Answers of Chapter 1 Review Questions:

1. Which of the following is a device directly used by an end user to access a

network?
Client
2. Which device makes traffic-forwarding decisions based on MAC
addresses?
Switch
3. A company has various locations in a city interconnected using Metro
Ethernet connections. This is an example of what type of network?
MAN
4. A network formed by interconnecting a PC to a digital camera via a USB
cable is considered what type of network?
PAN
5. Which of the following physical LAN topologies requires the most
cabling?
Star
6. Which of the following topologies offers the highest level of redundancy?
Full mesh
7. How many WAN links are required to create a full mesh of connections
between five remote sites?
10
8. Identify two advantages of a hub-and-spoke WAN topology as compared
to afull-mesh WAN topology.
Lower cost
More scalable
9. Which type of network is based on network clients sharing resources with
one another?
Peer-to-peer
10. Which of the following is an advantage of a peer-to-peer network, as
compared with a client/server network?
Less expensive

Answers of Chapter 2 Review Questions

1. Which layer of the OSI reference model contains the MAC and LLC
sublayers?
Data link layer
2. Which approach to bandwidth usage consumes all the available
frequencies on medium to transmit data?
Baseband
3. Windowing is provided at what layer of the OSI reference model?
Transport layer
4. IP addresses reside at which layer of the OSI reference model?
Network layer
5. Which of the following is a connectionless transport layer protocol?
UDP
6. Identify the four layers of the TCP/IP stack.
Transport layer
Internet layer
Application layer
Network interface layer
7. What is the range of well-known TCP and UDP ports?
Below 1024
8. Which protocol supports a secure connection to a remote host via terminal
emulation software?
SSH
9. Identify the well-known UDP port number for NTP.
123
10. Identify three e-mail protocols.
SMTP
POP3
IMAP4
Chapter 1 Simulations:
 Memorization Tables for Chapter 1
Table 1.1: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Bus Topology

Characteristics Benefits Drawbacks

One cable is used per Less cable is required Because of a single cable is used
network segment. to install a bus per network segment, the cable
topology, as becomes a potential single
compared with other point of failure.
topologies.

To maintain appropriate Depending of the Troubleshooting bus topology

electrical characteristics media used by the can be difficult because
of the cable, the cable bus, a bus topology problem isolation might be
requires a terminator (of can be less necessitate an inspection of
specific resistance) at expensive. multiple network taps to make
each end of the cable. sure they either have a device
connected or they are properly
terminated.

Bus topologies were Installation of a Adding devices to a bus might

popular in early network based on a cause an outage for other users
Ethernet networks. bus topology is on the bus.
easier than other
network topologies,
which might require
extra wiring to be
installed.

Network components An error conditioning existing

tap directly into cable on one device on the bus can
via a connector or a impact performance of the
vampire tap such as a T other devices on the bus.
connector or a vampire
tap.

A bus topology does not scale

well because all devices share
the bandwidth available on the
bus. Also, if two devices on the
 bus simultaneously request
access to the bus, an error
condition results.

Table 1.2: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Ring Topology

Characteristics Benefits Drawbacks

Devices are A dual ring topology adds a A break in a ring when a

interconnected to a layer of fault tolerance.
single ring or, in Therefore, if a cable break
some cases(for occurred, connectivity to all
example, FDDI) a devices could be restore.
dual ring.
Each device on a Troubleshooting is simplified
ring includes both in the event of a cable break,
receiver( for the because each device on a ring
incoming cable) contains a repeater. When the
and a transmitter ( repeater on the far side of a
for the outgoing cable break does not receive
cable). any data within certain
amount of time, it reports an
error condition ( typically in
the form of an indicator light
on a network interface card
[NIC]).
single ring topology is used
results in a network outage
for all devices connected to
the ring.
Rings have scalability
limitations. Specifically, a
ring has a maximum
number of attached
stations. Once either of
these limits is exceeded, a
single ring might need to be
divided into two
interconnected rings. A
network maintenance
window might need to be
scheduled to perform this
ring division.

Each device on the Because a ring must be a

rings repeats the complete loop, the amount
signal it receives. of cable required for a ring
is usually higher that the
amount of cable required
for a bus topology serving
the same number of
devices.
Table 1.3: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Start Topology
Characteristics Benefits
Devices have A cable breaks only the
independent device connected via the
connections back to a broken cable, and not the
central device( for entire topology.
example, a hub or a
switch).
Start topologies are Troubleshooting is relative
commonly used with simple because a central
Ethernet technologies( device in the start topology
describes in chapter acts as the aggregation
4). point of all the connected
devices.
Table 1.4: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Hub-
and-spoke WAN Topology
Characteristics Benefits
Each remote site that is Costs are reduced ( as
a spoke) connects back compared to a full-mesh
to a main site (that is, or partial-mesh topology)
the hub) via WAN link. because a minimal
number of links is used.
Communication Adding one or more
between two remote additional sites is easy (
sites travels through the as compared to a full-
hub site. mesh or partial-mesh
topology) because only
one link needs to be
added per site.
Drawbacks
More cable is require for a
start topology, as opposed
to a bus or a ring
topologies because each
device requires its own
cable to connect back to
the central device.
Installation can take
longer for a start topology,
as opposed to a bus or ring
topologies because each
device requires its own
cable to connect back to
the central device.
Drawbacks
Suboptimal routes must be
used between remote sites
because all intersite
communication must travel
via the main site.
Because all remote sites
converge on the main site,
this hub site potentially
becomes a single point of
failure.

Table 1.5: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Full-
Mesh WAN Topology
Characteristics
Every site has direct WAN
connection to every other site.
The number of required WAN
connections can be calculated
with the formula w=n * (n-1)/2,
where w= the number of WAN
links and n= the number of
sites. For example, a network
with 10 sites would requires 45
WAN connections to form a
fully meshed network: 45 =10*
(10-1)/ 2
Because each remote site is
reachable y only a single
WAN link, the hub-and-
spoke topology lacks
redundancy.
Benefits Drawbacks
An optimal route exits A full-mesh network
between any two sites. can be a difficult and
expensive to scale,
because the
addiction of one new
site requires a new
WAN link between
the new site and
every other existing
site.
A full-mesh network s
fault tolerant because
one or more links can
be lost and reachability
between all sites might
still be maintained.
Troubleshooting a full-
mesh network is
relatively easy because
each link is
independent of the
other links.
Table 1.6: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Partial-
Mesh WAN Topology

Characteristics Benefits Drawbacks

Selected sites ( that is, sites A partial-mesh topology A partial-mesh

which frequent intersite
communication) are
interconnected via direct links,
whereas sites that have less-
frequent communication can
communicate via another site.
A partial-mesh topology uses
fewer links that a full-mesh
topology and more links that a
hub-and-spoke topology for
interconnecting the same
number of sites.
provide optimal routes topology is less
between selected sites which fault tolerance
higher intersite traffic than a full-mesh
volumes while avoiding the topology.
expense of interconnecting
every site to every other site.
A partial-mesh topology is A partial-mesh
more redundant that a hub- topology is
and-spoke topology. more expensive
that a hub-and-
spoke topology.

Table 1.7: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a

Client/Server Network

Characteristics Benefits Drawbacks

Client devices( for Client/Server networks Because multiple clients

example, PCs) share a can easily scale, which might rely on a single
common set of might require the server for their resources,
resources ( for example, purchase of additional the single server can
file or print resources) client licenses. become a single point of
located on one or more failure in the network.
dedicated servers.

Resources sharing is Administration is Client/ Server networks can

made possible via simplified, because
dedicated server parameters, such as file
hardware and network sharing permissions and
operating systems. other security settings,
can be administer on a
cost more than peer-to-
peer networks. For
example, client/server
networks might require the
purchase of dedicated
 server as opposed to server hardware and a
multiple clients. network OS with an
appropriate number of
licenses.

Table 1.8: Characteristics, Benefits, and Drawbacks of a Peer-to-

Peer

Characteristics Benefits Drawbacks

Client devices( for Peer-to-Peer networks Scalability is limited because

example, PCs) share can be installed easily of the increased
their resources( for because resource administration burden of
example, file and sharing is made possible managing multiple clients.
printer resources) with by the client’s operating
other client devices. systems, and knowledge
of advance NOSs is not
required.

Resource sharing is Peer-to-Peer networks Performance might be less

made available usually cost less that than seen in a client/server
through the clients’ client/server networks network because the devices
operating systems. because there is no providing network resources
requirement for might be performing other
dedicated server tasks not related to resource
resources or advanced sharing ( for example, word
NOS software. processing).
Chapter 2 Simulations:
 Memorization Tables for Chapter 2

Protocol Description TCP Port UDP Port

File Transfer Protocol: Transfers files with a

FTP remote 20 and 21
host (typically requires authentication of user
credentials)

SSH Secure Shell: Securely connect to a remote host 22

(typically via a terminal emulator)

Secure FTP: Provides FTP file-transfer service

SFTP over a 22
SSH connection

Secure Copy: Provides a secure file-transfer service

SCP over 22
a SSH connection and offers a file’s original date
and
time information, which is not available with FTP
 Telnet: Used to connect to a remote host
Telnet (typically via a 23
terminal emulator)

Remote Shell: Allows commands to be executed

rsh on a 514
computer from a remote user

Domain Name System: Resolves domain names

DNS to 53 53
corresponding IP addresses
Protocol Description TCP Port UDP Port

Network Basic Input/Output System: Provides

NetBIOS network 139 137, 138
communication services for LANs that use
NetBIOS

Server Message Block: Used to share files, printers,

SMB and 445
other network resources

Trivial File Transfer Protocol: Transfers files with

TFTP a 69
remote host (does not require authentication of
user
credentials)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol:

DHCP Dynamically 67, 68
assigns IP address information (for example, IP
address,
subnet mask, DNS server’s IP address, and
default
gateway’s IP address) to a network device

Hypertext Transfer Protocol: Retrieves content

HTTP from a 80
web server

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure: Used to

HTTPS securely 443
retrieve content from a web server

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: Used for sending

SMTP e-mail 25

Post Office Protocol Version 3: Retrieves e-mail

POP3 from 110
an e-mail server

Internet Message Access Protocol: Retrieves e-mail

IMAP from 143
an e-mail server
 NNTP Network News Transport Protocol: Supports the 119
posting and reading of articles on Usenet news
servers

Network Time Protocol: Used by a network

NTP device to 123
synchronize its clock with a time server (NTP
server)

SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol: Supports time 123

synchronization among network devices, similar
to
Network Time Protocol (NTP), although SNTP
uses a
less complex algorithm in its calculation and is
slightly
less accurate than NTP

Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4:

IMAP4 Retrieves 143
e-mail from an e-mail server

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: Provides 389

directory services (for example, a user
directory—
including username, password, e-mail, and
phone
number information) to network clients

Real Time Streaming Protocol: Communicates

RTSP with a 554 554
media server (for example, a video server) and
controls
the playback of the server’s media files

Protocol Description TCP Port UDP Port

Remote Desktop Protocol: A Microsoft protocol

RDP that 3389
allows a user to view and control the desktop of
a
remote computer

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol: Used to 161

monitor and manage network devices
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Trap: A 162 162
notification sent from an SNMP agent to an
Trap SNMP
manager

Session Initiation Protocol: Used to create and

SIP end 5061 5060
sessions for one or more media connections,
including
Voice over IP calls

Media Gateway Control Protocol: Used as a call 2427,

MGCP control 2727
and communication protocol for Voice over IP
networks

H.323 is a signaling protocol used to provide

H.323 multimedia 1720
communications over a network

5004, 5004,
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol: Used for delivering 5005 5005
media-based data over networks, such as Voice
over IP