Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Description
Difficulty in displaying interpersonal behaviors is one of the
conditions that affects the social, academic, emotional, behavioral
aspects of the learner. Learners having difficulty in displaying
interpersonal behaviors are manageable however learners displaying
severe and profound aggressive behaviour should be subjected for
further observation and assessment by medical practitioners like
psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist to identify if the learners
have Emotional and Behavioral Disorder (EBD). This condition
hinders the learner from functioning effectively in school, family and
community leading to difficulty in making and maintaining friends,
interacting with people in authority and creating and maintaining
family relationships.
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Indicators
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Accommodations
Learners experiencing difficulty in displaying interpersonal and those
diagnosed with EBD by medical specialists have to be provided with
adequate instructional environment supportive social-emotional climate,
and systematic process of identification and intervention in schools
(Smeets 2009).
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20. Alternate short concentrated work periods with breaks.
21. Identify teaching-style/student match (e.g. structured, nurturing, etc.)
22. Small group instruction
23. Alternate high and low interest tasks
24. Provide choice of tasks
25. Utilize areas of strength to encourage expression
26. Reduce amount of required copying from board
27. Adapt assignments to require less writing
28. Reduce workload when signs of frustration are noticed
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20. Make an agreement with the parents to work with the teachers in
monitoring the learners
21. Avoid using learner as negative example to others
22. Focus and utilize areas of strengths, talents and accomplishments
23. Provide opportunities for students to display responsibility and provide
assistance to others
24. Encourage cooperative learning tasks
TEACHING STRATEGIES
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Addressing Problem Behaviors and Developing Positive Behavior in Classroom
(State of Washington Clover Park School District, Child Study and Treatment
Center and Seattle University School of Education, 2005)
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adults/participate frequency (b)look for patterns, (c) talk
in activities with learner (d) determine cause like
wanting attention, unable to express
self in appropriate ways, lack of
social skills, low self-esteem,
inattention, (e) choose strategies
based on reason, monitor progress
Develop plan with learner and
parents. Be very clear with learner on
expectations and allow learner to give
feedback.
Use simple directions with short,
exact, clear words. Use do words and
avoid phrasing requests as questions.
Be near learner before giving
directions, make sure to get attention
and ask to repeat or for
understanding.
Develop a consistent pattern of
response to noncompliance using
direct requests.
Try to minimize the energy and
attention given to learners who is
noncompliant but know when to
ignore or pay attention.
Know when to address
noncompliance in a positive manner
by developing a fair and progressive
set of responses and be consistent.
Directly teach compliance through
demonstration or modeling of
directions/intructions.
Empower learners in a positive way
through giving him/her jobs to
practice following directions.
Use positive reinforcement wisely.
Determine if needed for a certain
situation.
Lies at home, in Honest with Post rules and values in a visible
school and in the themselves and location in the classroom and discuss
community to others. what each rule or value means and
family, peers, staff how to show the rule or value.
and community
members
Discuss why people lie and how one
feels if lied to.
Recognize and encourage honest
behavior.
Do not punish honesty.
Role-play honesty and emphasize
importance of being honest and
practice telling the truth in different
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situations specially in tough
situations.
Read stories about being honest.
Refer to school counselor in extreme
cases.
Touches others Keep appropriate Teach learners every individual has
inappropriately distance different boundaries and needs to
(e.g. touching too (respecting respect personal space.
much, too hard, or personal
in places that are boundaries) from
uncomfortable to others and use
others) touch in
appropriate
manner
Respect cultural differences by
discussing how different cultural
groups touch others.
Recognize cultural biases, help
learners identify their own and their
difference with other people.
Teach about personal bubbles
through activities to gain
understanding in young learners.
Define boundaries as being “at an
arm’s length” for older learners.
Discuss and encourage alternatives
to intrusive touching such as
handshakes, holding hands, pats on
the back, side hugs as well as non-
touching alternatives (drawing
pictures, singing songs, doing cheers
or using words to express positive
feelings for others).
Teach alternative strategies for
positive attention as substitute in
using touch to get attention(poking,
grabbing, hitting).
Clearly define space boundaries(e.g.
use masking tape on floor, boxes
around desks where students are
supposed to sit, make pathways
within the classroom or put x’s on
floor where to learner suppose to
stand.
Use carpet squares, pillows, table
mat to define own spaces during
circle time, snack time, meeting time.
Arrange seating, activities and space
in the classroom to minimize
interactions or maximize supervision
of them between learners who are
likely to have difficulty with touching.
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For learners with histories of
boundary violations/abuse,
collaborate with parents and
professionals to develop a safety plan.
Maintain confidentiality.
Exhibits behaviors Recovers from Support learners following upsetting
that suggest upsetting event by allowing him/her to find a
anger, frustration, events/situations. quiet place or have a walk to calm
and an inability to down self or encourage to talk. Ask
cope with the whether the student would like
demands of the company or would rather be left alone
current and keep checking if he wants to be
environment. alone.
Use assistive techniques as follows:
(a) using a chart that shows facial
expressions and labels emotions, (b)
drawing a picture or series of pictures
related to the event and associated
feelings, (c) using dolls or figurines to
help describe the interactions that
occurred during the event, or (d)
acting out the actual event
Process the event through use of
active listening, reflection, and
paraphrasing to help the student
discuss the event. Acknowledge the
difficulty in talking about an
upsetting event, and support the
student’s efforts
Let learner know how well they are
doing as he/she relaxes/calms down
through positive statements and
expect increased emotions during
this time.
Be patient with the recovery process
as there are highs and lows, calms
and storms as it continues and allow
students to proceed at their own pace
and given level.
Develop a timeline to discover what
occurred, as well as when and how
and record on paper.
Decide through the decoding of the
information given whether to
continue, bring in another
professional, involve another student,
or refer the student to a professional.
Use known information about
available community, therapist, and
family support systems.
Draw conclusions about the reasons
for the student’s difficulties, such as
(a) limited coping skills, (b)
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unrealistic expectations for oneself or
others, or (c) possible mitigating
factors outside of school (e.g., family
problem) and draft recommendations
to address what the student needs.
Transition student back into
classroom when appropriate. It is
necessary to remember that learners
have expended a great deal of energy
-- mental, physical, and emotional –
and it may be appropriate to offer
some rest, a snack, or other modified
activities.
If the issue is primarily a lack of
skills, specific scripts may be selected
or developed to model and role-play
solutions, either individually or in a
group setting.
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recognize and monitor these cues,
teach them ways to control the cues,
such as deep breathing, relaxation
exercises, walking away from negative
situations, or finding someone to talk
to about their concerns.
Give verbal or nonverbal cues that
are clearly defined and agreed upon
to help learners track their own
reactions and behavior.
Maintain a calm tone and presence
when a student is losing control to
help defuse the situation and avoid
negative outcomes. If the teacher gets
upset or angry, students will pick up
on these cues. As a result, the
situation will intensify, and feelings
will escalate.
Promote communication and
understanding. Ask students why
they think they are destructive at
times. Listen to what they say in a
nonjudgmental manner. Help them to
elaborate on what they were feeling
during a recent incident, using “I-
statements.”
Discuss alternative approaches
students could have used to address
the issue or solve the problem, as
well as possible outcomes of each
choice. Have students choose which
one would have been the most
beneficial.
Help students who are out of control.
(e.g., not listening or hearing others,
not responding to cues, yelling,
throwing/breaking things, dumping
tables/chairs/desks,). Teachers and
staff need to physically intervene to
take control of the situation by
removing these learners from the
group and give them a time out in an
area where they (and others) will be
safe.
Help students to define steps toward
resolution and taking responsibility
for one’s behavior then rehearse what
will happen when they transition
back into the classroom and how to
resolve any remaining topics or
feelings students might have.
Once students have calmed down
and talked about the incident, they
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need to assess the damage done
during it and what needs to be done
afterwards such as replacing
damaged article, cleaning the
classroom or do recycling, and
writing or drawing an apology to all
that have been affected by their
actions.
Coach them through apologies since
this is very difficult for children (and
adults alike). Structure the situation
so it may be successful for the
learners and promote a positive
outcome, such that no one is left
feeling humiliated.
Model respect and pride in
ownership. Clean up or fix broken
things quickly to send the message
that people care about the
classroom/school and the things in
it. Discuss the need to respect one’s
own property, as well as that of
others and to take pride in their
surroundings, both at home and at
school.
Harms others with Manages self to be Develop individual contracts with
physical contact, harmless and safe learner to address tendencies toward
such as hitting, with peers and being aggressive and possible related
biting, or kicking staff skill deficits. Help them to monitor
their progress over time, adjusting
the contract as needed to promote
more appropriate behavior.
Use positive reinforcement by helping
them to identify improvements and
positive changes they have made then
reinforce these changes with praise
and attention.
Separate learners who are most likely
to fight, and only allow contact in
highly structured interactions that
are closely monitored.
Develop a consistent response to
aggression and the resolution of
related conflict.
Provide a quiet area for students to
go when feeling frustrated, feeling a
desire to hurt others or when needing
to de-escalate.
Talk to the student about (a) What
caused the frustration to build? (b)
What are other ways to handle
frustration? (c) What could the
student do if the same situation arose
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again? (d) What needs to happen for
the student to return to the
classroom or learning area?
When there has been a conflict or
physical encounter, allow time for the
students to calm down. Brainstorm
with students, and develop a list of
ways for them to relax when they are
feeling frustrated (e.g., deep
breathing, counting to 10).
Use role modeling for social skills
training to the entire class that will
reinforce positive, appropriate
interactions with others. Specific
topics to address include (a) starting
a conversation, (b) asking a question,
(c) introducing oneself, (d) giving and
receiving compliments, (e) asking for
help, (e) joining in and dealing with
feeling left out, (f) expressing feelings,
(g) sharing something, (h) helping
others, (i) negotiating, (j) using
selfcontrol, (k) responding to teasing,
and (l) making a complaint. Specific
lessons to teach these skills can be
found in the resources below.
Argues, have an Communicate with Model or imitate positive
attitude and adults in a positive communication.
engages in power manner
struggles
Teach positive communication to help
learners to learn and master these
skills, as well as promote positive
experiences with others.
Show respectful attitude. If a quiet,
firm, and caring attitude is used, it
elicits more positive attention and
response from children, even if they
are very argumentative.
Use “parroting back” techniques. This
is sometimes called the “broken
record” technique. A direction is given
in a calm, even voice. Students do not
appear to have heard the direction.
Rather than confront the students
and introduce argument-like
behavior, repeat the same direction in
the same tone of voice. If needed, it
can be repeated even a third or fourth
time, still in that same calm tone of
voice.
Help learners understand negative
consequences of arguing. Have an
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atmosphere of open communication
with learners, they can talk about
how effective this arguing style is for
them.
Learners can be taught to accept “no”
for an answer and communicate their
feelings in a positive manner.
Help learners learn when to say “no.”
While working with learners on
accepting “no,” it is critical to teach
them that “no” has a place in their
vocabulary.
Wanders in class, Stays in designated Set clear expectations. Be specific in
walk out of class area classroom expectations. Be clear
or run away about the consequences when
expectations are not met
Make a simple contract with students
to address over activity and post it on
or near their desk.
Use the same classroom routine on a
daily basis, and post the daily
schedule to prevent lag time.
Monitor length of instruction. Keep
the time frame short, and build in
frequent opportunities for movement
to “get the wiggles out.” Using music
and movement during instruction can
also help kids with high activity levels
stay on task and be focused.
Position the student’s desk in the
area next to the teaching area to
facilitate instant monitoring/positive
feedback.
Use floor markers. Define the
appropriate area where students
should be by using tape on the floor.
Different colors of tape could be used
for appropriate areas and “off limits”
areas.
Change room arrangement. If
students are always getting out of
their seats to obtain materials, bring
the materials to them, have them be
helpers to pass out materials, or
rearrange the room so that everything
is close by for the completion of the
project
Be flexible. If the task can be
completed with students standing at
their desk, working on the floor, in a
bean bag, or in another area, be
flexible enough to allow these
accommodations.
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Provide sensory input. Some students
need to move because their
neurological systems need additional
input. Give them a “Koosh” ball,
nubby seat cushions, gum to chew,
or a stress ball to squeeze to provide
their systems with the needed
stimulation to stay in one place.
Minimize distractions. Sometimes
students get distracted by noises and
get up to check out what they hear.
Encourage those students to wear
noise-blocking headphones.
Use common language by using the
same statement each time the
student is wandering or is out of the
designated area in a calm, firm voice
(e.g., “You are out of the area.”).
Use nonverbal cues. If students are
wandering in the class, say their
names and then nonverbally cue
them (e.g., shake head “no,” point to
the designated area, move hand down
as if to say “sit down.”).
Use positive reinforcement. Make
positive statements to students to
encourage and support them (e.g., “I
know you can stay in your seat.”,
“Let’s see if you can do as well as you
did yesterday.”). When students are
doing what is expected of them, it is
recommended the teacher use
tangible rewards (e.g., points,
privileges) or intangible reinforcement
(e.g., praise, nonverbal positive
responses). Use positive “I
statements,” such as “I like it when
you are seated.”, “I like the way you
stay in your area.”, or “I can see you
want to stay with the group by the
way you are walking slowly with us.”
Remove audience. To decrease
attention from other learners to
negative behaviors (i.e., wandering,
being noncompliant), take the
remainder of the class outside of the
area.
Use role modeling and have learners
practice how to get positive attention
in the assigned area and reinforce
their efforts.
Encourage self-monitoring. Have
learner put a tally sheet on the desk
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to track when they stay in the
designated area. Review these sheets,
and reward students numerous times
throughout the day for staying in
assigned areas.
Directly address tendency to run
away. If students do run away
unexpectedly (i.e., “bolt off”), put an
alarm on the classroom door, and
have a quick response system in
place for the student’s safety. Use
extra care with these students when
in open areas.
Interrupts others Raises hand to talk Post clear rules. Use five basic rules,
when they are such as (a) follow directions, (b) keep
talking “out of hands and feet to oneself, (c) use
turn’ or ‘blurting appropriate language, (d) raise hand
out answers” to talk, and (e) stay in designated
area. Discuss these rules, and make
sure all the students understand
what each rule means, what will
happen when the rule is followed,
and what will happen when it is not
followed.
Set clear expectations. Be specific in
classroom expectations (e.g., “Please
raise your hand.”, “You need to wait
until you are called on to talk.”). Be
clear about the consequences when
expectations are not met. Be
consistent in carrying out these
consequences.
Have learners put a tally sheet on
their desk to track each time they
talk out in class. Encourage them to
do this daily, and reward students as
the frequency diminishes.
Reinforce positive efforts.
Acknowledge students for doing what
is expected with a tangible reward
(e.g., points, privileges) or intangible
reinforcement (e.g., praise, nonverbal
positive responses, extra attention).
Use positive “I- statements” (e.g., “I
like the way you remembered to raise
your hand before talking.”, “I like the
way you let … finish what they were
saying.”, or “I am proud of you for
waiting to talk and raise your hand.”).
Change seating arrangement. Put the
student’s desk in the area next to the
teaching area to facilitate instant
monitoring/positive feedback. If
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necessary, change groups to facilitate
the “best” seating arrangement for
the student.
Ignore interruptions. Do not call on
learners who are speaking out;
however, do call on them as soon as
they raise their hand.
Use nonverbal cues. For example,
raise own hand (as a quiet reminder)
before responding; put hand to lips,
as in “Shh;” or give a “thumbs up”
when students remember to raise
their hand
Practice role modeling. Play games
that require participants to wait their
turn and raise their hand.
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3. Allow for mini-breaks
Learners with difficulty in displaying interpersonal behaviors (EBD)
lack emotional balance and maturity. Mini-breaks may help these learners
maintain their focus on lengthy tasks. Learners with difficulty in displaying
interpersonal behaviors (EBD) should be given sufficient time to finish their
assigned tasks. They should also be allowed to stretch, get out of their seats
and move around a bit.
4. Fair treatment for all
Learners with difficulty in displaying interpersonal behaviors (EBD) do
not respond well to situations that appears unfair to them. These situations
may trigger negative emotions and acting-out behavior. To ensure fair
treatment among learners, teachers should not bend the classroom rules
and should always enforce expected consequences for every learner.
6. Behavior chart
Grade: VI - Apitong
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BEHAVIOR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Hitting III II I I I
Classmates
Spitting on t II I 0 0 0
he floor
Learners who are misbehaving in class may come from families that
do not foster an environment of respect and acceptance. The teacher should
always model respect in class and should deal with the issues presented.
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
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Materials: white bond paper, crayons or marker, Behavior Checklist copy for
each learner
Procedures
1. Ask the student to talk about the things that made his/her
angry. Tick the observed manifestations.
3. Let the learner list helpful ways on how s/he manage anger.
Directions: Mark all behaviors that you usually do when you get
angry
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b. Treasure Box of Emoticons
Procedures
Procedure:
1. Let the learner choose a stone.
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2. Let the learner paint on the stone according to his/her
desired design.
d. “WORRY CAN”
Materials:
Can
Paper
Coloring Materials (crayon, color pencil, etc)
Writing Materials
Glue
Procedure:
1. Ask the learners to label the can titled “Scary Things”, “Fears”,
“Worries” or whatever seem appropriate for their experience.
Materials:
Box
Stress balls
Play-dough
Bubbles
Calming music
Paper, pencil, crayons, markers
Book
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Procedures:
1. Instruct the learners to go near the box.
2. Let the learners to get the object that can help them to calm
down and relax.
3. Let the learners to share why did they choose that object.
Procedures
Pencil
Steps:
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Let the learner do the following:
For every red circle, write one thing that makes you
happy.
For every yellow circle, write one thing that makes you
sad.
For every blue circle, write one thing that makes you
angry.
Note: If the learners are not capable of writing, let the learners
recite the things that makes them feel happy, sad, angry, excited
and afraid.
h. Box of Events
Materials:
Procedure:
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i. Games of Self-control
Procedure:
Simon Says
Simon says:
- Nod your head;
- Clap your hands; and
- Jump.
Rules:
Procedure:
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1. Let the learners listen to a story read by the teacher with
emotional content.
2. Have learners talk about it afterwards.
3. The teacher will ask the following:
- Who are the characters in the story?
- Why did the character in the story get angry?
- What are the things that make you angry?
- What do you do to calm down/cool off?
k. Making Math Fun with Unifix Cubes
Directions:
See what flashcards mean with unifix cubes or legos!
1+2 means we stack 1 cube on top of 2 stacked cubes--now we have
3 cubes stacked together! 1+2=3.
Lay out the flashcards and stack cubes beneath them to make each
answer.
Use different colored cubes for each math problem.
For 1+2 we use 1 white cube and stack beneath it 2 blue cubes to give
us the 3 total cubes.
l. Cooling Cubes
Directions:
Using a permanent marker write a safe "cool down" strategy on
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each ice cube.
For example: count to ten, walk away, talk to a friend, take three
deep breaths, etc.
Leave blank for few remaining cubes and let the learner come up
with his/her own strategies.
Note:
The original post suggested placing the ice cubes in the freezer for an
additional "cool" effect.
Procedures:
1. Divide the learners into groups. Consider groupings and place
learners with social and interpersonal disorders in groups where
they can feel comfortable with in sharing their ideas.
2. Show pictures of persons who does fit conventional rules in
society.
3. Using the Venn Diagram, let the learners write their thoughts or
feelings regarding the pictures.
n. Playing advocate
Materials
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2-3 Pictures of different social situations that present
conflicts or issues
Procedures
1.Divide the class into two groups - the pros and the cons. Each
learner will present only questions as arguments and counter-
arguments.
For the teacher:
1. Be on alert.
2. Facilitate the activity with fairness.
3. Eliminate competition by refraining from giving points.
4. Process the activity by asking each learner to write or a
reflection on both sides.
5. Accommodate each learners’ responses and be able to
process wrong answers.
o. Charades
Materials
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II. DIFFICULTY IN BASIC LEARNING AND APPLYING
KNOWLEDGE
Introduction
Difficulty in basic learning and applying knowledge represents
a difficulty in one or more of the basic learning processes involved in
understanding or using language, both spoken and written that may
manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, speak, read, think, write,
spell, or do mathematical calculations (Leong, 1999; Snowling, 2005).
Specific terms for these difficulties may include difficulty in reading, in
writing, in counting and calculating; and in spelling.
Description
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to realize that difficulty in basic learning and applying knowledge can
affect an individual’s life beyond academics and can create an impact
to the relationships with family, friends and in the workplace.
Generally, people with difficulty in basic learning and applying
knowledge are of average or above average intelligence which appears
to be a gap between the individual’s potential and actual
achievements. This maybe the reason that these difficulties are
referred to as “hidden disabilities”. The person looks “normal” and
seems to be intelligent, yet may be unable to demonstrate the skills
expected from a person of similar age.
A difficulty in basic learning and applying knowledge is a life-
long challenge. However, with appropriate support and intervention,
people with these difficulties can achieve success in school, at work,
in relationships, and in the community.
(https://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/
Retrieved: May 9, 2017)
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STRENGTHS OF PERSON WITH DIFFICULTY IN BASIC LEARNING &
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE
Capulong, Y.T., Inciong, T. G., & Quijano, Y.S. (2007). Introduction to General Education – A
Textbook for College Students: Quezon City: Rex Book Store Inc. First Edition.
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TYPES OF LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN BASIC LEARNING
AND APPLYING KNOWLEDGE
DIFFICULTY IN READING
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ACCOMMODATIONS TO SUPPORT LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN
READING
TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION
Setting Presentation
Study carrel Repeat directions
Small group Large print editions
Individualized Braille edition
Timing Response
Extended time Mark test booklet
Frequent breaks Word processor
Unlimited time Use references
Scheduling Other
Specific time of day Test preparation
Subtest in different order Out-of-level
Across multiple days Motivational cues
DESCRIPTION/SUGGESTED
STRATEGIES
ACTIVITIES
Use of tape recorder or audio The tape recorder is a useful aid.
books Directions, stories, and specific
lessons can be recorded.
The learner can replay the tape to
clarify understanding of directions
or concepts.
To improve reading skills, the
learner can read printed words
silently while listening from the
audio tape.
Learners can also access other
services like Book share, a free
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online library for students with
disabilities
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Locating place in consumable In consumable materials in which
material learners progress sequentially
(such as workbooks), the learner
can make a diagonal cut across the
lower right-hand corner of the
pages as they are completed.
With all the completed pages cut,
the learner and teacher can readily
locate the next page that needs to
be corrected or completed.
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For Performance
STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION/SUGGESTED
ACTIVITIES
Changing response mode For learners who have difficulty with fine
motor responses (such as handwriting),
the response mode can be changed to:
underlining
selecting from multiple choices
sorting
marking
Learners with fine motor problems can
be:
given extra space for writing
answers on worksheets
allowed to respond on individual
chalkboards
Providing an outline of the An outline enables some learner to
lecture follow the lesson successfully and
make appropriate notes.
It helps learners to see the
organization of the material and
ask timely questions.
Using graphic organizers A graphic organizer involves
organizing material into a visual
format.
To develop a graphic organizer, the
learner can use the following steps:
(a) list the topic on the first line,
(b) collect and divide information
into major headings,
(c) list all information relating to
major headings on index cards,
(d) organize information into major
areas,
(e) place information under
appropriate subheadings, and
(f) place information into the
organizer format
Using assignment books or Learners can use calendars to
calendars record assignment due dates, list
school related activities, record
test dates, and schedule timelines
for schoolwork.
Learners should set aside a special
section in an assignment book or
calendar for recording homework
assignments.
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Providing readily-available Teachers can provide readily-
handouts available handouts or worksheets
for the learners’ consumption.
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Using flexible work times Learners who work slowly can be
given additional time to complete
written assignments.
STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION/SUGGESTED
ACTIVITIES
Using explicit teaching Teachers can include explicit teaching
procedures steps within their lessons:
present an advanced organizer
demonstrate the skill
provide guided practice
offer corrective feedback
set up independent practice
monitor practice
review
Stick to consistent daily Many learners with learning
routines problems need the structure of daily
routines to know and do what is
expected.
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(a) if directions contain several steps,
break down the directions into
subsets;
(b) simplify directions by presenting
only one portion at a time and by
writing each portion on the
chalkboard as well as stating it
orally; and
(c) when using written directions, be
sure that learners are able to read
and understand the words as well as
comprehend the meaning of
sentences.
Providing copy of lecture notes The teacher can give a copy of lecture
notes to learners who have difficulty
taking notes during presentations.
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Using mnemonic instruction Mnemonic devices can be used to
help learners remember key
information or steps in a learning
strategy.
An example of mnemonic
instruction.
The lines on the staff: Every Good
Boy Deserves Fudge (E, G, B, D, F)
The spaces on the staff: Furry
Animals Cook Excellently (F, A,C, E)
Emphasizing daily review Daily review of previous learning or
lessons can help learners connect
new information with prior
knowledge.
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EDUCATIONAL GOALS, CURRICULAR PRIORITIES AND SAMPLE
LESSONS FOR LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN READING
SAMPLE
GOALS PRIORITIES
LESSONS/ACTIVITIES/CONTENT
Improve Phonological Direct teaching of same and different
decoding skills awareness sounds
Producing the sounds of /s/ and /z/
and /b/,/p/, and /v/ properly
Play with blending wheel
Sound-symbol Viewing short videos showing letters
correspondence and their sounds
Use of clay, sand, or pebbles to create
letters which match the sounds given
by the teacher
Use of body movements to present
the letters and their sounds.
Reading the set of 10 words (with C-
Fluency V-C pattern) correctly.
Reading a simple 5-sentence story.
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SAMPLE ACTIVITIES FOR LEARNERS WITH
DIFFICULTY IN READING
PRIMARY LEVEL
a e
f j
k o
p t
A
u y
z
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Word Picture Match
Draw a line from each picture to match the word.
fish
carrot
ball
tamarind
leaf
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INTERMEDIATE
LEVEL
Rewrite each sentence correctly.
2. ordinary toys materials have fun her creating Mary creating own
from have
DIFFICULTY IN WRITING
https://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/dysgraphia/
Retrieved: June 20, 2017)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN WRITING:
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For Amount of Writing
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For Mechanics of Writing
Here are some teaching strategies that teachers can use for learners
with difficulty in writing.
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2. By modifying the task demands
Minimizing the writing task
Changing the nature of task (giving a cloze passage or
multiple-choice exercise instead of an essay)
Giving the learner assistance and guidance during the lesson
4. Teaching Handwriting
Board Activities
Position
child sits in a comfortable chair
table is of proper height
feet flat on the floor
both forearms on the writing surface
non-writing hand should hold the paper at the top
Paper
for manuscript writing –parallel with the lower edge of the
desk.
for cursive writing, paper is tilted at an angle approximately 60
degrees from vertical to the left for right handed and to the
right for left-handed children.
5. Holding the pencil. Pencil held between the thumb and the middle
finger with the index finger riding the pencil; grasped above the
sharpened point.
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7. Tracing – Use heavy black figures on white paper
9. Dot-to-dot
STRATEGY INSTRUCTION
Westwood, P. (2011). Learning and Learning Difficulties: A handbook for teachers (pp. 96-
98, 110-115, 129-131). British Columbia
49 | P a g e
EDUCATIONAL GOALS, CURRICULAR PRIORITIES AND SAMPLE
LESSONS
FOR LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN WRITING
SAMPLE
GOALS PRIORITIES
LESSONS/ACTIVITIES/CONTENT
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SAMPLE ACTIVITIES FOR LEARNERS WITH
DIFFICULTY IN WRITING
PRIMARY LEVEL
Maria Katarina C.
Bernardo
KATINIG
Bb
/bi/
bote baso
Dd
/di/
damo dahon
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INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
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Direction: Copy the following sentences.
Be on time today.
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DIFFICULTY IN COUNTING AND CALCULATING
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ACCOMMODATIONS TO SUPPORT LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN
COUNTING AND CALCULATING
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Classwork and Taking Tests
For Homework
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TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR LEARNERS
WITH DIFFICULTY IN COUNTING AND
CALCULATING
Below are some teaching ways that can make learning easier for learner
with difficulty in counting and calculating.
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Allow learners to have extra time – even when given work at their level,
and assessments. Learners with difficulty in counting and calculating
often work slowly.
Teach test taking skills, give practice tests and provide study guides.
Have pupils do projects, organize portfolios of work, make oral
presentations, or create a finished product, rather than take a test.
Encourage an appropriate classroom ethos where learners are not
allowed to make statements such as ‘this is easy’.
Use written rather than verbal instructions and questions to reduce
memory overload.
Focus on understanding rather than rote memory. Try to use fun
methods for retention of number facts such as computer or card
games.
Provide aids such as calculators or number fact grids.
Here are the list of teaching strategies for learner with difficulty in
counting and calculating in higher level.
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understand and succeed with the regular program, rather than replace
it with a different program.
SAMPLE
GOALS PRIORITIES LESSONS/ACTIVITIES/CONTENT
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Performing Recognizing different operational
basic symbols
mathematical Matching mathematical symbols (
operations +,-,x,/) with their corresponding
operation based on the answer
provided (e.g. In order to get 9, “+”
must be used for 4 to combine 5)
Recognizing and understanding
words such as “add”, “minus”,
etc. through the use of visual
representations (e.g. for “add”, a
picture of 2 breads combined
together)
Translating word problems to
mathematical equations through
the help of situational plays
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SAMPLE ACTIVITIES FOR LEARNERS WITH
DIFFICULTY IN COUNTING AND CALCULATING
Name: ______________________________________________________
Write the number that comes after.
Name: _______________________________________________________
Count and write the numbers from 1 – 10 on the flowers below.
www.k5learning.com
61 | P a g e
DIFFICULTY IN SPELLING
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For Developing Phonemic Awareness
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For Exploring Sounds
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Learners with spelling difficulties benefit from being taught how to study
and check words (Lam, 2003).
Look-say-cover-right-check
o This self-help strategy makes use of visual imagery to establish
correct spelling patterns in long-term memory. The strategy is
particularly valuable for the learning of irregular words, and
for helping learners progress beyond the phonetic stage of
spelling.
Phonemic approach
o This strategy is the one that most learners discover for
themselves at the early stage of inventive spelling.
Spelling by analogy
o Some learners will need direct teaching and much practice to
realise that knowing the spelling of one word can give clues to
the probable spelling of another word that sounds a little like
it.
Repeated writing
o If a learner really wishes to remember a word, writing the word
several times is an obvious method of helping with this. The
approach brings together motor memory and visual imagery.
However, the strategy is unlikely to be of benefit if the learner
is not motivated to learn the word, of if the exercise is given as
punishment.
Westwood, P. (2011). Learning and Learning Difficulties: A handbook for teachers (pp. 96-
98, 110-115, 129-131). British Columbia
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SAMPLE ACTIVITIES FOR LEARNERS WITH
DIFFICULTY IN SPELLING
PRIMARY LEVEL
NAME:____________________________________________________
Directions: Let’s talk about summer. All of the words are associated with
summer. Circle the words that are spelled correctly.
1. sonny sunny sannie
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
NAME:____________________________________________________
Directions: Homophones are words that sound the same but have different
in spelling and meanings.
Choose the correct spelled word to complete the sentence.
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HIGHER LEVEL
NAME:____________________________________________________
Directions: Edit the news story below. Cross out misspelled words and
write the corrected words about the mistakes.
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III. DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATION
(Communication Disorder)
Introduction
1. Form of Language
a. Phonology is the sound system of a language and the
rules that govern the sound combinations.
b. Morphology is the system that governs the structure of
words and the construction of word forms.
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c. Syntax is the system governing the order and
combination of words to form sentences, and the
relationships among the elements within a sentence.
2. Content of Language
a. Semantics is the system that governs the meanings of
words and sentences.
3. Function of Language
a. Pragmatics is the system that combines the above
language components in functional and socially
appropriate communication.
Voice is the sound that’s produced when air from the lungs pushes
through the voice box in the throat (also called the larynx), making the vocal
folds within vibrate. From there, the sound generated travels up through the
spaces of the throat, nose, and mouth, and emerges as our “voice.”
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Identifying Characteristics
1. Distortions
2. Substitutions
3. Omissions
4. Additions
B. Articulation Disorders
C. Phonological Disorder
Fluency Disorder
A. Stuttering
B. Cluttering
Note: If characteristics mentioned are observed having intense rate and duration, it is
necessary for you to refer the child for SPED related services.
Collaborative Consultation
– Speech-language pathologist
– Speech therapist
– Speech clinician
– Speech teacher
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Interactive Approaches
– Operant conditioning
– Incidental teaching
– Augmentative and Alternative communication
Area for
Improvement Modification/Intervention/Activity
Articulation
Allow longer oral response time.
Model good speech production in the
classroom.
Provide preferential seating beside a peer with
good speech production.
Reinforce accurate production of speech
sounds.
Reduce the amount of background noise in the
classroom.
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Provide preferential seating near the teacher or
at the front of the class.
Modify assignments requiring learner to make
oral classroom presentations.
Discuss speech concerns with speech-language
pathologist.
Language Skills Shorten and/or modify oral directions. Ask the
learner to repeat or rephrase the directions to
ensure understanding.
Allow longer oral response time.
Provide visuals to enhance explanation of new
material, especially with abstract concepts.
Give written directions or visual cues for verbal
directions.
Obtain learner’s attention before giving a
direction.
Assist learner in giving correct responses by
accepting his/her answers and expanding, or
giving the learner an opportunity to explain
his/her response.
Simplify question forms by asking basic
questions, one at a time.
Modify assignments requiring learner to make
oral classroom presentations.
Provide individualized instruction to improve
student’s ability to complete activities requiring
listening.
Provide varied opportunities for language
development through participation in regular
classroom activities.
Discuss language concerns with speech-
language pathologist.
Fluency Reinforce instances of “easy speech” in the
(stuttering) classroom.
Allow longer oral response time.
Modify assignments requiring learner to make
oral classroom presentations.
Reduce amount of pressure to communicate in
the classroom.
Avoid telling the learner to “slow down” when
participating in group discussions.
Discuss fluency concerns with speech-language
pathologist.
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Voice Quality Encourage appropriate use of voice in the
classroom.
Help the learner reduce instances of yelling or
throat clearing.
Modify assignments requiring the learner to
make oral classroom presentation.
Speech Reading
1. JENA Method
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4. Kinzie Method
5. Bruhn Method
Voice Quality:
Encourage appropriate use of voice in the classroom.
Help the learner reduce the instances of yelling or throat clearing.
Modify assignments requiring learner to make oral classroom
presentations.
Reduce the amount of background noise in the classroom.
Discuss voice concerns with speech-language pathologist.
Focus on interactive communication.
Use active listening.
Incorporate the learner’s interests into speech.
Ensure that the learner has a way to appropriately express their wants and
needs.
Reinforce communication attempts (e.g. their gestures, partial
verbalizations) when the learner is non-verbal or emerging verbal.
Paraphrase back what the learner has said or indicated.
Use storybook sharing in which a story is read to learner and responses
are elicited (praise is given for appropriate comments about the content).
Ask open-ended appropriate questions.
Use linguistic scaffolding techniques that involve a series of questions.
Use language for social interaction and to resolve conflicts.
Emphasize goals and tasks that are easy for the learner to accomplish.
Work at the learner's pace.
Present only one concept at a time.
Have speech therapist present language units to the entire class.
Use computers in the classroom for language enhancement.
Encourage reading and writing daily.
Use tactile and visual cues (e.g., pictures, 3-D objects).
Incorporate vocabulary with unit being taught.
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Provide fun activities that are functional and practical.
SPEECH
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Allow extra time to complete work because of distractions, slow
handwriting, or problems in decoding text.
Have routines that learners can follow.
Use a visual reminder of the day's events to help with organization.
Establish communication goals related to learner’s work experiences and
plan strategies for the transition from school to employment and adult
life.
PHYSICAL
Be aware that because of the way the brain develops, it is easier to acquire
language and communication skills before the age of five.
Be aware that if children have muscular disorders, hearing problems, or
developmental delays, their acquisition of speech, language, and related
skills may be affected.
Use augmentative communication systems to ensure that nonverbal
learners and learners with severe physical disabilities have effective ways
to communicate.
Ensure that the learner has access to their (portable) communication
system across all contexts, all of the time.
1. Be a good model – speak clearly and slowly and face your child when
speaking.
3. Make time to sit and talk with the child no matter how busy we can
be. He/She needs time to for exchanges and companionship.
5. Play with the child but keep track of incidents and actuations
showing improvement or changes and make sure you listen and
observe rather than command or tell him/her things to do.
6. Give the child the chance to lead no matter how small or big the task
may be – but always get the child’s back for encouragement or support.
7. Expose the child to more books and make sure you find time for
76 | P a g e
storytelling and interaction.
8. Sing songs and nursery rhymes – songs and rhymes contain rhythm
and rhyme skills that help with speech and literacy development.
9. Feed more words that the child can imitate rather than trying to
extract more words from them. They learn more through repetition
and modelling.
10. Make every little activity an opportunity for language activity – even
grocery/canteen time, play time, field trip, meal time – all the time is
a language opportunity.
Simple Games
Simple games can be played and indirectly elicit speech and language
Games need not always be in a structured environment – it can be
anywhere safe and controllable
Never forget that the games should focus on speech and language
You will also be working on social skills, turn-taking, observing, listening
and attention.
Toys
Toys should be played to elicit speech and language
o Toys like:
Blocks
Puzzles
Pictures
Other manipulative toys that can be played while talking
or conversing with the child
Look at books
Books are great for having s shared focus and learning new words
Looking at the books together and talking about what you both see and
start conversations- naming of pictures, asking questions and talking
about the story
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Role play
Games involving different characters will allow you to introduce lots of
new related language and stretch your child’s creative play skills.
Music
Music is also a great way to involve the child and can be used in many
ways to enhance speech and language
Music is good to set the child to listen and experience a shared focus
Some song can even be sung with actions thus creating a link between
words and actions
Remember, if you make speech and language sessions into games your child
enjoys it more and is more motivated and may not even see it as speech and
language practice, but as a game.
Children like games and are motivated when it becomes competitive. This
means you can create ideal situations away from the table-top activities to
work on speech and language.
Just use your imagination because almost any daily event can be turned into
an educational game.
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ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR LEARNERS WITH
DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATION
The most basic AAC devices are non-electronic communication boards. The
boards usually are limited to a number of choices (two to four). The choices
can be represented by real items, pictures of items, and symbols for items
(including print). The objective of the communication board is to have the
student make a choice, typically of food or activity. Electronic AAC devices
range from very simple devices with few buttons (such as the Cheap Talk) to
very elaborate systems that use a keyboard and synthesized speech (such as
the Dyna Vox and Liberator).
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ACTIVITIES OR EXERCISES TO HELP LEARNERS PRODUCE
SOUNDS
mirrors are used to help a child see air that comes out of their nose
when it fogs up
paper and tissues held under the nose show air coming out of it
flexible tubes or straws can be used to help the child hear extra sounds
that come out of their noses
Each of the above examples help a child work on decreasing air that comes
out of their noses.
Depending on the severity of the cleft, some children don't have the ability
to produce sounds in the right place inside their mouth.
Parents and teachers (speech language pathologists SLPs) can help children
alternate places they can make speech sounds in their mouth when
necessary.
Source: http://www.home-speech-home.com/cleft-palate-speech-therapy.html
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Tongue Tip Problems
How can you quickly solve the fronting of /k/? Tackle the tongue
tip! Getting /k/ in isolation is easily achieved by keeping the child’s tongue
tip from making contact with the alveolar ridge or teeth. Some ideas for
doing this include:
• Use a tongue depressor to gently hold the tongue tip down while the child
produces the /k/ sound.
• Use a lollipop to gently hold the tongue tip down.
• Have the child hold his tongue tip down with a clean finger.
Source: http://www.speechtherapyideas.com/2009/05/11/tongue-tip-trouble-fronting-t-
for-k/
Articulation Disorders
The best thing parents can do for articulation disorders is model correctly
for their child. Be careful that you don't correct them too often.
Speech Helpers
1. Lips
Put your lips together to make "P", "B", "M", and "W" or just use your
bottom lip when you make "F" and "V".
2. Teeth
Close your teeth to make "S" and "Z" or put your top teeth on your bottom
lip to make "F" and "V". Your tongue goes between your teeth for "th" (as in
thin) and "TH" (as in the).
3. Nose
Air flows through your nose to make "N", "M", and "NG" (as in "sing").
4. Ridge
Your ridge is right behind your two front teeth. It's the right spot for "S",
"Z", "L", "T", "D", and "N".
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5. Front Roof
The front-roof is the right spot for "CH", "J", "SH", and "ZH" (as in
measure).
6. Back Roof
The back-roof is the right spot for "K", "G", and "R".
7. Front Tongue
The front of your tongue is used to make "T", "D", "S", "Z", "Y", "L", "Ch",
"J", "SH", "th", "TH" and "ZH" (as in measure).
8. Back Tongue
The back of your tongue is used to make "K", "G", and "R".
9. Vocal Cords
Your vocal cords vibrate to make ALL vowels and voiced sounds like "B",
"D", "G", "Z", etc. They don't vibrate for voiceless sounds like "P", "T", "K",
"S", etc.
10. Lungs
Your lungs give you air to make every sound - especially "H" because it's all
air!
Dum Dum Pops or Tootsie Pop Mini can be used to touch/rub areas of
the mouth to teach placement and awareness and can be used to hold the
tongue tip down in the front to prevent the /t/ and /d/ that are typically
substituted for the /k/ and /g/.
Source:http://www.playingwithwords365.com/2013/05/how-to-elicit-teach-the-k-g-
sounds-part-one-elicitation-techniques/
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OTHER ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
Strategies Activities
Teaching correct Take his very first word “baby”.
sentence pattern You can make this a two-word expression
by adding a description, thus you can teach
him to tell you:
- “ It is a crying baby” or “a happy boy”
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Drill him/her well in these phrases as early
as possible, so he can cope well with
everyday living.
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IV. DIFFICULTY IN MOBILITY
Introduction
Description
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j. Using transportation to move around as a passenger
k. Driving a vehicle (car/ boat/ bicycle/ or riding an animal)
On the other hand, Learners with Difficulty in Mobility who have been
further assessed and diagnosed properly can be classified as to the given
conditions below:
https://uk.pinterest.com/explore/symptoms-of-cerebral-palsy/
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Mild Spina Bifida The bones in the spinal column
do not completely develop and
join.
It has a damaged spinal cord
usually with part of it exposed.
Paralysis or loss of sensation to
some parts of the body
http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A%26P/AP%202/Northland/AP2lab/lab12/a
bnormdevel.htm
https://lovethelittle.com/2015/11/
https://calm201.wordpress.com/2015/02/26/quiet-eye-training-facilitates-
visuomotor-coordination-in-children-with-dcd/
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/amputation
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Bone Tuberculosis/cancer Bone brittleness
Sluggishness
Frequent complaints of body
pain
https://www.pinterest.com/grammilolli/childhood-cancer-awareness/
https://www.pinterest.com/explore/multiple-sclerosis-awareness/
https://www.granger.com/results.asp?search=1&screenwidth=1024&tnresize=
200&pixperpage=40&searchtxtkeys=polio&lstorients=132
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Table 1. Checklist of common type and causes of disability
Common Affected Area Cause of Disability
Physical Neurological Orthopedic Musculo-
Disabilities / Brain /Bone skeletal/ Acquired Congenital
State State Muscle State
Cerebral Palsy √ √ √
Spina Bifida √ √ √
Muscular √ √ √ √
Dystrophy
Arthritis √ √ √
Developmental √ √ √
Coordination
Disorder
Amputations √ √ √ √
Bone Tuberculosis √ √ √
Multiple Sclerosis √
Poliomyelitis √ √
Seizure √ √ √
Disorder/Epilepsy
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ACCOMMODATIONS FOR LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN MOBILITY
Equipment
Physical Problem Classroom
Accommodation /Materials Teaching Strategies
Disabilities Area Management
Needed
-Place learner at Wheel Speech -Orient the class about Refer to Articulation
side of the chair/ the condition of the Skills teaching strategies.
classroom near Improvised incoming learner with
the doorway for chair disability.
Mild Cerebral easy access. Large table -Promote acceptance
Palsy -Allow a and encourage regular Refer to Mobility Teaching
voluntary learners to extend help Strategies.
Buddy System Mobility as needed.
for note taking.
-Place materials within
the learners’ reach.
-Make available Large flat Motor -Talk with the parents Teach skills that are at
the use of large desks Coordination the needs, strengths level of the learner.
flat desks. Computers and limitations of the
-Provide a (if available) learner.
Mild Spina
corner where -Work hand-in-hand
Bifida
he can stand with stakeholders.
comfortably.
( for back pain
problem)
Seizure -Place learner Mats Motor -Familiarize what Activities can be found in
Disorder/ free from Coordination triggers seizures the list of teaching
Epilepsy flickering lights strategies page.
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-Place cushion Socialization -Know the do’s and -Fine and Gross Motor
mats on his skills don’ts when seizure skills
area for occurs. - Self Advocacy
protection (SPED Teacher can -Self-Esteem
-Provide a provide notes to
buddy system Receiving Teacher on
*If seizure Seizure Precaution and
occurs: Management)
- Loosen his
clothing around
the neck
-Remove
harmful objects
around him
-Avoid other
children
surround him
so he will be
ventilated.
-Turn him side
to prevent
suffocation and
allow drainage
of saliva.
-Inserting of
spoon inside the
mouth is
prohibited to
avoid mouth
laceration or
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worst dental
fracture and
suffocation.
-If seizure
continues more
than 5 minutes,
the child needs
immediate
medical
attention.
-The learner Wheelchair, Muscles -Needs an assistive or Engage the learner in a
must be personalized adaptive technological suitable, productive and
supported with table and devices in the classroom enjoyable task.
Muscular appropriate chair for writing Give ample time to finish
Dystrophy chair, table and -Require tutoring the task
a wheelchair for Consider the attendance
mobility. due to health condition
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-One must be
provided with
“show-me-
board/tag
board for class
participation.
-Avoid rigid Board Bones/ Involve the learner in Provide the learner with
physical activity games joints classroom activities with table activities
-Provide slow Lego blocks emphasis on safety or
pacing Clay precautionary measure
classroom Table
Arthritis
routines activities
-Offer bathroom
breaks
-Positioned Light objects Extremities Set short term goals. Teach children specific
properly for for play Breakdown achievable handwriting strategies
deskwork Computer physical activity into that encourage to print
-Ensure feet flat Worksheets smaller parts while or write letters in a
on the floor. keeping each part consistent manner
Developmental - Give extra meaningful and Use thin magic markers
Coordination time to achievable. or pencil grip.
Disorder complete Focus on the purpose of
activities. the lesson
-Introduce use Encourage learners to
of computer to present report orally, use
reduce use of drawings to illustrate
handwriting their thoughts
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- Learner Incorporate activities that
should be require a coordinated
accompanied by response from arms and
buddy system / or legs, e.g. skipping,
bouncing and catching
large ball.
-Provide Board Bones Avoid stressful physical Provide the learner with
cushion for games such activities. worksheets and allow
comfortable as chess, Give simple/light more time to work on
seating position scrabble, classroom chores tasks.
puzzle and Allow learner to mingle
Bone Sodoku. or play with friends to Allow the learner to
Tuberculosis Connect the boost self-esteem participate in practical
dots and activities such as being a
painting timer, look-out, line
materials. judge, scorer and the like
that will improve his/her
ability.
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Teaching Strategies for Learners with Difficulty in Mobility
Articulation Skills
Use visual pictures with words for the specific sound being targeted to
learn.
Model correct speech to the student, emphasizing the correct mouth
formation.
Use a slower pace of speech.
Pronounce the particular sound longer and slower to the learner, while
being careful not to distort the sound.
Let the child participate in choral reading.
Use printed words and letters and clarify mispronounced/substituted
sounds.
Provide access to technology, such as text to speech, that allows
student to hear proper articulation or to make themselves
understood by others.
Use preferential seating, so that the student can see the teacher’s
mouth when he/she is speaking.
Reduce background noise in the classroom.
Use assistive devices, like pencil grips and various sizes of writing
instruments.
Create opportunities for paired writing activities with peers who have
strong fine motor skills.
Use assistive technology and computers.
Provide copies of notes.
Chunk written work into parts.
Use larger-lined paper or paper with raised lines.
Provide materials for practice in writing particular letters of difficulty.
Teach cursive writing if printing is especially problematic.
Permit the use of a computer.
Provide a physical mouse instead of a touch pad on lap tops
(larger/specialized if mouse is available).
Reward student efforts.
Provide choice in assignments, including some with less writing
demands. (Power Point presentations, for example)
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Gross Motor Skills
Mobility Skills
Plan activities that will ensure the student’s inclusion and safety.
Ensure choice of learning activities so that student can select area(s)
of strength.
Modify physical education expectations to meet the student’s needs;
consider greater focus on knowledge.
Teach self-advocacy skills.
Use assistive and mobility devices.
Consider accessibility needs when planning fieldtrips.
Personal Care
Personal Safety
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Focus on preventing the behavior by determining the function and
triggers (time of day, location, stress level, etc...).
Re-direct when a trigger is present, preferably by using visual
and/or oral cues.
Teach the student to self-monitor by using a checklist to prevent
undesirable behaviors.
Teach the student to recognize emotions.
Model the preferred behavior and vocalize steps for attaining it.
Post visuals of steps for appropriate behavior.
Post “stop” signs on areas that are not to be accessed by the student.
Self-Advocacy Skills
Self-Esteem
Transition Skills
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Have familiar staff accompany the student in new environments.
Take familiar items to new situations.
Social Skills
Communication Skills
Suggested Activities:
Activities Materials Procedures
Articulation
Choral/Oral Language cards -Model correct speech to the learners, emphasizing
Poem Reading the correct mouth formation.
Reading Booklets with -Pronounce the particular sound longer and slower
pictures to the learners, while being careful not to distort
the sound.
*Tic-Tac-Toe Board with 3x3 Draw the board.
grid of squares -First, you have to draw the board, which is made
up of a 3 x 3 grid of squares for basic players.
Advanced players may play with a 4 x 4 grid.
-The player draws an “X” or “O” in each grid one at
a time.
-The player first to form three series of X’s or O’s
in a row, whether horizontally, vertically, or
diagonally, wins the game. However, when both
players are playing with optimal strategy, there's a
good chance for a draw match. Players may play
again.
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*News time Picture cards -Let the child share some important event
happened in their lives yesterday
*Rhymes Charts -Use a slower pace of speech.
and riddles Books -Let the child participates in choral reading.
Fine Motor
Free Hand- Modelling Clay Form any desired objects using modelling clay
activities
*Collage Free Form Paint -Give the topic to be mounted.
Illustration -Cut and paste on the board creatively.
board
Crayons
Scissors
Magazine
Scribbling Crayons -Allow the child to hold the pencil/crayon/marker
Pencil and make print on the paper provided
Marker
Used papers
Water and Sand box -Give your child a bunch of tools and toys that will
Sand water let him lift, dig, pour and explore with sand and
Activity water.
-Encourage your child to use her imagination to get
as creative as possible when playing with the sand
and water
Bolts and Tool box (Screw, -Give your child the bag and ask her to organize the
Nuts, Hand nuts, bolts, contents into groups. When she’s finished, ask her
Grips washers, etc) why she chose to group them in that way. Then
challenge her to find another way to group the
objects. For example, she might put the screws and
nails together because they’re all the same length,
or the washers and bolts together because they are
round. Another way to sort might be screws and
nails together because they're silver, and other
pieces because they're brass.
Clay Clay bars Let the children create any figure they imagine, and
Activity/ present it to group
Play dough
Tracing and Paper Scissor, Provide the children with materials and trace the
Cutting tracing wheel(if shapes given
available)
Stocking Wooden or Let children play with different shapes and figures,
and Piling plastic boxes then ask them to pile them
and geometric
figures, cups
Paper Newspaper or Let the children play and tear the papers
Tearing any paper
available
Hand Water-based -Show a Model
Painting Paint - let the children paint things that interest them
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*Bond Paper
*Paint Brush
*Create *Coarse Grain -Demonstrate on how to form simple objects using
Sculpture Sand sand or clay.
Paint -Have them form their own objects
Modelling Clay
Mobility
Ball Ball, hula-hoop Let the children play with ball and practice shooting
throwing or anything they
can shoot into
Dancing Speaker Introduce precautionary measures.
Music Demonstrate basic steps in dancing(2-5 steps will
do)
Repeat procedures for mastery.
Paper Plate Paper plates Let the children move around the room on paper
Skating plates
Hop Skip Paper plates Arrange the paper plates around the room and let
and jump on the children step, hop and jump on each plate.
paper plate
Sensory Sand, sand Put these materials on the floor and let the children
Walking papers, wet and walk on these materials.
path dry cloth,
*Tape Road Masking tape -Put down lines of tape to make roads
-The road went through rooms, made intersections,
went around rugs and tables.
*I Spy Game Materials The teacher will say “I spy with my eye something
around the that. . .(describe). The children will look/ search for
room the thing the teacher described.
A Big Maze Chalk or any Draw a maze inside or outside the room with
marking object, enough space to move around. Let the children
follow the maze
Personal Care
*Grooming, Grooming kit -discuss grooming and personal care activities such
bathing, as bathing, washing, finger nail cutting, combing
washing hair, tooth brushing, etc…
- model each activity (explicit instruction)
*Dressing Different kinds Review the skill such as buttoning-unbuttoning,
of clothing with zipping-unzipping, and so on…
buttons, zipper,
Velcro, hook
Toilet toiletries Guided practice to master the skill
Hygiene
Personal Safety
Stop Drop Rubber Mats Introduce, discuss and Let the children practice the
and Roll Stop Drop and Roll as firefighting drill
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Fire fighter Costume or Introduce and discuss the fire fighters job and give
friends safety gears if chance for role-playing
available
Playing with Bring the This is an outdoor activity to practice personal
environment children safety, introduce possible sources of injuries like
outdoor thorns, slippery surfaces,
Guess Who Picture cards of The teacher will say “guess who…. Describe the
community picture)
helpers
Balance Marking pen Draw a line or make a marking, depending on
Beam chalk severity of disability, let the children step/follow the
line and markings.
Self-Advocacy
News Today Provide children the chance to tell any news,
current events or experiences.
Our Different Let the children pick any emoticons and give them
Emoticons emoticons/ the chance to share why they pick such
emotions emoticon/emotions.
School Trip Tour the children around the school like canteen
drinking fountain, library
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V. DIFFICULTY IN HEARING
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Introduction
Hearing is one of the most important senses for each individual that
is concerned about perception of sounds. It allows and leads our everyday
lives without limitations. It enables us to work, communicate, socialize and
stay connected to the outside world. Moreover, it keeps us safe by warning
us of possible danger.
Hearing is all about auditory perception that refers to the capacity of
the brain to interpret and generate a clear impression of sounds.
Good auditory skills allow us to determine between different rhythms,
volumes, pitches and sources of sounds as well as words that will aid
teaching-learning reading the easiest way. It can also be the sense of sound
perception which can be detected through vibrations or the changes in the
pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such
as the ear.
Learners with Difficulty in Hearing have the right to equal access to
education and provide them the best possible education as regular
pupils/learners are enjoying. Their increasing numbers who are in school is
a manifestation that there is a need for regular school teacher to help these
children as an answer to the inclusion program of the Special Education.
This handbook could somehow help our regular teachers in the holistic
development of the Learners with Difficulty in Hearing (LWDH).
Description
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNERS
WITH DIFFICULTY IN HEARING
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- over dosage on antibiotics
- cytomegalovirus (CMV) or oxygen deprivation
- Illness (meningitis, encephalitis, mumps, jaundice, high fever)
- accidents
- loud sounds
- excessive/often cleaning of inner ear
CAUSES:
Outer ear
Middle ear
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Ossicular chain discontinuity or a break in the connection
between the bones of the middle ear, caused by injury or
heavy trauma.
CAUSES:
CAUSES:
- illness
- trauma
- wax impaction
- aging
The definition of hearing loss is not the same for everybody. The
different degrees of hearing loss are divided into categories. The most
common categories of hearing loss classifications are mild hearing loss,
moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss and profound hearing loss.
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Moderate Hearing Loss
On average, the quietest sounds heard by people with their better ear
are between 40 and 70 dB. People who suffer from moderate hearing loss
have difficulty keeping up with conversations when not using a hearing aid.
10 to 15 dB HL Normal Hearing
16-25 dB HL Slight Hearing Loss
26-40 dB HL Mild Hearing Loss
41-55 dB HL Moderate Hearing Loss
56-70 dB HL Moderate-Severe Hearing Loss
71-90 dB HL Severe Hearing Loss
>90 dB HL Profound Hearing Loss
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Normal sloping to Moderate mixed hearing loss for the left
moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the ear.
left ear.
Moderate conductive hearing loss in the left Mild to moderate conductive hearing loss
ear. Normal sloping to in the right ear
moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the
right ear.
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Degree of difficulty in hearing is measured by the decibels (a unit used
to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal
by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale. It also measures
the degree of loudness.)
The Speech Banana is used to explain the area where the phonemes
(sounds of human speech) appear on an audiogram. When the phonemes are
plotted out on the audiogram they take the shape of a banana, therefore
audiologists and other speech professionals refer to that area as the speech
banana. While many other sounds fall outside of the speech banana,
audiologists are most concerned with the frequencies within the speech
banana because a hearing loss in those frequencies can affect a child's ability
to learn language.
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The symbol “o” typically marked in red, corresponds
to the right ear.
If the audiogram test of the child is graphed within the range of 0-
20dB, he will likely to hear water drops, falling and whistling of leaves and
the chirping of birds, thus categorizing him to have a normal hearing.
If the audiogram test falls under the range of 20-40dB, he will likely to
hear the ticking of the clock and some phonemes ( l, ng, n, m, v, f, th, s)
thus categorizing him to have a mild hearing loss.
If the audiogram test falls under the range of 40-70dB, he will likely to
hear the cry of a baby, dogs barking and some phonemes ( j, z, g, i, u, b, d,
a, o, r, p, -ch, -sh, h, k) thus categorizing him to have a moderate hearing
loss.
If the audiogram test falls under the range of 70-90dB, he will likely to
hear the piano keys and telephone ringing relying to its vibration thus
categorizing him to have a severe hearing loss.
If the audiogram test falls under the range of 90-120dB, he will likely
to hear a truck siren, lawn mower, gunshot, airplanes and helicopters that
are about to take off thus categorizing him to have a profound hearing loss.
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ACCOMMODATIONS TO SUPPORT HEARING IMPAIRED/DIFFICULTY IN HEARING LEARNERS
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-Listening to learner has (drawing, clay
-Rephrase success stories residual hearing) molding, beads
making,
-Write key words -Counseling -Field scribbling)
and outline trips(school and
community) -Puppetry
-Clearly enunciate -Sign language
speech program for -Keep narrative -Sorting
parents report -Matching or
-Specialized pairing
seating -Step by step
-Family support
arrangement directions -Seizing
(search)
-Enhance -Captioning or
speechreading scripts for -Classifying
conditions television, videos,
movies, -Sequencing
- Clearly filmstrips
enunciate speech -Identifying
-visual
-Educational supplements -Comparing
interpreter
-Recognizing
-Obtain student’s
attention prior to -Solving
speaking Problems
(simple)
-Reduce visual
distructions -Organizing
Ideas
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-Present
information in
simple,
structured,
sequential manner
-Frequently check
for understanding
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SEVERE
-Regular -Hearing Aids -Home -Practice and -Enhance
and classroom setting visitation allow Lip Reading speech reading
may apply -Frequency ( wear red conditions
PROFOUND Modulation (FM) -Psycho lipstick for (avoid hands
HEARING -Put the learner education women teachers) in front of face,
LOSS close to the -Telecommunications seminars no gum
teacher for better Device for the -Use Picture chewing)
visual clues Deaf(TDD) -Information Exchange
dissemination Communication -Allow extra
-Reduce -Teletypewriter (TYY) during System (PECS) time for
classroom noise barangay processing
-Cochlear Implant assemblies -Provide information
-Get the learners communication
attention before -Smartphone apps -Through the through Basic -Frequently
starting the class (android, ios) help of a Sign Language check for
medical (ASL, FSL, understanding
-Specialized practitioner Localized signs)
lighting -Repeat or
-Through -Assign a buddy rephrase
-Captioning or advertisements for note sharing information
labeling things (television, and discussion when
inside the radio, necessary
classroom (for pamphlets and -Field
familiarization) fliers) trips(school and -Group
community) activities
-Use of visual -Listening to
supplements success stories -Keep narrative -Film Viewing
(overheads, report
chalkboard, -Counseling
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charts, vocabulary -Step by step -Manipulation
lists, lecture -Sign language directions of objects and
outlines) program for hands on
parents -Captioning or activities
-Vibrating alert scripts for
devices (used to -Family Support television, videos, -Role playing /
signal fires, movies, Pantomime
doorbells, weather filmstrips
warnings and -Proper hand
more. These -visual and eye
devices can be supplements coordination
used in the
classroom to alert -Vocabulary
to schedule bells enrichment
and other (Pictographs,
important spelling,
announcements) puzzles,word
hunt)
-Puppetry
-Seizing
(search)
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-Classifying
-Sequencing
-Identifying
-Comparing
-Recognizing
-Solving
Problems
(simple)
-Organizing
Ideas
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OTHER BASIC SIGN LANGUAGE
NUMBER CHART
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DAYS OF THE WEEK
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SIMPLE GREETINGS
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PEOPLE
TD
D/TYY
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TIME SENSITIVE SIGNS
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PARTS OF THE HEAD
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EMOTIONS
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WH- QUESTIONS
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VI. LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY IN SEEING
BRAILLE SYSTEM
Figure 1. Braille is a system of reading and writing in which letters and words are
formed by patterns of raised dots that are felt with the fingers. This system had
twelve dots that were arranged in a grid that as two dots across and six dots down.
Braille was invented by Louis Braille in the early 1800s. He assigned different shapes
to each of the letters. (M. Cay Holbrook, Ph.D., 1996, Children with visual
impairments: a parents’ guide)
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Introduction
Description
The terms low vision or partially sighted and blindness are often used
to describe and categorize levels of vision based in a clinical assessment
performed by a licensed ophthalmologist and optometrist. Each category is
considered in terms of the degree of vision acuity and its implications for
learners’ learning.
1. Low Vision/Partially-Sighted
Spungin (2002) defined low vision as learners who are not totally
blind but have visual impairments that cannot be corrected to normal with
regular eyeglasses or contact lenses. Generally, learners with low vision are
able to learn using their visual sense; however, they may need to have print
magnified, contrast enhanced, or type font or size changed (Turnball et al.,
2002).
2. Blindness
Blindness, on the other hand, is described by Spungin (2002) as to
the lack of usable vision. Hence, learners with total blindness receive no
stimuli from their visual channel and depend entirely on input from other
senses such as touch, hearing, smelling, and tasting.
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Characteristics of Learners with Difficulty in Seeing
Category Characteristics
Low Vision The learners:
(Partially- have vision between 20/70-20/160 and
Sighted) cannot be corrected;
use correctional glasses and contact lenses;
can use limited vision for functional tasks but
need their tactile and auditory channels for
learning;
use a combination of limited vision for
functional tasks and other senses (tactile and
auditory channels) for learning
Totally Blind The learners:
lack the ability to see anything;
lack light perception;
use tactile and auditory channels for learning
functional tasks;
use cane for mobility;
learn via Braille and other non-visual media.
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Accommodation to Support Learners with Difficulty in
Seeing
Some adaptations are as simple as moving learners to the front of the
class or in a well-ventilated environment. Accommodations and
modifications need to be based upon on their needs and learning
styles.
Types of Accommodations:
Accommodations
Instructional Testing
For both Low Vision and Totally For both Low Vision and Totally
Blind: Blind:
Give clear, concise and specific Read aloud the test questions.
directions when giving lectures Allow extended time when
and activities. taking examinations.
Give descriptive verbal
instructions to direct the For Low Vision:
learners inside and outside the Provide large print version of the
classroom texts (font size 18-25 point)
Allow sighted guide (classmate Allow the learner to use symbols
on rotation) for orientation and (e.g. a check or a cross) to
mobility answer questionnaire
Encourage peer support to help Use magnification and
them in their academic activities illumination devices (prescribed
Encourage “buddy” system by a low vision specialist) in
during recess/lunch break reading and answering written
Allow them to rest and have examinations
ample time to recover from
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visual stress and fatigue in Make use of a thicker and
preparation for the next activity darker felt-tip or bold pen to
Use tactile materials to present provide better contrast
lesson Maintain a well-ventilated
Expose learners to use assistive learning area
technology, audio and media Use portable lamps with
materials (e.g. recorder, cd/dvd, adjustable arms to control the
Braille note taker, computer, intensity of light.
cellphone, talking calculator,
talking watch) For Totally Blind:
Use applications and software Brailled test papers/materials
(e.g. Talkback, JAWS, NVIDIA) and transcribed answer sheets
to enhance lesson (by the SPED teacher)
Allow the learners to record the
lesson if needed using audio
recorder
Use adaptive materials
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Teaching Strategies
Instructional Environmental
1. Modelling 1. Seating arrangement
o Hand-over-hand-under o Keep a front row seat open
(teachers’ hand is under the for a learner with difficulty
learner’s hand) in seeing to maintain close
o Speak slowly and clearly to proximity to the teacher
model the language you and activity/materials.
want the learner to use o Carefully consider the
o Provide a tactile sample of a arrangement of the
project for a learner to copy classroom so that mobility
is encouraged and
2. Assistive Technology comfortable for the learner.
o Use of applicable computer o Maintain a landmark that
software that can assist the will serve as cue for the
learner in writing learner to move around the
assignments and reading room. If ever changes in the
print materials classroom set-up is needed,
o Use handheld magnification inform and orient the
with regular text learner immediately.
o Use of photocopier to
enlarge small texts, 2. Good Illumination
pictures/diagrams, o Provide good illumination by
charts/tables incorporating combination
of natural and artificial
3. Contextualization light.
o Familiarize unknown o Consider environmental
concepts through direct adaptations such as lighting
experience (demonstrations, conditions, and contrast
media, manipulatives, between materials
repetition, oral o Use brightly colored or
opportunities) tactile cues in the room to
o Provide large print version promote independence,
of the text mobility, and signal location
and things.
4. Schema-Building o Avoid glaring environment
o Help the learner to see the o Reduce visual clutter
relationships between
various concepts (e.g. 3. Adapted workspace
compare and contrast, o Assess the safety level of the
jigsaw learning, peer environment and modify
teaching/cooperative what needs be changed and
learning and projects) alert the learner in the
different areas of the
5. Bridging classroom
o Establish link between the o Provide the learner with a
learners’ prior knowledge full orientation to the
and the material (e.g. think- outdoor and indoor area
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pair-share; quick writes, o Provide learning station for
anticipatory charts) tactile activities (e.g.
sandbox)
6. Adaptive materials o Use of book stand for
o Use felt-tip pen to produce reading activity for low
a dark bold line for the vision learner
learner to see the o Observe proper position of
picture/diagram/written learners’ table or chair
text clearly
o Use colored chalk whenever
possible
o Use whiteboard and darker
marker in writing. This will
give a better contrast of the
material.
o Use materials such as foam
paper, cardboard, yarn or
any dimensional materials
to create embossed effect
and tactual outlines in
making illustrations, tables,
charts, diagrams in a text
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CONSIDERATIONS TO REMEMBER IN HANDLING LEARNERS WITH
DIFFICULTY IN SEEING
A. Cane Skills
There are two kinds of canes that a blind learner may use. The first
kind is a long, straight cane with or without a crook. It is made up of either
aluminum or fiber glass. It is usually covered with a quite reflective material
while a small portion of the lower shaft is covered with a red reflective
material (See Figure 2a).
The second type is the folding cane. It is made up of nylon or metal
(See Figure 2b).
(2b)
(2a)
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Cane skill depends on the environment. Modification can be used.
The following skills must be familiarized such as:
B. Clues
Clues are any sound, odor, temperature, tactile or visual stimulus
that the learner can use to help identify where he/she is in space. A clue
may be something moving or stationary. It is not permanent.
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C.1 Trailing
Trailing is demonstrated by extending one’s
arm at a 45-degree angle in front of and to the
side of one’s body to follow a surface with one’s
hand. Trailing is used to determine one’s position
in a particular setting; to locate specific
area/object such as the door; and to maintain a
parallel line of travel (See Figure 3).
Figure 3. Trailing
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C.3 Landmarks
Landmarks is a fixed object (wall, post)
or tactile marker such that has a known
location within the environment. It is
permanent. It can be used for position
identification to determine a reference point
and to locate specific objectives (See Figure 5).
Figure 5. Landmarks
(fixed object - wall)
There are two basic search patterns in this technique. The first
pattern is using the hands and arms to find/retrieve nearby objects. The
learner establishes a starting point and uses a circular or fan motion of his
hands and arms in locating the object.
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The learner establishes a starting point and walks around the area
giving him/her information about the shape and size of the space. The
second pattern is the “gridline” search method.
E. Self-Protective Techniques
Self-protective techniques help a learner travel in the environment by
his own self.
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E.1 Upper-Hand-And-Forearm Technique
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F. Sighted Guide Technique
The sighted guide technique directs the learner. The learner holds
onto the sighted guide by grasping the arm just above the elbow. The
learner is position half step behind the guide and actively follows him/her
(See Figure 8).
G. Squaring Off
It is a technique done when the learner reaches the landmark. The
learner may either turn left or turn right and proceed to the chosen
direction (See Figure 9).
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Suggested Activities to Learners with Difficulty in Seeing
C. Writing Activities
Use guided sheets such as window cards for tracking and pre-
braille writing
Use black felt-tipped pens/ markers in writing, tracing, and
drawing activities.
Use handheld monocular telescope (Figure 12a) in viewing
distant objects to access information that is not within the
learner’s reach
Use magnifying glass and eye glasses to aid writing
Use teacher made Braille cards for copying Braille exercises
Use slate and stylus in writing (Figure 12b)
Use braille paper in writing activities for the blind but if not
available, use oslo paper/cartolina following the size of the
braille slate (ruler slate, half slate, whole slate)
Use manual Brailler (Figure 12c) /Electronic Brailler if
available
Use of assistive technology (e.g. android cellphone or tablet,
JAWS software) to access information
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Handheld Monocular telescope. This is used when viewing distant objects.
Slate and Stylus. The slate is a template of several rows of braille cells, and the stylus is
a device with a blunt metal tip that is used to punch each dot individually.
Manual Brailler
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D. Numeracy Activities
Use tactile materials such as counters, pegboards, real
objects and indigenous
materials
Use Cranmer Abacus (Figure
13) for mathematical
computations
Use guided sheets e.g.
window cards for the low
vision
Introduce paper folding to
teach fractions
In making graphs, tables, charts, and maps, use yarn to
create the outline of the illustrative materials
Use push pins in locating
Figure 33. Sample Cranmer Abacus
and identifying places in a
map
Use of talking calculators, talking watch/clock, talking
thermometer
Use games to integrate number concepts. Examples of games
are as follows:
o Running relay with different sounds (Number 0 – get
ready; Number 1 - clapping; Number 2 – animal sound
(dog); Number 3 – animal sound (cat) etc.)
o Running with a guide rope (A learner runs holding and
following the direction of the rope – left, right, straight,
curved)
o Passing the ball over-head and under
o “The boat is sinking” through clapping with sighted guide
o Matching numbers with Braille Number Cards
E. Auditory Activities
Train the learner on how to manipulate/use computer
technology in order to access lessons into digital audio files.
Acquaint the learner to certain settings of the audio digital
device that may need to be changed for accessibility such as
the speaking speed, voice volume, etc.
If digital audio files are being used in classroom, allow the
learner to use headphone for him/her to concentrate in what
he/she is listening. If two or more users will access the same
recording, use a splitter to connect multiple headphones.
To facilitate listening to classroom activities/instructions and
digital audio material at the same time, the headphones
should cover only one ear.
Convert text documents to digital audio format such as mp3
using available conversion programs or applications.
Books with digital audio format can either be played on a
digital audio player or computer. In case there are no
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available books in this format, read and record the content of
the book/text material.
F. Art Activities
Add textures to paints (e.g. Rice – lumpy; Shaving cream –
foamy; sawdust – rough; Sugar – shiny and grainy)
Add scents to modelling clay (e.g. Red – apple scent; Orange –
orange scent; Yellow – banana scent; Green – mango scent)
In assembling an “Art/Craft Making,” introduce first a model
of the finished craft, then, guide the learner’s hands to
locate/put important features and associations in the project.
Use a black felt-tip pen to highlight outlines of picture. Help
the learner trace the outline.
Allow the learners to experience cutting exercises/activities,
however, strict guidance in using the scissors is necessary.
When gluing real objects on paper, it may be helpful to show
the learner a finished model first, so that the learner can see
the end result. Encourage to use low vision devices to identify
colors of objects, shapes and feel the texture.
Create a tactual outline or border of the area they need to
color in. There are a number of ways to create a tactual
border. Use dimensional glue or paint, a glue gun, tracing
wheel, or a sewing pattern wheel poked from the underside to
provide tactual information of lines.
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G. Music Activities
Sample tambourine
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Reminders for the Receiving Teacher
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VII. DIFFICULTY IN REMEMBERING/CONCENTRATING
Introduction
Learners with intellectual disability have memory deficits resulting to
difficulty in remembering information and difficulty on self-regulations. The
term “intellectual disability” is a medical term and can be used only to label
learners who have completed medical diagnosis from a developmental
pediatrician, but those learners who have no medical diagnosis and
observed to have memory deficits shall be considered to have difficulty in
remembering/concentrating.
Description
CHARACTERISTICS
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Cognitive Learning/ Academic Development, (5) Language /
Communication Development, and (6) Creative and Aesthetics
Development.
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Lack of general academic performance
Memory deficits
Low achievement in most or all academics areas (e.g. reading
comprehension, Mathematics, and written expression)
Short attention span and easily distractible
Difficulties with learning concepts
Academic difficulties across the school years
Learn more slowly than the other learners
Difficulty in using academic strategies (e.g. note taking and
memorizing definitions)
Difficulty with generalization of information one day and forget it the
next
Difficulties with more advanced academic skills related to content (e.g.
Math word problems, identifying themes, and symbols in literature)
Learn to read and write in appropriate educational setting
Likely to develop reading, writing, and Math skills at a basic level
Need visual prompts such as daily schedules and pictures of routines
Music
• Fond of listening to music
Art
• Manipulate art materials
• Love to draw pictures and other things
Movement
• Get-up and move freely
Dramatic Play- often dramatize actions
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ACCOMMODATIONS TO SUPPORT LEARNERS
As part of accommodation support to learners with intellectual
disability or difficulty in remembering/concentrating (DIR), the
following adaptations are appropriate and necessary for teachers to
consider:
Pacing
Extend time requirements
Vary activity often
Allow more breaks for student
Omit timed assignments
Work on vocabulary before lesson
Pick out only major concepts for learning
Environment
Reduce/minimize distractions
Provide extra paper and pencils close to student’
Type of instruction
Individual and small group instructions
Functional application of academic skills
More review
Move around the room to gather information
Errorless learning
Materials
Large print
Arrangement of non-distracting material on page
Calculator
Graph paper
Computer
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Assignments
Visual daily schedule
Calendars and assignment books
Use written back up for oral directions
Request parent reinforcement
Reduce paper and pencil tasks
Shorten assignment
Lower difficulty level
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Types of Adaptations in the Classroom
1. Size-reduce the number of items
2. Time-extend amount of time for test or assignments
3. Level of Support-provide more assistance
4. Input-modify the way the instruction is given to the learner (e.g. read
the problems aloud to him, or provide manipulatives)
5. Difficulty-make the problems easier (e.g. by using a calculator or
simplifying the rules of a Math game)
6. Output-adapt how the learners reports his learning (e.g. using stamps
or labels with numbers printed on them, rather than writing them, or
having an aide write down the learner’s answers.)
7. Participation-the learner participates in only part of the task (e.g. the
learner could gather data about favorite ice cream flavors with the
other learners, but then not figure out what percentage like vanilla
best.)
8. Alternate goals (modifications of classroom goals)-have less complex
goals than the rest of the class (e.g. Learning single-digit subtraction
instead of three-digit subtraction)
9. Substitute curriculum and goals - learner has different instruction
and activities for his specific goals.
TEACHING STRATEGIES
When we teach a learner with intellectual disabilities or difficulty in
remembering/concentrating we need to keep in mind several factors. We
need to set goals that are most important for the learner. We need to use
some teaching strategies to teach and motivate the learner to learn.
Effective teaching strategies for learners with intellectual disability or
difficulty in remembering/concentrating are grouped in six
developmental domains.
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Play-Based Learning - Play-based learning is when we use play activities
to teach cognitive skills. For example, if a learner is playing with cars, we
sit with the learner and start playing too. While playing we use statements
like “can I play with the red car? Can you give it to me?" In this way we
teach skills to the learner while he or she is playing.
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Have other learners (who demonstrate appropriate behavior) serve
as peer tutors.
Be aware that some learners may work better alone.
Carefully consider and monitor seating arrangements in the
classroom.
If learner is motivated by adult or peer attention, find ways to
recognize positive contributions.
Model desired behaviors, and clearly identify what behaviors you
expect in the classroom.
Use behavior contracts or token economies if necessary.
Ensure consistency of rules and routine.
Reinforce desirable behaviors that serve as alternatives to
inappropriate behaviors.
Ensure that the learner knows the day's schedule at the start of
each day and can refer to their schedule throughout day.
Have a "hands to yourself" rule to respect personal space of all
learners.
Ensure understanding of all assignments and tasks (and materials
needed).
Ensure consistency of expectations among all staff.
Create a structured environment with predictable routines.
Create a visual / picture schedule with daily routine.
Allow learners opportunities to move during instruction.
Use visual organizers to help the learner evaluate appropriate
alternatives to maladaptive behavior.
Create a “calming area” or a “sensory area.”
Explicitly teach and practice coping, calming strategies.
When dealing with conflict, explain what happened in as few words
as possible and use a calm, not-angry voice.
Point out consequences of the learner’s behavior.
Brainstorm better choice(s) with learners.
Use language to describe feelings and experiences.
Explain your reasons for limits and rules in language that learners
can understand.
Model the benefits involved in cooperating.
Use natural consequences when possible to reinforce cause and
effect involved in a rule, request, or limit.
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o Activity of Daily living (ADL)/ Self-Care Development
Chaining- the process of breaking a task into its small steps and
teaching them in a sequential manner. It is usually used to teach daily
living skills and life skills. For example, we first teach a learner to hold
his pants with two hands, and then we teach him to hold it and bring it
down to his legs. Next we teach him to hold it, bring it down to his legs,
and put one leg inside. This process is called forward chaining.
Backward chaining is when you teach the learner the last step first. We
do the activity of the child and let the learner do the last step on his own.
Then we do the activity till the second last step. In this way the learner
does more and more of the activity and we do less till the learner can do
the whole activity on his own.
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3. Motor and Perceptual Development
Hands-on learning is the process of using activities and other hands-on
tasks to teach skills. All learners and especially learners with intellectual
disability or difficulty in remembering/concentrating learn best
through this process. An example would be to do Science experiments to
learn Science concepts. Another idea is to use play dough and make letter
shapes to learn letters. Hands-on learning is also a great way to learn
Math.
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Use mnemonics (words, sentences, pictures, devices, or techniques for
improving or strengthening memory).
Intermix high probability tasks (easier tasks) with lower probability
tasks (more difficult tasks).
Use concrete items and examples to explain new concepts.
Do not overwhelm a learner with multiple or complex instructions.
Be explicit about what it is you want the learner to do.
Do not assume that the learner will perform the same way today as he
did yesterday.
Ask learner for input about how they learn best, and help them to be
in control of their learning.
Put all skills in context so there is a purpose for learning certain tasks.
Involve families and significant others in learning activities.
Develop a procedure for the learner to ask for help (e.g. cue card,
raising hand).
When it appears that a learner needs help, discretely ask if you can
help.
Be aware that a learner may be treated with medications that could
affect performance and processing speed.
Maintain high yet realistic expectations to encourage social and
educational potential.
Proceed in small ordered steps and review each frequently.
Emphasize the learner’s successes.
Consider alternate activities that would be less difficult for the learner,
while maintaining the same or similar learning objectives.
Provide direct instruction in reading skills.
Offer "standard" print and electronic texts.
Provide specific and immediate corrective feedback.
Encourage learners to use relaxation and other stress reducing
techniques during exams.
Allow more time for examinations, tests, and quizzes.
Show what you mean rather than just giving verbal directions.
Use visual supports when relating new information verbally.
Provide the learner with hands-on materials and experiences.
Break longer, new tasks into small steps.
Demonstrate the steps in a task and have learner perform the steps
one at a time.
Address the learner and use a tone of voice consistent with their age.
Speak directly to the learner.
Avoid long, complex words, technical words, or jargon.
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Ask one question at a time and provide adequate time for learner to
reply.
Use heavy visual cues (e.g. objects, pictures, models, or diagrams) to
promote understanding.
Target functional academics that will best prepare learner for
independent living and vocational context.
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Develop a procedure for the learner to ask for help (e.g. raising
hand, signal cards).
Speak directly to the learner.
Model clear speech and correct grammar.
Establish easy and good interactive communication in classroom.
Consult a speech language pathologist concerning your class.
Be aware that some learners may require another form of
communication.
Encourage participation in classroom activities and discussions.
Model acceptance and understanding in classroom.
Use gestures that support understanding.
Be patient when the learner is speaking, since rushing may result
in frustration.
Focus on interactive communication.
Use active listening.
Incorporate the learner’s interests into conversational exchanges.
Use storybook sharing in which a story is read to the learner and
responses are elicited (praise is given for appropriate comments
about the content).
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Minimize Fine Motor Demands- Fine motor problems can make it
harder and more tiring for learners with intellectual disability or
difficulty in remembering/concentrating to hold a pencil and form
numbers. You should minimize the amount of copying you ask the
learner to do. Whenever possible, it is preferable for an adult to copy
down the problems or to use photocopied pages that the learner can
write on.
Give simple, clear homework-homework should always be something
that the learner has already learned.
Expect and work toward appropriate behavior-learner’s behavior
keeps him from learning. Appropriate behavior is not an area where
we can give a few tips that will fit all learners who are concrete
thinkers. You need to step back, look at the disturbing behavior and
find out what is causing it.
Ensure early success in the lesson-success is very important at every
level of teaching for learners with intellectual disability or difficulty
in remembering/concentrating. The steps should be very small and
each one should be praised for effort if not correctness.
Consider the use of peer assistant- Peer intervention worked better
than teacher assistance. Learners are striving for more
independence, and being helped by a friend was perceived as better
than being helped by a teacher aide.
Facilitate short and long – term memory-assist the pupil to facilitate
short and long term memory storage by musical or rhythmic
associations with the concepts, concrete visualizations, creative
practice, and the use of mnemonics.
Use the calculator early and frequently-the use of calculator,
alongside with traditional Math instruction improved the average
learner’s ability to do pen and paper calculations to problem solve
(Hembee and Dessart,1986).
Make your interactions enjoyable- Make your teaching fun and
indicate your pleasure in working with them.
Use the computer-Most computer programs are not designed to teach
Math but instead provide practice for concepts that have already been
learned.
Break tasks into smaller chunks (task analysis) - breakdown the
goals and tasks into small steps that can be mastered easily.
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THEMATIC APPROACH IN TEACHING LEARNERS WITH DIFFICULTY
IN REMEMBERING/CONCENTRATING
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Motor and Perceptual Skills
1. Play dough (make shapes, letters, numbers)
2. Using pegs
3. Cutting and pasting
4. Bunching things with rubber bands
5. Packing up activities
6. Fixing materials used after the activities
7. Playing toys and games with puppets
8. Dancing and exercise with rhythm of music
9. Typing, basic computer operations
10. Numerical Template
11. Walking (going up and going down, with alternating foot)
12. Putting up chairs
13. How to Use a shovel
Cognitive Learning and Academics
1. Telling/reading time and directions
2. Counting numbers/money for fare
3. Perform work/ task based on Directions/Process/Steps
4. Taking messages/information to and from another class/office
Communication Development
1. Practice greeting (routine)
2. Reading important signages, warnings and directions (community
tour)
Creative and Aesthetic
1. Plan menus/meal (cooking)
2. Make a grocery list (mall / grocery
3. Singing Bottles
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Instructional Guide for Receiving Teachers Handling Learners With Difficulty In Remembering/Concentrating
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Work on vocabulary Provide frequent opportunities for Motor and Perceptual
before lesson learners to learn and socialize with Skills
typically developing peers * Play dough (make
Pick out only major
Involve the learners in group activities shapes, letters, numbers)
concepts for learning and clubs * Using pegs
Provide daily social skills instruction * Cutting, bunching things
Directly teach social skills, such a with rubber bands
turn-taking, social distance, reciprocal * Packing up activities
conversations, etc. * Playing with puppets
Breakdown social skills into non-verbal * Typing
and verbal components * Numerical Template
Explains rules/rationales behind social * Let’s Walk
exchanges * Putting up chairs
Have other learners (who demonstrate * How to Use a shovel
appropriate behavior) serve as peer
tutors
Find ways to recognize positive
contributions
Ensure that the learners know the
day’s schedule at the start of each day
and can refer to their schedule
Cognitive Learning and
throughout the day
Academics
Create a “calming area” or a “sensory
* Telling/reading time and
area.”
directions, counting money
Cognitive Learning and Academics for fare
Baby Steps
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Use short and simple sentences to * Perform work/ Task
based on
ensure understanding.
Directions/Process/Steps
Repeat instructions or directions * Putting up the chairs at
the end of the day
frequently. * Giving out equipment
Ask learner if further clarification is * Taking messages to
another class
necessary. *Putting up chair
Keep distractions and transitions to a
minimum.
Teach specific skills whenever
necessary.
Provide an encouraging and supportive
learning environment.
Use alternative instructional strategies Communication
Development
and alternative assessment methods.
Signage,
Explicitly teach organizational skills. Warning and
Keep conversations as normal as Direction
Practice greeting
possible for inclusion with peers. (routine)
How to Use a shovel
Reading important
Communication Development signage
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Ensure that the learner has a way to , warnings and
directions
appropriately express their wants and
(community tour)
needs. Community Helpers
If the learner is non-verbal, identify
and establish an appropriate functional
communication system (e.g. sign
language, Picture Exchange
Communication System (PECS), voice
output, etc.).
Understand that picture schedules and
functional communication systems are
NOT the same thing; they do not serve
the same purpose.
Develop a functional communication
system that is easy and portable.
If the learner is non-verbal, ensure that
the learner has access to his/her
communication system across all
contexts, all of the time.
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Reinforce communication attempts (e.g.
gestures, partial verbalizations) when
the learner is non-verbal or emerging
verbal.
Paraphrase back what the learner has
said or indicated.
Label areas in the room with words and
pictures.
Use sequencing cards to teach the
order of events.
If you do not understand what the
student is saying, ask them to repeat
what they have just said.
Ask learner to show you how they say
“yes” and “no” – and then ask yes/no
questions.
Engage learners in role-plays to target
reciprocal conversation skills.
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Program for generalization of
communication skills across all
contexts.
Use large clear pictures to reinforce
what you are saying.
Speak clearly and deliberately.
Clarify types of communication
methods the learners may use.
Provide puppets/pictures as props
when using finger plays and songs. Creative and Aesthetic
Develop a procedure for the learner to * Plan menus / meal
(cooking)
ask for help (e.g. raising hand, signal * Make a grocery list (mall/
cards). grocery)
Speak directly to the learner. * Singing Bottles
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Consult a speech language pathologist
concerning your class.
Be aware that some learners may
require another form of
communication.
Encourage participation in classroom
activities and discussions.
Model acceptance and understanding
in classroom.
Use gestures that support
understanding.
Be patient when the learner is
speaking, since rushing may result in
frustration.
Focus on interactive communication.
Use active listening.
Incorporate the learner’s interests into
conversational exchanges.
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Use storybook sharing in which a story
is read to the learner and responses
are elicited (praise is given for
appropriate comments about the
content).
Explain your reasons for limits and
rules in language that learners can
understand
Ensure understanding of all
assignments and tasks (and materials
needed)
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Provide non distracting written work
Minimize Fine Motor Demands
Give simple, clear homework
Expect and work toward appropriate
behavior
Ensure early success in the lesson
Consider the use of peer assistant
Facilitate short and long – term
memory
Use the calculator early and frequently
Make your interactions enjoyable
Use the computer
Break tasks into smaller chunks (task
analysis)
Severe Self-Contained Socio-Emotional and Behavioral Socio-Emotional and
Group Learning Behavioral
Transition Program
Play-Based Learning Reporting, Role Playing
Hospital Based Positive Reinforcement Practice greeting
(routine)
Home Reward System
Bound Praising
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Grooming & hygiene
Activity of Daily living (ADL)/Self-Care (demonstration)
Itinerant Teaching
Chaining Toileting (observation)
Life Skills Activity of Daily Living
* Recognizing
Stranger
- Role Playing
* Identifying
community helpers
Motor (Gross and Fine) - Showing pictures
Hands-on learning *Touring
Motor and Perceptual
Skills
* Play dough (make
shapes, letters, numbers)
* Using pegs
* Cutting, bunching things
with rubber bands
* Packing up activities
* Playing with puppets
* Typing
* Numerical Template
* Let’s Walk
Cognitive Learning and Academics * Putting up chairs
Baby Steps * How to Use a shovel
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Cognitive Learning and
Communication Development Academics
Self-care activities
Ensure that the learner has a way
Communication
to appropriately express their wants Development
and needs. *Functional
Communication System
If the learner is non-verbal, identify
activities (e.g. signs,
and establish an appropriate gestures, etc.
functional communication system
(e.g. sign language, Picture
Exchange Communication System Creative and Aesthetic
(PECS), voice output, etc.)
*Activities will depend on
the recommendations of
Creative and Aesthetic
the Clinical and Medical
Emphasize visual learning
team.
Use hands – on activities
Provide structured learning with
flexibility
Make learning relevant to the real
world for survival.
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Profound Home Bound (ABA /PECS Method) Activities will depend on
Trained professionals/para- the recommendations of
Hospital Based professional/shadow Teacher (e.g. the Clinical and Medical
Occupational Therapist, Speech and team.
Language Therapist etc.
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SAMPLE SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
How to make
1. Build a stand out of 1”x1” bamboo pole.
2. Fill 8 bottles with water ascending respectively.
3. The first bottle is filled with water around 2” from the bar.
4. Fill all the bottles with water in increasingly until the 8th bottle.
5. tap the bottle and add water until, you arrived at the desired
sound of the ascending DO in the musical staff.
How to use it
1. Present pictures of musical instruments.
2. Tell the learners to produce sounds by clapping, stumping their
feet or tapping their table.
3. Introduce the singing bottles.
4. Tap the bottles one at a time till the 8th bottle.
5. Count the bottles in the sound of de, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do or
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
6. Count the bottles in descending order 8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1
7. These bottles could produce sounds, thus they can be a musical
instruments.
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Activity 2: Sorting Shapes
Sort them by two methods at the same time. By color, but with the
curved shapes on the top row:
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Bonus task:
Sort them by color and how many edges. Now just go ahead and combine
the shapes into artwork.
Illustration:
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White Sand
A. How to make
o Make a wooden box using (1) 24x24 plywood and (5) 1x4x24 good
lumber. Use the wood glue, nail and hammer to make the sand box.
o Put a divider using the 1x4x24 good lumber and (2) 1x4x7good
lumber to produce 3 more boxes to serve as a compartment for the
cut-out pictures/ toys.
o Use the sand paper to smoothen the surface of the wooden sand box
to make it more presentable to the eye of the learner.
o Put 10 kilos of white sand on the box.
o Cut pictures of foods (healthy & junk foods) paste it in a cardboard
and stick it to the popsicle stick.
B. How to use it
1. Call one learner after another to get one picture/toy that is consider
healthy food.
2. Let the learner identify the pictures.
3. Ask him to stick it in the sand.
Variations
This can also be used in making an activity on “My Accordion
Book of Food “.
Materials:
Bond paper (Long)
Pencil
Crayola
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How to make
1. Get a piece of long bond paper.
2. Prepare one blank accordion book for each learner in the class, with
around 4-6 pages..
How to use it
1. Give one accordion book to each learner in the group.
2. Ask them to pick out pictures in the Sand Which? Launch Box!
3. Have them copy the picture in their accordion book in chronological
order on the accordion book in a left-right manner.
4. Ask them to write name of the food they drew. Have them color their
work when they are done drawing and writing.
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Activity 5: Numerical Template
Developmental Domain: Motor and Perceptual
Needed Materials
Carton boxes
Cutter
Poster paint
Paint brush
Illustration
0 1 2 3 4 5
How to make
1. Cut carton boxes into 4x4 square shaped card.
2. Trace numbers 0-5 into the 4x4 square card.
3. Cut the numbers using a cutter.
4. Do not throw the numbers that were cut from the card.
How to use it
1. Let learners trace the number using his finger over the card- one
at a time to feel the shape, form of the numbers.
2. Let the learners trace the pattern card over a bond paper using a
pencil.
3. These process is done repeatedly until the objective is attained.
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Activity 6: LET'S WALK
walk backward
start here
String is tightly
tied on both sides
footprints
Finish
walk forward
start here
Needed Materials
Footprints
string (atleast 2 meters long and ½ inch thick )
cartolina (red and green
scotch tape
How to create
Trace the feet of one of your learner in a cartolina (red color for
left foot and green color for right foot). Make atleast 12
footprints.
How to use
1. Place the footprints on the floor. Arrange it alternately (red green,
red-green, etc.) Fix them by putting scotch tape on it.
2. Get the string. Look for a safety material that you can tie up the
string end to end. Make two lines. Place the string beside the
footprints.
3. Now, show to the learner how to do the activity.
Steps:
Go to the starting line.
Begin to walk forward. Now, use your left foot and step
on the red footprints, right foot step on the green
footprints and so on...
When you reach the last footprint, step twice to your
right and begin to walk backward. Use the string as
your guide until you reach the finish line.
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4. Let the learner do the activity. Do it several times for mastery.
5. Praise the learner for his effort.
Silence No U Turn
STOP
Procedure:
1. Present a video clip about signages, warnings, and directions.
2. Discuss the signages, warnings, and directions they saw in the
video clip.
3. Present some pictures and illustrations of signages, warnings, and
directions.
4. Discuss the meaning and importance of the different signages,
warnings, and directions.
5. Let them enumerate the signages, warnings, and directions they
see around the school and in the community.
6. Ask them if they know the meaning of those signages, warnings,
and directions.
7. Let them draw some signages, warnings, and direction.
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Activity 8: Greeting the School Authorities
Developmental Domain: Socio-emotional Development Skills
Needed Materials
White board markers/whiteboard eraser, pictures of situation
Illustration:
Procedure:
1. The teacher will discuss first the lesson by writing the polite
words and expression on the board.
2. The teacher will read the following polite expression to be
followed by the learners.
3. Let the learners pronounce the words or expression correctly
and repetitively.
4. Show the pictures to the learners and call them one by one to
respond with the proper polite word / expression
5. The teacher will pick one learner at a time to demonstrate
when and what to say the following polite words or expression.
6. Show the picture of the person in the following offices and
identify the names.
7. The teacher will accompany the learners in going to the
different offices and greet the people with proper polite words
and expression.
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Activity 9: Grooming – Taking a Bath
Developmental Domain: Socio-emotional and Personal Development
Skills
Needed Materials:
Bath soap or body wash, shampoo, face towel or body scrub
and bath towel
I. Illustration:
Procedure:
1. The teacher will discuss the things needed for the activity by
showing the real soap, shampoo, body scrub or face towel and bath
towel.
2. Allow the learners to pick one of the things on the table and tell how
it was used.
3. Give step by step instruction. (Baby Steps or commonly called task
analysis)
4. Prepare clean clothes to wear before going to the bath room.
5. Get your towel before going inside the bath room.
6. Use shampoo to clean your hair.
7. Use body scrub or face towel with soap or body wash to clean your
face and the entire body.
8. Wash the whole body entirely with water.
9. Wipe the body with bath towel to dry.
o The teacher will ask help of the parents or care giver to be
check at home.
o Furnish the parents or caregivers of the activity in their
respective communication notebook.
o Make sure the teacher provides the necessary checklist for the
parents or care giver for the feedback of the activity.
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Activity 10: Telling Time By The Hour
Developmental Domain: Cognitive and Numeracy Development
Skills
Needed Materials:
A large model of a clock for the teacher with only the hour hand (can
be made of cardboard or a plain paper plate with the hour hand
fastened on with a paper fastener).
Illustration:
Procedure:
1. Demonstrate how the hour hand sweeps to each number on the
large clock. Talk about the hour hand and how it moves slowly for
each hour.
2. Have learners move the hands on their own clocks to each hour. If
a paper fastener attaches the hour hand, adjust it so that the hour
hand moves freely. At first tell them to move the hand to the
number. “Put the hour hand on the 5.” Later you may change your
wording and say, “ Make the hour hand show 5 o’clock.”
3. Relate the different hours to your daily schedule. “When the hour
hand is on the number 12, we go to lunch.”
4. At random, give the hours orally (6 o’clock, 3 o’clock) to the learners
and have them move the hour hand to that hour.
5. Teach the learners how to read the hours, saying “one o’clock, two
o’clock, etc.” Set the hour hand on your large clock to the different
hours and ask the learners, “What time is it?”
6. On a real clock, the hour hand will move slowly toward the next
number. If the hour hand is half past a number, tell the learners
that if doesn’t count as the next hour until the hour hand is right
on the next number.
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Activity 11: Role Playing/Shopping Activity For Two (or More) Items
Developmental Domain: Numeracy Skills, Communication Skills and
Vocational Skills
Needed Materials:
Newspaper ads, flyers, or catalogs
Index cards and marker so the prices can be visually listed for
learners
Illustration:
Procedure:
1. Give learners 2 or 3 ten peso bills (or the amount you have decided
is enough).
2. When she has marked or cut out the items she desires from the
catalog or ads, have her add the amount (on the calculator) to get a
total.
3. Have her count the money you have given her.
4. Then have her tell you which amount is bigger - the total price of
the items she wants or the amount of money that she now has.
Expand upon the activity by making other similar situations. At this
time, make up only situations where she has enough money. Let her
pretend to buy the items.
5. When she is secure in the situations where she has enough money.
(You may need to take back some of her play money.) If she does not
have enough money, she can’t purchase the items. Do three
situations or more in which she does not have enough money.
Hopefully she will get a little upset at not being able to buy what she
wants. Then you can say to her, “How much does not know that this
situation calls for subtraction, show her on paper how you figure
the answer.
207
6. Determining how much more money is needed is one of the most
difficult uses for subtraction that learners learn. Have the learner
practice many of these how-much-more-money-do-I-need situations
until, at least when dealing with money, they will automatically
subtract the smaller number from the larger to find the answer.
7. The multi-step process discussed above may be too difficult for some
learners now. Find out what step(s) is not clearly understood by
having the learners talk through the various steps out loud. If her
communication skills are limited, you may have to explain each step
and ask her to indicate whether the step is right or wrong. If she
still has difficulty knowing how much more is needed, focus instead
on achieving the objective of adding the prices of two items and
seeing whether she has enough money to buy both of them.
(Teaching Math to People with Down Syndrome and Other Hands-On
Learners, De Anna Horstmeier, Ph.D.)
Activity 12: Putting Up Chairs
Developmental Domain: Gross Motor Skills and Numeracy Skills
Needed Materials:
12 pieces of mono block chairs
Illustration:
Procedure:
1. Carry the monoblock chairs one by one.
2. Carry with two (2) hands correctly.
3. Bring the monoblock chairs in one corner.
4. Put the chairs one after the other.
5. Make it three (3) pieces per set.
208
Activity 13: How to Use a Shovel
Developmental Domain: Gross Motor Skills and Communication
Skills
Needed Materials:
12 pieces of monoblock chairs
Illustration:
Procedure:
1. Stand with your feet a comfortable distance apart.
2. Keep your back as straight as possible.
3. Use your leg muscle to push the blade into the ground.
4. After the blade is inserted into the ground, slide your non-
dominant hand about half way down the shaft of the shovel while
handling at your knees not your waist.
Activity 14: Community Helpers
Developmental Domain: Activity of Daily Living Skills
Needed Materials:
pictures of different community helpers
Illustration/Drawing:
209
Procedure:
Discuss: The teacher will present the learners with objects
that each community helper utilizes. The learners will associate
each object with the community helper. The next level will include
the type of community helper such as Doctor/Nurse, Farmer,
Firefighter, Librarian, Police Officer, Teacher and Veterinarian. The
last level will describe the service each community helper provides.
Perform:
1. Each group will be given a different hat that is worn by a community
helper they will color the hat, cut it, and paste it on construction
paper. The learners will share what service there community helper
provides.
2. Every learner will be asked to choose a community helper and write
down 2 roles that specific community helper plays. Some of the
learners will share their responses with the class.
210
Activity 15: Strangers Danger-Buddy System.
Developmental Domain: Safety Skills, Language/Communication
Skills.
Needed Materials
Popsicle Sticks
Scraps materials
Glue
White paper (safety)
Illustration
Procedure:
Discuss: Talk to learner about the importance of always going somewhere
together. Every learner should pick a person to be there “buddy” for the
day. Explain to the learner that it is always important to have someone in
case something happen. That way the other person can go for help.
211
Perform: Have each learner make two stick puppets out of paper and then
can use the materials to make a dress or short to put on the person made.
Have them made two puppets each to remind them they always need a
buddy with them.
Needed Materials
Picture
Illustration
Procedure
Discussion: The teacher talk to learner about what they could do
if someone grabbed them and tried to take them to their car.
Perform:
1. Some of the best things to do are: Scream and yell “this person is
taking me” another things to do if there is not many people around
is to bite the person very hard and then run as fast as you can! Yell,
run and tell an adult you know and trust.
2. Have the learner practice yelling and Saying: this person is trying to
take me! Get them used to being assertive!
212
Activity 17: Strangers Danger-Know your phone number and address
Developmental Domain: Safety Skills, Communication Skills,
Number skills
Needed Materials:
Telephone toy (with numbers/digits)
Illustration:
Procedure:
Discussion: Many learners who get lost do not know their full name and
address. Explain to the learner how important it is to talk clearly and
slowly so people who can help them can understand what they are saying.
Tell learner if they are lost it is important to go to a grown up. If a police
officer or someone who works at the place is around that is the first person
they should go to.
Perform:
1. Have on a file card each learner name and address along with their
phone number.
2. Practice with them saying their name and phone number; Make
sure they are saying it clearly and slowly so it can be understood.
3. It is also important also that the learners know their mom’s and
dad’s first name.
213
VIII. DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE SKILLS
Introduction
Learners with difficulty in performing adaptive skills represent a
wide range of specific conditions, other forms of incapacity will typically
share deficits in five distinct areas of development: intellectual
functioning, motor skills, sensory functioning, communication skills and
adaptive skills which are the practical, everyday skills needed to function
and meet the demands of one’s environment including skills to effectively
and independently take care of oneself and to interact to other people
(Reynolds,2007).These deficits occur for many reasons namely: Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD),
Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Deaf Blindness (DF).
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Psychological
- May feel ostracized
- Tendency to withdraw from society
- Learners with multiple disabilities tend to become fearful,
and upset in the face of forced or unexpected changes.
-May execute self-injurious behavior
2. Behavioral
- May display an immature behavior inconsistent with
chronological age
- May exhibit an impulsive behavior and low frustration
level
- May encounter difficulty in his/her
interpersonal relationships
- May have limited self-care skills and independent
community living skills
3. Physical/Health
- A variety of medical problems may accompany severe
disabilities Examples include seizures, sensory loss,
hydrocephalus and scoliosis.
- May be physically clumsy and awkward
- May be unsuccessful in games involving motor skills
214
The Table (1) below presents the following characteristics in one or
more area of difficulty with corresponding accommodation, strategies and
suggested teaching activities when the learner is not diagnosed.
215
ADAPTIVE SKILL ACCOMMODATIONS SUGGESTED
DIFFICULTIES ACTIVITIES
1. Conceptual
Difficulty
Reading Adaptations and Mnemonics for
modifications of phonics. Teach
method of instructions. the child
(attn. p.20). mnemonics that
Incorporate a great deal provide
of multisensory reminders about
techniques and hard-to-learn
developmentally phonics rules
appropriate activities (e.g., tongue
Use materials that are twister, “when
fun and engaging like two vowels go
using colorful activity walking, the first
sheets (picture-word does the talking”)
association). (Scruggs &
Relate story or reading Mastropieri,
materials on personal 2000).
experience and Picture-letter
background charts. Use
knowledge. these for
Generate interest and children who
increase learners know sounds but
background knowledge do not know the
and frame of reference letters that go
before reading. with them.
Modify worksheets by Word
eliminating families. Teach
distractions and too the child to
much information on a recognize and
page read word
Work for fewer items families that
per page or line and/or illustrate
materials in a larger particular
print size phonetic
concepts (e.g.,
Let the learner sit
“ph” sounds, “at-
comfortably
bat-cat”).
216
Allow learner to follow Let learners
along with the finger or apply what they
use a bookmark have learned
Tapes or reader for by using charts
textbooks and fish bone
Read out loud in a graphic
tape recorder to listen organizer.
for improvement Learners will be
Read questions first asked some
before reading story simple questions
Use headphones to related to story
block out noise theme.
Numbers Provide many
Modify the amount of kinds of
work to be completed manipulative
(cubes, chips,
Vary activities by tiles, beans,
alternating between base – ten
individual or group blocks,
activities. number line)
to help
Allow the use of a students
calculator without visualize in
penalty counting and
work out
Have a table of math math
facts available problems.
Introduce
Break story problems mathematical
into shorter segments concepts with
demonstratio
Use graph paper or ns using real,
notebook paper turned actual objects
sideways to keep work and
in columns motivating
situations.
217
Money Money
bank. Establish
a bank (box) in
the classroom,
and provide
opportunity or
learners to draw-
out compare the
money they got
from the box to
the one in the
money chart.
This will
familiarize the
learner with the
appearance and
amount of
money.
Real-life
examples of
money
skills. Provide
the child with
real-life
opportunities to
practice target
money skills. For
example, ask the
child to calculate
his or her change
when paying for
lunch in the
school cafeteria,
or set up a class
store where
children can
practice
calculating
change.
218
Time • Instruct one task at a Time
time. sequenced
• Consider alternative movements:
methods of completing physical and
tasks or testing verbal
knowledge conversationa
(oral, visual or hand l
on projects). Sequencing a
narrative
story,
procedure:
before, during
and after
Communicatio Language Problems Ask probing
n Skills Provide visual input as questions.
- Speech well as auditory Give
whenever possible. The opportunity to
- Language pupil could receive demonstrate and
written directions as express their
well as oral ones, or opinion about
have a copy of a the activity and
lecture outline to how they arrived
follow while listening at their solution
to instructions. or answer.
Pictures and graphs
that illustrate the text “Story Walk”
are usually quite (Asking and
effective. answering WH-
Give directions one or questions)
two steps at a time.
Ask the pupil to repeat
the instructions. Then
have the complete one
or two items and check
with you to see that
they have been done
properly.
If you notice a learner
mumbling while
working, suggest a
seat where he will not
disturb others.
219
Sometimes quietly
"reauditorizing"
instructions or
information to himself
can help a student
grasp and remember
the assignment.
2. Social
Difficulty
Getting Classroom Behaviors: Use
along with Let the learner sit next cooperative
others to a responsible learning
seatmate to limit strategies
distraction (Be careful such as
that this does not Think-Pair-
negatively affect the Share where
other learner) teachers ask
Reward forgetful students to
learners for think about a
remembering rather topic, pair
than punish them for with a
forgetting. partner to
Ignore behaviors that discuss it,
are minimally and share
disruptive. ideas with
Provide modifications the group.
for behaviors that are (Slavin,
disturbing (e.g. foam 2002).
on desk if they tap “ Embrace
they tap their pencil, Me “
tennis balls on chair Build a
legs). positive
Have a code or private climate
signal to use for the class
learner when his/her Arrange
behavior is learner’s
unacceptable seat for
Provide structure, inclusion
consistency and Build
predictable situations opportunit
Support the learner to ies for
participate in the friendship
classroom with private,
discreet cues to stay on
task and advance
warning that he will be
called upon shortly.
Attention Problems
Let the learner sit in
front of the teacher for 220
clearer instructions
and directions.
Let the learner sit
away from windows,
doors, or other sources Give
of distraction. explicit
Pair the LSEN with instructio
other fast learners ns and
whom he/she feels accessible
more comfortable. equipment
Provide the learner a and
quiet workplace. materials
Let the learner work in Supply the
short intense period learner
with breaks. with
Different subtasks standard
introduce in every books and
learning activity. equipment
Set agreed rules with Involve the
the learner in learner in
accomplishing every all class
activity. activities
3. Practical Life
Skills
Daily living Provide ideal Classhome Housekeeping
skills /Home Economics Room
for skills training Cooking
Laundry
Proper
grooming and
hygiene
Personal
Safety
Eating
etiquettes
Occupational Grant specialized skills Flower
skills trainings depending on making
the individual’s strength Arts and
Crafts
Marketing
Safety
Precautions
Retail Trade
Massage
Beauty Care
Dressmaking
Baking &
Pastry
Fruit Juice
Making
222
DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING SELF-CARE, MOVEMENTS,
COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Characteristics:
223
9. Difficulty in walking such as on toes, a crouched gait, assessors-
like gait with knees crossing, a wide gait or an asymmetrical gait
10. Difficulty in sucking or eating
11. Delayed speech development or difficulty speaking
12. Difficulty with precise motion such as speaking up of crayon or
spoon.
13. Seizures
227
6.If the child bites the
straw instead of sucking,
assist him in loosening the
teeth by pressing the cheeks
with the thumb and index
finger.
7. You must always be
very careful when handling
the child’s face, mouth and
throat.
228
3.(Pretend to be a dog or
cat) a. Insert a thin elastic
object in a
four-hole button;
b. The child sticks the
button in his mouth and tries
to hold it there (with closed
lips); and
c. Pull with increasing
strength the thin elastic object
until the child let it goes.
(Motivation: Use stop
watch to record how long the
child can resist the pressure
without letting go.) Children
above the age of 7 may be
verbally stimulated and
reminded to swallow the
saliva. It is very important to
remind them to swallow, as
this function does not come
naturally to them as it does to
other children.
229
5.Make clicking sounds with
the tongue. Make sucking
noises (ah - ah with the vocal
chords)
230
8. Imitation of similar,
meaningless monosyllables:
ma-ma- ma, da-da- &, ga-ga-
ga, la-la-la, etc. (May be sung
to a well-known melody and
with varied rhythms.)
c. Imitation of dissimilar,
meaningless monosyllables:
La- le-li. ga-ge- gi, la-ga-le,
etc.
1. Make many different
animal sounds.
2. Imitation of
meaningful words. It is
important that when the child
makes an attempt, hopefully
with an increasing frequency,
you should never correct his
articulation! Everything is
acceptable! Give praise and
encouragement. Corrections
will be made later. It is also
important to remember that at
this stage the training is
aimed at exercising the speech
organs and encouraging the
need to speak, and the joy of
talking!
231
Activities on Articulation
Development
(When the child’s imitations
improve, and it uses the
words spontaneously to a
greater extent in everyday
situations, it’s time to
check/correct the words
uttered by the child).
1. The teacher should prepare
a list of the sounds that are
still missing, and choose one
sound at a time for practice
during a specific period.
2. The lip-produced sounds
are the easiest to learn: M - P
- B.
3. Practice volume through
blowing exercises. T - D - N - L
- R which demand lifting of
the tongue tip, are also
difficult to master.
4. In order to overcome these
problems, an intensive licking
training is advisable:
A. Licking Activities:
1. Licking with the tongue,
the upper lip (put some
chocolate there) is necessary.
2. Licking a saucer (ice
cream. etc.) can also be
included in the training.
3. Previous experience has
revealed that the sounds S - F
- V are difficult to express for
children with CP, these
sounds can be articulated
later. With paralysis of the
pharynx the sounds K and G
are normally the last to be
learned.
232
Suggestions for the teacher:
Ideally, the teacher should
place himself/herself in front
of a mirror and watch closely
how his/her mouth forms the
sounds.
4. The teacher shall now
show the child how to form
the mouth and produce the
sound.
5. Explore which sounds the
child can manage at the
moment.
6. Combine the sound which
is being practiced, with a
vowel and imitate meaningless
syllables.
7. Practice ma-me-mi-mo.
8. Then switch the letters
around: am - em - im - om.
9. Continue with some simple
words, with the sound as the
first letter: man - mammy.
10. If the exercise was
successfully performed, you
can reward the child by
putting a nice picture in the
child’s note book that follow
his/her speech training
sessions.
11. Write the word
underneath the picture.
12. Repeat in the next speech
training period, the words
written in the book.
13. Do this after the warm up
part containing motor training
of the mouth.
14. Perform automatic
counting from 1 – 15.
233
DIFFICULTY IN SEEING and HEARING
- It is a condition in which the child experiences a combination of
hearing and vision loss. Learners with this condition commonly
demonstrate problem behavior (e.g. self-injury)(Purvis,2012).
Characteristics:
- The child with deaf-blindness requires considerable modifications
to teaching content and different teaching strategies. He cannot learn from
what he sees like the deaf child does. He cannot learn from listening like
the blind child does. He learns only by what he does.
- The child may also have problems experiencing new things. He
maybe withdrawn or passive, content to stay in one place and let the world
come to him.
- The range of sensory impairments included in the term “deaf-
blindness” is great.
- More than 90% of children who are deaf-blind have one or more
additional impairments or health problems.
- Young children who have both hearing and vision loss learn the
same way with those in the regular but in a different manner.
Accommodations & Teaching Activities
Modifications Strategies
Access 6. Language –is a Teaching Skills that
- Communication Tactile Sign facilitate hand
systems way of development and
- Sensory communication expressiveness in learners
accommodations for learners with who are deaf-blind.
and adaptations both sight and
hearing 1. Watch and/ or
Participation impairment and touch the learner’s
- Trustful deaf-blindness. hands and learn to
relationships read them.
- Cues and How to do Tactile 2. Think of hands as
prompts Sign Language initiators of topics
- Consistent The deaf-blind in conversational
Routines learner puts interactions,
- Calendar System his/ her hands particularly with
over the signer’s young children who
hands to feel the do not yet use
shape, words.
movement and
location of the
signs. Some
signs and facial 234
expressions may
need to be 3. Use under hand
modified (e.g, touch through
signing” not exploration,
understand” initiation of topics
instead of and expression of
Support signing feelings.
- Team approach “understand” by 4. Make your hands
- Training and shaking one’s available for the
technical head. Spelling child to use as he/
assistance “dog” rather she wishes.
specific to deaf- than signing 5. Imitate the child’s
blindness “dog”) own hand actions
Learners can while your hands
use one or two- are under the
handed tactile child’s hand.
sign language. 6. Play interactive
Those who have hand games
acquired hearing frequently
impairment and (Guessing game on
loss of vision, identifying common
prefer tactile fruits).
fingerspelling for 7. Make
they find sign environmental
language provisions to
difficult. encourage hand
activity,
- Conversation appropriate to the
can be done developmental level
by setting of the child (trees,
next to the flowering plants
child or etc.)
tapping, 8. Encourage
touching energetic throwing
gently. in an appropriate
settings and
developmental
times.
(manipulative balls
to the basket and
or
9. Invite access of
your own hands
while they are
engaged in a wide
variety of activities.
235
10. Invite deaf-blind
learners to have a
frequent tactual
access to the
environment.
11. Demonstrate
whatever hand
skills you wish the
learner to acquire
and allow him/ her
tactual access to it.
12. Make language
accessible to the
hands of the
learner who is deaf-
blind.
13. Be aware of your
hands as carriers
of feelings and
pragmatic
functions.
1. Anticipation 1. The child and the
or Calendar teacher go to the
System accessible
• Access location where
- Communication – provide a the calendar box
systems structured way is stored and find
- Sensory in which to the first object on
accommodations and refer events in the left.
adaptations a child’s day.
- Environmental Sometimes 2. Together they
• Participation called identify the item
- Trustful “anticipation and its
relationships boxes” or significance,
- Cues and object using appropriate
prompts calendars. speech and sign
- Consistent - a series of language.
Routines meaningful 3. For example, they
- symbols are might pick up an
arranged in umbrella and
sequential say/sign:
order to let the "Umbrella!”.
child know “Today is a
what happens rainy/sunny
next. day.”
- It also
provides a
236
way to make
the
beginning, 4. The teacher and
middle and the learners can
end of an then carry the
activity, as item to the place
well as time where the activity
concept will occur (in this
such as case they will go
before, outside the
during, and classroom) and
Anticipation/Calendar after of continue to
System symbols touch/look at the
• Support representing umbrella.
- Team approach different 5. Through this
- Training and activities activity the
technical assistance learners begin to
specific to deaf- take on the
blindness meaning of
umbrella.
- Anticipation 6. Similarly, a cup,
schedules spoon, glass, and
provide plate can
activities represent the
that are activities which
represented will give meaning
by symbols, to the said
time utensils.
concepts
from past to 7. Once the activity
future, has been
direction completed, the
from left to learners and the
right (e.g. teacher carry the
Daily object back and
schedules, place it in a
Weekly, special box to the
monthly, right of the other
annual boxes, saying and
schedules). signing "finished.
Then take the
Note: (Picture of next object out
a calendar with from the next
different box and repeat
activities) the process.
237
8. As learners begin
to associate the
objects with
certain activities,
they can already
form concepts.
Access 2. Cues and Parts of the body
- Communication Prompts identification using
systems Touch cues touch cues:
- Sensory –specific
accommodations and signals that 1. Ask the learner
adaptations are using touch cues
- Environmental executed on to touch different
• Participation the learners’ parts of her/his
- Trustful body body like nose,
relationships eyes, ears, etc.
- Cues and - Touch cues 2. Give her a cue
prompts should like tapping his/
- Consistent reduce her shoulders if
Routines startling, she/he responses
help develop correctly
anticipatory 3. The teacher can
responses target another
and provide lesson using
Anticipation/Calendar clearer touch cues.
System information
• Support about your
- Team approach expectation Activities using object
- Training and cues: Deaf-blind leaners
technical assistance Object cues could participate in
specific to deaf- - everyday various activities in
blindness objects that different goals with
are other learners.
presented to
the learner Recess Time
as cues and 1. Direct the children
that may be to “pull” the deaf
touched on blind learner to the
the body chair.
2. Let the learner
- Presented to practice pulling with
child as the help of the
cues for classmate during
particular play time.
activities
- Provide
information 238
or directives
- Allows child Role Play
to get ready 1. Teacher will present
- Consistent different common toy
and animals found in the
predictable farm.
- Facilitates 2. Learner touch each
development toy animal.
of 3. Let him/her explore
expectations each toy animal
and through touching.
anticipation 4. Slowly teach
him/her the name of
each toy animal.
Types of 5. Once the learner can
object cues identify already,
1. Actual 6. Incorporate role
object (e.g. playing.
real spoon 7. Teacher will ask the
and fork to class if they have
indicate been to a farm.
time to eat) 8. Let them share their
2. Partial or experiences when
associated they were in the
object (e.g. farm.
plastic 9. Let them pretend to
spoon and be animals, while
triangular deaf blind could
placemat to “rub” and “pat”
eat) them, as if he/she is
3. Arbitrary the farmer who come
object (e.g. for attention. (The
paper plate deafblind learner will
in different be given
shape with differentiated -
triangular instructions by the
placemat) teacher).
a. Touch cues 1. Introduce every
for personal child in the class
identifiers with personal
Unique identifier.( e.g.
personal cue to bracelet for
identify Emma, pencil for
yourself the teacher,
(e. g. ribbon handkerchief for
for Luz, Jay-ar, or etc.)
feather for
mother,
239
chain for
father,
string for 2. The personal
brother, identifiers should
pencil for be arranged on
teacher, the board with
etc.) label which is
easy for the deaf-
blind to access.
Needed by 3. The learner will
everyone in choose among the
regular contact personal
with the child identifiers whom
Use each time she wants or
you greet and needs to.
leave
Familiar
trusted Other suggested
individuals activities that deaf-
should blind learners are
introduce capable of doing
someone new
Note:(pictures Arts
with Deaf-blind learner
corresponding can “pat” or “pull” a
personal modelling clay to
identifiers: help a classmate
e.g bracelet form different shape
Emma, pencil- Science:
teacher, 1. Deaf-blind can use
handkerchief Jay- his vision to find
ar, etc) objects in the sand
box.
2. “Open” and “close”
the door, zippers in
bags, buttons in
/out blouses and
etc.
3. Can “pour” sand in
the toy animals.
240
DIFFICULTY IN HEARING WITH OTHER DISABILITIES
A chronic or acute health problem leading to inability of an
individual to comprehend verbal language due to its inability to hear. Most
individual suffering from hearing impairment also suffers health issues
due to asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit with
hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia,
lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia,
and Tourette syndrome which adversely affects their educational
performance.
Characteristics
1. Weak during health impairment occurrence
2. Shows strained expression when listening
3. Difficulty following verbal directions
4. Often follows and rarely leads
5. Will usually exhibit some form of articulation difficulty
6. Can become easily frustrated if their needs are not met — which
may lead to some behavioral difficulties
7. Less responsive to noise, voice or music
8. Watches faces of the speaker especially the mouth and lips.
9. Delayed or non-responsive to questions asked
10. Makes use of natural gestures, signs and movements
11. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless
mistakes in schoolwork or with other activities.
12. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
13. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish
school work and chores (e.g., loses focus, side-tracked).
14. Often has trouble organizing tasks and activities.
15. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require
mental effort over a long period of time (such as schoolwork or
homework).
16. Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g. school
materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork,
eyeglasses, mobile telephones).
17. Is often easily distracted
18. Is often forgetful in daily activities.
19. Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat.
20. Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is
expected.
21. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is not
appropriate (adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling restless).
241
Accommodations & Teaching Activities
Modifications Strategies
1. Note taker or use of a 1. Visual Strategy 1. Dactylology
scribe a. Teacher (Fingerspelling)
accommodates a. Teacher spells the
2. Interpreter learner’s needs by words using her
writing all fingers.
assignments, class
3. Flexible attendance instructions and 2. Pretend Play
requirement procedural a. Let learners pick
changes on the up dolls, talk to
board. Providing a them and play
4. Additional time for visual cue with them.
test and other eliminates b. Learners with
classroom activities confusion on the sign language use
hearing impaired signs when
5. Many students with learners. talking.
hearing disabilities
will have some form b. Arrange desks * If the child is not
of specialized in a circular doing it on his/her
equipment pattern if possible own, teacher
recommended by an so hearing demonstrates and
audiologist. Help the impaired learners involves the child till
child to feel can see other he/she learns.
comfortable with learners. This is
his/her hearing especially
device and promote important if they 3. Classroom
understanding and need to read lips. Responsibilities
acceptance with c. Consider using
other children in the a talking stick for a. Teacher will
class. group discussions give the
since this can help learners tasks
6. Remember that the hearing such as
devices DO NOT impaired learners putting their
return the child's know who is chairs back to
hearing to normal. speaking. where they are
properly placed
7. Noisy environment d. If possible, give and keeping
will cause grief to the printed copies of things from
child with a hearing the notes about their tables.
device and noise their lesson so
around the child that they can
should be kept to a focus on
minimum. discussions and
8. Check the device questions while 242
often to ensure it is the teacher is
working. teaching.
9. When using videos e. Utilize visual
— make sure you aids such as b. Learners can
use the 'closed posters, charts, also be tasked
captioning' feature. flash cards, to open the
10. Shut classroom pictures, windows in the
doors/windows to manipulatives, morning and
help eliminate noise. graphic organizers closing them in
11. Cushion chair or any visual the afternoon.
bottoms items to illustrate
12. Use visual concepts whenever 4. Music
approaches you can since a. Teacher can let
whenever possible vision becomes a the learners
13. Establish hearing impaired utilize drums
predictable routines student’s primary and other
for this child. means for vibrating
14. Provide older receiving instruments
students with visual information. during
outlines/graphic Note: ( for the instruction so
organizers and different suggested that they can
clarification. activities, real appreciate
15. Use a objects are music even if
home/school needed, or they miss out
communication book teachers may hearing it.
16. Enunciate words make
clearly using lip modifications, 5. Story Time
movement to assist targeting the same a. Teacher retells
the child to lip read. skills to develop) a short story to
17. Keep close the learners
proximity to the using pictures.
student. Teacher sees to
18. Provide small it that each
group work when page contains
possible. few words for
19. Make assessment them to grasp
accommodations to the concept
enable a clear picture clearly.
of demonstrated Contextualized
academic growth. stories are
20. Provide visual suggested.
materials and demos
whenever possible.
21. Provide visual
materials and demos
whenever possible. 243
22. Classroom floors
should have rubber
mats
b. Let the
learners do
some signs
with you
during the
story.
c. Use the story
to talk about
other things
related to the
story.
6. Paired Activities
a. Teacher can
pair a hearing
impaired with
health
impairment
learner with
his/her
classmate to
do arts and
crafts activity
and in getting
materials
around the
school for
utilization
during their
activity in the
different
subjects.
2.Communication
Strategy
a. Look directly at 1.Train the learners
the student and how to order food in a
face him or her fast food chain
when
communicating or
teaching.
244
b. Consider
teaching
specific social
skills such as
joining into
games or
conversations.
c. Use facial
expressions,
gestures and
body language
to help convey
your message,
but don’t
overdo it.
d. Do not
exaggerate your
lip movements,
but slowing
down a little
may help some
students.
e. Say the
student’s name
or signal their
attention in
some way
before
speaking.
f. Speak
naturally and
clearly.
Remember
speaking
louder won’t
help.
g. Male teachers
should keep
mustaches well
groomed.
h. Ensure good
lighting on your
face. The glare
of strong
lighting (such
as a window)
behind the
speaker makes
245
lip reading
difficult.
i. Speak clearly
but naturally;
exaggeration or
shouting can
make it more
difficult for the
child to
understand
speech.
j. Try to remain
in one area
while talking.
It's difficult to
lip read
someone
moving about a
lot.
k. Don't talk while
your back is
turned to the
child (e.g.
writing on
blackboard).
l. Try to use as
many visual
aids as
possible.
m. When reading
aloud, try not
to let the book
cover your face.
246
Teaching Language and Communication for learners with hearing
impairment with other disabilities
Accommodations & Teaching Activities
Modifications Strategies
Accommodations Gestures and Sign Teaching skills for
Access language is the aid gestures and sign
- Communication suited to language for learners
systems replace/assist who have hearing
Participation speech for all problems.
- Consistent use children with speech Facial Signs Game
of language impediments. is a great game to
practice facial
expression.
How to do the
Support Gesture Sign How to do the
- Team approach Language: game:
- Training and - The hands are
technical at all times 1. Learners will
assistance available to the form a circle.
specific to deaf- child, and the 2. Everyone
blindness use of signs may should get into
in itself, gesture the circle and
and sign chooses their
language can be favorite sign.
of good help for 3. Then the leader
children with says a feeling,
language like sad,
problems. happy, excited,
- If the child can scared, etc.
manage the 4. Everyone in the
motor skills, let circle then sign
him learn the while showing
signs or gestures this feeling.
you are using.
- Use your hands
in helping the child
to make the proper
signs for the
individual letter and
number
247
.
- You must also
inform your
colleagues and
other staff as
new signs are
introduced.
Informing 5. Teacher should
parents and sign something
siblings is that is funny
particularly and yet she/
important, and he sign it with
they should also a very sad
learn the signs expression of
for use at home. her/ his face.
If the child has (like the
difficulties teacher sign
moving a body “ice cream”).
part, 6. Observe how
manipulating it the learners
may get the child react, they
started. should be
- This is quite laughing.
difficult with 7. Teacher will
actions of the process their
mouth. With reactions.
the fingers.
however, it is Teaching numbers and
much easier alphabets through sign
to achieve language.
voluntary 1. The teacher
movement prepares
- We can train flashcards of
the fingers by letters and
moving them, numbers with
bending and corresponding
stretching pictures.
them. 2. The teacher
should choose at
Note: Flashcards of least 2-3 letters or
numbers and numbers as
letters with targets for a day.
corresponding 3. Let the teacher
pictures with present each
names) target letter in a
manner that
catches the
interest of the
learners.
248
4. The teacher will
show the letter
through a
flashcard and
fingerspell it.
5. Let the child
imitate.
6. When the child
can imitate
correctly, let him
imitate the lips
position when
giving the name
and sound of the
letter.
7. Present the
picture with its
name that
initialized the
letter presented.
8. Let the child
imitate the lips
formation when
giving the name of
the picture.
9. Give the sign
language of that
picture and let the
learner imitate.
249
DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATING
(Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS
Inattention
Easily distracted by huge stimuli like sounds, lights,
movement in the environment
Does not seem to listen when spoken to, thoughts are
elsewhere
Difficulty following and remembering directions; forgetful in
daily activities; fails to pay attention to details
Difficulty following instructions and fails to finish school
works, chores or duties in the workplace; makes many
careless mistakes
Difficulty initiating or getting started on tasks; reluctant to
engage school tasks
Difficulty sustaining attention in assigned tasks and play
activities; gets bored easily; fails to organize them
Difficulty sustaining level of alertness to tasks that are dull;
sluggish or may fall asleep easily in class
Difficulty completing work; performance is inconsistent
Difficulty working independently
Poor study skills; weak executive functions
Spacey tune out
Appears confused
Easily overwhelmed
No awareness of time
Loses things necessary for tasks or activities
Procrastinates
250
Hyperactivity
Impulsitivity
Others
High pain tolerance
Lack of regard for quality of outputs/tasks done
Delay in social maturation
Possible academic underachievement
Possible language-communication lags
Possible learning disabilities
251
Other Sign and Symptoms:
1. Introducing lessons
learner will be seated near
the teacher for easy a. Provide an
monitoring but away from advance organizer.
the windows and doors. Prepare students for
Fix shelves, tables and the day's lesson by
children’s portfolio / art quickly
Classroom set-up materials in a manner that summarizing the
is accessible to children order of various
and where there is leeway activities planned.
for movement. b. Review previous
Provide prominent area lessons. For
where to post calendar of example, remind
activities, daily schedules, children that
and assignments. yesterday's lesson
Where possible reserve an focused on learning
area for reading/study how to regroup in
and free activity subtraction. Review
Remove decorations or several problems
postings on wall that are before describing
not essential and may only the current lesson.
create distractions.
Clearly label in pictures or
written words the areas or
things to make it easy for 252
learners to access
materials.
Adaptations and c. Set learning
Class Standing modifications of method o expectations.
(performance and instructions. (attn. p.20) State what students
written works) Color-code materials, are expected to
notebooks for each learn during the
subject. lesson.
Provide lesson outline d. Set behavioral
Provide daily written expectations.
schedules for routines. Describe how
Incorporate a great deal of students are
multisensory techniques expected to behave
and developmentally during the lesson
appropriate activities e. State needed
Use materials that are fun materials.
and engaging like using crayons, scissors,
colorful activity sheets, and colored paper
Provide activities that for an art project.
allow for some physical
movements (indoor and a. lesson (particularly for
outdoor activities). seatwork and group
projects) how much
Pair or seat the child near
time remains.
a student role model.
Teacher will stand near
the ADHD learner when
b.Check seatworks/
teaching and once in while
assignments.
make eye contact
Check completed
Prompt/make signal cues
assignments for at
to get the learner engaged
least some
and focused on task
students. Review
Lower your voice and what they have
resist rising you voice to learned during the
get LSEN’s attention lesson to get a sense
Allow appropriate of how ready the
response time to process class was for the
information lesson and how to
Allow time for transition plan the next
from one activity to lesson.
another.
Provide worksheets with
fewer questions and
problems
Break big tasks into
smaller activities; and
make sure each chunk is
completed before moving
on to the next. 253
Split lengthy test into
several parts. Schedule
the learning areas from
difficult to easy. c. Preview the next
Give breaks in between lesson.
test. Allow extra time to Instruct students on
finish test how to begin
Give praise for work well preparing for the
done. next lesson. For
.. example, inform
children that they
need to put away
their textbooks and
come to the front of
the room for a large-
group spelling
lesson.
.
Make a journal of learner’s
Improving behavior and monitor
behavior and significant positive 254
255
increasing self- negative/ changes
esteem, Don’t compare the
performance of the
learner/s with ADHD with
other learners in the class.
Provide opportunity to
make LSEN to participate
in school activities that
showcase the LSEN’s
areas of strength e.g. art,
music.
Encourage the learner
with ADHD to work at his
own pace and ability.
Model self-control and the
ability to stay calm (not
react out of anger).
Delegate leadership task
during group activities to
build learners self- esteem
and responsibility.
Praise good behavior and
ignore or discourage
disruptive behavior.
If given time out , it must
be brief and the learners
must be welcomed back
gladly
Maintain close
partnership with home
and school and other
important linkages for
continuous development
progress and
development.
Understand ADHD and
make an effort to learn
more about it and
recognize how it affects
learners’ behavior and
performance
Positive attention from
teachers to peers.(Attn!,
20)
Managing When a child becomes
aggressive disruptive the child /
behaviors learner must be seated
near the teacher within
arm’s length for cueing.
When an ADHD learner
is upset or is out-of-
control embrace him/her
and say over and over in a
calm voice what will
occur, “When you are
ready to calm down, you
can have your lunch. If
not, you will stay with me.
255
Let me know when you’re
ready.”
Do a lot to build tolerance
for some degree of
touching through various
sensory activities
Help the child handle
disappointment through
positive re-assurance like
“it will be better next
time”
Assistive Instructional Tools
(Dimapilis, 2006)
To help children with ADHD who are poor readers improve their
reading comprehension skills the following activities may help:
Silent reading time. Establish a fixed time each day for silent
reading (e.g., D.E.A.R.: Drop Everything and Read and Sustained
Silent Reading).
Follow-along reading. Ask the child to read a story silently while
listening to other students or the teacher read the story aloud to the
entire class.
Partner reading activities. Pair the child with ADHD with another
student partner who is a strong reader. The partners take turns
reading orally and listening to each other.
Storyboards. Ask the child to make storyboards that illustrate the
sequence of main events in a story.
Storytelling. Schedule storytelling sessions where the child can
retell a story that he or she has read recently.
Playacting. Schedule playacting sessions where the child can role-
play different characters in a favorite story.
Word bank. Keep a word bank or dictionary of new or “hard-to-read”
sight-vocabulary words.
Board games for reading comprehension. Play board games that
provide practice with target reading-comprehension skills or sight-
vocabulary words.
256
Computer games for reading comprehension. Schedule computer
time for the child to have drill-and-practice with sight vocabulary
words.
Recorded books. These materials, available from many libraries,
can stimulate interest in traditional reading and can be used to
reinforce and complement reading lessons.
“Backup” materials for home use. Make available to students a
second set of books and materials that they can use at home.
Summary materials. Allow and encourage students to use
published book summaries, synopses, and digests of major reading
assignments to review (not replace) reading assignments.
2. PHONICS
To help children with ADHD master rules of phonics, the following are
effective:
3. WRITING
In composing stories or other writing assignments, children with ADHD
benefit from the following practices:
257
Visualize compositions. Ask the child to close his or her eyes and
visualize a paragraph that the teacher reads aloud. Another
variation of this technique is to ask a student to describe a recent
event while the other students close their eyes and visualize what is
being said as a written paragraph.
Proofread compositions. Require that the child proofread his or
her work before turning in written assignments. Provide the child
with a list of items to check when proofreading his or her own work.
Tape recorders. Ask the student to dictate writing assignments into
a tape recorder, as an alternative to writing them.
Dictate writing assignments. Have the teacher or another student
write down a story told by a child with ADHD.
4. SPELLING
To help children with ADHD who are poor spellers, the following
techniques have been found to be helpful:
258
5. HANDWRITING
6. MATH
Computation
The following are just a few activities that improve their basic
computation skills:
259
Real-life examples of money skills. Provide the child with real-life
opportunities to practice target money skills. For example, ask the child
to calculate his or her change when paying for lunch in the school
cafeteria, or set up a class store where children can practice calculating
change.
Color coding arithmetic symbols. Color code basic arithmetic
symbols, such as +, –, and =, to provide visual cues for children when
they are computing whole numbers.
Calculators to check basic computation. Ask the child to use a
calculator to check addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.
Board games for basic computation. Ask the child to play board
games to practice adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing whole
numbers.
Computer games for basic computation. Schedule computer time for
the child to drill and practice basic computations, using appropriate
games.
“Magic minute” drills. Have students perform a quick (60-second)
drill every day to practice basic computation of math facts, and have
children track their own performance.
To help children with ADHD improve their skill in solving word problems
in mathematics, try the following:
Reread the problem. Teach the child to read a word problem two
times before beginning to compute the answer.
Clue words. Teach the child clue words that identify which
operation to use when solving word problems. For example, words
such as “sum,” “total,” or “all together” may indicate an addition
operation.
Guiding questions for word problems. Teach students to ask
guiding questions in solving word problems. For example: What is
the question asked in the problem? What information do you
need to figure out the answer? What operation should you use to
compute the answer?
Real-life examples of word problems. Ask the student to create
and solve word problems that provide practice with specific target
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or
division. These problems can be based on recent, real-life events in
the child's life.
Calculators to check word problems. Ask the student to use a
calculator to check computations made in answering assigned word
problems.
260
Use of special materials
Some children with ADHD benefit from using special materials to help
them complete their math assignments, including:
Number lines. Provide number lines for the child to use when
computing whole numbers.
Manipulatives. Use manipulatives to help students gain basic
computation skills, such as counting poker chips when adding
single-digit numbers.
Graph paper. Ask the child to use graph paper to help organize
columns when adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing whole
numbers
Many students with ADHD are easily distracted and have difficulty
focusing their attention on assigned tasks. However, the following
practices can help children with ADHD improve their organization of
homework and other daily assignments:
Solicit the support of SpEd Teacher. This SpEd teacher will help
review the student's progress through progress reports submitted
by other teachers and will help act as the liaison between home and
school. Permit the student to meet with the SpEd teacher on a
regular basis (e.g., Monday morning) to plan and organize for the
week and to review progress and problems from the past week.
Assignment notebooks. Provide the child with an assignment
notebook to help organize homework and other seatwork.
Color-coded folders. Provide the child with color-coded folders to
help organize assignments for different academic subjects (e.g.,
reading, mathematics, social science, and science).
Work with a homework partner. Assign the child a partner to help
record homework and other seatwork in the assignment notebook
and file work sheets and other papers in the proper folders.
Clean out desks and book bags. Ask the child to periodically sort
through and clean out his or her desk, book bag, and other special
places where written assignments are stored.
Visual aids as reminders of subject material. Use banners,
charts, lists, pie graphs, and diagrams situated throughout the
classroom to remind students of the subject material being learned.
261
Time management Children with ADHD often have difficulty
finishing their assignments on time and can thus benefit from
special materials and practices that help them to improve their time
management skills, including:
Use a clock or wristwatch. Teach the child how to read and use
a clock or wristwatch to manage time when completing assigned
work.
Use a calendar. Teach the child how to read and use a calendar
to schedule assignments.
Practice sequencing activities. Provide the child with
supervised opportunities to break down a long assignment into
a sequence of short, interrelated activities.
Create a daily activity schedule. Tape a schedule of planned
daily activities to the child's desk.
262
Monitor homework/assignments. Keep track of how well your
students with ADHD complete their assigned homework. Discuss
and resolve with them and their parents any problems in completing
these assignments. For example, evaluate the difficulty of the
assignments and how long the children spend on their homework
each night. Keep in mind that the quality, rather than the quantity,
of homework assigned is the most important issue. While doing
homework is an important part of developing study skills, it should
be used to reinforce skills and to review material learned in class,
rather than to present, in advance, large amounts of material that
is new to the student.
DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATING
(Learners with Autism)
DEFINITION
Characteristics of Autism
263
Communication
The ability of children with ASD to
communicate depends on their intellectual and
social development. Some children with ASD could
not communicate using speech pattern and others
may have very limited speaking skills, although
others are good in vocabularies and could talk
eloquently. This result, somehow affects their communication skills.
Below are some patterns of language that are common in children with
ASD: Delay or lack of speech and language development
Social Interaction
264
• Lack of, or limited social reciprocity(the give and take of a social
exchange).
• Sensory impairments (e.g., auditory, tactile) that interfere with the
ability to respond and participate in social exchange and play.
Behavior
Behaviors among children with ASD are the most challenging and
stressful issues faced by teachers and parents in their efforts to provide
appropriate educational programs.
SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM:
265
266
ACCOMMODATIONS FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
267
Accommodations Behavior “ I AM OBEDIENT”
for Attention Modificatio - Instruct learner to keep
Problems ns his/her things.
Applied - Instruct learner to get a
Behavior new activity
Analysis by physically prompting
him/her.
- Praise learner if he/she
could suggest in
changing activity.
Supporting MI (Multiple “ Embrace Me “
LSEN’s (Learners Intelligences) • Build a positive class
Special Approach climate.
Educational • Arrange learner’s seat for
Need) in Regular inclusion
Class • Build opportunities for
friendship.
• Give explicit instructions
and equipment and
materials accessible
• Supply the learner with
standard books and
equipment.
• Involve the learner in all
class activities.
• Affirm the learner
• Set rules and routines
268
TEST TAKING ACCOMODATIONS
BEFORE TESTING DURING TESTING AFTER TESTING
269
STRATEGIES FOR READING COMPREHENSION
Pre Reading During Reading Post Reading Strategies
• Relate story • Teach him • Use information to
or reading how to complete filling out
materials to paraphrase, charts and graphic
his putting into organizer.
experience his own • Make connections
and words the through related
background main idea writing activities
knowledge. and and do further
• Generate significant extension activities
interest and detail. related to theme
increase • Teach how and content.
students to find
background introductory
knowledge and
and frame of summary
reference paragraphs
before • Teach how
reading. to find the
• Give him to subject and
preview the main ideas.
key • Teach story
information mapping,clu
in the key stering and
information webbing or
in the text. semantic
mapping to
pull out the
main idea
and
supporting
details from
the text
TASK MODIFICATIONS
• Breaking the assignment into parts and giving timelines for
completion may help him organize and complete his work.
• Modify the amount of work to be complete.
• Highlight or underline important information.
• Prioritize assignment and activities.
• Modify worksheets by eliminating distractions and too much
information on a page.
270
• Give out one task at a time.
• Consider alternative methods of completing assignments or testing
knowledge (oral, visual or hand on projects ).
• Use organizers, divided notebook, assignment pads and daily
planners to keep track of assignments.
• Place checklist on his desk with assignments that are due. Have
him check off as completed.
• Schedule breaks when needed. Try to be cognizant when” enough
is enough”.
• Vary activities by alternating between seatwork and group
activities.
• Recognize that transition may be difficult and take him more time
to comply.
• Establish a cue or signal to remind him to return to work.
• When revising written work have him use a different color of
paper.
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Task Analysis
271
INSTRUCTIONAL (ASSISTIVE) TECHNOLOGY
272
Structuring the Learning Environment
• understanding autism
• developing an individual program plan
• structuring the physical environment
• using visual supports to make the sequence of daily activities
predictable and understandable
• using visual supports to make individual tasks understandable
273
Samples of PECS
Art Therapy
This is less traditional, complementary form of intervention.
Based on research, it can be a useful means of breaking through the
barriers of Autism by connecting with a emotionally. Allowing for some
personal expression even non-verbal ones.
274
Modelling
This technique is an attempt on the part of the teacher to teach
the behaviour by performing the act while the child observes. The
child is then asked to imitate the demonstrated behaviour.
Extinction
It is a strategy used to decreased maladaptive responses. This
involves cessation”stop” of previously provided reinforcement-
eliminating whatever reinforcement is thought to be maintaining
the behaviour.
Physical /Verbal Prompting
Prompting refers to physical or verbal cueing on the part of the
teacher to the child to facilitate occurrence of a response. While
prompts are necessary in teaching children with autism (CWA),
they should be faded as soon as the child is beginning to show
responses independently.
Over- Stimulation/ Over-Correction
Over-correction is an effective technique in training CWA. It has 2
objectives:
a. To over correct the environmental effects of a maladaptive
response.
b. To require the disrupting child to practice a correct form of
an appropriate response.
Putting –Through
This technique is done by physically prompting a child who
refuses to work in completing his tasks. The technique may be
modified by modelling the specific task/behaviour to the child
while ignoring his deviant behaviour.
Aversive Conditioning
Painful or obnoxious stimulation is used in this strategy to
decrease maladaptive responses manifested by the child.
Contracting
The teacher and the child specify and agree on expected behaviour
or task the child ought to exhibit/do for self- improvement.
Afterwards, they agree on rewards the child will get if the
tasks/behaviours are exhibited/done and also “punishments” if
not. The agreement is written on paper for both teacher and child
to sign. A copy is posted on the board to serve as reminder. A
punishment may be in the form of with- holding of things the child
likes or depriving him of privileges.
Token System
Coloured chips (or other objects) with corresponding points are
given commensurate to the child’s positive behaviours.
275
Stimulus Control
This involves presenting a visual or aural cue with which the child
associates stopping or continuing on with a behaviour. Examples
of visual cues are nodding and smiling to signal letting the child go
on with a behaviour or task. Examples of aural cues are saying No
or stop to stop a behaviour and Go ahead or good to let the child
go on with a behaviour or task.
Time out
Pulling the child out of the group for an unacceptable behaviour.
Placing him back when he is ready.
Ignoring the Child
Ignoring the child if he resorts to tantrums or non-positive
attention-getting behaviours.
Play Trivia
You will likely want to write some questions out ahead of time. Make
the questions really easy—it’s not the content we’re learning, but how to
communicate questions and answers. e.g., give the more advanced
students the more difficult questions. You can make it more fun by
handing out buzzers or bells—the first person to “ring in” gets to answer
the question. Just make sure that everyone gets a turn.
276
Play Word Lottery
Before class, print out dozens of simple nouns and verbs. Cut them
into little slips of paper and put them into a hat or bag. Invite each student
to draw two words from the hat (you can use more for more advanced
students). Give them each a minute to come up with a sentence that uses
those two words, and makes sense. Then invite each of them to share their
sentence with the class. Collect the words and go again. It’s okay to repeat
words, as the repetition helps
PECS BOARD
277
DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATING
(Learners with Tourette Syndrome)
DEFINITION
Individuals with Tourette Syndrome (TS) have had at least two motor
tics and at least one vocal/ phonic tic in some combination over the course
of more than a year. By contrast, individuals with Chronic Tic Disorder
have either motor tics or vocal tics that have been present for more than
a year, and individuals with Provisional Tic Disorder have tics that have
been present for less than a year.
The two categories of the tics of TS and some common examples are:
1. Simple
Motor – eye blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging, facial
grimacing, nose twitching, etc
Vocal – throat clearing, barking noises, squealing, grunting,
gulping, sniffing, tongue clicking, etc.
278
2. Complex
Motor – jumping, touching other people and things, twirling
about, repetitive movements of the torso or limbs, pulling at
clothing and self-injurious actions including hitting or biting
oneself
Vocal – uttering words or phrases, coprolalia (the involuntary
utterance of inappropriate or obscene words), echolalia
(repeating a sound, word or phrase just heard) or palilalia
(repeating one’s own words)
CHARACTERISTICS
Multiple motor AND one or more vocal tics have been present
which might not occur at the same time.
Tics happen many times in almost every day or throughout the
period of more than one year with no tic-free instance in more
than 3 consecutive months.
The condition impair the social and occupational skills, or other
important areas which creates marked distress.
The onset is before age 18 years.
Direct physiological effects of a substance or any general medical
condition is not a cause of the disturbance.
279
ACCOMMODATIONS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIVITIES
Grade Accommodations Teaching Activities
Level Strategies
Kinder – Classroom
Grade Environment: Provide a Place the
VI Use seating safe place learner away
chart to allow – Some from
for any learners distractions
movement tics benefit
from a Use assistive
Eliminate all specific devices like
unnecessary place (as tape recorders,
items from the well as a typewriters, or
learner’s desk to back-up computers for
prevent in case oral and
distractions this is not writing
available), problems
Have a duplicate where a Expanding
set of text books learner abilities:
for the learner may Developing a
to keep at home. release gradually
(Great to use if symptoms broadening
learner misses . range of skill
school or is areas.
having a hard Give
time breaks out School
concentrating) of the transition:
classroom, Advocating and
Use a study as it can professionally
corral if needed be helpful supporting the
to have a transition to
change in school, and
settings; liaising with
Handwriting: e.g., the teachers, as
Minimize writing bathroom, required.
for homework the
drinking
Have a fountain,
computer for a real or
that learner made up
errand.
280
Allow the
learner to copy
another Modify
learner’s notes written
at home assignmen
ts
Provide a Assign Visual cues
printed outline if buddy or can be used to
watching a homework support
movie partner routine and to
introduce new
Provide a print Gross and activities, or a
out what is fine motor change in
written on the skills: tasks.
blackboard Determini
ng the Devise goals:
current Setting
age level functional and
of a achievable
Language learner’s goals in
Problems gross and collaboration
Provide visual fine motor with the
input as well as abilities. learner,
auditory parents and
whenever teachers so
possible. The that therapy
pupil could has a common
receive written Speech focus beneficial
directions as and to everyone
well as oral Language involved.
ones, or have a Assessme
copy of a lecture nt Educating
outline to follow parents,
while listening Conversati teachers and
to instructions. on skills: others involved
Pictures and Developin in the learner’s
graphs that g care about
illustrate the conversati Tourette
text are usually on skills Syndrome and
quite effective. (e.g. back the age
Give directions and forth appropriate
one or two steps exchange, skills a learner
at a time. Ask turn should be
the pupil to taking) demonstrating.
repeat the
instructions. Enhancin
Then have the g verbal
complete one or and non-
two items and verbal
check with you communic
to see that they 281
ation
have been done including
properly. natural
gestures,
speech,
signs, Task
If you notice a pictures engagement:
learner and Providing
mumbling while written alternative
working, words. ways to
suggest a seat encourage task
where he will Video engagement.
not disturb Modelling
others. Developing
Sometimes Social underlying
quietly "re- stories: skills
auditorizing" Providing necessary to
instructions or ideas and support whole
information to education body (gross
himself can help around motor) and
a student grasp social hand dexterity
and remember story (fine motor)
the assignment. developme skills, such as
nt. providing
Learner with activities to
difficulty in Direct support:
controlling and skill balance and
communicating teaching coordination
may repeat their through a strength and
own words or task endurance
those of based attention and
someone else. approach. alertness
This may sound body
like stuttering awareness
but it actually movement
involves the planning
utterance or
words or whole
phrases. Other
learners may
exploit this
problem by
whispering
inappropriate
things so that Behavior
the child with Manageme
difficulty in 282
nt
controlling will
involuntarily Concept
repeat them and skills:
get into trouble. Developin
Be alert to this g concept
provocation. skills,
especially
Attention abstract Speech and
Problems concepts, language
Seat the learner such as assessment to
in front of the time (e.g. help the family
teacher for all yesterday, to understand
instruction and before, how the child
directions to after). is processing,
minimize the understanding,
visual Visuals learning and
distraction of can be using language
classmates. used to and
help with communication
Seat the learner understan
away from ding and
windows, doors, the child’s
or other sources ability to
of distraction, express
i.e., where their
reading groups needs,
meet. wants,
thoughts
Give the learner and ideas.
an "office," a
quiet workplace. Manageme
This could be in nt
a corner, the strategies:
hall, or the Providing
library. This managem
place should not ent
be used as a strategies
punishment, / ideas to
but rather a assist the
place the learner child in
can choose to go the home,
to when at school
focusing and the
becomes more communit
difficult. y.
As teachers, do
not encourage
the child to hold
tics in; this can
make it much
worse
Classroom
Behaviors:
Sit the learner
with difficulty in
controlling next
to a responsible
learner so
distractions are
limited (Be
careful that this
does not Expanding
negatively affect abilities:
the other Developin
learner) ga
gradually
Reward forgetful broadenin
learners for g range of
remembering skill
rather than areas.
punish them for Social
forgetting stories:
Providing
Ignore behaviors ideas and
that are education
minimally around
disruptive social
story
Provide developme
modifications for nt.
behaviors that
are disturbing Enhancin
(e.g. foam on g verbal
desk if they tap and non-
they tap their verbal
pencil, tennis communic
balls on chair ation
legs). including
natural
Have a code or gestures,
private signal to speech,
use for the signs,
learner when pictures
his/her behavior and
is unacceptable written
words
Organization:
Establish a daily
routine and
remain
consistent 288
Teach the
learner
organization and
self-
management
skills
Have clearly
defined rules
and be
consistent
enforcing them
Highlight
important ideas
so worksheets
aren’t cluttered
Remain very
organized, use
color coding,
and provide a
schedule
MATH:
Allow the use of
a calculator
without penalty
Have a table of
math facts
available
Break story
problems into
shorter
segments
Allow learner to
follow along with
the finger or use
a bookmark
Tapes or reader
for textbooks
Read questions
first before
reading story
Use headphones
to block out
noise
The following are tips for dealing effectively with learners having
difficulty in controlling and communicating in the classroom
setting:
If some aspect of the child's tics affects the privacy or safety of others
(e.g., touching others), it is important to find ways to work around
the problem, but acceptance of the child is critical even when the
behaviors are unacceptable.
290
Provide opportunities for short breaks out of the classroom. Time in
a private place to relax and release the tics can often reduce
symptoms in class. Private time may also enhance the learner's
ability to focus on schoolwork, because energy will not be used to
suppress the tics.
Allow the learner to take tests in a private room, so energy will not
be expended on suppressing tics during a quiet time in the
classroom.
Work with other pupils to help them understand the tics and reduce
ridicule and teasing.
A. Motor Tics
Arm/hand tics
Engage in an activity which requires your concentration, for
example making something with your hands.
Invest in a laptop if you have difficulty with handwriting. Some
learner may be entitled to borrow one or obtain a grant to get their
own.
291
Banging and tapping
Try put something softer on the table (e.g. a mouse mat) to avoid
hurting hands and fingers
Try putting plasters on the fingers or hands
Try using a ‘fiddle toy’
Try a corn plaster on sore finger tips
Try strapping fingers together if one gets sore
Try gloves with foam at the end of the fingers
‘Bouncing’ on chairs
Put a pillow on the seat or use a bean bag
Eye tics
Try blinking slowly on purpose
Finger-flicking tics
Try putting plasters on the fingers BEFORE they get sore.
Inappropriate grabbing
Avoid crowded seating arrangements, be that at school, work or in
any other public space
292
Hitting or kicking
Allow space for an individual with these tics
Sometimes a muscle clench can ‘get the tension out’ instead
Mouth tics
Ask dentist to fit tooth guard.
Chew gum.
Suck ice for ulcers, or ice lollies or frozen bananas.
Chew on a plastic ring instead of mouth or tongue, or a rubber wristband.
Spitting or vomiting
Keep hanky in corner of mouth.
Chew gum.
Carry receptacle in which to spit.
Put down rugs indoors to avoid damage to carpet, or lay wood floors.
B. Vocal Tics
For all vocal tics, a tip is to consciously breathe in through the mouth and
out through the nose. Sounds are made by air coming out over the larynx
so reversing the process calms most vocal tics.
Coprolalia
Prepare people around you if possible.
When you feel the impulse to swear coming on, your head. Some people
have said that going through a rhyme enables the impulse for coprolalia
to pass.
Help children with coprolalia to formulate a way of explaining the
symptom to others.
Coughing
Try to support neck during coughing fits.
High pitched scream
Ignore and wear ear plugs if necessary.
If working with a child with this tic, fixed time intervals to reduce risk of
damage to hearing.
293
Fearfulness and apprehension
Afraid of consequences of activities
Affirmation seekers
Constant worry about things that might happen or have
happened
Over exaggerating the negative
Self-criticisms and guilty thoughts
Avoidance behaviors, such as avoiding things or places or
refusing to do things or go places
Perfectionism – Tearing off a drawing to redo it, or
scratching outline or a word till it cant be seen before
rewriting it
Eating disturbances- hides to eat snacks, shows sudden
aversions to some foods.
II. Accommodations
III. Strategies
IV. Activities
Procedure:
1. Find some good stone and wash it before you begin
painting.
2. Consider varnishing your stone. The learners apply a
layer of clear varnish once the stone is clean and dry.
3. Paint a circle in the very center. Let the learners to
choose the color that they want to put in the stone.
4. Let the learners decide what design they want to
apply.
5. Let the learners to paint the stone in artistics design.
b. Worry Can
To help the learners to identify and discuss their worries. They
can write down their worries and place them inside a can. This
helps the learners to express their worries instead of keeping
them bottled up inside which can lead to even more difficulties.
Materials:
Can
Paper
Coloring Materials (crayon, color pencil, etc)
Writing Materials
Glue
Procedure:
1. Ask the learners to label the can titled “Scary Things”,
“Fears”, “Worries” or whatever seems appropriate for their
experience.
2. Ask the learners to write down their worries on a sheet of
paper.
3. Let the learners to put the sheet of paper inside can.
Materials:
Box
Stress balls
Play-dough
Bubbles
Calming music
Paper, pencil, crayons, markers
Book
Procedures:
1. Instruct the learners to go near the box.
2. Let the learners to get the object that can help them to calm
down and relax.
3. Let the learners to share why did they choose that object.
Mood Disorder
I. Characteristics
II. Accommodations
a. Resource Room
Resource room gives specific time for learner with Mood
Disorder to get extra help to organize themselves if they’re
having a bad day and reduces stimulation.
b. Added Adult Supervision
Added adult supervision may help learners interact
with others at school, transitions and staying focus.
c. Referral to Mental Health/Other Agencies
The school can assist in arranging referrals to mental
health services for the learners, family therapy (if necessary)
and parent counseling/education.
d. Peer Education
Educating learners about depression and mood
disorders will not only help the learner who is suffering from
it but will also help other learners recognize when they need
help or when a peer or family member might be at serious risk
of suicide.
e. Parent Counseling
Parents need training from school personnel so that
they can learn what to do in the home to support the school’s
effort. This helps the parents structure the learners in terms
of homework, providing the parents with information on how
to establish good habits. It helps the parent establish an
appropriate level of responsibility for the child in the home.
f. Empower the Learners
One of the things all of us want is to empower the
learners. Boosting confidence of learners with Mood
Disorders will help them achieve self-awareness and achieve
in their endeavors
III. Strategies
a. Reduced Academic Level
Due to attention, cognitive, and memory-related issues,
learners often find advanced lessons too difficult and
demanding. Teachers should give lessons according to their
needs at their own pace.
b. Time-outs
With the various medication side effects and symptoms
of the illness experienced by children with mood disorders,
learners may need sort breaks from the classroom. These
should be set up in a structured in order to minimize
disruption to classmates and limit attention to the child’s
difficulties.
c. Time extensions
Additional time may be needed for timed tasks and test
due to issues such as slower working/processing memory and
medication-related writing difficulties like hand tremors.
d. Oral Tests
Issues from hand tremors, fine motor skills, or thought
expression and writing may require the presentation of
content orally.
e. Individualized Programs/Program
Modify the learner’s program/s according to his/her need.
Allowing the learner to work at his/her own pace can be very
beneficial as well as providing flexibility in the evaluation
process
IV. Activities
a. The Feeling Game
Materials:
5 pieces red etc
Scissors
Pencil
Steps:
1. Let the learners write the things that makes them feel
happy, sad, angry, excited and afraid inside the colored
circle.
2. Instruct the learners to do the following:
For every red circle write one thing that makes you happy.
For every yellow circle write one thing that makes you sad.
For every blue circle write one thing that makes you angry.
For every green circle write something that makes excited.
For every orange circle write something that makes you
afraid.
Note: If the learners are not capable of writing, let the learners
recite the things that makes them feel happy, sad, angry,
excited and afraid.
b. Box of Events
Materials:
Pictures of a child doing the following:
Vandalizing desk/wall
Hitting classmates
Getting things without permission
Listening to the teacher
Waiting for their turn
Helping the teacher cleaning the classroom
Boxes with happy face and sad face
Procedure:
1. Show the learners the different pictures prepared.
2. Let the learners place the prepared pictures inside the
box.
3. After which evaluate and discuss the different pictures
to the learners.
c. Games of Self-control
To get along well with peers, learners need to develop
focus, attention skills and the ability to restrain their
impulses. Traditional games like “Simon Says” and “Red
Light, Green Light” give learners practice in following
directions and regulating their own behavior.
I. Characteristics
Self-isolation/Avoiding work activities that involves
contact with others (fear of criticism, disapproval, or
rejection)
Unwilling to get involved with other people unless they’re
sure they like him/her
Fear of being criticized or rejected in social situations
Feeling of inferiority to others and unappealing
Afraid of embarrassment (unlikely to take part in new
activities)
Be able to act witty and charming
Be good at flattery and manipulating other people’s
emotions
Dependence on addictive substance, especially alcohol or
drugs
Lying, stealing and fighting often
Not showing guilt or regret
II. Accommodations
a. Set clear rules with the leaners and post them visibly
within the classroom. Remember to:
(1) state the rules in positive terms
(2) use clear, concrete, and concise language
(3) Identify specific expected behaviors
(4)use illustrations when necessary.
b. Provide a variety of privileges for learners with EBD.
Privileges should be given daily, weekly or quarterly
and must only be given for every positive behavior.
c. Arrange classroom setup in order to foster calm and
safe environment for learners with EBD. Minimize
destruction by providing individual desk, provide free
access to different parts of the classroom, make
teacher desk relatively accessible for every learner and
classroom rules must be visible.
d. Provide frequent realistic and constructive feedback
on learner’s successes and areas of concern.
III. Strategies
School-wide programs for dealing with social and interpersonal
problems
a. Constructive Discipline (Mayer et. al., 1983b, 1999, 2000)
-Designed to address contextual factors within the school
environment that contributes to antisocial behavior such as
over-reliance on punitive methods of control, unclear rules,
weak or inconsistent administrative support for staff, academic
failure experiences, student lacks critical social skills, a misuse
of behavior management procedures, lack of understanding
cultural differences and lack of student involvement.
b. Social Skills Training
-involves training learners to assess own emotions in social
situations and determine appropriate responses. It gradually
develops in students who avoids being in groups of people the
necessary skills to function well in social situations like if they
present skill-based deficits in social skills, motivational skills
and discrimination skills
Strategies for each subcategory of disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
1. Don't scold or reprimand the student for having a skill-based
deficit; instead, teach the skill.
2. provide ample demonstration/ modeling, guided practice with
feedback, and independent practice when teaching social skills
-Giving positive feedback
-Giving negative feedback
-Accepting negative feedback without hostility or
inappropriate reactions
-Resisting peer pressure to participate in delinquent
behavior
-Solving personal problems
-Negotiating mutually acceptable solutions to problems
-Following instructions
-Initiating and maintaining conversations
3. Guide learners to discriminate among the behavioral options in
each situations and match the situation with the proper
behavior pattern
4. Teach environmental cues
5. Facilitate their interaction with others and their participation in
the class.
6. Involve them in group work with clearly stated roles/task to do
to enhance.
7. Gradually increase the social circle of the learner (dyad to small
group to large group)
8. Do not overwhelm learner by forcing him to work in large
group.
9. Be flexible and allow a learner with social and interpersonal
disorder to work alone in some activities or tasks.
10. Guide learner when in small or large group activities to provide
a secure environment.
11. avoid drawing attention to them or putting them in situations
that will require that they be the center of attention
12. The teacher should form the groups rather than allowing
students to group themselves. Teachers can take this
opportunity to pair shy youngsters with socially competent
students who will serve as models for them.
13. Do not ignore or be overly protective of learners with social and
interpersonal problem
Antisocial Personality Disorder
1. Integrate in values education lessons how to deal with conflict
resolution and provide means to do self-control
2. Integrate self-talk in assignments on
3. Develop in the learner self-control through modeling/social skills
lessons.
4. Let them participate in specialized activities.
5. Provide activities within classroom instruction for letting out pent
up emotions.
6. Make a crisis plan when a student gets caught doing something
like stealing indicating what to do during or after the act was done.
Refrain from reactive approach or punitive procedures to control
behavior.
7. Employ proactive strategies such as differential reinforcement,
response cost, positive practice, non-exclusionary time out
8. Communicate rules and consequences clearly to all learners.
9. Involve learners in formulating rules and consequences and state
this rules in a positive manner.
10. Consistency in key in promoting fairness in school and
prevent learners to feel inferior which likely triggers attention-
seeking behavior.
IV. Activities
A. The Name Dropping Game
Materials:
1. Elementary learners : Pictures of people who does not fit
conventional rules in society like a grandmother with
lots of tattoo, or a tattoed individual holding a child etc
Paper (Manila paper/cartolina/coupon
bond)
Writing tools (pencil, pentel pen)
Art tools (crayons, colored
pencils/markers)
2. highschool learners: Laptop with programs like prezi or
powerpoint
Procedures:
1. Divide the learners into groups. Consider groupings and
place leaners with social and interpersonal disorders in
groups where they can feel secure sharing.
2. Show pictures of people who does fit conventional rules in
society
3. Ask them to list down in a Venn diagram how they feel upon
seeing the picture, what are their thoughts on the picture.
4. Then as a class, ask them to reflect on their biases towards
each individual who does not fit conventional rules in
society.
5. Process by identifying their biases towards each individual
in order for them to recognize and check their social biases
6. Lastly, ask them to write two to three things they can do to
reduce these biases with the beginning statement “ I attempt
to act in non-prejudiced ways toward people from other
social groups because it is personally important to me
(Highschool). For elementary learners, ask them to draw one
act that is non-prejudicial towards people from other social
groups
B. Playing advocate
Materials
2-3 Different social situations that present conflicts or
issues
Procedures
1.Group learners into two groups.
2. Alternately, place the groups as con or pro on different
situations
3. Each will present only questions as arguments and
counter-arguments.
4. Be on alert. Facilitate the activity with fairness.
5. Eliminate competition by refraining from giving points.
6. Process the activity by asking each learner to write or
reflect on both pros and cons for just one social
situation.
7. Accommodate.
C. Charades
Materials
Paper and pencil
Cue card with words/pictures
container
Procedures:
1. Integrate any social skills you want learners with social
and interpersonal disorder to develop.
2. Choose social situations that the groups will guess.
3. Pick out learners who knows how to behave appropriately
in different social situations as actor.
4. Group learners appropriately considering the
characteristic of learners with social and interpersonal
disorder.
5. Aside from guessing what actions are being done. Ask
them to guess as well what emotions are being expressed
or what gestures conveys such emotions being guessed
for processing.
Hitting III II I I I
Classmates
Spitting on t II I 0 0 0
he floor
7.I,Providing
Dylan de Belen promise
Learning not to steal things from my
Contracts
classmates. I will only use my things. If I will steal from my
classmatesLearning contract
again, I will serves
have to as twice
return an agreement between
the amount the teacher and
stolen.
the learner in maintaining positive behavior. Implementing learning
I willcontracts
also not begins
have any allowance
with for one week.
the identification of the target behavior followed by
the formulation of contract. After the contract has been formulated, both
the learner and the teacher sign the contract. All learning contracts must
be posted in a place that can easily be seen by the learner. The leaner is
advised to read the contract regularly in order for him to remember his
promise. Signed
8. Fostering
Dylan de Belenan Environment of Respect Teacher
and Acceptance
Karla
Learners who are misbehaving in class may come from families
that do not foster an environment of respect and acceptance. The teacher
should always model respect in class and should deal with the issues
presented.
II. LEARNING DISABILITY
Introduction
The category of learning disabilities in special education, its
concepts and definition has been the subject of much discussion,
debate and research in the United States during the past fifty years.
The term learning disabilities was introduced in 1963 by Dr. Samuel
Kirk, a well-known American special education expert. More than any
other area of special education, the area on learning disabilities has
sparked misunderstanding and confusion, disagreement and
controversy among professionals, parents and general public.
In the Philippines, special education for children with learning
disabilities is only in its early years of implementation. Unlike the
special education programs for children with intellectual disabilities,
giftedness and talented, visual and hearing impairments and
behavioral problems that date back to the 1950’s, there are very few
schools all over the country that have started to offer programs for
children with learning disabilities.
Description
Learning Disabilities are a neurologically-based processing
problem. These processing problems interfere with learning basic
skills such as reading, writing and/or math. They can also interfere
with higher level skills such as organization, time planning, abstract
reasoning, long and short term memory and attention. It is important
to realize that learning disabilities can affect an individual’s life beyond
academics and can impact relationships with family, friends and in
the workplace.
Generally speaking, people with learning disabilities are of
average or above average intelligence. There often appears to be a gap
between the individual’s potential and actual achievements. That is
why learning disabilities are referred to as “hidden disabilities”: the
person looks perfectly “normal” and seems to be a very bright and
intelligent person, yet may be unable to demonstrate the skill level
expected from someone of a similar age.
DYSLEXIA
CHARACTERISTICS:
Often gifted and creative
Difficulty rhyming words and sounds
Poor sequencing of numbers like (14 for 41), and words like
(was for saw )
Poor spelling
Avoids reading aloud
Difficulty organizing ideas to speak or write
Avoids writing tasks
Left and right confusion
Teaching students with dyslexia across settings is challenging. Both
general education and special education teachers seek accommodations
that foster the learning and management of a class of heterogeneous
learners. It is important to identify accommodations that are reasonable
to ask of teachers in all classroom settings. The following accommodations
appear reasonable and provide a framework for helping students with
learning problems achieve in general education and special education
classrooms. They are organized according to accommodations involving
materials, interactive instruction, and student performance.
DESCRIPTION/SUGGESTED
STRATEGIES
ACTIVITIES
Use a tape recorder or get • The tape recorder often is an
audiobooks excellent
aid in overcoming this problem.
Directions, stories, and specific
lessons can be recorded on tape.
The student can replay the tape to
clarify understanding of directions
or concepts.
To improve reading skills, the
student can read the printed words
silently as they are presented on
tape.
Students can also access through
service like Book share, a free
online library for students with
disabilities
Clarify or simplify written The teacher can help by
directions for key words underlining or highlighting the
for most important ideas significant parts of the directions
that is in paragraph form.
Rewriting the directions is often
helpful.
For Performance
DESCRIPTION/SUGGESTED
STRATEGIES
ACTIVITIES
Change response mode For students who have difficulty with
fine motor responses (such as
handwriting), the response mode can
be changed to:
underlining
selecting from multiple choices
sorting
marking
Students with fine motor problems
can be:
given extra space for writing
answers on worksheets
allowed to respond on
individual chalkboards
Provide an outline of the An outline enables some
lecture students to follow the lesson
successfully and make
appropriate notes.
It helps students to see the
organization of the material and
ask timely questions.
Encourage use of graphic A graphic organizer involves
organizers organizing material into a visual
format.
To develop a graphic organizer,
the student can use the
following steps:
(a) list the topic on the first line,
(b) collect and divide
information into major
headings,
(c) list all information relating to
major headings on index cards,
(d) organize information into
major areas,
(e) place information under
appropriate subheadings, and
(f) place information into the
organizer format
Encourage use of assignment Students can use calendars to
books or calendars record assignment due dates,
list school related activities,
record test dates, and schedule
timelines for schoolwork.
Students should set aside a
special section in an
assignment book or calendar for
recording homework
assignments.
STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION/SUGGESTED
ACTIVITIES
Use explicit teaching Teachers can include explicit teaching
procedures steps within their lessons:
present an advanced organizer
demonstrate the skill
provide guided practice
offer corrective feedback
set up independent practice
monitor practice
review
Stick to consistent daily Many students with learning
routines problems need the structure of
daily routines to know and do
what is expected.
1. Reading
Provide books on tape, CDs, or on an electronic reader or
textbook
that a child can listen to especially for content areas.
Create opportunities for oral reading on a one-on-one basis
and only ask the student to read aloud in class if he feels
comfortable doing so and volunteers to read
Provide outlines, summaries of chapters, vocabulary words
and preview questions before reading
Allow students to use a highlighter to mark important parts of
the text
Used shared reading or reading buddies
Allow the student to discuss, one-on-one, material after
reading with a classroom aide, a partner student or the
teacher
Provide a set of books/textbooks for student to keep at home
Reduce spelling tests
Give spelling tests orally
Don't take off points for spelling errors on written work
Reduce spelling words
2. Writing
Allow student to dictate work to a parent or aide
Provide speech-to-text software
Offer alternative projects instead of written reports
Photocopy another child's notes or designate a note-taker who
will share notes at the end of class
Minimize the amount of copying from the board
Allow student to use a keyboard to take notes
Let student respond to questions orally rather than writing
each answer
Reduce written work
3. Testing
Allow student to take tests orally
Allow for extra time
Review directions to test orally
Provide alternatives to testing, such as projects, oral or video
presentations
Read test questions to student and write down answers as the
student speaks the answer
Allow tests to be taken outside of the classroom, in a quiet
area with minimal distractions
Have students state answers into a tape recorder
4. Homework
Reduce homework, especially assignments requiring reading
Allow student to dictate answers to homework to a parent,
sibling or tutor
Allow typewritten homework
Use worksheets with minimal writing
Limit time spent on homework
Do not take off points for homework handed in late
6. Technology
Provide computers that have speech recognition software
Allow the use of electronic spell-checkers
Provide software that enlarges images on a computer screen
Provide student with a computer to complete class work
Allow students to tape record lessons
SAMPLE
GOALS PRIORITIES
LESSONS/ACTIVITIES/CONTENT
Improving Phonological Direct teaching of same and
decoding awareness different sounds
skills Pronouncing the sounds of /s/
and /z/ and /b/,/p/, and /v/
properly
Play with blending wheel
Sound-symbol
correspondence Viewing short videos showing
letters and their sounds
Use of clay, sand, or pebbles to
create letters which match the
sounds given by the teacher
Use of body movements to present
the letters and their sounds.
DYSGRAPHIA
Is a writing or fine motor skills deficit. It is a learning
disability that affects writing issues . Very poor or often
unreadable writing or writing that takes an unusually long
time and great effort to complete a note. People with dysgraphia
may have illegible writing with inconsistent spacing and
capitalization, despite giving appropriate time and attention to
the task. They may have greatly
CHARACTERISTICS:
STRATEGY INSTRUCTION
SAMPLE
GOALS PRIORITIES
LESSONS/ACTIVITIES/CONTENT
DYSCALCULIA
CHARACTERISTICS:
Difficulty counting in sequence, calculations, schedule
check, tracking direction and taking measurements
Difficulty in remembering or memorizing mathematical
rules
Difficulty to carry out normal mathematics calculations
Below are some teaching ways that can make learning easier for
students with dyscalculia.
DYSORTHOGRAPHIA
CHARACTERISTICS:
Bizarre spelling, reversal of letter, syllables or omission
and additions
Grammatical and spelling interruptions are severe
Timing issues. Slower in speed (e.i. most pupils can spell
it in seconds, but for pupils with dysortographia might
take it for five to ten minutes.
Look-say-cover-right-check
o This self-help strategy makes use of visual imagery to
establish correct spelling patterns in long-term memory. The
strategy is particularly valuable for the learning of irregular
words, and for helping students progress beyond the
phonetic stage of spelling.
Phonemic approach
o This strategy is the one that most children discover for
themselves at the early stage of inventive spelling.
Spelling by analogy
o Some students will need direct teaching and much practice
to realise that knowing the spelling of one word can give
clues to the probable spelling of another word that sounds a
little like it.
Repeated writing
o If a student really wishes to remember a word, writing the
word several times is an obvious method of helping with
this. The approach brings together motor memory and visual
imagery. However, the strategy is unlikely to be of benefit if
the student is not motivated to learn the word, of if the
exercise is given as punishment.
Starfall A free public service to teach kids to read with phonics. Starfall
combines phonemic awareness practice with a systematic phonics
instruction and highly engaging visuals. (http://www.starfall.com/)
Reading Eggs For children from 4-7 who are learning to read. Focuses
on a core reading curriculum of phonics and sight words using skills and
strategies essential for sustained reading success. Free 14-day trial and
then costs about $10/month. (http://readingeggs.com/ )
LETTER KNOWLEDGE
PRIMARY LEVEL
PRIMARY LEVEL
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
SECONDARY LEVEL
Learners with Dysgraphia
SPEECH/LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT
Introduction
Speech and language are central to the human experience; they are the
vital means by which people convey and receive knowledge, thoughts,
feelings, and other internal experiences. Acquisition of communication
skills begins early in childhood and is foundational to the ability to gain
access to culturally transmitted knowledge, to organize and share
thoughts and feelings, and to participate in social interactions and
relationships. Speech and language skills allow a child to engage in
exchanges that lead to the acquisition of knowledge in his or her
community and the educational arena. Communication skills are crucial
to the development of thinking ability, a sense of self and full participation
in society.
Develop a procedure for the student to ask for help. (Do2Learn.com, 2013)
Language Skills:
Shorten and/or modify oral directions. Ask student to repeat or
rephrase the directions to ensure understanding.
Allow longer oral response time.
Provide visuals to enhance explanation of new material, especially
with abstract concepts.
Give written directions or visual cues for verbal directions.
Obtain student’s attention before giving a direction.
Assist student in giving correct responses by accepting his/her
answers and expanding, or giving the student an opportunity to
explain his/her response.
Simplify question forms by asking basic questions, one at a time.
Modify assignments requiring student to make oral classroom
presentations.
Provide individualized instruction to improve student’s ability to
complete activities requiring listening.
Provide varied opportunities for language development through
participation in regular classroom activities.
Discuss language concerns with speech-language pathologist.
Fluency (stuttering):
Reinforce instances of “easy speech” in the classroom.
Allow longer oral response time.
Modify assignments requiring student to make oral classroom
presentations.
Reduce amount of pressure to communicate in the classroom.
Avoid telling student to “slow down” when participating in group
discussions.
Voice Quality:
Discuss fluency concerns with speech-language pathologist.
Encourage appropriate use of voice in the classroom.
Help student reduce the instances of yelling or throat clearing.
Modify assignments requiring student to make oral classroom
presentations.
Reduce the amount of background noise in the classroom.
Discuss voice concerns with speech-language pathologist.
Teaching Strategies for Learners with Speech Impairment
LANGUAGE
PHYSICAL
There are many simple activities that you can do with your child to
develop their speech and language skills.
1. Be a good model – speak clearly and slowly and face your child when
speaking. If your child says a word or sentence incorrectly, rather than
correct them or ask them to repeat it, just say the word / sentence back
to them correctly to show you have understood. This way your child always
hears the correct version. This is how children learn language.
3. Make time to sit down with your child – even if it is just for a few
minutes a day (although the more one-to-one time the better), spend some
quiet time with your child, away from distractions. Look at a book together
and talk about the pictures.
4. Turn off the TV and take out the pacifier/dummy – children do not
learn language and social skills by watching TV, and new evidence shows
that too much TV watching prior to starting school can affect listening and
attention skills, which will impact on their learning once they start school.
5. Observe and comment – when you are playing with your child, take a
step back, do not feel that you have to fill the silences, just comment on
the things your child is doing so they can here (and learn) the new
vocabulary.
6. Let your child lead – let your child lead the play, let them be the boss
of play. This can build self-confidence and does not put pressure on them
to talk and respond to the adult all the time.
8. Sing songs and nursery rhymes – songs and rhymes contain rhythm
and rhyme, skills that help with speech and literacy development.
9. Feed language in, don’t force it out – comment and expand on your
child’s words and sentences, rather than asking them to repeat words. If
your child says “car”, respond with “big car” or “yellow car” or “fast car”.
This is how children learn words, by hearing new vocabulary and linking
it to the items or events they are focusing on.
Good modelling
An important aspect of learning speech is listening. A child learns new
sounds and words by listening to those around him. This is why it is
important to provide good speech for your child to listen to. Say words
clearly and slowly and use plenty of intonation. If your child attempts a
word and it is not pronounced correctly, praise him/her for trying. Do not
try and get your child to repeat the word or correct it. Repeat the word
back yourself to show you have understood and to give your child a good
version of the word.
Symbolictsounds
These are easy words and sounds to introduce to your young child when
they are just starting to attempt some words, or when recognisable words
seem a bit late in their development. Symbolic sounds often sound like,
or refer to a sound that is related to the word e.g. “moo” for a cow, or “beep
beep” for a car. These are fun sounds that you can incorporate when
playing games or looking at books. Symbolic sounds are usually short one
syllable sounds and words that are easy for the child to produce. They
encourage vocalization, imitation, and early vocabulary building.
Communication temptations
Often by tempting your child with something motivating you can elicit
some speech or a vocalization. For instance, holding onto the biscuit tin,
but not opening it until he vocalizes a request, or only blowing bubbles
when you get a vocalization from the child. In the early stages the child
does not have to use the correct words or sentences, but just vocalize or
make an approximation of the word. We want the child to learn that he
can use his voice as a tool to initiate and request.
Listening, attention and observation
Listening and attention skills are the building blocks of speech and
language development. The acquisition of these skills is vital in the early
years if you want your child to be successful at school. The development
of these skills is facilitated by interaction with others, with having a shared
focus, and playing in an environment that is free of distractions. Listening,
is not the same as hearing. A child can have perfect hearing, but be a very
poor listener. Children with Autism, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity
Disorder or Auditory Processing Disorders will have difficulties with
listening, remembering, and following verbal instructions. Children that
have had a lack of social interaction or poor role modeling in the early
years of their lives may present with listening and attention difficulties.
Studies are also showing that over exposure to television from a young age
can have detrimental long term effects on listening and attention skills.
Some children find these skills more difficult to master than others. There
are lots of ways to enhance your children’s listening and attention skills,
not least by turning off the television and spending some quality time with
them. Try to find activities that share your attention that you can both
enjoy and focus on together. Also, don’t forget to praise good listening and
good looking.
Observation skills
These skills require the child to stop and focus on a particular task.
Having a shared focus helps this process. A shared focus means looking
at things together and talking about what you are looking at. The activities
mentioned below require your child to focus on a something for a few
minutes and really use their observation skills. These tasks can be done
at a table-top as a shared focus activity, or during an everyday activity.
Toys
Toys are fun and great for involving your child. Even with the simplest
toys you can create fun activities and provide lots of situations for learning
and developing speech and language. Imagine building a tower with
wooden blocks – a simple game, but with loads of opportunities:
Building a tower Speech and Language opportunities: adjectives (higher,
up), verbs (fall down, build), preposition (on-top), nouns (colors, numbers)
Communication and Social skills: turn-taking, joint focus, sharing,
listening, attending, observing. Here we can see even a simple game with
wooden blocks involves all sorts of language and play skills.
Look at books
Books are great for having a shared focus and for learning new words.
Books can also play a key part in developing early speech and literacy
skills. There are many ways to use books and the pictures to focus on
language. You can focus on books with symbolic sounds for early speech
or storybooks to focus on language. Books are a great way to work on lots
of skills and children love them. Look at the books together, name the
pictures, ask questions, and talk about the story.
Role play
Dressing up is great fun and playing different roles will expand your child’s
imagination. In fact you do not even have to dress up to do role play.
Games involving different characters will allow you to introduce lots of new
related language and stretch your child’s creative play skills. For instance,
if you pretended to be firemen putting out a fire, think how many related
words you could use” fire, fireman, fire engine, ladder, water, hose,
burning, building, driving, climbing, up, down, smoke, hat, boots, jackets,
save, squirt, bucket, fire out, hero, etc etc etc. Role play is great for
expanding your child’s imagination and introducing new vocabulary.
Most types of interaction through play will have a positive effect on speech
and language acquisition. The child’s social skills will also benefit because
they will be using eye contact, turn-taking and listening skills. By letting
your child take the lead in a game, they will gain confidence in
communicating and feel that they are in control, so be relaxed in the
communication environment.
Example of a language role play game: Bus Driver game: Let your child be
a bus driver and you can be the passenger. Set up some chairs for a bus
and act the roles. As an example, just look at all the verbs you might use
in this game: steer the bus, press the horn, ring the bell, sit down, pay the
driver, drive the bus, find the change, walk down the aisle. If your child
finds a game complicated, you could be the bus driver first and model it
for your child, then your child can take a turn and you add language to
the situation.
Music
Music is also a great way to involve your child and can be used in many
ways to enhance speech and language. Music is good for getting your child
to listen, and experiencing a shared focus. You can read books and follow
music singing the songs as you point to the pictures. Songs also focus on
intonation and stress and have a beat to them which helps with aspects
of speech development. These are skills we all use when talking and
syllable awareness is important when learning to talk. Music can be used
to enhance language and some songs can be sung involving actions and
thus creating the link between words and actions.
Using everyday activities as a language learning opportunity
Using everyday activities can be a great way to practice and develop
speech, language and literacy skills. These activities can also change a
mundane event into a pleasurable one. The child may also not realize that
you are practicing speech and language skills because the activity will be
fun.
Bath time – Use lots of vocabulary during bath-time, talk to your children,
and model the words for them. Introduce vocabulary: Verbs: wash, scrub,
rinse, clean, brush, dry, splash, sink, float. Nouns: soup, towel, water,
tap, flannel, bath, sink, body parts. Sing songs in the bath.
Talk about what the people on the street are doing (e.g. walking, working,
riding etc.) to focus on verbs, or name as many different occupations that
you can see (driver, policeman, road-worker, shopkeeper etc.). These are
just simple ways to use everyday opportunities to find entertaining and
simple ways to focus on speech and language.
Remember, if you make speech and language sessions into games your
child enjoys it more, is more motivated and may not even see it as speech
and language practice, but as a game. Children like games and are
motivated when it becomes competitive. This means you can create ideal
situations away from the table-top activities to work on speech and
language. Just use your imagination because almost any daily event can
be turned into an educational game.
Educational Challenges
The obstacles created by speech and language impairments vary by the
specific case, but because communication is at the core of education,
these impairments can impact a student’s entire educational experience.
Some of these challenges might involve:
I. PHYSICAL DISABILITY
Introduction
Description
The physical disabilities can be classified into three, this are the following:
Additional
information:
Use visual pictures with words for the specific sound being targeted
to learn.
Model correct speech to the student, emphasizing the correct mouth
formation.
Use a slower pace of speech.
Pronounce the particular sound longer and slower to the learner,
while being careful not to distort the sound.
Let the child participate in choral reading.
Use printed words and letters and clarify
mispronounced/substituted sounds.
Provide access to technology, such as text to speech, that allows
student to hear proper articulation or to make themselves
understood by others.
Use preferential seating, so that the student can see the teacher’s
mouth when he/she is speaking.
Reduce background noise in the classroom.
Fine Motor Skills
Use assistive devices, like pencil grips and various sizes of writing
instruments.
Create opportunities for paired writing activities with peers who
have strong fine motor skills.
Use assistive technology and computers.
Provide copies of notes.
Chunk written work into parts.
Use larger-lined paper or paper with raised lines.
Provide materials for practice in writing particular letters of
difficulty.
Teach cursive writing if printing is especially problematic.
Permit the use of a computer.
Provide a physical mouse instead of a touch pad on lap tops
(larger/specialized if +mouses are available).
Reward student efforts.
Provide choice in assignments, including some with less writing
demands. (Power Point presentations, for example)
Gross Motor Skills
Use assistive devices as prescribed (orthopedic chair, desk, etc).
Provide frequent breaks to avoid fatigue.
Specifically teach physical education skills that are at a level so as
to be attainable by the student.
Teach skills to address needs.
Focus on successes and improvements.
Teach and encourage self-advocacy for the student to articulate
needs to avoid injuries.
Mobility Skills
Plan activities that will ensure the student’s inclusion and safety.
Ensure choice of learning activities so that student can select
area(s) of strength.
Modify physical education expectations to meet the student’s
needs; consider greater focus on knowledge.
Teach self-advocacy skills.
Use assistive and mobility devices.
Consider accessibility needs when planning fieldtrips.
Personal Care
Personal Safety
Self-Advocacy Skills
Self-Esteem
Transition Skills
Social Skills
Communication Skills
Suggested Activities:
Development Activities Learners’ Condition Materials Procedure
al Skills
Choral/Oral Seizure Disorder, Language -Model correct
Poem Mild Cerebral Palsy cards speech to the
Reading (verbal) spina bifida, student,
muscular dystrophy, Reading emphasizing the
arthritis, Booklets correct mouth
developmental with formation.
coordination pictures -Use a slower
disorder, pace of speech.
amputations, bone -Pronounce the
tuberculosis, particular
Articulatio multiple sclerosis, sound longer
n poliomyelitis and slower to
the learner,
while being
careful not to
distort the
sound.
-Let the child
participates in
choral reading.
Gross Motor
Swimming Amputees Available Provide life vest
Mobility Mild Cerebral Palsy, body of (improvised can
developmental water be acceptable)
coordination Introduce
disorder precautionary
measures
Demonstrate
basic swimming
Ball Amputees Ball Introduce
Shooting Mild Cerebral Palsy, Basketball precautionary
developmental Court measures
coordination Whistle Demonstrate
disorder, basic shooting
poliomyelitis
Ball Amputees Balls Introduce
throwing Mild Cerebral Palsy, precautionary
developmental measures
coordination Demonstrate
basic throwing
disorder,
poliomyelitis
Dancing Amputees Speaker Introduce
Mild Cerebral Palsy, Music precautionary
developmental measures.
coordination Demonstrate
disorder, basic steps in
poliomyelitis dancing(2-5
steps will do)
Repeat
procedures for
mastery.
Personal Grooming Learners with Grooming Modelling,
Care Physical Disabilities kit guided/
Independent
practice.
Personal Disaster Learners with Video clips Involve the
Safety Awareness Physical Disabilities of different learners in
disasters different
Related disaster
Photos preparedness
Pictures of and safety
Community drills.
Helpers -Teach the do’s
and don’t’ and
require
implementation
Self- Expressing Learners with Pictures of -Role Play
Advocacy One’s Needs Physical Disabilities signal cues -Develop a
indicating signal for the
the child student to use
needs help. (colored sticky
note on his/her
desk) to ask for
help.
-Give
opportunities to
show talents
and skills.
Introduction
Hearing is one of the most important senses for each individual that
is concerned about perception of sounds. It allows and leads our everyday
lives without limitations. It enables us to work, communicate, socialize
and stay connected to the outside world. Moreover, it keeps us safe by
warning us of possible danger.
Hearing is all about auditory perception that refers to the capacity
of the brain to interpret and generate a clear impression of sounds.
Good auditory skills allow us to determine between different rhythms,
volumes, pitches and sources of sounds as well as words that will aid
teaching-learning reading the easiest way. It can also be the sense of
sound perception which can be detected through vibrations or the changes
in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an
organ such as the ear.
Learners with Hearing Difficulty have the right to equal access to
education and provide them the best possible education as regular
pupils/learners are enjoying. Their increasing number who are in school
is a manifestation that there is a need for regular school teacher to help
these children as an answer to the inclusion program of the SpEd.
This handbook could somehow help our regular teachers in the
holistic development of the Learners With Difficulty in Hearing (LWDH).
Description
CHARACTERISTICS
CAUSES:
Outer ear
Middle ear
CAUSES :
CAUSES
- illness
- trauma
- wax impaction
- aging
The definition of hearing loss is not the same for everybody. The different
degrees of hearing loss are divided into categories. The most common
categories of hearing loss classifications are mild hearing loss, moderate
hearing loss, severe hearing loss and profound hearing loss.
MILD
and
MODE
RATE
HEARI
NG
LOSS
CLASSROO ASSISTIVE PARENT’ TEACHIN SUGGES
M TECHNOLO S G TED
ACCOMMO GIES / AWAREN STRATEG ACTIVIT
DATION SUPPORT ESS IES IES
SYSTEM
-regular -hearing -Home -use real -Group
classroom aids visitation materials/ activities
setting may -Frequency -Psycho objects -Film
apply Modulation educatio -Total Viewing
-put the (FM) n communic -
learner - seminars ation Manipul
close to the Telecommuni - (using ASL ation of
teacher for cations Informati and objects/
better Device for on spoken hands on
sound the dissemin language activities
reception Deaf(TDD) ation simultane -Role
and visual during ously) playing
clues - barangay -Explicit -Proper
-reduce Teletypewrit assembli instructio hand
classroom er (TYY) es n and eye
noise -Speech -Through (repetitive coordina
-get the therapist the help instructio tion
learners of a n) -
attention medical - vocabula
before practitio Collaborati ry
starting the ner ve learning enrichm
class -Through -Oral ent
-make use advertise communic (Pictogra
of the ments ation phs,
residual (tv, radio (teach spelling,
hearing by and without puzzles,
talking paper) signing word
aloud - since the hunt)
-speak Listening learner -Arts for
slowly, to has fine
clearly and motor
face to face success residual (drawing
with the stories hearing) , clay
learner - -Field molding,
-rephrase Counseli trips(schoo beads
-write key l and making,
words and ng communit scribblin
outline -Sign y) g)
- Clearly language -keep -
enunciate program narrative Puppetry
speech for report -sorting
-
parents
matchin
-Family g or
support pairing
-Seizing
(search)
-
classifyi
ng
-
sequenci
ng
-
identifyi
ng
-
compari
ng
-
recognizi
ng
-solving
(simple)
-
organizi
ng ideas
SEVER
E -regular -Hearing -Home -Practice -
classroom Aids visitation and allow Enhance
and setting may -Frequency -Psycho Lip speech
apply Modulation educatio Reading ( reading
PROFO -put the (FM) n wear red conditio
UND learner - seminars lipstick for ns (avoid
HEARI close to the Telecommun - women hands in
NG teacher for ications Informati teachers) front of
LOSS better Device for on -Provide face, no
dissemin communic
visual the ation ation gum
clues Deaf(TDD) during through chewing)
-reduce - barangay Basic Sign -Allow
classroom Teletypewrit assembli Language extra
noise er (TYY) es (ASL, FSL, time for
-get the -Cochlear -Through Localized processi
learners Implant the help signs) ng
attention - of a -Assign a informati
before Smartphone medical buddy for on
starting the apps practitio note -
class (android, ios) ner sharing Frequent
- -Through and ly check
Specialized advertise discussion for
lighting ments -Field understa
- (tv, radio trips(schoo nding
Captioning and l and -Repeat
or labeling paper) communit or
things - y) rephrase
inside the Listening -keep informati
classroom to narrative on when
(for success report necessar
familiarizat stories y
ion) - -Group
-Use of Counseli activities
visual ng -Film
supplemen -Sign Viewing
ts language -
(overheads, program Manipul
chalkboard for ation of
, charts, parents objects/
vocabulary -Family hands on
lists, support activities
lecture -Role
outlines) playing /
-Vibrating Pantomi
alert me
devices -Proper
(used to hand
signal fires, and eye
doorbells, coordina
weather tion
warnings -
and more. vocabula
These ry
devices can enrichm
be used in ent
the (Pictogra
classroom phs,
to alert to spelling,
schedule puzzles,
bells and word
other hunt)
important -Arts for
announce fine
ments) motor
(drawing
,clay
molding,
beads
making,
scribblin
g)
-
Puppetry
-Seizing
(search)
-
classifyi
ng
-
sequenci
ng
-
identifyi
ng
-
compari
ng
-
recognizi
ng
-solving
(simple)
-
organizi
ng ideas
OTHER BASIC SIGN LANGUAGE
NUMBER CHART
DAYS OF THE WEEK
SIMPLE GREETINGS
PEOPLE
TD
D/TYY
Figure 4. Braille is a system of reading and writing in which letters and words are
formed by patterns of raised dots that are felt with the fingers. This system had
twelve dots that were arranged in a grid that as two dots across and six dots down.
Braille was invented by Louis Braille in the early 1800s. He assigned different shapes
to each of the letters. (M. Cay Holbrook, Ph.D., 1996, Children with visual
impairments: a parents’ guide)
Introduction
The implementation of the Inclusive Education Program
increases the number of learners with difficulty in seeing enrolled in a
regular school, thus, general education teachers need to understand
the learners’ visual as well as academic abilities to provide them proper
accommodation in the teaching-learning process. The successful
implementation of the program depends on the proper accommodation
of this type of learners.
Description
The terms low vision or partially sighted and blindness are often
used to describe and categorize levels of vision based in a clinical
assessment performed by a licensed ophthalmologist and optometrist.
Each category is considered in terms of the degree of vision acuity and
its implications for learners’ learning.
3. Low Vision/Partially-Sighted
Spungin (2002) defined low vision as learners who are not totally
blind but have visual impairments that cannot be corrected to normal
with regular eyeglasses or contact lenses. Generally, learners with low
vision are able to learn using their visual sense; however, they may need
to have print magnified, contrast enhanced, or type font or size changed
(Turnball et al., 2002).
4. Blindness
Blindness, on the other hand, is described by Spungin (2002) as
to the lack of usable vision. Hence, learners with total blindness receive
no stimuli from their visual channel and depend entirely on input from
other senses such as touch, hearing, smelling, and tasting.
Category Characteristics
Low Vision The learners:
(Partially- have vision between 20/70-20/160 and
Sighted) cannot be corrected;
use correctional glasses and contact lenses;
can use limited vision for functional tasks but
need their tactile and auditory channels for
learning;
use a combination of limited vision for
functional tasks and other senses (tactile and
auditory channels) for learning
Totally Blind The learners:
lack the ability to see anything;
lack light perception;
use tactile and auditory channels for learning
functional tasks;
use cane for mobility;
learn via Braille and other non-visual media.
Types of Accommodations:
Accommodations
Instructional Testing
For both Low Vision and Totally For both Low Vision and Totally
Blind: Blind:
Give clear, concise and specific Read aloud the test questions.
directions when giving lectures Allow extended time when
and activities. taking examinations.
Give descriptive verbal
instructions to direct the For Low Vision:
learners inside and outside the Provide large print version of the
classroom texts (font size 18-25 point)
Allow sighted guide (classmate Allow the learner to use symbols
on rotation) for orientation and (e.g. a check or a cross) to
mobility answer questionnaire
Encourage peer support to help Use magnification and
them in their academic activities illumination devices (prescribed
Encourage “buddy” system by a low vision specialist) in
during recess/lunch break reading and answering written
Allow them to rest and have examinations
ample time to recover from Make use of a thicker and
visual stress and fatigue in darker felt-tip or bold pen to
preparation for the next activity provide better contrast
Use tactile materials to present Maintain a well-ventilated
lesson learning area
Expose learners to use assistive Use portable lamps with
technology, audio and media adjustable arms to control the
materials (e.g. recorder, cd/dvd, intensity of light.
Braille note taker, computer,
cellphone, talking calculator, For Totally Blind:
talking watch) Brailled test papers/materials
Use applications and software and transcribed answer sheets
(e.g. Talkback, JAWS, NVIDIA) (by the SPED teacher)
to enhance lesson
Allow the learners to record the
lesson if needed using audio
recorder
Use adaptive materials
Teaching Strategies
Instructional Environmental
7. Modelling 4. Seating arrangement
o Hand-over-hand-under o Keep a front row seat open
(teachers’ hand is under the for a learner with difficulty
learner’s hand) in seeing to maintain close
o Speak slowly and clearly to proximity to the teacher
model the language you and activity/materials.
want the learner to use o Carefully consider the
o Provide a tactile sample of a arrangement of the
project for a learner to copy classroom so that mobility
is encouraged and
8. Assistive Technology comfortable for the learner.
o Use of applicable computer o Maintain a landmark that
software that can assist the will serve as cue for the
learner in writing learner to move around the
assignments and reading room. If ever changes in the
print materials classroom set-up is needed,
o Use handheld magnification inform and orient the
with regular text learner immediately.
o Use of photocopier to
enlarge small texts, 5. Good Illumination
pictures/diagrams, o Provide good illumination by
charts/tables incorporating combination
of natural and artificial
9. Contextualization light.
o Familiarize unknown o Consider environmental
concepts through direct adaptations such as lighting
experience (demonstrations, conditions, and contrast
media, manipulatives, between materials
repetition, oral o Use brightly colored or
opportunities) tactile cues in the room to
o Provide large print version promote independence,
of the text mobility, and signal location
and things.
10. Schema-Building o Avoid glaring environment
o Help the learner to see the o Reduce visual clutter
relationships between
various concepts (e.g. 6. Adapted workspace
compare and contrast, o Assess the safety level of the
jigsaw learning, peer environment and modify
teaching/cooperative what needs be changed and
learning and projects) alert the learner in the
different areas of the
11. Bridging classroom
o Establish link between the o Provide the learner with a
learners’ prior knowledge full orientation to the
and the material (e.g. think- outdoor and indoor area
pair-share; quick writes, o Provide learning station for
anticipatory charts) tactile activities (e.g.
sandbox)
12. Adaptive materials
o Use felt-tip pen to produce o Use of book stand for
a dark bold line for the reading activity for low
learner to see the vision learner
picture/diagram/written o Observe proper position of
text clearly learners’ table or chair
o Use colored chalk whenever
possible
o Use whiteboard and darker
marker in writing. This will
give a better contrast of the
material.
o Use materials such as foam
paper, cardboard, yarn or
any dimensional materials
to create embossed effect
and tactual outlines in
making illustrations, tables,
charts, diagrams in a text
E. Cane Skills
There are two kinds of canes that a blind learner may use. The
first kind is a long, straight cane with or without a crook. It is made up
of either aluminum or fiber glass. It is usually covered with a quite
reflective material while a small portion of the lower shaft is covered
with a red reflective material (See Figure 2a).
The second type is the folding cane. It is made up of nylon or
metal (See Figure 2b).
(2b)
(2a)
F. Clues
Clues are any sound, odor, temperature, tactile or visual
stimulus that the learner can use to help identify where he/she is in
space. A clue may be something moving or stationary. It is not
permanent.
Figure 3. Trailing
C.2 Route Travel
The first travel routes that a learner
typically learns have true intrinsic meaning
to him. Parents can reinforce early route
travel by encouraging their child to travel the
final steps to a certain location such as the
bathtub at bathing time, the high chair at
meal time, or to the toy basket in the living
room. This is called backward chaining,
where the child learns to accomplish the last
portion of the task first, with success more
steps of independence can be added (See
Figure 4).
C.3 Landmarks
Landmarks is a fixed object (wall, post)
or tactile marker such that has a known
location within the environment. It is
permanent. It can be used for position
identification to determine a reference point
and to locate specific objectives (See Figure 5).
I. Self-Protective Techniques
Self-protective techniques help a learner travel in the
environment by his own self.
K. Squaring Off
It is a technique done when the learner reaches the landmark.
The learner may either turn left or turn right and proceed to the chosen
direction (See Figure 9).
Magic Spoon
Braille cells how to write and read
CVC words
J. Writing Activities
Slate and Stylus. The slate is a template of several rows of braille cells, and the
stylus is a device with a blunt metal tip that is used to punch each dot individually.
K. Numeracy Activities
Manual Brailler
Use tactile materials such as counters, pegboards, real
objects and indigenous
materials
Use Cranmer Abacus
(Figure 13) for
mathematical
computations
Use guided sheets e.g.
window cards for the low
vision
Introduce paper folding
to teach fractions
In making graphs, tables, charts, and maps, use yarn to
create the outline of the illustrative materials
Use push pins in
Figure 63. Sample Cranmer Abacus
locating and identifying
places in a map
Use of talking calculators, talking watch/clock, talking
thermometer
Use games to integrate number concepts. Examples of
games are as follows:
o Running relay with different sounds (Number 0 – get
ready; Number 1 - clapping; Number 2 – animal sound
(dog); Number 3 – animal sound (cat) etc.)
o Running with a guide rope (A learner runs holding and
following the direction of the rope – left, right, straight,
curved)
o Passing the ball over-head and under
o “The boat is sinking” through clapping with sighted
guide
o Matching numbers with Braille Number Cards
L. Auditory Activities
Train the learner on how to manipulate/use computer
technology in order to access lessons into digital audio
files.
Acquaint the learner to certain settings of the audio
digital device that may need to be changed for
accessibility such as the speaking speed, voice volume,
etc.
If digital audio files are being used in classroom, allow the
learner to use headphone for him/her to concentrate in
what he/she is listening. If two or more users will access
the same recording, use a splitter to connect multiple
headphones.
To facilitate listening to classroom activities/instructions
and digital audio material at the same time, the
headphones should cover only one ear.
Convert text documents to digital audio format such as
mp3 using available conversion programs or applications.
Books with digital audio format can either be played on a
digital audio player or computer. In case there are no
available books in this format, read and record the
content of the book/text material.
M. Art Activities
Add textures to paints (e.g. Rice – lumpy; Shaving cream –
foamy; sawdust – rough; Sugar – shiny and grainy)
Add scents to modelling clay (e.g. Red – apple scent;
Orange – orange scent; Yellow – banana scent; Green –
mango scent)
In assembling an “Art/Craft Making,” introduce first a
model of the finished craft, then, guide the learner’s hands
to locate/put important features and associations in the
project.
Use a black felt-tip pen to highlight outlines of picture.
Help the learner trace the outline.
Allow the learners to experience cutting
exercises/activities, however, strict guidance in using the
scissors is necessary.
When gluing real objects on paper, it may be helpful to
show the learner a finished model first, so that the learner
can see the end result. Encourage to use low vision
devices to identify colors of objects, shapes and feel the
texture.
Create a tactual outline or border of the area they need to
color in. There are a number of ways to create a tactual
border. Use dimensional glue or paint, a glue gun, tracing
wheel, or a sewing pattern wheel poked from the
underside to provide tactual information of lines.
N. Music Activities
Introduction
Learners with intellectual disability have memory deficits
resulting to difficulty in remembering information and difficulty on self-
regulations. The term “intellectual disability” is a medical term and can
be used only to label learners who have completed medical diagnosis
from a developmental pediatrician, but those learners who have no
medical diagnosis and observed to have memory deficits shall be
considered to have difficulty in remembering/concentrating.
Description
Music
• Fond of listening to music
Art
• Manipulate art materials
• Love to draw pictures and other things
Movement
• Get-up and move freely
Dramatic Play- often dramatize actions
Pacing
Extend time requirements
Vary activity often
Allow more breaks for student
Omit timed assignments
Work on vocabulary before lesson
Pick out only major concepts for learning
Environment
Reduce/minimize distractions
Provide extra paper and pencils close to student’
Presentation of Subject Matter
Teach learners learning style (visual, auditory, tactile-kinesthetic,
and experiential)
Type of instruction
Individual and small group instructions
Functional application of academic skills
More review
Move around the room to gather information
Errorless learning
Materials
Large print
Arrangement of non-distracting material on page
Calculator
Graph paper
Computer
Assignments
Visual daily schedule
Calendars and assignment books
Use written back up for oral directions
Request parent reinforcement
Reduce paper and pencil tasks
Shorten assignment
Lower difficulty level
TEACHING STRATEGIES
When we teach a learner with intellectual disabilities or
difficulty in remembering/concentrating (DIR), we need to keep in
mind several factors. We need to set goals that are most important for
the learner. We need to use some teaching strategies to teach and
motivate the learner to learn. Effective teaching strategies for learners
with intellectual disability or difficulty in
remembering/concentrating are grouped in six developmental
domains.
Chaining- the process of breaking a task into its small steps and
teaching them in a sequential manner. It is usually used to teach
daily living skills and life skills. For example, we first teach a learner
to hold his pants with two hands, and then we teach him to hold it
and bring it down to his legs. Next we teach him to hold it, bring it
down to his legs, and put one leg inside. This process is called
forward chaining. Backward chaining is when you teach the learner
the last step first. We do the activity of the child and let the learner
do the last step on his own. Then we do the activity till the second
last step. In this way the learner does more and more of the activity
and we do less till the learner can do the whole activity on his own.
Introduction
Learners with difficulty in performing adaptive skills represent a
wide range of specific conditions, other forms of incapacity will typically
share deficits in five distinct areas of development: intellectual
functioning, motor skills, sensory functioning, communication skills
and adaptive skills which are the practical, everyday skills needed to
function and meet the demands of one’s environment including skills
to effectively and independently take care of oneself and to interact to
other people (Reynolds,2007).These deficits occur for many reasons
namely: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism
Spectrum Disorder ( ASD), Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Deaf Blindness
(DF).
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Psychological
- May feel ostracized
- Tendency to withdraw from society
- Learners with multiple disabilities tend to become
fearful, and upset in the face of forced or unexpected
changes.
-May execute self-injurious behavior
2. Behavioral
- May display an immature behavior inconsistent with
chronological age
- May exhibit an impulsive behavior and low frustration
level
- May encounter difficulty in his/her
interpersonal relationships
- May have limited self-care skills and independent
community living skills
3. Physical/Health
- A variety of medical problems may accompany severe
disabilities Examples include seizures, sensory loss,
hydrocephalus and scoliosis.
- May be physically clumsy and awkward
- May be unsuccessful in games involving motor skills
Note: Column under category with check (/) indicates the manifested
difficulty of the learner. There are suggested accommodations and
activities below depending on the expressed difficulty.
Real-life
examples of
money
skills. Provide
the child with
real-life
opportunities to
practice target
money skills.
For example,
ask the child to
calculate his or
her change
when paying for
lunch in the
school cafeteria,
or set up a class
store where
children can
practice
calculating
change.
6. Practical Life
Skills
Daily living Provide ideal Housekeepin
skills Classhome /Home g
Economics Room for Cooking
skills training Laundry
Proper
grooming
and hygiene
Personal
Safety
Eating
etiquettes
Occupational Grant specialized Flower
skills skills trainings making
depending on the Arts and
individual’s strength Crafts
Marketing
Safety
Precautions
Retail Trade
Massage
Beauty Care
Dressmakin
g
Baking &
Pastry
Fruit Juice
Making
Activities for
Speech/Language and
talk through routines as Communication
you go
- repeat and practice Training of motor skills is
internally the things that necessary for speech. This can
need to be learnt only be initiated when the child
- prompt to help is able to:
internalize 1.Imitate mouth movements
Give help when it is and sounds
needed 2.The child learns the basic
- set up for success movements and functions:
- give a choice of two
answers
- quietly put a marker
under/near needed text
- start a sentence for the
learner to finish
- tell the answer as if you
knew they were about to say
it and re ask in a few
moments ex. ”Yes, Riza was
on her way home.”….”Where
did you say she was going?”
- use guided movement
IDEAS recommend to
communicate regularly a. Bite Swallow Spit Smell
with the learner’s parents Exercises
through a communication -involving these
diary or notebook. movements and
functions must be
carried out daily, prior to
the sound production
stimulation. The
training may become
more meaningful for the
child and gives better
results.
VISUAL SUPPORTS
suggested to put a range b. Dribbling.
of visual supports in the -The following exercises
class like- have an active restraining
- labels and signs effect on dribbling, while
- Tape a cross on the speech is encouraged
floor where the learner will b.1.Exercises for
set for some activities smelling
- Provide proformas to b.2. Teach closing
help the learner organize of mouth
work b.3. Breathing
- Seat or place the through nose
learners in a position with full b.4. Practice the
visual access to the teachers retracting muscular
movements of the
tongue.
o Speak face to face with
the learner in a slow
and clear manner.
o Make use of residual
hearing by using
amplification.
o Get the learner’s
attention before
commencing talking
o Reduce classroom noise
levels with wall
hangings, mats and
curtains. c. Swallowing Activities
o Make sure the light, 1.Smiling/Pouting -
natural or artificial, falls Make the following sounds: O
-I-E
on the teacher’s face 2. Sounds make the lips
rather than behind. more flexible and encourage a
firm closing of the mouth.
o Repeat a new word 3.Biting makes the
numerous times (25 following sounds: H - B - P - D
times). - T - L.
4. Spitting makes the
following sounds: S - F - T.
5. Blowing Strengthens
the ability to make firm
lips, prolongs the
expiration phase of the
breathing and increases
lung capacity. Results
in clear, and
pronounced vowels.
c. Imitation of dissimilar,
meaningless monosyllables:
La- le-li. ga-ge- gi, la-ga-le,
etc.
1. Make many different
animal sounds.
2. Imitation of
meaningful words. It is
important that when the child
makes an attempt, hopefully
with an increasing frequency,
you should never correct his
articulation! Everything is
acceptable! Give praise and
encouragement. Corrections
will be made later. It is also
important to remember that at
this stage the training is
aimed at exercising the speech
organs and encouraging the
need to speak, and the joy of
talking!
Activities on Articulation
Development
(When the child’s imitations
improve, and it uses the
words spontaneously to a
greater extent in everyday
situations, it’s time to
check/correct the words
uttered by the child).
1. The teacher should prepare
a list of the sounds that are
still missing, and choose one
sound at a time for practice
during a specific period.
2. The lip-produced sounds
are the easiest to learn: M - P
- B.
3. Practice volume through
blowing exercises. T - D - N - L
- R which demand lifting of
the tongue tip, are also
difficult to master.
4. In order to overcome these
problems, an intensive licking
training is advisable:
A. Licking Activities:
1. Licking with the tongue,
the upper lip (put some
chocolate there) is necessary.
2. Licking a saucer (ice
cream. etc.) can also be
included in the training.
3. Previous experience has
revealed that the sounds S - F
- V are difficult to express for
children with CP, these
sounds can be articulated
later. With paralysis of the
pharynx the sounds K and G
are normally the last to be
learned.
Suggestions for the teacher:
Ideally, the teacher should
place himself/herself in front
of a mirror and watch closely
how his/her mouth forms the
sounds.
4. The teacher shall now
show the child how to form
the mouth and produce the
sound.
5. Explore which sounds the
child can manage at the
moment.
6. Combine the sound which
is being practiced, with a
vowel and imitate meaningless
syllables.
7. Practice ma-me-mi-mo.
8. Then switch the letters
around: am - em - im - om.
9. Continue with some simple
words, with the sound as the
first letter: man - mammy.
10. If the exercise was
successfully performed, you
can reward the child by
putting a nice picture in the
child’s note book that follow
his/her speech training
sessions.
11. Write the word
underneath the picture.
12. Repeat in the next speech
training period, the words
written in the book.
13. Do this after the warm up
part containing motor training
of the mouth.
14. Perform automatic
counting from 1 – 15.
- Young children who have both hearing and vision loss learn
the same way with those in the regular but in a different manner.
Participation How to do
- Trustful Tactile Sign
relationships Language 14. Watch and/
- Cues and The deaf-blind or touch the
prompts learner puts learner’s hands
- Consistent his/ her hands and learn to read
Routines over the them.
- Calendar signer’s hands 15. Think of
System to feel the hands as
shape, initiators of topics
movement and in conversational
location of the interactions,
signs. Some particularly with
signs and young children
facial who do not yet
expressions use words.
may need to be 16. Use under
modified (e.g, hand touch
signing” not through
understand” exploration,
instead of initiation of topics
signing and expression of
Support “understand” feelings.
- Team approach by shaking 17. Make your
- Training and one’s head. hands available
technical Spelling “dog” for the child to
assistance rather than use as he/ she
specific to deaf- signing “dog”) wishes.
blindness Learners can 18. Imitate the
use one or two- child’s own hand
handed tactile actions while
sign language. your hands are
Those who under the child’s
have acquired hand.
hearing 19. Play
impairment interactive hand
and loss of games frequently
vision, prefer (Guessing game
tactile on identifying
common fruits).
fingerspelling 20. Make
for they find environmental
sign language provisions to
difficult. encourage hand
activity,
- Conversatio appropriate to the
n can be developmental
done by level of the child
setting next (trees, flowering
to the child plants etc.)
or tapping, 21. Encourage
touching energetic
gently. throwing in an
appropriate
settings and
developmental
times.
(manipulative
balls to the
basket and or
against the wall).
22. Invite
access of your
own hands while
they are engaged
in a wide variety
of activities.
23. Invite deaf-
blind learners to
have a frequent
tactual access to
the environment.
24. Demonstrat
e whatever hand
skills you wish
the learner to
acquire and allow
him/ her tactual
access to it.
25. Make
language
accessible to the
hands of the
learner who is
deaf-blind.
26. Be aware of
your hands as
carriers of
feelings and
pragmatic
functions.
3. Anticipation
or Calendar
System
• Access 9. The child and the
- Communication – provide a teacher go to the
systems structured way accessible
- Sensory in which to location where
accommodations and refer events in the calendar box
adaptations a child’s day. is stored and find
- Environmental Sometimes the first object on
• Participation called the left.
- Trustful “anticipation 10. Together
relationships boxes” or they identify the
- Cues and object item and its
prompts calendars. significance,
- Consistent - a series of using appropriate
Routines meaningful speech and sign
- symbols are language.
arranged in 11. For
sequential example, they
order to let the might pick up an
child know umbrella and
what happens say/sign:
next. "Umbrella!”.
“Today is a
- It also rainy/sunny
provides a day.”
way to 12. The teacher
make the and the learners
beginning, can then carry
middle and the item to the
end of an place where the
activity, as activity will occur
well as time (in this case they
concept will go outside the
such as classroom) and
before, continue to
during, and touch/look at the
Anticipation/Calenda after of umbrella.
r System symbols 13. Through
• Support representing this activity the
- Team approach different learners begin to
- Training and activities take on the
technical assistance meaning of
specific to deaf- umbrella.
blindness 14. Similarly,
a cup, spoon,
glass, and plate
- Anticipation can represent the
schedules activities which
provide will give meaning
activities to the said
that are utensils.
represented 15. Once the
by symbols, activity has been
time completed, the
concepts learners and the
from past to teacher carry the
future, object back and
direction place it in a
from left to special box to the
right (e.g. right of the other
Daily boxes, saying and
schedules, signing "finished.
Weekly, Then take the
monthly, next object out
annual from the next
schedules). box and repeat
the process.
Note: (Picture of 16. As learners
a calendar with begin to associate
different the objects with
activities) certain activities,
they can already
form concepts.
Access 4. Cues and
- Communication Prompts
systems Touch cues Parts of the body
- Sensory –specific identification using
accommodations and signals that touch cues:
adaptations are
- Environmental executed on 4. Ask the learner
• Participation the learners’ using touch cues
- Trustful body to touch different
relationships parts of her/his
- Cues and - Touch cues body like nose,
prompts should eyes, ears, etc.
- Consistent reduce 5. Give her a cue
Routines startling, like tapping his/
help develop her shoulders if
anticipatory she/he responses
responses correctly
and provide 6. The teacher can
Anticipation/Calenda clearer target another
r System information lesson using
• Support about your touch cues.
- Team approach expectation
- Training and
technical assistance
specific to deaf- Activities using object
blindness cues: Deaf-blind leaners
Object cues could participate in
- everyday various activities in
objects that different goals with
are other learners.
presented to
the learner Recess Time
as cues and
that may be 3. Direct the children
touched on to “pull” the deaf
the body blind learner to the
chair.
- Presented to 4. Let the learner
child as practice pulling with
cues for the help of the
particular classmate during
activities play time.
- Provide
information
or directives
- Allows child
to get ready
- Consistent
and
predictable
- Facilitates
developmen
t of
expectations Role Play
and 10. Teacher will
anticipation present different
common toy animals
found in the farm.
Types of 11. Learner touch
object cues each toy animal.
4. Actual 12. Let him/her
object (e.g. explore each toy
real spoon animal through
and fork to touching.
indicate 13. Slowly teach
time to eat) him/her the name of
5. Partial or each toy animal.
associated 14. Once the learner
object (e.g. can identify already,
plastic 15. Incorporate role
spoon and playing.
triangular 16. Teacher will ask
placemat to the class if they have
eat) been to a farm.
6. Arbitrary 17. Let them share
object (e.g. their experiences
paper plate when they were in
in different the farm.
shape with 18. Let them pretend
triangular to be animals, while
placemat) deaf blind could
“rub” and “pat”
them, as if he/she is
the farmer who come
for attention. (The
deafblind learner will
be given
differentiated -
instructions by the
teacher).
Characteristics
21. Weak during health impairment occurrence
22. Shows strained expression when listening
23. Difficulty following verbal directions
24. Often follows and rarely leads
25. Will usually exhibit some form of articulation difficulty
26. Can become easily frustrated if their needs are not met —
which may lead to some behavioral difficulties
27. Less responsive to noise, voice or music
28. Watches faces of the speaker especially the mouth and
lips.
29. Delayed or non-responsive to questions asked
30. Makes use of natural gestures, signs and movements
31. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless
mistakes in schoolwork or with other activities.
32. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
33. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to
finish school work and chores (e.g., loses focus, side-tracked).
34. Often has trouble organizing tasks and activities.
35. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require
mental effort over a long period of time (such as schoolwork or
homework).
36. Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g.
school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork,
eyeglasses, mobile telephones).
37. Is often easily distracted
38. Is often forgetful in daily activities.
39. Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat.
40. Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is
expected.
21. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is not
appropriate (adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling
restless).
v. Speak clearly
but naturally;
exaggeration
or shouting
can make it
more difficult
for the child to
understand
speech.
w. Try to remain
in one area
while talking.
It's difficult to
lip read
someone
moving about
a lot.
x. Don't talk
while your
back is turned
to the child
(e.g. writing
on
blackboard).
y. Try to use as
many visual
aids as
possible.
z. When reading
aloud, try not
to let the book
cover your
face.
Note: Flashcards
of numbers and Teaching numbers
letters with and alphabets
corresponding through sign
pictures with language.
names) 12. The
teacher prepares
flashcards of
letters and
numbers with
corresponding
pictures.
13. The
teacher should
choose at least
2-3 letters or
numbers as
targets for a day.
14. Let the
teacher present
each target letter
in a manner that
catches the
interest of the
learners.
15. The
teacher will show
the letter
through a
flashcard and
fingerspell it.
16. Let the
child imitate.
17. When the
child can imitate
correctly, let him
imitate the lips
position when
giving the name
and sound of the
letter.
18. Present the
picture with its
name that
initialized the
letter presented.
19. Let the
child imitate the
lips formation
when giving the
name of the
picture.
20. Give the
sign language of
that picture and
let the learner
imitate.
21. This
activity can be
use also when
introducing
numbers.
22. Proceed to
the next level of
the lesson as
soon as mastery
of identifying and
signing letters
and numbers is
evident.
DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATING
(Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS
Inattention
Easily distracted by huge stimuli like sounds, lights,
movement in the environment
Does not seem to listen when spoken to, thoughts are
elsewhere
Difficulty following and remembering directions; forgetful
in daily activities; fails to pay attention to details
Difficulty following instructions and fails to finish school
works, chores or duties in the workplace; makes many
careless mistakes
Difficulty initiating or getting started on tasks; reluctant to
engage school tasks
Difficulty sustaining attention in assigned tasks and play
activities; gets bored easily; fails to organize them
Difficulty sustaining level of alertness to tasks that are dull;
sluggish or may fall asleep easily in class
Difficulty completing work; performance is inconsistent
Difficulty working independently
Poor study skills; weak executive functions
Spacey tune out
Appears confused
Easily overwhelmed
No awareness of time
Loses things necessary for tasks or activities
Procrastinates
Hyperactivity
Impulsitivity
Others
High pain tolerance
Lack of regard for quality of outputs/tasks done
Delay in social maturation
Possible academic underachievement
Possible language-communication lags
Possible learning disabilities
.
Make a journal of learner’s
Improving behavior and monitor
behavior and significant positive
increasing self- negative/ changes
esteem, Don’t compare the
performance of the
learner/s with ADHD with
other learners in the class.
Provide opportunity to
make LSEN to participate
in school activities that
showcase the LSEN’s
areas of strength e.g. art,
music.
Encourage the learner
with ADHD to work at his
own pace and ability.
Model self-control and the
ability to stay calm (not
react out of anger).
Delegate leadership task
during group activities to
build learners self- esteem
and responsibility.
Praise good behavior and
ignore or discourage
disruptive behavior.
If given time out , it must
be brief and the learners
must be welcomed back
gladly
Maintain close
partnership with home
and school and other
important linkages for
continuous development
progress and
development.
Understand ADHD and
make an effort to learn
more about it and
recognize how it affects
learners’ behavior and
performance
Positive attention from
teachers to peers.(Attn!,
20)
Managing When a child becomes
aggressive disruptive the child /
behaviors learner must be seated
near the teacher within
arm’s length for cueing.
When an ADHD learner
is upset or is out-of-
control embrace him/her
and say over and over in a
calm voice what will
occur, “When you are
ready to calm down, you
can have your lunch. If
not, you will stay with me.
Let me know when you’re
ready.”
Do a lot to build tolerance
for some degree of
touching through various
sensory activities
Help the child handle
disappointment through
positive re-assurance like
“it will be better next
time”
(Dimapilis, 2006)
To help children with ADHD who are poor readers improve their
reading comprehension skills the following activities may help:
Silent reading time. Establish a fixed time each day for silent
reading (e.g., D.E.A.R.: Drop Everything and Read and Sustained
Silent Reading).
Follow-along reading. Ask the child to read a story silently while
listening to other students or the teacher read the story aloud to
the entire class.
Partner reading activities. Pair the child with ADHD with
another student partner who is a strong reader. The partners take
turns reading orally and listening to each other.
Storyboards. Ask the child to make storyboards that illustrate
the sequence of main events in a story.
Storytelling. Schedule storytelling sessions where the child can
retell a story that he or she has read recently.
Playacting. Schedule playacting sessions where the child can
role-play different characters in a favorite story.
Word bank. Keep a word bank or dictionary of new or “hard-to-
read” sight-vocabulary words.
Board games for reading comprehension. Play board games
that provide practice with target reading-comprehension skills or
sight-vocabulary words.
Computer games for reading comprehension. Schedule
computer time for the child to have drill-and-practice with sight
vocabulary words.
Recorded books. These materials, available from many libraries,
can stimulate interest in traditional reading and can be used to
reinforce and complement reading lessons.
“Backup” materials for home use. Make available to students
a second set of books and materials that they can use at home.
Summary materials. Allow and encourage students to use
published book summaries, synopses, and digests of major
reading assignments to review (not replace) reading assignments.
2. PHONICS
To help children with ADHD master rules of phonics, the following are
effective:
3. WRITING
4. SPELLING
To help children with ADHD who are poor spellers, the following
techniques have been found to be helpful:
6. MATH
Computation
The following are just a few activities that improve their basic
computation skills:
Reread the problem. Teach the child to read a word problem two
times before beginning to compute the answer.
Clue words. Teach the child clue words that identify which
operation to use when solving word problems. For example,
words such as “sum,” “total,” or “all together” may indicate an
addition operation.
Guiding questions for word problems. Teach students to ask
guiding questions in solving word problems. For example: What
is the question asked in the problem? What information do you
need to figure out the answer? What operation should you use
to compute the answer?
Real-life examples of word problems. Ask the student to create
and solve word problems that provide practice with specific target
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or
division. These problems can be based on recent, real-life events
in the child's life.
Calculators to check word problems. Ask the student to use a
calculator to check computations made in answering assigned
word problems.
Some children with ADHD benefit from using special materials to help
them complete their math assignments, including:
Number lines. Provide number lines for the child to use when
computing whole numbers.
Manipulatives. Use manipulatives to help students gain basic
computation skills, such as counting poker chips when adding
single-digit numbers.
Graph paper. Ask the child to use graph paper to help organize
columns when adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing
whole numbers
Many students with ADHD are easily distracted and have difficulty
focusing their attention on assigned tasks. However, the following
practices can help children with ADHD improve their organization of
homework and other daily assignments:
DEFINITION
Characteristics of Autism
Communication
The ability of children with ASD to
communicate depends on their intellectual and
social development. Some children with ASD
could not communicate using speech pattern
and others may have very limited speaking
skills, although others are good in vocabularies
and could talk eloquently. This result, somehow affects their
communication skills.
Below are some patterns of language that are common in children with
ASD:
Delay or lack of speech and language development
• Loss of speech development previously demonstrated
• Poor or limited expressive or receptive language skills
• Apparently adequate speech and language but poor or no ability to
engage in sustained conversation.
• Repetitive, stereotyped or idiosyncratic use of language(jargon)-
individuals who use the same word/phases/topics over and over
again
• Echolalia- the repetition of what someone else has said. Either
immediately or after the word is said.
• Monotone or limited variability in vocal inflection.
• Poor or limited nonverbal communication (pointing or gesturing)
• Poor or limited understanding of language beyond its concrete
meaning (e.g., difficulty with humor, figurative language and
metaphor).
Social Interaction
Behavior
SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM:
ACCOMMODATIONS FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
TASK MODIFICATIONS
• Breaking the assignment into parts and giving timelines for
completion may help him organize and complete his work.
• Modify the amount of work to be complete.
• Highlight or underline important information.
• Prioritize assignment and activities.
• Modify worksheets by eliminating distractions and too much
information on a page.
• Give out one task at a time.
• Consider alternative methods of completing assignments or testing
knowledge( oral,visual or hand on projects ).
• Use organizers,divided notebook, assignment pads and daily
planners to keep track of assignments.
• Place checklist on his desk with assignments that are due. Have
him check off as completed.
• Schedule breaks when needed.Try to be cognizant when” enough is
enough”.
• Vary activities by alternating between seatwork and group
activities.
• Recognize that transition may be difficult and take him more time
to comply.
• Establish a cue or signal to remind him to return to work.
• When revising written work have him use a different color of
paper.
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Task Analysis
• understanding autism
• developing an individual program plan
• structuring the physical environment
• using visual supports to make the sequence of daily activities
predictable and understandable
• using visual supports to make individual tasks understandable
Beginning Schedule
Object Schedule
Samples of PECS
Art Therapy
This is less traditional, complementary form of intervention.
Based on research, it can be a useful means of breaking through the
barriers of Autism by connecting witha emotionally.Allowing for some
personal expression even non-verbal ones.
Below are pictures of an Art therapy session with learner with ASD.
SUGGESTED STRATEGIES IN TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Positive Reinforcement
Use reinforce such as rewards to motivate a child to attend and
respond to instructions. Reinforces are objects that elicit positive
reactions (e.g., food, toys, books , tokens ,sticker) or activities (e.g.,
hugs , kisses, praises ).A reinforce is also any object or activity
that is reinforcing to a particular child (e.g., jumping or trampoline
, articles of clothing, wrappers touching of a favourite objects). The
reinforcing value of the object is evaluated by nothing if the child
reaches for it or manipulates it , and resist when it is taken away.
Shaping
This technique is used when the child initially does not have the
desired skill in his repertoire of behaviours. Shaping takes
advantage of related responses of the child already has. Reinforce
a skill in successive approximation –step by step-until the desired
behaviour is achieved.
Modelling
This technique is an attempt on the part of the teacher to teach
the behaviour by performing the act while the child observes. The
child is then asked to imitate the demonstrated behaviour.
Extinction
It is a strategy used to decreased maladaptive responses. This
involves cessation”stop” of previously provided reinforcement-
eliminating whatever reinforcement is thought to be maintaining
the behaviour.
Physical /Verbal Prompting
Prompting refers to physical or verbal cueing on the part of the
teacher to the child to facilitate occurrence of a response. While
prompts are necessary in teaching children with autism (CWA),
they should be faded as soon as the child is beginning to show
responses independently.
Over- Stimulation/ Over-Correction
Over-correction is an effective technique in training CWA. It has 2
objectives:
a. To over correct the environmental effects of a maladaptive
response.
b. To require the disrupting child to practice a correct form of
an appropriate response.
Putting –Through
This technique is done by physically prompting a child who
refuses to work in completing his tasks. The technique may be
modified by modelling the specific task/behaviour to the child
while ignoring his deviant behaviour.
Aversive Conditioning
Painful or obnoxious stimulation is used in this strategy to
decrease maladaptive responses manifested by the child.
Contracting
The teacher and the child specify and agree on expected behaviour
or task the child ought to exhibit/do for self- improvement.
Afterwards, they agree on rewards the child will get if the
tasks/behaviours are exhibited/done and also “punishments” if
not. The agreement is written on paper for both teacher and child
to sign. A copy is posted on the board to serve as reminder. A
punishment may be in the form of with- holding of things the child
likes or depriving him of privileges.
Token System
Coloured chips (or other objects) with corresponding points are
given commensurate to the child’s positive behaviours.
Stimulus Control
This involves presenting a visual or aural cue with which the child
associates stopping or continuing on with a behaviour. Examples
of visual cues are nodding and smiling to signal letting the child go
on with a behaviour or task. Examples of aural cues are saying No
or stop to stop a behaviour and Go ahead or good to let the child
go on with a behaviour or task.
Time out
Pulling the child out of the group for an unacceptable
behaviour.Placing him back when he is ready.
Ignoring the Child
Ignoring the child if he resorts to tantrums or non-positive
attention-getting behaviours.
Play Trivia
You will likely want to write some questions out ahead of time. Make
the questions really easy—it’s not the content we’re learning, but how to
communicate questions and answers. e.g., give the more advanced
students the more difficult questions. You can make it more fun by
handing out buzzers or bells—the first person to “ring in” gets to answer
the question. Just make sure that everyone gets a turn.
Before class, print out dozens of simple nouns and verbs. Cut them
into little slips of paper and put them into a hat or bag. Invite each student
to draw two words from the hat (you can use more for more advanced
students). Give them each a minute to come up with a sentence that uses
those two words, and makes sense. Then invite each of them to share their
sentence with the class. Collect the words and go again. It’s okay to repeat
words, as the repetition helps
PECS BOARD
DIFFICULTY IN COMMUNICATING
(Learners with Tourette Syndrome)
DEFINITION
Individuals with Tourette Syndrome (TS) have had at least two motor
tics and at least one vocal/ phonic tic in some combination over the course
of more than a year. By contrast, individuals with Chronic Tic Disorder
have either motor tics or vocal tics that have been present for more than
a year, and individuals with Provisional Tic Disorder have tics that have
been present for less than a year.
The two categories of the tics of TS and some common examples are:
3. Simple
Motor – eye blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging, facial
grimacing, nose twitching, etc
Vocal – throat clearing, barking noises, squealing, grunting,
gulping, sniffing, tongue clicking, etc.
4. Complex
Motor – jumping, touching other people and things, twirling
about, repetitive movements of the torso or limbs, pulling at
clothing and self-injurious actions including hitting or biting
oneself
Vocal – uttering words or phrases, coprolalia (the involuntary
utterance of inappropriate or obscene words), echolalia
(repeating a sound, word or phrase just heard) or palilalia
(repeating one’s own words)
CHARACTERISTICS
Multiple motor AND one or more vocal tics have been present
which might not occur at the same time.
Tics happen many times in
almost every day or throughout
the period of more than one year
with no tic-free instance in more
than 3 consecutive months.
The condition impair the social
and occupational skills, or other
important areas which creates
marked distress.
The onset is before age 18 years.
Direct physiological effects of a https://elcomunista.net/2016/11/24/sindrome-de-tourette-o-enfermedad-
substance or any general medical de-los-tics/comment-page-1/
As teachers, do not
encourage the child to
hold tics in; this can
make it much worse
Expanding
READING: abilities:
Let the learner sit Developing a
comfortably gradually
broadening
Allow learner to follow range of skill
along with the finger or areas.
use a bookmark Social stories:
Providing ideas
and education
Tapes or reader for around social
textbooks story
development.
Read out loud in a tape
recorder to listen for Enhancing
improvement verbal and non-
verbal
Read questions first communication
before reading story including
natural
Use headphones to block gestures,
out noise speech, signs,
pictures and
written words
The following are tips for dealing effectively with learners having
difficulty in controlling and communicating in the classroom
setting:
If some aspect of the child's tics affects the privacy or safety of others
(e.g., touching others), it is important to find ways to work around
the problem, but acceptance of the child is critical even when the
behaviors are unacceptable.
Allow the learner to take tests in a private room, so energy will not
be expended on suppressing tics during a quiet time in the
classroom.
Work with other pupils to help them understand the tics and reduce
ridicule and teasing.
C. Motor Tics
Arm/hand tics
Engage in an activity which requires your concentration, for
example making something with your hands.
Invest in a laptop if you have difficulty with handwriting. Some
learner may be entitled to borrow one or obtain a grant to get their
own.
‘Bouncing’ on chairs
Put a pillow on the seat or use a bean bag
Eye tics
Try blinking slowly on purpose
Finger-flicking tics
Try putting plasters on the fingers BEFORE they get sore.
Inappropriate grabbing
Avoid crowded seating arrangements, be that at school, work or in
any other public space
Hitting or kicking
Allow space for an individual with these tics
Sometimes a muscle clench can ‘get the tension out’ instead
Mouth tics
Ask dentist to fit tooth guard.
Chew gum.
Suck ice for ulcers, or ice lollies or frozen bananas.
Chew on a plastic ring instead of mouth or tongue, or a rubber
wristband.
Spitting or vomiting
Keep hanky in corner of mouth.
Chew gum.
Carry receptacle in which to spit.
Put down rugs indoors to avoid damage to carpet, or lay wood floors.
Wetting
(This can happen with certain abdominal tics)
Plan drinks and visits to bathroom to keep bladder empty. For a
schoolchild, this might mean timing a drink to ensure that they have
time to empty their bladder before going to class.
Arrange with school for permission to leave class if necessary.
Use incontinence pads.
D. Vocal Tics
For all vocal tics, a tip is to consciously breathe in through the
mouth and out through the nose. Sounds are made by air coming
out over the larynx so reversing the process calms most vocal tics.
Coprolalia
Prepare people around you if possible.
When you feel the impulse to swear coming on, your head. Some
people have said that going through a rhyme enables the impulse
for coprolalia to pass.
Help children with coprolalia to formulate a way of explaining the
symptom to others.
Coughing
Try to support neck during coughing fits.