, by
consuming cold water makes your body vulnerable and susceptible to diseases such as flu. In addition, the
habit of drinking cold water or ice can also trigger migrants. Therefore, many suggestions begin to appear
to drink warm water or water with normal temperatures so as not to disturb your health.
• Drink Water in the Middle of Eating
Another bad habit of drinking water that can interfere with the health of the body is accustomed to
drinking in between meals. Yes, drinking between meals is not recommended because it can adversely
affect the body's digestive process. This is because the incoming drinking water will thin the digestive
enzymes and stomach acid. This can cause stomach acid to spread in the stomach and the digestion
process will be disrupted because food becomes difficult to digest.
About 10 out of 8 adults love coffee drinking habits. Coffee is a drink that comes from ground
coffee beans. There are many types of coffee, ranging from robusta coffee, badger coffee and so forth.
Aside from being useful as a sleep remedy and a body warmer drink, coffee also has other benefits for
skin health and beauty.
Wajahjerawat.com revealed that coffee contains substances in the form of carbohydrates,
glycosides, minerals, amino acids, protein, caffeine, aliphatic acid / carboxylic acid, trigoneline,
chlorogenic acid and many others. [1] Apart from being able to nourish the body, all of these ingredients
also have the ability to nourish the skin because coffee also has benefits for the skin, especially on the
face.
The benefits of coffee for the face have also been proven, because there are several spas and
facial treatments that have used coffee for facial masks. As quoted from Benefit.com, the benefits offered
by coffee for facial skin are as follows:
7 Benefits of Coffee for the Skin
• Overcoming Acne Problems
Coffee grounds can be used as a facial scrub to overcome the problem of acne by making the acne dry
faster, thus avoiding the problem of inflammatory acne.
• Eliminating Blackheads
In addition to acne, a problem that often stops by facial skin is blackheads. Blackheads occur because the
face has excess oil content, oily face used as a suitable place for blackheads. To overcome the problem of
blackheads, can be done by using coffee pulp masks regularly.
• Disguise Acne Scars
Both coffee grounds and coffee grounds, when applied to each face have the ability to disguise black
spots from acne scars and black spots. This is because coffee has the ability to remove dead skin cells.
• Brighten Facial Skin
In coffee there are antioxidants that function to lift dead skin cells that accumulate due to free radicals.
Thus, the face will look brighter and free from dull skin.
• Controlling Excess Oil Content
The next benefit of coffee is that, when used as a face mask, it can routinely control the excess oil content
on the face so that the face looks cleaner, flash-free and avoid acne.
• Shrinking the Pores of the Facial Skin
If used as a face mask on a regular basis, coffee can shrink the pores of the face so that it can make the
skin free from the problem of acne and blackheads. Keep in mind, one of the causes of the growth of
pimples and blackheads on facial skin is caused by pores that are clogged by dirt and excessive fat
excretion.
• Moisturizes and Smoothes the Skin
Coffee used as a face mask and natural facial scrubs on a regular basis can make the skin become
moisturized and smoother.
As we all know, vitamins are very important when it comes to keeping your heart healthy. You
need to eat the right foods of course, although you also need food supplements that you eat with the
vitamins that your body needs to stay in shape and keep your heart working healthy for a long time to
come. If you don't consume the right nutrition, you won't do your heart every favor - and may end up
having problems later on.
The first vitamin that comes to mind for most people is vitamin E, a vitamin that is important for
improving the overall health of your heart. When taken properly, vitamin E will stop cholesterol in the
body from harming the arteries that surround the heart. Whenever cholesterol oxidizes, it sticks to the
sides of the arteries and can cause blockages that can cause heart attacks or other serious problems with
the liver. To help you keep your heart healthy, most doctors recommend that you take additional
supplements that contain vitamin E. They might also suggest that you eat foods that are naturally rich in
vitamin E, such as nuts. Beans have a high amount of vitamin E, and most of them taste great. You can
find other foods that contain vitamin E too, although nuts have the highest amount.
In the past, research has shown Vitamin E to help those who have suffered the wrath of a heart
attack. This vitamin helps prevent future heart attacks by opening arteries and removing blockages. Those
who have had heart attacks in the past are always encouraged to add more vitamin E to their diet. What
many don't realize, is the fact that you can use vitamin C to enhance the effects of vitamin E. Vitamin C is
known as an antioxidant, which prevents the damaging effects that cholesterol has on the body.
(www.batutermahal.com) Along with preventing cholesterol from damaging the body, vitamin C also
helps vitamin E with that function - like protecting your arteries and liver.
By taking both vitamins C and E as a combination, you will be well on your way to a healthy
heart. Overall, this is the easiest way that you can be sure you have not damaged your heart, especially if
you have had a heart attack in the past. If you have a history of heart disease or heart problems in your
family, this vitamin is very important for your diet. Even if you only care about your heart health, this
vitamin will provide peace of mind in knowing that you eat for a healthy heart. As far as your dose goes,
it will vary from person to person, although 400 international units of vitamins E and C are the
recommended amounts for most people. On its own, vitamin C can be tolerated in large doses, without
imposing harmful effects. You can take about 500 mg twice a day, and make sure that your heart stays
healthy. To be on the safe side, you must always ensure that you get the right amount of vitamins in your
daily diet. Taking additional vitamins and supplements is not a bad idea, especially if you are trying to
improve your heart health. Your heart is one of the most important organs in your body, which is why you
should always take care of it. If you eat the right diet and take the necessary vitamins - you will be well
on your way to keeping your heart healthy.