Nowadays oil is one of the engines of the world industry, so it is important to talk about it and

learn a little about it.In the petroleum refiningCrude oils vary widely in their properties.

In general, paraffin base raw products are the most easily treated, and the others follow in the
order mixed-base and naphthene-base. This applies to the light distillates such as gasoline, as well
as to the heavy lubricants oils, Many naphthene oils contain more sulfur than mixed-base oils, and
parafin-base oils many contain scarcelyany sulfur, Paraffin and mixed-base crude oils contain
troublesome wax . The fact that a true naphthalene-base oli contain contain no wax simplifies the
manufacture of lubricants.

Because each fraction of the oil has different characteristics, the refining process is complex.

These characteristics govern the methods of precessing that are used for the different bases of
oils and the products that are manufactured. Vacuum destilation, or precipitation of asphalt by
liquid propane, is particulary adapted to the processing of mixed- and naphthene-base oils
because most of the asphalt or tarry material may be left behind as a residue , and the cleaned
lubricating-oil stocks can be treated more cheaply than asphalth bearin stocks. Naphthene base
oils produce goos asphalt and usually in quantities large enough to justify its manufacture. The
gasoline from naphthene crude oils is usually highly anticknock and may often be sold directly as
premium-grade motor fuel. Some residual fuel oil and gasoil of mixed- and naphthene-base origin
is sold directly, but most of the residue that remains after skimming the gasoline and kerosene is
cracked. By cracking, the total yield of gasoline may be increased for about 30 per cent by simple
topping to as much as 70 per cent by topping and cracking. The following general Types of
processing aere fairly well defined:

*Skimming or Topping processing: By simple atmospheric-pressure destillation the crude oil is

separated into gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, or reduced crude oil, and sometimes reformer charge
stock, jet fuel, or gas oil. Topping in some form must be practiced on all types of crude oils.

Cracking processing: This type usually refers to a combined operation of topping and termal
cracking, and in most refineries the gas oil is catalitically cracked. No lubricating oils are produced
un this type of operation. Catalityc cracking results in smaller yiels of residual fuel oil.

Lubricating oil processing. Topping with the manufacture of lubricants from the residue of the
crude oil

Complete processing: Most larger refiners practice tipping, viscosity bracking( termal cracking),
catalityc craking, catalityc reforming, and lubricant manufacture simultaneously, and this
enormously complicated complete processing cannot be show non a single diagram.

In conclusion, depending on the characteristics of the oil, there are refining stages, and products
obtained at each stage, the purpose of the oil refining is that nothing from the oil is wasted and
everything is processed to fulfill a specific purpose