Exercise 07

Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers
Exercise 7
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov

Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
WiSe 2018/19
Overview
Repetition
Requirements on shape functions
Continuous shape functions
Piecewise defined shape functions
Quality of the approximation
Task 1
2 of 37 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
We have the following requirements on shape functions:
2018/19

• Boundary conditions: The shape functions should fulfill the boundary
conditions
2018/19

conditions
Pn
• Completeness: For n → ∞ the approximation û = u0 + aiNi should be
i=1
capable to adequately represent any function
2018/19

conditions
Pn
• Completeness: For n → ∞ the approximation û = u0 + aiNi should be
i=1
capable to adequately represent any function
• Continuity: The shape functions have to be sufficiently differentiable, to avoid
discontinuities in the derivatives
2018/19
Up to now we only considered shape functions which were valid on the whole
domain. This kind of shape functions has the following properties:
2018/19
• The continuity requirement is easy to fulfill
2018/19
• Fulfillment of complex boundaries is very difficult
2018/19
• The integrals over the whole domain to calculate the matrix K and the vector r
are numerically complicated
2018/19
• The matrix K and the vector r become full, which makes solving the linear
equation system Ka = r numerically expensive
2018/19
•The continuity requirement is easy to fulfill
• The matrix K and the vector r become full, which makes solving the linear
equation system Ka = r numerically expensive
As one can see, that continuous shape functions have some serious disadvantages
especially for complex domains/boundaries.
2018/19
Alternatively we introduce piecewise defined shape functions. Therefore we divide

the domain Ω into non-overlapping subdomains/elements Ωe.
2018/19

We define now for each element the shape function separately by setting the value
of the shape function to zero outside of the element. This means we only have to
integrate over the elements and not any more over the whole domain.
2018/19

integrate over the elements and not any more over the whole domain. It holds
Z Z
Kij = NiL(Nj ) dΩ = NiL(Nj ) dΩ
Ω Ω̄ij
with Ω̄ij as the domain in which Ni 6= 0 and Nj 6= 0 holds.
2018/19

integrate over the elements and not any more over the whole domain. It holds
Z Z
Kij = NiL(Nj ) dΩ = NiL(Nj ) dΩ
Ω Ω̄ij
with Ω̄ij as the domain in which Ni 6= 0 and Nj 6= 0 holds.
This leads to a matrix with the already introduced band structure.
2018/19
Example
We consider a one-dimensional domain [0, l] with Mn elements and Mn + 1 nodes.
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
0 e e2 e3 e4 l
1
2018/19
Example
For piecewise constant shape functions follows in
e
each element e
i j
û = aeNee = ae in Ωe 1
where N e = 1 in element e and otherwise N e = 0 0 Ne
holds.
2018/19
Example
For piecewise constant shape functions follows in
e
each element e
i j
û = aeNee = ae in Ωe 1
where N e = 1 in element e and otherwise N e = 0 0 Ne
holds.
For piecewise linear shape functions follows in

e
each element e
i j
û = aiNie + aj Nje in Ω e
1
Nie Nje
where the to element e corresponding to nodes 0
have the functions’s values ai and aj .
2018/19
How can we influence the quality of the approximation?
2018/19
• Better choice of shape functions (more suitable for the problem; higher order)
2018/19
• Raise the number of elements
2018/19
• Raise the number of elements
• Combination of both
2018/19
Example
3
In the following example a linear 1

cross-section area, a quadratic Young’s
modulus and a cubic load is used. 0
-1 Young's Modulus (E)

Area (A)
Loading (q)
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
Example (more elements)
FEM (linear, 1 element)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (linear, 2 elements)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
Example (higher order)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (quadratic, 1 element)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (cubic, 1 element)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (quartic, 1 element)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
Example (Combination)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (quadratic, 1 element)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (quadratic, 2 elements)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
FEM (quadratic, 3 elements)

0.02
0.015
Displacement
0.01
0.005
Analytical
FEM
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Length
2018/19
Overview
Repetition
Task 1
2018/19
Task 1
Consider a linear-elastic bar. Calculate the approximate displacement û(x) for the
following loads and boundary conditions
q0
A) q(x) = x
(l 1) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = 0
q0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l/2 F
2) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = EA
B) q(x) =
−2q0 for l/2 < x ≤ l
l
Divide the domain into the elements of length 3 and use piecewise linear shape
functions and the Galerkin method.
2018/19
Task 1
q0
A) q(x) = x
(l 1) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = 0
q0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l/2 F
2) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = EA
B) q(x) =
−2q0 for l/2 < x ≤ l
l
2
∂ u
Note: EA ∂x 2 = −q(x)
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
We start with the calculation of the piecewise defined shape functions
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
e1 e2 e3
N1
0
N2
0
N3
0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
(
1 − 3 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 l e1 e2 e3
l 3
N1 (x) =
0 else
1
N1
0
N2
0
N3
0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
(
1 − 3 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 l e1 e2 e3
l 3
N1 (x) =
0 else
 1


3
lx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 13 l N1
N2 (x) = 2 − 3l x for 31 l ≤ x ≤ 23 l
0


0 else 1
N2
0
N3
0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
(
1 − 3 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 l e1 e2 e3
l 3
N1 (x) =
0 else
 1


3
lx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 13 l N1
N2 (x) = 2 − 3l x for 31 l ≤ x ≤ 23 l
0


0 else 1

3
N2
 lx − 1
 for 31 l ≤ x ≤ 23 l 0
N3 (x) = 3 − 3l x for 32 l ≤ x ≤ l 1


0 else N3
0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
(
1 − 3 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 l e1 e2 e3
l 3
N1 (x) =
0 else
 1


3
lx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 13 l N1
N2 (x) = 2 − 3l x for 31 l ≤ x ≤ 23 l
0


0 else 1

3
N2
 lx − 1
 for 31 l ≤ x ≤ 23 l 0
N3 (x) = 3 − 3l x for 32 l ≤ x ≤ l 1


0 else N3
0
(
3 2
l
x−2 for 3
l ≤x≤l
N4 (x) = 1
0 else N4
0
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
The equation system Ka = r for the weighted residual approach is known from
last exercise.
Z n
! Z
X
Wi L aj Nj dΩ = − Wi [L (u0) + p] dΩ i = 1, 2, ..., n
Ω j=1 Ω
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
last exercise. For the weights in case of the Galerkin method holds Wi = Ni:
Z n
! Z
X
Ω j=1 Ω
Z n
! Z
X
Ni L aj Nj dΩ = − Ni [L (u0) + p] dΩ i = 1, 2, ..., n
Ω j=1 Ω
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Z n
! Z
X
Ω j=1 Ω
Z n
! Z
X
Ω j=1 Ω
2
d
Reformulating and inserting of our problems p = q, L = EA dx 2 , u0 = 0 leads for
the element between xe and xe+1 to
xe+1 ! xe+1
Z n
X Z
Ni EA aj Nj′′ dx = − Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
xe j=1 xe
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Z n
! Z
X
Ω j=1 Ω
Z n
! Z
X
Ω j=1 Ω
2
d
Reformulating and inserting of our problems p = q, L = EA dx 2 , u0 = 0 leads for
the element between xe and xe+1 to
xe+1 ! xe+1
Z n
X Z
Ni EA aj Nj′′ dx = − Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
xe j=1 x
e
 xe+1  x
n
X Z Ze+1
EA  NiNj′′ dx aj = − Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
j=1 xe xe
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Rb ′
Rb
Integration by parts a AB dx = AB|ba − a A′B dx leads to
 xe+1  xe+1
n
X Z Z
EA  Ni Nj′′ dx aj
|{z} =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
j=1
|{z}
xe A B′ xe
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Rb ′
Rb
 xe+1  xe+1
n
X Z Z
|{z} =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
j=1
|{z}
x A B′ xe
e xe+1 
xe+1 xe+1
Xn Z Z
Ni Nj′  Ni′ Nj′ dx aj
 
EA  |{z} − =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
|{z} |{z} |{z}
j=1 A xe A′ xe
B xe B
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Rb ′
Rb
 xe+1  xe+1
n
X Z Z
|{z} =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
j=1
|{z}
x A B′ xe
e xe+1 
xe+1 xe+1
Xn Z Z
 
EA  |{z} − =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
|{z} |{z} |{z}
j=1 A xe A′ xe
B xe B
 xe+1  xe+1
n
X n
X Z Z
x
EA Ni Nj′ xe+1 aj −EA  Ni′ Nj′ dx aj  = − Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
e
j=1 j=1 xe xe
| {z }
l
[u′ Ni ]0
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Rb ′
Rb
 xe+1  xe+1
n
X Z Z
|{z} =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
j=1
|{z}
x A B′ xe
e xe+1 
xe+1 xe+1
Xn Z Z
 
EA  |{z} − =− Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
|{z} |{z} |{z}
j=1 A xe A′ xe
B xe B
 xe+1  xe+1
n
X n
X Z Z
x
EA Ni Nj′ xe+1 aj −EA  Ni′ Nj′ dx aj  = − Ni q dx i = 1, 2, ..., n
e
j=1 j=1 xe xe
| {z }
l
[u′ Ni ]
 xe+10  xe+1
n
X Z Z
l
− EA  Ni′ Nj′ dx aj  =− Ni q dx − EA [u′ Ni]0 i = 1, 2, ..., n
j=1 xe xe
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
This  xe+1 
n
X Z Zxe+1
 Ni′Nj′ dx aj  = − l
−EA Niq dx − EA [u′Ni]0
j=1 xe xe
leads in matrix representation to
Zxe+1 Zxe+1
l
Kij = −EA Ni′Nj′ dx, ri = − Niq dx − EA [u′Ni]0 .
xe xe
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
For the given problem follows with three elements after the assembly
 
(1) (1)
K11 K12 0 0
 (1) 
K K(1) + K(2) (2)
K23 0 
K=  21 22 22 
(2) (2) (3) (3)
 0 K32 K33 + K33 K34 
(3) (3)
0 0 K43 K44
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
For the given problem follows with three elements after the assembly
 
(1) (1)
K11 K12 0 0
 (1) 
K K(1) + K(2) (2)
K23 0 
K=  21 22 22 
(2) (2) (3) (3)
 0 K32 K33 + K33 K34 
(3) (3)
0 0 K43 K44
Reducing the matrix due to boundary conditions gives us
 (1) (2) (2)

K22 + K22 K23 0
K =  K(2) (2) (3) (3)

32 K 33 + K 33 K 34 
(3) (3)
0 K43 K44
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Calculating of the integrals leads to
(1) 3EA (2) 3EA (2) 3EA
K22 = K22 = K23 = −
l l l
(2) (2) (2) 3EA (3) 3EA
K32 = K23 K33 = K33 =
l l
(3) 3EA (3) (3) (3) 3EA
K34 = − K43 =K34 K44 =
l l
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
Calculating of the integrals leads to
(1) 3EA (2) 3EA (2) 3EA
K22 = K22 = K23 = −
l l l
(2) (2) (2) 3EA (3) 3EA
K32 = K23 K33 = K33 =
l l
(3) 3EA (3) (3) (3) 3EA
K34 = − K43 =K34 K44 =
l l
or  
3EA −2 1 0 
K= 1 −2 1
l 0 1 −1
2018/19
Task 1
Solution
For the force vector follows
   ′ ′

Zl N2 u (l)N2(l) − u (0)N2(0)
r = − q N3 dx − EA u′(l)N3(l) − u′(0)N3(0)
0 N4 u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)
2018/19
Task 1
Solution for loadcase A
Zl
l
ri = − Ni q dx − EA [u′ Ni]0
0
2018/19
Task 1
Zl
l
0
l 2l
Z3 Z3
q0 3 q0 3 l q0 l l
r2 = − x x dx − 2 − x x dx − EA [u′N2 ]0 = − − EA [u′N2 ]0
l l l l 9
0 l
3
2018/19
Task 1
Zl
l
0
l 2l
Z3 Z3
q0 3 q0 3 l q0 l l
l l l l 9
0 l
3
2l
Z3 Zl
q0 3 q0 3 l 2q0l l
r3 = − x − 1 x dx − 3 − x x dx − EA [u′N3 ]0 = − − EA [u′N3 ]0
l l l l 9
l 2
3 3
2018/19
Task 1
Zl
l
0
l 2l
Z3 Z3
q0 3 q0 3 l q0 l l
l l l l 9
0 l
3
2l
Z3 Zl
q0 3 q0 3 l 2q0l l
r3 = − x − 1 x dx − 3 − x x dx − EA [u′N3 ]0 = − − EA [u′N3 ]0
l l l l 9
l 2
3 3
Zl
q0 3 l 4q0l l
r4 = − x − 2 x dx − EA [u′N4 ]0 = − − EA [u′N4 ]0
l l 27
2l
3
2018/19
Task 1
Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
N1
0
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
0
r4 = −
4q0l l
− EA [u′ N4]0
N3
27 0
N4
0
Boundary conditions:
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] 0
9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′
0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
27 N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
9 9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′
0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
27 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
9 9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′ 2q0l 0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] = −

9 9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
27 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
9 9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′ 2q0l 0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] = −

9 9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l 4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] = − 1
27 27 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0, N4(0) = 0, u′(l) = 0
2018/19
Task 1

For the complete system follows
    
3EA −2 1 0  a2 3 ql
0
Ka = 1 −2 1 a 3 = −  6 = r.
l 0 1 −1 a4 4 27
2018/19
Task 1

    
3EA −2 1 0  a2 3 ql
0
Ka = 1 −2 1 a 3 = −  6 = r.
l 0 1 −1 a4 4 27
Solution:  
13 q l 2
0
a = 23
27 81EA
2018/19
Task 1

3.5
3
Displacement u [mm]
2.5
1.5
0.5
Analytical
FEM
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
x−coordinate [mm]
q0
Parameters for plot: EA
= 0.001 1/mm l = 100 mm
2018/19
Task 1
q0
A) q(x) = x
(l 1) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = 0
q0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l/2 F
2) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = EA
B) q(x) =
−2q0 for l/2 < x ≤ l
l
2
∂ u
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
N1
0
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
0
r4 = −
4q0l l
− EA [u′ N4]0
N3
27 0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] 0
9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′
0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
27 N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
9 9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′
0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
27 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
9 9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′ 2q0l 0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] = −

9 9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
27 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
q0 l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
9 1
q0 l q0 l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
9 9
2q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = − N2
9
2q0l ′ ′ 2q0l 0
=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] = −

9 9 1
r4 = −
4q0l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
27 0
4q0l 4q0l
=− − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] = − −F 1
27 27 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0, N4(0) = 0, N4(l) = 1,
F
u′(l) = EA
2018/19
Task 1

      
3EA −2 1 0  a2 3 ql
0
0
Ka = 1 −2 1 a3 = − 6 − 0 F = r.
l 0 1 −1 a 4 27 1 4
2018/19
Task 1

      
3EA −2 1 0  a2 3 ql
0
0
Ka = 1 −2 1 a3 = − 6 − 0 F = r.
l 0 1 −1 a 4 27 1 4
Solution:    
13 q l 2 1 Fl
0
a = 23 +  2
27 81EA 3 3EA
2018/19
Task 1
q0
A) q(x) = x
(l 1) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = 0
q0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l/2 F
2) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = EA
B) q(x) =
−2q0 for l/2 < x ≤ l
l
2
∂ u
2018/19
Task 1
Solution for loadcase B
Zl
l
ri = − Ni q dx − EA [u′ Ni ]0
0
2018/19
Task 1
Zl
l
0
l l 2l
Z3 Z2 Z3
q0 3 q0 3 q0 3 l
r2 = − x (1) dx − 2 − x (1) dx − 2 − x (−2) dx − EA [u′ N2 ]0
l l l l l l
0 l l
3 2
5q0 l l
=− − EA [u′ N2 ]0
24
2018/19
Task 1
Zl
l
0
l l 2l
Z3 Z2 Z3
q0 3 q0 3 q0 3 l
r2 = − x (1) dx − 2 − x (1) dx − 2 − x (−2) dx − EA [u′ N2 ]0
l l l l l l
0 l l
3 2
5q0 l l
=− − EA [u′ N2 ]0
24
l 2l
Z2 Z3 Zl
q0 3 q0 3 q0 3 l
r3 = − x − 1 (1) dx − x − 1 (−2) dx − 3 − x (−2) dx − EA [u′ N3 ]0
l l l l l l
l l 2
3 2 3
13q0 l l
= − EA [u′ N3 ]0
24
2018/19
Task 1
Zl
l
0
l l 2l
Z3 Z2 Z3
q0 3 q0 3 q0 3 l
r2 = − x (1) dx − 2 − x (1) dx − 2 − x (−2) dx − EA [u′ N2 ]0
l l l l l l
0 l l
3 2
5q0 l l
=− − EA [u′ N2 ]0
24
l 2l
Z2 Z3 Zl
q0 3 q0 3 q0 3 l
r3 = − x − 1 (1) dx − x − 1 (−2) dx − 3 − x (−2) dx − EA [u′ N3 ]0
l l l l l l
l l 2
3 2 3
13q0 l l
= − EA [u′ N3 ]0
24
Zl
q0 3 l
r4 = − x − 2 (−2) dx − EA [u′ N4 ]0
l l
2l
3
q0 l l
= − EA [u′N4 ]0
3
2018/19
Task 1
Solution for loadcase B, boundary conditions 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
24 1
N1
0
13q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = N2
24
0
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
3 0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
24 1
5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] 0
24
13q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′
0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
3 N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
24 1
5q0l 5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
24 24
13q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′
0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
3 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
24 1
5q0l 5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
24 24
13q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′ 13q0l 0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] =

24 24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] 1
3 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′ N2]0
24 1
5q0l 5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′(0)N2(0)] = − 0
24 24
13q0l l
− EA [u′ N3]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′ 13q0l 0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] =

24 24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′ N4]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′(0)N4(0)] = 1
3 3 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0, N4(0) = 0, u′(l) = 0
2018/19
Task 1

    
3EA −2 1 0  a2  −5  q0l
Ka = 1 −2 1 a3 = 13 = r.
l 0 1 −1 a4 8 24
2018/19
Task 1

    
3EA −2 1 0  a2  −5  q0l
Ka = 1 −2 1 a3 = 13 = r.
l 0 1 −1 a4 8 24
Solution:  
16 q l 2
0
a = − 37
45 72EA
2018/19
Task 1
0
Analytical
FEM
−1
Displacement u [mm]
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
0 20 40 60 80 100
x−coordinate [mm]
q0
Parameters for plot: EA
= 0.001 1/mm l = 100 mm
2018/19
Task 1
q0
A) q(x) = x
(l 1) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = 0
q0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l/2 F
2) u(0) = 0 and u′ (l) = EA
B) q(x) =
−2q0 for l/2 < x ≤ l
l
2
∂ u
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′N2 ]0
24 1
N1
0
13q0l l
− EA [u′N3 ]0
1
r3 = N2
24
0
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′N4 ]0
l N3
3 0
N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′N2 ]0
24 1
5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′ (0)N2(0)] 0
24
13q0l l
− EA [u′N3 ]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′
0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′N4 ]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′ (0)N4(0)] 1
3 N4
0
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′N2 ]0
24 1
5q0l 5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′ (0)N2(0)] = − 0
24 24
13q0l l
− EA [u′N3 ]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′
0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′N4 ]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′ (0)N4(0)] 1
3 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′N2 ]0
24 1
5q0l 5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′ (0)N2(0)] = − 0
24 24
13q0l l
− EA [u′N3 ]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′ 13q0l 0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] =

24 24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′N4 ]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′ (0)N4(0)] 1
3 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0,
2018/19
Task 1

e1 e2 e3
5q0l l
r2 = − − EA [u′N2 ]0
24 1
5q0l 5q0l N1
=− − EA[u′(l)N2(l) − u′ (0)N2(0)] = − 0
24 24
13q0l l
− EA [u′N3 ]0
1
r3 = N2
24
13q0l ′ ′ 13q0l 0
= − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] =

24 24 1
r4 =
q0 l
− EA [u′N4 ]0
l N3
3 0
q0 l q0 l
= − EA[u′(l)N4(l) − u′ (0)N4(0)] = −F 1
3 3 N4
0
N2(0) = 0, N2(l) = 0, N3(0) = 0, N3(l) = 0, N4(0) = 0, N4(l) = 1,
F
u′(l) = EA
2018/19
Task 1

      
3EA −2 1 0  a2  −5  q0l 0 F
Ka = 1 −2 1 a3 = 13 − 0 = r.
l 0 1 −1 a 8 24 1 EA
4
2018/19
Task 1

      
3EA −2 1 0  a2  −5  q0l 0 F
Ka = 1 −2 1 a3 = 13 − 0 = r.
l 0 1 −1 a 8 24 1 EA
4
Solution:    
16 q l 2 1 Fl
0
a = − 37 + 2
45 72EA 3 3EA
2018/19
Thank you for your attention!
Any questions?

Exercise 07

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Exercise 07

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov

We have the following requirements on shape functions:

We have the following requirements on shape functions:

We have the following requirements on shape functions:

We have the following requirements on shape functions:

Alternatively we introduce piecewise defined shape functions. Therefore we divide

Alternatively we introduce piecewise defined shape functions. Therefore we divide

Alternatively we introduce piecewise defined shape functions. Therefore we divide

with Ω̄ij as the domain in which Ni 6= 0 and Nj 6= 0 holds.

Alternatively we introduce piecewise defined shape functions. Therefore we divide

with Ω̄ij as the domain in which Ni 6= 0 and Nj 6= 0 holds.

This leads to a matrix with the already introduced band structure.

For piecewise linear shape functions follows in

How can we influence the quality of the approximation?

How can we influence the quality of the approximation?

How can we influence the quality of the approximation?

How can we influence the quality of the approximation?

In the following example a linear 1

-1 Young's Modulus (E)

Example (more elements)

FEM (linear, 1 element)

Example (more elements)

FEM (linear, 2 elements)

Example (more elements)

FEM (linear, 3 elements)

Example (more elements)

FEM (linear, 5 elements)

Example (more elements)

FEM (linear, 8 elements)

Example (higher order)

FEM (linear, 1 element)

Example (higher order)

FEM (quadratic, 1 element)

Example (higher order)

FEM (cubic, 1 element)

Example (higher order)

FEM (quartic, 1 element)

FEM (linear, 1 element)

FEM (quadratic, 1 element)

FEM (quadratic, 2 elements)

FEM (quadratic, 3 elements)

Solution for loadcase A

Solution for loadcase A

Solution for loadcase A

Solution for loadcase A

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] = −

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)] = −

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 1

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 2

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 2

=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]

Solution for loadcase A, boundary conditions 2

=− − EA[u (l)N3(l) − u (0)N3(0)]