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COUNSELING IS AN ART AND SCIENCE drugs, surgical procedures and non-physical

-Counseling as an art is the subjective dimension approaches.
wherein it associates with compassion and giving
oneself. CONTEXTS OF COUNSELING
-Counseling as science is the objective dimension PEERS AS CONTEXT
wherein it formulates observations and inferences. -Friend’s attitudes, norms and behaviors have a
strong influence on adolescents.
BOULDER MODEL
-Also known as the scientist-practitioner model. NEIGHBORHOOD AS CONTEXT
-An integration of the art and sciences in counseling -The interactions between the immediate family
which shapes guidelines that combine science and and their community/environment.
practice.
CULTURE AS CONTEXT
INFORMAL HELPING -Source of norms, values and symbols which
-Presence of good listening skills, empathy and provides bases of normal functioning on an
caring capacity. individual

FORMAL HELPING COUNSELING AS CONTEXT

-It happens when a person in distress asks for help
and seeks a connection or attention from another
person who will listen, who will allow him/her to
speak, and who will not condemn and criticize
him/her.
-There is a great degree confidentiality and
objectivity, and a counselor-counselee relationship
is established.
GUIDANCE COUNSELING ACT OF 2004
-A guidance and counseling profession applies an
integrated approach to the development of a well-
functioning individual through the provision of
support that aids an individual to use his/her
potentials to the fullest accord with his/her
interest, needs and abilities.
AMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION
CONFERENCE
-Counseling is a professional relationship that
empowers diverse individuals, families and groups
to accomplish mental health, wellness, education
and career goals.
RELATED FIELDS
-PSYCHOMETRICS
Branch of psychology that deals with design,
administration and interpretation of quantitative
tests for the measurement of psychological
variables such as intelligence, aptitude, interests
and personality traits.
-PSYCHIATRY
Branch of general medicine that deals with the
treatment of mentally ill by mentally-trained
professionals using clinical interventions including
-Client factors, counselor factors, contextual factors
and process factors contribute towards success.
CLIENT FACTORS
-Everything that the client brings to the counseling
process; expectations and attitude of clients.
COUNSELOR FACTORS
-Personality, skills and personal qualities of a
counselor.
CONTEXTUAL FACTORS
-The environment and atmosphere where the
counseling is conducted; positive and comfortable.
PROCESS FACTORS
-Developing trust, exploring problems, setting
goals, empowering actions and maintaining change.
GOALS OF COUNSELLING
“HELP PEOPLE UTILIZE THEIR PREVAILING SOCIAL
SKILLS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS MORE
FUNCTIONALLY OR TO CULTIVATE NEW SURVIVING
AND COPING SKILLS.”
DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS
-assist in meeting client's human growth and
development
PREVENTIVE GOALS
-helps client avoid undesired outcomes
ENHANCEMENT GOALS
-enhance special skills and abilities
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REMEDIAL GOALS PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION
-assist a client to overcome and treat undesired -acquire techniques to understand and control
development behavior

EXPLORATORY GOALS ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL SKILLS

-examine options, test skills, try new and different -learning and mastering interpersonal skills
activities
COGNITIVE CHANGE
REINFORCEMENT GOALS -modification of irrational beliefs
-helps client recognize that what they are doing,
thinking and feeling is fine BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
-modification of self-destructive behaviors
COGNITIVE GOALS
-involves acquiring basic foundation of learning and SYSTEMATIC CHANGE
cognitive skills -change into the way that social systems operate

PHYSIOLOGICAL GOALS EMPOWERMENT

-involves acquiring basic understanding and habits -skills, knowledge and awareness for self-control
for good health.
RESTITUTION
PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS -make amends for previous destructive behavior
-aids in developing good social interaction skills,
learning emotional control and developing positive GENERATIVITY
self-concept. -capacity to care for others and contribute to
collective good
INSIGHT
-understanding of the origins and development of CLIENT EMPOWERMENT
difficulties -Development of skills and abilities that requires
self-management and improved motivation toward
RELATING WITH OTHERS actions that are good for one's self and develop a
-able to form and maintain meaning and satisfying positive outlook toward the past leading to some
relationships sense of closure and attainment of relative inner
and outer harmony resulting to improvement in
SELF-AWARENESS relationships with family, friends, colleagues and
-developing an accurate sense of how self is others.
perceived by others
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
SELF-ACCEPTANCE INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
-development of a positive attitude toward self -depression, sexual abuse, anxiety, gender,
relationships, spirituality, ideology, adolescent
SELF-ACTUALIZATION issues, loss, anger, stress, studies and others.
-fulfilling a potential or integration of conflicting
parts of self FAMILY COUNSELING
-divorce, family dynamics, transitions in life,
ENLIGHTMENT miscommunication, jealousy, money matters,
-higher state of spiritual awakening parenting, remarriage and others.

PROBLEM-SOLVING MARITAL AND PREMARITAL COUNSELING

-acquiring competence in problem-solving -prior to weddings, building healthy and strong
relationships, family-planning and others.
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COMMUNITY COUNSELING LISTENING SKILLS-Understanding content of client’s
-medical services, prescription drug treatments, problems and their emotions
and diagnoses of disorders, correctional facilities,
human services, educational settings and others. RESPECT-No matter what, counselors should treat
their clients with respect
4757-15 SCOPE OF PRACTICE FOR LICENSED
PROFESSIONAL COUNSELORS EMPATHY AND POSITIVE REGARD-Understanding
-afford counseling services to individuals, groups, the feelings and perspectives of clients
organizations or the public
-apply clinical counseling principles, methods and CLARIFICATION, CONFRONTATION AND
procedures INTERPREATION-Restate the client’s feelings for
-engage in diagnosis and treatment of mental and better understanding of the issue
emotional disorders
-provide training supervision for students and TRANFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANFERENCE-
registered counselor trainees Understanding the emotional and perceptional
reactions
CORE VALUES AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY AUTONOMY OF INDIVIDUALS
-Unconditional positive regard, compassion, non- -Based on the right to freedom of action and
judgmental attitude, empathy and trust. freedom of choice
PARTNERSHIP
-To support an integrated healing that encompasses PRINCIPLE OF NONMALEFICENCE
various aspects. -Refers to the instruction that all healers must
above all do no harm
AUTONOMY
-Refers to confidentiality and trust in counseling PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
and ensuring a safe environment for healing. -Concerned with the fair distribution of resources
and services
PERSONAL INTEGRITY
-Reflecting honesty and truthfulness with clients PRINCIPLE OF FIDELITY
-presence of loyalty, reliability and good faith as
SOCIAL JUSTICE well as the rule of confidentiality
-Accepting and respecting the diversity of clients
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
RESPONSIBLE CARING ACCORDING TO GIBSON AND MITCHELL (2003)
-Respecting the potential of every human being to
change and continue learning. INDIVIDUAL CONSELING
client-centered process of establishing a counselor-
ADVICE-Lays out options for client’s course of action client relationship

REASSURANCE-Giving courage or confidence to face INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT

a problem identify potentials, characteristics of clients, and
promote self-understanding
RELEASE OF EMOTIONAL TENSION-Remove mental
blocks, pent-up frustrations and issues GROUP COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE
providing organized and planned assistance to
CLARIFIED THINKING-Accept responsibility for individuals
problems and be more realistic
CAREER ASSISTANCE
REORIENTATION-Change in client’s emotional self provide career planning and adjustment assistance.
through change in goals
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REFERRAL
helping clients find needed expert assistance
PLACEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP
emphasizes educational placements in course and
programs
CONSULTATION
helping a client through a third party or helping
system
RESEARCH
provide empirically based data relevant to effective
counseling, and advancing the profession of
counseling
EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY
assessing effectiveness of counselor activities and
accountability for actions
PREVENTION
promotion of mental health through a social-
psychological perspective
FUNCTIONS
1. Helping a client develop potentials to the
fullest;
2. Helping a client plan to utilize one’s potentials
to the fullest;
3. Helping a client plan one’s future in accordance
with one’s abilities, interests and needs;
4. Sharing and applying knowledge related to
counseling such as counseling theories, tools
and techniques; and
5. Administering a wide range of human
development services.
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS
1. Interpersonal Skills – competent ability to
listen, communicate, empathize and responsive
to expressions of emotion.
2. Personal Beliefs and Attitudes – awareness of
ethical choices and sensitive to values held by
client and self.
3. Conceptual Ability – ability to understand and
assess client’s problems, anticipate future
problems and make sense of information about
the client.
4. Personal Soundness – tolerate strong and
uncomfortable feelings, ability to be a client
and must carry no prejudice, ethnocentrism and
authoritarianism.
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS
1. Mastery of Technique – knowledge of
interventions, assessments, techniques and
other related information.
2. Ability to Understand and Work within Social
Systems – to be aware and sensitive of client’s
background.
3. Openness to Learning and Inquiry – curiosity
over the client and being open to knowledge.
FOUNDATION SKILLS FOR COUNSELORS
• ATTENDING SKILLS
- Listening with a purpose and participation
• REFLECTIVE SKILLS
- Capture what the client is saying and restating,
paraphrasing and summarizing it back to them
• PROBING SKILLS
- Going deeper, asking more directed or leading
questions
COMMON SKILLS FOR COUNSELORS
• COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- Ability to listen, demonstrate understanding, ask
appropriate questions and provide information as
needed.
• MOTIVATIONAL SKILLS
- Influence a client to act after counseling process
• PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS
- Pinpointing causes and triggers and generating
possible solutions.
• CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS
- Helping clients focus and unblock barriers for
communication and problem-solving.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION OF COUNSELORS
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY COUNSELING
refers to efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship by discovering options/ opportunities for
healthy family or couple living.
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT COUNSELING
help children and adolescents acquire coping skills,
resiliency, positive attachment, emotional and
intellectual intelligence.
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GROUP COUNSELING • COUNSELING RELATIONSHIPS
enhances interpersonal skills, provide opportunities to 1. Client Welfare – respect the dignity and
discovery and help others encourage client’s growth and development.
2. Respecting Diversity – do not engage in
SCHOOL COUNSELING differences, respect differences and understand
reaching out to students with concerns on drugs, family the diverse cultural backgrounds of clients.
and peers or gang involvement. 3. Clients Rights – clients must know information
throughout the counseling process and the
GERONTOLOGY (THE AGED) freedom to choose.
crefers to counseling of older citizens on preretirement, 4. Client Served by Others – inform professional
community centers, nursing home and hospice work. personal involved with the client to develop an
agreement.
HEALTH AND GENETIC COUNSELING 5. Personal Needs and Values – maintain respect
nutrition and exercise counseling, stress management, for others and avoid actions that seek to meet
anorexia or bulimia counseling and genetic counseling. personal needs at the expense of the cleints.
6. Dual Relationships – avoid exploiting the trust
ADDICTIONS AND BEHAVIORAL COUNSELING and dependency of the clients.
help deal with addictions on drugs, sex, alcohol, eating 7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients – do not counsel
disorders and gambling and survive the wounds. persons with whom they have sexual
relationships or with former clients (minimum
REHABILITATION of 2 years).
help clients who suffer from physical and emotional 8. Multiple Clients – clarify at the outset the
disabilities through evaluation of limits and strengths. nature of the relationship with each involved
person.
CAREER COUNSELING 9. Group Work – screen prospective group therapy
aids individuals on decisions and planning concerning participants to determine compatible needs.
their career. 10. Fees – explain all financial arrangements before
entering the counseling relationship.
MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING
address mental disorders and its challenges through CONFIDENTIALITY
inventive and creative ways. 1. Right to Privacy – avoid illegal and unwarranted
disclosures of unwarranted information
RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND especially without consent or a court order.
ACCOUNTABILITY OF COUNSELORS 2. Group and Families – define confidentiality and
Code of Ethics help counselors of parameters involved in group work and
their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities based information about one member cannot be
on the counselor association' Code of Conduct. disclosed to another member without
(Gladding, 2000) permission.
• Counseling Relationship 3. Minor Incompetent Clients – parents and
• Confidentiality guardians may be included in the counseling
• Professional Responsibility process when clients are minors.
• Relationships with other professionals 4. Records – securing the safety and
• Evaluation, Assessment and confidentiality of clients with a written
Interpretation permission from the client.
• Teaching, Training and Supervision 5. Research and Training – content should be
• Research and Publication disguised to ensure anonymity of the client
unless reviewed and agreed by the client.
6. Consultation – before sharing information,
counselors should make efforts to ensure the
effectivity of protecting the confidentiality of
information with other agencies.
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PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
1. Standards Knowledge – responsibility to read,
understand and follow the Code of Ethics and
Standards of Practice/
2. Professional Competence – practice only within
the boundaries of their education, training,
areas of specialization, qualifications, services
and skill set.
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
SPECIAL COUNSELING POPULATION
1. People who Abuse Drugs – drug addiction
creates physical, mental and social problems
that contribute to social disintegration.
2. People who use Tobacco – users find it difficult
to stop smoking because it becomes a habit and
mannerism.
3. People who Abuse Alcohol – alcoholism as a
weakness of self-control and self-discipline.
4. People with Aids – help in handling emotional
stress and low self-esteem; educating the
victim’s support system.
5. Women – constraint on women’s advancement,
perception about themselves and society’s
expectations; help women in appreciating own
values, abilities and interests.
6. Older Adults – life suddenly loses meaning due
to loss of partner, mental capacity, physical
mobility and financial security.
7. Victims of Abuse - physical and sexual abuse
causes psychological damage to the victims.
LGBT – victims of harassment, violence, discrimination
and isolation; focus on self-awareness, self-acceptance
and understanding.
NEEDS OF CLIENTS
SCHOOL GUIDANCE AND COUNSELORS
- provide personal guidance to help students deal with
situations of stress and decision-making
JOB-HUNTING COACHES
- provide avenues for people to find information and get
employment that is suitable for them.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROVIDERS
- provide approaches to deal with conflicts and
deescalate it
HUMAN RESOURCES PERSONNEL
- provide needs common to all workplaces such as
remunerations, social services and compensations.
MARRIAGE COUNSELORS
- provide needs for conflict-resolution and deal with
stress and issues that threatens coexistence
REHABILITATION COUNSELORS
- provide help to overcome problems and mitigate
negative effects of such addictions
BEREAVEMENT COUNSELORS
- provide response to the need to go through certain
loses such as death.
CARETAKERS OF ABUSED CHILDREN
- Provide the need to facilitate processing and
restoration of abused children
COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTING
WHERE DO COUNSELORS WORK?
COUNSELORS IN CIVIL SOCIETY
Charities or non-profit and issue-based centers or
organizations for abused women, abandoned children
and elders, veterans and religious groups.
COUNSELORS IN COMMUNITY SETTING
Community and mental health agencies, employment
and rehabilitation agencies, correctional setting, and
marriage and family practice
COUNSELORS IN PRIVATE SECTOR
Counselors who do full time work as private
practitioners or in part-time private practice
while employed by community agencies.
COUNSELORS IN GOVERNMENT
Counselors in institutions supported by the government
that are into social welfare, correctional, rehabilitation,
health and education.
COUNSELORS IN SCHOOLS
• Counselors are recognized in the preventive
interventions and developmental stage.
• Counselors assume many responsibilities and
tasks based on the needs of the students and
school.
• Aside from vocational guidance, counselors,
nowadays, help students to learn effectively by
addressing the diverse areas and challenges
that may interfere with their learning such as
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suicide, violence, divorce, child abuse,
unwanted pregnancy, drug addiction, truancy,
peer pressure, decreasing economic resources,
poverty and decision-making skills.
MULTIPLE ROLES OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS
• Counselors are also assigned to non-counseling
roles such as part-time teaching, secretarial
responsibilities, disciplinary coordinators and
other administrative or staff assistance.
• Administer psychometric tests, interview new
students and transferees, reacting to problems
of students and counseling problematic
students.
• Provide guidance in dealing with peer
relationships and social interactions,
interference in student learning, understanding
other people, educational and career assistance
and appraisal, assessment, research,
monitoring and student activities.
COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS AND
TOOLS
RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
-Establishing rapport, acceptance, genuine interaction,
direct mutual communication, and helping the client
focus and understand thyself.
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
-Involves appreciation of the client’s condition, and
analysis of the data/root causes of the problem which
shall be utilized in goals formulation.
FORMULATION OF GOALS
-Sets the direction and parameters of the counseling
process.
Process Goals – Circumstances needed to make the
process work.
Outcome Goals – Desires of the client
INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
-Client’s participation in choosing intervention
strategies has more benefits.
Monitoring –Documentation to ensure that everything
is being done by the client.
TERMINATION AND FOLLOW UP
-Progression of the client on its own without the
assistance of the counselor.
Evaluation – Examines results if they are being met or
not.
RESEARCH
-Fundamental part of the counseling process for the
results of research provide a scientific appreciation of
counseling situation.
METHODS IN COUNSELING
CLASSICAL THEORIES
• Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
• Adler's Individual Psychology
• Jung's Analytic Psychology
• Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Analysis of the Mind
Focus on the influence of one’s unconsciousness on how
s/he feel about thyself and to become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
Goals:
a) help clients gain insights about themselves
b) help clients work unstuck issues, through
developmental stage
c) help clients cope with stresses of society
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Methods/Techniques:
Free Association
- Discussion of whatever comes to the mind of
the client in order to release suppressed
emotions.
Dream Analysis
- Exploration of unconscious processes using
dreams.
Confrontation and Clarification
- Feedback procedure for patients to become
aware of what is happening to him/her and
determine areas for further analysis.
Interpretation
- Giving insights to the patients about inner conflicts.
Adler's Individual Psychology
Role of Cognition
It objective is to gain an understanding of the clients
and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways
(social urges), and to reorient themselves toward
positive functioning.
Goals:
a) Establishment and maintenance of an
egalitarian relationship
b) Analysis of client’s lifestyle
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c) Interpretation of client’s lifestyle to promote Counselors helps the client appreciate the meaning of
insight dreams and utilize them to understand client's
d) Reorientation and reeducation of the client personality.
with behavioral change EXPERIMENTAL THEORIES
“Focus on the Emotions to Effect Change”
Adler's Individual Psychology • Roger's Person-Centered counseling
ESTABLISHMENT OF RELATIONSHIP • Gestalt Therapy
• Use of Listening Skills Roger's Person-Centered
• Promoting trust and respect If-then Approach
• Winning Respect and Offering Hope “If certain conditions exist in the counseling
• Increase client’s motivation to be relationship, then the client will move toward self-
involved in counseling actualization.”
• Encouragement • Counselor Congruence
- Feeling of support and belief within themselves - Counselors must be congruent with what they
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT experience and what they communicate
• Lifestyle Analysis • Emphatic Understanding
- Identifying client’s strengths to overcome problems - Counselors must attempt to understand the client
• Dream Analysis from the client's perspective
- See dreams to deal with challenges of life • Unconditional Positive Regard
Adler's Individual Psychology - Vital for counselors to a sense of acceptance and
PROMOTING INSIGHT respect to the client; to see the client as a person
• Insight Process Roger's Person-Centered
• Allows clients to understand the Utilizes listening to communicate appreciation
dynamics of self-defeating patterns and Manifestations that the client is ready to move toward
utilize the insights to rectify the said self-actualization:
patterns during the orientation process. - Openness to Experience
REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATION - Self-trust and Self-discovery
• Spitting the Client's Soup - Possesses Internal Source of Evaluation
- Spoiling the fun of negative patterns - Willingness to Grow
• Push-button Technique Methods/Process:
- Control that clients have over their emotions - Active Listening
• Catching Oneself - Reflection of Feelings
- Encourage clients to laugh at their self-defeating - Being There
tendencies Gestalt Therapy
Adler's Individual Psychology Dialogue between the counselor and the client wherein
REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATION the client experiences from the inside what the
• Acting as-if counselor observes from the outside.
- Helps clients experience success The goal of the approach is awareness on the
• Task Setting and Commitment environment, of responsibility for choices, of self and
- Proving a homework/assignment in instilling the value self-acceptance.
of effort to change Clients must find their own way in life and accept
Jung's Analytic Psychology personal responsibility for maturity and focus on doing
Psychotherapy and experiencing.
Applies dreams and other procedures to determine Gestalt Therapy
unconscious processes to utilize the result to boost the • Assuming Responsibility
functioning of personality and enhance mental health - Requires the client to rephrase a statement to assume
and wellness. a responsibility
Its overall goals is to work for the client's • Using Personal Pronouns
transcendence and move towards self-realization by - Encourages the client to take personal responsibility
helping the self emerge. by saying “I” or “me”
• Now I Am Aware
- Assist the client in getting in touch with thyself
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• Empty Chair Technique - Instructing the clients to observe and get a practical
- Help clients to work through conflicting parts of one’s appreciation of other people’s response
personality; the empty chair is the chair of the • Behavioral Techniques
personality that avoids to do what the client wants to - Assist clients in obtaining essential skills, relaxing,
do preparing for difficult situations and exposing them to
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES feared situation
• Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Berne's Transactional Analysis
Therapy "Three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each
• Beck's Cognitive Therapy person"
• Berne's Transactional Analysis The goal is to assist clients to reach a stage of being
Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous, decision-
Focus on helping clients accepts themselves as people making and have the capacity for intimacy.
who would make mistakes, yet at the same time learn Techniques:
to live and be at peace with themselves. Clients are • Structural Analysis
trained to master and control themselves. - Be conscious of three ego
Goals: • Transactional Analysis
1. Reform the self-defeating cognition of the client - Learn to communicate with complementary
and assist him/her in obtaining a more transactions
reasonable viewpoint in life. • Script Analysis
2. Educates the clients to argue illogical thinking - Life script of the client and how can it be rewritten
and challenge self-defeating ideas or principle. • Analysis of Games
Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy - What games the clients play and how these games
• Cognitive interfere with interpersonal functioning
- Reforming ideas that are unreasonable and irrational OTHER THEORIES THEORIES
and reframing from unconstructive stance to a more • Existential Therapy
positive viewpoint • Behavior Therapy
• Emotive • Reality Therapy
- Assisting the clients learn to acknowledge Existential Therapy (Human Capacity)
themselves -Human capacity defines and shapes his/her own life,
• Behavioral give meaning to personal circumstance through
- Assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self- reflection, decision-making and self-awareness.
management, self-monitoring and -Emphasizes human freedom to define oneself and that
homework/assignment our lives are not predetermined for we have a
Beck's Cognitive Therapy responsibility to life and see life in the way we chose to.
Dysfunctional Thoughts Behavior Therapy (Behavior Modification)
Clients are led to be more practical in their -Help clients take steps to change what they are doing
understanding and explanation of events by projecting and thinking.
less and generalizing less. -Counselors are active and directive, and functions as
Goals: teachers or trainers in helping clients to work on
1. Allows clients to investigate beliefs’ improving behavior.
functionality Reality Therapy (Client’s Present Strength)
2. Utilizes profile and treatment plans for -A client can learn more realistic behavior and achieve
disorders success because s/he has chosen that behavior and
Beck's Cognitive Therapy therefore responsible for what they do and how they
Methods/Techniques think and feel.
• Decatastrophizing -Counselors should encourage to assess lifestyle and
- “What if” approach and priming clients for results that employ a process of self-examination that leads to
may strongly affect themselves improvement of one’s quality of life.
• Redefining
- Assist clients to rearticulate an obstacle to something
that may be useful
• Decentering