Pression 270415

COMPRESSION
Technical Sharing Knowledge

ECP/PRO
zales / Total
© Thierry Gonz
CONTENT
● Compressor Types and Drivers

● Compressor Selection
● Compression Terminology
● Compression Process Design
● Operational and Safety Aspect of Compression
● Other Technology
● Case Study
● R f
References
Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 2

COMPRESSION
● Compressors are considered to be steady-flow machinery to

transfer energy by dynamic means from a rotating impeller or
through the application of additional mechanical force to the
continuously flowing fluid (gas), from suction pressure to discharge
pressure.
● Isothermal compression: a process during which there is no
change in temperature.
● Isentropic (adiabatic) compression: a process in which no heat is
added or removed from the system.
system
● Polytropic compression: a process which includes heat transfer
with constant energy transfer ratio.
COMPRESSION
● Theoretical compression curve
● An isothermal process must occur very

slowly to keep the temperature in the
gas constant.
● The adiabatic process must occur very
rapidly without any flow of energy in or
out of the system.
● In practice,
practice most compression
processes are somewhere in between,
which is polytropic

COMPRESSOR TYPES
COMPRESSOR TYPES - CENTRIFUGAL
● The gas flow enters the impeller in an axial direction and exits in a radial direction
● Well adapted to medium and high gas flowrates, but not suitable for low flowrates
● Most frequently used in the oil and gas processing units
en.wikipedia.org

COMPRESSOR TYPES - AXIAL
● The characteristic feature of an axial compressor is the axial direction of flow through
the machine
● Generallyy smaller and significantly
g y more efficient than comparable
p centrifugal
g
compressors
● Requires more stages than a centrifugal due to the lower pressure rise per stage
● The axial compressor’s capital cost is usually higher than centrifugal compressor
aryanfar.blogfa.com
COMPRESSOR TYPES - RECIPROCATING
● Consist in one or more cylinders, each fitted with a piston or

plunger that moves back and forth, displacing a positive
volume with each stroke
● Widely used for small to medium flowrates where the
compression ratio is high aermech.com
● Lack of flexibility in flowrate (well adapted to low flowrates

only)
● Can easily compress a wide range of gas densities and
quickly adjust to varying pressure conditions
● Cannot satisfactorily handle liquids and solid particles that
may be entrained in the gas
● High level of vibration and pulsations caused by the piston
movement
● Reduced reliability and more frequent maintenance (back
(back-up
up
required), within a short interval, because of the many sliding
and wearing parts inside

COMPRESSOR TYPES - ROTARY
● Having a casing with one or more rotating elements that either mesh with each other
such as lobes or screws, or which displace a fixed volume with each rotation.
● Because of their limited discharge
g ppressure p
performance these compressors
p are not
frequently used in the oil and gas industry, notwithstanding certain special applications
and the fact that their reliability factor and flow regularity is generally higher than for a
reciprocating machine
● Can propel gases at a wide range of flowrates,
flowrates but are not suitable for high pressures
www.hvaceducationaustralia.com aermech.com
COMPRESSOR TYPES - EJECTOR
● Ejector: Piece of pipe with side connection and special internal

shape dedicated to transfer energy from one flow to another.
- Ejectors use
se a high press
pressure
re flfluid
id to compress lo
low press
pressure
re flfluid
id to an
intermediate pressure.
- Operation of ejectors is based on Bernoulli’s Principle, stating: “When the
speed of a fluid increases
increases, its pressure decreases and vice versa”
versa .
Discharge
HP Motive
Fluid
Fluid
www.rahejaecotech.com
LP Suction
Fluid

EJECTOR PRINCIPLE
● 1st step
● 2nd step
● 3rd step
● 4th stepp
TYPICAL EJECTOR CURVES
● The motive flow must have:

- A higher flowrate than the suction flow (at least 40% more)
- A higher pressure than the suction flow (at least 2.5 times)

COMPRESSION SELECTION
DRIVER TYPES
● Electric motor
- Limits the operation of the compressor due to constant and low speed
- Not recommended in remote areas
● Gas engine
- Limited power capacity. Their use is thus restricted to small compressors (not
recommended to drive centrifugal compressors)
● Gas turbine
- Power output is limited at a reduced speed. It is not recommended to drive reciprocating
compressors because of speed-reducing gears
● Steam turbine
- Variable speed capability that allows more control of the compressor capacity or
discharge pressure
● Turboexpander
- Generally linked to low temperatures process. High pressure gas is expanded to lower its
temperature
p and pproduce work that can be used to drive the compressor
p

COMPRESSION TERMINOLOGY
● Efficiency
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of work output to the work input to
d
develop
l th
the required
i dhhead.
d
- Polytropic Efficiency
• Only used for centrifugal or axial-flow compressors
• If no manufacturer information, can be estimated as follow:
- Adiabatic Efficiency
• The work of a compressor under ideal conditions (at constant entropy)
• Correlation between adiabatic and polytropic efficiency:
• In any case,
• Typical adiabatic efficiency of
a screw compressor will be in
the range of 70 to 80%
- Reciprocating Efficiency
• ηR = 0.8 may be considered as a first estimate if no manufacturer information
available
• For centrifugal compressors ηR = 1

● Surge
- Condition of minimum flow where the developed pressure is insufficient to
overcome the discharge system resistance,
resistance results in a flow reversal and
unstable operation
- Centrifugal compressor: the surge usually occurs below 50% to 70% of
rated flow at a given speed
- Axial compressor: the surge point is around 80% - 90% of rated flow
● Stonewall / Choke
- Occurs when the compressor is operating at very high flowrates and sonic
velocity is reached at any point in the compressor, hence the flow through
the compressor cannot be increased further
- Usually would not occur below 115% - 120% of rated capacity
● surge and stonewall lines on a performance curve

● Settle Out Pressure

- The settle out pressure is the equilibrium pressure reached between the
suction and discharge isolating valves of the compression train when the
compressor is stopped.
- The design pressure of the equipment and piping at compressor suction
shall be equal to or greater than the maximum settle out pressure in order
to prevent unnecessary PSV's lifting.
● Critical Speed
- The speed of the shaft which coincides with the natural frequency of the
system.
system
- A shaft that operates above its critical speed is known as a flexible shaft,
while a shaft operating below its critical speed is known as a rigid shaft.
- The operating speed of the shaft must be at least 15% away from its
critical speed.
- The maximum continuous speed (generally equal to 105 % of the nominal
speed)
- The first critical speed (between 70 to 80 % of nominal speed)

● Seal System
- Shaft seals are provided on all centrifugal compressors to limit, or completely
eliminate, ggas leakage g along g the shaft where it p
passes through
g the casing
g
- Types of seal:
1. Labyrinth (gas)
A stream of “seal gas” is injected into each labyrinth shaft seal at a pressure
hi h th
higher than th
thatt off th
the process gas.
2. Liquid (oil)
The seal consists in two sleeves which run at close clearance to the shaft
with a liquid injected between the sleeves to flow to the seal extremities
3. Mechanical seal
A mechanical gas seal uses the process gas as working fluid to eliminate the
seal oil system.
4. Lubrification and seal-oil systems
Lubrication and seal-oil systems may be furnished as combined into one
system, or as one lubrication system having booster pumps to increase the
pressure of only the seal oil to the required sealing level.
Presentation title - Place and Country - Date Month Day Year 21
● Seal Leakage
- Depending on the seal type and operating pressure, gas seal leakage can
be between 62 to 480 NL/min
- Typical figures of gas seal leakage versus rotational speed
speed, seal size or
operating pressure for centrifugal compressor

TYPICAL COMPRESSION PACKAGE
● Compressors
● Drivers
● Scrubbers
● Air Coolers
● Skid
● Pressure Relief Valve for each stage
● Blowdown Valve
● Bl k V
Block Valves
l (S
(Suction
ti and
d Di
Discharge)
h )
● Check Valves

COMPRESSION PROCESS DESIGN
● Design Criteria
- Design Flowrate
- Gas Characteristic
- Suction and Discharge Condition (Pressure, Temperature)
● Calculation Procedure
- Determine suction condition (gas composition, pressure, temperature,
flowrate)
- Compression type selection and number of stage
- Determine approximate discharge gas temperature
- Determine approximate compression power
- Determine design condition of system
• Design Temperature : based on GS-EP-ECP-103
• Design Pressure : based on Settle Out Pressure

COMPRESSOR SELECTION GUIDE
Note (*):
- The minimum allowable flowrate of a
centrifugal compressor is a function of the
diffuser width of the last wheel. The latter
shall be greater than 2.8 m/s
- The maximum allowable flowrate of a
centrifugal compressor is limited by the gas
velocity at compressor flange main
connection. The latter shall be lower than
28 m/s
● Compression Stages
- Compression ratio CR is defined by the relation:
- Multistage compression: for compression ratios higher than 3.5 to 4.

- Reasons for providing process compression staging are:
• Limitation of the compressor discharge temperature
• Possibility to insert side streams in the compression sequence at intermediate
pressures levels (such as in refrigeration systems)
• Reduction of compressor stage inlet temperature (less work required for a given
pressure ratio)
• Satisfaction of mechanical differential pressure and pressure ratio limitations
(axial thrust load for instance)

● Calculate Discharge Temperature

- Simulation method: Mollier method
• Di
Discharge
h ttemperature
t will
ill b
be estimated
ti t d bby simulation
i l ti program b based
d on
adiabatic or polytropic efficiency. (value of ηa or ηp between 0.75 and 0.82)
• Outlet condition computed with the selected adiabatic or polytropic efficiency
shall not exceed 160 °C
- Manual calculation: “n” method

• Suitable for the fluid closely approximates a "perfect gas" (air, nitrogen, oxygen)
• Not applicable for discharge pressure > 50 bars
• Discharge gas absolute temperature TD is calculated with the following relation:
where
• The molar specific heat capacity (MCp)i of component i is calculated at the

average suction and discharge temperature Tm

“N” METHOD
● Iteration step
● Calculate Compression Power

- Mollier method
The actual compression power and actual discharge gas enthalpy are
determined by the program with the following equations:
- “n” method
With the "n" method the compression power is calculated with the following
relations:
l ti
where

● Shaft Power
- Considering the mechanical power losses due to friction in bearings, seals
and speed increasing gears
gears.
where
• η is the mechanical efficiency.
m
• f is the leak factor, in %. (for centrifugal compressors)
● Driver Shaft Power

- The driver shall develop enough power to compensate for:
• Th
The possible
ibl under
d estimation
ti ti off the
th compressor shaft
h ft power calculated
l l t d as
above or specified by the compressor vendor.
• As per API RP 617 [6] the power stated by the compressor vendor is
guaranteed in the range
g g [[0; + 4 %].] It is therefore within normal design
g ppractice
to specify the driver so that it can deliver that extra 4 % if needed.
• The losses into the gearbox, when the compressor is driven through such a
device. The losses are in the range of 1.5 % to 4 % of the compressor shaft
power. .
power
where
• K = 0.04
API
• K = 0.015
0 015 tto 0
GB 0.04
04 ((when
h ththere iis a gearbox)
b )

● Settle Out Pressure Calculation
● Calculation Step:
- Determine the equivalent compressibility factor of the system
- Determine the equilibrium temperature at compressor shutdown
- Determine the settle out pressure

Other equipments to be designed

● Scrubbers
- The scrubber has to be fitted with a mesh pad to guarantee the absence of
any liquid particle in the gas.
- Design pressure shall not be less than the settle out pressure
- Design flowrate shall be maximum of (whichever is greater):
• 110% of the rated flowrate
• The flow which corresponds to the highest power which can be delivered by the
driver engine at maximum capacity
• The flow processed by the compressor at maximum capacity and maximum
continuous speed
● Heat Exchangers
- No special requirement. The design of heat exchangers and aircoolers is
further described in PRODEM chapters XIX-B
XIX B and XIX-D
XIX D
Other equipments to be designed

● PSV
- PSVs shall be provided at reciprocating compressor discharge
discharge.
- For centrifugal compressor, PSVs are required in case the piping and process
components at compressor discharge are not fully rated.
- PSVs to be located upstream of any cooler, that cannot be isolated from the
compressor
- The design of PSVs (Pressure Safety Valves) is further described in PRODEM
chapter XXXII-C
● ESD and Depressurisation

- In general, a trip of a compression train does not require an emergency
depressurisation, which would be even more detrimental to the compressor.
- Blowdown is required to protect the compressor in case seal failure, to avoid
uncontrolled gas leak.
- Blowdown requirement is available in PRODEM chapter XXXII-B

ESD AND DEPRESSURISATION IN BEKAPAI COMPRESSOR
ESD AND DEPRESSURISATION IN TCP COMPRESSOR

OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
1. Capacity control (or actual gas flow control) related to process

demand
- The following
follo ing process conditions can possibl
possibly change
change:
• Gas composition, and thus gas properties
• Well conditions (pressure, temperature, flowrate)
• Discharge process conditions (press
(pressure,
re temperat
temperature
re and flowrate)
flo rate) depending
on the modifications occurring downstream the compressor
• Compression ratio as a consequence of the suction and/or discharge pressure
changes
- In case of a flowrate and characteristics change, the control system should
respond by varying one or more of the followings:
• Speed  to hold a constant suction pressure
• Inlet pressure
• Inlet vane angle
• Spillback (recycle) flow
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
2. Surge control
 Surge can be avoided by maintaining the flow above the surge point.
 Flow - ∆P control is the most widely used protection systems
 It is recommended that bypass line take off to be located between the
compressor outlet and the discharge check valve.
 The
Th antisurge
i valve
l iis d
designed
i d to meet the
h ffollowing
ll i criteria:
i i
• Fast opening valve
• No shutdown valve or emergency shutdown valve must be present on the
antisurge line,
line so as to make sure the antisurge valve can open and protect the
compressor in case of shutdown

OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Typical control system of Compression Package

1. Variable Speed Control Compressor
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
2. Constant Speed Compressor

SAFETY ASPECTS
3. Equipment protection control

- Alarm and shutdown devices, divided into the four following categories:
• Start-up
St t / Shutdown
Sh td alarms
l
• Process alarm and shutdown
• Mechanical failure alarm and shutdown
• Lube
L b oilil and
d seall oilil systems
t alarms
l and
d shutdowns
h td
- Monitoring instruments, include pressure gauges, thermometers, level
gauges, sight glasses, flow recorders, differential indicators, and similar
devices
- Several causes for process alarm and shutdown:
SAFETY ASPECTS
● Safety devices that would be required to protect Compressor Unit

based on API 14C

OPERATIONAL ISSUES - CENTRIFUGAL
● 4. Equipment protection control
RECIPROCATING

MAIN ISSUE IN TOTAL ASSETS
● Prevention?
A process engineers,
As i we shall
h ll iindicate:
di t
- The expected pressures and flowrates throughout equipment life, so as to
foresee possible restaging
- Minimum and maximum molecular weight of the gases to be compressed,
because of the impact of this parameter on the absorbed power
OTHER TECHNOLOGY
● Multiphase pumps and wet gas compression

● CO2 compressors reinjection
● Utilities compression
● Refrigeration compression cycle
● Vacuum pumps

CO2 COMPRESSORS REINJECTION
● CO2 reinjection is one the major steps in the Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) process (refer to Prodem chapter XXXIII. Capture of
CO2).
CO2)
● Before being reinjected, CO2 needs to be compressed from slightly
above atmospheric pressure (2 bar abs) to around 150 bar abs. This
can usually be performed with one of the two following schemes:
- A 5 stages centrifugal compressor
- A 4 stages centrifugal compressor, compressing gas, plus a fifth stage
consisting in a pump increasing the supercritical CO2 pressure to its final
pressure before injection
● For clean gas applications such as CO2 reinjection, the maximum
discharge temperature of a centrifugal compressor shall be limited to
200°C (which is above typical maximum discharge temperature for
hydrocarbon applications)
REFRIGERATION COMPRESSION CYCLE
● A vapor compression expansion system can be used as a

refrigeration cycle (further detailed in PRODEM chapter IX Natural
Gas Liquids Recovery and chapter X Natural Gas Liquefaction)
● Compression ratio per wheel will vary on the order of 1.5 to 2.75 per
wheel depending on the refrigerant and speed.

CASE STUDY: BEKAPAI TEK-3000
3 MMscfd
3 MMscfd
7-8 MMscfd
7-8 MMscfd
10 11 MMscfd
10-11
Max. 1 L/MMscf
Liquid
3 MMscfd supplied
pp from ASV ≈ 3 bbl/day
y liquid
q ≈ 47 L/MMscf
CASE STUDY
● Problem identification:
- Bekapai TEK-3000 LP Compressor Frequent Shutdown due to Liquid Carry
Over
● Findings:
- No suction scrubber for LP Compressor
- Anti surge valve continuously open
● Recommendation:
- Minimize the inlet fluctuation flow therefore anti surge valve will not
continuously open
- Provide
P id suction i scrubber
bb ffor LP CCompressor (if possible)
ibl )
- Modification to tap anti surge line source from the common discharge of HP
Suction Scrubber (V-3010/V-3040)
• Drawback:
- Additional load to HP suction scrubber
• Way Forward: Further review on anti surge control system logic might be required
once the proposed modification has been implemented and to be confirmed by
compressor vendor

REFERENCES
● GS EP ECP 103 Rev 8 Process Sizing Criteria

● Prodem Chapter XXI : Compression
● API STD 617, 7th Edition Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and
Expander-compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry
Services
● GS EP MEC 251 Rev 11 Supply of Axial and Centrifugal
Compressors and Expander-compressors for Petroleum, Chemical
and Gas Industry Services according to API Standard 617
● GS EP MEC 261 Packaged Reciprocating Compressors for Oil and
Gas Production Services According to ISO 13631
DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT RESERVATION
The TOTAL GROUP is defined as TOTAL S.A. and its affiliates and shall include the person
and the entity making the presentation.
Disclaimer
This presentation may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 with respect to the financial condition, results of
operations, business, strategy and plans of TOTAL GROUP that are subject to risk factors
and uncertainties caused by changes in,in without limitation,
limitation technological development and
innovation, supply sources, legal framework, market conditions, political or economic events.
TOTAL GROUP does not assume any obligation to update publicly any forward-looking
statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Further
information on factors which could affect the company
company’s
s financial results is provided in
documents filed by TOTAL GROUP with the French Autorité des Marchés Financiers and the
US Securities and Exchange Commission.
Accordingly, no reliance may be placed on the accuracy or correctness of any such
statements.
statements
Copyright
All rights are reserved and all material in this presentation may not be reproduced without
th express written
the itt permission
i i off the
th TOTAL GROUP.
GROUP
THANK YOU
MINUTES OF MEETING Sheet 1 of 3
Location of meeting : Date of meeting : Meeting minuted by :

Peciko Meeting Room - OFL 27-April-2015 Friska Amallia
ECP/PRO Knowledge Sharing

Compression
Attendees : Distribution :
1. Truly P. Sastra ECP/PRO 1. All attendees
2. Khasin Fuadi ECP/PRO
2. Rini Mustikasari
3. Brightly S. Ong ECP/PRO
4. Fransisca Citra Mariana ECP/PRO 3. Laura Gamiette L.
5. Juniatia Widiasari ECP/PRO 4. Albertino Prabowo
6. Rini Mustikasari ECP/PRO
7. Luki Hapsari Widyawati ECP/PRO
8. Rr. Sri Hastiyatisatiyah ECP/PRO
9. Fadli Yusandi ECP/PRO
10. Arsandi Widitya ECP/PRO
11. Hanny ECP/PRO
12. Sarmedi Sia ECP/PRO
13. Khotib Sarbini ECP/PRO
14. Husen Maq D. ECP/STD/PRJ
15. Albertino Prabowo ECP/PRO
16. Mitterank Siboro ECP/PRO
17. Anik Setyaningsih ECP/PRO
18. Sarita Wuri ECP/PRO
19. Laura Gamiette Lebrun ECP/PRO
No Description Action By
Meeting Objective and Background
This meeting is intended to share knowledge related to process engineering aspect of
INFO
Compression to ECP/PRO and other related entities based on PRODEM Chapter XXI. The
materials which have been presented in the meeting are available in attachment. This MoM
aims to summarize the highlights of the question-answer session of the knowledge sharing.
Meeting Discussion
1. The consideration of choosing inter-stage cooler or pre-cooler INFO

Pre-cooler is often used to optimize the gas-liquid separation in suction scrubber and also to
reduce the suction temperature in order to get better performance and efficiency of the
compressor. However, the use of pre-cooler is avoided when the source gas has very low
pressure considering the pressure drop through the cooler.
2. How the compressor operates in vacuum condition (slide no. 27) INFO
Compressors can operate below atmospheric pressure (as in vacuum pump) or above
atmospheric pressure (as for major process applications) to low, medium, or high discharge
pressure. Ejectors and vacuum pumps are the most common type of compressor to be used in
vacuum condition.
Depending on the type of vacuum pumps (positive displacement or kinetic), air is either carried
away in a flow by a rotating impeller on the suction side or compressed using vaned chambers.
Positive displacement pumps use a mechanism to repeatedly expand a cavity, allow gases to
flow in from the chamber, seal off the cavity, and exhaust it to the atmosphere. This allows a
very high vacuum to be achieved at a very low flow rate. In kinetic type, Air is forced to flow
through the application of additional mechanical force. This method achieves only a relatively
low vacuum level despite a high suction rate.
Ejectors have a much simpler design compared with other vacuum generators. They are driven
purely pneumatically according to venturi principle as explained in slide 10-12.
3. Why the discharge temperature of the compressor shall not exceed 160 °C INFO
It is recommended to limit the gas temperature at compressor discharge to prevent mechanical
problems as well as safety problems. Limited discharge temperatures also reduce the fouling
tendency of the compressed gas. Besides that, less work required for a given pressure ratio by
reduction of compressor stage inlet temperature.
The maximum allowable discharge temperature of a centrifugal compressor is defined in

TOTAL GS EP MEC 251. For hydrocarbon applications the discharge temperature shall be
limited as per following graph based on C6+ molar percentage in gas composition.

When discharge temperature is around 160 °C (or even less at high C6+ content), it is
recommended to consult the machinery specialist to check the compression feasibility.
4. Why CO2 needs to be compressed from slightly above atmospheric pressure (2 bar abs) INFO
to around 150 bar abs in CO2 Capture Process
CO2 capture consists of separating CO2 from combustion flue gases and also from the process
of CO2 removal using amine process so that it can be compressed and transported to a
storage site, or reinjected to the wellhead.
The CO2 is compressed in order to reach the pressure required for transport or injection. CO2
compression and transport will largely depend on injection conditions at the wellhead. The
wellhead pressure governs choice of the type of transport. There are 3 alternatives type of
transport, which are low pressure transport, multi phase transport, and dense phase transport.
LP transport, consists of initial compression of the flue gases leaving the treatment units of the
capture section at a pressure lower than the critical pressure, for example 20-25 bara, followed
by drying the flue gases before low pressure transport by pipe. At the well head, the flue gases
are compressed to the conditions required for injection at the well head. Therefore, this option
requires an installation of a wellhead compressor.
In multi phase transport, flue gases are in a two-phase state at intermediate pressures, for
example between 30 and 95 bara. The option of multiphase transport of oxy-combustion flue
gases may be considered if wellhead pressures are below this pressure level. In this pressure
range, there are uncertainties about the thermodynamics of the flue gases, and their physical
properties.
Major projects for CO2 injection use the dense phase transport of CO2 (at pressures above the
critical point for CO2 : 73.8 bara, injection at pressures above 150 bara). Dense phase
transport is frequently chosen because the dense phase has intermediate properties between
those of a liquid and a gas, in particular very low head losses due to friction, which are very
advantageous in the case of transport over long distances (several hundred km).
After compression to pressures above the critical pressure, the gas is dewatered and then
transported to the well head by a pipe. At the well head, the gas is reheated and then (if
necessary) depressurised in such a way as to reach the conditions required for gas phase
injection. The dense phase flue gas transport system makes it possible to avoid installation of
compressor at the well head.
The main disadvantages of dense phase flue gas transport are:
• The pressure required for transport which is very much greater than that actually required for
injection at the well head,
• Installation of a reheating system at the well head to compensate for thermal losses along the
pipe and a depressurisation at the well head, if necessary,
• More flue gas in the pipeline than the case of LP transport. This factor has a major impact on
calculations of dispersion in the event of a leak from the pipeline and on operational aspects
during start-up and shut-down, pressurisation and depressurisation of the pipe,
• A hydrostatic head loss associated with the profile of the pipe, which can sometimes
counteract the expected benefits of dense phase transport.
Attachment :
 Attendance list
 Presentation slides

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COMPRESSION

Technical Sharing Knowledge

● Compressor Types and Drivers

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 2

● Compressors are considered to be steady-flow machinery to

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 3

● Theoretical compression curve

● An isothermal process must occur very

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 4

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 5

COMPRESSOR TYPES - CENTRIFUGAL

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 6

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 7

COMPRESSOR TYPES - RECIPROCATING

● Consist in one or more cylinders, each fitted with a piston or

● Lack of flexibility in flowrate (well adapted to low flowrates

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 8

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 9

COMPRESSOR TYPES - EJECTOR

● Ejector: Piece of pipe with side connection and special internal

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 10

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 11

TYPICAL EJECTOR CURVES

● The motive flow must have:

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 12

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 13

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 14

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 15

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 16

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 17

● surge and stonewall lines on a performance curve

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 18

● Settle Out Pressure

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 19

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 20

Presentation title - Place and Country - Date Month Day Year 21

Presentation title - Place and Country - Date Month Day Year 22

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 23

TYPICAL COMPRESSION PACKAGE

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 24

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 25

COMPRESSION PROCESS DESIGN

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 26

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 27

COMPRESSION PROCESS DESIGN

- Multistage compression: for compression ratios higher than 3.5 to 4.

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 28

● Calculate Discharge Temperature

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 29

COMPRESSION PROCESS DESIGN

- Manual calculation: “n” method

• The molar specific heat capacity (MCp)i of component i is calculated at the

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 30

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 31

COMPRESSION PROCESS DESIGN

● Calculate Compression Power

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 32

• f is the leak factor, in %. (for centrifugal compressors)

Compression – Balikpapan, April 2015 33

COMPRESSION PROCESS DESIGN

● Driver Shaft Power

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● Settle Out Pressure Calculation