Bhagvan Mahavir collage of pharmacy

Multidisciplinary Nature Of
Environmental Studies
Guided by :Dr. Ghanshyam Sanghani Presented by :
M.Pharm., Ph. D., Richa A. Prajapati
Associate Professor M.Pharm : 2nd sem
BMCP, Surat. Enrollment no. : 172150824004
Subject : Quality Management System
[MQA201T]

Department Of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance

 CONTENT
Introduction to environment and environmental study
Natural resource
Renewable sources
Non-renewable resource
Natural resources and associated problems
Concept of ecosystem
References

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 Introduction To Environment And
Environmental Study

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 What do you mean by word “ENVIRONMENT” ? 2,3
 It is the complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors that act upon an organism and
ultimately determine its form and survival. 2,3

Environment

Human Natural
Abiotic/non-
Social Economical Cultural Political living
Biotic/living

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 What do you mean by word “ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY” ?

“It is the branch of science which deals with every issue that affects an organism.” 1
It is a functional science which tries to find out rationales behind making human
progress practical on the earth’s limited resources. 3

SCOPE 3 :
To study the mere concepts.
To study the philosophy and ethics of environment.
To study the problem associated with resource depletion.
To study the pollution and population explosion.
To find out a practical global solution in the form of raising public awareness.
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Multidisciplinary nature of environmental study 2
LIFE SCIENCE
Zoology, botany, physiology, biochemistry,
microbiology, biotechnology, etc.
ECONOMICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE,
HISTORY, SOCIOLOGY, LAW, EDUCTION,
MANAGEMENT, MASS COMUNICATION,
PHILOSOPHYAND ETHICS
Basic and PHYSICAL SCIENCE
applied studies
Physics, chemistry, geology, statistics,
Management and atmospheric science, oceanography,
awareness Environmental Study geography, etc.

Technology Modelling

CIVIL ENGINEERING, HYDRAULICS, NANOTECHNOLOGY, MATHEMATICS,COMPUTER SCIENCE, ETC

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ETC

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 NATURAL RESOURCES 3

Natural resources
includes

Abiotic/non-living
Biotic/living
[ air, water, soil, minerals,
[ plant & animal (microbes)]
climate & solar energy]

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 Natural 1.Renewable[inexhaustible] resources 3:
resources “Resources which can potentially replace or renewed by natural
processes for usage are known as renewable resources.”
The replacement of renewable resources at the rate they are
consumed is called sustainable rate.
Ex. : sunlight, air, wind, water, tides, soil, plant.

2.Non-renewable resources 3 :
“Resources that can not be grown or raised.”
Resource is in a fixed or finite amount.
They are used faster than nature can replace then.
Ex. : fossil fuels, gems, ores, metals and minerals.

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 Distribution Of The Natural Resources 1,3 :
Natural Resources Are Mainly Distributes In The 4 Sphere Of The Earth is
1. Atmosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Lithosphere
4. Biosphere

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 1. Atmosphere
 Its mainly include the air portion of the
nature and forms a protective shell over the
earth. 3
[ oxygen for human respiration, wild fauna in
natural ecosystems and domestic animal used
by man as food and oxygen as a part of carbon
dioxide, used for the growth of plants. 1]

2. Hydrosphere
 It mainly include the water portion of the
nature. 3
[Clean water for drinking, washing and cooking,
for agriculture and industry. As a food
resources and as a hydroelectric project. 1]
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 3. Lithosphere
 Its mainly include the surface [land/soil]
portion of the nature. 3
[ soil, the basis of the agriculture to provide us
with food, micronutrients, minerals, oil, coal,
gas 1]

4. Biosphere
 Its mainly include the thin layer on the earth
in which life can exist.
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 Natural resources and associated problems 1,3
Natural resources are major part that consumed in the technologically advanced
or developed world.
It includes :
1. Forest resources
2. Water resources
3. Mineral resources
4. Energy resources
5. Land resources

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 Forest resources 1,3
The forest is A biotic community with predominance of trees is
an important renewable natural resources.

Benefits Of The Forest

1. provide a protection against soil erosion, droughts, foods, noise,
radiations.
2. provide various products like gum-resins, medicines, Katha, honey
pulp, bamboo, timber and fruits.
3. it regulates the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. And
also help in regulates temperature conditions.
4. it provide direct and indirect employment.
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 Forest resources
 According to the state of forests report 2013 :
coverage area 789200 sq.km [21.23% of the aggregate geological range]
tree covers – 9.13 million hector [2.78%]

Associated Problems
1. Forest over usage
2. Deforestation

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 Forest resources
1. Forest over usage
 forest is a significant and sustainable natural source is helpful to mankind from multiple points
of view but the incredibly increasing population is demanding over usage of forests resulting in
an imbalance of ecological system.
 forest over usage is mainly done for the timber and mechanical consumption for wood is,
in 2000 – 58 million cubic meter
2008 – 85 million cubic meter
2017 – 150 million cubic meter

Solution
1. wood should be used less but what’s used should be refurnished or give back to the
nature at the same.
2. forestation and tree plantation should be carried out to balance the over usage of the
woods.
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 Forest resources

2. Deforestation
 It refers as a removal or reduction of the trees in a huge amount from large area of the
forests.
 It is mainly done for the ,
• Encroachment of the forest land for agricultural purposes.
• Expansion of cities.
• Construction of the dams, canals and highways.
• Establishment of industrial areas.
• Demand for firewood mining shifting cultivation.
• Forest fires.

Effects Of Deforestation
 Loss of natural habitat of wild animals plants.
 Increases intensity and frequency of natural disasters.
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 Forest resources

 Land degradation.
 Change in climate condition.
 Siltation of rivers and canals.
 Loss of revenue.
 Change in water cycle and reduce rainfall.
 Increases socio economic problem.

Solution
1. Reforestation is also being encouraged.
2. Special legislation to protect forest land.
3. Environment clearance is mandatory for big industry.
4. Management of wood resources by local communities and forest dwelling population.

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 Water resources 1,3
 Water resources are rich and covers a two-thirds of the earth’s surface and claims to be a vital
natural resources.
97% - salty water
3% - fresh water [usable water]

Water resources:
Surface water : ocean, seas, pounds, river.
Underground water : streams, well, bore well.

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 Water resources

Importance
 Play important role in human civilization.
 Play important role in development.
 Climate depends extremely upon water and water resources.
 Every living creature can’t live without water.

Factor Affecting On Water Resources

 Population growth.
 Pollution from form lands, cities and factories.
 Requirement of better food safely and higher living values.
 Migration of large number of populace.
 Increases competition between usage of water resources.
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 Water resources

Associated Problem
1. Floods
2. Droughts

1. Floods
 It refers as a present of unusually larger amount of water at any place or more water that
can be handled by drainage of the area.

FLOOD
Flash Flood
River Flood
Coastal Flood
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 Water resources

 It damage to water supply, sewage disposal system.

 It affect the human health.
 It damages properties and infra.
 Rapid speed leads to landslide.
 It increases physical and emotional stress.
 It disturb transport and food system.

DROUGHT
 Drought is a condition in which a region suffer from a severe scarcity in its water availability.
 In which water resources are depleted.
 Loss of live stock affect local economy.
 It also change in routine weather pattern.

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 Water resources

Surface Water Pollution [Hazardous matter coming into contact with it]
Sources Of
Water Ground Water Pollution [chemical fertilizer and pesticide are used causes
pollution of it]
Pollution Sewage And Water [contain bacteria and pathogen is drain into other water
resources and causes pollution]
Animal Waste
Industrial Waste
Oil Leakage
Marine Dumping
Mining Activity
Sewer Lines Leakage
Global Warming
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 Mineral resources 1,3
Mineral resources are naturally occurring chemical compounds which are
formed through inorganic process under the crust of the earth.
Mineral resources are non-renewable resources.
Mineral
Resources

Metallic Industrial Construction Energy

Minerals Minerals Minerals Minerals

copper, lime,
sand, stone, coal, oil,
aluminium, potash,
gravels. gas.
iron. salt.
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 Mineral resources

Associated Problem
1. Mining and extraction of minerals.

Mining and extraction of minerals

 It is the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a
mine.
 It supports 7-9% on gross domestic product.

Basic Activities
• Geophysical survey
• Mapping
• Sampling
• Drilling
• Modelling
• Feasibility
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 Mineral resources

Mining Affect The Environment

 Dust production is occur.
 Methane release from coal mine.
 Air pollution by smelting operation.
 Produce larger waste.
 Destruction of forest.
 Soil erosion.
 Emission of radioactive pollutants, ash, and trace materials. Mining is a health hazardous
job.
 Mining lower water tables.
 It badly affect the marine life.

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 Energy resources 1,3
 Energy resources plays a key role in economic and future growth
of country.
 Energy is found on our planet in a variety of forms, some of
which are immediately useful to do work, while other require a
process of transformation.
 Sun is a primary sources for our lives.
 Energy has always been closely linked to man’s economic growth
and development.

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 Energy resources

CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES

1. Commercial fuels
• Coal, lignite, petroleum product, natural gas.
2. Non-commercial fuels
• Fuels wood, cow dung, agricultural wastes
3. Conventional fuels
• Fossil fuel, water energy, natural gas, nuclear energy.
4. Non-conventional fuels
• Solar energy, bio energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy.
5. Renewable fuels
• Biomass, solar, wind, water, geothermal.
6. Non-renewable sources
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 Energy resources

Energy Resources And Their Details In India

FUEL TOTAL CAPACITY
Fossil fuel 57%
Nuclear 2.41%
Solar 13%
Water 20%
Wind 1.86%
Geothermal 1.11% Associated Problem
biomass 9.30% 1. Destruction of natural energy
2. Exhaustion and unsustainablelity
3. Centralization
4. Physical issues brought on by
centralization
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 Land resources 1,3
 Land resources are the fundamental resources.
 Land resources are mainly include landforms such as hills, valleys,
plains, river basins and wetlands include different resources.
 If land utilized carefully it can be considered a renewable resources.
 Land is also converted into a non-renewable resources when highly
toxic industrial and nuclear wastes are dumped on it.
 Land on earth is as finite as any of our other natural resources.

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 land resources

ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
1. Farmland is under treat due to more and more intense utilization.
2. When soil is used more intensively by forming it is eroded more rapidly by wind and rain.
3. Over irrigation also create water logging of the topsoil so that crop roots are affected and the
crop deteriorates.
4. The misuse of the ecosystem leads to loss of valuable soil through erosion by the monsoon
rains and , to a smaller extend by wind.
5. Land is likewise corrupted because of mining operation in many part of the country.

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 land resources

SOLUTION
There is mainly 2 approach launched by a country as the solution of associated
problem.
1. Physical Approach 2. Social Approach
 Physical recovery of the land is  It reflected trough state performance
accomplished through chemical going for generally local remaking
treatment of water logged soil and is advancing forming and its profitability,
taken after with logical turn of product specifically.
thus land furnished useless by water
way activity and stream rushed are
likewise recovered after fundamental
treatment to re-establish their
fruitfulness and surface more
supportive effort.
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 Concept Of Ecosystem

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 Ecology 3
The word ecology word is mainly derived from the Greek word “oikology.”

Oikos Logos
[Home Or [study]
Surrounding]

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Ecology 34
 Ecosystem
 Ecosystem was 1st establish by A.G. tansley in1953 who define ecosystem as
“ A particular category of physical system, consist of organisms and inorganic components in
a relatively stable equilibrium, open and of various size and kinds” 3
 In other word
“ The living community of plants and animal in any area together with the non-living
components of the environment such as a soil, air, water, constitute the ecosystem.” 1
 F.R Fosberg in 1963 has define a ecosystem as
“A functioning interaction system composed of one or more living organism and their living
organisms and their effective environment, both physical and biological.”

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 Ecosystem
So in the moral the ecosystem is define as a
“Interaction with the environment at each level produce characteristic
functional system which is called ‘Ecological system’ or ‘Ecosystem’.” 3

Ecosystem

Tissue
+
Environment
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 Types Of Ecosystem 3

Ecosystem

Natural
Artificial
system

Terrestrial Aquatic
Aquaculture agriculture
ecosystem ecosystem

Desert Grassland Forest Marin Fresh water

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 Ecosystem

PROPERTIES OF ECOSYSTEM 3
1. Ecosystem composed various components.
2. It occupies certain well define area and spatial dimension (earth, spaceship).
3. It is an open system which is characterized by continuous input of mater and energy.
4. There are complex sets of interactions between biotic and abiotic organisms on the other
hand.
5. It is powered by energy of various sources among which solar energy is the most significant.
6. Ecosystem are natural resources system.
7. It is structured and well organized system.

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 Structural Aspects Of The Ecosystem 1
Component that make up the structural aspects of an ecosystem include;
1. Inorganic aspects : C, N, CO2, H2O.
2. Organic compound :protein, carbohydrates, lipid-link abiotic and biotic aspects.
3. Climatic regimes : temperature, moisture, light and topography.
4. Producers : plant.
5. Macro consumers- phagotrophs-large animals.
6. Micro consumers-saprotrophes-absorbers-fungi.

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 Ecosystem
Community Of Organisms
Non-living Environment [Abiotic
[Biotic Component]
Component ]
[Living Environment]

Consumers Decompos Radiant

Producer or ers or Lithosphere Hydrosphere Solar Atmosphere
heterotrophs producers Energy

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 Ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM 3
Community Of Organisms [Biotic Component] [Living
Environment]
Producer
• Make their own food compound that are obtained from their environment.
• Are the sources of all food in an ecosystem.
• On land most producers are green plants.
• In freshwater and marine ecosystem, algae and plants are the major producers
near shorelines.
• In open water, the dominant producers are phytoplankton that float or drift in
water.
• Most producers capture sunlight to make carbohydrates by photosynthesis.

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 Ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM 3
Community Of Organisms [Biotic Component] [Living
Environment]
Consumers or heterotrophs
• Get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
1. Primary consumers : are those that eat producers as a sources of food.
2. Secondary consumers : eat other animals.
3. Tertiary consumers : large carnivores which feed on secondary consumers.
4. Quaternary consumers : largest carnivores that feed on tertiary consumers.
They are not eaten by animals.
5. Omnivores : have mixed diet that include both plants and animal.
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 Ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM 3
Community Of Organisms [Biotic Component] [Living
Environment]
Decomposers
• Mostly certain type of bacteria and fungi are specialized consumers that recycle
organic matter in ecosystem.
• They do this by breaking down dead organic material to get nutrients and releasing
the resulting simpler inorganic compound into the soil and water, where they can
be taken up as nutrients by product.

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 Ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM 3
NON-LIVING ENVIRONMENT [ABIOTIC COMPONENT ]
Lithosphere : solid mineral matter of the earth.
Hydrosphere : the water in oceans, lakes, etc.
Radiant solar energy
Atmosphere : the gaseous mixture in the air.

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 Functional Aspects Of The Ecosystem 1,3

1. Energy cycle
2. Food chains
3. Diversity – interlinkage between organisms
4. Nutrient cycles – biogeochemical cycle
5. Productivity of ecosystem
6. Evaluation

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 Ecosystem

1. Energy cycle 1,3

Shows the energy available at each trophic level.
• The size of the blocks represents the proportion of productivity.
• Measured in joules or calories.

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 Ecosystem

2. Food chains 1,3

Every organism need to obtain energy in order to live. For example, plants get
energy from the sun, some animal eat plants, and some animals eat other animals.
A food chain is sequence of who eats whom in a biological community to obtain
nutrition.
1. Grass eaten by – sheep – sheep eaten by – wolves.
2. Plants – herbivorous animals – carnivorous animals – carnivores/omnivores.
3. Grass – insects – frog – snakes – hawk – leopard.

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 Ecosystem

 There are two major types of food chains 3 :

A. Grazing food chain
B. Detritus food chain
1. Grazing food chain
 It starts with the green plants goes to grazing herbivores and on to carnivores. Such type of
food chain is directly dependent on solar radiation.
 E.g. grass – rabbit – fox
2. Detritus food chain
 Detritus type of food chain starts from dead organic matter, then it is eaten by animals and
animals are eaten by other animals. There depend on organic matter produced in another
system.
 E.g. detritus food chain in mangrove.

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 A. Grazing food chain
B. Detritus food chain
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 Ecosystem

3. Diversity – interlinkage between organisms 3

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 Ecosystem

3. Nutrient cycles – biogeochemical

cycle 1,3
 The compound and elements that make up
nutrients move continuously in circular path
through water, air, soil and abiotic compound
within ecosystem in cycles called biological cycles
or nutrient cycles.
 Nutrient cycles, driven indirectly or directly by
incoming solar energy and gravity include the
water, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, etc.
 E.G. Water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle,
phosphorus cycle
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 Ecosystem
4. Productivity of ecosystem 3
 it refers to the rate of production. It is of three types – primary, secondary and net
productivity.
a. Primary Productivity : define as “the rate at which radiant energy is stored by
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activity of producer organism which can be used as
food materials” it can be classified into two types:
1. Gross Primary Productivity : it is the rate of storage of organic material in plant tissue
in respiration.
2. Net Primary Productivity : it is the rate of energy storage of organic material in plant
tissue in excess of respiratory intake.
b. Secondary Productivity :it is the rate of energy storage at consumer level. It remains in
mobile from one organism to another.
c. Net Productivity : it refers to the rate of storage of organic matter that is not used by the
consumers. Therefore it is the increase of biomass of the primary producers. 53

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 IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM 3
 An ecosystem gives number of services for the healthy survival of humans like :
1. Ecosystem facilities in water retention, accordingly facilitation a more evenly distributed
release of water.
2. It gives environment to us by means of eco-tourisms encouraging the happiness regarding
nature.
3. It gives air and does its purification.
4. Ecosystem regulates waste and nutrient recycling.
5. It gives materials like food and minerals.
6. It helps in soil building, erosion control, and soil renewal.
7. An ecosystem offers us sun energy. It also offers
a) Renewable vitality like biofuels, and
b) Energy i.e. non-renewable like fossil fuels.
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 8. Additional services provided by an ecosystem are the following :
a) Ecosystem enables in the protection of the biological cycles like carbon cycle and water
cycle. It also helps within the cycling of critical chemical compounds like phosphorus,
sulphur, carbon, nitrogen.
b) Ecosystem helps in disease control and natural pest.
c) It reserves genetic diversity.

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 REFERENCES

1. Bharucha erach., environmental studies; university grants

commission, new delhi and bharti vidhyapeeth institute of
environment education and research, pune, pp 3-48, 54-75.
2. Mahua basu., “fundamental of environmental studies” Cambridge
university press”, 1-10
3. Dr. M.K. gupta., dr. manish jaimini. And vikash pandy.in
environmental science; 1st Edn; nirali prakashan,2018 pp 1.1-2.24.

THANK YOU…..
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