NAME : NAJWA AULIA PUTRI

NIM : 4192121004

We humans know, for thousands of years, just by looking at our environment around us,
that there are different substances and these different substances tend to have different properties.
but we also know that there seems to be certain types of air and certain types of airborne particles
namely carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. if it raises high temperatures in gold or tin, tin can turn into
liquid. Or if it burns carbon, then we can get it in a gaseous state and can release it into the
atmosphere and can damage the structure of the atmosphere's layers. If we continue to break
down this carbon, into smaller and smaller chunks, the question is whether there is the smallest
chunk and whether the smallest chunk still has carbon properties and will we lose carbon
properties? Carbon is an element. lead is an element. gold is an element. You might say that
water is an element and in history, people refer to water as an element. but now we know that
water consists of more basic elements which are made of oxygen and hydrogen and all our
elements are listed here in the periodic elements table. C is carbon. O is oxygen. Ni is nitrogen.
Si is silicon. Au is gold. Sn is lead. and the most basic unit of these elements is the atom. Atom is
very small, really very small. Each atom of the particle has the most fundamental elements,
namely protons. The proton is actually what determines, the number if the proton is in the
nucleus, and I will talk about the nucleus in a second, that's what defines the element. So this is
what defines the element. When you look at the periodic table here, they are actually written in
atomic number order. And the atomic number, literally, is just the number of protons in that
element. So by definition, hydrogen has one proton, helium has two protons, carbon six protons
,. You can't have carbon with seven protons. If you do, it will become nitrogen. That's not carbon
anymore. Oxygn has eight protons. If, somehow, you add another proton to it, it won't become
oxygen anymore. That will be fluorine. Si defines the element. And the atomic number, the
number of protons, and remember, that is the number written directly above, here, for each of
these elements in the periodic table, the number of protons is the same as the atomic number.
And they put that number here, because that is the defining characteristic of an element. The
other two atomic constituents that are electrons and neutrons.

The center of an atom has an atomic nucleus. So for example, carbon, we know, has six
protons. Carbon 12, which is the carbon version, will also have 6 neutrons. You can have a
carbon version that has a different number of neutrons. So neutrons can change, electrons can
change, you can still have the same elements. Protons cannot change. You change protons, you
have different elements. The reason why we wrote carbon-12, you know I count six neutrons, is
that, this is the total, you can see this as a total, one way to see it. And we will get a little nuance
in the future, is that this is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. And this
carbon, by definition, has an atomic number of six, but we can rewrite it here, just so we can
remind ourselves. So at the center of the carbon atom, we have this nucleus. And carbon-12 will
have six protons and six neutrons. Another carbon version, carbon-14, will still have six protons,
but then it will have eight neutrons. So the number of neutrons can change. But this is carbon-12,
right here. And if carbon-12 is neutral, and I'll give this word a little nuance in seconds too, if it's
neutral, it will also have six electrons. And one way, and this is probably the first-order way of
thinking about the relationship between electrons and nuclei, is that you can imagine that
electrons are kind, moving, buzzing around this nucleus. One model as orbiting around the
nucleus. But it is not true. They do not orbit like planets which, for example, orbit around the
sun. but it's a good starting point. Another way is, they are, some kind of jumping around the
core, or they are buzzing around the core. And that is only because reality becomes very strange
at this level. And we really need to get into quantum physics to really understand what electrons
do. But the first mental model in your head is the center of this atom, this carbon-12 atom, you
have this nucleus, right there. And these electrons jump over this nucleus. And the reason why
these electrons don't just disappear from this nucleus. Why this type of bonding at the nucleus,
and they form part of this atom, is that protons have a positive charge and electrons have a
negative charge. And that is one of the properties of this fundamental particle.

The electromagnetic force is that different charges attract one another. So the best way to
think about it is, protons and electrons, because they have different charges, they attract each
other. Neutrons are neutral. So they really just sit here in the core. And they affect the properties,
to a certain degree, for certain atomic elements. But the reason why we have electrons doesn't
just fly by themselves is because, they are attracted to the nucleus. And they also have
extraordinarily high speeds. certain neutral atoms of certain elements, have greater affinity for
electrons than others. So maybe one of them swiped electrons from carbon, and then this carbon
would have fewer electrons than protons. So it will have five electrons and six protons.
30 Physics words from that video :

No Physics Words Time

1 Temperature 0.18
2 Liquid 0.18
3 Solid 0.18
4 Particles 0.49
5 Reflect 0.12
6 Light 0.12
7 Gas 0.19
8 Carbon 0.28
9 Graphite 0.29
10 Gold 0.35
11 Air 0.47
12 Oxygen 0.52
13 Ntrogen 0.52
14 Burn 1.10
15 Gaseus state 1.11
16 Atmosphere 1.12
17 Elements 2.03
18 Lead 2.07
19 Water 2.11
20 Hydrogen 2.21
21 Silicon 2.40
22 Atom 2.48
23 Proton 5.30
24 Helium 6.00
25 Fluorine 6.16
26 Electron 6.49
27 Neutron 6.49
28 Orbiting 9.05
29 Planet 9.11
30 Quantum Physics 9.24