THERMO PHYSICS

CH2254- Chemical Process Calculations PROBLEM SHEET- 6-SOLUTION

UNIT –VI S. Mangaleswari, A.P A.A.M.E.C

Formulae :
T2

Q  n  C p dT
T1

Where, Q- heat in kJ
Cp- heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/kmol.K)
The heat capacity of a substance is not constant ; but varies with temperature. For convenience
in engineering calculation, it is expressed by a polynomial equation such as
C p  a  bT  cT 2
C p  a  bT  cT 2
T2
 bT 2 CT 3 
 
T2

Q  n  a  bT  CT dT  n aT  2
 
T1  2 3 T
1

Where a,b and c are constants

n-Number of moles(kmol)
T –Temperature in K
T2

H   C p dT
T1

∆H-Change in enthalpy in kJ/kmole

Mean Heat Capacity:
Q
C pm 
n[T2  T1 ]
 1 2
 
T

   a  bT  cT dT
2
C pm
[T2  T1 ]  T1

Heat Capacity of Mixtures of Gases

The heat capacity of an ideal gas mixture can be evaluated as the sum of the heat capacities of
the individual constituents each weighted according to the mole fraction in the mixture. Thus
n
C p ,mixture   y i C p ,i
i

Where
yi- The mole fraction of component i in the mixture of n components
Cp,iSpecific heat i component in pure state
If the heat capacity can be expressed can be expressed as a quadratic function of temperature, i.e
C p,mixture    T  
The heat capacity of the mixture is
n
C p ,mixture   y i C p ,i
i

   y i  i     y i  i     y i  i 

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 THERMO PHYSICS
CH2254- Chemical Process Calculations PROBLEM SHEET- 6-SOLUTION
UNIT –VI S. Mangaleswari, A.P A.A.M.E.C

6.1.Solution (a) The heat requirement can be computed using the equation
dQ = nCp dT (constant pressure)
which on integration gives
T2

Q  n  C p dT
T1
T2
 bT 2 CT 3 
 
T2

Q  n  a  bT  CT dT  n aT 
2
 
T1  2 3 T
1

Here n = 1/44 kmol. Therefore,

 1  1000 2  300 2  
   1000 3 300
3 3
Q    26.541000  300  42.45410 3    14.29810
6

 44    2   

= 755.85re kJ

(b) Let us use the given equation to evaluate the heat capacity at temperature t °C. The
specific heat at this temperature is evaluated by the given equation as
   
C p  26.540  42.45410 3 T  273.15  14.29810 6 T  273.15
2

 37.068  34.64310 T   14.298[10

3
][T 2] 6

in the above equation T is in °C. By dividing the equation by 4.1868, the specific heat evaluated
is in kcal/kmol.°C . Hence the desired equation is

 
 8.854  8.27410 3 T   3.415[10 6 ][T 2 ]

By replacing T in °C in the above equation by T' - 32)/1.8 the equation becomes

 
C p  8.7058  4.664210 3 T   1.054[10 6 ][T 2]
In the above equation
T   F and
kcal
Cp 
kmol.K
Btu kcal
Since, 
lb  mol. F kmole.C
The above equation gives Cp in Btu/lb-mol.°F as well, when the temperature is in °F
6.2.Solution

(a) Mean molal heat capacity

 1 2
 
T

C pm     a  bT  cT dT
2

[T2  T1 ]  T1
 1 
C pm   
b  2
 
c  3
 aT2  T1     T2  T1    T2  T1 
2

3 

[T2  T1 ]   2 3 

  7.58210 3   1.1210 6  

1
26.5861000  500  
1000  500 
 
1000 2
 500 2
   1000  500 
3 3

 2   3  

kJ
 31.293
kmol.K
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 THERMO PHYSICS
CH2254- Chemical Process Calculations PROBLEM SHEET- 6-SOLUTION
UNIT –VI S. Mangaleswari, A.P A.A.M.E.C

(b)Moles of gas to be heated by using ideal gas law

n
PV

1500  22.32 kmol
RT 0.08206273 hr
Heat to be supplied
Q  nC pm (T2  T1 )

 22.3231.2931000  500  3.49210 5   kJ

hr
(c) The mean heat capacity calculated in part (a) is valid for the temperature range of 500-
1000 K.
Heat requirement calculated using the mean heat capacity calculated in part (a) is
 22.3231.2931500  500  698.6
kJ
hr
Actual heat requirement is

Q
22.32 
    
 7.58210 3   
 
 1.1210  6 
  

 1500  500 
2 2 3 3
 26 .586 1500 500   1500 500 
1500  500   2   3  
 735.6
kJ
hr
Percent error:
 735.6  698.6 
 100  5%
 735.6 
******************************************************************
6.3.Solution: The heat capacity of the mixture is
n
C p ,mixture   y i C p ,i
i

   y i  i     y i  i     y i  i 

26.54 42.454x10-3 -14.298x10-6

y1 0.09 α1 β1 Γ1
26.586 7.582x10-3 -1.12x10-6
y2 0.02 α2 β2 Γ2
25.74 12.987x10-3 -3.864x10-6
y3 0.07 α3 β3 Γ3
27.03 5.815x10-3 -0.289x10-6
y4 0.82 α4 β4 Γ4

y    0.0926.540  0.0226.586  0.0725.74  0.8227.03  26.8867

i i

 y    0.0942.454  0.027.582  0.0712.987  0.825.81510   9.649910 

i i
3 3

 y    0.0914.298  0.021.12  0.073.864  0.820.28910   1.816710 

i i
6 6

Therefore,
 
C p,mixture  26.8867  9.649910 3 T   1.816710 6 T 2   
Enthalpy difference between the bottom and top of the stack is
T2

H   C p dT
T1

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 THERMO PHYSICS
CH2254- Chemical Process Calculations PROBLEM SHEET- 6-SOLUTION
UNIT –VI S. Mangaleswari, A.P A.A.M.E.C

 26.8867  9.649910 T   1.816710 T dT

375
3 6
 2

600
kJ
 6656.29
kmol
The enthalpy of the gas at the top of the stack is less than .that at the bottom by 6656.29 kJ per
kmol of gas.
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6.4. Solution According to Kopp's rule, the heat capacity of of Na2SO4·l0H2O, 2 times the
atomic heat capacity of sodium + atomic heat capacity of sulphur + 14 times the heat capacity
of oxygen + 20 times the atomic heat capacity of hydrogen.

Therefore,
Heat capacity of of Na2SO4·l0H2O = [2][26.04] + 22.6 + [14][16.8] + [20][9.6]
= 50l.9 kJ/mol K

The heat capacity predicted using Kopp's rule deviates from the experimental value by
 592.2  501.9 

 592.2 100  15.25%
*************************************************************
6.5. Solution Since the boiling point of water at 75 kPa is 365 K, the vapour at 573 K and
75 kPa is superheated steam.
Take mass as 1kg

Step 1: Water is heated from 273 K to 365 K at constant pressure. Enthalpy change,
∆H1 =mCp∆T
 14.2365  273  386.4kJ

Step 2: The liquid is vaporized at constant pressure and constant temperature.

H 2  H v  m
λ-latent heat
Step 3: The saturated vapour at 365 K is heated to 573 K at constant pressure.
∆H3 =mCp∆T
 11.97573  365  409.76kJ

Assuming that the enthalpy of liquid water at 273 K to be zero, then the enthalpy of
the superheated steam in the final state is
o +∆H1 +∆Hv + ∆H3=∆H
Therefore,
∆Hv= 3075 - 386.4 - 409.76 = 2278.84 kJ
Therefore, the heat of vaporization of water at 75 kPa is 2278.84 kJ.
*****************************************************
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 THERMO PHYSICS
CH2254- Chemical Process Calculations PROBLEM SHEET- 6-SOLUTION
UNIT –VI S. Mangaleswari, A.P A.A.M.E.C

6.6.Solution:
Basis: n=2kmole of gas mixture
n
C p ,mixture   y i C p ,i
i

   y i  i     y i  i     y i  i 

43.46 10.64x10-3 -5.95x10-6

y1 0.07 α1 β1 Γ1
26.01 11.76x10-3 -2.34x10-6
y2 0.11 α2 β2 Γ2
22.03 121.63x10-3 -91.87x10-6
y3 0.01 α3 β3 Γ3
29.60 -5.15x10-3 -13.19x10-6
y4 0.81 α4 β4 Γ4

 y    0.0743.46  0.1126.01  0.0122.03  0.8129.6  30.09

i i

 y    0.0710.64  0.1111.76  0.01121.63  0.815.1510   0.9110 

i i
3 3

y    0.075.95  0.112.34  0.0191.87  0.8113.1910   12.2810 

i i
6 6

Therefore,
 
C p,mixture  30.09  0.9110 3 T   12.2810 6 T 2   
Enthalpy difference between the bottom and top of the stack is
T2

Q  n  C p dT
T1

    
750
Q  2  30.09  0.9110 3 T   12.2810 6 T 2
300

 23418.3kJ
*******************************************************************

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