Physics

Sixth Edition
Physics
Module
Contents
P1. Units & Measurement .................................................................................................. 1
P2. Motion in One Dimension .......................................................................................... 32
P3. Vectors and Application of Calculus ...................................................................... 72
P1 – Units & Measurement 1
Sixth Edition
P1. Units & Measurement

TABLE OF CONTENTS
P1. Units & Measurement 1

Synopsis ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................3
P1.1 Units and Dimensions ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
P1.2 Significant Figures and Error Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 15
Test Practice Problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Answer Key ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
PRE-REQUISITES
1. Basic Mathematics:
a. Percentages
b. Ratio and Proportion
c. Indices and Radicals
d. Algebra in one variable
2. Scientific Notation
PRE-TEST
0.005
Q1. The value of in scientific notation is __________.
1000
Q2. Write in decimal form (upto 2 decimal places)

5 4 10
I. = ___ II. = ___ III. = ___
4 5 3
Q3. 20% 𝑜𝑓 50 is __________.

Q4. Find the percent increase / decrease in each of the following cases:
I. The length of a rod changes from 4 𝑐𝑚 to 6 𝑐𝑚
II. The weight of a person changes from 80 𝑘𝑔 to 60 𝑘𝑔
6× 10−4
Q5. Compute the value of .
8× 104
Q6. If a humming bird flaps its wings once every 10−3 second, how many times does it flap its wings in a minute?
Q7. Solve the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 ; 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10
Q8. Simplify the expression √𝐴 × 𝐴6 =
SCORE 8
Score 1 point per correct answer. If you score less than 𝟔, please revise the pre-requisite topics.
Synopsis
Physical Quantities And System Of Units
1. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
All quantities that can be measured are called physical quantities. E.g. Time, length mass, force, work done, etc.
2. MEASUREMENT
Measurement is the comparison of a quantity with a standard of the same physical quantity.
3. UNITS
All physical quantities are measured w.r.t. standard magnitude of the same physical quantity and these standards
are called UNITS. E.g. Second, meter, kilogram, etc.
Four basic properties of standard unit are: -
i. They must be well defined.
ii. They should be easily available and reproducible.
iii. They should be invariable e.g. step as a unit of length is not invariable.
iv. They should be accepted to all.
4. SET OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES IN VARIOUS SYSTEM OF UNITS

A set of physical quantities which are completely independent of each other and all other physical quantities can
be expressed in terms of these physical quantities is called Set of Fundamental Quantities.
Physical Quantity Units(𝑺𝑰) Units(𝑪𝑮𝑺) Notations

Mass kg (kilogram) 𝑔 𝑀
Length 𝑚 (meter) 𝑐𝑚 𝐿
Time 𝑠(second) 𝑠 𝑇
Temperature 𝐾(kelvin) ℃ 𝜃
Current 𝐴 (ampere) 𝐴 𝐼 or 𝐴
Luminous intensity 𝑐𝑑 (candela) − 𝑐𝑑
Amount of substance 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Physical Quantity (𝑺𝑰 Unit) Definition

1
Length (𝒎) The distance travelled by light in vacuum in second is called 𝟏 metre.
299.792,458
The mass of a cylinder made of platinum-iridium alloy kept at International Bureau

Mass (𝒌𝒈)
of Weights and Measures is defined as 𝟏 kilogram
The second is the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation
Time (𝒔) corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground
state of the cesium-𝟏𝟑𝟑 atom.
If equal currents are maintained in the two parallel infinitely long wires of
Electric Current(A) negligible cross-section, so that the force between them is 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 newton per
metre of the wires, the current in any of the wires is called 𝟏 Ampere.
Syn.
𝟏
Thermodynamic The fraction of the thermodynamic temperature of triple point of water is
𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟔
Temperature (K) called 𝟏 Kelvin
One candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits
Luminous Intensity (𝒄𝒅) monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 𝐻𝑧 and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of 1/683 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
The mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities
Amount of substance (mole)
as there are number of atoms in 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒈 of carbon-𝟏𝟐.
Two supplementary units are:

i. Plane angle (radian)
angle=arc/radius
or, 𝜃 = ℓ/𝑟
ii. Solid Angle (steradian)
5. DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

The physical quantities those can be expressed in terms of fundamental physical quantities are called derived
physical quantities. E.g. Speed = distance/time
6. 𝑺𝑰 PREFIXES:
Standard prefixes for certain power of 10. Table shows these prefixes:
Power of 𝟏𝟎 Prefix Symbol

12 tera 𝑻
9 giga 𝑮
6 mega 𝑴
𝟑 kilo 𝒌
2 hecto 𝒉
1 deka 𝒅𝒂
−1 deci 𝒅
−2 centi 𝒄
−3 milli 𝒎
−6 micro 𝝁
−9 nano 𝒏
−12 pico 𝒑
−15 femto 𝒇
Dimensional Equations and Dimensional Analysis

1. DIMENSION
The power (exponent) of base quantity that enters into the expression of a physical quantity, is called the
dimension of the quantity in that base.
Consider the physical quantity “force”.
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Force = mass × acceleration = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ×
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= mass × length × (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)−2
So the dimensions of force are 1 in mass, 1 in length and −2 in time. Thus
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒] = 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2
Similarly, energy has dimensional formula given by
[𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦] = 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2
i.e. energy has dimensions, 1 in mass, 2 in length and −2 in time.
Such an expression for a physical quantity in terms of base quantities is called dimensional formula.
2. DIMENSIONAL EQUATION
Whenever the dimension of a physical quantity is equated with its dimensional formula, we get a dimensional
equation.
3. PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY
According to this principle, we can multiply physical quantities with same or different dimensional formulae at
our convenience, however no such rule applies to addition and substraction, where only like physical quantities
can only be added or subtracted.
E.g. IF 𝑃 + 𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃 & 𝑄 both represent same physical quantity.
Illustration:
1
Calculate the dimensional formula of energy from the equation 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 .
2
Sol. Dimensionally, 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)2 .
1
Since is a number and has no dimension.
2
𝐿 2
Or, [𝐸] = 𝑀 × ( ) = 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 .
𝑇
4. USES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

i. To convert units of a physical quantity from one system of units to another:
It is based on the fact that,
Numerical value × unit = constant
So on changing unit, numerical value will also gets changed. If 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are the numerical values of a given
physical quantity and 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 be the units respectively in two different systems of units, then
𝑀1 𝑎 𝐿1 𝑏 𝑇1 𝑐
𝑛2 = 𝑛1 [ ] [ ] [ ]
𝑚2 𝐿2 𝑇2
Illustration:
A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 𝐽, where 1 𝐽 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 /𝑠 2 . Suppose we employ a
system of units in which the unit of mass equals 𝛼 𝑘𝑔, the unit of length equals 𝛽 metre, the unit of time is 𝛾
second. Show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 𝛼 −1 𝛽−2 𝛾 2 in terms of the new units.
Syn.
Sol. 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑠 −2

𝑆𝐼 New system
𝑛1 = 4.2 𝑛2 =?
𝑀1 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑀2 = 𝛼 𝑘𝑔
𝐿1 = 1 𝑚 𝐿2 = 𝛽 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑇1 = 1 𝑠 𝑇2 = 𝛾 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Dimensional formula of energy is [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ]

Comparing with [𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝑎 𝑇 𝑐 ], we find that 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −2
𝑀1 𝑎 𝐿1 𝑏 𝑇1 𝑐
Now, 𝑛2 = 𝑛1 [ ] [ ] [ ]
𝑀2 𝐿2 𝑇2
1 𝑘𝑔 1 1 𝑚 2 1 𝑠 −2
= 4.2 [ ] [ ] [ ] = 4.2 𝛼 −1 𝛽−2 𝛾 2
𝛼 𝑘𝑔 𝛽 𝑚 𝛾𝑠
ii. To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical relation:

It is based on principle of homogeneity, which states that a given physical relation is dimensionally correct if
the dimensions of the various terms on either side of the relation are the same.
a) Powers are dimensionless
b) sin 𝜃 , 𝑒 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 , log 𝜃 gives dimensionless value and in above expression 𝜃 is dimensionless
c) We can add or subtract quantity having same dimensions.
Illustration:
Let us check the dimensional correctness of the relation 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡.
Here ′𝑢′ represents the initial velocity, ′𝑣 ′ represent the final velocity, ′𝑎′ the uniform acceleration and ′𝑡 ′ the
time.
Dimensional formula of ′𝑢′ is [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 −1 ]
Dimensional formula ′𝑣 ′ is [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 −1 ]
Dimensional formula ′𝑎𝑡 ′ is [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 −2 ][𝑇] = [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 −1 ]
Here dimensions of every term in the given physical relation are the same, hence the given physical relation is
dimensionally correct.
iii. To establish a relation between different physical quantities:

If we know the various factors on which a physical quantity depends, then we can find a relation among
different factors by using principle of homogeneity.
Illustration:
Let us find an expression for the time period 𝑡 of a simple pendulum. The time period 𝑡 may depend upon
a) mass 𝑚 of the bob of the pendulum,
b) length 𝑙 of pendulum,
c) acceleration due to gravity 𝑔 at the place where the pendulum is suspended.
Sol. Let
a) 𝑡 ∝ 𝑚𝑎
b) 𝑡 ∝ ℓ𝑏
c) 𝑡 ∝ 𝑔𝑐
Combining all the three factors, we get
where 𝐾 is a dimensionless constant of proportionality.
Writing down the dimensions on either side of equation (𝑖), we get

[𝑇] = [𝑀𝑎 ][𝐿𝑏 ][𝐿𝑇 −2 ]𝑐 = [𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝑏+𝑐 𝑇 −2𝑐 ]
Comparing dimensions, 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, −2𝐶 = 1
1 1
∴ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑐 = − , 𝑏 =
2 2
ℓ 1/2 ℓ
From equation (i)𝑡 = 𝐾𝑚0 ℓ1/2 𝑔−1/2 or 𝑡 = 𝐾 ( ) = 𝐾√
𝑔 𝑔
5. LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

i. Dimension does not depend on the magnitude. Due to this reason the equation 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 is also
dimensionally correct. Thus, a dimensionally correct equation need not be actually correct.
ii. The numerical constants having no dimensions cannot be deduced by the method of dimensions.
iii. It cannot be used to derive relations with more than one term
This method is applicable only of relation is of product type. It fails in the case of exponential and trigonometric
relations.
6. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS OF SOME PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Quantity 𝑺𝑰 Unit Dimensional Formula

3 −3
Density 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑀𝐿
Force Newton (𝑁) 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2
Work Joule (𝐽)(= 𝑁-𝑚) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2
Energy Joule (𝐽) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2
Power Watt (𝑊)(= 𝐽/𝑠) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −3
Momentum 𝑘𝑔-𝑚/𝑠 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1
Gravitational constant 𝑁-𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔2 𝑀−1 𝐿3 𝑇 −2
Angular velocity radian/𝑠 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −1
Angular acceleration radian/𝑠 2 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −2
Angular momentum 𝑘𝑔-𝑚2 /𝑠 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −1
Moment of inertia 𝑘𝑔-𝑚2 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 0
Torque 𝑁-𝑚 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2
Angular frequency radian/𝑠 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −1
Frequency Hertz (𝐻𝑧) 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −1
Period 𝑠 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇
Surface Tension 𝑁/𝑚 𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 −2
Coefficient of viscosity 𝑁-𝑠/𝑚2 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1
Wavelength 𝑚 𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 0
Intensity of wave 𝑊/𝑚2 𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 −3
Temperature kelvin (𝐾) 𝐾
Specific heat capacity 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔-𝐾) 𝑀0 𝐿2 𝑇 −2 𝐾 −1
Syn.
Stefan’s constant 𝑊/(𝑚2 − 𝐾 4 ) 𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 −2 𝐾 −4

Heat 𝐽 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2
Thermal conductivity 𝑊/(𝑚-𝐾) 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −3 𝐾 −1
Current density 𝐴/𝑚2 𝑀0 𝐿−2 𝑇 0 𝐼
𝑚ℎ𝑜
Electrical conductivity 1/Ω-𝑚 (= ) 𝑀−1 𝐿−3 𝑇 3 𝐼2
𝑚
Electric dipole moment 𝐶-𝑚 𝑀0 𝐿𝑇𝐼
𝑁
Electric field 𝑉/𝑚 (= ) 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −3 𝐼−1
𝐶
𝐽
Potential (voltage) volt (𝑉) (= ) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −3 𝐼−1
𝐶
Electric flux 𝑉-𝑚 𝑀𝐿3 𝑇 −3 𝐼−1
Capacitance farad (𝐹) 𝑀−1 𝐿−2 𝑇 4 𝐼2
Electromotive force Volt (𝑉) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −3 𝐼−1
Resistance 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (Ω) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −3 𝐼−2
𝐹
Permittivity of space 𝐶 2 /𝑁-𝑚2 (= ) 𝑀−1 𝐿−3 𝑇 4 𝐼2
𝑚
Permeability of space 𝑁/𝐴2 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 𝐼−2
𝑊𝑏
Magnetic field Tesla (𝑇) = (= ) 𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 −2 𝐼−1
𝑚2
Magnetic flux Weber (𝑊𝑏) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 𝐼−1
Magnetic dipole moment 𝑁-𝑚/𝑇 𝑀0 𝐿2 𝑇 0 𝐼
Inductance Henry (𝐻) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 𝐼−2
Significant Figures and Errors in Measurement

7. Significant Figures
In the measured value of a physical quantity, the number of digits about the correctness of which we are sure plus
the next doubtful digit, are called the significant figures.
8. Rules for Finding Significant Figures

i. All non-zeros digits are significant figures, e.g., 4362 𝑚 has 𝟒 significant figures.
ii. All zeros occurring between non-zero digits are significant figures, e.g., 1005 has 4 significant figures.
iii. All zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit are not significant, e.g., 6250 has only 𝟑 significant figures.
iv. In a digit less than one, all zeros to the right of the decimal point and to the left of a non-zero digit are not
significant, e.g., 0.00325 has only 𝟑 significant figures.
v. All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit in the decimal part are significant, e.g., 1.4750 has 𝟓 significant digures.
9. Significant Figures in Algebraic Operations

i. In Addition or Subtraction -: In addition or subtraction of the numerical values the final result should retain
the least decimal place as in the various numerical values.
E.g.,
If 11 = 4.326 𝑚 and 12 = 1.50 𝑚

Then, 11 + 12 = (4.326 + 1.50)𝑚 = 8.826 𝑚
As 12 has measured upto two decimal places, therefore
11 + 12 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝑚
ii. In Multiplication or Division :- In multiplication or division of the numerical values, the final result should
retain the least significant figures as the various numerical values. .
E.g.,
If length 1 = 12.5 𝑚 and breadth 𝑏 = 4.125 𝑚.
The, area 𝐴 = 1 × 𝑏 = 12.5 × 4.125 = 51.5625 𝑚2
As 1 has only 3 significant figures, therefore
𝐴 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟔 𝑚2
10. Rules of Rounding off Significant Figures

i. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is left unchanged. E.g., 1.54 is rounded of to
𝟏. 𝟓.
ii. If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one. E.g., 2.48 is rounded off to
𝟐. 𝟓.
iii. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digit other than zero, then the preceding digit is raised by one. E.g.,
3.55 is rounded of to 𝟑. 𝟔.
iv. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit is raised by one, if it is odd and
left unchanged if it is even. E.g., 3.750 is rounded off to 𝟑. 𝟖 and 4.650 is rounded off to 𝟒. 𝟔.
11. ORDER-OF MAGNITUDE CALCULATIONS

If value of physical quantity 𝑃 satisfy
0.5 × 10𝑥
where,𝑃 ≤ 5 × 10𝑥
𝑥 is an integer
𝑥 is called order of magnitude
Illustration:
The diameter of the sun is expressed as 13.9 × 109 𝑚. Find the order of magnitude of the diameter?
Sol. Diameter 13.9 × 109 𝑚
Diameter 1.39 × 1010 𝑚
order of magnitude is 10.
12. ERROR
The lack in accuracy in the measurement due to the limit of accuracy of the instrument or due to any other cause
is called an error.
i. Absolute Error
The difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity is called absolute error.
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are the measured values of any quantity 𝑎 in an experiment performed 𝑛 times, then the
arithmetic mean of these values is called the true value (𝑎𝑚 ) of the quantity.
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑚 =
𝑛
The absolute error in measured values is given by
Δ𝑎1 = 𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎1
Δ𝑎2 = 𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎2
Syn.
Δ𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑛
ii. Mean Absolute Error
The arithmetic mean of the magnitude of absolute errors in all the measurement is called mean absolute error.
Δ𝑎 = |Δ𝑎1 | + |Δ𝑎2 | + ⋯ + |Δ𝑎𝑛 |
𝑛
iii. Relative Error
The ratio of mean absolute error to the true value is called relative error.
Mean absolute error 𝛥𝑎
Relative error = =
Ture value 𝑎𝑚
iv. Percentage Error
The relative error expressed in percentage is called percentage error.
Δ𝑎
Percentage error = × 100 %
𝑎𝑚
13. PROPAGATION OF ERROR

i. Error in Addition or Subtraction : Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 or 𝑥 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
If the measured values of two quantities 𝑎 and 𝑏 are (𝑎 ± Δ𝑎) and (𝑏 ± Δ𝑏), then maximum absolute error in
their addition or subtraction. Δ𝑥 = ±(Δ𝑎 + Δ𝑏)
𝑎
ii. Error in Multiplication or Division : Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 or 𝑥 =
𝑏
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑎 Δ𝑏
If the measured values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are (𝑎 ± Δ𝑎) and (𝑏 ± Δ𝑏), then maximum relative error = ±( + )
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
iii. Error in Raised to a Power : Let 𝑍 = 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝑞 /𝐶 𝑟
Δ𝑍 Δ𝐴 Δ𝐵
If the measured values of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are (𝐴 ± Δ𝐴) and (𝐵 ± ΔB), then maximum error = 𝑝( )+𝑞( )+
𝑍 𝐴 𝐵
Δ𝐶
𝑟( )
𝐶
P1.1 Units and Dimensions

CONCEPTS
1. Various standard system of units for measuring the 7 basic physical quantities.
2. Fundamental and derived units and their relationship.
3. What is a Dimensional Formula?
4. Dimensional analysis along with its applications.
PRE-READING
You may refer to one of the following sources:
Category Book Name Chapter Section
REQUIRED NCERT Class XI 1, 2 1.1-1.5, 2.1-2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10
ADDITIONAL H C Verma Volume I 1 1.3 and 1.4 (Important)
PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. What are the 𝑆𝐼 and 𝐶𝐺𝑆 units of length, mass and time?
Q2. What is the dimension of length, mass, time and speed?
Q3. What is the SI unit used to denote luminous intensity?
Q4. Angular momentum is defined as 𝑀𝑣𝑟 where 𝑀 is the mass, 𝑣 is the speed and 𝑟 is the distance of the body from
a specific point in space. Write the dimensional formula for angular momentum.
Q5. The mass of the earth is 6 × 1024 kg. The average mass of the atoms that make up Earth is 40𝑢 (i.e. atomic mass
units). How many atoms are there in earth (1𝑢 ≈ 1.5 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔)?
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. Find the dimensional formula of the quantities on the left hand side (LHS) of the following expressions:
I. Charge = Current × Time
Straight line distance
II. Velocity =
Time Taken
III. Acceleration = Rate of change of velocity
IV. Momentum = Mass × Velocity
V. Force = Mass × Acceleration
Change in length
VI. Strain =
Original length
Force
VII. Stress =
Area
Also find the SI units of these quantities.
P1.1
Q2. Convert the following units as mentioned

I. 2 decimeters = __________ millimeters
II. 1 angstrom = __________ kilometers
III. 1 𝜇g = __________ 𝑘𝑔
IV. 1 degree = __________ minutes
V. 100 degrees = __________ radians
VI. 1 day = __________ seconds
VII. 2 nanoseconds = __________ milliseconds
VIII. 15 𝑓𝑚 = __________ 𝑛𝑚
1
Q3. Let us consider the equation 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ , where 𝑚 is the mass of the body, 𝑣 is it’s velocity, 𝑔 is the
2
acceleration due to gravity and ℎ is the height. Is the equation dimensionally correct?
Q4. A vehicle is moving with a speed of 80 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. How many meters will it cover in 1 𝑠? (Give answer to the nearest
meter)
Q5. The micrometer (1 𝜇𝑚) is often called as the micron.
I. How many microns make up 500 𝑘𝑚?
II. What is the fraction of a millimeter that equals 0.001 𝜇𝑚 ?
Q6. Suppose your hair grows at the rate of 0.17 inches per day. Find the rate at which it grows in nanometers per
second. (Find answer to the nearest nanometer) (1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 2.54 𝑐𝑚) (2.54 × 1.7 ≈ 4.32)
LEVEL 2
Q7. The SI unit of energy is J (Joule) which is also 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑠 −2 ; that of speed 𝑣 is 𝑚𝑠 −1 and of acceleration 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑠 −2 .
Which of the formulae for kinetic energy (𝐾) given below can you rule out on the basis of dimensional arguments
(𝑚 stands for the mass of the body):
1
A) 𝐾 = 𝑚2 𝑣 3 B) 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 C) 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑎
2
3 1
D) 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 E) 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑎
16 2
Q8. The displacement of a progressive wave is represented by 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡), where 𝑥 is distance and 𝑡 is time.
Write the dimensional formula of (i) 𝐴 (ii) 𝜔 (iii) 𝑘.
𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Q9. The equation of state for a real gas can be expressed as (𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑇 (where 𝑃 is the pressure ( ),
𝑉2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉 the volume, 𝑇 the absolute temperature and 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants. What are the dimensions and units
of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐? Also write their SI units.
Q10. The velocity of a wave in a string is dependent on the tension (Force) in the string (𝑇) and the mass per unit
length of the string 𝜇. Find the expression for velocity of the wave in the string as a function of some power of the
tension and the mass per unit length of the string.
LEVEL 3
Q11. If momentum (𝑃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦), area (𝐴) and time (𝑇) are taken to be fundamental quantities, then kinetic
1
energy = 𝑚𝑣 2 has the dimensional formula
2
A) (𝑃1 𝐴–1 𝑇1 ) B) (𝑃2 𝐴1 𝑇 1 )

1 1
C) (𝑃1 𝐴− 2 𝑇 1 ) D) (𝑃1 𝐴2 𝑇 –1 )
Q12. The angle subtended by an asteroid at the eye of two telescopes is measured to be 3′′ each from two
observatories placed at diametrically opposite ends of the earth (As shown in the figure given below). If the
diameter of earth is 1.3 × 107 𝑚, compute the distance of the asteroid from the earth in 𝐴𝑈 (Calculate to 1
decimal place). ( 60′′ = 1′ and 60′ = 1°)(1 𝐴𝑈 = 1.5 × 1011 𝑚)
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. Fill in the blanks
I. 2 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = __________ 𝜇𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
II. 5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 −2 = __________ 𝑔 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −2
III. 4 𝐽/ 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 = __________ 𝑀𝐽/𝑔 − 𝑚𝐾 (𝑀𝐽 = mega-joule, 𝑚𝐾 = milli-kelvin)
IV. 12 𝑁𝑚/𝑠 = __________ 𝜇𝑁 − 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
V. 2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑚3 = __________ 𝑔/𝑚3
VI. 3𝑚2 = __________ 𝜇𝑚2
Q2. 15 𝑘𝑔 /𝑠 = __________ 𝑔 / 𝑠 = __________ 𝑔 /ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = __________ 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
Q3. 4 𝐿 = __________ c𝑚3 = __________ 𝑚𝑚3
Q4. If one light-year is approximately equal to 9.46 × 1015 m, then express 25 light years in centimeters (up to 3
decimal places).
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Q5. The mass of a solid cube of edge length 5 𝑐𝑚 is 800 𝑔. Determine the density 𝜌 (= ) of the cube in SI units.
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Q6. The sun’s angular diameter as measured from some far off planet is 8 × 10−6 𝑟𝑎𝑑. The diameter of the sun is
1.39 × 109 𝑚. What is the distance of the planet from the sun?
Q7. Surface tension is defined as force exerted per unit length by water surface to the surrounding water and to the
surface it contacts. This is responsible for circular shape of bubble and formation of drops on glass. Surface
tension of water is 72 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚. Convert this quantity in SI units. (1 dyne = 1 𝑔– 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Q8. The electric field (𝐸) due to a charge is defined as force (𝐹) divided by the magnitude of charge (𝑞). What is the
dimensional formula of electric field? (𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
Q9. What is the dimensional formula of electric potential (𝑉) due to a charge 𝑞, if 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑟. Where 𝐸 is the electric
field and 𝑟 has a unit of distance. (For dimension of 𝐸, refer question above).
Q10. The radius (𝑟) of a circle inscribed in any triangle whose side lengths are 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is given by the formulae 𝑟 =
1
(𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐) 2 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
[ ] where 𝑠 is an abbreviation for semi-perimeter, 𝑠 =
𝑠 2
Check the formula of radius on the circle for dimensional consistency.
P1.1
LEVEL 2
Q11. The formulae for electric field and electric flux (along with the symbols in brackets) are as given here.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝐹)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑(𝐸) = and 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥(𝜙) = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸) × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) . Find the dimensions of
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒(𝑄)
Electric flux.
1
Q12. The energy density (𝑢) of the electrostatic field is given by 𝑢 = 𝜖0 𝐸 2 , where 𝐸 is the electric field and the value
2
of 𝜖0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐴2 𝑠 4 𝑘𝑔−1 𝑚−3 , find the dimensions of 𝑢.
𝑏
Q13. The displacement of a particle is given by 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡 + where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, and 𝑡 is the time. What are
𝑡2
the dimensions of 𝑎 and 𝑏?
Q14. The speed (𝑣) of ripples on the surface of water depends only upon the surface tension (𝜎 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒⁄𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ),
Density(𝜌) = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 and wavelength (𝜆). The speed 𝑣 is proportional to which of the following; (the
units of surface tension are 𝑁/𝑚).
𝜎 𝜆 D) 𝜌𝜆𝜎
A) √ B) √
𝜌 C)
𝜌𝜆 𝜌𝜎
𝜎𝜆
𝐺𝑀𝑚
Q15. Newton’s law of universal gravitation is represented by 𝐹 =
𝑟2
Where 𝐹 is the gravitational force, 𝑀 and 𝑚 are masses, and 𝑟 is the distance between the masses. Force has the
SI units 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 2 . What is the SI unit of the gravitational constant 𝐺?
LEVEL 3
𝑎
Q16. The velocity (speed) of a particle is given by 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑏𝑡 2 + where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants and 𝑡 is the time. What
𝑡
is the dimension of 𝑏?
Q17. If the centripetal force (𝐹) is of the form 𝑚𝑎 𝑣 𝑏 𝑟 𝑐 , find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and .
Q18. The heat produced in a wire carrying an electric current depends on the current, the resistance and the time.
Derive an equation relating the quantities using dimensional analysis. The dimensional formula of resistance is
[𝑀𝐿2 𝐼−2 𝑇 −3 ] and it is given that heat is a form of energy.
Q19. When a solid sphere moves through a liquid, the liquid opposes the motion with a force 𝐹. The magnitude of 𝐹
depends on the coefficient of viscosity 𝜂 of the liquid, the radius 𝑟 of the sphere and the speed 𝑣 of the sphere.
Assuming that 𝐹 is proportional to different powers of these quantities, derive a formula for 𝐹 using the method
of dimensions. {Given: Dimension of coefficient of viscosity is [𝑀1 𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]}.
Q20. Einstein discovered an important relation in his theory of relativity. However, when he wrote the relation, he
forgot to put the constant c, the speed of light in the equation. What are the possible places the constant could be
inserted in the equation?
1
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜 (1 − 𝑣 2 )2
In the above equation, 𝑙 is the new length, 𝑙𝑜 is the original length and 𝑣 is the velocity of the body.
P1.2 Significant Figures and Error Analysis

CONCEPTS
1. Significant digits and rounding off and its application in arithmetic operations.
2. Different types of errors in measurement of physical quantities.
3. Errors and the terms associated with it (accuracy and precision).
4. Computation of the maximum error resulting from a combination of one or more physical quantities in
mathematical operations.
PRE-READING
You may refer to one of the following sources:
REQUIRED NCERT Class 11 2 2.6 , 2.7
ADDITIONAL HC Verma Part 1 (Class 11) 2 2.12,-2.14
Q1. Round off 126.3 to the nearest integer
Q2. Round off 12.92 to the nearest integer
Q3. The scale used to measure the length of a football ground has a misprint on it. What type of error is this?
Q4. A voltmeter is a device used to measure the voltage across a circuit. A voltmeter used in one of the experiments
shows an unpredictable fluctuation. What type of error are we encountering in this case?
Q5. It is possible to measure the exact length of the table.(T/F)
Q6. If the length of a table is 2 𝑚 and the measurements came to be 2.05, 2.03, 2.02, 1.98 𝑚 then what is the average
error in the measurement?
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. The values of length of a rod in an experiment were measured to be2.48 𝑚, 2.46 𝑚, 2.49 𝑚, 2.50 𝑚 and 2.48 m.
Find the average length, average absolute error, relative error and percentage error. Express the result with an
error limit.
Q2. Round off the following numbers to 4 significant figures
I. 55.324 II. 11.125 III. 29.835
Q3. If the error in measuring a quantity 𝑋 is 2%, compute the percentage error in
I. 𝑋2 II. 𝑋 5
1
III. IV. √𝑋
𝑋
P1.2
Q4. 5.74 𝑔 of a substance occupies1.2 𝑐𝑚3 . Calculate its density=mass/volume to the correct number of significant
digits.
LEVEL 2
Q5. Listed below are a few physical quantities that depend on three fundamental quantities A, B and C in different
ways. The percentage errors in measuring A,B and C are respectively 1%, 3% and 4% respectively. Find the
percentage error in the resultant quantities
Quantity Percent Error in the quantity
1
𝐴3𝐵
I. 𝑊=
𝐶3
II. 𝑋 = √𝐴𝐵𝐶
Q6. If displacement of a body is given by 𝑠 = (200 ± 5) 𝑚 and the time taken by it is given by 𝑡 = (20 ± 0.2) seconds,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
then find the percentage error in the calculation of average velocity ( ).
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q7. Indicate the type of systematic error likely to occur in each of the following situations:
Situation Type of Error

I. The markings of the spring balance between 50 –
55 N have been erased due to corrosion
II. Out of habit, you always look at the nearest reading
to the right instead of looking at the nearest reading
to the left.
III. While measuring an angle using a protractor the
angle’s vertex is not made to coincide with the
central point of the protractor
IV. Both your eyes do not perceive the same image of
the scale reading due to an eye defect.
V. An instrument for measuring the acceleration due
to gravity consistently shows 𝑔 = 10.1 𝑚/𝑠 2
VI. You do not stand at the center of a weighing
machine when you try to record your weight.
LEVEL 3
1
Q8. Displacement of a particle is given by; 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 , where 𝑢 is velocity 𝑎 is acceleration, 𝑡 is defined as time
2
taken for motion. The value of the quantities are measured as 𝑢 = 5.0 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑡 = 10.0 𝑠 and 𝑎 = 2.0 𝑚/𝑠 2 . In an
experiment the error in measuring velocity, time and acceleration was 2%, 4% and 2% respectively. Find the
value of 𝑠 and percentage error in calculation of displacement(𝑠) to the correct number of significant digits.
TO REVISE THE CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS LEARNT IN THE CHAPTER, KINDLY SOLVE THE
CROSSWORD BELOW
HINTS
ACROSS
1. I am represented by metre in SI units. How am I represented in FPS system of units?(4)
5. I am a basic property of matter I am independent of temperature, pressure or location of object in space.(4)
6. I define the repeatability of a measuring instrument. Accuracy and me are siblings.(9)
7. I am a derived quantity. I can be added to weight. How many physical dimensions are present in my dimensional
formulae?(5)
8. I am a type of error which can only be reduced by changing the measuring instrument.(5,5)
9. I am entirely dependent on relative error. Multiply it by 100 and I arrive.(10,5)
DOWN
2. I am unitless. I am not a part of the 7 fundamental quantities but stand independent identity. I am respresented by
the symbol Sr(9)
3. I am a device which can measure lengths upto 3 places after the decimal. Who am I?(5,5)
4. I am a method developed by scientists to measure astronomical distances. Recognise me?(8)
10. I am the clock in which any time interval is measured based upon periodic vibrations produced in a Caesium
atom(6)
P1.2
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. If the mass of a car is denoted as (200 ± 5) 𝑘𝑔 then:
I. What is the absolute error in measuring the car’s mass?
II. What are the relative and percentage errors in measuring the car’s mass?
Q2. Find the number of significant digits in the following
I. 0.0029 II. 1.9 × 106 III. 12.900 IV. 12900
Q3. The masses of two objects are 20 ± 2 𝑘𝑔 and 10 ± 4 𝑘𝑔 respectively. Compute error and the value of
I. The total mass of the two objects
II. The difference between the masses of the two objects
Q4. The error in measuring a quantity 𝐴 is 5% , quantity 𝐵 is 2% . Compute the maximum possible error in
measuring:
I. 𝐴𝐵 II. 𝐴/𝐵
Q5. Identify the more accurate instrument in each of the following cases (Assume that the error is only due to the
instrument) :
Actual measurement Measurement by instrument 1 Measurement by instrument 𝟐 Which is more

accurate?
15 𝑐𝑚 14.36 𝑐𝑚 15.28 𝑐𝑚
100 𝑘𝑔 102 𝑘𝑔 101 𝑘𝑔
18.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 18.65 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 17.99 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Q6. Identify the instrument with greater precision in each of the following cases:
Instrument 1 Precision Instrument 2 Precision Which is more

precise?
A 50 𝑐𝑚 scale with 100 small A 100 𝑐𝑚 scale with 50 small
divisions divisions
A weighing machine which A weighing machine which
can measure upto a milligram can measure upto a centigram
Q7. For each of the following readings presented in the table given below, compute the absolute error in the reading,
the relative error in the reading and the percentage error.
True Value of Your observation Absolute error Relative error Percentage

measurement error
15 𝑐𝑚 14.6 𝑐𝑚
20 𝐽 22 𝐽
3000 𝑁 3050 𝑁
I. Is the reading with the maximum absolute error (magnitude wise) also the one with the maximum relative
error?
II. Will this always be the case?
Q8. Find the number of significant digits in

I. 0.2620 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 II. 2.031 𝑁/𝑚2 III. 0.0007083 𝑚
IV. 9.56 × 1026 𝑘𝑔 V. 55.40 𝐽
Q9. Round off each of the following numbers to 4 significant figures.
I. 14.645 II. 16.324 III. 10.335
Q10. Round off the following numbers to 3 significant figures
I. 7.230 II. 9.283 III. 16.24
Q11. Each side of a cube is 7.203 𝑚 in length. Compute the total surface area and the volume of the cube to appropriate
significant figures. (7.2032 = 51.883209, 7.2033 = 373.714754427 )
Q12. Which one of the following instruments to measure length is the most precise?
A) A Vernier caliper with 20 divisions on the sliding scale of length 2 𝑐𝑚.
B) A screw gauge of pitch 1 𝑚𝑚 and 100 divisions on the circular scale.
C) An optical instrument that can measure length upto 700 𝑛𝑚(wavelength of light).
Q13. Consider the following measurements of length by 5 different instruments and compute the absolute, relative
and percent error for each.
Actual Measurement Your observation Absolute error Relative error Percent error
15 𝑐𝑚 14. 6 𝑐𝑚
200 𝑐𝑚 215 𝑐𝑚
1000 𝑐𝑚 990 𝑐𝑚
5𝑚 4.8 𝑚
200 𝑚 201 𝑚
I. Which is the reading with the least absolute error?

II. Which is the reading with the least relative error?
Q14. Consider a standard measuring 15 𝑐𝑚 ruler that all of you use.
I. What is the least count if you use the centimeter side to measure length?
II. What is the least count if you use the inch side (in 𝑚𝑚)? ( 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 2.54 𝑐𝑚)
III. Which side is more precise for length measurements?
Q15. Shown below is some information on the measurement of a 10 𝑐𝑚 long rod using 3 different instruments.
Instrument Reading
1 meter scale with 1000 small divisions 10.1 𝑐𝑚
Vernier Caliper with least count 0.05 𝑚𝑚 10.15 𝑐𝑚
A laser scale capable of measuring lengths as low as 1 𝑛𝑚 10.2 𝑐𝑚
I. Which is the most precise instrument? II. Which is the most accurate instrument?
P1.2
Q16. State the number of significant figures in

I. 77.01 𝑁/𝑚2 II. 0.0007095 𝑚
III. 4.34000 𝐽 IV. 0.000708300 𝑚
V. 0.390200 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 VI. 0.04 𝑚3
VII. 0.019 𝑚3 VIII. 0.9720 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
IX. 3.034 𝑁/𝑚2 X. 6.79 × 1029 𝑘𝑔
XI. 0.001320 XII. 1.2233500
Q17. The sides of a rectangle are (10.5 ± 0.2) 𝑐𝑚 and (5.2 ± 0.1) 𝑐𝑚. Calculate its perimeter with error limits.
Q18. The measured values of the resistances of two resistors are (8 ± 0.3) 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and (24 ± 0.5) 𝑜ℎ𝑚. The two resistors
are connected in series such that 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 . Find the resistance of the combination. Also find the maximum
percentage error.
Q19. If the errors in measurement of mass and velocity of a body are found to be 3% and 2% respectively then what
1
will be maximum possible error in calculation of kinetic energy? (Kinetic energy is given as K.E.= 𝑚𝑣 2 ).
2
LEVEL 2
Q20. Two quantities 𝑋 and 𝑌 are combined in various ways to result in new quantities.
𝑋 = (50 ± 2) units
𝑌 = (100 ± 4) units
Quantity Mean Value Error Value with Error Relative Error
1. 𝑋 + 2𝑌
2. 𝑋/𝑌
3. 𝑋𝑌
4. 3𝑋 – 2𝑌
5. 2𝑋𝑌
6. 4𝑋/𝑌
𝑎3 𝑏2
Q21. A physical quantity 𝑃 is related to four observables 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 as 𝑃 = . The percentage errors of
√𝑐𝑑
measurement in 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2%, respectively. What is the percentage error in the quantity
𝑃?
Q22. The coefficient of viscosity (𝜂) of a liquid determined by the method of flow through a capillary tube is given by
𝜋𝑅 4 𝑃
the formula 𝜂 = where 𝑅 = radius of the capillary tube, 𝑙 = length of the tube, 𝑃 = pressure difference
8𝑙𝑄
between its ends and 𝑄 = volume of liquid flowing per second. Which measurement needs to be made most
accurately and why?
Q23. The potential difference across a wire is measured with a voltmeter having a least count of 0.2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 and the
current in the wire is measured with an ammeter having a least count of 0.1 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒. The following readings
were obtained.
Voltmeter reading (𝑉) = 6.4 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
Ammeter reading (𝐼) = 2.0 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
Find the value of the resistance of the wire with maximum error. Also find the maximum percentage error. Given
𝑉
that resistance 𝑅 = .
𝐼
Q24. In an experiment for determining the density (𝜌) of a rectangular block of a metal, the dimensions of the block
are measured with calipers having a least count of 0.01 𝑐𝑚 and its mass is measured with the beam balance of
least count 0.1𝑔. The measured values are: Mass of block(𝑚) = 40.0𝑔; Length of block(𝑥) = 4.0 𝑐𝑚; Breadth of
block (𝑦) = 2.50 𝑐𝑚 and Thickness of the block(𝑧) = 0.40 𝑐𝑚 . Find the maximum permissible error in the
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
determination of (𝜌). (𝜌 = )
Q25. Listed below are some physical quantities that depend on three fundamental quantities 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in different
ways. The percent errors in measuring 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are respectively 1%, 3% and 4% respectively.
Quantity Percent Error in the quantity
I. 𝑄 = 𝐴𝐵/𝐶
II. 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐵𝐶
III. 𝑈 = 𝐴2 𝐵3 𝐶
Q26. The percentage errors in the measurement of the length of a simple pendulum and its time period are 2% and
3% respectively. What is the maximum error in the value of the acceleration due to gravity? (Time period is given
𝑙
by 𝑡 = 2𝜋√ )
𝑔
4𝜋2 𝐿
Q27. A student measures the value of 𝑔 with the help of a simple pendulum using the formula 𝑔 = . The errors in
𝑇2
the measurement of 𝐿 and 𝑇 are Δ𝐿 and Δ𝑇 respectively. Then in which of the following cases is the error in the
value of 𝑔 minimum? (Given 𝐿 = 100 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑇 = 100 𝑠)
A) Δ𝐿 = 0.5𝑐𝑚 , Δ𝑇 = 0.5𝑠 B) Δ𝐿 = 0.2𝑐𝑚 , Δ𝑇 = 0.2𝑠
C) Δ𝐿 = 0.1𝑐𝑚 , Δ𝑇 = 1.0𝑠 D) Δ𝐿 = 0.1 𝑐𝑚 , Δ𝑇 = 0.1 𝑠
P1.2
Test Practice Problems

Purpose: To practice a mixed bag of questions in a speed based format similar to what you will face in entrance
examinations. In most entrance examinations, you will get not more than 3 minutes to attempt a question. Hence,
you need to be able to attempt a question in less than 3 minutes, and at the end of 3 minutes skip the question and
move to the next one.
Approach:
 Attempt the Test Practice Problems only when you have the stipulated time available at a stretch.
 Start a timer and attempt the section as a test.
 DO NOT look at the answer key / solutions after each question.
 DO NOT guess a question if you do not know it. Competitive examinations have negative marking.
 Solve as much as possible within the stipulated time, and then fill the OMR provided at the end of the TPP.
 Fill the table at the end of the TPP and evaluate the number of attempts, and accuracy of attempts, which will
help you evaluate your preparedness level for the chapter.
TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS – 1

No. of questions: 25 Total time: 75 mins Time per question: 3 mins
Q1. Verify whether each of the following is a correct statement

𝑚𝑔
I. Time Period; 𝑇 = (where 𝑚 is mass, 𝑔 is acceleration due to gravity, 𝐿 is the length) is dimensionally
𝐿2
correct.
1
II. Displacement 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 (where 𝑢 = initial speed or velocity, 𝑡 = time, and 𝑎 = acceleration) is
2
dimensionally accurate
III. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 (where 𝑢 = initial speed or velocity, 𝑣 = final speed or velocity, 𝑎 = acceleration, 𝑠 =
displacement) is dimensionally incorrect
IV. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 (where 𝑣 = final speed or velocity, 𝑢 = initial speed or velocity, 𝑎 = acceleration, 𝑡 = time) is
dimensionally correct
A) FTFT B) FTTT
C) TTTT D) TTFT
Q2. In the expression 𝑋 = 3𝑌𝑍 2 , 𝑋 and 𝑍 have dimensions of capacitance [𝑀−1 𝐿−2 𝑇 2 𝑄 2 ] and magnetic
induction [𝑀𝑇 −1 𝑄 −1 ] respectively. What is the dimension of 𝑌?
A) [𝑀−3 𝐿−1 𝑇 3 𝑄4 ] B) [𝑀−3 𝐿−2 𝑇 4 𝑄4 ]
C) [𝑀−2 𝐿−2 𝑇 4 𝑄4 ] D) [𝑀−3 𝐿−3 𝑇 4 𝑄]
Q3. A cube has a side of length 1.2 × 10−2 𝑚. Calculate its volume
A) 2 × 10−6 𝑚3 B) 1.73 × 10−6 𝑚3
C) 1.7 × 10−6 𝑚3 D) 1.728 × 10−6 𝑚3
Q4. A cylindrical wire has mass (0.300 ± 0.003)𝑔, radius (0.500 ± 0.005) 𝑚𝑚 and length (6.00 ± 0.06) 𝑐𝑚 . The
maximum percentage error in the measurement of its density is
A) 1% B) 2%
C) 3% D) 4%
Q5. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1𝑚 length to determine 𝑔, the acceleration due to gravity. He uses
a stop watch with the least count of 1 𝑠 for this and records 40 𝑠 for 20 oscillations, for this observation which of
the following statements is/are true
A) Error ∆𝑇 is measuring 𝑇, the time period, is 0.1𝑠
B) Error ∆𝑇 is measuring 𝑇, the time period, is 1𝑠
C) Percentage error in the determination of 𝑔 is 5%
D) Percentage error in the determination of 𝑔 is 2.5%
Q6. A gas bubble, from an explosion under water oscillates with a period 𝑇 proportional to 𝑝𝑎 𝑑 𝑏 𝐸 𝑐 , where 𝑝 is the
static pressure, 𝑑 is the density of water and 𝐸 is the total energy of the explosion. What would the expression
for time period be proportional to?
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
(𝑝 = , 𝑑= , 𝐸 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
5 5 5 5
3 3
B) √𝑑 √𝐸 𝑝− 6 D) √𝐸 √𝑑 𝑝− 6
2 3 2 3 2 2
A) √𝑑 √𝐸 𝑝 6 C) √𝐸 √𝑑 𝑝6
Q7. The 𝑆𝐼 and 𝐶𝐺𝑆 units of energy are joule and erg respectively. How many ergs are equal to one joule?
A) 103 B) 10−3 C) 107 D) 10−7
Q8. Young’s modulus of steel is 19 × 1010 𝑁/𝑚2 . Express it in 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚2 . Here dyne is the CGS unit of force
A) 19 × 1010 B) 19 × 1017 C) 19 × 1011 D) 19 × 103
Q9. If velocity([𝑉]), time ([𝑇]) and force ([𝐹]) were chosen as basic quantities then find the dimension of mass
A) 𝐹𝑇𝑉 −2 B) 𝐹𝑇𝑉 C) 𝐹𝑇 2 𝑉 −2 D) 𝐹𝑇𝑉 −1
Q10. When a solid sphere moves through a liquid, the liquid opposes the motion with a force 𝐹; the magnitude of 𝐹
depends on the coefficient of viscosity 𝜂 of the liquid, the radius 𝑟 of the sphere and speed 𝑣 of the sphere.
Assuming that 𝐹 is proportional to different powers of these quantities, deduce the formula for 𝐹 using the
method of dimensions
A) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝜂𝑟 2 𝑣 B) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝜂𝑟𝑣 2 C) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝜂 2 𝑟𝑣 D) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝜂𝑟𝑣
Q11. The time period of oscillations of a block attached to a spring, undergoing simple harmonic motion is dependent
on the mass of the block ( 𝑚 ) and the spring constant (𝑘 ). Assuming that the time period of the block is
proportional to some power of mass (𝑚) and the spring constant (𝑘), find the expression for the time period of
the block using dimensional analysis. It is given that the dimension of the spring constant is [𝑀1 𝐿0 𝑇 −2 ]
𝑚 √𝑚
A) 𝑇 = √ B) 𝑇 =
𝑘 𝑘
𝑚 𝑘
C) 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡√ D) 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 √
𝑘 𝑚
Q12. If velocity (𝑉), force (𝐹) and energy (𝐸) are taken as fundamental units, then the dimensional formula for mass
will be
A) 𝑉 −2 𝐹 0 𝐸1 B) 𝑉 0 𝐹1 𝐸 2 C) 𝑉 1 𝐹 −2 𝐸 0 D) 𝑉 −2 𝐹 0 𝐸 2
Q13. Time period 𝑇 of a simple pendulum may depend on 𝑚, the mass of the bob, 𝑙, the length of the string and 𝑔, the
acceleration due to gravity, i.e. 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏 𝑔𝑐 . What are the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐?
1 1 1 1
A) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = and 𝑐 = − B) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = and 𝑐 =
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
C) 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = and 𝑐 = − D) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = − and 𝑐 = −
2 2 2 2 2
T.P.P.
Q14. If the time period of oscillation t of a drop of liquid of density 𝑑, radius 𝑟, vibrating under surface tension 𝑠 is
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
given by the formula 𝑡 = √𝑑 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 𝑠 𝑐 and 𝑎 = 1, 𝑐 = −1 then what is the value of 𝑏?(𝑑 = , [𝑠] = [𝑀𝑇 −2 ])
A) 1 B) 3/2 C) 3 D) 2
Q15. An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the earth and the sun, approximately measured to
be 1.5 × 108 𝑘𝑚 . If the speed of light is a constant 3.0 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 calculate the speed of light in terms of
astronomical units per minute.
A) 0.002 B) 0.12 C) 0.2 D) 1.2
Q16. If the error in the measurement of the volume of a sphere is 6% then the error in the measurement of its surface
area is
A) 2% B) 3% C) 4% D) 6%
Q17. If the centripetal force is of the form 𝑚𝑎 𝑣 𝑏 𝑟 𝑐 then find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏,and 𝑐
A) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −2 B) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1
C) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −1 D) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −2
Q18. The height of the building is 50 𝑓𝑡. the same in millimetre is
A) 560 𝑚𝑚 B) 285 𝑚𝑚 C) 1786.8 𝑚𝑚 D) 1524 𝑚𝑚
Q19. The name of the nearest star is proxima centauri. The distance of this star from Earth is 4 × 1016 𝑚. Find the
distance of this star from Earth in mile
A) 3.5 × 1013 mile B) 2.5 × 1013 mile
C) 5.3 × 1013 mile D) 1.5 × 1013 mile
Q20. The radius of hydrogen atom in ground state is 5 × 10−11 𝑚. Find the radius of hydrogen atom in fermimetre.
(1 𝑓𝑚 = 10−15 𝑚)
A) 5 × 104 𝑓𝑚 B) 2 × 104 𝑓𝑚 C) 5 × 102 𝑓𝑚 D) 5 × 106 𝑓𝑚
Q21. One nautical mile is 6080 𝑓𝑡. The same in kilometre is
A) 0.9 𝑘𝑚 B) 0.8 𝑘𝑚
C) 1.85 𝑘𝑚 D) None of these
Q22. The area of a room is 10 𝑚2 . The same in 𝑓𝑡 2 is
A) 107.6 feet2 B) 77 feet2
C) 77.6 feet2 D) None of these
Q23. The density of iron is 7.87 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . If the atoms are spherical and closely packed. The mass of iron atom is 9.27 ×
10−26 𝑘𝑔. What is the volume of an iron atom
A) 1.18 × 10−29 𝑚3 B) 2.63 × 10−29 𝑚3
C) 1.73 × 10−28 𝑚3 D) 0.53 × 10−29 𝑚3
𝑎 sin 𝜃+𝑏 cos 𝜃
Q24. If 𝑥 = , then
𝑎+𝑏
A) the dimensions of 𝑥 and 𝑎 are same B) the dimensions of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are not same
C) 𝑥 is dimensionless D) none of the above
Q25. The unit of intensity of a wav is /𝑚2 ? What are dimensions of intensity of wave?
A) [𝑀 𝑇 −3 ] B) [𝐴 𝑀1 𝐿0 𝑇 −2 ]
C) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 ] D) None of these

2𝜋
Q26. The optical path difference is defined as ∆𝑥 = . What are dimensions of optical path difference?
𝜆
A) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 0 ] B) [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 0 ] C) [𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 1 ] D) [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇]

Q27. The dimensions of wavelength is
A) [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 ] B) [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 0 ]
C) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 0 ] D) None of these
Q28. The dimensions of frequency is
A) [𝑇 −1 ] B) [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇]
C) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 ] D) None of these
1
Q29. The power of lens is 𝑃 = , where ′𝑓′ is focal length of the lens. The dimensions of power of lens is
𝑓′
A) [𝐿𝑇 −2 ] B) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]

C) [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 0 ] D) None of these
Q30. The radius of nucleus is 𝑟 = 𝑟0 𝐴1/3 , where 𝐴 is mass number. The dimensions of 𝑟0 is
A) [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ] B) [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −1 ]
C) [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 0 ] D) None of these
Q31. If energy of photon is 𝐸 ∝ ℎ𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝜆𝑑
Here, ℎ = Planck’s constant
𝑐 = speed of light
𝜆 = wavelength of photon
Then the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑑 are
A) 1,1,1 B) 1, −1,1
C) 1,1, −1 D) None of these
Q32. One horse power is equal to
A) 746 watt B) 756 watt C) 736 watt D) 766 watt
Q33. If 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑐 2
Where, 𝑚 = mass of the body
Which of the following options is most likely to be 𝑉
A) Energy B) Power C) Momentum D) Velocity
Q34. One calorie of heat is equivalent to 4.2 𝐽. One BTU (British thermal unit) is equivalent to 1055 𝐽. The value of one
𝐵𝑇𝑈 in calorie is
A) 251.2 cal B) 200 cal
C) 263 cal D) None of these
𝐽
Q35. The value of universal gas constant is 𝑅 = 8.3 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙. Find the value of 𝑅 in 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 −
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
A) 8.12 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝐾 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 B) 0.00812 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝐾 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙
C) 81.2 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝐾 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 D) 0.0812 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 / 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙
T.P.P.
Q36. Refer the data from above question, find the value of 𝑅 in calorie per °𝐶 per mol
A) 2 cal/mol °𝐶 B) 4 cal/mol °𝐶
C) 6 cal/mol °𝐶 D) 8.21 cal/mol °𝐶
Q37. Electron volt is the unit or energy (1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽) In 𝐻-atom, the binding energy of electron in first orbit
is 13.6 𝑒𝑉. The same in joule (𝐽) is
A) 10 × 10−19 𝐽 B) 21.76 × 10−19 𝐽
C) 13.6 × 10−19 𝐽 D) None of these
Q38. 1 𝑚𝑚 of 𝐻𝑔 pressure is equivalent to one torr and one torr is equivalent to 133.3 𝑁/𝑚2 . The atmosphere
pressure in 𝑚𝑚 of 𝐻𝑔 pressure is
A) 70 𝑚𝑚 B) 760 𝑚𝑚
C) 3.76 𝑚𝑚 D) None of these
Q39. One bar is equivalent to 105 𝑁/𝑚2 . The atmosphere pressure is 1.013 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2 . The same in bar is
A) 1.88 bar B) 1.013 bar
C) 2.013 bar D) None of these
Q40. 1 revolution is equivalent to 360°. The value of 1 revolution per minute is
A) 2 𝜋 rad/s B) 0.1047 rad/s
C) 3.14 rad/s D) None of these
Q41. If 𝑣 = velocity of a body
𝑣
Then the dimension of is
𝑐
0 0 0
A) 𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 B) 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1
C) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 D) None of these
Q42. The expression for centripetal force depends upon mass of body, speed of the body and the radius of circular
path. Find the expression for centripetal force
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚2 𝑟 2
A) 𝐹 = B) 𝐹 = C) 𝐹 = D) 𝐹 =
2𝑟 3 𝑟 𝑟2 2𝑟
Q43. The maximum static friction on a body is 𝐹 = 𝜇𝑁.

Here, 𝑁 = normal reaction force on the body 𝜇 = coefficient of static friction
The dimensions of 𝜇 is
A) 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 B) 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 𝜃 −1
C) dimensionless D) None of these
DATA Guide
A # of questions Total problems in TPP
B # Attempts Total attempts in OMR
C # Correct Total questions correct
D # Incorrect Out of the ones marked in OMR
E # Unattempted 𝐴 − 𝐵
ANALYSIS
𝐵
F Percentage attempts × 100
𝐴
𝐶
G Percentage Accuracy × 100
𝐵
Question type # Correct (C) # Incorrect (I) # Unattempted (U)
Easy
Medium
Hard
Tip: To begin with, your accuracy must be high, typically > 60%. Percentage attempts should be > 50%
As time progresses, your percentage attempts should increase without a reduction in accuracy.
Additionally, you should be able to get > 80% Easy questions correct, as they involve basic recall of the concepts and
formulae of the chapter.
T.P.P.
Answer Key
PRE-TEST Q4. I. 50% increase
II. 25% decrease
Q1. 5 × 10−6
Q5. 7.5 × 10−9
Q2. I. 1.25
II. 0.80 Q6. 6 × 104
III. 3.33 Q7. 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 10
Q3. 10 13
Q8. 𝐴2
P1.1 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

PRE-READING EXERCISE 50𝑛𝑚
Q6.
𝑠
Q1. SI: meter, kilogram, second, CGS: centimeter,
gram, second LEVEL 2
Q2. Length= [𝐿], Mass= [𝑀], Time=[𝑇], Q7. A, C, E
Speed = [𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 ]
Q8. I. [𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 0 ]
Q3. Candela II. [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −1 ]
Q4. [𝑀1 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 ] III. [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 0 ]
Q5. 1050 Q9. 𝑎 = [𝑀1 𝐿5 𝑇 −2 ];𝑘𝑔𝑚5 𝑠 −2
𝑏 = [𝑀0 𝐿3 𝑇 0 ];𝑚3
IN CLASS EXERCISE 𝑐 = [𝑀1 𝐿2 𝑇 −2 𝐾 −1 ]; 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −2 𝐾 −1
𝑇
LEVEL 1 Q10. 𝑣 = 𝑘√
𝜇
Q1. I. [ 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 1 𝐼1 ], 𝐴 − 𝑠 (Also called Coulomb)
II. [𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 ], 𝑚/𝑠
LEVEL 3
III. [𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −2 ], 𝑚/𝑠 2
IV. [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 ], 𝐾𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 Q11. D
V. [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 −2 ], 𝐾𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 2 (Also called Newton) Q12. 3.0𝐴𝑈
VI. [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 ], Unitless
𝑘𝑔
VII. [𝑀1 𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 ], , 𝑁/𝑚2 (Also called Pascal) HOMEWORK
𝑚𝑠 2
Q2. I. 200 LEVEL 1

II. 10−13
Q1. I. 2 × 109
III. 10−9
II. 5 × 105
IV. 60
5𝜋
III. 4 × 10−12
V. IV. 7.20 × 1010
9
VI. 86400 V. 2 × 1012
VII. 2 × 10−6 VI. 3 × 1012
VIII. 1.5 × 10−5 Q2. 15000 𝑔/𝑠 , 5.4 × 107 g /hour , 54000 kg / hour
Q3. Yes
Q3. 4000 𝑐𝑚3 , 4 × 106 𝑚𝑚3
Q4. 22𝑚
Q4. 2.365 × 1019 𝑐𝑚
11
Q5. I. 5 × 10
Q5. 6400 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
II. 10−6
Q6. 1.7375 × 1014 𝑚
Q7. 72 × 10−3 𝑁/𝑚 Q14. A

Q8. [𝑀1 1 −1 −3 ]
𝐿𝐼 𝑇 𝑚3
Q15.
𝑘𝑔𝑠 2
Q9. [𝑀1 𝐿2 𝐼−1 𝑇 −3 ]
Q10. It is dimensionally Consistent LEVEL 3
Q16. [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 −3 ]
LEVEL 2
Q17. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2 and 𝑐 = −1
Q11. [𝑀1 𝐿3 𝐼−1 𝑇 −3 ]
Q18. ℎ =constant× 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡
Q12. [𝑀1 𝐿−1 𝐼0 𝑇 −2 ]
Q19. 𝐹 =Constant× 𝜂𝑟𝑣
Q13. [𝑎] = [𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 ], [𝑏] = [𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 2 ]
Q20. 𝑐 2 as divisor of 𝑣 2
P1.2 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND ERROR ANALYSIS

PRE-READING EXERCISES III. Experimental
IV. Personal
Q1. 126
V. Instrumental
Q2. 13 VI. Personal
Q3. Instrumental Error
Q4. Random Error LEVEL 3
Q5. False Q8. 1.5 × 102 𝑚, 9%
Q6. 0.02
CROSSWORD
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. 𝐿𝑎𝑣 = 2.48 𝑚, ∆𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 0.01 𝑚,
∆𝐿𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 0.004, ∆𝐿𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.4 %,
𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 2.48 ± 0.01 𝑚
Q2. I. 55.32
II. 11.12
III. 29.84
Q3. I. 4%
II. 10%
III. 2%
IV. 1%
Q4. 4.8 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
LEVEL 2
Q5. I. Percentage Error in 𝑊 = 15.33 % HOMEWORK
II. Percentage Error in 𝑋 = 4%
LEVEL 1
Q6. 3.5 %
Q1. I. 5𝑘𝑔
Q7. I. Instrumental
II. 0.025 and 2.5% respectively
II. Personal
Ans.
Q2. I. 2 Q12. (C) optical instrument

II. 2 Q13. Absolute error Relative error Percent error
III. 5
0.4 𝑐𝑚 0.02 2%
IV. 3
15 𝑐𝑚 0.075 7.5 %
Q3. I. 30 ± 6 𝑘𝑔
II. 10 ± 6 𝑘𝑔 10 𝑐𝑚 0.01 1.0 %
0.2 𝑚 0.04 4%
Q4. I. 7%
II. 7% 1𝑚 0.005 0.5%
Q5. I. Instrument 2 I. The first reading with an error just 0.4 𝑐𝑚

II. Instrument 2 II. The last reading with a relative error of only
III. Instrument 2 0.005
Q6. I. Instrument 1 Q14. I. 1 𝑚𝑚
II. Instrument 1 II. 0.1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ (2.54 𝑚𝑚)
Q7. I. No III. 𝑐𝑚 side
II. No Q15. I. Laser Scale
Absolute error Relative error Percentage error II. Meter Scale
0.4 𝑐𝑚 0.027 2.7 % Q16. I. 4
2𝐽 0.10 10 % II. 4
III. 6
50 𝑁 0.017 1.7 %
IV. 6
V. 6
Q8. I. 4
VI. 1
II. 4
VII. 2
III. 4
VIII.4
IV. 3
IX. 4
V. 4
X. 3
Q9. I. 14.64 XI. 4
II. 16.32 XII. 8
III. 10.34
Q17. 31.4 ± 0.6 𝑐𝑚
Q10. I. 7.23
Q18. 32Ω, 2.5%
II. 9.28
III. 16.2 Q19. 7%
Q11. 311.3𝑚2 , 373. 7 𝑚3
LEVEL 2
Q20. Quantity Mean Value Error Value with Error Relative error
1. 𝑋 + 2𝑌 250 10 250 ± 10 0.04
2. 𝑋/𝑌 0.50 0.04 0.50 ± 0.04 0.08
3. 𝑋𝑌 5.0 × 103 0.4 × 103 (5.0 ± 0.4) × 103 0.08
4. 3𝑋 – 2𝑌 −50 14 −50 ± 14 0.28
5. 2𝑋𝑌 1.0 × 10 4
0.08 × 10 4 (1.0 ± 0.08) × 10 4
0.08
6. 4𝑋/𝑌 2.0 0.16 2.0 ± 0.16 0.08
Q21. 13% Q25. I. 8%

Q22. Radius (R) II. 8%
III. 15%
Q23. 3.2 ± 0.2Ω, 8%
𝑘𝑔
Q26. 8%
Q24. 0.9
𝑚3 Q27. D
TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Mark (C) / (I) / (U) Mark (C) / (I) / (U)
Q. No. Ans. Level Q. No. Ans. Level
as appropriate as appropriate
Q1. A Hard Q23. A Easy
Q2. B Medium Q24. C Medium
Q3. C Easy Q25. A Medium
Q4. D Medium Q26. A Medium
Q5. C Hard Q27. B Easy
Q6. B Hard Q28. A Easy
Q7. C Medium Q29. B Easy
Q8. C Easy Q30. C Easy
Q9. D Easy Q31. C Easy
Q10. D Hard Q32. A Easy
Q11. C Hard Q33. A Easy
Q12. A Hard Q34. A Medium
Q13. A Hard Q35. D Easy
Q14. C Hard Q36. A Easy
Q15. B Medium Q37. B Medium
Q16. C Easy Q38. B Medium
Q17. B Medium Q39. B Easy
Q18. D Easy Q40. B Easy
Q19. B Easy Q41. A Medium
Q20. A Easy Q42. B Easy
Q21. C Easy Q43. C Medium
Q22. A Easy
Ans.
P2 – Motion in One Dimension 32
Sixth Edition
P2. Motion in One Dimension

TABLE OF CONTENTS
P2. Motion in One Dimension 32
Synopsis ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
P2.1 Position, Displacement and Velocity ................................................................................................................................... 39
P2.2 Acceleration.................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
P2.3 Equations of Motion.................................................................................................................................................................... 48
P2.4 Non Uniform Motion and Relative Motion in 1D ........................................................................................................... 52
Answer Key ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 66
PRE-REQUISITES
1. Forming simple mathematical equations involving variables.
2. Roots of quadratic and cubic equations.
3. Simple differentiation and integration problems.
PRE-TEST
Q1. 5 times the sum of 𝐴 and 𝐵 subtracted from 3 times 𝐶 gives four. Write the equation for this.
Q2. 𝑀 is the mid-point of 𝐵𝐶. Find:
I. 𝐴𝐶
II. 𝐷𝑀
Q3. Find the area of the given trapezium.
Q4. Find all the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0. Hence, find all the factors of the same (Hint: Use Hit and
Trial to find the first factor).
Q5. Write the derivatives of the following functions:
I. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4
II. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
Q6. Find the point of maximum or minimum for the following functions
I. 𝑥 5 − 15𝑥 3
II. 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 5
SCORE /6
If you score less than 4, please take some time to revise Quadratic equations from standard 𝑋 and Fundamentals of
Mathematics (𝑀1).
P2
Synopsis
Kinematics
It is the branch of mechanics, which describes the motion of bodies without reference to the forces action on them.
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1. Displacement is the change of position of a particle in a particular direction (with respect to surroundings). If a
particle moves from a point 𝐴 to a point 𝐵, the displacement along 𝐴𝐵 is the straight line from 𝐴 to 𝐵, whatever
may be the path traced by the particle.
Displacement is a vector quantity and its unit is SI is metre and its dimensional formula is (𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 0 ).
Distance is the length of the path followed by a body.
Displacement = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩
 Magnitude of displacement may be less than or equal to distance but can never be greater than the distance.
 Distance in scalar quantity, whose magnitude need not be equal to that of displacement.
 If a body starting from a point returns to the same point, then, displacement = 0.
But, distance travelled ≠ 0.
 If a particle has a displacement ‘𝑠’ along a direction 𝐴𝐵, then then the component of the displacement 𝑠1 along
any other direction inclined at an angle 𝜃 to the direction 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑠1 = 𝑠 cos 𝜃
 If a particle moves along a semicircular path of radius 𝑟, the distance travelled is 𝜋𝑟, but the displacement is
2𝑟 (diameter) irrespective of direction.
2. Speed is the rate at which a particle covers distance. It is a scalar quantity. If a particle travels equal distances in
equal intervals of time, however small the intervals may be, then the body is said to have uniform speed. If a particle
𝑠
covers a distance 𝑠 in time 𝑡, then average speed = .
𝑡
 If a particle moves at uniform speed, then average speed = uniform speed.

𝑠 𝑣1 +𝑣2 +𝑣3
 If a particle moves with speeds 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , to cover a total distance 𝑠 in time 𝑡, then average speed = ≠
𝑡 3
 If 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 and 𝑡3 are the time intervals during which the velocities are 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 and 𝑣3 , respectively, then average
𝑣1 𝑡1 +𝑣2 𝑡2 +𝑣3 𝑡3
speed =
𝑡1 +𝑡2 +𝑡3
 If 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 and 𝑠3 are the distances travelled with velocities 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , and 𝑣3 respectively, then average speed is
𝑠1 +𝑠2 +𝑠3
given by 𝑣 = (𝑠
1 /𝑣1 )+(𝑠2 /𝑣2 )+(𝑠3 /𝑣3 )
 Unit of speed in SI is metre per second (𝑚 𝑠 −1 ) and its dimensional formula is 𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 .
3. Velocity is the rate of change of position of a particle in a particular direction or it is the rate of displacement with
𝑠
time. Velocity is a vector quantity. If a particle has a displacement 𝑠 in time 𝑡, then the average velocity 𝑣 = . If a
𝑡
particle has equal displacements in equal intervals of time, however small the intervals may be, the velocity is
Δ𝑠
called uniform velocity, 𝑣 = .
Δ𝑡
where Δ𝑠 is the small displacement in a small time interval Δ𝑡, Δ𝑡 tends to zero for instantaneous velocity.
The slope of displacement versus time curve gives velocity.
The unit of velocity in SI is 𝑚𝑠 −1 and it has the dimensional formula 𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 .
 Velocity changes if there is a change either in magnitude or in direction or both.
𝑑𝑣
4. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with time is called acceleration. 𝑎 = where 𝑑𝑣 is the change in
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
velocity in a small time interval 𝑑𝑡. If velocity decrease with time, 𝑑𝑣 is negative and the ratio is called negative
𝑑𝑡
−2
acceleration or retardation or deceleration. The unit of acceleration in SI is 𝑚𝑠 . The dimensional formula for
acceleration is (𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −2 ).
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑠 𝑑2 𝑠
Since, 𝑎 = = ( )= 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Slope of velocity-time curve gives acceleration of a particle. If the rate of change of velocity is a constant, the
acceleration is uniform. Otherwise, the acceleration is non-uniform. If 𝑢 is the initial velocity, 𝑣 is the final velocity
𝑣−𝑢
at the end of an interval of time 𝑡, then 𝑎 = or 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑡
 Change in velocity means a change in the magnitude or direction of both.

 A particle under uniform circular motion covers equal distances in equal intervals of time but the direction
keeps changing continuously. Thus, circular motion is an accelerated motion.
 The acceleration need not always act along the direction of velocity. For eg., when the velocity of a body
decreases, acceleration acts opposite to the direction of velocity. When the velocity decreases, acceleration is
said to be negative (deceleration).
 If a body is moving with uniform acceleration 𝑎1 for an interval of time 𝑡1 and 𝑎2 for an interval of time 𝑡2 etc.
𝑎1 𝑡1 +𝑎2 𝑡2 +𝑎3 𝑡3
then, its average acceleration is 𝑎 =
𝑡1 +𝑡2 +𝑡3 ……
 Suppose a particle accelerates from rest for a time 𝑡1 over a distance 𝑥1 at the rate 𝑎1 and then retards to rest
at the rate 𝑎2 over a distance 𝑥2 and time 𝑡2 then,
𝑎1 𝑡2 𝑥2
i. = = and also
𝑎2 𝑡1 𝑥1
2(𝑥1 +𝑥2 )𝑎1 𝑎2
ii. maximum velocity = √
𝑎1 +𝑎2
DISPLACEMENT-TIME (𝒔-𝒕) GRAPH

It is a plot of the position of a particle at a given instant of time along 𝑦-axis and time along 𝑥-axis.
Using displacement – time graph, we can get
 information about the nature of motion by observing the shape of the curve.
 the velocity at nay instant by finding the slope of the curve corresponding to that instant.
Nature of motion Graph Description
Particle at rest The slope of the straight line 𝐴𝐵 is zero i.e,
instantaneous velocity is zero.
A particle moving with constant Greater is the slope of a straight line 𝑂𝑃,
velocity. higher will be the velocity.
Particle moving with infinite This type of motion is not possible.

velocity.
Syn.
A particle moving with constant The slope of the curve i.e., instantaneous
acceleration starting from rest. velocity increases with time.
A particle moving with constant The slope of the curve i.e., instantaneous
retardation. velocity decreases with time.
A particle returning back towards The displacement of the body decreases

the original point of reference with with time till it becomes zero.
uniform negative velocity
VELOCITY-TIME (𝒗-𝒕) GRAPH

It is a plot of velocity of a particle at a given instant along 𝑦-axis and time along 𝑥-axis. The curve traced is called velocity-
time curve. Using 𝑣-𝑡 graph, we can get,
 information about the nature of motion of the particle by observing the shape of the curve.
 the acceleration of the particle at any instant by finding the slope of the curve corresponding to that instant.
 the displacement of the particle during any interval of time by finding the area under the curve during that interval.

Particle moving with constant The slope of the graph is zero.
velocity Instantaneous acceleration is zero.
A particle moving with constant Greater is the slope of 𝑂𝑃, greater will be
acceleration starting from rest. the instantaneous acceleration.
A particle moving with constant 𝑂𝑃 → initial velocity. Area enclosed by the

acceleration with non zero initial 𝑣 - 𝑡 graph represents the distance
velocity. traveled by the particle.
A particle moving with a constant The slope of the straight line 𝑃𝑄 makes an
retardation with non zero initial angle 𝜃 > 90° with time axis.
velocity.
A particle moving with increasing The slope represents instantaneous

acceleration. acceleration. It increases with time.
A particle moving with decreasing Slope i.e., instantaneous acceleration

acceleration. decreases with time.
ACCELERATION-TIME (𝒂-𝒕) GRAPH

It is a plot of the acceleration of a particle along 𝑦 -axis and time along 𝑥 -axis. Using 𝑎 -𝑡 graph, we can get, the
information about the nature of motion by observing the shape of the curve.

Particle moving with constant The area enclosed by the 𝑎-𝑡 graph for a given
acceleration time gives the change in velocity of the body.
A particle moving with uniformly Slope of the straight line 𝑂𝑃 makes an angle
increasing acceleration. 𝜃 < 90° with time axis.
A particle moving with uniformly The slope of the straight line 𝐴𝐵 makes an
decreasing acceleration. angle 𝜃 > 90° with time axis.
Equations of motion for particles with uniform acceleration

Velocity at time 𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
Distance covered in time 𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑎
Velocity after a displacement 𝑠 𝑣 2 = 𝑢 + (2𝑛 − 1)
2
𝑎
Distance travelled in the 𝑛th second 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑢 + (2𝑛 − 1)
2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1
Acceleration from displacements in two successive equal time intervals 𝑎=
𝑡2
Note : The above equations are not applicable if acceleration is not constant.
APPLICATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR DIFFERENT INSTANCES OF MOTION

1. Motion under gravity
When a body is let freely in air, if falls towards earth due to earth’s gravity. The acceleration of the body due to
earth’s gravity is called acceleration due to gravity 𝑔. The acceleration due to gravity at a place is constant, but it
is different at different places.
2. Equations of motion under gravity
For a body thrown vertically down For a body thrown vertically up
𝑎 = +𝑔 and 𝑢 is +ve 𝑎 = −𝑔 and 𝑢 is +ve
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑔𝑡
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑔𝑠 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑠
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
𝑔 𝑔
𝑠𝑛 = 𝑢 + (2𝑛 − 1) 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑢 − (2𝑛 − 1)
2 2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
𝑔= −𝑔 =
𝑡2 𝑡2
Syn.
3. For motion under gravity

 For a freely falling body 𝑢 = 0
 The final velocity 𝑣 when it reaches the ground is 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
ℎ
 Time of fall 𝑡 = √2
𝑔
 Ratio of distances travelled by a body falling freely gravity in the first, second, third, … second of its motion
is 𝑠1 : 𝑠2 : 𝑠3 : … = 1: 3: 5: … (only odd integers)
 If a body is projected vertically upwards with magnitude of velocity numerically equal to 𝑔, then time
taken to reach maximum height is 1 second and maximum height reached is 𝑔/2.
 For a body projected upward with 𝑢 > 𝑔, in the last one second of its journey, its upward velocity is 𝑔 and
distance travelled in last second is 𝑔/2.
𝑣 = 𝑔, 1 𝑠 before reaching maximum height
𝑔
ℎ𝑛 = during last second of upward journey.
2
 For the motion of a body projected vertically upwards

𝑢
 In the absence of air resistance, time of ascent 𝑡1 = time of descent 𝑡2 = .
𝑔
 In the presence of air resistance, time of ascent < time of descent.
2𝑢
 Total time of flight = 2𝑡 = .
𝑔
 initial velocity of throw = velocity with which it returns to the initial point
 at its maximum height, the instantaneous velocity is zero, but the acceleration is 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 −2 which acts
downwards.
 at a given point along the path, the velocities during ascent and descent are equal and opposite.
𝑢2
 Maximum height reached, ℎ = .
2𝑔
RELATIVE VELOCITY
The relative velocity of one body with respect to another body is the velocity with which one body moves with respect
to another body.
 When the bodies 𝐴 and 𝐵 moving with velocities 𝑣𝐴 and 𝑣𝐵 respectively then,
 relative velocity of 𝐴 with respect to 𝐵 is 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐵
 relative velocity of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴 is 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴
 Relative velocity : It is defined as the rate of change of relative position of are object w.r.t. the other.
 If two objects are moving with velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 w.r.t. an observer 𝑂, then relative velocity of one object
w.r.t. to the other is
(1) 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 in the direction of 𝑣1 if 𝑣1 > 𝑣2 .
(2) 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 in the direction of 𝑣2 if 𝑣2 > 𝑣1 .
(3) 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 if 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are in opposite directions. 𝑑𝑟 vector form, relative velocity
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 .
 When the two bodies are moving along parallel straight lines in the same direction, then
𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐵 in the direction of 𝑣𝐴 ⋅ 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴 in the direction of 𝑣𝐵 .
 When two bodies are moving along parallel straight lines in opposite directions then
𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 − (−𝑣𝐵 ) = 𝑣𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵 in the direction of 𝑣𝐴 .
𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − (−𝑣𝐴 ) = 𝑣𝐵 + 𝑣𝐴 in the direction of 𝑣𝐵 .
 When two bodies are moving at an angle 𝜃, then 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = √𝑣𝐴2 + 𝑣𝐵2 − 2𝑣𝐴 𝑣𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃
If 𝑣𝐴𝐵 makes an angle 𝛼 with the direction of 𝑣𝐴 then tan 𝛼 = .
𝑣𝐴 −𝑣𝐵 cos 𝜃
P2.1 Position, Displacement and Velocity

CONCEPTS
1. Motion
2. Reference point & Frame of Reference
3. Path Length (Distance) and Displacement
4. Speed & Velocity and their difference
5. Average Speed & Velocity
6. Instantaneous Speed & Velocity
7. Position-time, displacement-time, speed-time and velocity-time graphs
PRE-READING
REQUIRED NCERT XI, Part 1 3 3.1 to 3.4
ADDITIONAL Concept of Physics, H. C. Verma 3 3.1 to 3.4
Q1. A scalar quantity has
A) Both Magnitude and Direction
B) Direction only
C) Both Magnitude and Unit
D) Either magnitude or direction
Q2. The total path length traversed by an object is known as the __________.
Q3. Distance travelled by a particle can never be (negative/zero/positive).
Q4. The magnitude of the displacement is equal to the path length traversed by an object (True/False).
Q5. If an object moving along a straight line covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in __________
(uniform/non-uniform) motion along a straight line.
Q6. Average velocity is defined as change in __________ with respect to time.
Q7. Average speed can be positive, negative or zero (True/False).
Q8. Instantaneous speed is always equal to the magnitude of instantaneous velocity (True/False).
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. A player is running on the boundary of a circular ground (diameter 50 𝑚). Determine his displacement and
distance travelled after covering half the perimeter. If the speed of the player is constant i.e. 𝑣 𝑚/𝑠 then find his
average speed and velocity.
P2.1
Q2. An object moves along the grid through the points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, and 𝐹 as shown in the figure:
I. Find the distance covered by the moving object.

II. Find the magnitude of the displacement of the object.
LEVEL 2
Q3. The position of a particle moving along the 𝑥-axis varies with time according to the expression 𝑥 = 3𝑡 2 , where 𝑥
is in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds. Evaluate its position
I. at 𝑡 = 3𝑠 II. at 𝑡 = 3𝑠 + 𝛥𝑡
III. Evaluate the limit of Δ𝑥/Δ𝑡 as Δ𝑡 approaches to zero IV. Find the velocity at 𝑡 = 3 𝑠.
Q4. A particle is moving along 𝑥 −axis, its position varying with time as 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 1 .
I. At what time instant, its velocity is zero?
II. What is its velocity when it passes through the origin?
Q5. A block moves in a straight line with velocity 𝑣 for time 𝑡. Then, its velocity becomes 2𝑣 for the next interval of
time 𝑡. Finally its velocity becomes 3𝑣 for time 𝑇. If average velocity during the complete journey was 2.5𝑣, then
find 𝑇 in terms of 𝑡.
Q6. A car travels first half distance between two places with uniform speed of 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. What should be its uniform
speed (in 𝑚/𝑠) for the second half of the distance so that it average speed over the entire journey becomes
90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟?
LEVEL 3
Q7. A body covers one-third of its journey with speed 𝑣0 . The remaining portion of the distance was covered with
velocity 𝑣1 for half the remaining time and with velocity 𝑣2 for the other half of the remaining time. Assuming the
body always travels in a straight line, find the average velocity of body over the whole journey.
Q8. The displacement v/s time graph for a particle moving along 𝑥-axis is shown. Find the average velocity in the
time intervals
I. 0 − 2𝑠 II. 2 − 4𝑠 III. 0 − 4𝑠
IV. 4 − 7𝑠 V. 0 − 8𝑠
Also plot its 𝑣-𝑡 graph.
Q9. The position time graph of a particle moving along 𝑥-axis is shown in the figure below. Match the entries in
column 1 with entries in column 2
Column 1 Column 2
A. For 𝐴𝐵, particle is I. Moving in +𝑣𝑒 direction with an increasing speed
B. For 𝐵𝐶, particle is II. Moving in +𝑣𝑒 direction with a decreasing speed
C. For 𝐶𝐷, particle is III. Moving in −𝑣𝑒 direction with an increasing speed
D. For 𝐷𝐸, particle is IV. Moving in −𝑣𝑒 direction with a decreasing speed
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. An object moves from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵 to point 𝐶,
then back to point 𝐵 and then to point 𝐶 along the
line shown in the figure:
I. Find the distance covered by the moving object.
II. Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement of the object.
Q2. Three particles 1, 2 and 3 go from 𝐴 to 𝐵 by paths as shown
I. Distance travelled by which particle is the least?

II. Displacement {magnitude} of which particle is the least?
Q3. A ball is thrown up from a building of height 20𝑚. It goes up by 5𝑚 and then falls to the ground. What is the
distance travelled and the magnitude of displacement of the ball till it reaches the ground?
Q4. A particle is in uniform motion along a straight line. If it covers a distance of 3 𝑚 in first two seconds, then how
much distance will it cover in next one second?
Q5. A 10 hour trip is made at an average speed of 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. If during the first half of the distance, average speed of
the bus was 30 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, what was the average speed for the second half of trip?
LEVEL 2
Q6. Two particles start moving from the same starting point and along a same straight line. Describe a situation when
I. distance travelled by them is same but displacement is not
II. displacement is same but distance is not.
Q7. The table gives path of the skier as it moves along path ABCD. Find the resulting displacement and the distance
traveled by the skier during the whole travel. Also, find the average velocity & average speed.
Path of the skier Time taken
A to D 1 min
D to B 1 min
B to C 1 min
P2.1
Q8. Superman and Batman took part in a race. The race involved going from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (in a 1 𝑘𝑚 straight line) and
coming back to 𝐴 along the same line. Superman ran with a constant speed of 15 𝑚/𝑠 both ways. Batman on his
way from 𝐴 to 𝐵 ran at a constant speed of 10 𝑚/𝑠 but on his way back cheated by using his car which moved at
a speed of 20𝑚/𝑠. Who won the race?
Q9. A car travels at speed 𝑣1 𝑚/𝑠 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 in 𝑡1 𝑠. It then continues to travel in the same straight line at a speed
𝑣2 𝑚/𝑠 from 𝐵 to 𝐶 in 𝑡2 𝑠. After reaching 𝐶 it turns back and travels to a point 𝐷 at a speed 𝑣3 𝑚/𝑠 for 𝑡3 𝑠. Find
I. average speed of the trip
II. average velocity of the trip.
Q10. The position of a car was observed at various instants; they are summarized in the table below. Find the average
velocity of the car for I) the first second II) the last three seconds III) the entire period of observation.
𝑥(𝑚) 0 2.3 9.2 20.7 36.8 57.5

𝑡(𝑠) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Q11. A body covers one-third of its journey with speed 𝑢, next third with speed 𝑣 and the last third with speed 𝑤.
Calculate the average speed of the body over the entire journey.
Q12. A particle moves along a straight line such that at time 𝑡 its displacement from a fixed point 𝑂 on the line is
(3𝑡 2 − 2)𝑚. Find the velocity of the particle when 𝑡 = 2𝑠. Where is the particle at that time instant?
LEVEL 3
Q13. A man moves in an open field such that after moving every 10 𝑚 in a straight line, he turns 60 degrees to his right.
Find the total displacement of the man just after 7 such turns.
Q14. A particle moves according to the equation 𝑥 = −𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 4 where 𝑥 is in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds. Answer
the following questions:
I. What is the position of the particle at 𝑡 = 0 𝑠, 𝑡 = 1 𝑠, 𝑡 = 2 𝑠, 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠, 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 and 𝑡 = 4 𝑠.
II. Calculate the displacement and average velocity from 𝑡 = 0 to time 𝑡 = 1 𝑠, 𝑡 = 2 𝑠, 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠, 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 and 𝑡 =
4 𝑠.
Q15. From the 𝑣-𝑡 graph of a particle given below, find
I. distance travelled during first two seconds
II. distance travelled during 2𝑠 to 4𝑠
III. distance travelled during 0-4𝑠 IV) displacement during 0-4 𝑠
Q16. A body, moving in a straight line, covers a certain distance in the following four separate and independent ways.
In each of the four cases find average speed over the entire journey.
I. Half the time is covered with speed 𝑣1 and the other half of the time with speed 𝑣2 .
II. Half the distance is covered with speed 𝑣1 and next half distance is covered with speed 𝑣2
III. 1/3 rd of the distance is covered with speed 𝑣1 and for the remaining distance, the first 1/4 th of the
remaining time is covered with speed 𝑣2 and 3/4th of remaining time is covered with speed 𝑣3 .
IV. 1/5th of the time is covered with speed 𝑣1 and in the remaining time, 3/4th of remaining distance is covered
with speed 𝑣2 and 1/4th of remaining distance is covered with speed 𝑣3 .
P2.2 Acceleration
CONCEPTS
1. Acceleration
2. Difference between uniform and non-uniform acceleration
3. Difference between negative acceleration and retardation
4. Average and instantaneous acceleration
5. Plotting acceleration time graph using velocity/displacement time graph and vice-versa.
PRE-READING
REQUIRED NCERT XI, Part 1 3 3.5
ADDITIONAL Concept of Physics, H. C. Verma 3 3.5
Q1. Acceleration is the rate of change of __________ (velocity/speed) with time.
Q2. Average acceleration is the __________ (slope/area) of velocity-time curve, between any two points.
Q3. A particle can have zero velocity even if its acceleration is constant (True/False).
Q4. Area under the acceleration-time curve gives us final velocity of the particle (True/False).
Q5. A particle has constant speed throughout its motion. Its acceleration can be
A) Positive B) Negative
C) Zero D) Any of the above
Q6. Negative acceleration always decreases the magnitude of velocity (True/False).
Q7. The acceleration that decreases the magnitude of velocity of the particle is known as __________.
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. An athlete takes 2.0 𝑠 to reach his maximum speed of 18.0 𝑘𝑚/ℎ . What is the magnitude of his average
acceleration?
Q2. The position of a particle moving on 𝑥-axis is given by 𝑥(𝑚) = 𝑎𝑡 3 + 𝑏𝑡 2 + 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑑. The values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are
1, 4, −2 and 5 respectively. Find its
I. velocity at 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
II. acceleration at 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
III. average velocity during 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
IV. average acceleration during 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
P2.2
Q3. For a particle moving along a straight line, the displacement 𝑥 depends on time 𝑡 as 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑡 3 + 𝛽𝑡 2 + 𝛾𝑡 + 𝛿. The
ratio of initial acceleration to initial velocity depends on which of the constants {𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿}?
LEVEL 2
Q4. Given below is the 𝑥-t graph of a particle moving in a straight line. Draw its 𝑣-𝑡 and 𝑎-𝑡 graph. (Assume the curve
to be regular parabola i.e. 𝑥 varies with square of 𝑡).
Q5. The acceleration of a cart started from origin at 𝑡 = 0, initially at rest varies with time as shown in the figure.
Draw the position-time graph and find the distance travelled in 30 seconds.
Q6. Two cars start off to race with velocities 4 𝑚/𝑠 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 and travel in a straight line with uniform accelerations
1 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 respectively. If they reach the final point at the same time instant, then what is the length of
the path?
LEVEL 3
Q7. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 from the ground. Considering the ground to be origin
and upward direction to be positive y axis. Draw
I. the 𝑦-𝑡 graph II. the 𝑣-𝑡 graph III. the 𝑎-𝑡 graph
for its motion till the time the ball returns to the ground. Also show values on the graph.
Q8. Two particles start from rest moving from the same point along the same straight line. The first moves with
constant velocity 𝑣 and the second with constant acceleration 𝑎. During the time that elapses before the second
catches the first, what will be the greatest distance between the particles?
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. A racer starts a car race from rest and finishes it with a velocity of 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Assuming constant acceleration of
3 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find the time it will take to finish the race.
Q2. The position of a particle moving on 𝑥-axis is given by 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑡 3 + 𝐵𝑡 2 + 𝐶𝑡 + 𝐷. The numerical values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷
are 2, 8, −1 and 3 respectively and 𝑆𝐼 units are used. Find:
I. The dimensions of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷. II. The acceleration of the particle at 𝑡 = 3𝑠.
Q3. A particle is moving with a velocity of 60𝑚/𝑠 in the positive 𝑥 direction at 𝑡 = 0. Between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 15𝑠, the
velocity of the particle decreases uniformly to zero. What is the average acceleration during the 15 𝑠 interval?
What is the significance of the sign in your answer?
Q4. The velocity of a body depends on time as 𝑣 = 20 + 0.1𝑡 2 . The body is undergoing
A) Uniform acceleration B) Non-uniform acceleration
C) Zero acceleration D) None of these
LEVEL 2
Q5. The velocity of a particle moving in a straight line is given by the graph shown below. Draw its acceleration-time
graph.
Q6. A 50𝑔 ball travelling at 25 𝑚/𝑠 bounces off a wall and rebounds at 24 𝑚/𝑠. A high speed camera records this
event. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 3.50 𝑚𝑠, what is the magnitude of the average acceleration of the
ball during this time interval?
Q7. The velocity of a car as a function of time is shown in the figure. Find the distance travelled by the car in 8 seconds
and its acceleration.
Q8. The acceleration time graph of the particle moving in a straight line is as shown in the figure. What will be the
velocity of the particle after two seconds if the velocity at 𝑡 = 0 is 2 𝑚/𝑠
Q9. Figure shows the graph of 𝑥-𝑡 for 4 different motions. State whether the acceleration is negative, positive or zero
for each.
P2.2
Q10. Velocity versus displacement graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in the
figure. The acceleration of the particle is:
A) constant B) increases linearly with 𝑥
C) increasing as square with 𝑥 D) none of the above
Q11. A car starts from rest at 𝑡 = 0 and starts accelerating at a constant rate of +5 𝑚/𝑠 2 for 2𝑠. After that it maintains
its speed for 3s and then starts decelerating at the rate of −2 𝑚/𝑠 2 until it stops. Draw its 𝑣-𝑡 graph and 𝑎-𝑡 graph.
LEVEL 3
Q12. Acceleration (𝑎) – Displacement (𝑠) graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in the figure. The
initial velocity of the particle is zero and the particle is at origin. Draw the velocity – displacement graph of the
particle.
Q13. A particle starts from rest and accelerates as shown in figure. Determine:
I. the particle’s velocity at 𝑡 = 10 𝑠 and at 𝑡 = 20 𝑠, and
II. the displacement in the first 20 𝑠.
Q14. Draw position-time and acceleration-time graph for a particle moving in a straight line having velocity-time
graph as shown. Initial position of the particle is origin.
Q15. Figure shows the graph of the 𝑥-coordinate of a particle going along the 𝑋-axis as a function of time. Find
I. the average velocity during 0 to 10𝑠,
II. instantaneous velocity at 2, 5, 8 and 12𝑠,
III. Average acceleration for the whole journey,
IV. instantaneous acceleration at 2, 5, 8 and 12𝑠
P2.2
P2.3 Equations of Motion

CONCEPTS
1. Equations of motion
2. Calculus method to compute physical quantities in case of non-uniformly accelerated motion
PRE-READING
Q1. Equations of motion are valid for __________ (uniformly/non-uniformly) accelerated motion.
Q2. In the equation 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠; 𝑣 and 𝑠 are respectively-
A) Final velocity, distance
B) Final speed, distance
C) Final velocity, displacement
D) None of these
Q3. Which of these is a case of uniform acceleration?
A) Free-fall under gravity
B) A train travelling between Mumbai and Delhi
C) An athlete running a loop race in Olympics
Q4. Motion under gravity, near earth’s surface, is an example of __________ (uniformly/non-uniformly) accelerated
motion.
Q5. Equations of motion cannot be proved as they are experimental relations (True/False).
Q6. Equations of motion are valid for vector quantities (True/False).
Q7. Which of these is a case of non- uniform acceleration?
A) 𝑎 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 B) 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑡 C) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡 2 D) 𝑎 = 8𝑡
Q8. An object moves with some initial velocity in +𝑥 direction with constant acceleration 𝑎 > 0. After 3 seconds, its
acceleration changes to a constant value – 𝑎. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the motion
of the object upon sudden change in acceleration?
A) Its velocity and displacement becomes negative
B) Its velocity remains positive but total displacement is negative
C) Its position along +𝑥 direction and velocity, both, decrease
D) Its position along +𝑥 direction increases but velocity decreases
E) Its position along +𝑥 direction and velocity, both, increase
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. A car moving along a straight highway with 144 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 is brought to rest in 200 𝑚 . What is the uniform
retardation of the car (in 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) and how long does it take for the car to stop?
Q2. The minimum distance required to stop a car moving at 36.0 𝑘𝑚/ℎ is 50𝑚. What is the minimum stopping
distance for the same car moving at 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ? [Stopping distance: The distance required to stop a moving
vehicle].
Q3. A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping balls at regular intervals of one second. Find the positions
of the 3𝑟𝑑, 4𝑡ℎ and 5𝑡ℎ ball when the 6𝑡ℎ ball is being dropped (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ).
LEVEL 2
Q4. A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial velocity of 20 𝑚/𝑠 straight upwards. The building is
50 𝑚 high and the stone just misses the edge of the roof on its way down. Using 𝑡 = 0 as the time the stone leaves
the thrower’s hand, determine (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
I. the time at which the stone reaches its maximum height
II. maximum height
III. time at which stone returns to the height from where it was thrown
IV. velocity at this instant
Q5. A ball is thrown upwards from the ground with an initial speed of 𝑢. The ball is at a height of 80𝑚 at two different
times. The interval between these two times is 6s. Find 𝑢. (Take g = 10𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Q6. A particle moves along a straight line such that at time 𝑡 its position from a fixed point 𝑂 on the line is
10𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 . Find
I. its displacement at 𝑡 = 5𝑠,
II. distance covered till 𝑡 = 5𝑠,
III. average velocity and
IV. speed for interval 0-5 𝑠.
LEVEL 3
Q7. A car moving with constant acceleration covers the distance between two points 60 𝑚 apart in 6 seconds. Its
speed as it passes the second point is 15 𝑚/𝑠.
I. What is the speed at the first point?
II. What is the acceleration?
III. At what prior distance from the first point was the car at rest?
Q8. A body moving with uniform acceleration, covers 20 𝑚 in the 7𝑡ℎ second and 24 𝑚 in the 9𝑡ℎ second of its
motion. Find the distance it will cover in the 15𝑡ℎ second of its motion.
Q9. A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration. If 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧 are the distances described by the
particle in 𝑝𝑡ℎ , 𝑞𝑡ℎ & 𝑟 𝑡ℎ seconds respectively, prove that (𝑞 − 𝑟)𝑥 + (𝑟 − 𝑝)𝑦 + (𝑝 − 𝑞)𝑧 = 0.
Q10. Palak challenges her friend Abhishek to catch a 500 rupee note (length= 15 𝑐𝑚) as follows. She holds the note
vertically with the center of the bill between Abhishek’s index finger and thumb. Abhishek must catch the bill
immediately after Palak releases it without moving his hand downward. If his reaction time is 0.2𝑠, will he
succeed? Explain. (Note: Neglect air resistance)
P2.3
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. A racer starts her car from rest and accelerates at 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 for entire distance of 400 𝑚 I) How long did it take
the racer to travel this distance II) What is the speed of the car at the end of the race?
Q2. A truck covers 40.0 𝑚 in 8.50 𝑠 while smoothly (constant rate of deceleration) slowing down to a final speed of
2.80 𝑚/𝑠.
I. Find its original speed II. Find its acceleration.
Q3. A jet plane lands with a speed of 100 𝑚/𝑠 and decelerates at a maximum rate of −5.00 𝑚/𝑠 2 as it comes to rest.
Can this plane land at a small tropical island airport where the runway is 0.800 𝑘𝑚 long?
Q4. A ball thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 19.6 𝑚/𝑠 from the top of a tower strikes the ground in 6𝑠. Find
the height of the tower. (𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Q5. Figure shows the graph of velocity versus time for a particle going along the 𝑋-axis. Find I) the acceleration, II)
the displacement in 0 to 10𝑠.
LEVEL 2
Q6. A particle moves along a straight path 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with uniform acceleration of 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 . It crosses 𝐴 with a velocity of
5 𝑚/𝑠. It reaches 𝐶 with a velocity of 40 𝑚/𝑠, 30 seconds after it has crossed 𝐵 in its path. Find 𝐴𝐵.
Q7. A particle moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line covers 3 𝑚 in the 8𝑡ℎ second and 5 𝑚 in the 16𝑡ℎ
second of its motion. What is the displacement of the particle from beginning of 6𝑡ℎ second to the end of 15𝑡ℎ
second?
Q8. A particle moves along the 𝑥-axis. Its position is given by the equation 𝑥 = 2 + 3𝑡 − 4𝑡 2 with 𝑥 in meters and 𝑡 in
seconds. Determine
I. its position at the instant it changes direction
II. velocity when it returns to the position it had at 𝑡 = 0.
Q9. A particle starts form rest and under uniform acceleration covers a distance 𝑥 in 𝑡 sec. Find the distance it will
cover in the next 𝑡 sec.
Q10. A train starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 for half a minute. The brakes are then
applied and the train comes to rest in one minute. Find
I. the total distance moved by the train,
II. the maximum speed attained by the train and
III. the positions(s) of the train at half the maximum speed.
Q11. A particle starting from rest moves with constant acceleration. If it takes 5.0 𝑠 to reach the speed 18.0 𝑘𝑚/ℎ, find
I. the average velocity during this period, and
II. the distance travelled by the particle during this period.
Q12. A stone falling from top of a vertical tower has descended 𝑥 𝑚 when another is left from a height 𝑦 𝑚 below the
(𝑥+𝑦)2
top. If they fall from rest and reach ground together, show that height of tower is 𝑚.
4𝑥
9ℎ
Q13. A body is dropped from a height ℎ above the ground. It covers distance in the last second of fall. Find ℎ(𝑔 =
25
2
10𝑚/𝑠 ).
Q14. A body projected vertically upwards from the top of a tower reaches the ground in 𝑡1 seconds. If it is projected
vertically downwards form the same point with same speed, it reaches ground in 𝑡2 seconds. If it is just dropped
form top, it reaches ground in t seconds. Prove that = √𝑡1 𝑡2 .
Q15. A parachutist bails out from an aero plane and after dropping through a distance of 40 𝑚, he opens parachute
and decelerates at 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 . If he reaches the ground with a speed of 2𝑚/𝑠, how long is he in the air? At what height
did he bail out? (𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Q16. A particle is projected vertically upwards. Let 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 be the times at which it is at height ℎ while ascending and
descending respectively. Find ℎ and the velocity of projection.
LEVEL 3
Q17. Speedy Shree, driving at 30 𝑚/𝑠, enters a one lane tunnel. She then observes a slow moving van 155 𝑚 ahead
travelling at 5 𝑚/𝑠. Shree applies her brakes but can decelerate only at −2 𝑚/𝑠 2 because the road is wet.
Determine the distance of closest approach between two vehicles (Distance of closest approach is defined as the
minimum distance attained between the two object in cases like above).
Q18. A 3-wheeler starts from rest and accelerates uniformly with 5𝑚/𝑠 2 on a straight road for 10 𝑠 and then moves
with uniform velocity. Plot the distance covered by the vehicle during 𝑛𝑡ℎ second on the 𝑦 axis and 𝑛 on the 𝑥
axis.
Q19. In a car race, car 𝐴 takes time 𝑡 less to finish than car 𝐵 and passes the finishing point with a speed 𝑣 more than
car 𝐵. Assuming the cars start form rest and travel with constant acceleration 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 respectively, show that
𝑣 2 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑡 2 .
Q20. A body moving with uniform acceleration, covers 12 𝑚 in the 2𝑛𝑑 second and 20 𝑚 in the 4𝑡ℎ second of its
motion. How much distance will it cover in 4 seconds after the 5𝑡ℎ second?
Q21. A car is approaching a hill at 30.0 𝑚/𝑠 when its engine suddenly fails, just at the bottom of the hill. The car moves
with a constant deceleration of −2 𝑚/𝑠 2 while continuing up the hill. I) Write an equation for the position along
the slope and for velocity as function of time taking 𝑥 = 0 at the bottom of the hill, where 𝑢 = 30.0 𝑚/𝑠 II)
Determine the maximum distance the car travels up the hill.
Q22. The speed of a bullet as it travels down the barrel of a rifle toward the opening is given by the expression 𝑣 =
−107 𝑡 2 + 105 𝑡; where 𝑣 is in meters per second and 𝑡 is in seconds. The acceleration of the bullet just as it leaves
the barrel is zero.
I. Determine the acceleration and position of the bullet as a function of time when the bullet is in the barrel.
II. Determine the length of time the bullet is accelerated.
III. Find the speed at which the bullet leaves the barrel.
IV. What is the length of the barrel?
P2.3
P2.4 Non Uniform Motion and Relative Motion in 1D

CONCEPTS
1. Relative Motion
2. Relative Velocity in 1D
3. Equations of motion for different frames of reference
4. Qualitative analysis of motion from different frames of reference
PRE-READING
Q1. In order for two cars to overtake, their __________ (position/velocity) has to be same at the same time instance.
Q2. Which of the following quantities will always be same for any kind of reference frame?
A) Velocity B) Displacement C) Acceleration D) Time
Q3. When a train overtakes you sitting in another train, on a parallel track, its velocity appears __________ (less/more)
than its own actual speed.
Q4. When two trains (each of length 500 𝑚) crosses each other in opposite direction, their velocities being 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
and 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. The time taken would be:
A) 40 𝑠 B) 30 𝑠 C) 50 𝑠 D) 25 𝑠
Q5. Equations of motion are not valid for relative motion (True/False).
Q6. A man can swim at the rate of 5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. He wishes to swim West in a river flowing East at the rate of 2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Time
he will take to cover 3 𝑘𝑚 will be
A) 2 ℎ B) 3 ℎ
C) 1 ℎ D) None of these
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. Figure shows the 𝑥-𝑡 graph for two children 𝐴 and 𝐵 returning from their school 𝑂 to
their homes 𝑝 and 𝑞 respectively. Choose the correct entries in the brackets below
A) (𝐴/𝐵) lives closer to school than (𝐵/𝐴)
B) (𝐴/𝐵) starts from the school earlier
C) (𝐴/𝐵) walks faster than (𝐵/𝐴)
D) 𝐴 and 𝐵 reach home at (same/diff.) time
E) (𝐴/𝐵) overtakes (𝐵/𝐴) on the road (once/twice)
Q2. Two trains 𝐴 and 𝐵 of length 200 𝑚 and 300 𝑚 are travelling in the same direction with velocities 30 𝑚/𝑠 and
20 𝑚/𝑠 respectively. How long will they take to cross each other?
Q3. A man swims a distance of 6 𝑘𝑚 down the river in 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛 and comes back to the original point of start swimming
upstream in 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛. Assuming that the man swam at the constant pace, find the speed with which he swims and
the speed with which river flows.
LEVEL 2
Q4. Two bodies 𝐴 and 𝐵 are thrown simultaneously. 𝐴 is projected vertically upwards with 20 𝑚/𝑠 speed from the
ground and 𝐵 is projected vertically downwards from a height of 40 𝑚 with the same speed and along the same
line of motion. At what point do the 2 bodies collide? (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Q5. You are on a hypothetical planet where there is no gravity. You throw a ball upwards with an initial velocity of
+𝑢 𝑚/𝑠 . Air drag provides an acceleration of 𝑎 = −𝑏𝑣 𝑚/𝑠 2 (where 𝑏 is positive constant), where 𝑣 is the
velocity of the object. Determine the
I. maximum height of the ball, II. time taken by it to attain that height and
III. the time after which its speed becomes 𝑢/2
Q6. On a two lane road, car 𝐴 is travelling with a speed of 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Two cars 𝐵(behind A) and 𝐶 approach car 𝐴 in
opposite directions with a speed of 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ each. At a certain instant, when the distance 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 , both
being 1 𝑘𝑚, 𝐵 decides to overtake 𝐴 before 𝐶 crosses it. What minimum acceleration of car 𝐵 is required to avoid
an accident?
LEVEL 3
Q7. A man in a balloon, throws a stone downwards with a speed of 5𝑚/𝑠 with respect to balloon. The balloon is
moving upwards with a constant acceleration of 5 𝑚/𝑠 2 . What will be the velocity of the stone relative to the man
after 2𝑠?
Q8. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously from the same starting point on the ground with initial
speed 𝑢1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑢2 = 50 𝑚/𝑠. Plot the variation of (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) & (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) with 𝑡 (for the time interval in
which both reach the ground), where
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) = the relative position of second stone with respect to first
(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) = the relative velocity of second stone with respect to first.
Q9. The velocity of a particle moving in the +𝑣𝑒 direction of 𝑥 varies as 𝑣 = 𝑘√𝑥 where 𝑘 is a + 𝑣𝑒 constant.
Assuming that at the moment 𝑡 = 0, the particle was located at 𝑥 = 0. Find
I. time dependence of velocity and acceleration.
II. average velocity of the particle averaged over the time that the particle takes to cover the first ′𝑠′ meters of path.
Q10. You are crossing a railway tunnel 𝐴𝐵. When you are at the midpoint of the tunnel you hear a train coming towards
you at thrice your speed. At this instant, the distance between tunnel and the train is 3/2 times the length of the
tunnel. Will you continue in the same direction or will you turn back?
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. A rocket of length 17 𝑚 is going up with a constant velocity of 8 𝑘𝑚/𝑠. How much time will it take to cross a
window {with vertical length 3 𝑚}?
P2.4
Q2. An airplane flies between two cities separated by a distance D. Assume the wind blows directly from one city to
another (city 𝐵 to city 𝐴) at a speed 𝑣𝐴 and the speed of the airplane is 𝑣𝑜 relative to the air.
I. Find the time taken by the airplane to make a round trip between the two cities (i.e. to fly from city 𝐴 to city
𝐵 and back to city 𝐴).
II. To an observer on the ground, find the average speed of the airplane for such a round trip.
III. To an observer on the ground, find the average velocity for the round trip.
Q3. A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a motorbike. The motorbike crosses a turning at a speed of 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
The jeep follows it at a speed of 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ, crossing the turning ten seconds later than the bike. Assuming that
they travel at constant speeds, how far from the turning will the jeep catch up with the bike?
Q4. A ball is dropped from a balloon going up at a speed of 7 𝑚/𝑠. If the balloon was at a height 60 𝑚 at the time of
dropping the ball, how long will the ball take to reach the ground?
Q5. Two cars start off to race with velocities 4 𝑚/𝑠 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 and travel in a straight line with uniform accelerations
1 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 respectively. If they reach the final point at the same time instant, then what is the length of
the path?
LEVEL 2
Q6. Two trains are approaching each other with speeds 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 respectively on parallel tracks. At 𝑡 = 0 they are at
a distance ′𝑙′ from each other. How much time will they take to cross each other {length of trains are 𝑙1 & 𝑙2 }?
Q7. Two men 𝑃 and 𝑄 are standing at corners 𝐴 and 𝐵 of a square 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 of side 8 𝑚. They start moving along the
track with constant speed of 2 𝑚/𝑠 and 10 𝑚/𝑠 respectively. When will they meet for the first time?
Q8. When two bodies move uniformly towards each other, the distance between them diminishes by 16 𝑚 every10 𝑠.
If the velocity of one body is reversed the distance between them will decrease 3 𝑚 every 5 𝑠. Calculate the speed
of each body.
Q9. The acceleration of a marble in a certain fluid is proportional to the speed of the marble in a fluid and is given (in
𝑆𝐼 units) by 𝑎 = −3𝑣 2 (𝑣 > 0). If the marble enters this fluid with a speed of 1.50 𝑚/𝑠, how long will it take for
the marble’s speed to reduce to half of its initial value?
Q10. A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement 𝑥 is given by 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 2 + 1. Find its acceleration at time
𝑡.
Q11. Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of acceleration as ‘JERK’. If an object moves in one
dimension such that its jerk 𝐽 is constant. a) Determine expression for its acceleration 𝑎𝑥 , velocity 𝑣𝑥 and
position 𝑥 as a function of time. Given that initial acceleration, speed and position are 𝑎𝑥𝑖 , 𝑣𝑥𝑖 and 𝑥𝑖 respectively.
Q12. A stone is dropped from the top of a cliff. A 2nd stone is thrown vertically down from same point with 30 𝑚/𝑠
velocity 2 𝑠 later. At what distance from top of the hill, will the two meet. (𝑔 = 10𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Q13. A stone 𝐴 is dropped from rest from height ℎ above ground. A second stone 𝐵 is simultaneously thrown vertically
upwards with velocity 𝑣. Find 𝑣 so that 𝐵 meets midway between their initial positions.
LEVEL 3
Q14. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower of height ℎ and at the same time, another particle is projected
upward from the bottom. They meet when the upper one has descended one-third of the height of the tower.
Find the ratio of their velocities when they meet and the initial velocity of the lower particle.
Q15. Two particles 𝐴 and 𝐵 start moving simultaneously along the line joining them in the same direction with
accelerations of 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 and speeds 3 𝑚/𝑠 and 1 𝑚/𝑠 respectively. Initially 𝐴 is 10 𝑚 behind 𝐵. What
is the minimum distance between them?
Q16. Two parallel rail tracks run north-south. Train 𝐴 moves north with a speed of 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ, and train 𝐵 moves south
with a speed of 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. What is the
I. Velocity of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴?
II. Velocity of ground with respect to 𝐵?
III. Velocity of a monkey running on the roof of the train 𝐴 against its motion (with a velocity of 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ with
respect to the train 𝐴) as observed by a man standing on the ground?
Q17. Two towns 𝐴 and 𝐵 are connected by a regular bus service with a bus leaving in either direction every 𝑇 minutes.
A man cycling with a speed of 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ in the direction 𝐴 to 𝐵 notices that a bus goes past him every 18 𝑚𝑖𝑛 in
the direction of his motion, and every 6 𝑚𝑖𝑛 in the opposite direction. What is the period 𝑇 of the bus service and
with what speed (assumed constant) do the buses ply on the road?
Q18. Two particles 𝑃 and 𝑄 start simultaneously from point 𝐴 with velocities 15 𝑚/𝑠 and 20 𝑚/𝑠 respectively. They
move in the same direction with different uniform accelerations. When 𝑃 overtakes 𝑄 at 𝐵 , velocity of 𝑃 is
30 𝑚/𝑠. Find velocity of 𝑄 at 𝐵.
P2.4

examinations. In most entrance examinations, you will get not more than 3 minutes to attempt a question. Hence you
need to be able to attempt a question in less than 3 minutes, and at the end of 3 minutes skip the question and move
to the next one.
Approach:
 Solve as much as possible within the stipulated time, and then fill the OMR provided at the end of the TPP.

Q1. An object may have

A) varying speed without having varying velocity
B) varying velocity without having varying speed
C) nonzero acceleration without having varying velocity
D) none of these
Q2. The velocity of a particle is zero at 𝑡 = 0
A) The acceleration at 𝑡 = 0 must be zero.
B) The acceleration at 𝑡 = 0 may be zero.
C) If the acceleration is zero from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 10 𝑠, the speed increases in this interval.
D) None of these
Q3. A particle is moving along the x-axis as 𝑥 = 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) + 𝑎(𝑡 − 2)2 .
A) The initial velocity of the particle is 𝑢 B) The acceleration of the particle is 𝑎
C) The acceleration of the particle is 2𝑎 D) At 𝑡 = 4𝑠, particle is at the origin
Q4. Two cars are going from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (+𝑣𝑒 direction). Car 𝐴 took 𝑡1 𝑠 while car 𝐵 took 𝑡2 𝑠 to cover the journey,
where 𝑡1 > 𝑡2 . Then
A) Average speed of car 𝐴 is greater B) Average velocity of car 𝐴 is greater
C) Average speed of car 𝐵 is greater D) Average velocity of car 𝐵 is greater
Q5. The displacement of a particle moving in a straight line is described by the relation 𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚) = 6 + 12𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 . The
distance covered by the particle in first 5 s is:
A) 16 𝑚 B) 20 𝑚 C) 22 𝑚 D) 26 𝑚
Q6. A person drives north for 35 𝑚𝑖𝑛 at 85.0 𝑘𝑚/ℎ and then stops for 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛. He then continues north, travelling
130 𝑘𝑚 in 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. What is his total displacement?
A) 180 𝑘𝑚 B) 90 𝑘𝑚 C) 130 𝑘𝑚 D) 50 𝑘𝑚
Q7. A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity 𝑣1 for some time 𝑡 and with uniform velocity
𝑣2 for the next equal time interval 𝑡. The average velocity 𝑣 is given by
𝑣1 +𝑣2
A) 𝑣 = B) 𝑣 = √𝑣1 𝑣2
2
2 1 1 1 1 1
C) = + D) = +
𝑣 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣 𝑣1 𝑣2
Q8. A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity 𝑣1 for a distance 𝑥 and with uniform velocity
𝑣2 for the next equal distance. The average velocity 𝑣 is given by
𝑣1 +𝑣2 2 1 1 1 1 1
A) 𝑣 = B) 𝑣 = √𝑣1 𝑣2 C) = + D) = +
2 𝑣 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣 𝑣1 𝑣2
Q9. In case of a uniformly accelerated particle, which of the following are true?
A) Displacement cannot be zero B) Velocity can’t be zero at any instant
C) Speed increases with time D) None of these
Q10. A body undergoes free fall. Taking downward direction as +𝑣𝑒 𝑌 direction, at any time 𝑡 the 𝑌 coordinate is given
by (𝑌0 is the initial position)
1 1
A) 𝑌0 − 𝑌 = 𝑔𝑡 2 B) 𝑌0 = − 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
−1 1
C) 𝑌0 − 𝑌 = 𝑔𝑡 2 D) 𝑌0 + 𝑌 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
Q11. Which of these equations/statements is true if acceleration is not constant?

1
A) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
B) Displacement = Speed × Time
C) The displacement traversed by an object is the area under its speed-time graph
𝑑𝑠
D) 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
Q12. A race car accelerates on a straight road from rest to 180 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 in 25𝑠. Assuming uniform acceleration, the
distance covered in this time will be:
A) 125 𝑚 B) 625 𝑚
C) 825 𝑚 D) None of these
Q13. A particle is projected upwards from top of a tower of height 40𝑚 with a speed of 10 𝑚/𝑠, The time it will take
to strike ground (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) will be:
A) 1 𝑠 B) 2 𝑠 C) 3 𝑠 D) 4 𝑠
Q14. An object having a velocity 4 𝑚/𝑠 is accelerated at the rate of 1.2 𝑚/𝑠 2 for 5𝑠. The distance travelled during the
period of acceleration is:
A) 35 𝑚 B) 30 𝑚 C) 20 𝑚 D) 15 𝑚
Q15. A driver takes 0.2𝑠 reaction time to apply brakes after he sees the need for it. If he is driving the car at a speed of
54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, and the brakes cause uniform retardation of 6 𝑚/𝑠 2 , the distance travelled by the car after he sees
the need to apply brakes is:
A) 20 𝑚 B) 21.75 𝑚
C) 24.75 𝑚 D) None of these
Q16. A ball is thrown vertically up by a person. He caught the ball himself after 4𝑠. How far was it below the highest
point, 3𝑠 after it was thrown? (𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A) 19.8 𝑚 B) 14.7 𝑚
C) 4.9 𝑚 D) None of these
T.P.P.
Q17. A stone falls from a cliff and travels 25 𝑚 in the last second of its motion before it reaches the ground at the foot
of a cliff. The height of the cliff is: (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A) 45 𝑚 B) 30 𝑚
Q18. A stone is dropped into a well of 45 𝑚 depth. Sound of splash due to the stone striking the water surface in the
well is heard after 3.125 𝑠. From the given data, the velocity of sound in air is: (𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A) 320 𝑚/𝑠 B) 340 𝑚/𝑠
C) 360 𝑚/𝑠 D) None of these
Q19. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 28 𝑚/𝑠. The maximum height reached by the stone is (𝑔 =
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ):
A) 30 𝑚 B) 20 𝑚
Passage (Q20 – Q22): An indestructible bullet 2 𝑐𝑚 long is fired straight through a board that is 12 𝑐𝑚 thick. The bullet
strikes the board with a speed of 420 𝑚/𝑠 and emerges with a speed 280 𝑚/𝑠.
Q20. The average acceleration (in 𝑘𝑚/𝑠) of the bullet as it passes through the board is:
A) 280 B) 350
C) 420 D) None of these
Q21. Total time (in 𝑚𝑠) that bullet is in contact with the board is:
A) 0.1 B) 0.2 C) 0.3 D) 0.4
Q22. Thickness of board it takes to stop the bullet, assuming the bullet’s acceleration through all parts of the board is
the same will be:
A) 24 𝑐𝑚 B) 25.2 𝑐𝑚
C) 30 𝑐𝑚 D) None of these
Q23. Two trains 𝐴 and 𝐵 of length 400 𝑚 each are moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform speed of 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ in
the same direction, with 𝐴 ahead of 𝐵. The driver of 𝐵 decides to overtake 𝐴 and accelerates by 1𝑚/𝑠 2 . If after
50 𝑠, the guard of 𝐵 just brushes past the driver of 𝐴, the original distance between them is:
A) 350 𝑚 B) 450 𝑚 C) 550 𝑚 D) 650 𝑚
Q24. A car travelling at 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ overtakes another car travelling at 42 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Assuming each car to be 50 𝑚 long and
initially car 𝐴 to be just behind the car 𝐵, the total road distance used for the overtake is closest to:
A) 180 𝑚 B) 220 𝑚 C) 240 𝑚 D) 250 𝑚
Q25. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the foot of a tower. It crosses the top of the tower twice after an interval
of 4 𝑠 and reaches the foot of the tower 8 𝑠 after it was thrown. What is the height of the tower?
Take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 .
A) 60 𝑚 B) 80 𝑚 C) 100 𝑚 D) 120 𝑚
Q26. Two cars travelling on a straight road cross a kilometer stone 𝐴 at the same time with velocities 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 and
10 𝑚𝑠 −1 and constant accelerations of 1 𝑚𝑠 −2 and 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 respectively. If they cross another kilometer stone 𝐵
at the same instant, the distance between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
A) 600 𝑚 B) 800 𝑚 C) 1000 𝑚 D) 1200 𝑚
Q27. The acceleration 𝑎 of a body moving with initial velocity 𝑢 changes with distance 𝑥 as 𝑎 = 𝑘 2 √𝑥, where 𝑘 is a
positive constant. The distance travelled by the body when its velocity becomes 2𝑢 is
3𝑢 3/4 3𝑢 4/3 3𝑢 3/2 3𝑢 2/3
A) ( ) B) ( ) C) ( ) D) ( )
2𝑘 2𝑘 2𝑘 2𝑘
Q28. A particle is moving along the 𝑥-axis. Its instantaneous velocity when it is at a distance 𝑥 from the origin is 𝑣 =
√𝑝 − 𝑞𝑥 2 , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are positive constants. The acceleration of the particle at that instant is
2𝑞 𝑥 2𝑝 𝑥
A) zero B) − C) − (𝑝−𝑞) D) – 𝑞𝑥
(𝑝−𝑞)
Q29. A car, starting from rest, has a constant acceleration of 3 𝑚𝑠 −2 for some time and then has a constant retardation
of 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 for the time it finally comes to rest. The total time taken is 15 𝑠. The maximum velocity of car during
its motion is
A) 12 𝑚𝑠 −1 B) 15 𝑚𝑠 −1 C) 18 𝑚𝑠 −1 D) 21 𝑚𝑠 −1
Q30. A freely falling body, falling from a tower of height ℎ covers a distance ℎ/2 in the last second of its motion. The
height of the tower is (take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 ) nearly
A) 58 𝑚 B) 50 𝑚 C) 60 𝑚 D) 55 𝑚

Q31. The velocity of a particle moving along the 𝑥 -axis is given by 𝑣 = 𝑘√𝑥 where 𝑘 is a positive constant. The
acceleration of the particle is
𝑘 𝑘2
A)
√𝑘
B) C) D) 2𝑘 2
2 2 2
Q32. A train is moving southwards at a speed of 30 𝑚𝑠 −1 . A monkey is running northwards on the roof of the train
with a speed of 5 𝑚𝑠 −1 . What is the velocity of the monkey as observed by a person standing on the ground?
A) 35 𝑚𝑠 −1 in the southward direction B) 35 𝑚𝑠 −1 in the northward direction
C) 25 𝑚𝑠 −1 in the southward direction D) 25 𝑚𝑠 −1 in the northward direction
Q33. A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 36 𝑘𝑚 ℎ−1 fires a bullet at a thief’s car speeding away in the
same direction with a speed of 108 𝑘𝑚 ℎ−1 . If the muzzle speed of the bullet is 140 𝑚𝑠 −1 , with what speed will
the bullet hit the thief’s car?
A) 12 𝑚𝑠 −1 B) 130 𝑚𝑠 −1 C) 140 𝑚𝑠 −1 D) 150 𝑚𝑠 −1
Q34. Car 𝐴 is moving with a speed of 36 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 on a two-lane road. Two cars 𝐵 and 𝐶, each moving with a speed of
54 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 in opposite directions on the other lane are approaching car 𝐴. At a certain instant, the driver of car 𝐵
decides to cross 𝐴 before 𝐶 does. What must be the minimum acceleration of car 𝐵 so as to avoid an accident?
A) 1 𝑚𝑠 −2 B) 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 C) 3 𝑚𝑠 −2 D) 4 𝑚𝑠 −2
Q35. A bullet is fired vertically upwards. After 10 seconds it returns to the point of firing. If 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 , the location
of the bullet after 7 seconds from the time of firing will be the same as that after
A) 2 𝑠 B) 2.5 𝑠 C) 3 𝑠 D) 3.5 𝑠
Q36. A body, starting from rest, movies in a straight line with a constant acceleration 𝑎 for a time interval 𝑡 during
which it travels a distance 𝑠1 . It continues to move with the same acceleration for the next time interval 𝑡 during
which it travels a distance 𝑠2 . The relation between 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 is
A) 𝑠2 = 𝑠1 B) 𝑠2 = 2𝑠1 C) 𝑠2 = 3𝑠1 D) 𝑠2 = 4𝑠1
T.P.P.
Q37. A body dropped from the top of a tower hits the ground after 4𝑠. How much time does it take to cover the first
half of the distance from the top of the tower?
A) 1 𝑠 B) 2 𝑠 C) 2 √2 𝑠 D) √3 𝑠
Q38. Figure shows the displacement-time (𝑥-𝑡) graph of a body moving in a straight line. Which one of the graphs
shown in Figure represents the velocity-time (𝑣-𝑡) graph of the motion of the body?
A) B)
C) D)
Q39. A body moving in a straight line with constant acceleration of 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 covers a distance of 40 𝑚 in the 4th second.
How much distance will it cover in the 6th second?
A) 50 𝑚 B) 60 𝑚 C) 70 𝑚 D) 80 𝑚
Q40. A car, starting from rest, moves with a constant acceleration rate 𝛼 until it attains a speed 𝑣. It is then retarded
at a constant rate 𝛽 until it comes to rest. The average speed of the car during its entire journey is
𝛼𝑣 𝛽𝑣 𝑣
A) zero B) C) D)
2𝛽 2𝛼 2
Q41. The displacement of a body from a reference point is given by √𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 3 where 𝑥 is in metres and 𝑡 in seconds.
This shows that the body is
A) at rest B) accelerated
C) decelerated D) in uniform motion
Q42. Two balls are dropped from the same point after an interval of 1 second. What will be their separation 3 seconds
after the release of the second ball? Take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 .
A) 25 𝑚 B) 30 𝑚 C) 35 𝑚 D) 40 𝑚
Q43. A 150 𝑚 long train having a constant acceleration crosses a 300 𝑚 long platform. It enters the platform at a speed
of 40 𝑚𝑠 −1 and leaves it at a speed of 50 𝑚𝑠 −1 .What is the acceleration of the train?
A) 0.6 𝑚𝑠 −2 B) 0.8 𝑚𝑠 −2 C) 1.0 𝑚𝑠 −2 D) 1.2 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑑𝑉 (𝑡)
Q44. The motion of a body is given by the equation = 6.0 − 3𝑉(𝑡) where 𝑉(𝑡) is the speed (in 𝑚𝑠 −1 ) at time 𝑡 (in
𝑑𝑡
seconds). If the body was at rest at 𝑡 = 0, the magnitude of the initial acceleration is
A) 3 𝑚𝑠 −2 B) 6 𝑚𝑠 −2 C) 9 𝑚𝑠 −2 D) zero
Q45. A body starts from rest at time 𝑡 = 0 and undergoes an acceleration as shown in Figure.
Which of the graphs shown represents the velocity-time (𝑣-𝑡) graph of the motion of the body from 𝑡 = 0 𝑠 to 𝑡 =
4 𝑠?
A) B)
C) D)
Q46. A particle moving in a straight line covers half the distance with a speed of 3 𝑚/𝑠. The other half of the distance
is covered in two equal time intervals with speeds of 4.5 𝑚/𝑠 and 7.5 𝑚/𝑠 respectively. The average speed of the
particle during this motion is
A) 4.0 𝑚/𝑠 B) 5.0 𝑚/𝑠
C) 5.5 𝑚/𝑠 D) 4.8 𝑚/𝑠
Q47. A stone dropped from a building of height ℎ reaches the ground after 𝑡 seconds. From the same building if two
stones are thrown (one upwards and the other downwards) with the same velocity 𝑢 and they reach the ground
after 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 seconds respectively, then the time interval 𝑡 is
𝑡1 +𝑡2
A) 𝑡 = 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 B) 𝑡 =
2
C) 𝑡 = √𝑡1 𝑡2 D) 𝑡 = √𝑡12 − 𝑡22
Q48. Displacement (𝑥) of a particle is related to time (𝑡) as 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 2 − 𝑐𝑡 3 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants of
motion. The velocity of the particle when its acceleration is zero is given by
𝑏2 𝑏2
A) 𝑎 + B) 𝑎 +
𝑐 2𝑐
𝑏2 𝑏2
C) 𝑎 + D) 𝑎 +
3𝑐 4𝑐
Q49. A body is thrown vertically up with a velocity 𝑢. It passes a point at a height ℎ above the ground at time 𝑡1 while
going up and at time 𝑡2 while falling down. Then the relation between 𝑢, 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 is
2𝑢 2𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
A) 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = B) 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = C) 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = D) 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 =
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
T.P.P.
Q50. In 1.0 𝑠, a particle goes from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵, moving in a semicircle of radius 1.0 𝑚 as shown in
Figure. The magnitude of the average velocity of the particle is
A) 3.14 𝑚𝑠 −1
B) 2.0 𝑚𝑠 −1
C) 1.0 𝑚𝑠 −1
D) zero
Q51. Consider the motion of the tip of the minute hand of a clock. In one hour
A) the displacement is zero B) the distance covered is zero
C) the average speed is zero D) none of these
Q52. The velocity-time plot for a particle moving on a straight line is shown in the
figure.
A) The particle has variable acceleration.
B) The particle has never turned around.
C) The particle has zero displacement.
D) The particle speed in the interval 0 to 10𝑠 is the same as the average speed in
the interval 10𝑠 to 20𝑠.
Q53. A person walks up a stalled escalator in 90 seconds .When standing on the same moving escalator, he is carried
in 60 seconds. The time it would take him to walk up the moving escalator will be
A) 27 𝑠 B) 72 𝑠 C) 18 𝑠 D) 36 𝑠
Q54. A juggler who keeps on moving four balls in the air throws the balls in regular interval of time. When one ball
leaves his hand (speed = 20 𝑚/𝑠), the position of other balls will be (Take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A) 10 𝑚, 15 𝑚, 10 𝑚 B) 15 𝑚, 20 𝑚, 15 𝑚
C) 5 𝑚, 15 𝑚, 20 𝑚 D) 5 𝑚, 10 𝑚, 20 𝑚
Q55. A balloon going upward with a velocity of 12 𝑚/𝑠 is at a height of 65 𝑚 from the earth surface at any instant. At
this instant a packet drops from it. How much time will the packet take in reaching the surface of earth? (𝑔 =
10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A) 7.5 sec B) 10 sec
C) 5 sec D) none of these
Q56. Average velocity of a particle moving in a straight line, with constant acceleration 𝑎 and initial velocity 𝑢 in first
𝑡 seconds is:
1 𝑢+𝑎𝑡 𝑢
A) 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 B) 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 C) D)
2 2 2
Q57. Two particles start moving from the same point along the same straight line. The first moves with constant
velocity 𝑣 and the second with constant acceleration 𝑎. During the time that elapses before the second catches
the first, the greatest distance between the particles is:
𝑣2 𝑣2 2𝑣 2 𝑣2
A) B) C) D)
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
Q58. A particle is released from rest from a tower of height 3ℎ. The ratio of times to fall through equal height ℎ, i. e.,
𝑡1 ∶ 𝑡2 ∶ 𝑡3 is:
A) √3 ∶ √2 ∶ 1 B) 3 ∶ 2 ∶ 1
C) 9 ∶ 4 ∶ 1 D) 1 ∶ (√2 − 1) ∶ (√3 − √2)
Q59. A ball is dropped from the roof of a tower of height ℎ. The total distance covered by it in the last second of its
motion is equal to the distance covered by it in first three seconds. The value of ℎ in metres is (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A) 125 B) 200 C) 100 D) 80
Q60. A point mass starts moving in a straight line with constant acceleration 𝑎 from rest at 𝑡 = 0. At time 𝑡 = 2 𝑠, the
acceleration changes the sign, remaining the same in magnitude. The mass returns to the initial position at time
𝑡 = 𝑡0 after start of motion. Here, 𝑡0 is:
A) 4 𝑠 B) (4 + 2√2)𝑠 C) (2 + 2√2)𝑠 D) (4 + 4√2)𝑠
Q61. In a car race, car 𝐴 takes 𝑡0 time less to finish than car 𝐵 and passes the finishing point with a velocity 𝑣0 more
𝑣
than car 𝐵. The cars start from rest and travel with constant accelerations 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 . Then the ratio 0 is equal to:
𝑡0
𝑎12 𝑎1 +𝑎2 𝑎22

A) B) C) √𝑎1 𝑎2 D)
𝑎2 2 𝑎1
Q62. Four rods of length 𝑙 have been hinged to form a rhombus. Vertex 𝐴 is fixed to rigid
support, vertex 𝐶 is being moved along the 𝑥-axis with a constant velocity 𝑣 as shown
in the figure. The rate at which vertex 𝐵 is approaching the 𝑥-axis at the moment the
rhombus is in the form of a square is:
𝑣 𝑣
A) B)
4 3
𝑣 𝑣
C) D)
2 √2
Comprehension
Question 63 to 66 are based on the following passage
It must be clearly understood that distance is not same as displacement. Distance is a scalar quantity and is given by the
total length of the path travelled by the body in a certain interval of time. Displacement is a vector quantity and is given
by the shortest distance (in a specified direction) between the initial and the final positions of the body. The direction
of the displacement vector is from the initial position (starting point) to the final position (end point) of the motion.
Speed is a scalar quantity. The average speed is defined as
total distance travelled
𝑣=
total time taken
Velocity is a vector quantity. The average velocity is defined as
net displacement
𝑣=
time taken
The direction of the velocity vector is the same as that of the displacement vector.
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity and it is a vector quantity.
A cyclist starts from centre 𝑂 of a circular track of radius 𝑟 = 1 𝑘𝑚, reaches edge 𝑃 of the track and then cycles along
the circumference and stops at point 𝑄 as shown in Figure.
Q63. The displacement of the cyclist is

𝜋
A) 𝑟 (1 + )
6
B) 𝑟
𝜋
C) 𝑟 (1 + )
3
𝜋𝑟
D)
3
T.P.P.
Q64. The magnitude of the velocity in 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 of the cyclist is

A) 12.3 B) 12.0 C) 3.0 D) 6.0
Q65. The distance travelled by the cyclist is approximately
A) 2 𝑘𝑚 B) 2.01 𝑘𝑚 C) 2.05 𝑘𝑚 D) 1 𝑘𝑚
Q66. The average speed (in 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 ) of the cyclist is
A) 12.3 B) 6.15 C) 6.0 D) 12.0
Assertion-Reason Type Questions

Q67. Statement-1
A body moving in a straight line with a constant speed must have a zero acceleration.
Statement-2
A body moving along a curve with a constant speed may have a zero acceleration.
A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation for Statement-1.
B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for Statement-1.
C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
Q68. Statement-1
If the displacement-time graph of the motion of a body is a straight line parallel to the time axis, then it follows
that the body is at rest.
Statement-2
Velocity is equal to the rate of change of displacement.
A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation for Statement-1.
B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for Statement-1.
C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
DATA Guide
B # Attempts Total attempts in OMR
ANALYSIS
𝐵
𝐴
𝐶
𝐵
Easy
Medium
Hard
T.P.P.
Answer Key
P2.1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT AND VELOCITY
PRE-TEST Q4. I. 0 𝑠, 1 𝑠
II. 0 𝑚/𝑠
Q1. 3𝐶 − 5(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 4
Q5. 𝑇 = 4𝑡
Q2. I. 8√2 𝑐𝑚
II. 4√5 𝑐𝑚 Q6. 180 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Q3. 40 𝑐𝑚2
LEVEL 3
Q4. Roots: 1, −2, 3;
3𝑣0 𝑣1 +3𝑣0 𝑣2
Factors: (𝑥 − 1), (𝑥 + 2), (𝑥 − 3) Q7. 𝑣𝑎 =
𝑣1 +𝑣2 +4𝑣0
Q5. I. 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 Q8. I. 5 𝑚/𝑠

II. 2𝑥 − 3 II. −2.5 𝑚/𝑠
Q6. I. +3 and −3 III. 1.25 𝑚/𝑠
2 10
II. and 4 IV. − 𝑚/𝑠
3 3
V. Zero
PRE-READING EXERCISE Velocity-time Graph:
Q1. C
Q2. Distance
Q3. Negative
Q4. False
Q5. Uniform
Q6. Position
Q7. False
Q8. True Q9. A → (II); B → (III); C → (IV); D → (I)
IN CLASS EXERCISE HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 1
Q1. Distance = 25𝜋 𝑚; Displacement = 50 𝑚 Q1. I. 17 𝑘𝑚

Average Speed = 𝑣 𝑚/𝑠; Average velocity = II. 9 𝑘𝑚
2𝑣
𝑚/𝑠 Q2. I. 2
𝜋
II. Same for all
Q2. I. 6.5 𝑘𝑚
Q3. Distance = 30 𝑚 ; Displacement = 20 𝑚
II. 2.5 𝑘𝑚
(downward)
LEVEL 2 Q4. 1.5 𝑚

Q5. 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Q3. I. 27 𝑚
II. (27 + 3Δ𝑡 2 + 18Δ𝑡) 𝑚
III. 18 𝑚/𝑠 LEVEL 2
IV. 18 𝑚/𝑠 Q6. I. Two particles moving equal length in a same
straight line in opposite direction
II. One of the particle moving from 𝑂 to 𝐴 while Q14. See table below:
the other moving from 𝑂 to 𝐵 & then back to 𝐴 Time Average
Position Displacement
Instant velocity
(𝑚) (𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡)
(𝑠) (𝑚/𝑠)
Q7. Average velocity = 46.67 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛; Average
speed = 140 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 0 −4 −
1 0 4 4
Q8. Superman
2 2 6 3
Q9. I. Average speed
𝑣1 𝑡1 +𝑣2 𝑡2 +𝑣3 𝑡3 2.5 2.25 6.25 2.5
= 𝑚/𝑠;
𝑡1 +𝑡2 +𝑡3 3 2 6 2
II. Average velocity
𝑣1 𝑡1 +𝑣2 𝑡2 −𝑣3 𝑡3 4 0 4 1
= 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡1 +𝑡2 +𝑡3
Q15. I. 10 𝑚
Q10. I. 2.3 𝑚/𝑠
II. 10 𝑚
II. 16.1𝑚/𝑠
III. 20 𝑚
III. 11.5 𝑚/𝑠
IV. 0𝑚
3𝑢𝑣𝑤
Q11. 𝑣1 +𝑣2
𝑢𝑣+𝑣𝑤+𝑢𝑤 Q16. I.
2
Q12. Velocity = 12 𝑚/𝑠; Position = 10 𝑚 2𝑣1 𝑣2
II.
𝑣1 +𝑣2
3𝑣1 𝑣2 +9𝑣1 𝑣3
LEVEL 3 III.
8𝑣1 +𝑣2 +3𝑣3
𝑣1 𝑣2 +16𝑣2 𝑣3 +3𝑣1 𝑣3
Q13. 10 𝑚 IV.
5(𝑣2 +3𝑣3 )
P2.2 ACCELERATION
PRE-READING EXERCISE LEVEL 2
Q1. Velocity Q4.
Q2. Slope
Q3. True
Q4. False
Q5. D
Q6. False
Q7. Retardation
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 Q5. 1000 𝑚
Q1. 2.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑡 Curve:
x (m)
Q2. I. 78 𝑚/𝑠 1000
II. 32 𝑚/𝑠 2
750
III. 30 𝑚/𝑠
IV. 20 𝑚/𝑠 2 500
Q3. 𝛽 and 𝛾 250
10 20 30 t(s)
Ans.
Q6. 24 𝑚 Q11.
LEVEL 3
Q7.
LEVEL 3
Q8. 𝑣 2 /2𝑎 Q12. The graph would be as shown
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. 5𝑠
Q13. I. 𝑣10 = 20 𝑚/𝑠; 𝑣20 = 5 𝑚/𝑠;
Q2. I. [𝐴] = 𝐿𝑇 −3 , [𝐵] = 𝐿𝑇 −2 , [𝐶] = 𝐿𝑇 −1 , [𝐷] = 𝐿 II. Displacement = 262.5 𝑚
II. 40 𝑚/𝑠 2 Q14. Refer graphs:
Q3. −4 𝑚/𝑠 2 ; Sign signifies that the acceleration is
opposite to that of velocity.
Q4. B
LEVEL 2
Q5.
Q6. −1.4 × 104 𝑚/𝑠 2

Q7. Displacement = 80 𝑚; Acceleration = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
Q15. I. 10 𝑚/𝑠
Q8. 6 𝑚/𝑠
II. 𝑣2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠; 𝑣5 = 0 𝑚/𝑠; 𝑣8 = 20 𝑚/𝑠;
Q9. a) Zero 𝑣12 = −20 𝑚/𝑠
b) Zero III. −2.67 𝑚/𝑠 2
c) Negative IV. Zero (for all cases)
d) Positive
Q10. B
P2.3 EQUATIONS OF MOTION

PRE-READING EXERCISE Q2. I. 6.61 𝑚/𝑠
II. −0.45 𝑚/𝑠 2
Q1. uniformly
Q2. C Q3. No
Q3. A Q4. 58.8 𝑚
Q4. uniformly Q5. I. 0.6 𝑚/𝑠 2

II. 50 𝑚
Q5. False
Q6. True
LEVEL 2
Q7. D
Q8. D Q6. 600 𝑚
Q7. 36.25 𝑚
IN CLASS EXERCISE Q8. I.
41
𝑚
16
LEVEL 1 II. −3 𝑚/𝑠
Q1. −4 𝑚/𝑠 2 ; 10 𝑠 Q9. 3𝑥
Q2. 200 𝑚 Q10. I. 2700 𝑚
Q3. 𝑠5𝑡ℎ = 5 𝑚, 𝑠4𝑡ℎ = 20 𝑚 and 𝑠3𝑟𝑑 = 45 𝑚 II. 60 𝑚/𝑠
III. 225 𝑚 and 2250 𝑚
LEVEL 2 Q11. I. 9 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

II. 12.5 𝑚
Q4. I. 2𝑠
Q13. 125 𝑚
II. 20 𝑚
III. 4𝑠 Q15. 15.86 𝑠, 235 𝑚
IV. −20 𝑚/𝑠 1 1
Q16. ℎ = 𝑔𝑡1 𝑡2 ; 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )
2 2
Q5. 50 𝑚/𝑠
Q6. I. −25 𝑚 LEVEL 3
II. 125/3 𝑚
Q17. Zero
III. −5 𝑚/𝑠
IV. 25/3 𝑚/𝑠 Q18. See graph below:
LEVEL 3
Q7. I. 5 𝑚/𝑠
5
II. 𝑚/𝑠 2
3
III. 7.5 𝑚
Q8. 36 𝑚
Q10. No
Q19. Proof
HOMEWORK Q20. 136 𝑚
LEVEL 1 Q21. I. 𝑥 = 30𝑡 − 𝑡 2 ; 𝑣 = 30 − 2𝑡
II. 225 𝑚
Q1. I. 4√5 𝑠
II. 40√5 𝑚/𝑠
Ans.
Q22. I. 𝑎 = (−2 × 107 𝑡 + 105 ) 𝑚/𝑠 2 ; III. 250 𝑚/𝑠

−107 3 105 2 IV. 83 𝑐𝑚
𝑥= ( 𝑡 + 𝑡 ) 𝑚
3 2
1
II. 𝑠
200
P2.4 NON UNIFORM MOTION AND RELATIVE MOTION IN 1D

PRE-READING EXERCISE 𝑘2 𝑘2
Q9. I. 𝑎= ;𝑣= 𝑡
2 2
Q1. Position II.
𝑘 √𝑠
2
Q2. D
Q10. Turn back
Q3. Less
Q4. A
HOMEWORK
Q5. False
LEVEL 1
Q6. C
Q1. 2.5 𝑚𝑠
IN CLASS EXERCISE 2𝐷𝑣0
Q2. I. 2
𝑣02 −𝑣𝐴
LEVEL 1 2
𝑣02 −𝑣𝐴
II.
𝑣0
Q1. A) 𝐴 lives closer to school than 𝐵
III. Zero
B) 𝐴 starts earlier
C) 𝐵 walks faster than 𝐴 Q3. 1000 𝑚
D) 𝐵 reaches earlier than 𝐴 Q4. 4.2 𝑠
E) 𝐵 overtakes 𝐴 once Q5. 24 𝑚
Q2. 50 𝑠
Q3. 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟; 𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 3 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 LEVEL 2
𝑙1 +𝑙+𝑙2
Q6.
𝑣1 +𝑣2
LEVEL 2
Q7. 3𝑠
Q4. Height of 15 𝑚 from the ground
11 1
Q5. I. 𝑢/𝑏 Q8. 𝑣1 = 𝑚/𝑠; 𝑣2 = 𝑚/𝑠.
10 2
II. 𝑡 → ∞ Q9.
2
𝑠
ln 2 9
III. 1
𝑏
Q10. (𝑡 2 +1)3/2
Q6. 1 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝐽𝑡 2
Q11. 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝐽𝑡 ; 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + ;
2
LEVEL 3 𝑎𝑥𝑖 𝑡2 𝐽𝑡 3
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + +
2 6
Q7. 35 𝑚/𝑠
Q12. 80 𝑚 from the top after the first stone is
Q8. The graphs would be as follows: dropped.
Q13. √𝑔ℎ
LEVEL 3
𝑣1 3𝑔ℎ
Q14. = 2; 𝑢 = √
𝑣2 2
Q15. 8 𝑚
Q16. I. −40 m/s Q17. 𝑇 = 9 𝑚𝑖𝑛; 𝑣 = 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

II. 25 m/s Q18. 25 𝑚/𝑠
III. 10 m/s

Mark (C) / (I) / (U) Mark (C) / (I) / (U)
Q3. C Hard Q37. C Medium
Q4. C Medium Q38. D Medium
Q5. D Medium Q39. B Medium
Q6. A Easy Q40. D Medium
Q7. A Easy Q41. B Hard
Q8. C Medium Q42. C Medium
Q9. D Hard Q43. C Medium
Q10. C Hard Q44. B Easy
Q11. D Hard Q45. D Medium
Q12. B Easy Q46. D Medium
Q13. D Medium Q47. C Hard
Q14. A Easy Q48. C Medium
Q15. B Hard Q49. A Medium
Q18. C Medium Q52. D Medium
Q19. C Easy Q53. D Medium
Q20. B Hard Q54. B Hard
Q21. D Medium Q55. C Medium
Q22. B Hard Q56. A Easy
Q23. B Hard Q57. B Hard
Q24. B Hard Q58. D Medium
Q25. A Medium Q59. A Medium
Q26. A Medium Q60. B Medium
Q27. B Hard Q61. C Medium
Q30. A Medium Q64. D Easy
Q32. C Medium Q66. A Easy
Q33. A Hard Q67. C Easy
Ans.
P3 – Vectors and Application of Calculus 72
Sixth Edition
P3. Vectors and Application of Calculus

TABLE OF CONTENTS
P3. Vectors and Application of Calculus 72

Synopsis ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
P3.1 Vectors and their Properties................................................................................................................................................... 80
P3.2 Resolution of Vectors ................................................................................................................................................................. 84
P3.3 Dot Product of Vectors .............................................................................................................................................................. 88
P3.4 Cross Product of Vectors .......................................................................................................................................................... 91
P3.5 Application of Calculus .............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 105
PRE-REQUISITES
1. Basics of trigonometry
PRE-TEST
Q1. Refer the adjoining diagram. In a right angled triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 where 𝐵𝐶 is the
Hypotenuse, the relation between the lengths of the sides 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐶 is
__________.
Q2. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, the value of sin 𝜃 is __________.
Q3. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, the value of cos 𝜃 is __________.
Q4. If side 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎, then the value of 𝐴𝐶 in terms of 𝑎 and 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐. . )
would be __________.
Q5. If 𝐴𝐵 = 3 and 𝐵𝐶 = 5, the value of 𝐴𝐶 is __________.
Q6. If 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑎 and 𝜃 = 30°, then the value of 𝐴𝐵 is __________.
P3
Synopsis
Vectors
Those physical quantities which require magnitude as well as direction for their complete representation and follows
vector laws are called vectors.
Vector can be divided into two types:

1. Polar Vectors
These are those vectors which have a starting point or a point of application as a displacement force etc.
2. Axial vectors
These are those vectors which represent rotational effect and act along the axis of rotation in accordance with right
hand screw rule as angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.
Scalars
Those physical quantities which require only magnitude but no direction of their complete representation are called
scalars.
Distance, speed, work, mass, density, etc are the examples of scalars. Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied of
divided by simple algebraic laws.
Tensors
Tensors are those physical quantities which have different values in different directions at the same point.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, modulus of elasticity, pressure, stress, conductivity, resistivity, refractive index,
wave velocity and density, etc are the examples of tensors. Magnitude of tensor is not unique.
Different types of Vectors

i) Equal Vectors : Two vectors of equal magnitude, in same direction are called equal vectors.
ii) Negative Vectors : Two vectors of equal magnitude but in opposite directions are called negative vectors.
The negative vector of A is represented as –A.

iii) Zero Vector or Null Vector : A vector whose magnitude is zero, known as a zero or null vector. Its direction is not
defined. It is denoted by 0.
Velocity of a stationary object, acceleration of an object moving with uniform velocity and resultant of two equal
and opposite vectors are the examples of null vector.
iv) Unit Vector : A vector having unit magnitude is called a unit vector.
A unit vector in the direction of vector A is given by
A
̂=
A
𝐴
A unit vector is unitless and dimensionless vector and represents direction only.
v) Orthogonal Unit Vectors : The unit vectors along the direction of orthogonal axis, i.e. 𝑋 −axis, 𝑌-axis and 𝑍-axis are
called orthogonal unit vectors. They are represented by 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂.
vi) Co-initial Vectors : Vectors having a common initial point, are called co-initial vectors.
vii) Collinear Vectors : Vectors having equal or unequal magnitude but along the same or parallel lines are called
collinear vectors.
viii) Coplanar Vectors : Vectors acting in the same plane are called coplanar vectors.
ix) Localised Vector : A vector whose initial point is fixed, is called a localized vector.
x) Non-localised or free Vector : A vector whose initial point is not fixed is called a non-localised or a free vector.
xi) Position Vector : A vector which gives position of an object with reference to the origin of a coordinate system is
called position vector. It is represented by a symbol r.
xii) Displacement Vector : The vector which tells how much and in which direction an object has changed its position in
a given interval of time is called displacement vector.
Displacement vector is the straight line joining the initial and final positions and does not depend on the actual
path undertaken by the object between the two positions.
The displacement vector for 𝐴𝐵 is

∆𝑟 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
Syn.
Addition of Vectors
1. Triangle Law of Vectors Addition
If two vectors acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in
one order, then their resultant is represented by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order.
If two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 acting at a point are inclined at an angle 𝜃, the, their resultant
𝑹 = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
If the resultant vector 𝑅 subtends an angle 𝛽 with vector 𝐴, then
𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷 =
𝑨 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
2. Parallelogram Law of Vectors Addition
If two vectors acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram draw from a point, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal
of the parallelogram draw from the same point.
Resultant of vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 is given by
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
If the resultant vector 𝑅 subtends and angles 𝛽 with vector 𝐴, then
𝐵 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛽 =
𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃
3. Polygon Law of Vectors Addition
It stated that if number of vectors acting on a particle at a time are represented in magnitude and direction by the
various sides of an open polygon taken in same order, their resultant vector is represented in magnitude and
direction by the closing side of polygon taken in opposite order. In face, polygon law of vectors is the outcome of
triangle law of vectors.
𝑅 =𝐴+𝐵+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸
𝑶𝑬 = 𝑶𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑪 + 𝑪𝑫 + 𝑫𝑬
Properties of Vector Addition

i) Vector addition is commutative, i.e. 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + 𝑨
ii) Vector addition is associative, i.e.
𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑩 + (𝑪 + 𝑨) = 𝑪 + (𝑨 + 𝑩)
iii) Vector addition is distributive, i.e. 𝒎(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒎𝑨 + 𝒎𝑩
iv) 𝐴 + 0 = 𝑨
Rotation of a Vector
i) If a vector is rotated through an angle 𝜃, which in not an integral multiple of 2𝜋, the vector changes.
ii) If the frame of reference is rotated or translated, the given vectors does not change. The components of the vector
may, however, change.
Resolution of Vectors into Two Components

If two component vectors of 𝑅 are 𝑂𝑃 and 𝑃𝑄 in the direction of 𝐴 and 𝐵, respectively.
Suppose 𝑂𝑃 = 𝜆𝐴 and 𝑃𝑄 = 𝜇𝐵, where 𝜆 and 𝜇 are two real numbers.
The resultant vector , 𝑹 = 𝝀𝑨 + 𝝁𝑩
Resolution of a Vector into Rectangular Components

If any vector 𝐴 subtends and angle 𝜃 with 𝑋-axis , then its Horizontal component 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃
Vertical component 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃
Magnitude of vector 𝐴 = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦

𝐴𝑦
tan 𝜃 =
𝐴𝑥
𝐴𝑦
Angle 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐴𝑥
Direction Cosines of a Vector
If any vector 𝐴 subtend angles 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 with 𝑋-axis, 𝑌-axis and 𝑍-axis respectively and its components along these
axes are 𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 and 𝐴𝑧 , then
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
cos 𝛼 = , cos 𝛽 = , cos 𝛾 =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
And 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜶 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
Subtraction of Vectors
Subtraction of a vector 𝐵 from a vector 𝐴 is defined as the addition of vector- 𝐵 (negative of vector 𝐵) to vector 𝐴.
Thus, 𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 + (−𝑩)
Syn.
Multiplication of a Vector
1. By a Real Number
When a vector 𝐴 is multiplied by a real number 𝑛, then its magnitude becomes 𝒏 timed but direction and unit
remains unchanged.
2. By a Scalar
When a vector 𝐴 is multiplied by a scalar 𝑆, then its magnitude becomes 𝑆 times, and unit is the product of units of
𝐴 and 𝑆 but direction remains same as that of vector 𝐴.
Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors

The scalar product of two vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of
the smaller angle between them. It is denoted by .(dot).
𝑨. 𝑩. = 𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
The scalar or dot product of two vectors is a scalar.
Properties of Scalar Product

i) Scalar product is commutative,
i.e., 𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝐴
ii) Scalar product is distributive,
i.e., 𝐴. (𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴. 𝐵 + 𝐴. 𝐶
iii) Scalar product of two perpendicular vectors is zero
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 90° = 0
iv) Scalar product of two parallel vectors or anti-parallel vectors is equal to the product of their magnitude, i.e.
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 0° = 𝑨𝑩 (for parallel)
𝐴. 𝐵. = 𝐴𝐵 cos 180° = −𝑨𝑩 (for anti-parallel)
v) Scalar product of a vector with itself is equal to the square of its magnitude, i.e. 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 cos 0° = 𝐴2
vi) Scalar product of orthogonal unit vectors
𝑖̂. 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ . 𝑘̂ = 1
𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑖̂ = 0
vii) Scalar product in Cartesian coordinated
𝐴. 𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴2 𝑘̂). (𝐵𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘̂) = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors

The vector product of two vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes and the sine of the smaller angle between
them. It is denoted by × (cross).
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝑨𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒏 ̂
The direction of unit vector 𝑛̂ can be obtained from right hand thumb rule. If fingers of right hand are curled from 𝐴 to
𝐵 through smaller angle between them, then thumb will represent the direction of vector (𝐴 × 𝐵).
The vector or cross product of two vectors is also a vector.
Properties of Vector Product

i) Vector product is not commutative, i.e.
𝐴×𝐵 ≠𝐵×𝐴 [∴ (𝐴 × 𝐵) = −(𝐵 × 𝐴)]
ii) Vector product is distributive, i.e.
𝐴 × (𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴 × 𝐵 + 𝐴 × 𝐶
iii) Vector product of two parallel vectors is zero, i.e.,
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 0° = 0
iv) Vector product of any vector with itself is zero.
𝐴 × 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 0° = 0
v) Vector product of orthogonal unit vectors
𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = 0
And 𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂, 𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
vi) Vector product in Cartesian coordinates
𝐴 × 𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂) × (𝐵𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘̂)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
= |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 | = (𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 )𝑖̂ − (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐵𝑧 𝐴𝑥 )𝑗̂ + (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )𝑘̂
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
Direction of Vector Cross Product

When 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵, the direction of 𝐶 is at right. Angles to the plane containing the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵. The direction is
determined by the right hand screw rule and right hand thumb rule.
i) Right Hand Screw Rule : Rotate a right handed screw from first vector (A) towards second vector (B). The direction
in which the right screw moves gives the direction of vector (C).
ii) Right Hand Thumb Rule : Curl the fingers of your right hand from 𝐴 to 𝐵. Then, the direction of the erect thumb
will point in the direction of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Syn.
P3.1 Vectors and their Properties

CONCEPTS
1. Vectors and scalars and their difference.
2. Mathematical and graphical representation of vectors.
3. Multiplication of vector by a scalar.
4. Addition of vectors (Mathematical and Graphical).
5. Properties of vectors.
PRE-READING
REQUIRED NCERT XI, Part 1 4 4.1 to 4.4
ADDITIONAL Concept of Physics 1, H. C. Verma (Optional) 2 2.1 to 2.5
Q1. Any physical quantity that has a magnitude and direction is a vector (True/False).
Q2. __________ (Scalars/Vectors) can be added as ordinary numbers provided they are of same physical quantity and
have the same units.
Q3. Magnitude of the displacement is either equal to or less than the path length of an object between two points
(True/False).
Q4. ⃗⃗ is multiplied by a scalar negative number 𝑛(< 0), its direction will (remain the same/be
When a vector 𝑨
reversed).
Q5. There is/are __________ (one/two/three) real number(s) which, when multiplied to a vector, do/does not changes
its magnitude.
Q6. Two vectors of same physical quantity are equal if and only if:
A) their direction is same
B) their magnitude is same
C) both magnitude and direction are same
D) their magnitude and direction are the same and they start from the same point
Q7. ⃗ when |𝐴| > |𝐵

𝐴>𝐵 ⃗ | and their direction is same (True/False).
Q8. ⃗ =𝐵
𝐴+𝐵 ⃗ + 𝐴 is true
⃗ is zero
A) only when either 𝐴 or 𝐵
⃗|
B) only when |𝐴| = |𝐵
C) for every case
D) never
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. Two forces of 10𝑁 and 15𝑁 are acting at a point at an angle of 60° with each other. Find out the magnitude and
the direction of their resultant force.
Q2. Two forces of equal magnitude are acting at a point. The magnitude of their resultant is equal to the magnitude
1
of either of the forces. Find the angle between the force vectors. (cos(120°) = − )
2
Q3. Suppose 𝑎 is a vector of magnitude 4.5 units due north. What is the vector
I. 3𝑎, II. −4𝑎 ?
LEVEL 2
Q4. If 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0, |𝑎| = 3, |𝑏⃗| = 5 and |𝑐 | = 7, find the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗.
Q5. Two forces, each having a magnitude equal to 𝐹 , act as shown in the given figure. Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant.
Q6. A car travels 20 km due North and then 35 𝑘𝑚 in a direction 60° West of North, starting from origin. Find the
magnitude and direction of car’s resultant displacement.
Q7. ⃗ be 1200 and its resultant be 𝐶 . Which of the following

Let the angle between two non-zero vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
options is correct.
⃗|
A) 𝐶 must be equal to |𝐴 − 𝐵 ⃗|
B) 𝐶 must be less than |𝐴 − 𝐵
⃗|
C) 𝐶 must be greater than |𝐴 − 𝐵 D) 𝐶 may be equal to |𝐴 − 𝐵⃗|
Q8. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is a regular hexagon with 𝑂 as the center of the hexagon. The vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 are
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑎 and 𝑏 respectively. Find the vector 𝑂𝐹 in terms of vector 𝑎, 𝑏.
LEVEL 3
Q9. A man travels to a point along 2 paths. One along the 𝑥 and 𝑦- directions (𝑛 + 1) and 1 units, respectively in order
to reach a particular position. In the second path initially at an angle θ = 60° with the 𝑥 axis the man travels 𝑛
units. Then the man turns right and travels 3 units to reach the same position. Find the value of 𝑛.
P3.1
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. ⃗ have magnitudes 3 and 4 units respectively. Find the magnitude of the
Two perpendicular vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
4
resultant vector and angle that it makes with vector 𝐴. (Given tan 53° = )
3
Q2. ⃗ = 𝐶 . If |𝐴| = 4, |𝐵
Given 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⃗ | = 5 and |𝐶 | = √61, Find the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗.
Q3. ⃗ makes an angle 𝛼 with 𝐴 and 𝛽 with 𝐵

The resultant of 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ , then
A) 𝛼 < 𝛽 B) 𝛼 < 𝛽 if 𝐴 < 𝐵
C) 𝛼 < 𝛽 if 𝐴 > 𝐵 D) 𝛼 < 𝛽 if 𝐴 = 𝐵
Q4. Abhilasha walks 37° North of East for 3 𝑘𝑚. How far would she have to first walk due South and then due West
to arrive at the same location? Also what is the total distance walked by Abhilasha to come back to the original
position?
Q5. What is the resultant vector in each of the following cases:-
I. II. III.
LEVEL 2
Q6. What is the angle between two vectors of equal magnitude such that their resultant is one-third of either of the
original vectors?
Q7. Which of the sets given below may represent the magnitudes of three vectors adding to zero?
A) 2, 4, 8 B) 4, 8, 16 C) 1, 2, 1 D) 0.5, 1, 2
Q8. Forces ⃗⃗⃗

𝐹1 = 500 N due East and ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹2 = 250 N due North are applied at the same point. Find the magnitude and
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
direction of 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 .
Q9. Two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are at an angle of 60° with each other. Their resultant makes an angle of 45° with 𝑎.
If |𝑏⃗| = 2 units, then find the magnitude of 𝑎 or |𝑎|.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐶
Q10. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is a regular hexagon with point O as centre. the value of 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
A) 𝐴𝑂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
B) 2𝐴𝑂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
C) 4𝐴𝑂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
D) 6𝐴𝑂
*Q11. Mark the correct statements.
A) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| ≥ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗| B) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗|
C) |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| ≥ |𝑎| − |𝑏⃗| D) |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| ≤ |𝑎| − |𝑏⃗|
Q12. From figure, the most appropriate relation is

⃗ + 𝐸⃗ = ⃗0
A) 𝐴 + 𝐵
⃗ = −𝐴
B) 𝐶 − 𝐷
⃗ + 𝐸⃗ − 𝐶 = −𝐷
C) 𝐵 ⃗
D) All of these
LEVEL 3
Q13. In an equilateral triangle ABC, AL, BM and CN are medians. Forces along BC and BA will have a resultant
represented by
A) 2𝐴𝐿 B) 2𝐵𝑀 C) 2𝐶𝑁 D) 𝐴𝐶
⃗ is 𝑅⃗. If the magnitude of 𝑄
Q14. The resultant of two vectors 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄 ⃗ is doubled, the new resultant vector becomes
perpendicular to 𝑃⃗. What is the magnitude of 𝑅⃗?
Q15. Given that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0 out of the three vectors, two are equal in magnitude, and the magnitude of the third
vector is √2 times that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Find the angles between the vectors.
P3.1
P3.2 Resolution of Vectors

CONCEPTS
1. Resolution of vectors.
2. Component of a vector.
3. Unit vectors in 2D and 3D.
4. Unit vector in any given direction in terms of 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂.
5. Addition of vectors using unit vector notations.
6. Resultant vector (both magnitude and direction) from the given components of a vector.
PRE-READING
Category Book Name (Edition) Chapter Section
REQUIRED NCERT XI, Part 1 4 4.5 and 4.6
ADDITIONAL Concept of Physics, H. C. Verma (Optional) 2 2.6
Q1. A unit vector has
A) direction only B) fixed magnitude
C) no magnitude D) magnitude only
Q2. Vector 𝑨 makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive 𝑥 axis. The 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of the vector 𝑨 will be respectively
A) 𝐴 cos 𝜃, 𝐴 sin 𝜃 B) 𝐴 cos 𝜃, 𝐴 cos 𝜃
C) 𝐴 sin 𝜃, A sin 𝜃 D) 𝐴 sin 𝜃, 𝐴 cos 𝜃
Q3. The magnitude of the vector 𝑷 whose 𝑥 and 𝑦 components are 3 units and 4 units respectively will be __________.
Q4. Vectors are preferably resolved along mutually perpendicular directions because mutually perpendicular
directions are independent of one another (True/False).
Q5. Magnitude of vectors that are in the same direction can be added algebraically (True/False).
Q6. Unit vectors along the 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 axis are respectively denoted by __________, __________ and __________ respectively.
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. ⃗ if 𝐴 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵

Find the magnitude of 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 ⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
Q2. ⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂

Given two vectors 𝐴 = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ and 𝐵
I. Find the magnitude of each vector.
II. Write an expression for the vector difference 𝐴 − 𝐵⃗ using these vectors.
⃗.
III. Find the magnitude and directions of the vector difference 𝐴 − B
Q3. Find the length of projection of a vector 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ on the x-y plane.
LEVEL 2
Q4. ⃗ = −8𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ units and 𝐶 = 26𝑖̂ + 19𝑗̂ units, determine 𝑎 and 𝑏 such that 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵
If 𝐴 = 6𝑖̂ − 8𝑗̂ units, 𝐵 ⃗ +𝐶 =0
Q5. A vector makes an angle of 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 with the positive 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 axes, respectively. Then the value of
(cos2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛽 + cos 2 𝛾) will be equal to __________.
Q6. Determine a vector which when added to the resultant of 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ gives unit vector
along the negative y-direction.
Q7. Refer to the figure. Find
I. magnitude,
II. 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and
III. the angle with the 𝑥-axis of the resultant of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
𝑂𝐹 and 𝐷𝐸
Q8. If 𝑝 = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, 𝑞 = 3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, find the unit vector along 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟.
Q9. Consider a body having weight 𝑊 = 100 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 place on an plane which is inclined at an angle 30° with the
horizontal. Orientation of the coordinate axes is as given in the figure. Find the weight of the body in terms of
𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂.
Q10. A jet airplane, moving initially at 300 𝑘𝑚/ℎ to the east, suddenly enters a region where the wind is blowing at
100 𝑘𝑚/ℎ in a direction of 30° North of East. What is the new speed and direction of the aircraft?
Q11. A commuter airplane takes the following route. First, it flies from the origin to city A, located 160 km in a direction
of 30° north of east. Next, it flies 150 km in a direction 37° west of north to city B. Finally, it flies 196 𝑘𝑚 due west
4 3 4
to city C. Find the location of city C relative to the origin. (sin 53° = , cos 53° = , tan 53𝑜 = , √3 = 1.7)
5 5 3
Q12. As it passes over Canary Islands, the eye of a hurricane is moving in a direction of 53° north of west with a speed
of 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Three hours, later, the course of the hurricane suddenly shifts due north and its speed slows to
25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. How far from its initial point is the eye 5 hours later as it passes over the islands. Also determine the
change in velocity of the hurricane. (Use √370 = 19.2)
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. A particle initially at point 𝐴(2,4,6) m moves finally to the point 𝐵(3,2, −3)m. Write the initial position vector,
final position vector, and displacement vector of the particle.
Q2. Find the angle which the vector 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ makes with the 𝑦-axis, where 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ are unit vectors along 𝑥 and y
axes, respectively.
Q3. A vector has a 𝑥 component of 25.0 units in the negative 𝑥-direction and a 𝑦 component of 40.0 units in the
positive 𝑦-direction. Find the magnitude and direction of this vector. (√89 ≈ 9.4)
P3.2
Q4. ⃗ is directed along a direction making an angle 300 North of East. Magnitude
𝐴 is directed along the 𝑦-axis and 𝐵
of both being 2 units. (Given North coincides with the positive y-axis)
Find
I. 𝐴−𝐵⃗
⃗
II. 𝐴 + 𝐵
⃗ −𝐴
III. 𝐵
⃗
IV. 𝐴 − 2𝐵
Q5. Two vector 𝑃⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑏𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑄

⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ are parallel. Find the value of 𝑏 and 𝑐.
LEVEL 2
Q6. A boy searching for a toy walks 5 𝑚 south, then 10 𝑚 at an angle 30° north of east, and finally 15 𝑚 west. Find
the magnitude and direction of the boy’s resultant displacement.
Q7. A particle undergoes two consecutive displacements. The first has a magnitude of 150 𝑐𝑚 and makes an angle of
120° with +ve 𝑥 axis. The resultant displacement has a magnitude of 140 𝑐𝑚 and is directed at an angle of 37° to
+ve 𝑥 axis. Find the magnitude and direction of second displacement.
1 √3
(cos 120𝑜 = − , sin 120𝑜 = , 84 − 75√3 = −45, √1872 + 452 = 192)
2 2
Q8. Figure shows two people pulling a block. Find
I. the single force that is equivalent to the two forces shown and
II. the force that a third person would have to exert on the block to make resultant force equal to zero.
3 4
(Given cos 53° = , sin 53° = )
5 5
Q9. A particle has the following displacements in succession:

I. 12 𝑚 towards east,
II. 5 𝑚 towards north and
III. 6 𝑚 vertically upwards.
Find the magnitude of the resultant displacement.
Q10. In going from one city to another, a car travels 58 𝑘𝑚 north, 60 𝑘𝑚 north-west and 17 𝑘𝑚 east. Find the
1
magnitude of displacement between the two cities (take = 0.7, √17 = 4.12). (Assume all the values to be
√2
exact).
Q11. If 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, find the vector having the same magnitude as that of 𝑏⃗ and parallel to 𝑎.
Q12. A vector 𝐴 when added to the vector 𝐵 ⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ yields a resultant vector that is in the positive y-direction and
⃗ . Find the magnitude of 𝐴.
has a magnitude equal to that of 𝐵
LEVEL 3
Q13. A person going for a walk follows the path as shown in the figure given below. The total trip consists of four
straight line paths. What’s the person’s displacement after the walk? (Use √22 − 8√3 = 2.9)
Q14. If the vectors 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 5𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ are coplanar, then find the value of 𝑦.
P3.2
P3.3 Dot Product of Vectors

CONCEPTS
1. Dot product or the scalar product.
2. Mathematical forms of dot product.
3. Angle between any two vectors.
4. Component of a vector using dot product.
PRE-READING
ADDITIONAL Concept of Physics, H. C. Verma (Optional) 2 2.7
Q1. ⃗ , with angle between them being 𝜃, is defined as __________.

Dot product of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
Q2. ⃗ is written in terms of dot product as __________ (𝐴. 𝐵̂/𝐴̂. 𝐵

Projection of 𝐴 on 𝐵 ⃗ ).
Q3. ⃗ =𝐵
Dot product of any two vectors follow commutative law i.e. 𝐴. 𝐵 ⃗ . 𝐴 (True/False).
Q4. Dot product of a unit vector with itself is always equal to __________.
Q5. Dot product of two non-zero vectors is equal to zero. This implies that the angle between them must be __________.
Q6. Work done, W is given by 𝐹 .Δ𝑥 . Here, 𝐹 is the force and Δ𝑥 is the displacement. The work done if 𝐹 =3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ −
5𝑘̂ and Δ𝑥 = 7𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ will be __________.
Q7. Product of any two unit vectors, along the mutually perpendicular axis in a coordinate system, is zero
(True/False).
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. If 𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 7𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂, find 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ and interpret the results.
Q2. Find 𝑚 if 𝑎 is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗, where 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂.
Q3. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ if 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.
Q4. Find the length of projection of 𝑥 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ along -𝑗̂.
Q5. Find the angle between the two vectors given by 𝑎 = 𝑝𝑖̂ + 𝑞𝑗̂ + 𝑟𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
Q6. Find the length of projection of 𝑎 on 𝑏⃗, where 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂

LEVEL 2
2
Q7. Prove the following: (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) ⋅ (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = |𝑎|2 − |𝑏⃗| .
Q8. If 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0, |𝑎| = 3, |𝑏⃗| = 4 and |𝑐 | = 5, show that 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ ⋅ 𝑐 + 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑎 = −25.
Q9. If 𝑎 = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝜆𝑘̂ , find 𝜆 for which 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular.
LEVEL 3
Q10. If 𝑝 is a unit vector perpendicular to another vector 𝑞 and (7𝑝 − 𝑞). (4𝑝 + 3𝑞) = 1. Find |𝑞|.
Q11. Find the work done by a force 2𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ which displaces from a point whose position vector is 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ to
the point whose position vector is 5𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂. (Given 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑠)
Q12. Find the vector having magnitude 3 and perpendicular to both of the vectors 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. Find 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ if
I. 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂
II. 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
Q2. Show that vectors 𝑎 = −2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = −16𝑖̂ + 11𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ are mutually perpendicular.
Q3. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to 𝐶𝐷

Show that 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , where
3
I. 𝐴 ≡ (2,1, 1), 𝐵 ≡ (3,3, −1), 𝐶 ≡ (5, − , 0) , 𝐷 ≡ (4, 1, 2)
2
II. 𝐴 ≡ (1, 2, 0), 𝐵 ≡ (3, 6, 2), 𝐶 ≡ (5, 4, −1), 𝐷 ≡ (2, 3, 4)
Q4. Find 𝑚 if 𝑎 is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗, where 𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑚𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂.
Q5. Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ if 𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.
Q6. Power, in physics, is defined as the rate of doing work. Mathematically, it is also expressed as dot product of Force
(𝐹 ) and velocity (𝑣 ). Calculate the power required by a train to move with constant velocity of 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, if the
force required for the same is 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂.
Q7. A quantity in physics called Electric flux (𝜙𝐸 ), through a surface, is dependent on magnitude of electric field, area
of the surface and angle that the surface vector makes with the electric field. Mathematically it is defined as dot
product of Electric field (𝐸⃗ ) and Area vector (𝐴). In a region where the electric field is given by 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, find
the flux through the area given by surface vector 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
LEVEL 2
Q8. Find the length of projection of 𝑎 on 𝑏⃗, where 𝑎 = 4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂.
Q9. Find the length of projection of 𝑏⃗ on 𝑎, where

I. 𝑎 = 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 7𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂
II. 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
P3.3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ on 𝐶𝐷
Q10. Find the length of projection of 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , and the angle between 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ where
I. 𝐴 ≡ (2, −3,0), 𝐵 ≡ (1, −4, −2), 𝐶 ≡ (4,6,8), 𝐷 ≡ (7,0,10)
II. 𝐴 ≡ (3, −5,2), 𝐵 ≡ (−1,2,1), 𝐶 ≡ (2, 0, 1), 𝐷 ≡ (− 2,3,0)
Q11. Prove the following:
2 2 2
I. |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| + |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| = 2 (|𝑎|2 + |𝑏⃗| )
2 2
II. |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| − |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| = 4𝑎. 𝑏⃗
Q12. If 𝑎 is a unit vector such that (𝑥 − 𝑎). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 8. Find |𝑥 |.
Q13. If 𝑎 is a unit vector perpendicular to 𝑏⃗ and (𝑎 + 2𝑏⃗). (3𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = −9, find |𝑏⃗|.
Q14. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector differences. In that case, the forces
A) Cannot be equal to each other in magnitude
B) Cannot be predicted
C) Are equal to each other
D) Are equal to each other in magnitude.
⃗ may be
*Q15. The magnitude of the scalar product of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
A) Greater than 𝐴𝐵 B) Equal to 𝐴𝐵
C) Less than 𝐴𝐵 D) Equal to zero
LEVEL 3
Q16. Find 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 if vectors 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, −𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 𝛽𝑗̂ + 𝛾𝑘̂ are mutually perpendicular.
Q17. If, 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle, where 𝑎 = 4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ +
7𝑘̂, prove that the triangle is a right angled triangle.
Q18. If 𝛼 = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ and ⃗⃗⃗𝛽 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , express 𝛽 in the form 𝛽 = 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 where 𝛽1 is parallel to 𝛼 and 𝛽2 is
perpendicular to 𝛼.
P3.4 Cross Product of Vectors

CONCEPTS
1. Cross product or the vector product of two vectors.
2. Angle between two vectors using cross product.
3. Resultant vector of the cross product of the two vectors.
4. Unit vector perpendicular to any two given vectors.
PRE-READING
Q1. Cross product of two vectors is a __________ (vector/scalar).
Q2. Direction of 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ is __________ (perpendicular/coplanar) to both 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗.

Q3. If cross product of two non-zero vectors is zero, it implies that the vectors are __________ (parallel/perpendicular)
to each other.
Q4. The positive direction of cross product of any two vectors is given by the __________ hand thumb rule.
Q5. Unit vector perpendicular to any two vectors 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 is mathematically given by __________.
Q6. Cross product is commutative in nature. (True/False)
Q7. Geometrically, the magnitude of the cross product of two vectors is equal to the area of the parallelogram formed
by the two vectors as its sides. (True/False).
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. If 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝑣 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, find the value of |𝑟 × 𝑣 | and show that 𝑟 × 𝑣 ≠ 𝑣 × 𝑟.
Q2. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
Q3. Find the sine of the angle between the position vectors whose coordinates are given by (3, 0, 3) and (1, 2, −7).
LEVEL 2
Q4. If, 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three non-zero vectors such that 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐 , 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 = 𝑎. Prove that 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are mutually at right
angles and also prove that |𝑏⃗| = 1, |𝑐 | = |𝑎|.
Q5. ⃗ and ⃗𝒃 is one half of the magnitude of ⃗𝒂 × 𝒃

Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors 𝒂 ⃗.
Q6. Find the area of the parallelogram formed by the vector 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂.
P3.4
Q7. A force on a moving charged particle in magnetic field is given by 𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗ ), where 𝑞 is the charge on the
⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ a particle
⃗ is the magnetic field. If in a region with 𝐵
particle, 𝑣 is the velocity of the particle and 𝐵
̂
with charge 2 units is thrown with the velocity, 𝑣 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑘, find force experienced by it and its magnitude.
LEVEL 3
𝜋
Q8. ⃗ , 𝐶 are unit vectors. Suppose that 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
If 𝐴, 𝐵 ⃗ = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐶 = 0 and the angle between 𝐵
⃗ and 𝐶 is . Prove that 𝐴 =
6
⃗ × 𝐶 ).
±2(𝐵
Q9. Angular momentum (𝐿⃗ ) is mathematically defined as cross product of 𝑟 and 𝑝 where 𝑟 is the position vector of
particle about the point of rotation and 𝑝 is the momentum (𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣). Two particles, each of mass 𝑚 and speed 𝑣,
travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a distance 𝑑. Show that the vector sum of angular
momenta of the two particles system is the same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken.
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. I. Find 𝑣1 × 𝑣2 if 𝑣1 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, 𝑣2 = 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂.
II. Find 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ if 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
Q2. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
Q3. Find the vector of magnitude 3 and perpendicular to both of the vectors 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
Q4. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵 where 𝑂 is the origin and the position
vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are respectively 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = −3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
LEVEL 2
Q5. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two vectors such that |𝑎| = 10, |𝑏⃗| = 2 and |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 12, find 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏⃗. Assume that the angle between
𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is acute.
Q6. Given |𝑎| = 10, |𝑏⃗| = 2 and 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏⃗ = 12, find |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|.
Q7. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, find (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) ∙ (𝑎 × 𝑐 ).
Q8. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ then compute 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 and 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗. Hence evaluate
𝑎 ∙ (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) and also (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) ∙ 𝑐 .
Q9. ⃗ satisfying the equations 𝐴 × 𝐵

If 𝐴 = (1, 1, 1), 𝐶 = (0, 1, −1) are the two given vectors, then find a vector 𝐵 ⃗ =𝐶
⃗ = 3.
and 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
Q10. If 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐 × 𝑑 and 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑏⃗ × 𝑑 , show that 𝑎 − 𝑑 is parallel to 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 where 𝑎 ≠ 𝑑, 𝑏⃗ ≠ 𝑐.
Q11. Show that (2𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣 ) × (3𝑢
⃗ − 2𝑣 ) = 7(𝑣 × 𝑢
⃗ ).
Q12. Three forces 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ are acting on a particle at a point (−2, 1, 2) , find the
Torque(𝜏) of the system about the point (1, 1, 1). [Torque (𝜏 ) is mathematically defined as cross product of
𝑟 and 𝐹 where 𝑟 is the position vector of particle with respect to the point of rotation and 𝐹 is the total Force].
LEVEL 3
Q13. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ , find (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) × 𝑐 and 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) and show that they are not
equal. Also find (𝑎. 𝑐 )𝑏⃗ − (𝑎. 𝑏⃗)𝑐 and relate it with 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ).
P3.5 Application of Calculus

CONCEPTS
1. Slope of a curve and its relation to physical quantities.
2. Maximum and minimum of a graph using derivatives.
3. Area as an integral.
4. Relation between various physical quantities using integration and differentiation.
PRE-READING
REQUIRED Concept of Physics, H. C. Verma 2 2.9 to 2.11
Q1. The rate of change of any physical quantity is __________ at its maximum or minimum value.
Q2. A slope of a physical quantity changes from positive to negative at maximum value. (True/False)
Q3. Area under the curve is same as the __________ (differential/integral) of that curve.
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
Q1. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and the 𝑥-axis between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋. (Given cos(𝜋) = −1).
Q2. A gas undergoes a process where pressure 𝑃 = 4𝑉 2 , at every instant. Here 𝑉 is the volume. Find an expression
𝑑𝑃
for the bulk modulus (𝐵) in terms of volume if it is related to 𝑃 and 𝑉 as 𝐵 = −𝑉 .
𝑑𝑉
Q3. Find the area enclosed by the curves 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
LEVEL 2
Q4. The electric current in a charging 𝑅 − 𝐶 circuit is given by 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 where 𝑖0 , 𝑅 and 𝐶 are constant
parameters of the circuit and 𝑡 is time. Find the rate of change of current at
I. 𝑡 = 0,
II. 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶 , and
III. 𝑡 = 10 𝑅𝐶.
Q5. Let a constant force 𝐹 act on a body displacing it by a displacement 𝑥 and moving it with velocity 𝑣 . The work
done in doing so is a scalar 𝑊 defined as = 𝐹 . 𝑥 . Determine an expression for the power 𝑃 delivered by the
𝑑𝑊
constant force in terms of 𝐹 and 𝑣 if power is defined as 𝑃 = .
𝑑𝑡
Q6. In a simple harmonic motion, the restoring force 𝑭 dependent on displacement 𝒙 is given by 𝑭 = −𝑘𝒙. Find an
expression for work done by the force in terms of initial displacement 𝑥0 , given that work 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑭𝒅𝒙. It is also
given that the final displacement is zero.
P3.5
Q7. A beam of length 𝐿 is placed along the 𝑦-axis between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿. The linear density (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) 𝜌 of
the rod varies with the distance 𝑥 from the origin as 𝜌 = 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 3 .
I. Find the SI units of 𝑝 and 𝑞.
II. Find the mass of the rod in terms of 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝐿.
Q8. Change in the electric potential (𝑉) in a region is dependent on the Electric field (𝑬) in that region and the
displacement (𝒙).It is given by the equation ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ 𝑬. 𝒅𝒙 . Given, that the variation of the electric field with
the displacement is given by 𝐸 = 20𝑒 𝑥 . If the potential at 𝑥 = 0 is 9𝑉, formulate an expression for the electric
potential for a point at a distance of 𝑥. The expression must be a function of 𝑥 given that the electric field 𝑬 is in
the same direction as 𝒙.
LEVEL 3
𝑑𝑁
Q9. The rate of radioactive decay reactions is of the form = 𝑘𝑁, where 𝑁 is the number of active nuclei present in
𝑑𝑡
the system and 𝑘 is a constant. If the number of nuclei at the start were 𝑁𝑜 , find an expression for the number of
nuclei at a given time as a function of time 𝑡.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Q10. A curve is represented by 𝑦 = sin 𝑥. If 𝑥 is changed from to + , find approximately, the change in 𝑦.
3 3 100
HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. Find the area bounded under the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 and the 𝑥-axis with the ordinates at 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = 10.
Q2. The potential 𝑉 of a diode is depends on the current 𝑖 as 𝑉 = 5cos(𝑖). Find the dynamic resistance 𝑅 of the diode
𝑑𝑉 𝜋
given by 𝑅 = at 𝑖 = − 𝐴. Given the SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).
𝑑𝑖 6
Q3. Compute 𝑓′(𝑥) for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥.

Q4. Compute the area enclosed by the curve 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 in the first quadrant between the lines 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 4 and the
𝑦 − axis.
LEVEL 2
𝜋
Q5. The charge flowing in an AC circuit is given by 𝑞 = 5 sin (𝜋𝑡 + ), where 𝑡 is the time taken. If it is given that the
4
𝑑𝑞
charge flowing through a given circuit is given by 𝑖 = , where 𝑖 is the current through the given circuit. Find an
𝑑𝑡
expression for the current through the AC circuit as a function of time 𝑡.
Q6. A rod of length 𝐿 is placed along the 𝑥-axis between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿. The linear density (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) 𝜌 of the
rod varies with the distance 𝑥 from the origin as 𝜌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥.
I. Find the SI units of 𝑎, and.
II. Find the mass of the rod in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝐿.
𝑑𝜃
Q7. If an object is revolving starting from rest at a point where angle 𝜃 = 0, and the angular speed 𝜔 = = 5𝑡, how
𝑑𝑡
many revolutions are completed by the body in time 𝑡 = 2√𝜋 𝑠 ? (The angle covered in one revolution is
2𝜋 radian)
𝑑𝜙
Q8. The induced emf 𝜖 due to a changing flux 𝜙 is given by 𝜖 = − , where 𝑡 is the time taken. Now, if the flux in a
𝑑𝑡
region varies with respect to 𝑡 given by 𝜙 = −4 log 𝑒 ( 𝑡 + 1). Find the induced emf at 𝑡 = 3𝑠.
𝐴
Q9. Cauchy’s equation for refractive index of a material is given by 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 + , where 𝜇𝑜 = 3 for a material and 𝐴 =
𝜆2
5 = Cauchy’s constant and 𝜆 is the wavelength of light. What is the wavelength of visible light for which the
refractive index of the material is maximum. Consider the visible wavelength of light to be between 400 −
700 𝑛𝑚.
𝑑𝑣
Q10. The magnitude of viscous force 𝐹 in a liquid is given by 𝐹 = −𝜂𝐴 , where 𝜂 and 𝐴 are constants. In a certain
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑣
liquid, the magnitude of viscous force is noted to be varying as 𝐹 = −10 . Now, the speed 𝑣 of the flowing liquid
𝑑𝑧
−𝑧
is seen to vary with depth 𝑧 as given by 𝑣 = 2𝑒 . Calculate the magnitude of force at 𝑧 = 0, that is the surface of
the liquid.
𝑑𝑖
Q11. The emf 𝜖 is given by the equation 𝜖 = −𝐿 , where 𝐿 is the inductance of the material and is constant, 𝑖 is the
𝑑𝑡
current through the circuit and 𝑡 is the time taken. Now, 𝜖 = −3𝑡 2 , where 𝑖 = 0 for 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑖 = 4 𝐴 for 𝑡 = 2 𝑠.
Find the inductance 𝐿 in this situation. SI unit of inductance is Henry (𝐻).
LEVEL 3
Q12. An object kept at a distance 𝑢 from the spherical mirror with focal length 𝑓 and the image is formed at a distance
1 1 1
𝑣 from the mirror, then the relation between these quantities is = + . Now, if the object is moved with a
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
speed 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 towards the mirror, what is the speed of image 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 in terms of the quantities given? Assume that
𝑓 is constant.
𝑥
Q13. The equation of a moving wave is given by the equation 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin (𝜔 (𝑡 − )) , where 𝐴, 𝜔 and 𝑣 are constants.
𝑣
Here, 𝑦 denotes the 𝑦 coordinate of the particle and 𝑥 denotes the 𝑥 coordinate. If the 𝑥 coordinate of a particle
is 𝑥 = 1 𝑚 and is independent of time, a)At what time instant does the vertical velocity of the particle become
zero for the first time? b) What would the coordinates of the particle be when the velocity of particle in vertical
direction is zero?
𝑑𝑁
Q14. The rate of radioactive decay reactions is of the form = −𝑘𝑁, where 𝑁 is the number of active nuclei present
𝑑𝑡
in the system and 𝑘 is a constant. If initially the number of nuclei were 𝑁𝑜 , find an expression for time it would
take for the number of active nuclei to reduce to half of its initial value.
P3.5

examinations. In most entrance examinations, you will get not more than 3 minutes to attempt a question. Hence,
you need to be able to attempt a question in less than 3 minutes, and at the end of 3 minutes skip the question and
move to the next one.
Approach:

Q1. If a unit vector is represented by 0.5𝑖̂ + 0.8𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ the value of 𝑐 is

A) 1 B) √0.11 C) √0.01 D) 0.39
Q2. ⃗ are two vectors such that |𝐴 + 𝐵

If 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ | = |𝐴 − 𝐵
⃗ | the angle between vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗ is
A) 0° B) 60° C) 90° D) 120°

Q3. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Displacement B) Velocity C) Acceleration D) Work
Q4. What is the dot product of two vectors of magnitude 3 and 5, if angle between them is 60°?
A) 5.2 B) 7.5 C) 8.4 D) 13.0
Q5. Two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵⃗ are such that 𝐴 + 𝐵

⃗ = 𝐶 and 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 𝐶 2 . If 𝜃 is the angle between positive direction of 𝐴
⃗ then the correct statement is
and 𝐵
2𝜋 𝜋
A) 𝜃 = 𝜋 B) 𝜃 = C) 𝜃 = 0 D) 𝜃 =
3 2
Q6. The forces, which meet at one point but their lines of action do not lie in one plane, are called
A) Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces B) Non-coplanar concurrent forces
C) Coplanar concurrent forces D) Coplanar non-concurrent forces
Q7. A plane is inclined at an angle of 300 with the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane. What is the magnitude of component of a vector 𝐴 =
−10𝑘̂ perpendicular to this plane? (Here 𝑧-direction is vertically upwards):
A) 5√2 B) 5√3 C) 5 D) 2.5
Q8. Which one of the following is not a vector quantity?

A) Acceleration B) Displacement C) Velocity D) Speed
Q9. ⃗ is 𝜃, the value of the product (𝐵

If the angle between the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ × 𝐴). 𝐴 is equal to:
A) 𝐵𝐴2 cos θ B) 𝐵𝐴2 sin θ C) 𝐵𝐴2 sin θ cos θ D) Zero

Q10. If 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 are two non collinear unit vectors and if |𝑎

⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 | = √3, then the value of (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ). (2𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 − 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ) is :
3
A) 2 B)
2
1
C) D) 1
2
⃗ are mutually perpendicular if:

Q11. The sum, difference and cross product of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ are perpendicular to each other and |𝐴| ≠ |𝐵|
A) 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗ are perpendicular to each other
B) 𝐴 and 𝐵
C) 𝐴 and 𝐵⃗ are perpendicular but their magnitudes are arbitrary
D) |𝐴| = |𝐵⃗ | and their directions are arbitrary
⃗ =𝐶+𝐷
Q12. If 𝐴 × 𝐵 ⃗ , then select the correct alternative:
⃗ is parallel to 𝐶 + 𝐷
A) 𝐵 ⃗
B) 𝐴 is perpendicular to 𝐶
⃗ along 𝐴
C) Component of 𝐶 along 𝐴 = component of 𝐷
D) Component of 𝐶 along 𝐴 = −component of 𝐷⃗ along 𝐴
Q13. Two non-zero vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ are drawn from a common point and 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
⃗ , then which of the options is
⃗
incorrect regarding the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 :
A) 900 if 𝐶 2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 B) Greater than 900 if 𝐶 2 < 𝐴2 + 𝐵2
C) Greater than 900 if 𝐶 2 > 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 D) Less than 900 if 𝐶 2 > 𝐴2 + 𝐵2
Q14. Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 be 3 arbitrary vectors such that 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂, 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗̂ and 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑦 𝑗̂ . Which of the
following quantities is dependent of the choice of orientation of the co-ordinate axes?
A) 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ B) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
C) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 | D) Angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗
Q15. Given 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 and 𝑑 must each be a null vector
B) The magnitude of 𝑎 + 𝑐 equals the magnitude of 𝑏⃗ + 𝑑
C) The magnitude of 𝑎 can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 and 𝑑
D) 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 must lie in the plane of 𝑎 and 𝑑 if 𝑎 and 𝑑 are not collinear, and in the line of 𝑎 and 𝑑 if they are
collinear.
⃗ + 𝑅⃗ = ⃗0. Two out of the three vectors are equal in magnitude. The magnitude of the third vector is
Q16. Given 𝑃⃗ + 𝑄
√2 times that of the other two. Which of the following can be the angles between these vectors?
A) 90°, 135°, 135° B) 45°, 45°, 90°
C) 30°, 60°, 90° D) 45°, 90°, 135°
⃗ and 𝑃⃗ − 𝑄
Q17. The angle between 𝑃⃗ + 𝑄 ⃗ will be
A) 90° B) Between 0° and 180°
C) 180° only D) None of these
Q18. Two vectors of equal magnitude have a resultant equal to either of them, then the angle between them will be
A) 30° B) 120°
C) 60° D) 45°
T.P.P.
Q19. A force (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂) newton acts on a body and displaces it by (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂) metre. The work done by the force is
(𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑠)
A) 5 J B) 25 J C) 10 J D) 30 J
Q20. If the vectors 𝑃⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑄

⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are perpendicular to each other, the positive value of 𝑎 is
A) Zero B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

Q21. The angles which the vector 𝐴 = 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ makes with the co-ordinates axes are
3 6 2 4 5 2
A) cos −1 , cos−1 and cos −1 B) cos −1 , cos−1 and cos −1
7 7 7 7 7 7
−1 3 −1 4 −1 1 D) None of these
C) cos , cos and cos
7 7 7
Q22. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two vectors then the value of (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) × (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) is
A) 2(𝑏⃗ × 𝑎) B) −2(𝑏⃗ × 𝑎) C) 𝑏⃗ × 𝑎 D) 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗
Q23. The angle between the two vectors 𝐴 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ is
A) 60° B) 30°
C) 90° D) None of these
Q24. Maximum and minimum value of the resultant of two forces of constant magnitude acting at a point are 7 𝑁 and
3 𝑁 respectively. The smaller force will be equal to
A) 5 𝑁 B) 4 𝑁 C) 2 𝑁 D) 1 𝑁
Q25. The length of component of vector 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ along the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ is
5
A) B) 10√2 C) 5√2 D) 5
√2
⃗⃗ and 𝒀
Q26. The resultant of two forces 𝑿 ⃗ is ⃗𝑹
⃗ . Also it is given 2|𝑋| = 3|𝑌
⃗ |. If the first force is doubled then the resultant
is also doubled. The angle between the two forces is
A) 60° B) 120° C) 30° D) 135°
Q27. The resultant of two forces, one double the other in magnitude, is perpendicular to the smaller of the two forces.
The angle between the two forces is
A) 120° B) 60° C) 90° D) 150°
⃗ = 0 and 𝐴. 𝐶 = 0. Then 𝐴 is parallel to
Q28. Three vectors satisfy the relation 𝐴. 𝐵
A) 𝐶 ⃗
B) 𝐵 ⃗ ×𝐶
C) 𝐵 ⃗ .𝐶
D) 𝐵
Q29. The sum of magnitudes of two forces at a point is 16 𝑁. If their resultant is normal to the smaller force and has a
magnitude of 8 𝑁. Then the two forces are
A) 6 𝑁, 10 𝑁 B) 8 𝑁, 8 𝑁 C) 4 𝑁, 12 𝑁 D) 2 𝑁, 14 𝑁
⃗ | = √3𝐴. 𝐵
Q30. |𝐴 × 𝐵 ⃗ , then the value of |𝐴 + 𝐵
⃗ | is
A) (𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐵)1/2 𝐴𝐵 1/2

B) (𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + )
√3
C) (𝐴 + 𝐵) 1/2
D) (𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + √3𝐴𝐵 )
Q31. Minimum number of non-zero vectors of unequal magnitudes which can give zero resultant are
A) Two B) Three
C) Four D) More than four
Q32. The co-ordinates( 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given respectively as (0, 3, −1) and (−2, 6, 4). The
displacement vector from 𝐴 and 𝐵 is given by
A) −2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ B) −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
C) −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ D) 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
⃗ is at right angles to their difference. Then
Q33. The sum of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗
A) 𝐴 = 𝐵 B) 𝐴 = 2𝐵⃗
⃗
C) 𝐵 = 2𝐴 D) 𝐴 and 𝐵⃗ have the same direction
Q34. The area of the parallelogram whose sides are represented by 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂ is
A) 12 units B) 13.4 units C) 14.4 units D) 16 units
⃗ is at right angles to 𝐴 and its magnitude is half of 𝐵
Q35. The resultant of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ . The angle between
⃗ is:
𝐴 and 𝐵
A) 60° B) 110° C) 120° D) 150°
4
Q36. The value of slope of the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + sin 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0 is
A) 16 B) 4 C) 1 D) 0
2
Q37. The maximum value of the function 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3 where 𝑥 varies from 0 to 4.
A) 118 B) 79 C) 3 D) 10
Q38. The heat transferred inside a body (𝑄) is given by the differential equation 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑆𝑑𝜃, where 𝑚 is the mass of
the body, 𝑆 is the physical quantity called specific heat capacity of the material and is a positive constant for a
given material, and 𝜃 is the temperature of the body. Now, the temperature 𝜃 of the body varies with time 𝑡 in
seconds as given by the equation 𝜃 = 5𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 + 10.The time at which the rate of heat loss is minimum.
A) 0.2𝑠 B) 0.5𝑠 C) 0𝑠 D) 10𝑠
Q39. The work done by a gas is given by the equation
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉
Assuming that the gas is at a constant pressure 𝑃 of 10 𝑃𝑎 , and its volume 𝑉 is increasing at the rate
of 40 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛. If the initial volume was 20 𝑐𝑚3 .The work done by the gas in 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 would be (SI unit of work
is joule(𝐽))
A) 2 𝑚𝐽 B) 8.2 𝑚𝐽
C) 8 𝑚𝐽 D) None of these
𝑑𝑷
Q40. Force on a body (𝑭) is given by 𝑭 = , where 𝑷 is the momentum of the given body and 𝑡 is the time taken.
𝑑𝑡
Momentum 𝑷 is given by 𝑷 = 𝑚𝒗, where 𝑚 is the mass of the body and 𝒗 is the velocity of the body. Now,
consider a rocket which loses mass as it gains velocity over time. Given that the mass of the rocket varies with
2000
time as given by 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑔 and the speed of the rocket varies with time given by 𝑣 = 10𝑡 3 𝑚𝑠 −1 .The magnitude
𝑡+5
of force on the rocket at time 𝑡 = 20𝑠 is
A) 700 𝑘𝑁 B) 704 𝑘𝑁
C) 800 𝑘𝑁 D) None of these
T.P.P.

Q41. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors 𝐴 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝐵 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ is
1 1
A) (3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) B) (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)
√14 3
1 1
C) (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) D) (3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)
√17 √14
𝐴⋅𝐵
Q42. The angle between vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 60°. The ratio is
|𝐴×𝐵|
1 1
A) B) √2 C) D) √3
√2 √3
Q43. A vector 𝐶 when added to vectors 𝐴 = 3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝐵 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ gives a unit vector along the 𝑦-axis as
their resultant. Then 𝐶 is
A) −5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ B) 5𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
C) −5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ D) 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
Q44. If the sum 𝐴 + 𝐵 of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 equals the difference 𝐴 − 𝐵 between them, then
A) 𝐴 is a null vector B) 𝐵 is a null vector
C) both 𝐴 and 𝐵 are null vectors D) neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵 is a null vector
Q45. 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two vectors in a plane at an angle of 60° with each other. 𝐶 is another vector perpendicular to the
plane containing vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵. Which is the following relations is possible?
A) 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 B) 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 𝐵 C) 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐶 D) 𝐴 × 𝐶 = 𝐵
Q46. Given 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ and 𝐵 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂. The component of vector 𝐴 along vector 𝐵 is
1 3 5 7
A) (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) B) (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) C) (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) D) (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂)
√2 √2 √2 √2
Q47. Two vectors 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐷 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 are perpendicular to each other. Then

A) 𝐴 is parallel to 𝐵 B) 𝐴 is perpendicular to 𝐵
C) 𝐵 is a null vector D) 𝐴 and 𝐵 have equal magnitudes.
Q48. A body moves from a position 𝑟1 = (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) metre to a position 𝑟2 = (3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) metre under the
influence of a constant force 𝐹 = (4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) newton. The work done by the force is
A) 60 𝐽 B) 59 𝐽 C) 58 𝐽 D) 57 𝐽
Q49. A vector 𝐴 is along the positive 𝑧-axis and its vector product with another vector 𝐵 is zero, then vector 𝐵 could
be
A) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ B) 4𝑖̂ C) 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ D) −7𝑘̂
Q50. A body, initially at rest, is acted upon by four forces 𝐹1 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝐹2 = 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝐹3 = 3𝑖̂ and 𝐹4 = 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑖̂. In which
plane will the body move?
A) 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane B) 𝑥 − 𝑧 plane
C) 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane D) None of these
𝜃
Q51. The angle between two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 𝜃. Vector 𝑅 is the resultant of the two vectors. If 𝑅 makes an angle
2
with 𝐴, then
𝐵
A) 𝐴 = 2𝐵 B) 𝐴 = C) 𝐴 = 𝐵 D) 𝐴𝐵 = 1
2
𝑃
Q52. Two forces, each equal to act at right angles. Their effect may be neutralized by a third force acting along their
2
bisector in the opposite direction with a magnitude of
𝑃 𝑃
A) 𝑃 B) C) D) √2 𝑃
2 √2
Q53. Given 𝐴 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. When a vector 𝐵 is added to 𝐴, we get a unit vector along 𝑋-axis. Then, 𝐵 is
A) −2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ B) −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ C) −𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂ D) 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
Q54. Given 𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝑅 = 𝐴 = 𝐵. The angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
A) 60° B) 90° C) 120° D) 180°
Q55. The resultant of two forces, each 𝑃, acting at an angle 𝜃 is
𝜃 𝜃
A) 2𝑃 sin B) 2𝑃 cos C) 2𝑃 cos 𝜃 D) 𝑃√2
2 2
Q56. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 2𝐴 and √2 𝐴 acting at an angle 𝜃 is √10 𝐴. The correct value of 𝜃 is
A) 30° B) 45° C) 60° D) 90°
Q57. Two forces, each equal to 𝐹, act as shown in figure.
Their resultant is
𝐹
A) B) 𝐹
2
C) √3 𝐹 D) √5 𝐹
Q58. If 𝑃 = 4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ and 𝑄 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, then the angle which 𝑃 + 𝑄 makes with 𝑥-axis is
3 4 5 12
A) cos −1 ( ) B) cos −1 ( ) C) cos −1 ( ) D) cos −1 ( )
√50 √50 √50 √50
Q59. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 and 𝐴 = √3, 𝐵 = √3 and 𝐶 = 3, then the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is

A) 0° B) 30° C) 60° D) 90°
Q60. If the magnitude of the sum of the two vectors is equal to the difference of their magnitudes, then the angle
between vectors is
A) 0° B) 45° C) 90° D) 180°

Q61. If the resultant of two forces (𝐴 + 𝐵) and (𝐴 − 𝐵) is √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 , then the angle between these forces is
(𝐴2 −𝐵2 ) (𝐴2 +𝐵2 )
A) cos −1 [− ] B) cos −1 [− ]
𝐴2 +𝐵2 (𝐴2 −𝐵2 )
𝐴2 +𝐵2 2(𝐴2 +𝐵2 )
C) cos −1 [− ] D) cos −1 [− ]
2(𝐴2 −𝐵2 ) 𝐴2 −𝐵2
Q62. If the resultant of 𝐴 and 𝐵 makes angle 𝛼 with 𝐴 and 𝛽 with 𝐵, then
A) 𝛼 < 𝛽, always B) 𝛼 < 𝛽, if 𝐴 < 𝐵
C) 𝛼 < 𝛽, if 𝐴 > 𝐵 D) 𝛼 < 𝛽, if 𝐴 = 𝐵
Q63. What is the angle between 𝑃 and 𝑄. The resultant of (𝑃 + 𝑄) and (𝑃 − 𝑄)?
A) zero B) tan−1 (𝑃/𝑄)
C) tan−1 (𝑄/𝑃) D) tan−1 (𝑃 − 𝑄)/(𝑃 + 𝑄)
T.P.P.
Q64. The resultant of two forces at right angle is 5𝑁. When the angle between them is 120°, the resultant is √13. Then,
the forces are
A) √12 𝑁, √13 𝑁 B) √20 𝑁, √5 𝑁
C) 3 𝑁, 4 𝑁 D) √40 𝑁, √15 𝑁
Q65. If the resultant of the vectors (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂), (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and 𝐶 is a unit vector along the 𝑦-direction, then 𝐶 is
A) −2𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂ B) 2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ C) 2𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂ D) −2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂
Q66. Which one of the following statements is true?
A) A scalar quantity has a specific direction
B) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take negative values
C) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one point to another in space
D) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers with different orientations of the axes
Q67. (𝑃 + 𝑄) is a unit vector along 𝑋-axis. If 𝑃 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, then what value is the value of 𝑄?
A) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ B) 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ C) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ D) 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
Q68. What vector must be added to the sum of two vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ so that the resultant is a unit
vector along 𝑧-axis?
A) 5𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ B) −5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ C) 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ D) −3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
Q69. Given, vector, 𝐴 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and vector 𝐵 = 3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ , then which one of the following statements is true?
A) 𝐴 is perpendicular to 𝐵 B) 𝐴 is parallel to 𝐵
C) Magnitude of 𝐴 is half of that of 𝐵 D) Magnitude of 𝐵 is equal to that of 𝐴
Q70. What is the unit vector along 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂?
A)
𝑖̂+𝑗̂
B) √2(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) C) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ D) 𝑘̂
√2
Q71. Projection of 𝑃 on 𝑄 is
A) 𝑃𝑄̂ B) 𝑃̂𝑄 C) 𝑃 × 𝑄̂ D) 𝑃 × 𝑄
Q72. The magnitude of the vectors product of two vectors is √3 times their scalar product. The angle between the two
vectors is
A) 90° B) 60° C) 45° D) 30°
Q73. What is the angle between (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and 𝑖̂?
A) 0° B) 𝜋/6
C) 𝜋/3 D) None of these
⃗ , then which of the following is not correct?
Q74. If 𝐴 = 𝐵
A) 𝐴̂ = 𝐵̂ B) 𝐴̂ ⋅ 𝐵̂ = 𝐴𝐵 C) |𝐴| = |𝐵| D) 𝐴𝐵̂||𝐵𝐴̂
Q75. The sum of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 is at right angles to their difference. Then
A) 𝐴 = 𝐵 B) 𝐴 = 2𝐵
C) 𝐵 = 2𝐴 D) 𝐴 and 𝐵 have the same direction
Q76. A vector 𝐹1 is along the positive 𝑌-axis. If its vector product with another vector 𝐹2 is zero, then 𝐹2 could be
A) 4𝑗̂ B) 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ C) 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ D) −4𝑖̂
Q77. If the vectors 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝐵 = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑝𝑗̂ are parallel to each other, the magnitude of 𝐵 is
A) 5√5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 2√5
Q78. Given that vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 are greater than 1. The magnitude of (𝐴 × 𝐵) cannot be
A) equal to 𝐴𝐵 B) less than 𝐴𝐵
C) more than 𝐴𝐵 D) equal to 𝐴/𝐵
Q79. A force is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. If its rectangular component in the horizontal direction is 50 𝑁, then
magnitude of the force in the vertical direction is
A) 25 𝑁 B) 75 𝑁 C) 87 𝑁 D) 100 𝑁
Q80. The 𝑋 and 𝑌 components of vector 𝐴 have numerical values 6 and 6 respectively and that of (𝐴 + 𝐵) have
numerical values 10 and 9. What is the numerical value of 𝐵?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
T.P.P.
DATA Guide
B # Attempts Total attempts
ANALYSIS
𝐵
𝐴
𝐶
𝐵
Easy
Medium
Hard
Answer Key
P3.1 VECTORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
PRE-TEST Q7. C
Q1. 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 Q8. 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗
𝐴𝐵
Q2.
𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶
LEVEL 3
Q3.
𝐵𝐶
Q9. 𝑛 = 3.5
Q4. 𝑎 cos 𝜃
Q5. 4 HOMEWORK
Q6. 𝑎
LEVEL 1
PRE-READING EXERCISE Q1. 5 units, 53° with 𝐴

Q1. False Q2. 60°
Q2. Scalars Q3. C
Q3. True Q4. 9/5 and 12/5 respectively, 7.2 𝑘𝑚
Q4. Be reversed Q5. I. 0
Q5. Two II. 2𝐴𝐶
Q6. C III. 𝐴𝐵
Q7. False
LEVEL 2
Q8. C
17
Q6. cos −1 (− )
18
IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q7. C
LEVEL 1
Q8. 250√5 N , tan−1 2 west of north
Q1. Magnitude: 5√19 𝑁 ;
Q9. √3 − 1 units
Direction: tan−1 (√3/4) with B
Q10. D
Q2. 120°
Q11. B, C
Q3. I. 13.5 units in the North direction
Q12. D
II. 18 units in the South direction
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
Q13. B
Q4. π/3
𝜋 Q14. Q
Q5. Magnitude: 𝐹; Direction: radians with any one
3
Q15. 90𝑜 , 135𝑜 , 135𝑜
of the forces
Q6. Magnitude: 5√93 𝑘𝑚 ;
7√3
Direction: tan−1 ( ) west of North
15
Ans.
P3.2 RESOLUTION OF VECTORS

PRE-READING EXERCISE Q12. 192 𝑘𝑚
Q1. B
HOMEWORK
Q2. A
Q3. 5 LEVEL 1
Q4. True Q1. 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂, 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 9𝑘̂
Q5. True Q2. tan−1 ( )
2
3
Q6. 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ 8
Q3. 47 , tan−1 (− )
5
IN CLASS EXERCISE Q4. I. −√3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
LEVEL 1 II. √3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂
III. √3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂
Q1. √90
IV. −2√3𝑖̂
Q2. I. 5, √29
Q5. 2
II. −𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂
III. tan−1 (−5) with positive 𝑥 axis
LEVEL 2
Q3. √10
Q6. 6.5 𝑚 towards west
−45
LEVEL 2 Q7. 192 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
187
Q4. 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 7 Q8. I. 12𝑖̂ + (60√3 + 64)𝑗̂
Q5. 1 II. −12𝑖̂ − (60√3 + 64)𝑗̂
Q6. −5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ Q9. √205 𝑚
Q7. I. 2√5 Q10. 103 𝑘𝑚
II. 𝑥 component = 2√3 − 1 , 𝑦 component 5
Q11. ± (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂)
= 2 + √3 √2
(2+√3) Q12. √10

III. 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2√3−1
1
Q8. (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) LEVEL 3
√6
Q9. −50𝑖̂ − 50√3 𝑗̂ Q13. 290 𝑚 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1.267) with the negative 𝑥 axis in
1 the anticlockwise direction
Q10. 389 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, tan−1 north of east
6+√3
Q14. 7
Q11. 250 𝑘𝑚, 53°North of West
P3.3 DOT PRODUCT OF VECTORS

𝜋
PRE-READING EXERCISE Q5. 90° or radians
2
Q1. 𝐴𝐵 cos θ Q6. 37 units
Q2. 𝐴. 𝐵̂ Q7. True
Q3. True
Q4. 1
IN CLASS EXERCISE Q3. Refer Solution

1
LEVEL 1 Q4. −
2
Q1. 0 Q5.
𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟏
Q2. −2
Q6. 18
−1 8
Q3. cos √ Q7. 40 units
9
Q4. 1
LEVEL 2
𝑝𝑥+𝑞𝑦+𝑟𝑧
Q5. cos 𝜃 = 13
√𝑝2 +𝑞 2 +𝑟 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 Q8.
3
2
Q6. 10
√6 Q9. I.
√13
3
II.
LEVEL 2 √29
1
Q7. Refer Solution Q10. I.
7
38
Q8. Refer Solution II.
√26
Q9. ±√73 Q11. Proof

Q12. 3
LEVEL 3
Q13. √6
Q10. 3 Q14. D
Q11. −21 units Q15. B, C, D
3
Q12. ± (𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)
√5
LEVEL 3
1
HOMEWORK Q16. 𝛼 = , 𝛽 = −5, 𝛾 = 4
2
LEVEL 1 Q17. Proof
Q1. I. 13 3 1 1 3
Q18. 𝛽1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, 𝛽2 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
2 2 2 2
II. −7
Q2. Refer Solution
P3.4 CROSS PRODUCT OF VECTORS

PRE-READING EXERCISE IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q1. Vector LEVEL 1
Q2. Perpendicular Q1. √74
Q3. Parallel 1 1
Q2. ± (−𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
Q4. Right √3 √3
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1 ×𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗2 2
Q5. ± Q3. √
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑣 ×𝑣2 | 3
Q6. False
Q7. True LEVEL 2
Q4. Proof
Ans.
Q5. Proof Q4. 6√5 sq. units

Q6. 2√59 sq. units
LEVEL 2
Q7. 𝐹 = 12𝑖̂ − 18𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂; |𝐹 | = 6√14
Q5. 16
LEVEL 3 Q6. 16
Q8. Proof Q7. −26
Q9. Proof Q8. 14𝑖̂ + 21𝑗̂ + 42𝑘̂ ; 42𝑖̂ + 14𝑗̂ − 21𝑘̂; 343; 343
5 2 2
Q9. ( , , )
3 3 3
HOMEWORK
Q10. Proof
LEVEL 1
Q11. Proof
Q1. I. 8𝑖̂ − 8𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂
Q12. 2𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
II. – 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
1
Q2. LEVEL 3
√3
Q3. ±
̂
3𝑗̂ −6𝑘 Q13. −15𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ − 9𝑘̂; 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 1𝑘̂
√5
P3.5 APPLICATIONS OF CALCULUS

PRE-READING EXERCISE LEVEL 3
Q1. Zero Q9. 𝑁𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝜋
Q2. True Q10. 200
Q3. Integral
HOMEWORK
IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 1
Q1. 1135
Q1. 2 square units
Q2. 2.5 Ω
Q2. −8𝑉 2
Q3. sec 2 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1
Q3. 16
6 Q4.
3
LEVEL 2 LEVEL 2
𝑖𝑜
Q4. I. − 𝜋
𝑅𝐶 Q5. 𝑖 = 5𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑡 + )
4
𝑖𝑜
II. −
𝑒𝑅𝐶 Q6. I. a - 𝑘𝑔/𝑚, 𝑏 − 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
𝑖𝑜 𝑏𝐿2
III. − ~0 II. 𝑚 = 𝑎𝐿 +
𝑒 10 𝑅𝐶 2
Q5. 𝐹. 𝑣 Q7. 5
1
Q6. 𝑘𝑥02 Q8. 1𝑉
2
𝑝𝐿3 𝑞𝐿4 Q9. 400 𝑛𝑚

Q7. +
3 4
Q10. 20 𝑁
Q8. 29 − 20𝑒 𝑥
𝜋 1
Q11. 2 𝐻 Q13. +
2𝜔 𝑣
log𝑒 2
LEVEL 3 Q14. 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , 𝑡1 =
2 𝑘
𝑣2
Q12. 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = − 𝑉
𝑢2 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

Mark (C) / (I) / (U) Mark (C) / (I) / (U)
Q1. B Easy Q28. C Medium
Q2. C Medium Q29. A Medium
Q3. D Easy Q30. A Hard
Q4. B Easy Q31. B Medium
Q5. D Medium Q32. C Easy
Q6. B Easy Q33. A Medium
Q7. B Hard Q34. B Medium
Q8. D Easy Q35. D Medium
Q9. D Medium Q36. C Medium
Q10. C Hard Q37. B Medium
Q11. A, D Hard Q38. A Hard
Q13. A, B, D Hard Q40. B Hard
Q14. A, C, D Hard Q41. D Easy
Q15. B, C, D Hard Q42. C Easy
Q16. A Medium Q43. A Medium
Q17. B Medium Q44. B Easy
Q18. B Easy Q45. C Easy
Q20. D Medium Q47. D Hard
Q21. A Medium Q48. D Medium
Q22. A Medium Q49. D Medium
Q24. C Medium Q51. C Hard
Q25. A Medium Q52. C Hard
Q26. B Hard Q53. A Medium
Q27. A Hard Q54. C Medium
Ans.
Mark (C) / (I) / (U) Mark (C) / (I) / (U)

Q55. B Easy Q68. B Medium
Q56. B Easy Q69. B Easy
Q57. B Medium Q70. A Easy
Q58. C Medium Q71. A Easy
Q60. D Easy Q73. D Medium
Q61. C Easy Q74. B Medium
Q62. C Medium Q75. A Medium
Q63. A Easy Q76. A Medium
Q64. C Medium Q77. A Hard
Q65. A Medium Q78. C Easy
Q66. D Easy Q79. C Medium
Q67. B Easy Q80. D Easy

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Sixth Edition

P1. Units & Measurement

P1. Units & Measurement 1

Q2. Write in decimal form (upto 2 decimal places)

Q3. 20% 𝑜𝑓 50 is __________.

Q8. Simplify the expression √𝐴 × 𝐴6 =

4. SET OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES IN VARIOUS SYSTEM OF UNITS

Physical Quantity Units(𝑺𝑰) Units(𝑪𝑮𝑺) Notations

Physical Quantity (𝑺𝑰 Unit) Definition

The mass of a cylinder made of platinum-iridium alloy kept at International Bureau

Two supplementary units are:

ii. Solid Angle (steradian)

5. DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Power of 𝟏𝟎 Prefix Symbol

Dimensional Equations and Dimensional Analysis

4. USES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Sol. 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑠 −2

Dimensional formula of energy is [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ]

ii. To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical relation:

iii. To establish a relation between different physical quantities:

Writing down the dimensions on either side of equation (𝑖), we get

5. LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

6. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS OF SOME PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Quantity 𝑺𝑰 Unit Dimensional Formula

Stefan’s constant 𝑊/(𝑚2 − 𝐾 4 ) 𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 −2 𝐾 −4

Significant Figures and Errors in Measurement

8. Rules for Finding Significant Figures

9. Significant Figures in Algebraic Operations

If 11 = 4.326 𝑚 and 12 = 1.50 𝑚

10. Rules of Rounding off Significant Figures

11. ORDER-OF MAGNITUDE CALCULATIONS

13. PROPAGATION OF ERROR

P1.1 Units and Dimensions

Category Book Name Chapter Section

REQUIRED NCERT Class XI 1, 2 1.1-1.5, 2.1-2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10

ADDITIONAL H C Verma Volume I 1 1.3 and 1.4 (Important)

Also find the SI units of these quantities.

Q2. Convert the following units as mentioned

A) (𝑃1 𝐴–1 𝑇1 ) B) (𝑃2 𝐴1 𝑇 1 )

P1.2 Significant Figures and Error Analysis

Category Book Name Chapter Section

REQUIRED NCERT Class 11 2 2.6 , 2.7

ADDITIONAL HC Verma Part 1 (Class 11) 2 2.12,-2.14

Situation Type of Error

Actual measurement Measurement by instrument 1 Measurement by instrument 𝟐 Which is more

Instrument 1 Precision Instrument 2 Precision Which is more

True Value of Your observation Absolute error Relative error Percentage

Q8. Find the number of significant digits in

I. Which is the reading with the least absolute error?

Q16. State the number of significant figures in

Test Practice Problems

TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS – 1

Q1. Verify whether each of the following is a correct statement

TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS – 2

A) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 0 ] B) [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 0 ] C) [𝑀𝐿0 𝑇 1 ] D) [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇]

A) [𝐿𝑇 −2 ] B) [𝑀0 𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]

Q43. The maximum static friction on a body is 𝐹 = 𝜇𝑁.

A # of questions Total problems in TPP

B # Attempts Total attempts in OMR

C # Correct Total questions correct

D # Incorrect Out of the ones marked in OMR

Question type # Correct (C) # Incorrect (I) # Unattempted (U)

P1.1 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS