P4 – Solutions 1

Sixth Edition

P4 – Solutions
TABLE OF CONTENTS

P4 – Solutions 1
P4.1 Introduction to Motion in Two Dimensions .......................................................................................................................... 2
P4.2 Projectile Motion ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
P4.3 Relative Motion ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
P4.4 Kinematics of Circular Motion .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Test Practice Problems ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30
P4 – Solutions 2

P4.1 Introduction to Motion in Two Dimensions

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. Displacement, 𝑟2 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ) − (𝑖̂ −
𝑠⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.𝑣
𝐾 𝐴
⇒ cos 𝜃 = |𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗||𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
=
(𝑖̂−2𝑗̂).(𝑗̂−𝑖̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| (√12 +(−2)2 )(√(−1)2 +12 )
2𝑗̂) = 𝟑𝒋̂ 𝒎 𝐾 𝐴
0−1−2+0 3
= =−
Q2. Total distance traveled by the girl, √5√2 √10
𝟑
𝑑 = (5 + 15) 𝑚 = 20 𝑚 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (− )
√𝟏𝟎
Time taken by the girl to travel 20 𝑚, 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
𝑑 20 Q5. The vector 𝑣𝐵 representing the velocity of the
Speed of the girl, 𝑣 = = 10 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝑡 motorboat and the vector 𝑣𝑐 representing the
Q3. The acceleration is a vector quantity and will be water current are shown in the given figure, in
constant only if its magnitude and direction is directions specified by the problem. Using the
constant. parallelogram method of addition, the resultant
So magnitude of acceleration, 𝑅 is obtained in the direction shown in the figure.
|𝑎⃗| = √22 + (−1)2 = √5 𝑚/𝑠
And this value will remain constant.
Now the direction of acceleration,
1
𝜃 = tan−1 (− 2)
And this value will also remain constant.
Therefore, the acceleration of the particle is
constant.
Q4. To find angle between two vectors we use Dot We can obtain the magnitude of 𝑅 using the law
Product. of cosine:
We have been given velocity vectors of Krishna 𝑅 = √𝑣𝑏2 + 𝑣𝐶2 + 2𝑣𝑏 𝑣𝑐 cos 120°
and Akshay, so we will use Dot Product to find
= √252 + 102 + 2 × 25 × 10(−1/2) ≈ 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
angle between them.
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.
𝑣𝐾 𝑣 𝐴 = |𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐾 ||𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴 | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 Displacement 500
IV. Average velocity = = 20×60
time
5
Q1. Let point 𝐴 be origin. = 12 𝑚/𝑠 (Along AD)
Therefore the coordinates of 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 are
(0, 500), (400, 500) and (400, 300) respectively. Q2. The resultant displacement can be calculated by
I. Distance = AB + BC + CD = (500 + 400 + 200) adding individually all the three displacement
= 1100 m N
s3
450
s1 s2

II. Displacement = 𝐴𝐷 = √(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐶𝐷)2 + 𝐵𝐶 2

W S E
= √(500 − 200)2 + (400)2 = 500 𝑚
III. Average speed =
Total distance 1100 11
= 20×60 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆1 = 30 𝑗̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆2 = 20 𝑖̂
Total time
P4 – Solutions 3

And 𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗3 = −30√2 (cos 45 𝑖̂ + sin 45𝑗̂ ) Q6. The position of the particle is given by
1
𝑆⃗ = 𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆3 = 30𝑗̂ + 20 𝑖̂ − 30 𝑖̂ − 30 𝑗̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑢 ⃗⃗𝑡 + 𝑎⃗𝑡 2 2
= −10 𝑖̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢 (𝑡) = 5 𝑖̂𝑚/𝑠
Hence resultant displacement is 10 𝑚 (west) 1
𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑡) = (5 𝑖̂)𝑡 + (3.0 𝑖̂ + 2.0 𝑗̂)𝑡 2
2
Q3. Here, acceleration 𝑎⃗ = (4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 2 is constant.
𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑡) = (5.0𝑡 + 1.5𝑡 2 )𝑖̂ + (1.0𝑡 2 )𝑗̂
So, we can apply
1 Therefore, Magnitude of position vector in the
𝑣⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗⃗𝑡 + 2 𝑎⃗𝑡 2
⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ 𝑡 and 𝑠⃗ = 𝑢 𝑥 − direction
Substituting the proper values, we get 𝑥 (𝑡) = 5.0𝑡 + 1.5𝑡 2
𝑣⃗ = (2 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂) + (2)(4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂) Magnitude of position vector in the 𝑦 − direction
= (10 𝑖̂ + 7 𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 𝑦 (𝑡) = 1.0𝑡 2
1
And 𝑠⃗ = (2 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂)(2) + (2)2 (4 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂) I. Let us first find out when 𝑥(𝑡) = 84 𝑖̂
2
= (12 𝑖̂ + 10 𝑗̂) 𝑚 Given 𝑥 (𝑡) = 84 𝑚, 𝑡 =?
Therefore, velocity and displacement of particle 5.0𝑡 + 1.5𝑡 2 = 84
at 𝑡 = 2𝑠 are (10 𝑖̂ + 7 𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 and (12 𝑖̂ + (3𝑡 + 28)(𝑡 − 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 6 𝑠
10 𝑗̂) 𝑚 respectively. At 𝑡 = 6 𝑠, 𝑦 = 1.0 (6)2 = 36.0 𝑚
II. Now, the velocity as a function of time
𝑑𝑟 𝑑
Q4. 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 ((3𝑡)𝑖̂ + (2𝑡 2 )𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑣⃗ = = (5.0 + 3.0 𝑡)𝑖̂ + 2.0𝑡𝑗̂
𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑡𝑗̂ Velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 6 𝑠
𝑑𝑣
Also, 𝑎(𝑡) = = 4𝑗̂ 𝑣⃗ = (5 + 3 × 6)𝑖̂ + 2 × 6𝑗̂ = 23𝑖̂ + 12𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑎 = 4.0 𝑚𝑠 −2 along 𝑦 − direction Speed of the particle at 𝑡 = 6 𝑠,
At 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠, 𝑣 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ |𝑣| = √(23)2 + 122 = √673 𝑚/𝑠
Its magnitude is 𝑣 = √32 + 42 = 5.0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑑𝑣
Q7. We know that 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑣=𝑣 𝑡=𝑡
LEVEL 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ∫𝑣=𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫𝑡=𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑡
𝑜 𝑜
𝑡
Q5. Assume origin at the point where the bird is ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + ∫𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑡
𝑜
sitting, take the upward direction to be positive
It is given that particle was at rest at 𝑡 = 0
𝑦 − axis and rightward direction to be positive
⇒ 𝑣⃗ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗̂ = 0 at 𝑡 = 0
𝑥 − axis.
⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 0 & 𝑣𝑦 = 0
Velocity of the boy, 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 = −6𝑖̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑡 𝑡
1000 5 ⇒ 𝑣⃗ = (0 + ∫0 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡) 𝑖̂ + (0 − ∫0 4𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡) 𝑗̂
= − (6 × ) 𝑖̂ = −1.66𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 or − 𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
3600 3
𝑣⃗ = 𝑡 3 𝑖̂ − 𝑡 4 𝑗̂
Let the time of fall of cherry be 𝑡 and initial
At 𝑡 = 3 𝑠,
velocity be 𝑢 which is zero because the cherry is
𝑣⃗ = 33 𝑖̂ − 34 𝑗̂ = 27𝑖̂ − 81𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
dropped. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Also 𝑣⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑗̂
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
⇒ 𝑟⃗ = (𝑥𝑜 + ∫0 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑡) 𝑖̂ + (𝑦𝑜 + ∫0 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑡) 𝑗̂
1.66 m/s
At 𝑡 = 0 particle was at rest
Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔⃗ = −9.8𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑦𝑜 = 0
2.6m 𝑡 𝑡
Displacement 𝑠⃗ = −19.6𝑗̂ 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑟⃗ = (0 + ∫0 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡) 𝑖̂ + (0 − ∫0 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡) 𝑗̂
1
⃗⃗𝑡 + 2 𝑔⃗𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑠⃗ = 𝑢 𝑡4 𝑡5
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑚
1 4 5
⇒ −19.6𝑗̂ = 0 − 2 (9.8𝑗̂) × 𝑡 2
At 𝑡 = 3𝑠
19.6
⇒ 𝑡2 = =4⇒ 𝑡=2𝑠 𝑟⃗ =
81
𝑖̂ −
243
𝑗̂ 𝑚
4.9 4 5
In these 2 𝑠, the boy will cover, The above equation gives us position vector of
5 10
𝑥 = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏 |𝑡 = × 2 = 𝑚 towards the tree. particle at 𝑡 = 3 𝑠
3 3

P4.1
P4 – Solutions 4

Displacement at 𝑡 = 3𝑠 is given by = 0 + (0.90 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(4.0 𝑠) = 3.6 𝑚/𝑠

81 243
𝑠⃗ = 𝑟⃗(3) − 𝑟⃗(0) = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 0 The velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 4.0 𝑠 is
4 5
81 243 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = √(12.8) + (3.6)2
= 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑚
4 5
= 13.3 𝑚/𝑠
Q8. I. Since balloon is rising with constant rate 𝑣0 The velocity makes an angle 𝜃 with the 𝑋-axis
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑣0 (i) where
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 3.6 𝑚/𝑠 9
And given that the horizontal velocity of the tan 𝜃 = 𝑣𝑦 = 12.8 𝑚/𝑠 = 32
𝑥
balloon is 𝑘𝑦 The 𝑥-coordinate at 𝑡 = 4.0 𝑠 is
𝑑𝑥 1
⇒ = 𝑘𝑦 (ii) 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
Dividing Eq. (i) by 𝐸𝑞. (𝑖𝑖 ), we get 𝑚 1 𝑚
𝑑𝑦 𝑣0 𝑘𝑦
= (8.0 𝑠 ) (4.0 𝑠) + 2 (1.2 𝑠 2) (4.0 𝑠)2
= 𝑘𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑣0 = 32 𝑚 + 9.6 𝑚 = 41.6 𝑚
Integrating, we get The 𝑦-coordinate at 𝑡 = 4.0 𝑠 is
𝑘 𝑦2 𝑘 1 1 𝑚
𝑥 = 𝑣 ( 2 ) + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 = (2𝑣 ) 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 = 2 (0.90 𝑠 2) (4.0 𝑠)2 = 7.2 𝑚
0 0
where 𝑐 is an arbitrary constant. Thus, the particle is at (41.6 𝑚, 7.2 𝑚) at 4.0 𝑠
This is the desired trajectory of the particle
Q10. At point 𝐵 (i.e. over 1.8 𝑚 from ground) the kid
which is an equation of parabola.
should be caught.
II. For finding the vertical and horizontal
acceleration, we require an expression for
the speed as a function of height 𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 & 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦
Therefore, vertical acceleration,
𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑎𝑦 = =0
𝑑𝑡
Strategy: We will first compute time for kid to
Horizontal acceleration,
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦 come to 𝐵 and then use that to find how fast the
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝑣0 man needs to move
Now the total acceleration is, For kid initial velocity 𝑢 = 0
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 = √(𝑘𝑣0 )2 + 02 = 𝑘𝑣0 Acceleration = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2
Distance, 𝑆 = 11.8 − 1.8 = 10 𝑚
Q9. 𝑎𝑥 = (1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(cos 37°) 1
𝑚 4 𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
= (1.5 𝑠 2) × 5 = 1.2 𝑚/𝑠 2 1
2 ⇒ 10 = 0 + 2 (10)𝑡 2
𝑎𝑦 = (1.5 𝑚/𝑠 )(sin 37°)
𝑚 3 ⇒ 𝑡 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡 = √2 𝑠
= (1.5 𝑠 2) × 5 = 0.90 𝑚/𝑠 2
In this time the man has to reach at the bottom
The initial velocity has components of the building.
𝑢𝑥 = 8.0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑠 7
Velocity, 𝑣 = = 𝑚/𝑠
And 𝑢𝑦 = 0 𝑡 √2

At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0
LEVEL 3
The 𝑥 – component of the velocity at time 𝑡 =
4.0 𝑠 is given by Q11. In such type of problems, when velocity of one
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 part of a body is given and that of other is
= 8.0 𝑚/𝑠 + (1.2 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(4.0 𝑠) required we first find the relation between the
= 8.0 𝑚/𝑠 + 4.8 𝑚/𝑠 = 12.8 𝑚/𝑠 two displacements and then differentiate them
The 𝑦-component of velocity at 𝑡 = 4.0 𝑠 is given with respect to time.
by Here, if the distance from the corner to the point
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝐴 is 𝑥 and from corner point to 𝐵 is 𝑦. Then,
P4 – Solutions 5

𝑑𝑥 P1(-1,-1,0)
Velocity of point 𝐴 is 𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 D
And velocity of point 𝐵 is 𝑣𝐵 = − 𝑑𝑡
P 
(Negative sign denotes that the direction is P2(3,-1,-3)
(4.-1,5)
opposite to usual coordinate system) Let the bird fly and reaches point 𝐷 where it is
Further, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑙 2 collinear with 𝑃1 & 𝑃2
Differentiating with respect to time 𝑡 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑃 2 3
2 𝑃1 | = √(−1 − 3) + (−1 + 1) + (0 + 3)
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 0 = √42 + 32 = 5
𝑥(−𝑣) = 𝑦(−𝑣𝐵 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑃 2 2
2 𝑃| = √(4 − 3) + (−1 + 1) + (5 + 3)
2
𝑥
⇒ 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = √65
B Here ∠ 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃 = 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑃 2 𝑃 ).(𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 𝑃1 ) ̂ ).(−4𝑖̂+3𝑘
(𝑖̂+8𝑘 ̂) 4
⇒ cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= =
l |𝑃 2 𝑃 ||𝑃 2 𝑃1 | 5√65 √65
4 7
cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 =
√65 √65
V A 
From ∆𝑃𝐷𝑃2 to, 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝑃2 sin 𝜃
Fig.3.50 = √65 ×
7
=7𝑚
Q12. Let the position of bird 𝑃 and the two positions √65
7
𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are as shown figure ⇒ Time taken by bird = 2 sec = 3.5 𝑠

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 On comparison,
Initial velocity in the 𝑦 − direction 𝑢𝑦 = 8
Q1. D
𝑑𝑥 Acceleration in the 𝑦 − direction,
𝑣𝑥 = = 2𝑎𝑡 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
−5 = 2 𝑎𝑦 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑣𝑦 = = 2𝑏𝑡 ⇒ 𝑣 = √𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑦2
𝑑𝑡 Now in the case of horizontal direction
= √4𝑎2 𝑡 2 + 4𝑏2 𝑡 2 = 2𝑡√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 Horizontal displacement is given as, 𝑥 = 6𝑡
1
Hence, correct choice is (D). Compare it with 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
Q2. A On comparison,
To find initial velocity in 𝑥 − direction Initial velocity in the 𝑥 − direction 𝑢𝑥 = 6
Differentiate 𝑥 = 6𝑡 w.r.t. Acceleration the 𝑥 − direction
𝑑𝑥 1
⇒ = 𝑢𝑥 = 6 𝑚/𝑠 0 = 𝑎 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
To find initial velocity in 𝑦 − direction We need to find magnitude of initial velocity
Differentiate 𝑦 = 8𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑢 = √𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 = √82 + 62 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑣𝑦 = 8 − 10𝑡
𝑑𝑡 Q3. I. Distance traveled = 50 + 40 + 20 = 110 𝑚
For initial velocity put 𝑡 = 0 because this is 40 m
B C
when the particle started moving.
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 = 8 − 0 = 8 𝑚/𝑠 N
20 m
Magnitude of initial velocity W E 50 m 40 m
𝑢 = √𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 = √62 + 82 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 D
S
Alternate Solution
30 m
Vertical displacement of the particle,
𝑦 = 8𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 
E
Compare the above expression with the equation A
1 AInitial point
of motion 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 (starting point)

P4.1
P4 – Solutions 6

II. Let 𝐹 be the point of intersection of the line some time and then will increase in the opposite
𝐴𝐵 and the line perpendicular to it such that direction.
line perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵 pass through 𝐷, Now,
So, 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐹 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = = 4 − 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐷𝐶 = 50 − 20 = 30 𝑚 𝑥 𝑡
⇒ ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (4 − 2𝑡)𝑑𝑡
So displacement of the man from house to
the field is, 𝑥 = 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2
Similarly,
𝐴𝐷 = √𝐴𝐹 2 + 𝐷𝐹 2 = √302 + 402 = 50 𝑚 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑣𝑦 = 2 − 𝑡 ⇒ ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (2 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Q4. D 𝑡2
Here 𝑣⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗𝑡 = (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂) + (0.4𝑖̂ + 0.3 𝑗̂)10 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑡 − ⇒ 𝑆⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦̂
2
2
= 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂) + (4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂)
( 𝑡
𝑆⃗ = (4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑖̂ + (2𝑡 − 2 ) 𝑗̂
𝑣⃗ = 7𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂
This means that particle will follow a curved
⇒ |𝑣⃗| = √72 + 72 = 7√2 units
path such that it will move towards certain point
where its velocity will become zero and then
LEVEL 2
starts moving in the opposite direction towards
Q5. C its original position.
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 implies that particle is moving in a straight Therefore C is the correct option.
line passing through origin. Q6. A
Given that velocity varies linearly with time as, Given that
𝑣𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= =𝑐
At 𝑡 = 0 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
Initial speed of the particle, 𝑢𝑥 = 4 − 0 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒ = =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
To find acceleration we will differentiate 𝑣𝑥 w.r.t. ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 = 0
time. Further 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑦 2
𝑑𝑣𝑥
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
= 0 − 2 = −2 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

We can see that the particle is decelerating = 3𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑐𝑦

constantly in the 𝑥 − direction. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
[Since =𝑐= ]
This means that velocity of particle will keep 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
decreasing, then will becomes zero after some ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 2 = 6𝑎𝑐𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) + 2𝑏𝑐 ( 𝑑𝑡 )
time and then will increase in the opposite = 6𝑎𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑐 2
direction. Now acceleration of particle is
𝑥
Now, since 𝑦 = 2 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑 𝑦2 𝑑 𝑧 2
𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑘̂
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
Differentiate 𝑦 = w.r.t to time
2 = (6𝑎𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑐 2 )𝑘̂
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑥 1
⇒ 𝑣𝑦 = 2 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = = 2 (4 − 2𝑡) Q7. C
2
𝑣𝑦 = 2 − 𝑡 Let 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑥 and 𝐵𝐸 = 𝑦
At 𝑡 = 0 B
Initial velocity of the particle, 𝑢𝑦 = 2 − 0 = 2 𝑚/𝑠
Differentiate 𝑣𝑦 w.r.t. time
A C
⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = 0 − 1 = −1 𝑚/𝑠 2 E
We can see that the particle is decelerating
constantly in the 𝑦 − direction also. D
Again in this case also, velocity of particle will To compute velocity of approach of 𝐵 , we
keep decreasing, then will becomes zero after basically need to find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡. We already know
𝑑𝑥
that 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣
P4 – Solutions 7

Also, 𝐵𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 = 𝑙 2 𝑣𝑦 =
𝑑𝑦
= 24 sin 6𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑦 2 + ( 2) = 𝑙 2 ⇒ 2𝑦 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) + 2 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 0 𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = 24 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Speed of the particle is constant. Hence, the
⇒ (− 𝑑𝑡 ) = 2 (2𝑦) 𝑑𝑡
distance traversed by the particle in 4 𝑠 is
𝑥 = 2𝑦, when the rhombus is a square.
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 = (24 × 4)𝑚 ⇒ 𝑠 = 96 𝑚
⇒ − 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑣
Q10. B
Hence, 𝑣𝐵 = 2 𝑣𝑐 = 2 (Downward direction Given, 𝑥 = 2 + 2𝑡 + 4𝑡 2 & 𝑦 = 4𝑡 + 8𝑡 2
indicated by the negative sign) From these two equations we can write 𝑦 =
Q8. D 2𝑥 − 4
Given that particle has constant acceleration Motion of the particle is along a straight line 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 4
only in the y-direction. We need to find i.e. 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑡
Further 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑗̂ = 8𝑖̂ + 16𝑗̂
velocity component in the x-direction. 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 =acceleration is constant
⇒ =𝛼⇒ =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 Hence, the motion is a uniformly accelerated one.
Also given that particle moves in the path as,
𝑦 = 𝛽𝑥 2 Q11. A
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate the above equation w.r.t. 𝑡 𝑥 = 2𝑡 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
=2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝛽𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑣𝑦 = = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑦 4𝑡
Again differentiate the above equation w.r.t 𝑡 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 𝑣 = = 2𝑡
𝑥 2
using Product Rule.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Differentiating with respect to time we get,
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢) 𝑑𝜃
(sec 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡 (1 + tan2 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ = 2𝛽 [𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2 + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) ] (1 + 4𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝜃
=2
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝛼 𝑑𝜃 2
𝛼 = 2𝛽 (0 + 𝑣𝑥 )2 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = √2𝛽 𝑑𝑡
= 1+4𝑡 2
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 is, 𝑑𝑡 = 1+4(2)2 = 17 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Q9. A 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = = 24 cos 6𝑡
𝑑𝑡

P4.2 Projectile Motion

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. A Q4. C
Equation of trajectory is a quadratic equation Acceleration is always constant because it is
which graphically represents a parabola. acceleration due to gravity which always acts
⇒ Correct option is A vertically downwards and horizontal
acceleration is always zero (air resistance is
Q2. Acceleration in the horizontal direction is zero
neglected).
whereas acceleration in the vertical direction is
constant and is downwards. Hence the Q5. Time of flight is the time taken by the projectile
statement is true. for its entire motion.
Q3. Range is the horizontal distance covered by the
projectile during its motion.

P4.2
P4 – Solutions 8

IN CLASS EXERCISE

LEVEL 1 to analyze the velocity horizontally and

vertically. This will be useful while using
Q1. Here, 𝜃 = 300 , 𝑢 = 30 𝑚𝑠 −1
distance-time relation in horizontal and
I. The time taken by the ball to reach the highest
vertical directions.
point is half of the total time of flight (This is
Initial speed in 𝑥 − direction, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣 cos 300
only true for ground to ground projectile
√3
motion). As time of ascending and descending = 20 × = 10√3 𝑚𝑠 −1 ;
2
is same for a projectile without air resistance, Initial speed in 𝑦 − direction, 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣 sin 300
the time to reach the highest point 1
= 20 × 2 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑇 2𝑢 sin 𝜃 30 0
𝑡𝐻 = 2 = = 10 × sin 30 = 1.5 𝑠 It will be easy for us to use distance-time
2𝑔
II. The maximum height reached is relation in vertical as it will involve less
𝑢 2 sin2 𝜃 (30)2 ×(sin 300 )2 900 calculation.
= = 2×10×4 = 11.25 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
In 𝑦 direction:
𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃 (30)2 sin 2(300 )
III. Horizontal range = = 1
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
𝑔 10
900√3 1
= = 45√3 𝑚 −45 = 10𝑡 − 2 × 10𝑡 2
20
IV. The time for which the ball is in air is same ⇒ 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 9 = 0
as its time of flight, i.e., Which on solving gives 𝑡 = 1 + √10 𝑠
2𝑢 sin 𝜃 2×30×sin 300
= =3𝑠 (positive value), (other value is 𝑡 = 1 −
𝑔 10
√10 𝑠 , a negative value of time is not
Q2. If 𝑢 and 𝛼 are the initial valocity of projection acceptable).
and angle of projection, respectively, then II. Final speed in 𝑦 − direction:
𝑢 2 sin2 𝛼
Maximum height attained = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡
2𝑔
2𝑢 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑣𝑦 = 10 − 10 × (1 + √10) = −10√10 𝑚𝑠 −1
And horizontal range = 𝑔
Total final speed, 𝑣𝑓 = √𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑥2
According to the problem,
2𝑢 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑢 2 sin2 𝛼 2 2
= 2√3 ( ) ⇒ tan 𝛼 = ( )
2
= √(10√10) + (10√3)
𝑔 2𝑔 √3

⇒ 𝛼 = tan −1 2
( 3) = 10√13 𝑚𝑠 −1
√
Q5. Let ℎ be the height of the pole and 𝑢 be the
LEVEL 2 velocity at which ball is projected.
Q3. Given, 𝑣 = 30 𝑚𝑠 −1
By finding out horizontal and vertical velocities
separately by equating them, we can find out the
required time. Also remember horizontal
velocity remains same and vertical velocity
keeps changing during motion.
So, horizontal velocity 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 = 30 𝑚𝑠 −1 (i) Let at time 𝑡 = 𝑡1 the ball touches top of the pole.
1
Vertical velocity 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 = 0 − 10𝑡 = ⇒ ℎ = (𝑢 sin 𝛼 )𝑡1 − 𝑔𝑡12 2
−10𝑡 (ii) At 𝑡 = 𝑡1 , final velocity in 𝑦 – direction will be
Comparing equations. (i) & (ii), 10𝑡 = 30 ⇒ 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝛼 − 𝑔𝑡1
=3𝑠 & 𝑎 = (𝑢 cos 𝛼 )𝑡1
𝑎
Q4. Given 𝑣 = 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝜃 = 300 , 𝐻 = 45 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑡1 =
𝑢 cos 𝛼
I. As the ball has been projected at an angle of 𝑎 1 𝑎 2
⇒ ℎ = (𝑢 sin 𝛼 ) 𝑢 cos 𝛼 − 2 𝑔 (𝑢 cos 𝛼 )
300 above horizontal, so first of all we need
P4 – Solutions 9

1 𝑎 2 ℎ 𝑏
⇒ 𝑎 tan 𝛼 − 2 𝑔 (𝑢 cos 𝛼 ) = tan 𝜃 [𝑎+𝑏]
𝑎
ℎ ℎ
Also, ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
(𝑢 cos 𝛼)2𝑢 sin 𝛼
𝑎+𝑏 = ⇒ tan 𝜃 = tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
𝑔
Hence, proved.
𝑔(𝑎+𝑏)
𝑢 = √2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
Q7. I. Given 𝑢 = 60√2 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝜃 = 450 .
So from above two equations we get, We know that the horizontal component of
1 𝑎2
ℎ = 𝑎 tan 𝛼 − 2 𝑔 𝑔(𝑎+𝑏) velocity remains same during projectile and
( )cos2 𝛼
2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
2
only vertical component changes (see
𝑎
ℎ = 𝑎 tan 𝛼 − 𝑎+𝑏 figure). So we need to find the vertical
( ) cos 𝛼
sin 𝛼
component of velocity after 3 𝑠. Hence, we
Put 𝛼 = 450
will have both 𝑣𝑥 & 𝑣𝑦 . We can use 𝑣 =
𝑎2
ℎ = 𝑎 − 𝑎+𝑏
√𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 to find out the velocity after 3 𝑠.
𝑎𝑏 1
ℎ = 𝑎+𝑏 So, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 450 = 60√2 × = 60 𝑚𝑠 −1
√2
1
Q6. Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be the triangle with base 𝐵𝐶. If 𝐴𝑀 is 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 450 = 60√2 × = 60 𝑚𝑠 −1
√2
the perpendicular drawn on base 𝐵𝐶 from The value of the vertical component of
ℎ ℎ
vertex 𝐴, then tan 𝛼 = and tan 𝛽 = , where velocity after 30 𝑠 is
𝑎 𝑏
𝐵𝑀 = 𝑎 and 𝐶𝑀 = 𝑏 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
A 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 = 60 − 10 × 3 = 30 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 = 60 𝑚𝑠 −1
 h ⇒ 𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = √602 + 302 = 30√22 + 1
 
M = 30√5 𝑚𝑠 −1
a b II. The angle made by the direction of
We know Fig.
that,5.53 movement of a projectile or its velocity with
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃
horizontal at any time during journey is
𝑥 = (𝑢 cos 𝜃 )𝑡 given by
2𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑣𝑦 30
𝑡= tan 𝜃 = ⇒ tan 𝜃 =
𝑔 𝑣𝑥 60
𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃 1
Range, 𝑅 = ⇒ 𝜃 = tan −1
(2)
𝑔
Equation of trajectory of the projectile can be III. As the horizontal component of velocity
obtained from remains constant, so to calculate the
1
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 horizontal distance covered, we can use the
By eliminating 𝑡 following equation:
𝑥 1 𝑥 2 Distance = Speed × Time
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃 ) (𝑢 cos 𝜃 ) − 2 𝑔 (𝑢 cos 𝜃 ) ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
𝑥2 𝑥 2 sin 𝜃 But vertical component keeps on changing
= 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 2𝑢2 cos2 𝜃
= 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 2𝑢2 cos2 𝜃
( ) sin 𝜃( ) side by side as gravity keeps on acting in the
𝑔 𝑔
2
𝑥 sin 𝜃
= 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − downward direction. So we have to use the
2𝑢2 sin 𝜃cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃( ) 1
𝑔 relation 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
2 tan 𝜃
= 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 𝑥 So 𝑥 = 60 × 3 = 180 𝑚
𝑅
𝑥 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 (1 − 𝑅) (i) and 𝑦 = 60 × 3 − 2 × 10 × (3)2
Since 𝐴(𝑎, ℎ) lies on the trajectory of the 𝑦 = 180 − 45 = 135 𝑚
projectile, therefore it should satisfy eq. (i) Hence, horizontal displacement = 180 𝑚
𝑎 and vertical displacement = 135 𝑚
⇒ ℎ = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 (1 − 𝑎+𝑏)[Since range, 𝑅 = 𝑎 + 𝑏]

P4.2
P4 – Solutions 10

IV. We already know the horizontal and vertical LEVEL 3

displacement of the ball after 3 𝑠.
Q9. Let the velocity of the shot from the first and
So in order to calculate the distance of ball
second gun be 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 respectively.
from the point of projection we will use the y
above information. 2
If we analyze closely we can conclude that
the distance of ball from the point of   u
projection (say 𝐷), horizontal displacement Q
1
( say 𝑥) and vertical displacement (say 𝑦) h
will form right angled triangle with 10m
hypotenuse as 𝐷 and the other two arms as x y=10-h
𝑥 and 𝑦. x
O
⇒ 𝐷 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem] 1
𝑢2 cos 600 = (5√3) ( ) 𝑚/𝑠 = 2.5√3 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝐷 = √1352 + 1802 √3 𝑚
0
and, 𝑢2 sin 60 = (5√3) ( 2 ) = 7.5 𝑚/𝑠
= √(5 × 33 )2 + (5 × 32 × 22 )2 𝑠
Since the horizontal displacement of both the
= (5 × 32 )√9 + 16 = 225 𝑚
shots are equal, the second should be fired
Q8. I. Given horizontal distance = 𝜂𝐻, earlier than first shot because its horizontal
where 𝐻 = height of the tower. component of velocity i.e. 𝑢2 cos 600 = 2.5√3 𝑚/
To find out the sufficient velocity as asked,
𝑠 is less than the other which is 𝑢1 = 5√3 𝑚/𝑠.
we have to use,
Now let first shot takes 𝑡1 time to reach the point
Distance = velocity × time.
𝑃 and the second 𝑡2 . Then,
Here the time involved is time of flight as we
𝑥 = (𝑢2 cos 600 )𝑡2 = 𝑢𝑡1
are considering projectile motion which we
𝑥 = 2.5√3 𝑡2 = 5√3 𝑡1
can compute as follows:
⇒ 𝑡2 = 2𝑡1 (i)
Let 𝑇 be time of flight
1 Now since both projectiles meet at same point so
⇒ −𝐻 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑇 − 𝑔𝑇 2 their 𝑦 − coordinates will also be same.
2 1 1
Since 𝑢𝑦 = 0 ⇒ − 2 𝑔𝑡12 = 2.5√3𝑡2 − 2 𝑔𝑡22
1 2𝐻 √3
⇒ −𝐻 = − 2 𝑔𝑇 2 ⇒ 𝑇 = √ 𝑔 ⇒ 𝑡22 − 𝑡12 = 𝑡
2 2

So, 𝑣0 𝑇 = 𝜂𝐻 Now substitute 𝑡2 = 2𝑡1 in the above equation

2𝐻
⇒ 4𝑡12 − 𝑡12 = √3𝑡1 ⇒ √3𝑡1 (√3𝑡1 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑣0 √ 𝑔 = 𝜂𝐻 1
⇒ 𝑡1 = , 𝑡1 = 0
√3
𝑔𝐻 𝑡1 = 0 indicates projectiles being fired
⇒ 𝑣0 = 𝜂√
2
simultaneously.
II. During projectile motion, the horizontal 1
And 𝑡1 = indicates two projectiles will collide
component of velocity remains same and its √3

vertical component keeps on changing only once.

2
under the effect of gravity. ⇒ 𝑡2 =
√3
So horizontal speed 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 vertical speed Time interval between firings = |𝑡1 − 𝑡2 |
𝑣𝑦 = √2𝑔𝐻 =|
1
−
2
|=
1
√3 √3 √3
Total speed = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = √𝑣02 + 2𝑔𝐻 2
Range of projectiles, 𝑥 = 2.5√3 ( 3) = 5 𝑚
𝑔𝐻 √
= √𝜂2 2 + 2𝑔𝐻 1 1 2 5
and ℎ = − 2 (10) ( 3) = − 3 𝑚
√
𝜂2 +4
= √( ) 𝑔𝐻 Assuming origin at foothill, coordinates of point
2 5 10
𝑃 (5 𝑚, 10 − 3 𝑚) = (5𝑚, 3 𝑚)
P4 – Solutions 11

Q10. Let 𝑡 be the time after which the stone hits the (The right hand side is written 𝑔𝑡 − 𝑢 sin 𝜃
object and 𝜃 be the angle which the velocity because the stone is in it’s downwards motion.
vector 𝑢⃗⃗ makes with horizontal. According to Therefore, 𝑔𝑡 > 𝑢 sin 𝜃 . In upward motion,
questions, we have following three conditions: sin 𝜃 > 𝑔𝑡 )
Vertical displacement of stone is 1.25 𝑚 Multiplying equation (iii) with 𝑡 we can write
1 (𝑢 cos 𝜃 )𝑡 + (𝑢 sin 𝜃 )𝑡 = 10 𝑡 2 (iv)
1.25 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃)𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2 Now equation (i),(ii)and (iv) gives
Where 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 4.25 𝑡 2 − 4.25 = 0
(𝑢 sin 𝜃 )𝑡 = 1.25 + 5𝑡 2 (i) ⇒𝑡 = 1𝑠
Horizontal displacement of stone = 3 + Substituting 𝑡 = 1𝑠 𝑖𝑛 equations (i) and (ii), we
Displacement of object 𝐴 get
1
⇒ (𝑢 cos 𝜃 )𝑡 = 3 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑢 sin 𝜃 = 6.25 𝑚/𝑠
2
Where, 𝑎 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 ⇒ 𝑢𝑦 = 6.25 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ (𝑢 cos 𝜃 )𝑡 = 3 + 0.75 𝑡 2 (ii) And 𝑢 cos 𝜃 = 3.75 𝑚/𝑠
Horizontal component of velocity (of stone) = ⇒ 𝑢𝑥 = 3.75 𝑚/𝑠
vertical component (because velocity vector in 𝑢
⃗⃗ = 𝑢𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑢𝑦 𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
inclined at 45° with horizontal) ⃗⃗ = (3.75𝑖̂ + 6.25 𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠
𝑢
⇒ (𝑢 cos 𝜃 ) = 𝑔𝑡 − (𝑢 sin 𝜃 ) (iii)

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 3
𝑥 = (15 sin 37°)𝑖̂ × (1 𝑠) = 15 ( ) 𝑖̂ = 9𝑖̂ 𝑚
5
Q1. Maximum horizontal distance = Maximum 𝑦-coordinate:
possible range for projectile. 1
𝑦 = (15 cos 37°)𝑗̂ × 1 + (−𝑔 𝑗̂)(1)2
Let 𝑔′ be the acceleration due to gravity of the 2
4 10
stage planet. = 15 (5) 𝑗̂ − 𝑗̂ = (12 − 5)𝑗̂ = 7𝑗̂ 𝑚
2
𝑢 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 Therefore, after 1 𝑠, the particle will be at,
𝑅 = 25 𝑚 (𝜃 = 45°, for 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑟⃗ = (9𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂) 𝑚
𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃
Also, 𝑅 = II. Velocity along 𝑥 − axis
𝑔′
𝑢2 52
𝑣𝑥 = (15 sin 37°)𝑖̂ = 9𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
𝑔′
= 25 𝑔′
= 25 Since, there is no acceleration along this
52 direction therefore, the velocity remains the
𝑔′
= 25
same.
⇒ 𝑔′ = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2
Velocity along 𝑦 − axis:
Q2. I. If the point of projection is considered as 𝑣𝑦 = (15 cos 37°)𝑗̂ + (−𝑔 𝑗̂) × (1 𝑠)
origin, then we can assign axis as shown. 𝑣𝑦 = (12 − 10)𝑗̂ = 12𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ Velocity of the particle
= 9𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
III. At every point on the trajectory, we have a
fixed horizontal velocity = 𝑣𝑥 and variable
velocity
= 𝑣𝑦 . So, net velocity at every point is
obtained by:
√𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2
Position of ball after, 𝑡 = 1 𝑠 is given by: Speed will be minimum when 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑥-coordinate: i.e. at highest point of the trajectory.

P4.2
P4 – Solutions 12

⇒ 𝑣 = √(15 cos 37°)2 + 0 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2

Time taken to reach there, 𝑠 = ℎ =?
1 1
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 ℎ = 2 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 = 2 × 10(0.5)2 = 1.25 𝑚
𝑣𝑦 = 0 II. 𝑥 = (
1𝑚
) × (0.5 𝑠) = 0.5 𝑚
𝑠
⇒ 0 = 15 sin 37° − 10𝑡
9
III. Since there is no acceleration along
⇒ 𝑡 = 10 = 0.9 𝑠 horizontal velocity of book remains the
same in the x direction

IV. Since this is a ground to ground projectile

motion, range of the ball would be 𝑣𝑥 = 1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃 2𝑢 2 sin 37° cos 37°
𝑅=( )= For vertical velocity
𝑔 𝑔 𝑚
2×152 × ×
3 4 𝑣0 = 0, 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠, 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 10 𝑠 2 , 𝑣𝑦 =?
5 5
=
𝑔 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 10(0.5) = 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑅 = 21.6 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 1 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣𝑦 = 5𝑚/𝑠
Q3. Time taken by coin 1, 𝑐1 & coin 2, 𝑐2 to fall down Net velocity of the book when it strikes down
the table will be same. This is because in the 𝑦 − = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = √1 + (5)2 = √26 𝑚/𝑠
direction both the coins have zero initial At an angle of tan−1 (5) with the horizontal
velocities, same acceleration in the downward
Q5. For a ground to ground projectile
direction i.e. −𝑔 and same distance to cover i.e. 𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃
height of the table. Horizontal range of a projectile = ( )
𝑔
For 𝑐1 𝑢 2 sin2 𝜃
Maximum height =
Let height of table = ℎ 2𝑔

𝑢𝑦 = 0 According to given:
𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃 3
𝛼𝑦 = −𝑔 =3× = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑔 𝑔
1 2ℎ 4
⇒ −ℎ = − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑡 = √( 𝑔 ) = tan 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 53°
3

For 𝑐2
LEVEL 2
𝑠=ℎ
𝑢𝑦 = 0 Q6. Both the projectiles have identical vertical motions,
𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 So the distance between them will be equal to the
1 2ℎ
sum of their horizontal displacements.
⇒ −ℎ = − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑡 = √( 𝑔 )
Hence, both 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 have identical vertical
motions.
⇒ Horizontal displacement of
𝑐2 = (100 𝑐𝑚/𝑠) × (4𝑠) = 400 𝑐𝑚
Q4. I. Considering motion along vertical:
𝑢𝑦 = 0 (Book just slides off horizontally) Required distance = (𝑣 cos 𝜃)𝑡 + (𝑣 cos 𝜃)𝑡
𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠 = 2(𝑣 cos 𝜃)𝑡
P4 – Solutions 13

Q7. It is a case of projectile fired horizontally from a Q9. Let the missile is fired with a velocity 𝑣
height. Height of the cliff, ℎ = 20 𝑚
ℎ = 100 𝑚, 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 2ℎ
Time taken by the missile to hit the tank = √ 𝑔
I. Time taken to reach the ground 𝑡 = √2ℎ/𝑔
20
=√
2×100
= 2√5 𝑠 = √2 × 10 = 2 𝑠
10
Time taken by sound to reach the point of firing,
II. Horizontal range 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 = 20 × 2√5 =
𝑡 = 3−2= 1𝑠
40√5 𝑚
20m/s

100m

A
 vx
vr In the above figure, 𝐹 is point of projection of the
vy
missile, 𝑊 is the point where the missile will the
III. Horizontal velocity remain constant through
tank and 𝑊 is the bottom most point of the cliff.
out the motion.
Now, the distance traveled by the sound
At 𝐴, 𝑣𝑥 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 and
𝐹𝑊 = 343 × 1 = 343 𝑚
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 − 10 × 2√5
Using Pythagoras theorem:
= −20√5 𝑚/𝑠 (𝐹𝑊 )2 = (𝐹𝐻)2 + (𝐻𝑊 )2
Resultant velocity 3432 = 202 + (𝐻𝑊 )2 (i)
𝐻𝑊 = horizontal displacement of the missile
𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = √202 + (−20√5)2
= 2𝑣
= 20√6 𝑚/𝑠 Using in (i), we get
Let this velocity makes an angle 𝛽 3432 = 202 + 4𝑣 2
𝑣
⇒ tan 𝛽 = 𝑣𝑦 =
20√5
= √5 ⇒ 4𝑣 2 = 3432 − 202
𝑥 20
⇒ 𝑣 ≈ 171 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ 𝛽 = tan−1 (√5)
The ball strike the ground with a velocity Q10. Using equation of trajectory:
20√6 𝑚/𝑠 at an angle tan−1 (√5) with
horizontal.
Q8. For landing at the same point, a projectile can
have two trajectories (two different angle of
projection).
The two angle of projections in such case are
complementary, i.e.
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 90 1
𝑔𝑥 2
75° + 𝜃2 = 90° 𝑦 = (tan 𝜃)𝑥 − 𝑢22cos2 𝜃
𝜃2 = 15° In this particular case, 𝜃 = 0°
Time of flight, 𝑇1 (𝜃1 = 75°) 1 𝑔𝑥 2 1 (1.75)2
⇒ 𝑦 = − 2 (𝑢2) ⇒ −9 = − 2 𝑔
2𝑢 sin 𝜃1 2×25 𝑣02
𝑇1 = = sin 75∘ = 4.829 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑔 10 1
9 × 𝑣02 = 2 × 9.8(1.75)2
Time of flight, 𝑇2 (𝜃2 = 15°)
(1.75)2
𝑇2 =
2𝑢 sin 𝜃2
=
2×25
sin 15∘ = 1.294 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣02 = (4.9)
𝑔 10 9
1.75
⇒ Projectile 2 should be thrown after a time 𝑣0 = √4.9 = 1.29 𝑚/𝑠
3
= 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4.829 − 1.294 = 3.535 s

P4.2
P4 – Solutions 14

𝑢 2 sin2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = (𝑣𝑥 )𝑡
Q11. I. Maximum height above the roof = 2𝑔
With 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
(30)2 (sin 37°)2
= Hence, 𝑢 − 𝑡 graph is a straight line
2×10
=
30×30×3
×5×2=
3 1 81
= 16.2 𝑚 passing through the origin.
5 5
B) 𝑦 − 𝑡 graph
II. When the ball strikes the floor it has a
Displacement along 𝑌-axis= 𝑦
horizontal component of velocity (=
Initial velocity,𝑣0 = +(30 sin 37°)𝑚𝑗̂
30 cos 37°) and a vertical component of
30 × 3
velocity (= 𝑣𝑦 ) = 𝑗̂ = (18 𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠
5
To obtain 𝑣𝑦 : 𝑎 = (−10𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 2
30×3
𝑣0 = 30 sin 37° (𝑗̂) = (𝑗̂) 1
5 𝑦 = (18𝑗̂)𝑡 + (−10𝑗̂)𝑡 2
= (18 𝑗̂) 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑦 = (18𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 )𝑗̂
𝑣𝑓 = −𝑣𝑦 (𝑗̂)
= 𝑡(18 − 5𝑡)
𝑎 = −𝑔(𝑗̂) = −(10𝑗̂) 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑆 = (−15𝑗̂)𝑥 (⇒ Displacement is in
downward direction)

𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣02 = 2𝑎 𝑠
2 Equation of 𝑦 is a quadratic in 𝑡 with
(−𝑣𝑦 ) − 324 = 300
roots at 𝑡 = 0
𝑚 16
𝑣𝑦 = √624 ≈ 25 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑡 = 𝑠
𝑠 5
III. Horizontal Range = (30 cos 37°) × 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0
To obtain ‘𝑡’, use vertical motion: 18
and 𝑡 = 𝑠 = 3.6 𝑠
5
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 18
⟹𝑡 = 𝑠 would be the time when the
𝜇 = (30 sin 37 °)𝑗̂ = 18 𝑗̂ 5

𝑣 = 25(−𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 ball comes back to the same height after

𝑎 = 10(−𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 2 completing angular projectile motion.
25(−𝑗̂)−18(𝑗̂)
𝑡= ≅ 4.3 𝑠
10(−𝑗̂)
30×4
⟹ Horizontal range = × 4.3 = 117.6 𝑚
5
IV. A) 𝑥 − 𝑡 graph
Since the ball has constant horizontal
velocity ⟹𝑥 at any instant = 𝑣𝑥 × 𝑡

Time taken by projectile to land on the

ground = 4.3 𝑠
C) 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑡 graph
Since there is no acceleration along
horizontal, 𝑣𝑥 remains constant
P4 – Solutions 15


u

So in this case also, the bomb will explode

vertically below airplane.

D) 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑡 graph LEVEL 3
30×3𝑗̂ 𝑚
𝑣0 = +30 sin 37° 𝑗̂ = + = (+18 𝑠 )𝑗̂ Q14. I. This is a situation where time has no role
5
𝑚 𝑚 and equation of trajectory would be used.
𝑎 = −10 𝑠 2 𝑗̂ = (−10 𝑠 2) 𝑗̂
Using:
𝑣 = 18 − 10𝑡 1 𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = (tan 𝜃)𝑥 − 2 (𝜇2 cos2 𝜃)
Q12. I. The coin has to travel 3 𝑚 in the horizontal
1 (10)(36)2
direction according to the figure shown. = (tan 53°)(36) − × (20)2
2 (cos 53°)2
= 48 − 45
𝑦=3𝑚
⟹ the ball just clears the crossbar.
II. To determine whether the ball is rising or
falling at the instant.
⇒ Time taken the coin to travel this distance,
Method 1: Calculate half the time of flight. If
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 ⇒ 3 = 6 cos 60° 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1 𝑠
time at which the ball is at given position is
Height of the coin from the point of release,
1 greater than that, it is falling else rising.
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 Method 2: If at time (t), 𝑣𝑦 (vertical
1
𝑦 = (6 sin 60°) × 1 − 2 × 10 × 12 component of velocity) < 0
= (3√3 − 5) 𝑚 ⟹ ball is falling.
II. We already know that the coin reaches the Using Method 1:
2𝑢 sin 𝜃
dish in 1 𝑠 , so we need to find the vertical 𝑡= (Time of flight)
𝑔
component of velocity of the coin after 𝑡 = 1 𝑠. =
2×20×4
= 3.2 𝑠
5×10
⇒ 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 = 6 sin 60° − 10 × 1
Half time = 1.6 𝑠
= (3√3 − 10) 𝑚/𝑠 𝑥
Time taken to reach (36,3) = 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Q13. During the motion of bomb its horizontal 36
= 20 cos 53°
velocity 𝑢 remains constant and is same as that 36×5
of airplane at every point of its path. Suppose the = 20×3 = 3 𝑠
bomb explode i.e. reach the ground in time 𝑡. ⟹ This point is on trajectory when ball is
Distance traveled in horizontal direction by falling.
bomb = 𝑢𝑡 = the distance traveled by Method 2:
aeroplane. So bomb explode vertically below the 𝑡= 3𝑠
aeroplane. 𝑣𝑦 = (20 sin 53°) − 𝑔(3)
Suppose the airplane moves by making an angle 20×4
= − 30
5
𝜃 with horizontal. For both bomb and airplane,
= −14 𝑚/𝑠
horizontal distance is 𝑢 cos 𝜃𝑡 , where 𝑡 is time
⇒ the ball would be falling
for the bomb to reach the ground.

P4.2
P4 – Solutions 16

Q15. For minimum velocity, trajectory should be Now, 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐴𝐵

along 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝑇 = Horizontal displacement of the equipment
= (15 sin 60°) × (15.77) = 118.3 𝑚
𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = (45 ) × (15.77) = 7.09 𝑚
𝑠
⟹ 𝐴𝑇 = 125.4 𝑚
Q17. At minimum velocity it will move just touching
point 𝐸 reaching the ground.
𝐴 is origin of reference coordinate.
Using Equation of trajectory: If 𝑢 is the minimum speed.
1 𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = (tan 𝜃)𝑥 − 2 𝑢2 cos2 𝜃 A
1 (6𝐷)2
20cm
2𝐷 = (6𝐷) − 2 𝑔 1 C
(𝑣02 × )
𝑥 30cm 20cm
𝑔(6𝐷)2 E
𝑣02
= (4𝐷) 20cm
10cm
𝑔(6𝐷)2
𝑣0 = √ 𝑋 = 40, 𝑌 = −20, 𝜃 = 00
4𝐷

6𝐷 𝑔
𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃
= √𝐷 = 3√𝑔𝐷 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 𝑔
2 2𝑢2
For maximum velocity, trajectory should be (because 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 1000 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 )
1000×402 ×1
along 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ −20 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 2𝑢 2
Using equation of trajectory: ⇒ 𝑢 = 200 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 = 2 𝑚/𝑠.
1 𝑔(7𝐷)2
2𝐷 = 7𝐷 − 2 1 ⇒ The minimum horizontal velocity is 2 𝑚/𝑠.
(𝑣02 × )
𝑥
3
𝑔(7𝐷)2 Q18. 𝜃 = 530 , so cos 530 = 5
= 5𝐷
𝑣02 25
sec 2 𝜃 =
𝑔 𝑔𝐷 9
⟹ 𝑣0 = 7𝐷√ = (7√ 5 ) 4
5𝐷 and tan 𝜃 = 3
⟹ Range of velocity 3√𝑔𝐷 ≤ 𝑣0 ≤ 7√ 5
𝑔𝐷 Suppose the ball lands on the 𝑛th bench
So, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1) (1)
Q16. For the equipment to land on the ship, both, the [ball starting point 1 𝑚 above ground]
ship as will the equipment should be at the same 𝑔𝑥 2 sec2 𝜃
Again 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 2𝑢 2
location at the same time
[𝑥 = 110 + 𝑛 − 1 = 110 + 𝑦]
To find: 𝑇𝐴 the ship traverses a distance 𝐴𝐵 by 25
10(110+𝑦)2 ( )
9
the time the equipment does a horizontal ⇒ 𝑦 = (110 + 𝑦)(4/3) − 2×352
displacement of 𝐵𝑇. 440 4 250(110+𝑦)2
⇒ +3𝑦 −
Motion of equipment along vertical: 3 18×352
𝑚 35m/s
𝑣0 = 15 sin 60° (𝑗̂) 𝑠 ≅ 13 𝑚/𝑠
𝑆 = −8.75 (𝑗̂)𝑚  
𝑎 = −10 (𝑗̂)𝑚/𝑠 2
1
Using: 𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 Solving the equation, 𝑦 can be calculated.
−8.75 = 13𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 𝑦=5
⟹ 𝑡 = 15.77 𝑠 (this value of 𝑡 < 0) ⇒𝑛−1= 5
⟹ Time taken by equipment to cover 8.75 𝑚 ⇒𝑛=6
vertically The ball will drop in sixth bench.
= 15.77 𝑠
P4 – Solutions 17

P4.3 Relative Motion

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. Velocity of Akshay, 𝑣⃗𝐴 = 8𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 Velocity of bicycle w.r.t. ground, 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = −12𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
Velocity of Krishna, 𝑣⃗𝐾 = 9𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 So, velocity of rain w.r.t bicycle, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑅𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑅 − 𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
Therefore, velocity of Akshay w.r.t. Krishna, = −12√3𝑗̂ − (−12𝑖̂)
𝑣⃗𝐴𝐾 = 𝑣⃗𝐴 − 𝑣⃗𝐾 = (𝟏𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟐√𝟑𝒋̂) 𝒎/𝒔
= 8𝑖̂ − 9𝑖̂ = −𝟏𝒊̂ 𝒎/𝒔
Q4. Position vector of Batman, 𝑟⃗𝐵 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ 𝑚
Q2. The resultant velocity can be found using the ̂ + 4𝑗̂ 𝑚
Position vector of Joker, 𝑟⃗𝐽 = 5𝑖
Pythagoras Theorem. The resultant is the
Position vector of Joker w.r.t Batman,
hypotenuse of a right – angled triangle with sides
𝑟⃗𝐽𝐵 = 𝑟⃗𝐽 − 𝑣⃗𝐵
of 10 𝑚/𝑠 and 5 𝑚/𝑠 i.e.
= 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂)
𝑣𝑅 = √102 + 52 = 𝟓√𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂) 𝒎
Q3. Let West to East direction be positive 𝑥 − axis
Q5. Magnitude of the position vector of Joker w.r.t
and upward direction be positive 𝑦 − axis.
Batman, |𝑟⃗𝐽𝐵 | = √42 + 22 = 𝟐√𝟓 𝒎
Therefore,
Velocity of rain fall w.r.t. ground, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑅 = −12√3𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 ⇒ 𝑎⃗𝐵𝐴 = (4𝑗̂ − 2𝑖̂) 𝑚/𝑠 2
Q1. This is a one dimensional motion since it is only
along the East-West direction. So, let us choose the
East direction as positive & the West as negative.
Now, given that
𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑆 = Velocity of Seeta = 1𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
and 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐺 = velocity of Geeta = −2𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 |𝑎⃗𝐵𝐴 | = √(4)2 + (2)2 = 2√5 𝑚/𝑠 2
Thus, 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝐺 = velocity of Seeta with respect to 4
Geeta and 𝛼 = tan−1 (−2) = tan−1 (−2)
𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑆 − 𝑣 𝐺 = 1𝑖̂ − (−2)𝑖̂ = 3𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Thus, 𝑎⃗𝐵𝐴 is 2√5 𝑚/𝑠 2 at an angle of 𝛼 =
Hence, velocity of Seeta with respect to Geeta is tan−1 (−2) North of West.
3𝑚/𝑠 due East.
LEVEL 2
Q2. This is a two dimensional motion.
N Q3. Given: 𝑢𝐴 = 0, 𝑢𝐵 = 1 𝑚⁄𝑠,
𝑎𝐴 = 4 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 and 𝑎𝐵 = 0
W E Assuming Car B to be at rest, we have
𝑢𝐴𝐵 = 𝑢𝐴 − 𝑢𝐵 = 0 − 1 = −1 𝑚⁄𝑠
S 𝑎𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝐴 − 𝑎𝐵 = 4 − 0 = 4 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
Fig. 3.24
Let North and East directions be positive 𝑦 − Now, the problem can be assumed in simplified
axis and 𝑥 − axis respectively. form as follows:
Therefore,
𝑎⃗𝐵𝐴 = acceleration of car 𝐵 with respect to car A
= 𝑎⃗𝐵 − 𝑎⃗𝐴
Here, 𝑎⃗𝐵 = acceleration of car 𝐵 = 4𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2
And 𝑎⃗𝐴 = acceleration of car 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2

P4.3
P4 – Solutions 18

The reason we do this is it is much easier to Q5. Let 𝑣 be the speed of man in still water
analyze motion when one car is at rest, which B

happens if we measure all quantities relative to

it. Substituting the proper values in equation, the V y
45°
above situation is equivalent to 
x
A u

For the man Fig.

to 3.54
reach B, resultant of 𝑣 and 𝑢 i.e.
𝑣⃗𝐴𝐵 should be along AB.
Components of 𝑣⃗𝐴𝐵 along 𝑥 and 𝑦 − direction
1
𝑠𝐴𝐵 = 𝑢𝐴𝐵 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝐴𝐵 𝑡 2 are,
We get 10 = −𝑡 + 2 (4)(𝑡 2 )
1 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 sin 𝜃 and 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃
𝑣
⇒ 2𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 10 = 0 Further, tan 45° = 𝑣𝑦
𝑥
1±√1+80 1±√81 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑢
⇒𝑡= = ⇒ 1 = 𝑢−𝑣 sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑣 = sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
4 4
1±9 𝑢
⇒ ⇒ 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠 and − 2𝑠 ⇒𝑣= 1 1
4 √2( 2 sin 𝜃+ 2 cos 𝜃)
√ √
Ignoring the negative value, the desired time is ⇒
𝑢
√2(sin 450 sin 𝜃+cos 450 cos 𝜃)
2.5 s 𝑢
Note: The above problem can also be solved without ⇒
√2 sin(𝜃+45°)
using the concept of relative motion as under. 𝑣 is minimum when sin(𝜃 + 45°) is maximum
At the time when A overtakes B, i.e. at 𝜃 + 45° = 90°
𝑢
𝑠𝐴 = 𝑠𝐵 + 10 ⟹ 𝜃 = 45° ⇒ 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2
1 √
⇒ 2 × 4 × 𝑡 2 = 1 × 𝑡 + 10
Q6. I. Let direction perpendicular to the river flow
⇒ 2𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 10 = 0 be 𝑦 − axis and direction along the river
Which on solving gives 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠 and − 2 𝑠, the flow be 𝑥 − axis.
same as we found above.
Q4. I. At the time when ball again meets the lift
Displacement of lift = displacement of ball
𝑠𝐿 = 𝑠𝐵
1 1
10𝑡 + × 2 × 𝑡 2 = 20 𝑡 − × 10 𝑡 2
2 2
10 m/s
20 m/s
+ve Given that velocity of boat w.r.t. river,
Ball 𝑣𝑏𝑟 = 4𝑗̂ 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ
And velocity of river, 𝑣𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ
𝑣𝑟 2 1
⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) = sin−1 ( ) = sin−1 ( ) =
𝑣𝑏𝑟 4 2
LLift BBall
30° East of North
⟹ 6𝑡 2 − 10𝑡Fig.
= 3.28
0
Hence, to reach the point directly opposite to
Solving this equation, we get
5
starting point he should head the boat at an
𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 angle of 30° with the direction along the
5
⇒ Ball will again meet the lift after 3 𝑠. width of river or 90° + 30° = 120° with the
river flow.
II. At this instant
II. Time taken by boatman to cross the river
5 1 5 2
𝑠𝐿 = 𝑠𝐵 = 10 × + ×2×( ) 𝑤 = Width of river = 4 𝑘𝑚
3 2 3
175 𝑣𝑏𝑟 = 4 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ and 𝜃 = 30°
= 9 𝑚 = 19.4 𝑚 4 𝑘𝑚 2
⇒ 𝑡 = 4 cos 30°𝑘𝑚/ℎ = ℎ
√3
P4 – Solutions 19

III. For shortest time 𝜃 = 0° ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | sin(450 ) = 400 sin(𝛼 + 450 )

Also, |𝐴𝐵
𝑤 4
⇒ 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣 =4=1ℎ We will call this equation as eq. (2)
𝑏𝑟 cos 0°
Hence, he should head his boat Now divide eq. (2) by eq. (1)
1
perpendicular to the river current for Also we know that sin(450 ) = cos(450 ) =
√2
crossing the river in shortest time and this 400 sin(𝛼+450 )
⇒1=
shortest time is 1 ℎ. 200√2+400 cos(𝛼+450 )
We will call this equation as eq. (3)
LEVEL 3 At this point, we now will recall two formulae
from Trigonometry which are as follows:
Q7. Given that velocity of wind, 𝑣𝑤 = 200 √2 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ First one is sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 +
towards North cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 which we will apply for sin(𝛼 + 450 )
⇒ Velocity of aircraft w. r. t. wind, 𝑣𝑎𝑤 = The second one is cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 −
400 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 which we will apply for cos(𝛼 + 450 )
And 𝑣⃗𝑎 should be along 𝐴𝐵 or in North – East Now, further simplify eq. (3) to find 𝛼
direction.
⇒ √2 + 2(cos 𝛼 cos 450 − sin 𝛼 sin 450 )
Thus, the direction of 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑤 should be such as the
= 2(sin 𝛼 cos 450 + cos 𝛼 sin 450 )
resultant of 𝑣⃗𝑤 and 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑤 is along 𝐴𝐵 or in North –
1 1 1
East direction. ⇒ √2 + 2 ( cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 − ( sin 𝛼 +
√2 √2 √2
Let 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑤 makes an angle 𝛼 with 𝐴𝐵 as shown in 1
cos 𝛼)) = 0
the figure. √2
2
⇒ −2 ( sin 𝛼) = −√2
√2
1
⇒ sin 𝛼 = 2 ⇒ 𝛼 = 300
Alternate Method
Applying Sine Rule (Lami’s Theorem) in triangle
𝐴𝐵𝐶
(Sine Rule states that in a triangle the ratio of
To find the required direction, we need to find 𝛼. sine of an angle and side corresponding to that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Now we will resolve components of 𝐴𝐵 angle is always constant i.e. sin 𝐴 = sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐶 =
along the North and East direction. We have to 𝑘 , where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are sides opposite to angles
do this because whenever angles and sides of a 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 in any triangle ABC)
triangle are involved and if we have to relate
them then, we need to apply concepts of
Trigonometric Identities.
Now, component of 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ along the North axis is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(450 ) and component of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 along the We get,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
East axis is |𝐴𝐵| sin(45 ).0 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
= sin 𝛼
sin 450
Now, component of 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ along the North axis is 𝐵𝐶
sin 𝛼 = (𝐴𝐶 ) sin 450
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(𝛼 + 450 ) i.e. 400 cos(𝛼 + 450 ) and
|𝐴𝐶
200√2 1 1
component of 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ along the North axis is sin 𝛼 = ( ) 2 = 2 ⟹ 𝛼 = 300
400 √
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | sin(𝛼 + 450 ) i.e. 400 sin(𝛼 + 450 )
|𝐴𝐶 Therefore, the pilot should steer in a direction at
Now, if we carefully observe the figure, we can an angle of (450 + 𝑎) = 750 East of North.
safely conclude that Now we have to find the time of journey to the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(450 ) = |𝐵𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + 400 cos(𝛼 + 450 ) plane, we need its speed i.e. |𝑣⃗𝑎 | as we already
given that distance covered by the plane is
⇒ |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(450 ) = 200√2 + 400 cos(𝛼 + 450 )
1000 𝑚.
We will call this equation as eq. (1)
We know that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣⃗𝑎

P4.3
P4 – Solutions 20

So from eq. (1) we get, 𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣⃗𝐵 − 𝑣⃗𝐴

|𝑣⃗𝑎 | cos(450 ) = 200√2 + 400 cos(𝛼 + 450 ) Here, |𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴 | = √(20)2 + (20)2 = 20√2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
And we previously calculated 𝛼 = 300 i.e., 𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴 is 20√2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ at an angle of 45° from
|𝑣
⃗⃗𝑎|
⇒ = 200√2 + 400 cos(300 + 450 ) east towards north. Thus, the given problem can
√2
Now be simplified as:
cos 750 = cos(450 + 300 )
= cos 450 cos 300 − sin 450 sin 300
1 √3 1 (√3−1)
= ( 2 − 2) ⇒ cos 750 =
√2 2√2
(√3−1)
So, |𝑣⃗𝑎 | = √2 {200√2 + 400 } 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
2√2
45°
(√3−1)
= 400 (1 + ) 𝑘𝑚/ℎ or 546.4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
2
= 200(2 + √3 − 1) Fig. 3.30
𝐴 is at rest and 𝐵 is moving with 𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴 in the
|𝑣⃗𝑎 | = 200(√3 + 1) or 546.4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ direction shown in Fig. 3.31
⇒ The time of journey from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is Therefore, the minimum distance between the
Distance from A to B 1000
𝑡= = 200( ℎ two is
|𝑣
⃗⃗𝑎 | √3+1)
5
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 45°
⇒𝑡=( )ℎ 1
√3+1 = 10 ( 2) 𝑘𝑚 = 5√2 𝑘𝑚
√
Q8. Ships 𝐴 and 𝐵 are moving with same speed A C
20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ in the directions shown in figure. It is a
two dimensional, two body problem with zero
acceleration. Let us find 𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴
45°
N
v A B
E AB=10km

B
AB=10km And the desired time is
Fig. 3.31
𝐵𝐶 5√2
𝑡 = |𝑣⃗⃗ = 20 (𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 = 5√2 𝑘𝑚)
𝐵𝐴| √2
1
= 4 ℎ = 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Fig. 3.29

HOMEWORK
1
LEVEL 1 = 5𝑖̂ + 2 (−2𝑖̂) × 102
Q1. Initial velocity of A, 𝑢⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 = 15𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 = (5 − 100)𝑖̂ = −95𝑖̂ 𝑚
Initial velocity of B, 𝑢⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 10𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒ After time 𝑡 = 10 separation between will be
Initial velocity of A w.r.t B, 𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴−𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 95 𝑚
= 15𝑖̂ − 10𝑖̂ = 5𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 Q2. B
𝑎𝐴 = 𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2
Acceleration of A, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 10 m/s
2 B C
Acceleration of B, 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 3𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 Q

Acceleration of A w.r.t. B, 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝐵 2 m/s
= 𝑖̂ − 3𝑖̂ = −2𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2
P
So separation between A and B after 𝑡 = 10 can A D

be calculated equation of motions only. Side of the square,

1 2 𝑎=8𝑚
⇒𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢𝐴𝐵 + 2 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑡
𝐴𝐵
P4 – Solutions 21

Since speed of 𝑄 is more than speed of 𝑃,

therefore 𝑄 will meet 𝑃 from behind. Y
Therefore, Relative distance between 𝑃 and 𝑄, in
this case is (8 + 8 + 8) 𝑚 = 24 𝑚  X
45°
And relative speed between 𝑃 and 𝑄 is
|10 − 2| = 8 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ Time required by 𝑄 to cover 24 𝑚 at a speed
24
of 8 𝑚/𝑠 is =3𝑠
8
Now,
Q3. A
𝑦 − component of 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑜
𝑚,𝑔 is |𝑉𝑚,𝑔 | sin 45 and is
Assuming that car is moving along the positive
𝑥 − axis. responsible for crossing the river.
⇒ 60 = (|𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑜
𝑚,𝑔 | sin 45 )6
Acceleration of car, 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2
Initial velocity of car, 𝑢 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⇒ |𝑉 𝑜
𝑚,𝑔 | sin 45 = 10 = 𝑣𝑦 (say)
Velocity of car at 𝑡1 = 3 𝑠, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⇒ |𝑉 𝑚,𝑔 | = 10√2 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑢
⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗𝑡1 = 0 + 2𝑖̂ × 3 = 6𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Let 𝑣𝑥 be the 𝑥 − component of 𝑉 𝑚,𝑔
Similarly, velocity of car at 𝑡2 = 4 𝑠,
𝑣2 = 0 + 2𝑖̂ × 4 = 8𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⇒ √𝑣𝑥2 + 102 = 10√2
Coin 1 will fall with horizontal velocity 6𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 & ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
second coin will fall with horizontal ⇒𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚,𝑔 = 10𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
velocity 8𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠. ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑚𝑟 = 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚,𝑔 − 𝑉𝑟 = (10𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂) − 5𝑖̂
There is a time gap of 1 𝑠 between the fall of both = 5𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
the coins. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚.𝑟 | = √5 + 10 = 5√1 + 4
⇒ |𝑉 2 2
So, distance covered by the coin 1 in 1 𝑠,
= 5√5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛1 = 6 × 1 = 6 𝑚
And distance covered by the coin 2 in 1 𝑠
LEVEL 2
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛2 = 8 × 1 = 8 𝑚
Now, Distance covered by car in 1 𝑠 is given by Q5. Assume positive 𝑥 & 𝑦 axes in the rightward and
1
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 upward directions respectively.
Velocity of police jeep after the culprit has
Initial speed of car at 𝑡 = 3 𝑠, 𝑢 = 6 𝑚/𝑠
1 crossed the turning,
⇒ 𝑥 = 6 × 1 + (2) × 12 = 7 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 𝑉𝑃 = −90𝑗̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = −25𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
So between 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 to 𝑡 = 4 𝑠 car covered 7 𝑚 Velocity of the culprit after turning,
but the first coin covered 6 𝑚. So first coin fell ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 𝐶 = −72𝑗̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = −20𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
1 𝑚 behind the car in this 1 𝑠 interval. And at 𝑡 =
In 10 𝑠 culprit reaches at point 𝐵 from 𝐴.
4, second coin was dropped which covered 8 𝑚
Distance covered by the culprit in the 10 𝑠
in next 1 𝑠.
interval,
Therefore, distance between both the coins is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶 𝑡 = −20𝑗̂ × 10 = −200𝑗̂ 𝑚
1+8= 9𝑚
At time 𝑡 = 10 𝑠, the police jeep is 200 𝑚 behind
Q4. C the culprit.
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 5𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠
Velocity of the river, 𝑉 Velocity of culprit relative to police jeep,
Time taken to cross the river, 𝑡 = 6 𝑠 ⃗⃗𝐶𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 = −20𝑗̂ − (−25𝑗̂) = 5𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
Width of the river, 𝑑 = 60 𝑚 Police
t=0
t=10 sec
Let velocity of swimmer w.r.t. ground be 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚,𝑔 P
A
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and velocity of swimmer w.r.t. river be 𝑉 𝑚,𝑟
Culprit B C

P4.3
P4 – Solutions 22

So, the time required by police to cover 200 𝑚 Acceleration of stone relative to person,
gap between itself and culprit, 𝑎⃗𝑆𝑃 = 𝑎⃗𝑆 − 𝑎⃗𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
|𝑆 200 = 𝑎𝑖̂ − 𝑔𝑗̂ − 𝑎𝑖̂ = −𝑔𝑗̂
𝑡 = |𝑉⃗⃗ 𝐶 | = = 40 𝑠
5
𝐶𝑃 So relative to person the acceleration stone is
In 40 𝑠 the police jeep will move from 𝐴 to a only in the downward direction which is
distance, acceleration due to gravity. There is no
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑠𝑃 = |𝑉 𝑃 |40 = 25 × 40 = 1000 𝑚 = 1.0 𝑘𝑚 component in horizontal direction. So the path of
⇒ The jeep will catch up with the bike, 1 𝑘𝑚 far the stone observed by the person is a straight
from the turning line.
Q6. A Q8. A
While running, the man will see rain drops The horizontal and vertical components of initial
falling towards his face at some angle with velocity of the projectile are as shown in figure.
vertical. So in order to avoid rain drops from
falling on his face he will run with such a velocity
so that rain drops do not fall below the extended A A
part of his hat.
Assuming rightward horizontal direction to be g g
positive 𝑥 − axis and upward vertical direction
to be positive 𝑦 − axis. Velocity of A and B given Velocity of A given
from frame of ground frame of B
Given that,
Velocity of rain w.r.t. ground, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑅 = −10𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠 It is given that the observer is moving with
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ uniform velocity 𝑣 sees the projectile moving in
Let, velocity of man be 𝑉 𝑀 = −𝑣𝑖̂
a straight line.
Now, let the rain drops fall on the extended part
This is possible only if the horizontal component
of hat at an angle 𝜃 with the extended part.
of velocity of the projectile is same as the velocity
Extended length of the hat is 12 cm
of the observer as shown in the figure.
along 𝑥 − axis and length of

16 cm

the face of man is along 𝑦 −

axis. Together they make an
A A
angle 𝜃 as show in the figure.
⇒ tan 𝜃 = g g
length of face of the man
length of extended part of the hat
16 4 Velocity of A and B given Velocity of A given from
= 12 = 3 from frame of ground frame of B
For the required condition, velocity vector of ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃
rain w.r.t. man should also make same angle 𝜃. So, velocity of the projectile,
Velocity vector of rain w.r.t man should also ⃗⃗𝑃 = (𝑢 cos 𝜃 )𝑖̂ + (𝑢 sin 𝜃 )𝑗̂
𝑢
make same angle 𝜃 Velocity of the observer, 𝑣⃗𝑂 = 𝑣𝑖̂
−10 4
⇒ tan 𝜃 = =3 Velocity of the projectile relative to the observer,
−𝑣
10×3 𝑣⃗𝑃𝑂 = 𝑢
⃗⃗𝑃 − 𝑣⃗𝑂
⇒𝑣= = 7.5 𝑚/𝑠
4 = (𝑢 cos 𝜃 )𝑖̂ + (𝑢 sin 𝜃)𝑗̂ − 𝑣𝑖̂
The correct option is (A) ⇒ 𝑣⃗𝑃𝑂 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃 )𝑗̂
Q7. C The time of flight as measured by the observer 𝐵
Let acceleration of train be 𝑎⃗ 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑖̂ is 𝑇.
Acceleration of stone relative to ground, Hence, horizontal range of the projectile on the
𝑎⃗𝑆 = 𝑎𝑖̂ − 𝑔𝑗̂ ground is
Acceleration of person relative to ground, 𝑅 = (𝑢 cos 𝜃) 𝑇 = 𝑣𝑇
𝑎⃗𝑃 = 𝑎𝑖̂
P4 – Solutions 23

Q9. B Velocity of swimmer will be ′𝑢′ towards

With respect to lift, each other. So time taken to meet
𝐷
Initial speed, 𝑢 = 𝑣0 𝑡 = 2𝑢
Acceleration, 𝑎 = −2𝑔
II. For path to be at right angle to each other,
Displacement, 𝑆 = 0
1
their velocity vector with respect to ground
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 must be at right angle
1
0 = 𝑣0 𝑡 − 2 × 2𝑔 × 𝑡 2 Taking axis system as shown
𝑣0 1 2𝑣0 1
⇒𝑡= =2× =2 𝑇 Vr
𝑔 𝑔 B Y
Q10. C
 X
Let velocity of man w.r.t. river be 𝑉 D u
And velocity of river be 𝑢.
 u
The motion of the swimmer has been shown in
the figure. A Vr
B

 ⃗⃗𝐴 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃 + 𝑣𝑟 )𝑖̂ + 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑗̂

𝑉
u ⃗⃗𝐵 = (𝑣𝑟 − 𝑢 sin 𝜃) 𝑖̂ − 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂
𝑉
d u u
For 𝑉⃗⃗𝐴 & 𝑉
⃗⃗𝐵 to perpendicular 𝑉⃗⃗𝐴 . 𝑉
⃗⃗𝐵 = 0
 (𝑢 sin 𝜃 + 𝑣𝑟 ) (𝑣𝑟 − 𝑢 sin 𝜃) − 𝑢 cos 2 𝜃 = 0
2

⇒ 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑢
A
Let the swimmer goes from the point A to B in Q12. For the driver to observe the hailstones rebound
10 𝑠. vertically upward after the collision with the
⇒ 10 = 𝑣
𝑑 windshield, hailstones should fall at an angle 30°
with the normal of the windshield, as shown in
⇒ 𝑑 = 10 𝑉 (1)
the figure. This is same as the laws of reflection
Let the swimmer goes from the point B to C in
i.e. angle of incidence is equal to angle of
15 𝑠
𝑑 reflection.
15 =
𝑣 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝑑 = 15 𝑣 cos 𝜃 (2) V sin 30°
From equations (1) and (2) 30°
2 3 30°
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 3 ⇒ sec 𝜃 = 2
30°
𝑢 9 √5 30°
∵ 𝑣 = √4 − 1 = V cos 30°
2
𝑣 2
⇒𝑢=
√5

30°
LEVEL 3
Q11. I. Solving with respect to river,
Now, given that velocity of hailstones before
B collision w.r.t ground, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣ℎ𝑔 = −10𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠
Now, Let velocity of hailstones w.r.t to car be 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ℎ𝑐
 and velocity of car w.r.t ground be 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
D u 𝑐𝑔
⇒𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ℎ𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣ℎ𝑔 − 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑐𝑔
 u ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣ℎ𝑔 = 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ℎ𝑐 + 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑐𝑔
A Since hailstones are fall vertically down,
⇒ 𝑥 −component of 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ℎ𝑔 is zero.

P4.3
P4 – Solutions 24

Let |𝑣 ℎ𝑐 | = 𝑉
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ at
⇒ 𝑥 − component of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐𝑔 = −(𝑉 cos 30°) 
V Velocity of rain
⇒ |𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
𝑐𝑔 = 𝑉 cos 30° (i) 
w.r.t. boy
Now, 𝑦 − component of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣ℎ𝑐 = 𝑉 sin 30° = 10 as
given in the problem that after collision
hailstones rebound vertically upward with the
same magnitude.
⇒ 𝑉 = 10 × 2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 Boy should hold his umbrella at an angle 𝜃 from
Now, |𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
𝑐𝑔 = 20 cos 30° the vertical
√3 𝑎𝑡
= 20 × = 10√3 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒ tan 𝜃 =
2 𝑣
𝑑𝜃 𝑎
⇒𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑐𝑔 = 10√3𝑖̂ 𝑚/𝑠 Differentiating w.r.t 𝑡, sec 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣
𝑑𝜃 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Q13. At any time 𝑡, rain will appear to the boy as ⇒ = 𝑣 sec2 𝜃 = 𝑣[1+tan2 𝜃] = 𝑎2 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡 𝑣[1+ 2 ]
shown in picture. 𝑣
𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑣 2 1 𝑑𝜃 1
tan 𝜃 = = 𝑣 2+𝑎2𝑡 2 = 2 × 4+4𝑡 2 = 1+𝑡 2 ⇒ = 1+𝑡 2
𝑣 𝑑𝑡

P4.4 Kinematics of Circular Motion

PRE-READING EXERCISE
𝑣 2 Q4. Total acceleration = radial acceleration +
Q1. Angular speed, 𝜔 = 𝑟 = 0.5 = 𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
tangential acceleration
Q2. Given that angular acceleration, 𝛼 = 5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎 𝑡
We know that magnitude of tangential 𝑎 𝑇 = √32 + 42 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
acceleration, 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑅𝛼
Q5. Since particle is rotating clockwise then using
Where 𝑅 is radius of a circle and in this
Right Hand Thumb rule curl fingers of your right
particular case 𝑅 = 2 𝑚
hand such that it they rotate clockwise. Then
Therefore, 𝑎𝑡 = 2 × 5 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
your thumb will point downward. Also given that
Q3. Given that linear speed of the particle, 𝑣 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 particle is rotating in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane then
We know that magnitude of tangential downward point thumb indicates negative 𝑧 −
𝑣2 ̂.
acceleration, 𝑎𝑐 = direction whose unit vector is −𝒌
𝑅
Where 𝑅 is radius of a circle and in this
particular case 𝑅 = 0.5 𝑚
12
Therefore, 𝑎𝑐 = = 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
0.5

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 Since 𝜔 is constant
50 ⇒ Tangential acceleration, 𝑎𝑡 = 0
Q1. Radius, 𝑅 = 𝑐𝑚
𝜋 Magnitude of radial acceleration,
2𝜋 10 𝜋
Angular speed, 𝜔 = = 2𝜋 (100) = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜋 2 50
𝑇 5 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑅 = ( 5 ) ( 𝜋 )
𝜋 50
Linear speed, 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑅 = 5 ( 𝜋 ) 𝑐𝑚 = 10 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2
The direction of 𝑣 is along the tangent of circle at And it is equal to magnitude of total acceleration.
every point and the direction of acceleration is Since direction of acceleration changes
towards the center of the circle. continuously therefore, it is not constant.
P4 – Solutions 25

Q2. Diameter of earth = 12800 𝑘𝑚 where 𝐶 is a constant of integration that must

Radius 𝑅 = 6400 𝑘𝑚 = 64 × 105 𝑚 be determined from the initial condition.
2𝜋𝑅 2×3.14×64×105 In order to have 𝜙 = 0 at time 𝑡 = 0, we
𝑣= = 𝑚/𝑠 ≈ 465 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇 24×3600
must have 𝐶 = 0.
𝑣2 (465)2
𝑎= = 64×105 = 0.0338 𝑚/𝑠 2 Evaluating the resulting expression at
𝑅
𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠, we obtain
Q3. 𝑣 = 2𝑡, 𝑅 = 1 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜙 = 2 (2 ) (2.0 𝑠)2 + 3 (9 ) (2.0 𝑠)3
I. Radial acceleration at 𝑡 = 1 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3
𝑣2 22 = 28 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑎= = = 4 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑅 1 The wheel rotates through 28 radians in 2.0 𝑠
II. Tangential acceleration at 𝑡 = 1 𝑠 To obtain the angular acceleration from the
𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑎= = 𝑑𝑡 (2𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 angular velocity, we must find the derivative
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔
III. Magnitude of acceleration at 𝑡 = 1 𝑠 of 𝛼 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 = √42 + 22 = √20 𝑐𝑚/ 𝑠 2 ⇒𝛼=
𝑑𝜔 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 2 ) = 𝐴 + 2𝐵𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Q4. Distance between Earth & Moon, Evaluating this expression at 𝑡 = 0.50 𝑠
𝑅 = 3.85 × 105 𝑘𝑚 = 3.85 × 108 𝑚 gives 𝛼 = 2.0
𝑟𝑎𝑑
+ 2 (9.0
𝑟𝑎𝑑
) (0.50 𝑠) =
𝑠2 𝑠2
Time taken by the moon to complete one 2
11 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
revolution around the earth,
𝑇 = 27 days = 24 × 3600 × 27 𝑠 = 2.33 × 106 𝑠 Q7. I. We chose a coordinate system so that 𝜔 ⃗⃗, 𝛼⃗
Magnitude of velocity of the moon, ⃗⃗
and ∅ are along the positive 𝑧 – direction (so
2𝜋𝑅 2×3.14×3.85×108 that the grindstone and the line 𝐴𝐵 rotate in
𝑣= = ≈ 1036 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇 2.33×106
𝑣2 (1025.42)2 𝑚
the 𝑥𝑦 plane).
𝑎= = = 0.00273 𝑠 2 At 𝑡 = 0,
𝑟 3.85×108
−3
= 2.73 × 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 we have 𝜙𝑖 = 0, 𝜔𝑖 = 0,
Q5. I. As the particle comes to rest, the net and 𝛼 = 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
displacement ∆∅ is 8 revolution in a time Therefore, after 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 the magnitude of the
∆𝑡 = 32 𝑠. angular displacement of the grindstone will be
1
i.e. ∆∅ = 8 × 2𝜋 = 16𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 = 𝜙𝑖 + 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝛼𝑡 2
The average angular velocity is = 0 + (0)(2 𝑠) + 2 (3
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
) (2 𝑠 )2
∆ϕ 16𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋 𝑠2
𝜔𝑎𝑣 = = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑
∆𝑡 32 𝑠 2
II. The initial angular velocity is II. The final angular speed of the grindstone i.e.
𝜔𝑖 = 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛 after 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 will be
2𝜋
𝜔𝑖 = 60 × 60 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡 = 0 + (3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 )(2 𝑠)
The final angular velocity is 𝜔𝑓 = 0 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
The average angular acceleration, Q8. I. Given that
∆𝜔 0−2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜋
𝜎𝑎𝑣 = = = − 16 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 Initial angular speed, 𝜔𝑖 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
∆𝑡 32 𝑠
Final angular speed, 𝜔𝑓 = 0, after 𝑡 = 24 𝑠,
LEVEL 2 Now we find 𝛼 from
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑓 −𝜔𝑖 0−6
Q6. I. To obtain angular position 𝜙 from angular 𝛼= = 𝑠
𝑡 24 𝑠
velocity 𝜔, we must carry out an integral.
= −0.25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
We know that,
𝑑𝜙
Here the negative value of 𝛼 shows that 𝜔𝑓
=𝜔 (which is positive) is decreasing in
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜔𝑑𝑡 magnitude and the direction of angular
We can integrate the above equation to find acceleration is opposite to the direction of
1 1
𝜙 = ∫(𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 2 + 𝐵𝑡 3 + 𝐶 angular velocity.
2 3

P4.4
P4 – Solutions 26

II. From one of the equation of circular motion, Then,

1
we have, 𝜙𝑓 = 𝜙𝑖 + 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝛼𝑡
1 the rim, 𝑣 = 𝑅𝜔 = (0.5 𝑚)(6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) =
= 0 + (6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)(24 𝑠) + 2 (−0.25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/
𝑠 2 )(24 𝑠)2 = 72 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Q9. We have
Angular acceleration 𝛼 = 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
The final angular speed of the grindstone
obtained, 𝜔 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 after 2 𝑠,
and in this particular problem it is given that
𝑅 = 0.5 𝑚.
2 I. the linear or tangential speed of a point on
3 𝑚/𝑠
II. the magnitude of tangential acceleration of
a point on the rim,
𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑅𝛼 = (0.5 𝑚)(3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 ) = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
III. the radial acceleration of a point on the rim,
at the end of 2 𝑠,
𝑎𝑅 = 𝜔2 𝑅 = (6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 )2 (0.5 𝑚) = 18 𝑚/𝑠 2

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 Q5. I. We know that second hand takes one minute
𝑑𝑣 4−2 to complete one revolution i.e. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛.
Q1. Tangential acceleration, 𝑎𝑡 = = = 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑑𝑡 4 And in one revolution it covers 2𝜋 radians
𝑎𝑡 0.5
Angular acceleration, 𝛼 = = = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 i.e. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑟 0.5
So average angular speed of the second hand
Q2. Linear speed of particle at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠, 𝑣 = 22 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 (1
𝑟𝑒𝑣
)(2𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑
)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝜋
Magnitude of Radial acceleration, 𝑠 = 30 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣2 42
𝑎𝑐 = = = 8 𝑚/𝑠 2 II. We know that minute hand takes 1 hour to
𝑟 2
𝑑𝑣 complete 1 revolution i.e. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣/ℎ.
Magnitude of tangential acceleration, 𝑎𝑡 = = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
And in 1 revolution it completes 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠
i.e. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑎𝑡 = 2(2) = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2
So average angular speed of the minute hand
Magnitude of total acceleration of particle at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(1 )(2𝜋 ) 𝜋
ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑐2 = √82 + 42 = 4√5 𝑚/𝑠 2 =
3600
𝑠 = 1800 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
ℎ
Q3. Her, our concern is what is happening with the III. We know that hour hand takes 12 hours
1
flywheel in the context of circular motion. So we to complete 1 revolution i.e. 12 𝑟𝑒𝑣/ℎ
are given that angular displacement of the
And in 1 revolution it completes 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
flywheel varies with time as 𝜙 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 3 − 𝑐𝑡 4 ,
i.e. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑟𝑒𝑣
I. Now we need to find an expression for angular So average angular speed of the hour hand
velocity by differentiating 𝜙 w.r.t. time. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑎𝑑
( )(2𝜋 ) 𝜋
𝑑∅ 12 ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑣
⇒ 𝜔 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑡 2 − 4𝑐𝑡 3 = 𝑠 = 21600 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
3600
ℎ
II. To write an expression for angular
Q6. Number of revolutions = 2.5
acceleration differentiate 𝜔 w.r.t. time.
𝑑𝜔 Distance of platform from the water surface, ℎ =
𝛼= = 6𝑏𝑡 − 12𝑐𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 10 𝑚
Q4. I. The radius is 𝑅 = (2.3 × 104 𝑙𝑦) Time taken by the diver to reach the water
108 𝑚 surface from the platform i.e. to make the fall,
= 2.3 × 104 𝑙𝑦 × (3.0 × 𝑠 )
𝑡 = √2ℎ/𝑔 = √2(10 𝑚)/(10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = √2 𝑠
= 6.9 × 1012 𝑚𝑦/𝑠
2𝜋𝑅 The average angular velocity,
The time to make one revolution is 𝑡 = 𝑣 total revolutions
𝑦 𝜔=
2𝜋×6.9×1012 𝑚 total time taken
= 𝑚
𝑠
= 1.7 × 108 𝑦 (2.5)(2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
250×103 𝜔=
𝑠
√2𝑠
4.5×109 𝑦 5
II. The Sun has made = 26 revolutions. = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
1.7×108 𝑦 √2
P4 – Solutions 27

Q7. Distance to be covered by the bar, 𝑑 = 1.50 𝑐𝑚 Q10. We have been given angular speed vs time graph
Number of turns on the rod per unit length in the problem. Using this graph we need to
= 12 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑐𝑚 compute the number of revolutions made by the
Number to turns to be taken by the bar to cover jet engine for the entire motion. As we already
1.50 𝑐𝑚 distance= (1.50 𝑐𝑚)(12.0 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑐𝑚) know area of angular speed-time graph gives the
= 18 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 angular displacement. So in order to calculate
Each turn is equivalent to one revolution. angular displacement i.e. number of revolutions,
Therefore there will be 18 revolutions in total. we will find area under the given curve.
Given that bar spin i.e. angular speed ⇒ Numer of revolutions = area of the
= 20 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛 quadrilateral shown in the figure.
So, the time required to cover 18 revolutions, ⇒ Numer of revolutions
total revolutions 18 𝑟𝑒𝑣 1
𝑡= = 20 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 54 𝑠 = 2 (5 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛)(3000 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛)
angular speed
60 𝑠
= 1.125 × 104 𝑟𝑒𝑣
Q8. Given that angular acceleration of the pulley,
𝛼 = 0.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 Q11. I. Angular speed will remain the same
irrespective of the location of the point on
I. For the cord to unwind completely, the pulley
the surface of the Earth.
has to make certain revolutions so that 5 𝑚 2𝜋
length cord is no more wrapped around it. The angular speed is 𝜔 = 𝑇
So the number of revolutions made by the Time period of earth’s rotation, 𝑇 = 24 ℎ
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
pulley = 24×3600 𝑠 = 43200 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
length of the cord 500 𝑐𝑚 125
= = = 𝑟𝑒𝑣 II. The distance of the point on the Earth’s
circumference of pulley 2𝜋×4 𝑐𝑚 2𝜋
Hence, angular displacement of the pulley surface at a latitude of 40𝑜 𝑁 from the polar
125 axis is
= ( 2𝜋 𝑟𝑒𝑣) × 2𝜋 = 125 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑅 = (6.37 × 106 𝑚) cos (40°)
II. Time taken by the pulley to cover the = 4.88 × 106 𝑚
angular displacement of 125 𝑟𝑎𝑑 The linear speed, 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑅
1
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝛼𝑡 2 𝜋
= (43200 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) (4.88 × 106 𝑚)
1
125 = 0 + 2 × 0.1 × 𝑡 2 𝑣 = 354.7 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ 𝑡 = √250/0.1 = 50 𝑠 III. The angular speed is the same as part (a).
The distance of the point at equator from the
LEVEL 2 polar axis is
Q9. We are given angular acceleration as a function 𝑅 = (6.37 × 106 𝑚) cos(0°)
of time i.e. 𝛼𝑧 = 4𝑎𝑡 3 − 3𝑏𝑡 2 = 6.37 × 106 𝑚
The linear speed is then
I. In order to write an equation for angular
𝑣 = 𝑅𝜔
velocity we have to integrate 𝛼𝑧 w.r.t. time. 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑑𝜔𝑧 𝜔 𝑡 = (43200 ) (6.37 × 106 𝑚) = 463 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ 𝛼𝑧 = ⇒ ∫𝜔 𝑧 𝑑𝜔𝑧 = ∫0 𝛼𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝑡 0
𝑡
𝜔𝑧 = 𝜔0 + ∫0 (4𝑎𝑡 3 − 3𝑏𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 Q12. I. Given that angular acceleration of the
= 𝜔0 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏𝑡 4 3 gyroscope flywheel, 𝛼 = 14 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
II. Now to write an equation for angular Radius of the gyroscope flywheel,
displacement we have to integrate 𝜔𝑧 w.r.t. time 𝑅 = 3 𝑐𝑚 or 0.03 𝑚
𝑑𝜃𝑧 𝜃 𝑡 Magnitude of tangential acceleration,
⇒ 𝜔𝑧 = ⇒ ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝜃𝑧 = ∫0 𝜔𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛼𝑅 = (14 ) (0.03 𝑚)
4 3) 𝑠2
= ∫0 (𝜔0 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 1
= 0.42 𝑚/𝑠 2
⇒ 𝜃𝑧 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 5 𝑎𝑡 5 − 4 𝑏𝑡 4 2𝜋
II. Full speed is 𝜔 = 30 × 60 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
So, magnitude of radial acceleration,

P4.4
P4 – Solutions 28

𝑎𝑅 = 𝜔 2 𝑅 ⇒ Angular displacement, 𝜃 = 30 × 2𝜋
= (𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)2 (0.03 𝑚) = 60𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
⇒ 𝑎𝑅 = 0.03𝜋 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 Final angular speed, 𝜔𝑓 = 0
III. Initially gyroscope was at rest Initial angular speed, 𝜔𝑖 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Time taken by the gyroscope to attain 𝜔𝑓2 = 𝜔𝑖2 + 2𝛼𝜃
angular speed of 30 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛 i.e. 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠, 0 = 122 + 2𝛼(60𝜋)
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡 12×12 6
𝛼=− = − 5𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑 120𝜋
𝜋 = 0 + (14 )𝑡
𝑠 𝑠2
𝜋 Q15. Radius of the wheel on which the speedometer
⇒ 𝑡 = 14 𝑠 70
should have been calibrated, 𝑅 = = 35 𝑐𝑚
2
The distance moved by the point in this time,
1 Radius of the wheel on which the speedometer
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 2 60
was calibrated, 𝑟 = = 30 𝑐𝑚
2
Initially gyroscope was at rest. 𝑣 𝑣
Angular speed of the bigger wheel, 𝜔𝑏 = =
⇒𝑢=0 𝑅 35
2 𝑣 𝑣
1 𝜋 Angular speed of the smaller wheel, 𝜔𝑠 = =
𝑠 = 0 + 2 (0.42 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) (14 𝑠) 𝑟 30

3𝜋 2
Clearly, the speed of the bicycle reported would
= 2800 𝑚 be wrong because for same angular speed of the
bicycle we will have different linear speeds as
Q13. I. Angular speed of the propeller,
2000 the radii of the wheels are different. So 𝜔𝑏 < 𝜔𝑠
𝜔= × 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60 because 𝑅 > 𝑟
Radius of the propeller, 𝑅 = 1.5 𝑚 The fraction of error in the true speed,
The pilot sees the propeller rotate, no more. Actual speed−reported speed
Error =
So the tip of the propeller is moving with a reported speed
𝜔(35)−𝜔(30) 1
tangential velocity of 𝑣 𝑇 = 𝜔𝑅 = =6
𝜔(30)
2000 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑣𝑇 = ( × 2𝜋 ) (1.5 𝑚) = 100𝜋 𝑚/𝑠
60 𝑠 Q16. I. To find the equation of curve we need to
II. Speed of the plane, 𝑣𝑃 = 50𝜋 𝑚/𝑠 eliminate 𝑡.
The observer on the ground sees this From trigonometric identities, we know that
tangential motion which is perpendicular to sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 = 1
axis of the propeller and also sees the Square both the given equations and then
forward motion of the plane which is add them:
parallel to the axis of propeller. These two 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑅 cos 𝜔𝑡 )2 + (𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 )2
velocity components are perpendicular, so 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑅2 (cos 2 𝜔𝑡 + sin2 𝜔𝑡) = 𝑅2
the magnitude of the total speed is This is an equation for a circle of radius 𝑅.
𝑚 2 𝑚 2 II. To obtain 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of the
𝑣Total = √(100𝜋 𝑠 ) + (50𝜋 𝑠 )
velocity, differentiate 𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜔𝑡 and 𝑦 =
= 50√5 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠 𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 respectively w.r.t. time.
𝑑𝑥
Q14. I. Since, every point on the wheel is moving at ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = = −𝑅𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 = −𝜔𝑦
𝑑𝑡
a speed of 108 𝑘𝑚/ℎ i.e. 30 𝑚/𝑠 w.r.t to its And 𝑣𝑦 =
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑅𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔𝑥
𝑑𝑡
axles, so the tangential speed of the edge of
the wheels is 𝑣 = 30 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒𝑣= √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2
Radius of the wheel, 𝑅 = 80 𝑐𝑚 = 0.4 𝑚 = √(𝜔𝑦)2 + (𝜔𝑥 )2 = 𝜔2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Hence, angular speed of the wheel about the 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑅
axle, 𝑦 𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡
For the direction: tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜔𝑡 = tan 𝜔𝑡
𝑣 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝜔=𝑅= = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
0.4 𝑚
II. Number of revolutions the wheel made just The resultant velocity vector makes angle
before the car stopped = 30 𝜔𝑡 with the horizontal.
P4 – Solutions 29

III. To obtain 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of the arrow barely passes through the gap
acceleration, differentiate 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑅𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 without hitting spoke 𝐵.
and 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑅𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 respectively w.r.t. time. In any other caser the speed required will be
𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑣𝑥
= −𝑅𝜔2 cos 𝜔𝑡 = −𝜔2 𝑥 more because the gap available between
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑦 spokes 𝐴 and 𝐵 will be lesser.
𝑎𝑦 = = −𝑅𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = −𝜔2 𝑦 The corresponding minimum speed
𝑑𝑡
arrow length 0.24 𝑚
𝑎 = √(−𝜔 2 𝑥 )2 + (−𝜔 2 𝑦)2 = time time taken = = 4.8 𝑚/𝑠.
0.05 𝑠
= 𝜔2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝜔2 𝑅 II. It does not matter where you aim, because
For the direction: the wheel is rigid. It is the angle through
𝑣𝑦 𝑅𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡
tan ∅ = = −𝑅𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 which the spokes have turned, not the
𝑣𝑥
𝜋 distance, which matters here.
= − cot(𝜔𝑡) = tan ( 2 + 𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 Q18. I. Period of rotation of pulsar, 𝑇𝑜 = 0.033 𝑠
∅ = 2 + 𝜔𝑡 2𝜋
So initial angular speed, 𝜔𝑖 =
The resultant acceleration vector makes an 𝑇𝑜
𝜋 Rate of increase of period of rotation,
angle ∅ = + 𝜔𝑡 with the horizontal.
2
∆𝑇 = 1.26 × 10−5 𝑠/𝑦
The difference in the angles of velocity and 2𝜋
Final angular speed, 𝜔𝑓 =
acceleration is called phase difference which 𝑇𝑜 +∆𝑇
∆𝜔
will be covered in Simple Harmonic Motion. Angular acceleration, 𝛼 =
∆𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔𝑓 −𝜔𝑖 −
𝑇0 +∆𝑇 𝑇0
LEVEL 3 So, 𝛼 = =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
2𝜋 ∆𝑇
Q17. I. Since there are eight spokes, this means the (− 𝑇 (𝑇 +∆𝑇))
1 ∆𝑡 0 0
wheel cannot make more than of a Since, ∆𝑇 ≪ 𝑇0
8
revolution while the arrow traverses 2𝜋
⇒ ( ∆𝑡 ) ( 𝑇 2 )
−∆𝑇

through the plane of the wheel. The wheel 0

Time interval, ∆𝑡 = 1 year = 3.16 × 107 𝑠
rotates at 2.5 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠; it makes one revolution
1 2𝜋 −1.26×10−5 𝑠
in every 2.5 = 0.4 𝑠 ⇒ (3.16×107 𝑠) ( (0.033 𝑠)2
)
−9 2
So the arrow must pass through the wheel in = −2.30 × 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
less than
0.4
= 0.05 𝑠 II. The pulsar will stop rotating at,
8
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡
The arrow is 0.24 𝑚 long, and it must move 2𝜋
at least one arrow length in 0.05 𝑠. 0 = 0.033 − (2.30 × 10−9 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 )𝑡
2𝜋
B 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
⇒𝑡= 0.033
= 8.28 × 1010 𝑠
A 2.30×10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
−9

⇒ 2620 Years
III. The period of rotation of the pulsar when it
was born,
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋
Look at the above figure carefully. Consider = + 𝛼𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇
a situation as show in this figure. For the 2𝜋𝑇
𝑇𝑜 = (2𝜋+𝛼𝑡𝑇)
minimum speed assume arrow is just about
2×3.14×0.033
to avoid spoke 𝐴 while the wheel is moving 𝑇𝑜 = 2×3.14−(2.30×10−9)(8.28×1010 )(0.033)
and it will pass through the gap between = 0.024 𝑠
spokes 𝐴 and 𝐵 just when spoke 𝐵 is about
to reach to the position of spoke 𝐴 while

P4.4
P4 – Solutions 30

Test Practice Problems

Q1. A Velocity of rain w.r.t. girl,
Displacement in the 𝑥 − direction as a function ⃗⃗𝑟𝑔 = 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑟 − 𝑉
⃗⃗𝑔 = (4𝑗̂ − 3𝑖̂) 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
of time is given as 𝑥(𝑡) = 6𝑡 ⃗⃗𝑔 | = √(−3)2 + (4)2 = √16 + 9
⇒ |𝑉
⇒ Velocity in the 𝑥 − direction as a function of
⃗⃗𝑔 | = 5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
|𝑉
time will be
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 (𝑡) = =6 Q3. C
𝑑𝑡
Here the 𝑥 − component of velocity is constant In the diagram, let 𝑂 be the point from where the
i.e. 𝑣𝑥 = 6 𝑚/𝑠 boat originates, 𝐴 be the point where the boat
Displacement in the 𝑦 − direction as a function was supposed to reach and 𝐵 be the point where
of time is given as 𝑦(𝑡) = 8𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 the boat actually reached.
⇒ Velocity in the 𝑦 − direction as a function of Assuming point 𝑂 be the origin, 𝑂𝐴 to be
time will be positive 𝑦 − axis and rightward direction to be
𝑑𝑦 positive 𝑥 − axis.
𝑣𝑦 (𝑡) = = 8 − 10𝑡
𝑑𝑡
A  B
Here velocity is linearly varying with time i.e. u
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡

⃗⃗𝒃𝒓 = 𝟖 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
On comparing the above two equations, we get
𝑢𝑦 = 8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎𝑦 = −10
 
Therefore the initial velocity can be given as10 Km h-1= ub ⃗⃗𝒃u=r =10
𝒗 Km h-1
𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝒗
𝑢 = √𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 = √62 + 82 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
If we look closely then we can conclude that this
is a case of projectile motion in which O
displacement in the 𝑥 − direction varies linearly Velocity of boat w.r.t. river 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏𝑟 = 8𝑗̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
with time which means velocity in the 𝑥 − Let velocity of river flow be 𝑣⃗𝑟 = 𝑢𝑖̂
direction is constant as is the case during Magnitude of velocity of boat w.r.t. ground,
projectile motion. |𝑣⃗𝑏 | = 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Also velocity in the 𝑦 − direction varies linearly 𝑣⃗𝑏𝑟 = 𝑣⃗𝑏 − 𝑣⃗𝑟
with time which means acceleration is constant 𝑣⃗𝑏 = 𝑣⃗𝑏𝑟 + 𝑣⃗𝑟 = 8𝑗̂ + 𝑢𝑖̂
having value equivalent to acceleration due to
⇒ |𝑣⃗𝑏 | = |8𝑗̂ + 𝑢𝑖̂| ⇒ 10 = √82 + 𝑢2
gravity. This is also a case during projectile
⇒ 𝑢 = √100 − 64 = 6 𝑘𝑚 ℎ−1
motion.
Q4. B
Q2. C
Since range of both the bullets is same
Assume rightward direction to be positive 𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑅1 = 𝑅2
axis and downward direction to be positive 𝑦 −
𝑢12 sin 2×60° 𝑢22 sin 2×30° 𝑢2 sin 120°
axis. ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑢22 =
𝑔 𝑔 1 sin 60°
⃗⃗𝑟 and 𝑉
Let 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑔 be the velocity of rain and velocity √3
𝑢22 2
of girl respectively, with respect to the ground. = =1
𝑢12 √3
2
⇒𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑟 = 4𝑗̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ and 𝑉⃗⃗𝑔 = 3𝑖̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝐻1 𝑢12 sin2 60° 2𝑔
= × 𝑢2 sin2 30°
𝐻2 2𝑔 2
2
√3
𝐻1 ( )
2
-3km h-1 3km h-1 = 1 2
 𝐻2 ( )
Vg 2
𝐻1 3 4 3
V rg 4km h-1 =4×1=1
𝐻2

Vr
P4 – Solutions 31

Q5. C 20 ms
B
Here equating the maximum heights for two
projectiles 5m
30 C u cos 30
We get A
𝑢12 sin2 60° 𝑢22 sin2 30°
2𝑔
= 2𝑔
𝑢12 sin2 30°
⇒ 𝑢2 = sin2 60° 40 m u cos 30
2
1 4 1
=4×3=3
𝑢 1
⇒ 𝑢1 =
2 √3 D

Q6. B Let the time taken by the ball to reach point C be

The shortest path that the boat could cross is 𝑂𝐵. 𝑡 and total time of flight be 𝑇.
For this, the boat will have to move against the Let us now find 𝑡 using equation
direction of flow of river at some angle. 1
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
Assuming origin at point O, rightward direction
be positive 𝑥 − axis and OB be positive 𝑦 − axis. Given that initial velocity, 𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
A vr B ⇒ Initial vertical velocity,
1
𝑢𝑦 = 20 sin 30° = 20 × 2 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
After projection, the ball comes back to the same
100 m ⃗
𝒗V⃗𝒃R horizontal level with the topmost point of the
tower.
⇒𝑦=0
1
O Hence, 0 = 10 × 𝑡 − (10)𝑡 2 2
Let velocity of the river be, 𝑣⃗𝑟 = 𝑣𝑖̂ and velocity ⇒ 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 = 0
of boat w.r.t the ground be 𝑣⃗𝑏 . ⇒ 𝑡 (𝑡 − 2) = 0
Given that velocity of the boat w.r.t. river, ⇒ 𝑡 = 2𝑠 because at 𝑡 = 0 particle was
|𝑣⃗𝑏𝑟 | = 5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ projected which means it was already at point A.
Now, width of the river, 𝑂𝐵 = 100 𝑚 = 0.1 𝑘𝑚 Now we will calculate total time of flight i.e. 𝑇
Time taken by the boat to cross the river, using
1.5 1
𝑡 = 1.5 min = ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
60
𝑂𝐵 0.1 𝑘𝑚
⇒ |𝑣⃗𝑏 | = = 1.5 In this case 𝑦 = − 40 𝑚
𝑡 ℎ
60
60
Initial velocity in the 𝑦 − direction, 𝑢𝑦 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
= 15 = 4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 1
⇒ −40 = 10𝑇 − 2 (10)𝑇 2
⇒ 𝑣⃗𝑏 = 4𝑗̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
⇒ 𝑇 2 − 2𝑇 − 8 = 0
Velocity of boat w.r.t. river,
⇒ (𝑇 − 4)(𝑇 + 2) = 0
𝑣⃗𝑏𝑟 = 𝑣⃗𝑏 − 𝑣⃗𝑟
𝑇 = 4 𝑠 because time cannot be negative.
𝑣⃗𝑏𝑟 = 4𝑗̂ − 𝑣𝑖̂ 𝑇 4
⇒ Ratio of timings = 𝑡 = 2 = 2
|𝑣⃗𝑏 | = 5 = √42 + 𝑣 2
The required ratio is 2: 1
𝑣 = √25 − 16 = 3 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
⇒Velocity of river = 3𝑖̂ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ Q8. A
For a ground to ground projectile motion,
Q7. D
maximum height is given by
Let point A be the topmost point of the tower 𝑢 2 sin2 𝜃
from where the ball is projected. 𝐻=
2𝑔
Take point A as origin, AC as positive 𝑥 − axis And range is given by
and upward direction as positive 𝑦 − axis. 2𝑢 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑅= 𝑔

T.P.P.
P4 – Solutions 32

where 𝜃 is the angle of projection. And let 𝜃 be the angle at which the shell is fired
In a ground to ground projectile motion, at to hit the plane,
maximum height, a particle covers half of its Let the shell hit the airplane in time 𝑡.
range in the horizontal direction. So, for the shell to hit the fighter plane, the
⇒ in the traiangle 𝑂𝐴𝐻, horizontal distance covered by the shell in time
𝐴𝐻
tan 𝜙 = 𝑂𝐻 𝑡 should be equal to the distance covered by the
𝑢 2 sin2 𝜃 plane in the same time.
𝐴𝐻 = Also, the vertical distance covered by the shell
2𝑔
𝑅 2𝑢 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 should be equal to the height at which the
𝑂𝐻 = =
2 2𝑔
airplane is flying. This is because for the collision
𝑢2 sin2 𝜃
2𝑔 sin 𝜃 to happen, both the shell and airplane should be
⇒ tan 𝜙 = 2𝑢2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 2 cos 𝜃
2𝑔 at the same point.
⇒ tan 𝜙 = 2 tan 𝜃
1 Hence, distance covered by the airplane in time
𝑡, is 𝑣𝑡.
Q9. C And distance covered by the shell in time 𝑡 is
(𝑢 cos 𝜃)𝑡
⇒ (𝑢 cos 𝜃)𝑡 = 𝑣𝑡
Given that 𝑣 = 200 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑢 = 200√2 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 200 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 𝑢 = 200 ⇒ cos 𝜃 =
√2 √2
⇒ 𝜃 = 45°
Q11. D
Let the topmost point of the tower be origin and Since the boys move at a constant velocity, the
let time of flight be 𝑡 i.e. time taken by the ball to distances AC and BC will be 𝑢𝑡 and 𝑢1 𝑡
reach the ground after being thrown down from respectively. Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
the tower. we get
(𝑢1 𝑡)2 + 𝑎2 = (𝑢𝑡)2
Here
𝑎2
Initial vertical velocity, 𝑢𝑦 = 50 sin 30° ⇒ 𝑎2 = 𝑡 2 (𝑢2 − 𝑢12 ) ⇒ 𝑡 = √𝑢2−𝑢2
1 1
= 50 ×
2
Q12. D
𝑢𝑦 = 25 𝑚𝑠 −1
This motion has to be the motion of a projectile
Displacement in the 𝑦 −direction = ℎ = −70 𝑚
since gravity is the only force acting.
𝑎𝑦 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2
1
Comparing the given equation with the
Using, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 trajectory of a projectile, we get
−70 = 25𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 𝐴 = tan 𝜃
𝑔
⇒ 𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 − 14 = 0 and 𝐵 = 2𝑢2 cos2 𝜃
⇒ (𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 + 2) = 0 𝐴 2𝑢 2 cos2 𝜃 tan 𝜃
⇒𝐵=
⇒𝑡 =7𝑠 𝑔
1
2×400× 40
2
Q10. A = =
10 1

Q13. A
Given
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑗̂ = 𝐾(𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 𝑗̂)
𝑑𝑡
On comparing LHS and RHS
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐾𝑦 (1)
Let velocity of the shell be 𝑢 and velocity of the 𝑑𝑦
airplane be 𝑣. = 𝐾𝑥 (2)
𝑑𝑡
P4 – Solutions 33

From (2) and (1), we get Q16. D

𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ⃗⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) 𝑚/𝑠
Given, 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
=𝑥
Since this is a ground to ground projectile
⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦
motion, therefore displacement in the 𝑥 −
⇒ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
direction can be written as,
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ = +𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡
2 2
where 𝑐 is an arbitrary constant. Here, 𝑢𝑥 = 1 𝑚/𝑠
On rearranging ⇒𝑥=𝑡
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + (−2𝑐 ) Now, displacement in the 𝑦 − direction can be
Let 𝑘 = −2𝑐 , where 𝑘 is some arbitrary written as,
1
constant. 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘 = 𝑥 2 + constant Here, 𝑢𝑦 = 1 𝑚/𝑠
Q14. A ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
For a ground to ground projectile motion, Substitute 𝑡 = 𝑥 in the above equation
horizontal range, Therefore, equation of trajectory is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 2
𝑢 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑅= Q17. C
𝑔
where, 𝑢 is speed of projection and 𝜃 is the angle Speed of motor car, 𝑣 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
of projection. Radius of the circular curve, 𝑅 = 500 𝑚
Here 𝑢 = 𝑣 Tangential acceleration, 𝑎𝑡 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
For the maximum range, 𝜃 = 45° Now, radial acceleration,
𝑣2 302 9
⇒ Maximum horizontal range, 𝑎𝑟 = = 500 = 5
𝑅
𝑣 2 sin 90° 𝑣2
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = ⇒ Magnitude of total acceleration,
𝑔 𝑔
Now, the wetted area of ground will be a circle 9 2
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑟2 = √22 + (5)
because a fountain sprinkles water in a circle.
181 13.5
Therefore, total area around the fountain that = √ 25 ≈ ≈ 2.7 𝑚/𝑠 2
2 5
gets wet = 𝜋𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
Where 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 is radius of the circle which is Q18. B
maximum horizontal range of a projectile. Angular speed of the Phonograph, 𝜔 = 30 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑣2
2
𝑣4 2𝜋
⇒ Required area = 𝜋 ( 𝑔 ) = 𝜋 𝑔2 ⇒ 𝜔 = 30 × = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60
Distance of needle point from the centre of the
Q15. A
Let the boy throws the ball with the velocity 𝑢. disc, 𝑅 = 14 𝑐𝑚
Linear speed of a point moving in a circle is given
At this velocity, the maximum height achieved by
the ball is 10 𝑚. by
22
For a ground to ground projectile motion, 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑅 = 𝜋 × 14 = × 14 = 44 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
7
𝑢2
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑔 = 10 𝑚 Q19. D
⇒ 𝑢2 = 200 𝑚2 Let center of circle be origin, rightward direction
Since the boy is the same, his projection velocity to be positive 𝑥 − axis and upward direction to
will remain unchanged. be positive 𝑦 − axis.
change in velocity
Therefore, for a ground to ground projectile Average acceleration = time taken
motion, maximum horizontal range is given by Let the particle is at topmost point of a circle
𝑢2
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = when it starts circular motion with uniform
𝑔
200 speed 𝑣 . The direction of 𝑣 will be rightward
= = 20 𝑚
10 assuming circular motion to be clockwise.

T.P.P.
P4 – Solutions 34

After half of the revolution, the particle reaches Q22. D

bottom most point of the circle. At this instant, Length of second’s hand, 𝑅 = 1 𝑐𝑚.
velocity of particle is in the negative 𝑥 − Assume center of the watch to be origin,
direction. rightward direction to be positive 𝑥 − axis and
Therefore, change in velocity after half upward direction to be positive 𝑦 − axis.
revolution Let at 𝑡 = 0, the second’s hand is at 1200 hours.
= 𝑣 − (−𝑣) = 2𝑣 We know that second’s hand take 60 𝑠 to
Distance covered in half revolution is equal to complete one revolution.
2𝜋 2𝜋
half of the circumference of the circle i.e. 𝜋𝑟 ⇒ Angular speed, 𝜔 = = 60 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
𝜋𝑟 𝑇
Time taken is describing half circle = 𝑣 Linear speed of second’s hand,
2𝑣 2𝑣 2 2𝜋
⇒ average acceleration, 𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝑣1 = 𝑅𝜔 = 1 × 60 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝜋𝑟
𝑣 𝜋
⇒ 𝑣1 = 30 𝑖̂ 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1
Q20. C After, 15 𝑠 , the the second’s hand is at 0300
Here, hours.
𝑣2 1
𝑟
∝ 𝑟2 The magnitude of linear speed will be same but
⇒ 𝑣2 ∝
1 the direction will be perpendicular to the
𝑟
1
velocity in the previous case.
⇒ 𝑣∝ 𝜋
√𝑟 ⇒ 𝑣2 = − 30 𝑗̂ 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1
Q21. C Therefore, the change in velocity is given by,
𝜋 𝜋
Length of rope, 𝑙 = 80 𝑐𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = (− 𝑗̂ − 𝑖̂) 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1
30 30
Magnitude of change in velocity,
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
|𝑣2 − 𝑣1 | = √( ) + ( )
30 30
𝜋 √2
= 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1
30

Q23. C
Angular velocity of particle about centre 𝐶,
𝑅 = 100 𝑚
𝑣𝑃𝐶 = 𝑅𝜔𝑃𝐶
𝑣𝑃𝐶 10
𝜔𝑃𝐶 = 𝑅
= 100
𝜔𝑃𝐶 = 0.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Angular velocity of particle about centre 𝐴,
Angular speed, 𝑅 = 200 𝑚
𝑣𝑃𝐴 10
2𝜋
𝜔 = 240 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 240 × 60 = 8𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜔𝑃𝐴 = = 200
𝑅

Linear speed, 𝜔𝑃𝐴 = 0.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝜔𝑃𝐶 0.1
80 = 0.05 = 2
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑅 = 100 𝑚 × 8𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 = 6.4 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠 𝜔𝑃𝐴
Hence 2: 1 is the required ratio.
When the rope breaks, the stone will undergo
projectile motion with velocity of projection as Q24. D
6.4 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠 Initial angular speed, 𝜔𝑖 = 0
20
Maximum height to which the body rises is given Radius of the circle , 𝑅 = 𝑚
𝜋
by
Final, linear speed at the end of second
𝑣 2 sin2 𝜃
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = revolution, 𝑣𝑓 = 80 𝑚/𝑠
2𝑔
when 𝜃 = 90°, where 𝜃 is angle of projection. Therefore, angular speed,
𝑣𝑓 80
(6.4𝜋)2 𝜔𝑓 = = = 4𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
⇒ ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 20.6 𝑚 𝑅 20
2×9.8 𝜋
P4 – Solutions 35

Angular displacement, 𝜃 = 2 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 2 × 2𝜋 = Look at the above diagram carefully.

4𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 This is the situation given in the problem.
Applying the equation 𝜔𝑓2 − 𝜔𝑖2 = 2𝛼𝜃, we get When the man was stationary, he saw the rain
(4𝜋)2 − 0 = 2𝛼𝜃 coming towards him at an angle 45° and when
where 𝛼 is angular acceleration of the particle. he was running with constant acceleration, he
We know that, tangential acceleration, again saw the rain coming towards him at an
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑅𝛼 angle of 45°.
𝑎 Therefore, using laws of vector addition,
⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑅𝑡
⃗⃗𝑟𝑚 = 𝑉
V ⃗⃗𝑟𝑔 + (−𝑉̂𝑚𝑔 )
𝑎
⇒ 16𝜋 2 = 2 × ( 20𝑡 ) 4𝜋 ⃗⃗𝑟𝑚 | sin 45° = | 𝑉̂𝑚𝑔 | − | 𝑉
|V ⃗⃗𝑟𝑔 | sin 45°
𝜋

⇒ 𝑎𝑡 = 40 𝑚/𝑠 2 ⃗⃗𝑟𝑚 | = 2√2 𝑚/𝑠 = | 𝑉

|V ⃗⃗𝑟𝑔 |
1 1
Q25. A | 𝑉̂𝑚𝑔 | = 2√2 ( ) + 2√2 ( ) = 4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 = 𝑡3 + 5 √2 √2
𝑑𝑠 Hence option (C) is correct.
𝑉= = 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 And, using 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 for the motion of man
Tangential acceleration, 42 = 0 + 2(0.5)𝑠
𝑑2 𝑠
𝑎𝑡 = = 6𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠 = 16𝑚
𝑠𝑡 2
And Q27. A, D
Radial acceleration, Since, both the stones are in flight,
2
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑉2
=(
3𝑡 2
) ⇒ 𝑎1 = −𝑔𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 𝑎2 = −𝑔𝑗̂ 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑅 20
Acceleration of stone 2 w.r.t. stone 1,
At 𝑡 = 2 𝑠, 𝑎𝑡 = 12 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑎21 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = (−𝑔𝑗̂ + 𝑔𝑗̂) 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 0
And 𝑎𝑐 = 7.2𝑚𝑠 −2
Therefore, stone 2 is moving in a straight line
⇒ 𝑎 = √122 + 7.22 ≃ 14 𝑚𝑠 −2 w.r.t. to stone 1 with constant velocity.
Hence A is the correct answer Hence, for the relative motion between stone 1
Q26. C, D and stone 2, the distance v/s time curve will be a
straight line i.e. (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) v/s 𝑡 will be a straight
Vrg Vrm line linearly varying with time while (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
v/s 𝑡 will be a constant curve.
So, the correct curves are:
45 45 Xrel Vrel

V
Vmg

t t

Initial Final
⃗⃗𝑟𝑔 ,
Let velocity of the rain w.r.t. the ground be 𝑉 Q28. C
B
velocity of the rain w.r.t. the man be V ⃗⃗𝑟𝑚 and
̂
velocity of man w.r.t. the ground be 𝑉𝑚𝑔 . 
u
d u u
-Vmg


Vrm 45 45

Vrg A
Velocity of man w.r.t. river
𝑢 = Velocity of river

T.P.P.
P4 – Solutions 36

2
Time taken to cover distance 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑡 = 10 𝑠 4+2 cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑 ⇒ =
8 𝑣
⇒𝑡=𝑣 8
𝑑 𝑣 = 2 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃 (1)
⇒ 10 = 𝑣
For minimum 𝑣
⇒ 𝑑 = 10 𝑣 (1) 𝑑𝑣
=0
Time taken to reach 𝐴 again from 𝐵 is 𝑡 = 15 𝑠 𝑑𝜃
𝑑 −8(2 cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃)
⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (2 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃)2
=0

⇒ 15 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃
𝑑 2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 0
tan 𝜃 = 2
⇒ 𝑑 = 15 𝑣 cos 𝜃 (2)
From 𝐸𝑞. (1)
From (1) & (2) 8 8
2 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 1 = 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 3 2( )+
√5 √5
√5

3
⇒ sec 𝜃 = 2 Q30. A
𝑢 9 √5 Without wind 𝐴 reaches to 𝐶 and with wind it
= √4 − 1 =
𝑣 2 reaches to 𝐷 so wind blow in the direction of 𝐶𝐷
𝑣 2 i.e. North-West direction.
⇒𝑢=
√5
D
Q29. C
Let the man start crossing the road at an angle 𝜃
as shown in Figure. For safe crossing that
condition is that the man must cross the road by
the time the truck describes the distance 45
A C
A C
v0
2m truck
v

B ⃗⃗𝐴𝐺 = 𝑉⃗⃗𝐴𝑊 + 𝑉
⃗⃗𝑊𝐺 ⇒ 𝑉
⃗⃗𝐴𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑉
⃗⃗𝐴𝑊 𝑡 + 𝑉
⃗⃗𝑊𝐺 𝑡
𝑉
4m
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝐴𝑊 𝑡
4 + 𝐴𝐶 = 4 + 2 cot 𝜃
⃗⃗𝑊𝐺
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑉