Sözcüğün Anlamını Tahmin

Aşağıdaki notlar anlamını bilmediğiniz bir sözcüğün anlamını tahmin etmenizi kolaylaştırabilir.

1. Sözcüğün türü ne? (Ad, yüklem, sıfat, vs.)

2. Sözcüğün içinde bulunduğu bağlama (context) bakın.
3. Sözcük metin içinde yinelenmekte mi? Ne kadar sık yinelenirse bağlam sayısı da o kadar fazla olacaktır.
4. Sözcük başka sözcük ya da yapılarla karşılaştırılmakta mı?
5. Sözcük metin içinde tanımlanmakta mı?
6. Kesin olmasa bile bir tahminde bulunmaya çalışın.

ALIŞTIRMALAR
Bu bölümde yer alan alıştırmalar yukarıda belirtilen noktaların uygulamaya konulabilmesi için hazırlanmıştır. Bu
nedenle de sözlük kullanılmaması gerekir.
ALIŞTIRMA 1
Because he comes from a poor family, Thomas has always wanted to be wealthy. When he was twenty, he started
his own business. His business was a total failure. He started working at a car factory. However, success was still too far
away from him because he had a bad argument with his boss and he was sacked. Today, he is still poor but he has not
changed much. He still thinks that one day he will be very successful.
Bu paragrafta poor sözcüğü .......... sözcüğü ile kıyaslanmakta ve failure sözcüğü .......... ile kıyaslanmakta.
These characteristics include the regulation of temperature, the capacity for prolonged physical labour, protection
from the sun, immunological (defensive responses to infectious diseases) and nutritional and metabolic flexibility.
Bu paragrafta, immunological .......... anlamını taşımakta.
The Greek marriage was monogamous - men and women were allowed one spouse at a time. In rural areas,
exchange marriage, in which two men marry each other's sister - was also found.
Bu paragrafta monogamous .......... anlamını ve exchange marriage .......... anlamını taşımakta.
ALIŞTIRMA 2
Aşağıdaki sözcükler İngiliz dilinde mevcut sözcükler:
FAMISHED, FLIPPER, GAUDY, GOGGLE, LINTEL, PILLION, SALLOW, SHRED, TRUDGE

1. Have you got something to eat? I'm absolutely famished.

2. "My God! She is swimming very fast!" "Of course. She's got flippers on."
3. She read the letter to the end and then tore it to shreds.
4. On the way, we saw a group of depressed-looking soldiers. They were very tired and they were trudging along
through mud and heavy rain.
5. He was so tall that he hit his head on the lintel when he was entering the room.
6. Sebastian hates festivals. The loud, bad music, the cheap gaudy colours, the noise, the whole atmosphere -
everything makes him feel sick.
7. He had spent twenty years in an unhealthy tropical climate. That's why his face had a permanent sallow
complexion.
8. Why are you all goggling at me like that? Have I got two heads or something?
9. Mark got on his motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.

SÖZCÜ SÖZCÜK OLASI ANLAM

K TÜRÜ
FAMISH
ED
FLIPPER
SHRED
TRUDGE
LINTEL
GAUDY
SALLOW
GOGGL
E
PILLION

ALIŞTIRMA 3

Aşağıdaki metinde bir trafik kazası anlatılmakta. Metni okuyun ve soruları cevaplandırın. Okurken, koyu yazılı sözcüklere
özellikle dikkat edin. İçeriğe bakarak sözcüğün anlamını tahmin etmeye çalışın.
DRIVER ESCAPES THROUGH CAR BOOT
Mr. Peter Johnson, aged 23, battled for half an hour to escape from his trapped car yesterday when it landed upside
down in three feet of water. Mr. Johnson took the only escape way - through the boot.
 Mr. Johnson's car had fallen into a dike at Romney Marsh, Kent, after skidding on ice. "Fortunately, water began to
come in very slowly," Mr. Johnson said. "I couldn't open the doors because they were touching the banks of the dike, and
I didn't open the windows because I knew water would come in."
Mr. Johnson, a sweets salesman, of Holy Bank Hill, London Road, Kent, first tried to attract the attention of the other
motorists by using the horn and hitting on the roof and the boot. Then he began his struggle to escape.
Later he said, " It was really a half penny which helped me. It was the only coin I had in my pocket and I used it to
unscrew the back seat to get into the boot. While I worked on the screws I could feel the water collecting underneath me
on the roof. I hit again and again trying to make someone hear, but no help came.
It took another ten minutes to unscrew the seat - and a further five minutes to clear the sweet samples from the boot.
Then, he found a wrench to open the boot lock. Fifteen more minutes ebbed away. "It was the only chance I had. Finally
it gave, but as soon as I moved the lid the water and mud gushed in. I pushed the lid down into the mud and went out.
His hands and arms cut and bruised, Mr. Johnson got to Beckett farm nearby where he was looked after by the
farmer's wife Lucy Bates. Huddled in a heavy coat, he said, "That thirty minutes seemed like hours." "Only the tips of the
car wheels were visible," police said last night. The car had sunk into three feet of mud at the bottom of the dike.
Verilen seçeneklerden hangisinin en yakın anlam olduğunu bulun.
1. boot 4. wrench a) poured
a) back window a) a kind of tool b) came slowly
b) space for luggage at the back of b) a kind of sweet c) made a loud noise
the car c) a bunch of keys d) felt cold
c) space for luggage at the front of d) a pack of coins 8. Huddled
the car 5. ebbed away a) Talking
d) engine compartment a) were left b) Interviewed
2. dike b) were all he had c) Wrapped up warmly
a) lake c) passed very slowly d) Confused and surprised
b) small farm road d) passed very quickly 9. tips
c) water channel by the road 6. it gave a) outside parts
d) canal for ships a) it presented itself to him b) rubber parts
3. samples b) it came open c) metal parts
a) boxes of paper for sweets c) it gave trouble d) tops
b) catalogues d) he stopped trying
c) examples of what he is selling 7. gushed in
d) rubbish put into the boot
ALIŞTIRMA 4
Koyu yazılı verilen sözcüğe en yakın anlamı taşıyan sözcüğü bulun. Sözlük kullanmayın !

1. I could not convince my friend to go on a picnic instead of to a restaurant. He was adamant in his desire to eat a formal meal.
a) uncertain b) determined c) reluctant d) responsive e) understanding
2. "Give me specific suggestions when you criticize my work," said the employee. "Vague comments do not help me improve."
a) Definite b) Special c) Indefinite d) Imperfect e) Sufficient
3. Richard organized his staff with a rigid schedule of jobs and responsibilities which often occupied them twelve hours a day,
seven days a week. Many people, unable to tolerate this regimentation, quit their jobs after the first week.
a) discipline b) payment c) tolerance d) schedule e) responsibility
4. By smiling foolishly and talking loudly, we are able to repress the rising feeling of fear so that it does not affect the way we
behave.
a) display b) show c) reduce d) escape e) keep
5. After the scorpion affair the whole family tried in vain to get me to stop collecting animals and insects. They should have
known that I wouldn't stop collecting just because of one little scare.
a) unclearly b) one by one c) actually d) reasonably e) unsuccessfully
6. The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was
imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.
a) easy to find b) hard to detect c) easy to add d) hard to prepare e) hard to toxicate
7. Mr. Fleming was surprised to see me sitting behind his desk. He gave me a startled look, then smiled and said, "I didn't know
you were in town."
a) angry b) nervous c) confused d) nasty e) frightened
8. Roses seem to thrive under certain conditions; the more sunlight and water they receive the more beautiful they are.
a) colour b) fade c) die d) water e) grow
9. Although he really didn't want to open the mysterious drawer again, his curiosity compelled him to take one last look.
a) frightened b) forced c) commanded d) prevented e) supported
Cümle Analizi

Cümle analizini bir cümle üzerinde incelersek:

The student revolt is not only a thorn in the side of the president's newly established
government, but it has international implications as well.

cümlenin türünü (basit cümle ya da bileşik cümle) saptayın. Basit cümle ise S+V+O unsurlarını
saptayın. Bileşik cümle ise yan cümle ile ana cümleyi saptayarak ayrı ayrı S+V+O unsurlarını
saptayın. Esas yüklemi saptayabilmek en önemli nokta.

Cümle "not only ... but (also/as well)" yapısı içeren bir bileşik cümle.

The student revolt is not only a thorn in the side of the president's newly established
government, // but it has international implications as well.

cümlenin okunması esnasında kafa karıştıracak türden her türlü yapıyı parantez […] içine alarak
şimdilik gözardı edin:

The student revolt is not only a thorn (in the side of the president's newly established
government), but it has international implications as well.

cümlede bir başka yapının yerine geçebilecek sözcükleri (reference words) analiz edin:

..., but it has international implications as well. it = The students revolt

birden fazla yapıda farklı anlamlar taşıyabilen as, for, yet, since gibi yapıları mutlaka inceleyin;

ALIŞTIRMA 1

Cümlelerin anlamına yönelik soruları yanıtladıktan sonra cümleleri analiz edin

1. I disagreed then as now with many of John Smith's judgements, but always respected him,
and this book is a welcome reminder of his big, honest, friendly, stubborn personality.

How does the author of this sentence feel about John Smith ?

_____ a. He dislikes him but agrees with his ideas.

_____ b. He considers him to be a disagreeable person.
_____ c. He disagrees with his ideas but respects him.
_____ d. He disagreed with him then but agrees with him now.

2. Concepts like passivity, dependence, and aggression may need further research if they are to
continue to be useful ways of thinking about human personalities.

What might require more research ?

_____ a. Human thought processes

_____ b. Certain concepts
_____ c. Human personalities
_____ d. Useful ways of thinking

3. In order for you to follow the schedule set by the publisher, your paper must be looked over
over the weekend, revised, and handed in in its final form on Monday.
 What must you do on Saturday and Sunday ?

_____ a. Meet the publisher

_____ b. Examine your paper
_____ c. Hand in paper
_____ d. Look over the weekend

4. The real reason why prices were, and still are, too high is complicated, and no short
discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

What word or phrase best describes prices ?

_____ a. Complicated
_____ b. Adequately explained
_____ c. Too high in the past, but low now
_____ d. To high in the past and in the present

5. This is not just a sad-but-true story; the boy's experience is horrible and damaging, yet a
sense of love shines through every word.

How does the author of this sentence feel about the story ?

_____ a. It transmits a sense of love.

_____ b. It is just sad.
_____ c. It is not true.
_____ d. It is horrible and damaging.

6. In the past five years the movement has grown from unorganized groups of poorly armed
individuals to a comparatively well-armed, well-trained army of anywhere from 10,000 to
16,000 members.

What is the present condition of the movement ?

_____ a. The members are poorly armed.

_____ b. There are only a few poor individuals.
_____ c. There are over 16,000 members.
_____ d. The members are organized and well-armed.

7. The financial situation isn't bad yet, but we believe that we have some vital information and, if
it is correct, unemployment will soon become a serious problem.

What do we know about the economic situation ?

_____ a. It won't change.

_____ b. It will become a serious problem.
_____ c. It is not bad now.
_____ d. It will improve.

8. The general then added, "The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the
current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the
use of military force."
 What type of solution does the general support ?

_____ a. Economic and diplomatic action.

_____ b. Diplomatic and economic action if military force fails.
_____ c. Only diplomatic action.
_____ d. Military actions in response to political problems.

ALIŞTIRMA 2
Aşağıdaki cümlelerde uygun seçeneği işaretleyin. Ardından cümleleri analiz edin.

1. My discovery of Tillie Olsen was a gift from a friend; years ago she gave me her copy of Tell
Me A Riddle, because she liked the stories and wanted to share the experience.

What do we know about Tillie Olsen ?

_____ 1. She is a friend.

_____ 2. She likes stories.
_____ 3. She likes gifts.
_____ 4. She is an author.

2. A few government officials even estimate that the war has created more than half a million
refugees who need immediate food, clothing, and shelter.

Exactly how many refugees are there ?

_____ 1. Half a million.

_____ 2. Over half a million.
_____ 3. We do not know exactly.
_____ 4. Only a few government officials know the exact figure.

3. The Green Tiger Press believes that the relatively unknown works of great children's
illustrators are sources of vast beauty and power, and is attempting to make these treasures
more easily available.

What is the goal of this printing company ?

_____ 1. To publish more children's books.

_____ 2. To develop powerful stories.
_____ 3. To make children's illustrations more easily available.
_____ 4. To encourage artists to become children's illustrators.

4. Although he calls the $1,000 donation "a very generous amount, especially in these times,"
the president expresses hope that the project will attract additional funds from companies and
other sources so that it can continue beyond this year.

What does the president know about this project ?

_____ 1. It will cost only $1,000.

_____ 2. It is very special.
_____ 3. Special sources will support it.
_____ 4. It cannot continue without additional support.
 5. Any thought that this new custom will remain unchanged - or in Europe will remain uniquely
English - is ridiculous.

What does the author believe about the new custom ?

_____ 1. It will remain limited.

_____ 2. The custom will change.
_____ 3. Acceptance of the custom is ridiculous.
_____ 4. The custom will remain in Europe.

6. These robust and persistent sailors gathered from all the nations of Western Europe, and set
out on the voyages that laid foundations for four great empires with no other power than sail
and oar.

Why were these voyages important ?

_____ 1. Sailors came from many countries in Europe.

_____ 2. The voyages laid the foundation of western Europe.
_____ 3. The foundations for empires were laid.
_____ 4. Western Europe lost its power.

7. Young people need to develop the values, attitudes, and problem-solving skills essential to
their participation in a political system which was designed, and is still based, on the
assumption that all citizens would be so prepared.

What is a basic assumption of this political system ?

_____ 1. All the people will be capable of participation.

_____ 2. All people participate in the system.
_____ 3. All people should have the same values and attitudes.
_____ 4. Most people cannot develop the skills to participate in the system.

8. While we may be interested in the possibilities of social harmony and individual fulfillment to
be achieved through nontraditional education, one cannot help being cautious about accepting
any sort of one-sided educational program as a cure for the world's ills.

How does the author feel about nontraditional education?

_____ 1. He believes that it has no possibility of success.
_____ 2. He doubts that it can cure the world's ills.
_____ 3. He feels that it is a cure for the world's ills.
_____ 4. He believes that it will bring social harmony.
ALIŞTIRMA 3
Ettirgen yapılar içeren aşağıdaki cümleleri inceleyin ve analiz edin.

1. Detailed calculations find that the acceleration of an object under gravity depends on both the
mass and temperature of an object in a way that makes heavier, or cooler objects fall faster
than lighter or hotter ones.
2. The job of the typographer is to make the reading of the printed page easy and pleasant, and
in illustrated books to make sure that, for example, the connection between text and
illustrations is clear.
3. To be a good teacher, you need to make the material varied, interesting, and understandable
to your students.
4. Although Miss Quested had not made herself popular with the English, she brought out all that
was fine in her character.
5. Probably the child first becomes aware of causality when he himself causes things to move by
pushing, pulling, and shaking them. Such movements occur at first by chance, and then the
child begins to produce them intentionally. Thus one of Piaget's children found at the age of
three months that by kicking around in her cot she could make her dolls, which were
suspended from a framework above the cot, move to and fro.
6. The mere fact that something has happened a certain number of times causes animals and
men to expect that it will happen again. Thus our instincts certainly cause us to believe that
the sun will rise tomorrow.
7. (In India) To send a telegram in the ordinary public fashion necessitates at least four separate
but interrelated operations. First, you approach the counter, which is besieged by a shrilling,
gesticulating crowd.
8. Gandhi was released from prison early in 1924. Almost his first public act was a three-week
fast in the cause of communal unity. This led to a conference on unity, and once more he was
in the centre of affairs.
9. Mrs. Thatcher has succeeded in making people believe in her economic "miracle", which, as
we have repeatedly argued, is largely an illusion.
10. As one delegate to the Cannes film festival put it: "Technically the British are always superb,
but when you are watching a comedy show only one question really counts - does it make you
laugh ?"
11. It is not surprising to find that success or failure in a task has some effect on the performance
of that task itself, and may also affect tasks performed immediately afterwards.
12. Make-up does several things to the human face. It may disguise it or protect it from the sun; it
may make it look younger and healthier, or it may label it as belonging to a particular social
category.
13. A type of reading which necessitates careful attention to detail is proof-reading, in which the
reader, in order to detect misprints, has to notice not so much on the meaning of what he
reads as the exact shapes and order of letters and words in the text.
14. In any interaction which makes you anxious, you can learn to adjust your own body language
and feel more confident. Try to avoid wringing your hands, as this conveys nervousness, or
raising your forefinger when you speak because the implicit aggression will arouse an unco-
operative response.
Sevgili Öğrenciler;

 Paragraf - ve dolayısı ile metin - analizi yapmak için, aşağıdaki sırayı izlemeniz yararlı olacaktır.
 Genel anlam için tüm metni okuyun ve sorun çıkarması olası yapı ve tümcelerin altını çizin. Çoğu metnin tümünü
okumadan analize başlamakta ve bu nedenle de, bir bakıma, hiç bilmedikleri bir metni analize çabalamaktadırlar.
 Tüm reference sözcüklerini inceleyin;

Mr. and Mrs. Barnett have had a road accident. That happened 17 miles off London.
That = Road accident

 Bilinmeyen sözcükleri çözümleyin;

 Tek tek tümceleri inceleyin; (S V O; yan tümceler vs. )
 Anında anlama durumuna engel olacak her türden tümce bileşenini belirleyeceğiniz özel bir işaretle […] vb..
saptayın.

Subject: ( )
Main Verb:
Adjectives, Adverbs:
Subordinate Clauses:

The word, of nineteen letters in sum, was quite difficult to spell.

The word, [of nineteen letters in sum], was quite difficult to spell.
ALIŞTIRMA 1
Bu alıştırmada yer alan üç metinden biri özgün, diğerleri ise bu özgün metinden yazılmış, farklı resmiyet dereceleri
taşıyan metinler. Bu üç metin içinden dilediğinizi (istediğiniz herhangi birini) analiz edin. Anlamı çıkarmak için diğer
metinlerden yardım alabilirsiniz.

a. Dr Marsh: "When one is "day-dreaming", as the expression goes, one can imagine oneself as being
exceptionally strong or outstandingly gifted. One could marry a prince or come into a fortune. And the only limit
is our own imagination. Our plans, in these day-dreams, don't have to be ones that would actually work in
practice, because we can imagine getting what we want, and how to get it! Daydreaming offers such wonderful
solutions to our problems that some people who can't face up to the ordinary demands of life end up relying
completely on their dreams. Unfortunately, though this may satisfy them mentally, it doesn't satisfy them
physically. And so they may end up needing institutional care.

b. Daydreaming. Popular expression for the indulgence in fancy or reverie while awake. In this condition, the
subject may imagine himself endowed with exceptional capacities, e.g. unusual strength or remarkable skills.
This may be accompanied by illusions such as marrying a prince or inheriting a fortune. The only limitation to
daydreaming is that of the individual's imaginative powers. In this condition, the imaginary plans of action need
not be those which could be practically realized, since both the achievement of the (imagined) goal and the
means by which it is attained are products of imagination.

One of the consequences of daydreaming is that, because it offers a potential solution to personal problems, it
may become an indispensable defense-mechanism for persons unable to deal with the practical demands of
life. The regrettable consequence of this is that daydreaming, while satisfying the needs of the mind, fails to
satisfy those of the body. As a result, day-dreams may eventually require therapeutic treatment.
 c. In the process of what we usually call "day-dreaming" we can imagine ourselves with unusual strength or
unexpected abilities. We can marry a prince or inherit a fortune. We are limited only by our own imaginations.
Our plan of action does not have to be the one which is likely to succeed in practice because we are able to
imagine the achievement of our goal as well as the means to its achievement. There are such wonderful
possibilities in this solution to our problems that some people, unable to cope with the practical requirements of
life, fall back completely on it. Unfortunately it fails to give physiological satisfaction with its psychological
satisfaction, so that such people may require institutional care.

ALIŞTIRMA 2
Aşağıdaki paragrafları derste işlediğiniz örnekler şeklinde analiz ediniz. Bilmediğiniz kelimeleri metinden tahmin etmeye
çalışınız. Başaramadığınız takdirde o kelimenin anlamının cümleyi çözebilmeniz için gerçekten gerekli olup olmadığını
kontrol ediniz. SADECE gerekli ise ve başka çarenizin kalmadığından eminseniz sözlük kullanın.
PARAGRAF 1
Often people who hold higher positions in a given group overestimate their performance, while people in the lowest
levels of the group underestimate theirs. While this may not always be true, it does not indicate that often the actual
position in the group has much to do with the feeling of personal confidence a person may have. Thus, if a member
holds a high position in a group or if he feels that he has an important part in the group, he will probably have more
confidence in his own performance.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 2
Like any theory of importance, that of social or cultural anthropology was the work of many minds and took on many
forms. Some, the best known of its opponents, worked on broad areas and attempted to describe and account for
the development of human civilization in its totality. Others restricted their efforts to specific aspects of the culture,
taking up the evolution of art, or the state, or religion.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 3
I saw by the clock of the city jail that it was past eleven, so I decided to go to the newspaper immediately. Outside
the editor's door I stopped to make sure my pages were in the right order; I smoothed them out carefully, stuck
them back into my pocket, and knocked. I could hear my heart thumping as I walked in.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 4
In recent years there have been many reports of a growing impatience with psychiatry, with its seeming
foreverness, its high cost, its debatable results, and its vague, esoteric terms. To many people it is like a blind man
in a dark room looking for a black cat that is not there. The magazines and mental health associations say
psychiatric treatment is a good thing, but what it is or what it accomplishes has not been made clear.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 5
The Incas had never acquired the art of writing, but they had developed a complicated system of knotted cords
called quipus. These were made of the wool of the alpaca or llama, dyed in various colors, the significance of which
was known to the officials. The cords were knotted in such a way as to represent the decimal system. Thus an
important message relating to the progress of crops, the amount of taxes collected, or the advance of an enemy
could be speedily sent by trained runners along the post roads.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 6
There was a time when scholars held that early man lived in a king of beneficent anarchy, in which each person
was granted his rights by his fellows and there was no governing or being governed. Various early writers looked
back to this Golden Age but the point of view that man was originally a child of nature is best known to us in the
writings of Rousseau, Locke, and Hobbes. These men described the concept of social contract, which they said
had put an end to the state of nature in which earliest man is supposed to have lived.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 7
The illustrations in books make it easier for us to believe in people and events described. The more senses
satisfied, the easier is belief. Visual observation tends to be the most convincing evidence. Children, being less
capable of translating abstractions into actualities, need illustration more than adults. Most of us, when we read,
tend to create only vague ghostlike forms in response to the words. The illustrator, when he reads, must see. The
great illustrator sees accurately.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 8
Surveys reveal that most adults consider themselves "well informed about the affairs of the nation and the world."
Yet a regularly taken Roper poll that asks, "From where do you obtain most of your information about the world ?"
has found the percentage of people who reply, "Television" has been increasing steadily over the past decade. The
latest questionnaire found that well over 60 percent of the respondents chose television over other media as their
major source of information. These two facts are difficult to reconcile since even a casual study of television news
reveals that it is only a headline service and not a source of information enabling one to shape a world view.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 9
The dusty book room whose windows never opened, through whose panes the summer sun sent a dim light where
gold speckles danced and shimmered, opened magic windows for me through which I looked another worlds and
 times than those in which I lived. The narrow shelves rose halfway up the walls, their topes piled with untidy layers
that almost touched the ceiling. The piles on the floor had to be climbed over, columns of books flanked the
window, falling at a touch.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 10
By voting against mass transportation, voters have chosen to continue on a road to ruin. Our interstate highways,
those much praised golden avenues built to whisk suburban travelers in and out of downtown have turned into the
world's most expensive parking lots. That expense is not only economic - it is social. These highways have created
great wall separating neighborhood from neighborhood, disrupting the complex social connections that help make a
city livable.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 11
There are basically two kinds of printer worth considering these days for use with a small home or business
computer, both of them of the impact variety, that is, those which strike through an inked ribbon in order to deposit
the impression on the paper. The first, and by far the most popular, is the dot matrix variety, which is cheaper and
faster than the second type, the formed character printer. This latter type, characterized by its use of a "daisywheel"
arrangement, while suffering from the disadvantages mentioned, as well as from a lack of ability to reproduce
graphics, is the only kind so far which can offer quick changes of type style or size and which gives professional
quality printing.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 12
Amber is created when the resins produced by certain trees in tropical or subtropical climates undergo a
transformation process that usually takes millions of years, and which is still not fully understood. The Baltic Sea
area, now a temperature zone, probably holds the best- known and most highly-prized supply of amber, which is
used in jewelry. In addition, in earlier centuries, magical properties were attributed to amber because of the
electricity it acquires when rubbed.
The substance is also of great interest to scientists since it has been the means of preserving fossils, especially of
insects, as much as 40 million years old. Amber varies greatly according to the place where it is formed, the amber
in each location having its characteristic color, hardness, and even odor.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 13
The Currier and Ives firm of lithographers was founded by Nathaniel Currier in 1934. James Ives joined the firm as
a bookkeeper eighteen years later just after becoming Currier's brother-in-law, and was made a partner in 1857.
 The pair showed an uncanny ability to predict what the American public would rush to buy in the way of cheap art,
and literally hundreds of thousands of prints from as many as 7,000 individual pictures were turned out and sold
from the firm's shop in lower New York by street vendors and over shop counters throughout the country and even
in Europe. Though in the course of time the firm employed some of America's finest artists, artistic excellence could
certainly not be counted among the firm's real goals. Nevertheless, some time after it went out of business in 1907,
the prints enjoyed new popularity as collectors' items, the rarer examples fetching thousands of dollars in the
1920's.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 14
Recent research into whether people who are good at solving brain twisters are more intelligent than those who are
not suggests that the "experts" make use of a special type of insight. However, not only do they appear to be good
at this (choosing which elements to process, to combine, or to compare from the information given), but they are
also clever at making use of "general" or prior knowledge and at monitoring their own progress with a particular
problem. In addition, they appear capable of adopting as appropriate cognitive style consisting of a combination of
impulse and reflection. Just what this combination is still mystifies the researchers, and so does the original
question, to which their answer is a somewhat frustrating possibly.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 15
The eradication of malaria has proved to be a much more intractable problem than ridding the world of what used to
be regarded as a much more terrible scourge: smallpox. Even after decades of campaigns against the former
disease, some 200 million people are infected annually, whereas fortunately the latter has now virtually
disappeared. One of the more interesting approaches now being investigated to combat malaria is development of
what would be the first altruistic vaccine - that is, one not aimed at protesting those who are immunized, nor at
curing the disease, but one which would prevent carriers of the disease from transmitting it to others.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 16
The fact that some naturally left-handed children are forced into becoming right-handed may even result in
levophobia, an irrational fear of the left. Sufferers from this rare condition find their hearts pound as if a heart attack
were coming on a result of their brains releasing adrenaline at the mere prospect of a left-oriented maneuver. They
refuse to stand on the left side of an elevator, make left-hand turns when driving, sometimes even to look to the left.
Psychologists believe levophobia will only disappear entirely when left handed children - a minority in all known
societies - are fully accepted.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 17
Since an increasing amount of the information we take in today has been previously recorded and is then presented
to us through radio, TV, or cassette, there are obvious advantages in speeding up recorded material. Up until now,
the problem in doing this has been that simply increasing the speed of a recording makes the pitch of the voice
unnaturally high. Now, a solution of this problem is offered by machines that lower the pitch and break down speech
into tiny fragments. With the aid of a computer, certain unnecessary parts of the recording are eliminated and the
speech is then put back together, to reduce a thirty-minute broadcast by as much as 20% without leaving out
anything.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 18
Simply stated, computational linguistics is no more than the use of electronic digital computers in linguistic
research. These machines are employed to scan texts and to produce, more rapidly and more reliably than is
possible without their aid, such reliable tools for linguistic and stylistic research as word lists, frequency counts, and
concordances. But more interesting and theoretically much more difficult than the compilation of lists, is the use of
computers for automatic grammatical analysis and translation. A considerable amount of progress was made in the
area of machine translation in the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France between the mid-
1950's and the mid-1960's, but much of the original impetus for this work has now disappeared, due in part to the
realization that the problems involved are infinitely more complex than was at first envisaged. Thus, translation
continues to remain as much an art as a science, if not more so.
Verbs: Reference

PARAGRAF 19
Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to a limited extent. The pace at which
the process has spread recently, however, is largely man's own doing. This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel
drought of 1968-73. The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who had earlier been forced
by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazing practices that were not in accord with their traditions. In
common with those of other nomads around the world, such traditions involved never staying in one place so long
as to exhaust the earth that provided them with sustenance. When these people were not allowed to follow this
tradition, the process of desertification moved ahead quickly.
Verbs: Reference
 Anlam Bütünlüğünü Bozan Tümce

 Connector olarak adlandırılan (in other words, that is, however gibi) yapıların kullanımına dikkat. Bu yapılar paragraf içinde
tümcelerin birbiri ile yapısal bağlantısını sağladığı için paragrafın bütününü anlamanıza yardımcı olurlar.
 Değinme (=reference) belirten sözcükleri inceleyin. Başka sözcük ya da ifadeler yerine kullanılan it, he, she, one, that, the
former, the latter gibi değinme sözcüklerinin bir önceki tümce ve daha önceki tümcelerle ilişkisini saptayın. Herhangi bir ilişki yoksa
sözcüğün geçtiği tümce anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümce olabilir.
 Çok genel bir ifadeyi ele alan tümcelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümce sorusu verildi.

Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.

1. (I) By about 3500 B.C., there had developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia a highly advanced social and economic life. (II)
Copper and bronze were being used, although on a limited scale, and trading contracts with other countries had been established. (III)
It is the opinion of most archaeologists that civilization first developed in the Middle East. (IV) Many of the contracts were with Syria,
which, lying between Egypt and Mesopotamia, had participated at an early date in the general advance of material and cultural
development. (V) Moreover, Syria was endowed with a number of resources that were lacking in Egypt and Mesopotamia.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

2. (I) Throughout the Middle Ages Christian Europe launched many allied expeditions against the Muslim rule in Spain to bring it
to an end. (II) Historically, the ancient palace of the Muslim rulers at Granada is called "Alhambra". (III) Originally, it was designed, built,
and developed into an architectural masterpiece in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. (IV) Unfortunately, the stylistic uniformity of
the palace was spoiled when in the sixteenth century turned part of it into a modern residence. (V) However, the most beautiful parts of
the interior, including the Court of Alberca and the Court of Lions, have survived and preserve their original charm.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

3. (I) It was Engels in 1844 who first referred to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. (II) For him, the transformation of Britain from
a merely agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one was of a revolutionary nature. (III) In the nineteenth century Britain
colonized most of Africa and South East Asia. (IV) Actually, the Industrial Revolution had begun in the late eighteenth century with the
mechanization of the textile industry. (V) This was soon followed by major technological and other industrial developments which made
Britain the most prosperous country in the world.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

4. (I) While most early European immigrants to America were farmers, many city dwellers came to the new land as well. (II)
These new comers were attracted to the bustling urban centres. (III) As a result, American cities expanded enormously. (IV) The
history of the United States is filled with accounts of people who came from all over the world to settle here. (V) New York, for example,
which had a population of only six thousand in 1800, grew to a city of more than one million in 1860.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

5. (I) As we live and grow we learn the culture of the society in which we live. (II) Sociologists tell us that the most significant
elements of culture that we must learn are values, norms and roles. (III) While values are rather general, norms are quite specific. (IV)
A collection of the norms connected with a particular situation or activity is a society is called a role. (V) History shows us that
disagreements over vital political issues always create violent conflicts within a society.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

6. (I) In 1965 when Mrs Indira Gandhi became the prime minister of India, she faced serious political problems in the country. (II)
For instance, she followed a pro-Soviet foreign policy and, hence, did not react against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (III) In the
first place, she had to consolidate her authority in the Congress Party against the opposition from the Party's old guard. (IV) Also she
had to deal with the terrorist activities in various parts of the country. (V) However, she took courageous steps in her rule and won a
landslide election victory in 1971.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

7. (I) Getting through a day without being exposed to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both directly and indirectly the media
have a profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we think is influenced by the media.
(IV) Yet, the question is whether what the media provides us with, can always be good and revealing. (V) According to one study, 64%
of the American public turns on television for most of its news.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

8. (I) Writing in the 1930s, J. M. Keynes was mainly concerned with unemployment. (II) For him, the question was why it
persisted. (III) Since 1945 the twin objectives of economic growth and full employment have been the primary concern of developed
countries throughout world. (IV) His own answer to this was that unemployment was determined by the level of output, and this was
determined by demand. (V) Therefore, the level of unemployment could be regulated by managing the level of demand.
 A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

9. (I) To understand the British system of government it is essential to appreciate the importance of the party system. (II)
Naturally, parties exist to form governments, and in Britain the path to this goal lies in the House of Commons, for the party which
obtains a majority of seats has the right to form the government. (III) Since the seventeenth century, two parties have usually been
predominant in Britain policies. (IV) Until 1920s the Tories (the Conservatives) and the Whigs (the Liberals), and since the 1930s the
Conservatives and the Labour. (V) So far many reforms have been introduced to improve the local election system.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

10. (I) In October 1973 the Arab oil-producing states took the decision to restrict oil supplies to the West and raise oil
prices. (II) The restriction of supplies was initiated as a short-run weapon in the Arab-Israel conflict. (III) In fact, it revealed a potential
for obtaining higher prices, which had not previously exploited by the oil countries. (IV) Most economists argue that the exploitation of
North Sea oil has been a mixed blessing for Britain. (V) Being aware of this potential, the international oil cartel OPEC raised the price
for a barrel of crude oil from 1.75 US dollars in September 1973 to 7.00 US dollars in January 1974.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

11. (I) In general the term "abstract art" is used to describe new movements and techniques in plastic arts in the twentieth
century. (II) The underlying principle of this art is that it is not the subject at all but form and colour which really possess aesthetic value.
(III) Obviously, we cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of art throughout history is closely bound up with some form of religion. (IV)
Most art historians suggest that the Impressionists, especially Cezanne, can be considered to be the pioneers of this art. (V) Also, there
are some who strongly argue that the origins of abstract art are to be sought in the designs of primitive people as well as folk art.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

12. (I) From the fourteenth century onwards, especially in Italy, scholars, poets, and artists began to take a new interest
in learning. (II) In nearly all the city-states of Northern Italy the power had been seized by certain families. (III) Instead of studying
chiefly theology and the writings of the medieval philosophers, they now turned to the philosophers and poets of classical antiquity and
began to study them intensively. (IV) The minds of men were now set free and they began to think as they pleased. (V) This new
learning soon spread to the rest of Europe and the "Renaissance" was well under way.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

YANITLAR

1. (I) By about 3500 B.C., there had developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia a highly advanced social and economic life.
(II) Copper and bronze were being used, although on a limited scale, and trading contracts with other countries had been established.
(III) It is the opinion of most archaeologists that civilization first developed in the Middle East. (IV) Many of the contracts were
with Syria, which, lying between Egypt and Mesopotamia, had participated at an early date in the general advance of material and
cultural development. (V) Moreover, Syria was endowed with a number of resources that were lacking in Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Üçüncü tümce tüm paragrafın anlattıkları için çok genel. Ayrıca, tümcelerin tümü geçmişten söz ederken üçüncü tümce bugünü
anlatmakta.

2. (I) Throughout the Middle Ages Christian Europe launched many allied expeditions against the Muslim rule
in Spain to bring it to an end. (II) Historically, the ancient palace of the Muslim rulers at Granada is called "Alhambra". (III) Originally,
it was designed, built, and developed into an architectural masterpiece in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. (IV) Unfortunately, the
stylistic uniformity of the palace was spoiled when in the sixteenth century turned part of it into a modern residence. (V) However, the
most beautiful parts of the interior, including the Court of Alberca and the Court of Lions, have survived and preserve their original
charm.

Birinci tümce tüm paragrafın anlattıkları için çok genel. Paragrafın bütünü sarayı anlatmakta.

3. (I) It was Engels in 1844 who first referred to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. (II) For him, the transformation of
Britain from a merely agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one was of a revolutionary nature. (III) In the nineteenth
century Britain colonized most of Africa and South East Asia.(IV) Actually, the Industrial Revolution had begun in the late
eighteenth century with the mechanization of the textile industry. (V) This was soon followed by major technological and other industrial
developments which made Britain the most prosperous country in the world.

İkinci ve dördüncü tümceler koloni durumundan endüstrileşme sürecini geçişi anlattıkları için birbiri ile bağlantılı. Üçüncü tümce
bu bağlantıyı çok genel bir ifade ile bozuyor.

4. (I) While most early European immigrants to America were farmers, many city dwellers came to the new land as well.
(II) These new comers were attracted to the bustling urban centres. (III) As a result, American cities expanded enormously. (IV) The
history of the United States is filled with accounts of people who came from all over the world to settle here. (V) New York, for
example, which had a population of only six thousand in 1800, grew to a city of more than one million in 1860.
 Dördüncü tümce tüm paragrafın anlattıkları için çok genel.

5. (I) As we live and grow we learn the culture of the society in which we live. (II) Sociologists tell us that the most
significant elements of culture that we must learn are values, norms and roles. (III) While values are rather general, norms are quite
specific. (IV) A collection of the norms connected with a particular situation or activity is a society is called a role. (V) History shows us
that disagreements over vital political issues always create violent conflicts within a society.

Metnin bütününde values ve norms ele alınmakta. Beşinci tümce ise bambaşka şeylerden söz ediyor.

6. (I) In 1965 when Mrs Indira Gandhi became the prime minister of India, she faced serious political problems in the
country. (II) For instance, she followed a pro-Soviet foreign policy and, hence, did not react against the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan. (III) In the first place, she had to consolidate her authority in the Congress Party against the opposition from the Party's
old guard. (IV) Also she had to deal with the terrorist activities in various parts of the country. (V) However, she took courageous steps
in her rule and won a landslide election victory in 1971.

Metnin bütünü political problems ile ilgili. İkinci tümcede ise bu işlenmemekte.

7. (I) Getting through a day without being exposed to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both directly and indirectly
the media have a profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we think is influenced by
the media. (IV) Yet, the question is whether what the media provides us with, can always be good and revealing. (V) According to one
study, 64% of the American public turns on television for most of its news.

Tüm metin media ve onun etkileri ile ilgili. Beşinci tümcede ise metnin tümünde ele alınmayan ve bağlantısı olmayan ayrıntılar
var.

8. (I) Writing in the 1930s, J. M. Keynes was mainly concerned with unemployment. (II) For him, the question was why it
persisted. (III) Since 1945 the twin objectives of economic growth and full employment have been the primary concern of
developed countries throughout world. (IV) His own answer to this was that unemployment was determined by the level of output,
and this was determined by demand. (V) Therefore, the level of unemployment could be regulated by managing the level of demand.

Herşeyden önce, tüm paragrafta geçmiş zaman kullanılırken üçüncü tümcede present perfect kullanılmakta. Ayrıca ikinci
tümcenin Keynes ve onun düşünceleriyle bir ilişkisi yok.

9. (I) To understand the British system of government it is essential to appreciate the importance of the party system.
(II) Naturally, parties exist to form governments, and in Britain the path to this goal lies in the House of Commons, for the party which
obtains a majority of seats has the right to form the government. (III) Since the seventeenth century, two parties have usually been
predominant in Britain policies. (IV) Until 1920s the Tories (the Conservatives) and the Whigs (the Liberals), and since the 1930s the
Conservatives and the Labour. (V) So far many reforms have been introduced to improve the local election system.

Metinde local election system ile doğrudan ilişkili hiçbirşey yok. Ayrıca, tüm paragraf party system ve bunun nitelikleri ile ilgili.

10. (I) In October 1973 the Arab oil-producing states took the decision to restrict oil supplies to the West and raise oil
prices. (II) The restriction of supplies was initiated as a short-run weapon in the Arab-Israel conflict. (III) In fact, it revealed a potential
for obtaining higher prices, which had not previously exploited by the oil countries. (IV) Most economists argue that the exploitation
of North Sea oil has been a mixed blessing for Britain. (V) Being aware of this potential, the international oil cartel OPEC raised the
price for a barrel of crude oil from 1.75 US dollars in September 1973 to 7.00 US dollars in January 1974.

Tüm paragrafta 1973 yılında olan şeyler anlatılmakta. Dördüncü tümce ise çok genel ve günümüze ait bilgi içermekte.

11. (I) In general the term "abstract art" is used to describe new movements and techniques in plastic arts in the
twentieth century. (II) The underlying principle of this art is that it is not the subject at all but form and colour which really possess
aesthetic value. (III) Obviously, we cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of art throughout history is closely bound up with
some form of religion. (IV) Most art historians suggest that the Impressionists, especially Cezanne, can be considered to be the
pioneers of this art. (V) Also, there are some who strongly argue that the origins of abstract art are to be sought in the designs of
primitive people as well as folk art.

Birinci tümcede abstract art, ikinci tümcede this art (=abstract art), dördüncü tümcede this art (=abstract art) ve beşinci tümcede
abstract art.

12. (I) From the fourteenth century onwards, especially in Italy, scholars, poets, and artists began to take a new interest
in learning. (II) In nearly all the city-states of Northern Italy the power had been seized by certain families. (III) Instead of
studying chiefly theology and the writings of the medieval philosophers, they now turned to the philosophers and poets of classical
antiquity and began to study them intensively. (IV) The minds of men were now set free and they began to think as they pleased. (V)
This new learning soon spread to the rest of Europe and the "Renaissance" was well under way.

Tüm paragraf learning ile ilgili. İkinci tümce dışında.

Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
TIME CLAUSE
1. TANIM
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tümcelerde, ana tümce ile yan
tümcede kullanılan tense uyumlu olmalıdır. Yani,
PRESENT PRESENT
I never forget to pray before I go to bed.
PRESENTFUTURE
She will be there when I arrive at the airport.
PASTPAST
When we got there, the film was over.
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına bir tek since uymamaktadır.
PRESENT PAST
I have known him since I left school.
2. TIME BEFORE
2.1. Until/Till

KULLANIMI
until/till + ad / tümce / Ving

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -EnE / -IncEyE kadar [1]
ad + -E kadar [2]

He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]

Cilalamayı tamamlayana kadar sabırla çalıştı.
Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]

Until ve by sözcüklerinden hangisinin kullanılacağı konusu çeviri ya da İngilizce yazma/konuşma

esnasında bir tereddüt konusu olabilmektedir.
Until belirli bir zamana kadar süren bir olay ya da durum için kullanılır.
I have to keep writing until the end of next year.

By belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan önce oluşan bir olay için kullanılır.
My book will be finished by the end of next year.

Burada belirtilmesi gereken önemli bir nokta da, by sözcüğünün zaman yapılarında bu tür
kullanımında hiçbir zaman bir conjunction olarak kullanılamaması, yani, ardından bir S+V+(O)
yapısının gelememesidir.
I hadn't liked Spielberg's films ..... I watched his masterpiece
"ET".
A. after
B. by the time
C. in case
D. until
E. while
The sailors decided that it was better to wait ..... .
A. as they have heard the weather forecast.
B. by the time the mist settles
C. since the time the weather conditions changed
D. until the sea was calmer
E. whether their boat is thoroughly ready for sail
2.2. Before

KULLANIMI
before + ad / tümce / Ving

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEdEn önce
yüklem + -DEn önce

They left before the door was opened.

Before the geological age of a fossil can be established, ......

A. theory of evolution was not fully understood
B. movements within the earth's crust have been measured
C. the necessary equipment has been provided
D. the measurements were not sufficiently accurate
E. the evolutionary significance of the remains must be fully
understood
2.3. By the time

KULLANIMI
by the time + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -EnE kadar

They will have gone by the time we arrive.

Kullanım özelliği:

by the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous)

 by the time + simple past, past perfect (continuous)
By the time something ..... to save them, whales ..... extinct
before it is too late.
A. had done/would have gone
B. has been done/will go
C. is done/will have gone
D. was done/had gone
E. will be done/have gone
By ile by the time farkı:

by + tümce

3. SAME TIME
3.1. As

KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
(tam) ... -(i)ken

As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.
3.2. As long as / So long as

KULLANIMI
as long as/so long as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -DIğI sürece/müddetçe

I'll love you as long as I live.

3.3. While/Whilst
Bu sözcüklerden whilst çok resmi yapılarda kullanılabilir.

KULLANIMI
while / whilst + tümce [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -(i)ken

They came while I was sunbathing. [1]

While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]

The secretary took notes ..... I explained her how to use the
new software.
A. before
B. by the time
C. in case
D. though
E. while
3.4. When / Whenever

KULLANIMI
when + tümce [1] / sıfat [2] / Ving [3]; whenever + tümce [4] / sıfat [5]

ÇEVİRİSİ
(her ne) zaman ... -sE
yüklem + - DIğI zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DIğI(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkçE

When I sleep I always snore. [1]

Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]

Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]

She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]

 When I last ..... Peter he ..... to be transfered to the firm's new
factory.
A. was seeing/had hoped
B. have seen/hoped
C. saw/would hope
D. saw/was hoping
E. see/will hope
Dikkat:

Yan tümcede present perfect tense mümkündür.


When I ..... my last exam I ..... for, I plan to have a long
holiday.
A. had taken/studied
B. have taken/have been studying
C. take/study
D. took/had been studying
E. will take/am studying
3.5. Now that

KULLANIMI
now that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-DIğI için
(Hazır) ... yüklem -DIğI [(n)E] göre

Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.

3.6. Ving
He came in shouting.

Bu yapıya benzer bir yapıda hiç yüklem kullanılmamaktadır:

He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
3.7. During

KULLANIMI
during + ad

ÇEVİRİSİ
esnasında

During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.

4. TIME AFTER
4.1. After
KULLANIMI
after + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem/ad + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardından/sonra

After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]

After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]

After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]

You will be responsible for the whole project ..... I've left, so
now listen carefully!
A. after
B. during
C. for
D. since
E. while
4.2. As soon as

KULLANIMI
as soon as + tümce [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz

As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]

As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]

Bir eş anlam:
as soon as = the minute

4.3. Directly/Immediately
Bu iki yapı da sık kullanılmaz.

KULLANIMI
directly / immediately + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz

She smiled immediately she heard the news.

İki eş anlam:
directly / immediately = the moment / the minute

4.4. Once

KULLANIMI
once + tümce [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
Bir kez .. yüklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gör-

Once I make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]

Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]

4.5. Since

KULLANIMI
since + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Den beri/bu yana

He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]

We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]

I've been typing since 12. [3]

I haven't had a single accident ..... I got my driving license

almost ten years ago.
A. after
B. as
C. before
D. for
E. since
Present perfect konusunda da belirtildiği gibi ...
since + simple past

4.6. When / Whenever
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan when / whenever ile
aynıdır.
4.7. Now that
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan now that ile aynıdır.
4.8. No sooner ... than

KULLANIM
No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past

ÇEVİRİ
Daha yeni/Henüz ... yüklem + -mIştI ki ...

No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.

Çok önemli özellikler:
No sooner + had + özne + V3 + than ..+ simple past
 No sooner ... yapısında mutlaka than kullanılır.
No sooner ... yapısının tümce başında yer alması
durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır.
4.9. Hardly / Scarcely ... when
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından No sooner ... than yapısı ile aynıdır.
Çok önemli özellikler:

Hardly/Scarcely + had + özne + V3 + when ..+ simple

 past
Hardly/scarcely yapısında mutlaka when kullanılır.
Hardly/Scarcely yapısının tümce başında yer alması
durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır.
4.10. On, upon
Ving başlığı altında (aşağıda 5 numaralı başlık) ele alınmaktadır.
4.11. (only) to ...
Geçici bir durumu göstermek ve durumun ortaya çıkardığı sonucu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
I rushed to the door to discover it was locked
tümcesinde to discover yapısı in order to discover anlamı taşımamaktadır, zira bu anlamı taşıyor olsa
kapının kilitli olduğunu bile bile kapıya gitme söz konusu olacaktır.
* Kapının kilitli olduğunu keşfetmek için kapıya koştum.
Bu yapının gerçek karşılığı
... to discover = and I discovered
yaklaşımı ile
Kapıya koştum ve kilitli olduğunu farkettim
şeklinde olacaktır.
I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.

She turned the corner, to find the car gone.

The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.

4.12. yüklem + to + yüklem

Aslında yüklem + and + yüklem şeklinde kullanılabilecek bir yapıdır ve uzunca bir süreye bağlı bir
sonucu ifade eder.
She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)

The show went on to become a great success.

5. Ving
5.1. Same time (= When)
Returning to the village, I met an old friend.

(On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.

Dikkat:
Ving yapısı ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana
 tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.
 When I returned to the village, I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village, I met an
old friend.)
..... us that the flat was in perfect condition, the estate agent
asked us if we would like to see the flat.
A. Tell
B. Telling
C. To be told
D. To tell
E. Told

The applicants, ..... for the interview all morning, looked very
bored when they were finally allowed in.
A. being waited
B. having waited
C. to have waited
D. waited
E. waiting
5.2. Time after (= When / After)
Having + V3 ya da -ing yapısı ile oluşturulur.
Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had
completed ...)

5.3. (By) + Ving

Bu yapı zaman belirtmesinin yanısıra neden de (= reason) belirtebilir.
By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.

5.4. ..., Ving

He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants. (= When he was rising to his feet, he
spilt coffee on his pants.)

6. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3)

Çok önemli özellikler:

Edilgen özellik taşır.


Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana
tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.
(When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.

CONDITION CLAUSE
1. IF
1.1. First condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi mümkün olasılık anlatır.

KULLANIMI
If + Present, Future / Present tense

ÇEVİRİSİ
(Eğer) ... -I/Er ise, -EcEk / -I/Er

If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will have
doubled by the year 2005.
DEVRİK YAPI
Should you see her, give her the message.

If you ..... to a doctor straight away as I advise, you ..... a

great deal of discomfort.
A. would go/would have been spared
B. have gone/were spared
C. had gone/would have been spared
D. were going/have been spared
E. go/will have been spared
If ile başlayan bölüm (= yan tümce) ile ilgili önemli bir not:

If + will / may / might ... , ....


1.2. Second Condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi pek mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.

KULLANIMI
If + Simple past, could / would (be able to) / might

ÇEVİRİSİ
(Eğer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI

If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.

DEVRİK YAPI
Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now.

Would you accept the offer if you ..... in my shoes.

A. are
B. can be
C. were
D. had been
E. should be
Was yerine were kullanımı önem taşır:

If I / she / you / it / they / ... WERE ....


Ayrıca şu yapılara dikkat:

Would you mind ...?

Do you mind ... ?

Kim: I urgently need an envelope for this card.

Tom: Do you mind if I go and buy you one?
Kim: .....
Tom: I'll be back in a minute.
 A. Yes, and buy a pen as well, please.
B. Yes, this would be lovely.
C. No, not at all; most appreciated.
D. I'd better have an envelope immediately.
E. Actually, what I need is that one.
Progressive / Continuous kullanıma dikkat:

Would be + VingSecond Condition


She must be earning a lot. Otherwise, she ..... such a
luxurious life.
A. couldn't have led
B. hasn't been leading
C. isn't leading
D. wasn't leading
E. wouldn't be leading
1.3. Third Condition
Geçmişe ait ve gerçekleşmesi artık mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.

KULLANIMI
A. If + Past Perfect, would /could / might + have + V3 [1]
B. If + Past Perfect, would / could / might + V1 + (now) [2]
C. If + would / could + have + V3, would / could / might + have + V3 [3]

ÇEVİRİSİ
A.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -I/ErdI

If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]

B.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, (şimdi) ... -I/ErdI
If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]

C.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -EbIlIrdI
I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]

DEVRİK YAPI
Had he been more careful, he could have won.

If I ..... you were coming I ..... you a lift.

A. knew/can give
B. know/have given
C. had known/could have given
D. have known/gave
E. will know/would give
1.4. If + should
Az gerçekleşme olasılığı gösterir.
 If you should see him, let me know.

1.5. If + happen to
If + should yapısı ile aynı anlamdadır.
1.6. If + were to
Were to yapısı gelecekte gerçekleşme olasılığı az bir olayı anlatmada kullanılabilir.
What would you do if a war were to break out ?

Were to yapısı zorlayıcı bir öneri ifade edebilir.

If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.

If Turkey ..... to withdraw from the NATO alliance, certainly it

..... a global crisis.
A. had/will cause
B. was/would have caused
C. will have/causes
D. were/would cause
E. would have/had caused
1.7. If it weren't for
Bu yapı olayın bir başka olayı değiştirdiğini / etkilediğini göstermede "olmasa" anlamında kullanılır.
If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.

1.8. If it hadn't been for

If it weren't for yapısının geçmiş zaman halidir.
If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.

1.9. But for

If it hadn't been for yapısı ile aynı anlamı taşır.
But for you, I could have given up long ago.

1.10. If only (= I wish ...)

A) If only + Past tense
If only I had more money, I could buy a drink.

If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right.

B) If only + would / could

Bu yapı istek / amaç belirtir.
If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.

If only he wouldn't snore !

If only we ..... more money on us, we wouldn't have got so

embarrassed at the supermarket.
A. had taken
B. have taken
C. took
 D. would have taken
E. would take
If only you ..... in my affairs that much! I really don't want to
offend you.
A. don't interfere
B. hadn't interfered
C. haven't interfered
D. won't interfere
E. wouldn't interfere
2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS

KULLANIMI
as long as, so long as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
- DIğI sürece/takdirde

She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.

You can leave the room ..... you promise to tidy your things.
A. unless
B. as long as
C. although
D. however
E. before
3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING

KULLANIMI
assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) +
tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
Assuming/supposing -DIğInI varsayarsak/varsayınca
Provided/providing -mEsI koşulu ile/-DIğI takdirde
Assuming that the journey is likely to take a full day, we may except him any minute.

You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.

You can use my computer ..... you are careful with it.
A. as much as
B. even if
C. expecting
D. in case
E. providing
4. IN CASE
KULLANIMI
in case + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-sE diye

Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.

We should have the car checked before we set out for our
holiday ..... something goes wrong.
A. although
B. before
C. by the time
D. in case
E. while
Bu yapı in (the) case of + ad/Ving ( ... "durumunda") şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
In case of a fire, use the side doors.

In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.

Just in case kullanımı ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamını yansıtır.

"Why do you always carry that umbrella ?" "Just in case."
5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT)

KULLANIMI
in the event that + tümce
just so (that) + tümce
on condition (that) + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mEsI durumunda/-DIğI takdirde
In the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to give it.

6. UNLESS

KULLANIMI
unless + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda

I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.

This boy of yours will be very spoilt ..... you stop treating him
as if he were a baby.
A. as though
B. if
C. in case
 D. unless
E. when
7. GIVEN

KULLANIMI
given (that) + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
olsa, -mEsI durumunda

Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.

Given yapısı "rağmen" anlamını taşıyan tümce (Concession Clause) olarak da kullanılabilir.
8. WISH
Dilek belirten bir yapı olarak I wish / He wishes / .. çeşitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanılabilir. Bu zamanın
seçimi elbette tümcenin oluşturulduğu duruma bağlıdır.
(Simple Present)
I'm not rich. I wish I was/were rich.
I don't earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot.
She talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot.
(Present Continuous)
It's raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.
She is studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying.
(Simple Past)
She didn't come. I wish she had come.
(Present Perfect)
He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it.
(Will)
You will always complain! I wish you wouldn't complain.
He will sing all the time! I wish he wouldn't sing.
wish + simple past / past continuous / would / could =
 Second condition

wish + past perfect = Third condition

I wish they ..... to the party with us tomorrow.

A. can come
B. com
C. could come
D. had come
E. would have come
I wish nobody ..... of hunger in our present day.
A. is dying
B. died
C. dies
D. had died
E. has died
Bu yapılar Türkçeye "keşke" olarak aktarılabilir.
PLACE CLAUSE
1. WHERE
KULLANIMI
where + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -DIğI yerde

Where I come from, this is called injustice.

2. WHEREVER

KULLANIMI
wherever + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
(neresi olursa orada)
yüklem + -DIğI her yer(d)e/yerin
They went wherever they expected to find work.

CONCESSION CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Although / Though
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın; -DIğI halde
Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.

Devrik yapı ile de kullanılabilir.

Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident. (=Although she was ...)

Although ve though farkı:

Though, tümce içinde ve sonunda however anlamında
 kullanılabilir.
1.2. Even if / Even though
Türkçeye çevirisi although ile aynıdır. Even if "-sE bile" olarak aktarılabilir.
He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.

You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.

1.3. Whereas
Türkçeye although gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarılır.
Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.

1.4. While / Whilst

Türkçeye although gibi aktarılır.
While he is quite nice, sometimes he is a menace.

1.5. Despite / In spite of / Regardless of / Notwithstanding / Irrespective of + the fact that

Türkçeye "...( gerçeğin)e karşın / rağmen" ile aktarılırlar.
Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace. (=Although he is ...)
1.6. As
Devrik yapı durumunda "rağmen" anlamı taşıyabilir.
 Tired as I was, I went on walking. (=Although I was tired ...)

Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support. (=Although you may change
...)

Bu yapı Reason veya Similarity Clause olarak da kullanılabilir.

As sözcüğü yerine that kullanıldığı da görülür.
Fool that he was, he made no mistakes.

1.7. As ... as
Bu yapı ender olarak kullanılır.
As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the country.
(=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)

2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR

2.1. Despite/In spite of

KULLANIMI
despite/in spite of + ad [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın
ad + -E rağmen / karşın
He came in spite of his illness. [1] / being ill. [2]

He still chooses to play with his plastic toy gun despite the
many electric toys he has.
A. Although he has many electric toys, he prefers to play with
his plactic toy gun.
B. Due to the number of his toys, he's having difficulty in
choosing between his plastic toy and electric toys.
C. He has electric toys as well, but today he is playing with
his plastic toy gun.
D. He may choose to play with his plastic toy gun, but his
favourite is his electric toy.
E. In spite of playing with his plastic toy gun, he still has some
electric toys as well.
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding

KULLANIMI
irrespective of / regardless of / notwithstanding + ad /
WH

ÇEVİRİSİ
ad + -E rağmen / karşın
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın
göz önüne almaksızın
Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.
2.3. ..., still / yet

KULLANIMI
..., still/yet + Ving [1] / tümce [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karşın

He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] / he never gave in. [2]

3. Given (that)
Yerine göre koşul anlamı da verebilen bu yapı pek sık kullanılmamaktadır.
Given her charm, she is alone. / Given that she has charm, she is alone.

4. For all
For all his efforts, he failed.

Aşağıdaki farklı kullanıma dikkat:

For all + tümce = as far as

CONTRAST CLAUSE
Dilbilgisi kitaplarında ayrı bir başlık altında yer alsa da yapı olarak Concession Clause ile aynıdır.
Whereas, while, whilst ile oluşturulur ve Türkçeye en basit olarak "oysa" sözcüğü ile aktarılır.
REASON CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Because, As, For, Since
Türkçeye "yüklem + -I için / -IndEn ötürü / dolayı", "yüklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" şeklinde
aktarılırlar.
Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.

As sözcüğü devrik yapıda kullanılarak da Reason Clause oluşturabilir. Aynı yapı Concession Clause
için de geçerli olduğu için hangi anlamın çıkarılması gerektiğine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.
Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]
Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]

..... the prices are very high, I have to find a second job to
make ends meet.
A. Even though
B. In spite of
C. Unless
D. Because
E. Even if
I reckon he'll be a great asset to the firm, ..... he really does
have a good eye for business.
A. although
B. for
C. therefore
D. lest
E. thus
1.2. Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of + the fact that
Türkçeye "[gerçeği(nden)] ötürü / yüzünden / sayesinde" şeklinde aktarılırlar.
 Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak
comfortably in his presence.

..... a heavy rain, the game had to be stopped.

A. Because
B. Owing to
C. Regardless of
D. In spite of
E. Provided
1.3. As long as

KULLANIMI
as long as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
- DIğI sürece / müddetçe

As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.

1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as

Because anlamı taşıyan bu yapılar resmi durumlarda kullanılır.
Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.( ..., because
he knew ...)

1.5. In that

KULLANIMI
in that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mEsI açısından/yüzünden, -DIğI için

The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.

1.6. Now that

Time Clause yapılarda ele alınan Now that ile aynı anlamı taşır.
1.7. (The reason) why

KULLANIMI
(The reason) why + tümce + be + because/that ...

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mE("kişi eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr)

The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.

She won't tell me the reason ..... she is leaving me!

A. how
B. when
 C. which
D. whom
E. why
1.8. While

KULLANIMI
while + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
hazır ... olduğuna göre/-mIş iken

While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?

2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR

2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of

KULLANIMI
because of / due to + owing to + on account of + ad + (Ving) [1] / + my / his /.. + Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
Türkçeye because ile aynı şekilde aktarılırlar.

Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]

Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]

2.2. Ving ...,

Önemli bir özellik:
Ving ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin
 ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.

In any election campaign, we see that all the candidates

promise to bring all essential facilities to the area, ......
A. bearing in mind the fact that it has a potential vote
population
B. in that they were quite successful in bringing service
C. that has always been neglected by local politicians
D. which actually needed almost nothing other than a sewage
system
E. whose political career depends on the leading party's
policies

Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in. (=Because / When he saw ...)

Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift. (=Because she knew ...)

Having completed the task, they had a break. (=Because / After they had completed
...)

2.3. Past participle (= V3)

Önemli özellikler:
Bu yapı edilgen özellik taşır.

Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana
tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.

Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the

earthquake. (=Because it was constructed ...)

2.4. With

KULLANIMI
with + ad + Ving [1]
with + ad + to + yüklem [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
"var iken", -mekte iken, -DIğI için, -DIğIndEn ötürü
With the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]

With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]

2.5. What with

Yukarıda ele alınan With yapısı ile aynıdır.
PURPOSE CLAUSE
1. (In order) to, so as to

KULLANIMI
in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yüklem

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEk için

To open the lid, turn it left.

They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about.

She has to hurry in order not to be late.

So as to yapısının aşağıdaki örnekte görülen kullanımına sık rastlanmaktadır.

He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.

He has been studying ..... fail again.

A. to
B. because of
C. in order not to
D. in spite of
E. even if
2. In order that

KULLANIMI
in order that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -sIn diye / -mEk için

The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.

3. For fear that

KULLANIMI
for fear that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile

They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.

4. Lest
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan tümcelerde kullanılır.

KULLANIMI
lest + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEmEk için / -mEsIn diye

They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.

RESULT CLAUSE
1. So (that), Such that

KULLANIMI
so (that), such that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
böylece, bu yolla, öyle ki, -sIn diye

We announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have to
wait.

They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the
most inexperienced would be able to inform the candidates of the requirements for
application.

Çok önemli bir özellik:

So that ile oluşturulan yan tümcede hemen her zaman
 bir yardımcı yüklem olur.
2. Thereby

KULLANIMI
thereby + Ving

ÇEVİRİSİ
böylece, bu yüzden, bu yolla, sonuçta

Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby
deserving three different traffic tickets.

SIMILARITY CLAUSE
1. (Just) as

KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce [1] / it is/was/.. [2]
Kimi zaman as yerine the way kullanılabilir.

ÇEVİRİSİ
gibi
She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]

In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]

Bu yapı resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda devrik yapı (= inversion) kullanılarak
oluşturulabilir.
He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.

He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he worked
for.

..... it was expected, Peter won the game.

A. The same
B. As
C. Likewise
D. Similar
E. Contrary
Dikkat edilmesi gereken kullanımlar:

be that as it may = öyle oldu ki


such ... as

I had never had ..... terrible time ..... I had in that seaside
hotel.
A. as / than
B. so / that
C. more / that
D. such / as
E. the most / as
2. Like

KULLANIMI
like + ad / him/her/... ; like + tümce ( AmE)

ÇEVİRİSİ
gibi, benzer

My sister isn't much like me.

Many tropical climate animals are facing the danger of

extinction, ..... the panda.
A. as
B. as if
C. even if
D. like
E. similar
As ve like farkı:
as =olarak

like = gibi

I gave her a ring ..... a birthday present.

A. like
B. as
C. as if
D. such as
E. that
3. As if, as though

KULLANIMI
as if, as though + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
(sanki) ... (-mIş) gibi

You look as if you are about to cry.

We know that it may be wrong to treat a child as if he ..... an

adult.
A. had been
B. has been
C. is
D. were
E. will be

As soon as I entered the room, I noticed that it looked ..... it

hadn't been lived in for a very long time.
A. although
B. though
C. because
 D. even if
E. in case
EXCEPTION CLAUSE
1. But (that)
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda kullanılır.

KULLANIM
but that + tümce [1]
but for me/him/.. to + yüklem [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
dışında, haricinde
Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1]

Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]

2. Except (that), excepting (that)

KULLANIMI
except/excepting (that) + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dışında

We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.

3. Save that

KULLANIMI
save that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
dışında, haricinde

The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small
share in a vast piece of land.

4. Only
Günlük konuşma dilinde kullanılır.

KULLANIMI
only + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
fakat, ancak, ama
I'd love to come, only I have no time.

COMMENT CLAUSE
1. Tanım
Tümce içinde paranteze alınmış bir fikir, yorum, yargı görevi üstlenen ifadelerdir. Tümce içinde altı
değişik yapıda kullanılabilirler.
2. Tümce olarak
There were no applicants, I believe, for that job.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır.
God knows Tanrı bilir (ya)
Heaven knows Tanrı bilir (ya)
it grieves me to tell you üzülerek söylüyorum
it has been claimed iddiaya göre
it is reported bildirildiğine göre
it is rumoured söylentiye göre
it is said denildiğine göre/ denir ki
it is true şurası da doğru ki/ doğru olan şu ki
it may interest you to know öğrenmek ilgini(zi) çekebilir
it pains me to tell you üzülerek söylüyorum
it seems görünüşe göre, görünüşe bakılırsa
it transpires söylenildiğine göre
I admit bence de/ kabul ediyorum
I agree bence de/ kabul ediyorum
I ask myself diye sormaktayım
I assume sanırım
I believe bence/ sanırım
I can see gördüğüm kadarı ile
I claim bence
I consider bence
I daresay sanırım
I don't deny kabul
I doubt hiçsanmam ama/ pek sanmasam da/
korkarım
I expect umarım
I fear korkarım
I feel bence
I guess sanırım
I hear duyduğuma göre
I have heard duyduğuma göre
I have heard tell söylenenlere göre
I have no doubt hiç kuşkum yok
I have read okuduğuma göre
I have to say belirtmeliyim ki
I hope umarım
I imagine sanırım
 I know bildiğime göre/ biliyorum
I may assume sanırım
I'm afraid korkarım
I'm convinced eminim/ inanıyorum ki
I'm delighted to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)
I'm glad to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)
I'm happy to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)
I'm pleased to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)
I'm sorry to say üzülerek söylüyorum (ki)
I'm sure eminim
I'm told bana anlatılana göre/ duydum ki
I must admit kabul/ itiraf etmeliyim ki
I must say söylemem gerekir ki
I must tell you anlatmam gerekir ki
I presume sanırım
I regret korkarım/ ne yazık ki
I regret to say üzülerek söylüyorum (ki)
I remember hatırlıyorum (da)
I see bence
I suppose sanırım
I think bence
I understand anlıyorum ki/ bence
I venture to say diyebilirim ki
I wish umarım
I wonder acaba
mind you hatırlarsan(ız)
one hears söylenenlere göre
they allege iddiaya göre
they claim iddiaya göre
there is on doubt kuşkusuz
they say dediklerinegöre
you can see gördüğün(üz) gibi
you know biliyorsun(uz)
you may have heard duymuş olabileceğin(iz) gibi
you may know belki biliyorsun(uz)
you must admit kabul etmelisin(iz) ki
you realise anlayacağın(ız) gibi
you see gördüğün(üz) gibi

3. As + tümce
Türkçeye "yüklem + -DIğI gibi/kadarı ile" şeklinde aktarılabilir.
 I'm working overtime, as you know.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
as everybody k
Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları

COMPARISON CLAUSE

1. EŞİTSİZLİK

1.1. ... than yapıları ( = Comparative)

Sıfata "daha" niteliği kazandıran -er ve more eklenmesi ile oluşan yapılardır.

sıfat + -er / more + sıfat + than

She is more intelligent than she looks.

Göründüğünden daha zeki.

This year the political situation is ..... complicated than it used

to be.

A. more
B. most
C. the most
D. so
E. as

Bu yapı Türkçeye "... -dEn daha + sıfat / belirteç" şeklinde aktarılır.

Dikkat:

Comparative yapı the ile ve than sözcüğüne gerek

 olmadan da kullanılabilir.

Actually, both these cars are wonderful, but I can't decide

which one is ..... of them.

A. as beautiful
B. beautiful enough
C. so beautiful
D. the more beautiful
E. the most beautiful

1.2. rather than + sıfat / ad

Bir kıyaslama tümcesi olmamasına karşın bu kullanım sık sık karıştırılmasından ötürü bu bölümde ele
alınmaktadır.

I'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "-dEn çok/ziyade" yapısı ile aktarılır.

1.3. more and more / -er ... -er

"Gitgide", "daha da" anlamını katmak amacı ile kıyaslama yapısının tekrarlanması gerekmektedir.

It is getting colder and colder.

She is becoming more and more aggressive.

1.4. more + ad

More sözcüğü her zaman bir sıfatı nitelemez. Bazen bir adın niceliğinin belirtilmesinde de kullanılabilir.

More people than ever leave their villages for a major city.

In general, I have _____energy in the evening ..... in the

morning.

A. as / as
B. enough / than
C. more / than
D. so much / that
E. the most / as

1.5. most ve -est yapıları ( = Superlative )

Sıfata "en" niteliği kazandıran most ya da -est yapılarının eklenmesi ile oluşturulur.

the/my/.. + ad + sıfat + -est / most + sıfat

My biggest contribution is this monument.

As far as I am concerned, he must be just about ..... notorious

lawyer we've ever had to deal with.

A. so
B. more
C. most
D. such
E. the most
Bu yapı Türkçeye "en + sıfat + ad" şeklinde aktarılır.

1.6. most + ad

Ad ile kullanıldığı zaman most sözcüğü bir kıyaslama niteliği getirmemektedir.

Most people do not care about the dangers of pollution.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "çoğu + ad" şeklinde aktarılır.

1.7. The + comparative, the + comparative

The sooner you come the better (it is).

....., the more you realize how complicated it is.

A. The more you think about the problem

B. The less importance you give to your health
C. The more remarkable his achievement was
D. The longer it has taken them to complete the dam
E. The fewer the people who are involved

Bu yapı Türkçeye "ne kadar ... o kadar" ile aktarılır.

2. EŞİTLİK

2.1. as + sıfat / belirteç + as

He is as tall as I am / me.

The new accountant we have recruited is not ..... efficient .....

the previous one.

A. such/as
B. so/that
C. as/as
D. either/or
E. both/and

Bu yapı Türkçeye "kadar" kullanılarak aktarılabilir.

As yapısı birden fazla anlam için kullanılabilir. Ayrıntılı bilgi için parantez içinde verilen bölüme
bakılması gerekmektedir.

as well as
 He can't dance as well as me. (Comparison)
She is clever as well as (being) beautiful. [=yanısıra]

as long as

My hair is as long as his. (Comparison)

I'll work as long as I live. (Time)
He can come as long as he is sober. (Condition)

as soon as

I'll come in as soon as five minutes. (Comparison)

As soon as she saw him, she fainted. (Time)

as far as

I went as far as Istanbul. (Comparison)

As far as I know, she is a vet. (Comment)

İlginç bir kullanım:

so/as ... as yerine that + sıfat/belirteç


(He is not so intelligent as he seems  He is not that
intelligent.)

2.2. the same + ad + as

He earns the same (money) as me / I do.

Özellik:

Bu yapıda mutlaka the kullanılmalıdır.



When I joined the cocktail party, to my surprise, there were

three other ladies wearing dresses with ..... colour ..... mine!

A. as / as
B. more / than
C. so / as
D. such / as
E. the same / as

3. YETERLİLİK VE FAZLALIK

3.1. Sıfat / belirteç + enough (for so.) to + yüklem

The water is acidic enough to scare people.

 The new staff we have recruited are, as far as I am
concerned, qualified ..... to tackle this sort of crisis.

A. enough
B. fairly
C. so
D. so much
E. such

Bu yapı Türkçeye "- EcEk / - EbIlEcEk" ile aktarılır.

3.2. too + sıfat / belirteç (for so.) to + yüklem

It is too heavy for me to lift.

I am ..... to do anything.

A. as tired
B. much tired
C. the most tired
D. tired enough
E. too tired

Bu yapı Türkçeye "yüklem + - EmEyEcEk kadar" ya da "yüklem + - EbIlEcEğIndEn çok / fazla" yapıları
ile aktarılabilir.

4. MUCH / EVEN / FAR / A LOT / A LITTLE / A BIT / ALL THE + COMPARATIVE

İngilizcede kıyaslamayı güçlendirmek amacı ile comparative yapının önüne çok ya da biraz anlamı
taşıyan sözcükler yerleştirilebilir.

Bu yapılar kendi başlarına kıyas oluşturamazlar. Yani,

* He is much experienced than the rest of the applicants

tümcesi hatalıdır. Doğru tümcenin

He is much more experienced than the rest of the applicants

şeklinde olması gerekir.

Bu yapılardan much, far, a lot, even, all the Türkçeye çok ile, a little ve a bit ise biraz/ bir parça ile
aktarılabilir.
5. SO ... THAT / SUCH ... THAT

So ... that İngilizcede

so + sıfat + (that) [1]

so + belirteç + (that) [2]
so + sıfat + a(n) + ad + (that) [3]
so + many/much/few/little + ad + (that) [4]

such ... that ise

such + sıfat + ad + (that) [5]

şeklinde oluşturulur.

The problem was so difficult that we couldn't solve it. [1]

He spoke so eloquently that everybody congragulated him. [2]

It was so difficult a problem that we couldn't solve it. [3]

He has so many books that he can't remember how many. [4]

He gave such a wonderful speech that we were astounded. [5]

The storm broke out with ..... strength ..... it caused great
damage within a few hours.

A. the same/as
B. as/as
C. more/than
D. such/that
E. so/that

The plan he proposed at the annual meeting was .....

humiliating ..... I couldn't help protesting.

A. as / as
B. so / that
C. such / as
 D. such / that
E. too / to

Bu yapılar Türkçeye "o ... kadar ki" şeklinde aktarılır.

Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları

COORDINATION

1. TANIM

Tümceyi oluşturan unsurlar birbirlerine coordination yolu ile bağlandıklarında, çeşitli coordinator
sözcükler kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan basit olanlar,

and, or, but,

kullanım açısından daha kapsamlı olanlar ise

either ... or, both ... and, nor, neither ... nor, not only ... but (also/as well)

olarak gruplandırılabilir.

2. KULLANIM VE ÇEVİRİ

2.1. And, or, but

Kullanım ve çeviri açısından bu üç basit coordinator önemli sorunlar oluşturmazlar.

I don't know whether I should stay and wait or whether it is better to leave.

Kalıp beklemeliyim yoksa gitmek daha mı iyi olur bilmiyorum.

We are aware of the dangers of nuclear power stations, but

few of us take action against them.

A. Bazılarımız nükleer enerji santrallarının tehlikelerinden

haberdarsa da pek azımız onlara karşı eyleme geçmekte.
B. Hemen hepimiz nükleer enerji santrallarının tehlikelerinden
haberdarız, fakat pek azımız onlara karşı eyleme geçmekte.
C. Nükleer enerji santrallarının tehlikelerinden haberdar
olmamız birkaçımızın onlara karşı tavır almamıza neden
olmakta.
D. Nükleer enerji santrallarının tehlikelerinden haberdarız
ama pek azımız onlara karşı eyleme geçmekte.
E. Pek azımız nükleer enerji santrallarının tehlikelerinden
haberdar, ama bazılarımız bunlara karşı tavır koymakta.

It is well-known that no-one is capable of both watching

television or a video film and ..... something simultaneously.

A. reading
B. read
C. to read
 D. of reading
E. is reading

And Türkçeye "ve", "yüklem + - Ip", ya da "," şeklinde aktarılabilir. Or Türkçeye "ya da", "veya",
"(ve)yahut", ya da "," ile aktarılabilir. But Türkçeye "fakat", "ama", "ancak", ya da "," ile aktarılabilir.

Kimi zaman but sözcüğü except (= dışında, haricinde) anlamını taşıyabilir (Exception Clause). Bu
durumda but sözcüğünü bir yüklem izlerse yüklem to kullanılmadan bağlanır.

We have no choice but resign.

But sözcüğünün çeşitli farklı anlamları:

but = except
 but + (to) + V
but rather

2.2. Either ... or

Either you are crazy or I know nothing.

You may either stay here or (you may) go out.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "Ya ... ya da", "İster ... ister" yapıları ile aktarılır.

2.3. Both ... and

The old secretary could both type excellently and take shorthand.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "Hem ... hem de", "Gerek ... gerekse" yapıları ile aktarılır.

2.4. Nor

Nor kullanılan tümcede, vurgu sağlamak için, özne + yüklem yapısı değiştirilerek devrik yapı
oluşturulur.

He didn't accept the offer. Nor did he refuse it.

 He hasn't confirmed, nor has he refused.

A. also
B. nor
C. either
D. both
E. and

Bu yapı Türkçeye "ne ... ne de" ya da " -mEdIğI / mEyEcEğI gibi, ..... olumsuz yüklem" şeklinde
aktarılabilir.

2.5. Not only ... but (also/as well)

Not only... yapısıyla tümceye başlanması durumunda tümcede devrik yapı oluşur.

Not only does he play the guitar but he is a good singer (as well).

They not only broke/Not only did they break into his office, (but) they also stole his
computer.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "sadece / yalnızca + {olumsuz / olumlu yüklem } ... bir de / ayrıca / üstelik + { olumlu
/ olumsuz yüklem}" yapısı ile ya da "hem ... hem de" ile aktarılır.

2.6. Neither ... nor

Bu yapıda da vurgu amacı ile devrik yapı kullanılabilir.

We are neither aware nor (are we) fully ignorant of the subject.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "ne ... ne de" şeklinde aktarılabilir.

Soruların İncelenmesi
Dilbilgisi

 Önce seçeneklere bakın ve eğer seçenekler kısa ise tümcede eksik olan bölümün ne
olduğunu görün. Seçenekler uzun ise zaman kaybetmeyin. Soru tümcesini okuyun.
 Soru tümcesini okurken, tümcenin temel unsurlarını (Ö+Y+N ve ana tümce ile yan tümce)
belirlemeye çalışın. Bunlar dışında kalan ve tümcenin uzunluğuna katkı sağlamaktan başka bir
işlevi olmayan unsurları ayıklayın.

1. Ö+Y+N yapılı tümcede eksik unsur.

Basit tümcede:
Tümcenin Ö+Y+N yapısını kontrol edin. Basit tümce zannettiğiniz bir yapı bileşik
tümce olabilir.

A. Eksik olan özne ise:

Yüklemin tekil ya da çoğul olmasından yola çıkarak tekil ya da çoğul özne arayın;
..... is an animal of great concern to scientists.

A) That the giraffe

B) The giraffe
C) These giraffes
D) Giraffes
E) Those giraffes
Nesnedeki it(s), his her, him, them.. sözcükleri yolu ile özneyi saptamaya çalışın;
..... will always be remembered for its sinking on her maiden
voyage.

A) This ship
B) That the ship
C) These ships
D) Ships
E) Those ships
Tümcede, özneyi niteleyen unsurları göz önünde bulundurun:
Determiner: Article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), possessive
adjective (my, our, your, his, her, its, their)
Adjective: Common (old, yellow, ..), participal (interesting, bored, ..), nominal (plactic,
glass, ..)
Quantifier: Cardinal number (one, two, ..), ordinal number (first, second, ..), indefinite
quantifier (some, many, few, ..)
Adverb: Adverb of approximation (almost, about, nearly, ..), adverb of strength and
intensity (completely, extremely, quite, rather, very, ..)

B. Eksik olan nesne ise:

Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre it(s), his,her, him, them, .. arayın;
Tüm tümce bağlamını inceleyin ve tamamen saçma gözüken seçenekleri eleyin;
Yukarıda değinilen (a) adı nitelendiren yapılara dikkat edin.

C. Eksik olan yüklem ise:

Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre yüklemi saptamaya çalışın;
Öznenin animate (canlı) ya da inanimate (cansız) olmasına göre yüklemin etken mi
yoksa edilgen mi olması gerektiğini belirleyin;
Tümce içindeki zaman gösteren yapılar yardımı ile yüklemin hangi zamanda olması
gerektiğini saptayın.
Bileşik tümcede
 Tümce Tamamlama ile ilgili bölüme bakın.
2. Tümcede clause marker eksik.

He was terribly disappointed with the decision of the

committee, ..... he gave in his resignation.

A) since
B) however
C) yet
D) in case
E) so
Bileşik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte.
Seçenekleri yok varsayarak tümcenin anlamını çıkarmaya çalışın. Tümcenin zaman,
neden, sonuç, kıyas gibi bileşik tümce yapılardan hangisine ait olduğunu bulun.
Seçenekler içinde, saptadığınız bileşik tümce türüne ait yapıları arayın.
Seçenekler içinde uygun olan birden fazla yapı varsa (although ve despite gibi), yan
tümceyi inceleyin. Seçeneklerden hangisinin yan tümceye uygun olduğunu belirleyin.
3. Tümcede phrase oluşturan yapı eksik

..... acute shortages of food in many countries, the delegates

voted to increase programmes and services in weather
reporting and research needed for greater production of
foodstuffs.

A) By way of
B) Contrary to
C) According to
D) In view of
E) As far as
Ana tümce ile yan tümce arasında ne tür bir ilişki olduğunu belirleyin: karşıtlık, neden,
sonuç, ..
Seçenekleri eleyin.
Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu
denetleyin.
4. Paralel yapıda eksik unsur.

..... you can get the experiments completed ..... you can get the
report written up.

A) As soon/as soon
B) The sooner/the sooner
C) The sooner/sooner
D) As soon/The sooner
E) Sooner/the soonest
Tümcenin bir bileşik tümce olduğundan emin olun. Bunun için de bileşik tümce
yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte.
Bu tür sorularda seçenekler her ne kadar birbirlerine çok benzer gibi görünse de,
bazıları tümceye oturtulması dilbilgisi açısından hatalı olmaktadır. Bu şekilde
seçenekleri eleyin.
Uygun seçeneği bulmakta zorlanırsanız, seçenekleri tümcenin genel anlamına
uygunlukları, ana ve yan tümcelerin her birine uygunlukları açısından sınayın.
5. Tümcede tag question eksik
Prior to taking up this appointment, he used to work for the
government, .....?

A) wasn't he
B) did he use
C) didn't he
D) did he
E) didn't he use
Tümcenin ana yükleminin hangi zaman yapısını ya da modal verb yapýyý içerdiğini
saptayın.
Tümcenin öznesinin tekil mi yoksa çoğul mu olduğunu saptayın.
Some of the articles in the Criminal Code will have to be
amended, .....?

A) will they
B) won't they
C) haven't they
D) won't it
E) will it
Tümcenin, tag question açısından istisna oluşturacak yapıları içerip içermediğini
inceleyin. Bu yapıları Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde bulabilirsiniz.
6. Diğer yapılar
a. Zamanlar

At tomorrow's concert the orchestra ..... by Carl von Braun.

A) will have conducted

B) will conduct
C) has been conducted
D) will be conducted
E) is going to conduct
Zaman belirten yapılara dikkat edin (örnek soruda tomorrow sözcüğü).
Bileşik tümcede zaman uyumuna dikkat edin. Bu konu ile ilgili notlar Dilbilgisi
Açıklamaları içinde.
Tümcenin etken/edilgen yapısını inceleyin (örnek soruda by sözcüğü edilgen olması
gerektiğini göstermekte.)
b. Edilgen

You ..... pleased to learn that Mr Lawson ..... chairman.

A) have been/appointed
B) will be/has been appointed
C) are/is appointing
D) have been/was appointed
E) were/appointed
Yukarıda a. Zamanlar için verilen notları inceleyin.
c. Ettirgen

Do you think you will be able to ..... him to lend his car?

A) get
B) have
C) let
D) permit
E) allow
 Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde işlenen ettirgen yapıları iyi bilmeniz gerekmekte.
Bu tür sorularda ettirgen yapının geçmekte olduğunu hemen farketmek her zaman için
kolay olmamakta. Tümcede asýl yüklem dışındaki eylem yapıların (örnek tümcede
lend) past participle (V3) ya da infinitive (to+V) şeklinde kullanılmaları söz konusu ise,
dikkatli olun! Karşınızda bir ettirgen yapı bulunabilir.

DİLBİLGİSİ - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 32 dilbilgisi sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.

1. The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become ..... controversial that the people
running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term.

A) too
B) as
C) such
D) so
E) more

2. Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I ..... a complaint with the Consumers'
Rights Office.

A) will not have filed

B) may not have filed
C) would not have filed
D) was not filing
E) may not file

3. He is diplomatically qualified ..... to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the
region.

A) enough
B) though
C) as well as
D) not only
E) also

4. As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of
the members attempted to persuade him to, ..... .

A) also
B) too
C) as well
D) either
E) yet

5. They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to ..... at regular
intervals.

A) the other
B) each other
C) themselves
D) the others
E) one other

6. Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled ..... continued increases ..... retail food
prices, have curtailed consumption.
 A) with / in
B) through / through
C) by / for
D) at / about
E) within / over

7. In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have
transformed much of the country's highlands ..... bare landscapes, all but destroyed .....
erosion.

A) above / of
B) for / with
C) into / by
D) in / under
E) to / at

8. When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help .....
who could do nothing for ..... .

A) that / himself
B) them / their
C) those / themselves
D) these / themselves
E) us / yourself

9. Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the
operation ..... he was the most senior of the officers available.

A) whyever
B) whether
C) even though
D) whenever
E) so that

10. Why can't you admit that, ..... hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder
brother has achieved?

A) unless
B) whatsoever
C) though
D) whenever
E) however

11. Clifford Goertz, probably ..... famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the
way anthropology is taught on campuses.

A) more
B) most
C) the most
D) the more
E) a

12. Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate ..... they had known in advance
who the principal speakers were.

A) if only
B) while
 C) since
D) after
E) until

13. In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations ..... by a growing number of countries.

A) will have been questioned

B) was questioned
C) had been questioned
D) would be questioned
E) has been questioned

14. It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge
..... by the Ministry.

A) would have been announced

B) would be announced
C) are being announced
D) will have been announced
E) have been announced

15. They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they .....
so.

A) had not done

B) have not done
C) would not do
D) would not have done
E) never do

16. I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year ..... he had
predicted.

A) such as
B) even so
C) in case
D) just as
E) so far as

17. We ..... no problems whatsoever with the dam since it ..... forty years ago.

A) had / has been constructed

B) have had / was constructed
C) had had / had been constructed
D) are having / is constructed
E) were having / was being constructed

18. It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact ..... I think about it ..... I regret it.

A) as much / so much more

B) the more / as much
C) much / as much
D) the most / so much
E) the more / the more
19. The scheme has been ..... consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it will ever be
put ..... effect.

A) under / into
B) within / through
C) for / to
D) in / off
E) over / over

20. It was ..... his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks ..... the principle of
economic cooperation.

A) by / through
B) over / for
C) through/ on
D) with / at
E) without / from

21. There ..... many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success ..... .

A) were / had been achieved

B) had been / has been achieved
C) have been / has been achieved
D) are / was achieved
E) may be / will have been achieved

22. Evaporation ..... the process by which a solid or liquid ..... into vapour by heat.

A) had been / resolved

B) was / had resolved
C) has been / was resolved
D) may be / has resolved
E) is / is resolved

23. The Etruscans, who ..... a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., ..... from Asia Minor.

A) had colonized / originally came

B) colonized / had originally come
C) were colonized / have originally come
D) have colonized / originally come
E) were colonizing / might originally come

24. The orders were that we ..... the area within hours to prevent further loss of life.

A) had evacuated
B) have to evacuate
C) will have evacuated
D) had to evacuate
E) shall have to evacuate

25. He ..... his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race ..... by transfers of cultural
and technological advance from one civilization to another.

A) concluded / had been marked

B) concludes / would have been marked
C) has concluded / was marked
 D) had concluded / is marked
E) will conclude / was being marked

26. The advance in the steel industry has been marked ..... a progressive increase ..... size,
complexity and capital outlay.

A) at / of
B) with / to
C) over / from
D) by / in
E) under / through

27. The answer to the question ..... great art can exist independently of religion will, ..... depends
on society's moral and aesthetic values.

A) what / in the same way

B) even if / in due course
C) whether / to a large extent
D) so that / in short
E) since / now and again

28. Thailand has lost half of its forests ..... its population has ..... doubled in recent decades.

A) as / more than
B) just as / mostly
C) so as / soon
D) in case / quite
E) because of / much

29. Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know ..... it was, and added that it was
not ......

A) which / him
B) whose / his
C) who / her
D) whom / us
E) that / theirs

30. The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was ..... early to propose amendments in
the legislation concerning industrial relations.

A) as well as
B) just so
C) just as
D) as soon as
E) as yet too

31. Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their
objectives, ..... merely putting forward an action programme.

A) in order to
B) rather than
C) as far as
D) in that
E) so long as
32. If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries
..... .

A) would be, too

B) wouldn't have, either
C) had not, either
D) have had, too
E) would have, too

YANITLAR

1. The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become so controversial that the
people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term.

so + adjective + that. Yanıt D.

2. Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I would not have filed a
complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office.

Third condition, devrik yapı. Yanıt C.

3. He is diplomatically qualified enough to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed

forces in the region.

adjective + enough to + V. Yanıt A.

4. As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and
none of the members attempted to persuade him to, either.

Olumsuz özne (None of the members). Yanıt D.

5. They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to each
other at regular intervals.

Tümcenin öznesi çoğul. A seçeneği tekile değiniyor; C seçeneği kendilerine, D

seçeneği de başka kişilere yazdıklarını anlatıyor; E seçeneğinin one other + noun
olması gerekir. Yanıt B.

6. Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled with continued increases in

retail food prices, have curtailed consumption.

couple + with; increase + in + nesne. Yanıt A. increase + in yapısı 26. soruda da

geçmekte.

7. In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation

have transformed much of the country's highlands into bare landscapes, all but
destroyed by erosion.

transform + into. Yanıt C.

8. When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to
help those who could do nothing for themselves.
 Boşluk sonrasındaki who sözcüğünden ötürü boşluğa insan(lar)a yönelik bir sözcük
gelmeli. A seçeneğinde that + man/woman/.. olmalıydı; B seçeneğinde their yanlış
çünkü iyelik taşıyor; D en yakın çeldirici, ancak these sözcüğü şu an yakınlarda
olanları ("bunlar") gösterir, oysa olay çoktan bitmiş; E seçeneğinde us ve themself
uyumsuz. Yanıt C

9. Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the
operation even though he was the most senior of the officers available.

"He should never have been allowed ... he was the the most senior officer". Çelişkili
durum anlatılmakta. Yanıt C.

10. Why can't you admit that, however hard he works, he will never manage to achieve
what his elder brother has achieved?

however + adjective/adverb + tümce. Yanıt E.

11. Clifford Goertz, probably the most famous anthropologist in the world today, has
revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses.

Bir başka kişi ile kıyaslama yok. Yanıt C.

12. Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate if only they had known
in advance who the principal speakers were.

Third condition. Yanıt A.

13. In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations has been questioned by a
growing number of countries.

Tümcedeki recent sözcüğünden ötürü present perfect. Yanıt E.

14. It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of
the bridge will have been announced by the Ministry.

Tümcedeki by zaman gösteren sözcüğünden ötürü ana tümcede past perfect veya
future perfect olmalı. Yanıt D.

15. They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish
they had not done so.

Pişmanlık. Third condition gibi olmalı. Yanıt A.

16. I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year just as
he had predicted.

En yakın çeldirici E. Yanıt D (Similarity Clause)

17. We have had no problems whatsoever with the dam since it was constructed forty
years ago.

since + simple past; tümce present perfect. Yanıt B.

18. It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact the more I think about it the
more I regret it.
 Üzerinde düşünme arttıkça pişmanlık artmakta. Birbirine bağımlı kıyas. Yanıt E.

19. The scheme has been under consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it
will ever be put into effect.

put + into + effect. Yanıt A.

20. It was through his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks on the principle
of economic cooperation.

İlk boşluk açısından en yakın çeldirici A, yanıt ise C.

21. There has been many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success has been
achieved.

Tartışmalı bir soru. Zaman gösteren hiç bir yapı olmadığı için A seçeneğinin ve C
seçeneğinin doğru olduklarını söyleyebilirsiniz. Dilbilgisel açıdan bu doğru olsa bile
anlamsal olarak C doğru yanıt. A seçeneğinde ikinci bölümün past perfect olması
hatalı. Burada was achieved gerekirdi, çünkü önce çaba sarfedildi, sonra başarısızlık
geldi.

22. Evaporation is the process by which a solid or liquid is resolved into vapour by heat.

Herşeyden önce, by heat yapısından ötürü edilgen yapı gerekir. Seçenekler içinde bir
tek C ve E seçeneklerinde edilgen var. Tümce doğal, her zaman gerçekleşebilecek bir
durumu anlattığı için yanıt E.

23. The Etruscans, who colonized a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., had originally come
from Asia Minor.

Etrüskler önce Asia Minor'dan (=Anadolu) geldiler, sonra Italya'nın büyük bir
bölümünü kolonileştirdiler. Yanıt B.

24. The orders were that we had to evacuate the area within hours to prevent further loss
of life.

Bir noun clause tümce. Ana yüklem simple past olduğu için boşluğa gelecek eylemin
de past olması gerekir. B, C ve E seçenekleri elenir. Tümcenin öznesi emir ve bir
zorunluluk durumu da D seçeneğinde var.

25. He concluded his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race had been
marked by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to
another.

Tümce bir noun clause. İlk boşluğa past tense bir eylem gelirse, ikinci boşluk da past
olmalı. "Entire history of human race" henüz sona ermediğine göre, bu kişi şu an
konuşuyor olsa "Entire history of human race has been marked by ..." derdi. A
seçeneği, bu tümcenin aktarım (= reported) hali.

26. The advance in the steel industry has been marked by a progressive increase in size,
complexity and capital outlay.

Tümcenin yüklemi edilgen. Bu durumda ilk aranacak sözcük by olmalı. Yanıt D.

increase + in yapısı 6. soruda da geçmekte.
27. The answer to the question whether great art can exist independently of religion will,
to a large extent depends on society's moral and aesthetic values.

Tümcenin ana yüklemi depends on. "The answer to the question" bölümünden sonra
gelen bölümün, bu sorunun ne olduğunu açıklaması gerekir. Bu durumda da ilk
boşluğa gelecek sözcük bir soru sözcüğü olmalı. Bir tek A (what) ve C (whether) soru
sözcükleri taşımakta. Bunun ardından anlam açısından bir niceleme yapılması
gerekir. Yanıt C.

28. Thailand has lost half of its forests as its population has more than doubled in recent
decades.

İlk boşluktan sonra bir tümce gelmekte. Bu durumda C ve E elenir (so as + to,
because of + noun/-ing). D seçeneği anlamsal olarak yanlış, bir koşul durumu yok. En
yakın çeldirici olan B seçeneği tümceye yerleştirilirse ikinci boşluğa gelen mostly
sözcüğü ile doubled sözcüğü uyuşmamakta, çünkü mostly = often. Yanıt A. (as =
because / when)

29. Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know whose it was, and added
that it was not his .

Şemsiyenin sahibi soruşturuluyor. Yanıt B.

30. The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was as yet too early to propose
amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations.

too + adj./adv. + to + V. Yanıt E.

31. Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards
their objectives, rather than merely putting forward an action programme.

Seçenekleri eleyerek gitmek en iyisi. Boşluktan sonra Ving gelmekte; burada insist on
taking .... (insist on) putting yapısı mevcut. A seçeneğinde to + V gerekir. C
seçeneğinde as far as + tümce. D seçeneğinde in that + tümce. E seçeneğinde so
long as + tümce. Yanıt B.

32. If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other
countries wouldn't have, either.

Third condition. Yan tümcenin yüklemi olumsuz olduğu için en yakın çeldirici olan E
seçeneğindeki too yanlış. Yanıt B.
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS
Soruların İncelenmesi

Karşılıklı Konuşmayı Tamamlama

o Verilen boşluğun bir soru tümcesi mi yoksa normal tümce mi olduğuna bakın.
o Seçenekler arasında uygun olduğunu düşündüğünüz tümcenin paragrafın içerdiği
zaman ile uyumunu denetleyin.
o Uygun olduğunu düşündüğünüz tümcede reference belirten sözcük bulunmakta ise,
bu sözcüğün paragraf içinde hangi sözcük ya da sözcükleri karşıladığını inceleyin.
o Verilen boşluktaki tümce önceden sorulmuş bir soruya yanıt niteliği taşıyacaksa, bu
soru ile uyumunu inceleyin.

KARŞILIKLI KONUŞMAYI TAMAMLAMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 karşılıklı konuşma sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1. James:
- Let's eat out tonight. Where would you like to go?
Helen:
- .....
James:
- Good idea. Which one?
Helen:
- Japanese one.
A) You choose. You eat out more than I do.
B) Anywhere, so long as the food is good.
C) Will there be time for a quick snack before the film starts?
D) Well, certainly not that place you took me to last week.
E) Shall we try one of those new foreign restaurants Giles was recommending?
2. Clive:
- Can you recommend a good restaurant? My usual place is fully booked.
Graham:
- .....
Clive:
- That's not too important. It's a business lunch. I want somewhere we can talk.
A) What sort of price range do you have in mind?
B) What's the occasion? A family get-together?
C) Is that where we ate together the other evening?
D) Have you tried the new fish restaurant on Exeter Road?
E) I'm afraid I can't help. I so rarely dine out.
3. Alison:
- What's the matter? You're looking annoyed.
Mavis:
- I'm feeling annoyed.
Alison:
- .....
Mavis:
- Well, who do you think? There's only one person who can get me this angry!
A) There's no point in telling me! Just forget it!
B) You get annoyed too easily these days. Try to keep calm.
C) What's happened now? But perhaps you'd better forget it.
D) Well, tell me about it. Who has been annoying you?
E) Well, who doesn't find something to get annoyed about these days?
4. Secretary:
- Oh! I'm so sorry! I didn't realize there was a meeting going on here.
Mr Howard:
- Well, actually, it's more or less over. What did you want?
Secretary:
- .....
Mr Howard:
- That's alright; you can do it right away.
A) I was looking for Mr Stevens. I don't suppose you've seen him, have you?
B) I was just going to check something in one of the files, but I'll come back later.
C) Nothing really! I just felt like a break.
D) I was wondering if you needed something to drink.
E) Someone said the telephone is out of order. Is that so?

5. Alan:
- Where's your computer? You do have one, don't you?
Mark:
- .....
Alan:
- Will that take long?
Mark:
- I don't think so; they'll give me a ring when it's ready.

A) Yes over there. I was told to take it out of the sun.

B) No; I've given it to my brother.
C) Well, I used it so rarely I decided to get rid of it.
D) Not any longer. I didn't seem able to learn how to use it.
E) Yes, but at present it's being repaired.

6. James:
- I'll see you at Murray's lecture.
Nigel:
- I'm not sure that I'm going.
James:
- .....
Nigel:
- Then in that case I will.

A) He knows a lot but can't make anything interesting.

B) What's the lecture on anyway?
C) I wouldn't if I didn't feel I had to.
D) You must. I saw him yesterday and he's expecting us both.
E) Neither am I. We'll decide tomorrow.

7. Mrs. Martin:
- I've just been reading an article on cosmetic surgery.
Mr. Martin:
- I don't want to hear about it. It's just a waste of money.
Mrs. Martin:
- .....
Mr. Martin:
- Perhaps not. But that doesn't affect my opinion.

A) Ten years from now you may be more interested.

B) A lot of people regard it as money well spent.
C) Not everyone agree with you there.
D) Mrs. Sutton certainly looks years younger.
 E) I'll leave it here and you can read it.

8. Richard:
- Are the police still detaining him?
Malcolm:
Yes I'm afraid they are. But I just can't believe he'd do a thing like that.
Richard:
- .....
Malcolm:
- So do I.

A) Of course he wouldn't. I just wish we could find a way of helping him.

B) I'm not so sure. I don't really like him.
C) Why do you say that?
D) Do you expect there'll be a trial?
E) As far as I know there's not much evidence against him.
9. Mrs Frazer:
- I was sorry to hear your mother had been taken ill. How is she doing now?
Mrs Seymour:
- She's much better, thank you. She leaves hospital tomorrow.
Mrs Frazer:
- .....
Mrs Seymour:
- Yes do. I'm sure she'll be very pleased to see you.
A) What has actually been the matter with her?
B) What a relief that must be to you!
C) Does she really? Wonderful. Then I'll go and visit her next day.
D) Is there anything I can do to help you? You will let me know if I can, won't you?
E) I suppose everyone is telling her to rest and take life easy.
10. Paul:
- I see you're reading Trevor's latest novel. What is it like?
Matthew:
- It's not one of his best.
Paul:
- .....
Matthew:
- And deservedly so.
A) That seems to be the general opinion.
B) I disagree. This is the only one I've really found stimulating.
C) His characters are all types from the underworld.
D) He seems to draw much on Agatha Christie.
E) Usually his characterization is good but the background is poor.
11. Telephone Receptionist:
- Bengo Kitchen Equipment. Can I help you?
Customer:
- Yes. There's something wrong with the fridge I bought from you last year.
Telephone Receptionist:
- .....
Customer:
- Thank you very much.
A) How long is it since you had it serviced?
B) Have you kept the guarantee?
C) Please explain carefully exactly what the problem is.
D) Then I'll put you through to the Servicing Department.
E) That's strange; there's never been a complaint about them before.

12. Mr. Wentworth:

- I hope you've kept the afternoon free of appointments?
Secretary:
 - .....
Mr. Wentworth:
- But that cuts right into the afternoon and you know I have next month's schedule
to plan out.
Secretary:
- I had no choice. It's the manager who wants to see you.

A) Well, you did tell Mr. Bainbridge he could leave early.

B) No, of course I didn't forget.
C) I thought I had to keep tomorrow free.
D) Not quite, you'll be busy between three thirty and four o'clock.
E) All callers have been told you are out of town.

YANITLAR
1. James: - Let's eat out tonight. Where would you like to go?
Helen: - .....
James: - Good idea. Which one?
Helen: - Japanese one.
E) Shall we try one of those new foreign restaurants Giles was recommending?
2. Clive: - Can you recommend a good restaurant? My usual place is fully booked.
Graham: - .....
Clive: - That's not too important. It's a business lunch. I want somewhere we can talk.
A) What sort of price range do you have in mind?
3. Alison: - What's the matter? You're looking annoyed.
Mavis: - I'm feeling annoyed.
Alison: - .....
Mavis: - Well, who do you think? There's only one person who can get me this angry!
D) Well, tell me about it. Who has been annoying you?
4. Secretary: - Oh! I'm so sorry! I didn't realize there was a meeting going on here.
Mr Howard: - Well, actually, it's more or less over. What did you want?
Secretary: - .....
Mr Howard: - That's alright; you can do it right away.
B) I was just going to check something in one of the files, but I'll come back later.
5. Alan: - Where's your computer? You do have one, don't you?
Mark: - .....
Alan: - Will that take long?
Mark: - I don't think so; they'll give me a ring when it's ready.
E) Yes, but at present it's being repaired.
6. James: - I'll see you at Murray's lecture.
Nigel: - I'm not sure that I'm going.
James: - .....
Nigel: - Then in that case I will.
D) You must. I saw him yesterday and he's expecting us both.
7. Mrs. Martin: - I've just been reading an article on cosmetic surgery.
Mr. Martin: - I don't want to hear about it. It's just a waste of money.
Mrs. Martin: - .....
Mr. Martin: - Perhaps not. But that doesn't affect my opinion.
C) Not everyone agree with you there.
8. Richard: - Are the police still detaining him?
Malcolm: Yes I'm afraid they are. But I just can't believe he'd do a thing like that.
Richard: - .....
Malcolm: - So do I.
A) Of course he wouldn't. I just wish we could find a way of helping him.
9. Mrs Frazer: - I was sorry to hear your mother had been taken ill. How is she doing now?
Mrs Seymour: - She's much better, thank you. She leaves hospital tomorrow.
Mrs Frazer: - .....
Mrs Seymour: - Yes do. I'm sure she'll be very pleased to see you.
C) Does she really? Wonderful. Then I'll go and visit her next day.
10. Paul: - I see you're reading Trevor's latest novel. What is it like?
Matthew: - It's not one of his best.
 Paul: - .....
Matthew: - And deservedly so.
A) That seems to be the general opinion.
11. Telephone Receptionist: - Bengo Kitchen Equipment. Can I help you?
Customer: - Yes. There's something wrong with the fridge I bought from you last year.
Telephone Receptionist: - .....
Customer: - Thank you very much.
D) Then I'll put you through to the Servicing Department.
12. Mr. Wentworth: - I hope you've kept the afternoon free of appointments?
Secretary: - .....
Mr. Wentworth: But that cuts right into the afternoon and you know I have next month's
schedule to plan out.
Secretary: - I had no choice. It's the manager who wants to see you.
D) Not quite, you'll be busy between three thirty and four o'clock.
Verilen Duruma Uygun Düşen İfade

o Soru tümcesi genelde istenilen durumu anlatan bir yüklem, ad sıfat ya da belirteç
taşımaktadır.
o Seçenekleri incelemeden önce, sizden ne istendiğini iyice belirleyin. Yani özür dileme,
teklif etme, reddetme, kabul etme gibi durumlardan hangisine göre bir tümce üretmek
gerekiyor; üretilecek tümce normal tümce mi, emir tümcesi mi yoksa soru tümcesi mi
olabilir.
o Üretilecek tümcede hangi belirgin yapılar/yüklemler/sıfatlar kullanılabilir? Örneğin,
özür dileme ise sorry, öneri ise Shall we/Let's/Why don't we gibi.
o Seçenekleri inceleyin. İstenilen duruma uygun birden fazla tümce varsa, sorulan
duruma en uygun olanı belirleyin. Bunu yaparken de konuşmanın resmi bir nitelik mi
taşıdığına, yoksa bir arkadaş vs. ile yapılan sıradan bir konuşma mı olacağına dikkat
edin.

VERİLEN DURUMA UYGUN DÜŞEN İFADE - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 duruma uygun düşen ifade sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1. A friend's child has knocked over a vase and broken it. They are both very sorry,
and you want to comfort them and stop them feeling bad about it. You say:
A) That was one of the more expensive items in the collection.
B) What a naughty child you have! I think you are to blame for the damage he has done.
C) Well, actually, I am sorry because it was given to my grandmother.
D) There's no harm done. Actually, that's a vase that I've never cared for.
E) I should have kept such a valuable vase in a safe place.
2. When a friend phones you and asks "Where were you last night?" you suddenly
realize you'd promised to go round and see her, but hadn't done so. She's a close
friend and you are always open and honest with each other. You say:
A) I worked late at the office. Why?
B) Oh dear! I simply forgot. I'm so sorry.
C) I was just about to phone you about it.
D) I thought you were coming round here.
E) That's very kind of you. I should have let you know earlier.
3. On the news you learn that there has been a substantial drop in the price of a
number of shares including some you have. You feel alarmed and need reliable
advice immediately. You call a close friend who is an expert in these matters. As
he's not available you leave a message with his secretary for him:
A) There's something I would like to discuss with you. Call me when it's convenient.
B) It's extremely urgent. Please call me as soon as possible. I desperately need your advice
about some shares.
C) You've always given me reliable advice. I need some more today. I'll call later again.
D) I hear share prices are falling. When you're free tell me what to do with mine.
E) I've called to get your advice about whether or not it could be profitable to buy more
shares now.
4. You have accepted an invitation to give a lecture to a group of geologists. You
have been looking forward to this but, on the morning of the day your talk has
been scheduled for, your wife is suddenly taken seriously so you cannot leave
her. You call the organizers immediately to cancel your lecture and express your
apologies. You say:
A) Unfortunately my wife has been ill for a long time, and I feel I cannot commit myself to
give a talk.
B) Unfortunately my wife has not recovered as far as I expected, so I have to cancel my talk
today.
C) Since my wife is suffering from a serious illness I suggest you postpone today's talk.
D) I'm sorry to have to let you know that I cannot possibly give my talk today owing to my
 wife'sunexpected illness this morning.
E) Due to my wife's ill health, I am reluctantly giving up all my lecture engagements.
5. The position of Undersecretary in the Ministry has fallen vacant. From various
quarters, both inside and outside the Ministry, you had been given the impression
that you were likely to be appointed to the position. However, this did not happen,
and someone else was appointed. Naturally you feel disappointed and admit this
to a close friend, saying:
A) Believe me I couldn't care less about what's happened.
B) It was unfair of them to encourage me and then appoint someone else; it's very
dishonest of them.
C) It's quite a relief to know that a really qualified person has been appointed to this position
at such a critical time.
D) Well, I have to admit that I might have found the additional responsibility rather trying.
E) I really had every reason to believe the position was mine; so now I know it isn't I do feel
rather upset.
6. You are leading a delegation for your country authorized to negotiate for the
settlement of a border dispute with a neighbouring country. So far the
negotiations with the opposite delegation have gone well, and an agreement has
almost been reached. However, you need a final consultation with your authorities
and therefore suggest a short break in the negotiations. So you say to the other
delegation:
A) I suggest we suspend the negotiations now and meet again some other time.
B) I propose we adjourn for a short while, say for two hours, since I need to review the
situation with my government.
C) We consider the terms you have put forward reasonably acceptable, and will sign the
document after the break.
D) This border dispute has gone on far too long; it's time we settled it for good.
E) The agreement we have already reached must first be approved by our governments.
7. There's a problem with the car, and you want the mechanic at the repair place you
always use to startwork on it immediately though there are other jobs that he's
working on. He's reluctant. You really do all you can to make him agree. You say:
A) My neighbour sent me here, and he's a very good customer of yours.
B) I know this is the first time I've come to you but I'll come regularly if you help me now.
C) Come on! I'm a good customer and don't ask many favours. It really is of vital importance
that you fix it for me immediately.
D) As long as you can do it tomorrow there'll be no problem.
E) You did a bad job of fixing it last time I brought it in. That's why there's a problem now.
8. Someone asks you where a certain school building is. You only know vaguely
where it is and, wanting to be as helpful as possible, say:
A) It's very near here. Do you see the Post Office there? It's just next to the Post Office.
B) I'm afraid I can't help you. I've never heard of the place.
C) I don't think it's anywhere near here. In fact it could be at the other side of the town.
D) Go along this road as far as the traffic lights, Then turn left and it's the second building
on your left.
E) It's down this hill and to the right somewhere. They'll be able to help you better at the
Tourist office down there.
9. A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think it's high time she
consulted a doctor about it, and you decide to impress on her the need to take the
matter seriously. You say:
A) Do please go to a chemist's and get a bottle of cough mixture.
B) You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go and
get it checked.
C) Do what I do. Drink a glass of fresh grapefruit juice every morning. I'm sure it will do you
good.
D) The weather is getting warmer now so perhaps your cough will go away.
E) I think you are coughing a bit less these days, but I still think you should smoke less.
10. There have been last minute changes in flights arrangements so you phone your
son at his office to let him of these and save him a fruitless drive to the airport.
You speak to his secretary who informs you that your son is at a meeting but that
she can get a message through to him. You say:
A) Please make sure that he is there at the airport to meet me as arranged.
B) I think he should know that, unfortunately, the holiday has had to be cancelled.
C) Please explain that the London-Amsterdam flights are fully booked for the next six
weeks.
D) I just want to remind him that he promised to meet me at the airport this evening.
E) Just tell him there's been a change in the programme, and I shall not be arriving this
evening.
11. A colleague at work feels he has been unfairly treated by his manager and his first
reaction is to hand in his resignation. You think he is over-reacting and that he
would soon regret such a step. Accordingly, you say:
A) Give yourself time to think this over. Tomorrow's another day. You may feel differently
then.
B) That man must be made to realize that he can't treat people in this way.
C) By all means, hand in your resignation; with your qualifications you can soon get a better
job.
D) If I were in your position I would most certainly hand in my resignation.
E) You are not behaving unreasonably. In fact, you're taking the only right course.
12. Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you
asking for a loan. You refuse to give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly
manner, making use of your family commitments. You say:
A) I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the children's school fees this month
andthere'll be nothing left over after that.
B) Yes of course I'll help you out; but you will have to pay me back at he beginning of next
month.
C) I thought I'd told you that I would never again lend you any money.
D) My father would be very angry if he knew what I was doing.
E) Why don't you ask your family to help you out? Surely they will.

YANITLAR
1. A friend's child has knocked over a vase and broken it. They are both very sorry, and
you want to comfort them and stop them feeling bad about it. You say:
D) There's no harm done. Actually, that's a vase that I've never cared for.
2. When a friend phones you and asks "Where were you last night?" you suddenly realize
you'd promised to go round and see her, but hadn't done so. She's a close friend and
you are always open and honest with each other. You say:
B) Oh dear! I simply forgot. I'm so sorry.
3. On the news you learn that there has been a substantial drop in the price of a number
of shares including some you have. You feel alarmed and need reliable advice
immediately. You call a close friend who is an expert in these matters. As he's not
available you leave a message with his secretary for him:
B) It's extremely urgent. Please call me as soon as possible. I desperately need your
advice about some shares.
4. You have accepted an invitation to give a lecture to a group of geologists. You have
been looking forward to this but, on the morning of the day your talk has been
scheduled for, your wife is suddenly taken seriously so you cannot leave her. You
call the organizers immediately to cancel your lecture and express your
apologies. You say:
D) I'm sorry to have to let you know that I cannot possibly give my talk today owing to
my wife's unexpected illness this morning.
5. The position of Undersecretary in the Ministry has fallen vacant. From various quarters,
both inside and outside the Ministry, you had been given the impression that you were
likely to be appointed to the position. However, this did not happen, and someone else
was appointed. Naturally you feel disappointed and admit this to a close friend,
saying:
E) I really had every reason to believe the position was mine; so now I know it isn't I do
feel rather upset.
6. You are leading a delegation for your country authorized to negotiate for the settlement
of a border dispute with a neighbouring country. So far the negotiations with the
opposite delegation have gone well, and an agreement has almost been reached.
However, you need a final consultation with your authorities and therefore
suggest a short break in the negotiations. So you say to the other delegation:
B) I propose we adjourn for a short while, say for two hours, since I need to review the
situation with my government.
7. There's a problem with the car, and you want the mechanic at the repair place you
always use to start work on it immediately though there are other jobs that he's
working on. He's reluctant. You really do all you can to make him agree. You say:
C) Come on! I'm a good customer and don't ask many favours. It really is of vital
importance that you fix it for me immediately.
8. Someone asks you where a certain school building is. You only know vaguely where
it is and, wanting to be as helpful as possible, say:
E) It's down this hill and to the right somewhere. They'll be able to help you better at the
Tourist office down there.
9. A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think it's high time she consulted
a doctor about it, and you decide to impress on her the need to take the matter
seriously. You say:
B) You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go
and get it checked.
10. There have been last minute changes in flights arrangements so you phone your
son at his office to let him of these and save him a fruitless drive to the airport.
You speak to his secretary who informs you that your son is at a meeting but that she
can get a message through to him. You say:
E) Just tell him there's been a change in the programme, and I shall not be arriving this
evening.
11. A colleague at work feels he has been unfairly treated by his manager and his first
reaction is to hand in his resignation. You think he is over-reacting and that he
would soon regret such a step. Accordingly, you say:
A) Give yourself time to think this over. Tomorrow's another day. You may feel
differently then.
12 Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you asking
for a loan. You refuse to give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly manner,
making use of your family commitments. You say:
A) I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the children's school fees this
month and there'll be nothing left over after that.
MODAL VERB
1. TANIM
Kimi modal verb yapılar ad ya da yüklem olarak taşıdıkları anlama (can (n) = teneke kutu, have
(v) = sahip olmak, May (n) = Mayıs, must (n) = gereklilik, will (n) = irade; vasiyetname) dikkat
etmek gerekebilir.
2. KULLANIM VE ÇEVİRİ
Modal verb yapılar abece sırasına göre ele alınmıştır.
2.1. be (= am / is / are) able to
"Bir şeyi yapabilmek" anlamını taşır.
I am able to run a mile.
Ben bir mil koşabilirim.
Bu yapı Türkçeye "yüklem + - Ebil- " ile aktarılır.
2.2 can
a) bir şeyi yapabilmek
Can you speak German ?
b) olasılık
He can be here any moment.
c) izin, rica
Can I leave early ?
Can you turn the volume down ?
Bu kullanımlar (a-c) Türkçeye "yüklem + - EbIl-" ile aktarılır. Can sözcüğünün farklı kullanım ve
anlamları bulunmakta:
can't stand = katlanamamak, hoşlanmamak
=>=> can't help = kendini tutamamak
can't stand / can't help + Ving
d) Olumsuz sonuç çıkarma
It can't be her. She is much taller.
e) Geçmişe ait olumsuz sonuç çıkarma.
She can't have left earlier.
2.3. could
a) Geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilmek.
I could swim across the lake then.
Tom ..... read and write when he was only 4 years old.
A. can B. must C. have to D. could E. should
b) olasılık
Perhaps she could answer all the questions.
c) izin, rica
Could you do me a favour ?
d) teklif
Could we meet at around 12 tomorrow ?
e) Sonuç çıkarma
He could be at home. He could be sleeping.
f) Gerçekleşmemiş, geçmişe ait olasılık
I could have passed the test.
2.4. dare
a) Cesaret etmek
She daren't do it.
b) Sadece I daresay yapısı ile, olasılık
I daresay you are tired.
2.5. had better
Tercih, "olsa iyi olur"
Hadn't we better start right away ? / I'd better keep it in a box.
You ..... better see a doctor; you look awful.
A. may B. would C. had D. must E. should
2.6. have (got) to
a) Konuşmacının gerçeklere dayanarak ilettiği zorunluluk.
She has to leave immediately. There is a phone call.
b) Gerekmezlik (= needn't )
You don't have to study at all.
She won't have to go.
We didn't have to buy anything.
Kimi zaman have = sahip olmak yüklemi, have to ile benzer bir şekilde kullanılıyor olabilir.
Tümcenin anlamını yanlış anlamamak için dikkat etmek gerekir.
This book has a lot to say. (= This book has a lot of things to say.)
Have to ile sık karıştırılan bir yapı:

=>=> have to do with = have connection with

The wound has healed now; you ..... wear that bandage any longer.
A. ought to B. will need to C. don't have to D. could E. should

Because of a diversion on the road, they ..... another road while they left the town.
A. had to take B. have to take C. must have taken D. need to take E.
should have taken
2.7. may
a) Olasılık
We may never see that comet again.
b) İzin, rica
You may go.
c) Gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem.
Many species may have died out by then.
d) Geçmişe ait olası eylem
He may have missed the bus.
e) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olasılık
They may have won the match. They played terribly.
f) may as well = had better
Ayrıca may well kullanımına dikkat! Bu yapıda well sözcüğü pekala, neden olmasın anlamını
taşır.
g) Dualar may ile olur. May özneden önce gelir.
May God be with you.
h) Rağmen anlamı veren tümcelerde (=Concession Clause), devrik yapıda may
kullanılabilir.
2.8. might
a) zayıf olasılık
This medicine might have some side effects
b) izin isteme
Might we suggest something ?
c) gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem
By the year 2.000, you might have died.
Olasılık söz konusu olduğunda dikkat edilmesi gereken bir özellik:

=>=> can/may/might + have + V3 bağlama göre

past ya da future olabilir.
d) geçmişe ait olası eylem
He might have tried to contact you.
e) geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olasılık
 They might at least have apologized.
f) might as well = had better
Buy a ticket; you ..... the grand prize.
A. might even win B. could even have won C. even won D. need even have won E. must
even win
2.9. must
a) konuşmacının zorunlu gördüğü, kendi fikrine dayalı zorunluluk
I don't want her here. She must go. / Onu burada istemiyorum. Gitmeli./Gitmesi şart.
We ..... hurry, or we will be late!
A. must B. had to C. should D. ought to E. can
b) çok kuvvetli olasılık
There must be a mistake. Check it again. / He must be sleeping. I can hear his snore.
Olasılık söz konusu olduğunda, must sözcüğü açısından bir özellik:

=>=> mustn't yerine can't

mustn't be + Ving yerine can't be + Ving
mustn't have + V3 yerine can't have + V3
Your umbrella is wet; it ..... raining outside.
A. must be B. was C. can't be D. might be E. should be

The lights have gone; a fuse ......

A. will have blown B. can blow C. must have blown D. might blow E. should blow
c) Yasaklama
You must not take any pictures here.
d) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olması olası eylem
He must have missed the bus.
2.10. need(n't)
a) Gerekmezlik (= don't/doesn't have to)
You needn't worry.
He ..... come with us if he doesn't want to.
A. needs to B. needn't have C. didn't need to D. needn't E. needs to
b) Gereklilik
Need I sign it ?
c) Geçmişte gerek olmadığı halde yapılmış eylem.
We needn't have brought our tent; his tent is large enough.
2.11. ought to
a) Öğüt, tavsiye
It ought to be cleaned every two months.
b) Geçmişte gerçekleş(me)miş olasılık.
She ought to have been more careful.
2.12. shall
a) Gelecek. Resmi kullanım.
When shall we announce the results ?
b) Sadece Shall I ve Shall we ile, öneri.
Shall we go out ?
Soru formunda shall yalnızca iki şekilde kullanılmakta:

=>=> Shall I ......?

Shall we ..... ?
2.13. should
a) Yükümlülük
He should work harder.
b) Şu anda gerçekleşmesi gerekirken gerçekleşmeyen - ya da bunun tam tersi - eylem.
 You should be at home now. You should be studying.
c) Why veya How ile, tedirginlik ve öfke ifadesinde.
How should I know it ?
d) Olasılık
He worked hard. So, he should succeed.
e) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş gereklilik
She should have seen her mistake.

The flower is dead; I ..... it twice a week, but I forgot.

A. ought to water B. ought to have watered C. should water D. must water E. ought
to be watered
f) Bazı yüklem ve sıfatlarla
I advise that she should resign.
g) Second conditional yapıda, devrik tümce oluşturmak için.
Should he come, give him my message.
2.14. used to
a) Geçmişte olan ve artık devam etmeyen durum / alışkanlık.
I used to exercise regularly.
When I was a child, I ..... a torch with me to bed so that I could read when everybody at home
was sleeping.
A. was taken B. was taking C. used to take D. must take E. must have taken

b) Olumsuz yapıda, geçmişte olmayıp sonradan oluşan durum / alışkanlık.

She didn't use to smoke.
He never used to leave the office early.
Her ne kadar used to ile doğrudan bir ilgisi olmasa da, karışıklığa neden olabildiği için be used
to ve get used to yapılarına da değinmek yerinde olacaktır. Be used to "alışkın olmak", get used
to ise "alışkanlığı kazanmak" anlamlarını taşırlar ve modal verb özellikleri yoktur.
"Your neighbours upstairs are making a lot of noise." "I'm used to it."
When I first moved to Ankara, life was difficult. Then I got used to living here.
Used to ile sık karıştırılan yapılar:

=>=> be used to = alışkın olmak

get used to = alışkanlığı kazanmak
be/get used to + Ving
be/get used to = be/get accustomed to
get used to = become used to

Are you used ..... late?

A. having slept B. sleeping C. to have slept D. to sleep E. to sleeping
Bazen, use eyleminin edilgen yapıda kullanımı (This is a tool [which is] used to cut glass) used
to olarak algılanmakta ve hata yapılmakta:

=>=> (be) used (in order) to

Used to ve would farkı:

=>=> Used to => eylem uzunca bir süre tekrarlandı / sürdü, artık sürmüyor.
Would => bilerek ya da amaçlı eylem; eylemin gerçekleştiği zaman genelde belirtilir
/ ima edilir.
Would sözcüğünden sonra bir durum anlatan live, work gibi eylemler kullanılmaz.
2.15. will
a) Geleceğe yönelik durum, eylem
I will come with you.
 Next month, we'll be opening a new branch.
Next month, we'll have opened a new branch.
b) Rica, istek
Will you please leave the door open ?
c) Geleceğe yönelik kesin ve doğal sonuç
She is so stubborn. She'll refuse it.
2.16. would
a) Geçmişte alışkanlık. Used to yapısından farkı, bu alışkanlığın bitmiş olmasının
gerekmemesidir.
He would drink a glass of wine after dinner. / Akşam yemeğinden sonra bir bardak şarap içerdi.
b) Rica, istek
Would you send the brochures as soon as possible ?
c) Geçmişte zorunluluk, kimi zaman inatlaşma taşıyan eylem.
I begged him to help me, but he wouldn't.
d) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş eylem.
We would have stayed longer but the weather changed.
e) Second condition türü kullanımda
If you had not been so lazy you would be studying at university now.
2.17. would rather
"Tercih etmek, yeğlemek" anlamını taşır.
I'd rather keep silent.
Tercih söz konusu olduğunda than kullanılır.
We'd rather starve to death than eat it.
would rather + tümce durumunda tümcenin yüklemi Simple Past Tense ile oluşturulur, ama
anlam past değildir.
I'd rather you went first.
Would rather yapısının kullanımında dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar:

=>=> Tercih söz konusu olduğunda than kullanılır.

would rather = would sooner
would rather + Özne + simple past

I ..... go to the cinema than study English.

A. had better B. needn't C. should D. have to E. would rather
Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları

NOUN CLAUSE

1. TANIM

Noun Clause bir tür basit tümce olarak ele alınabilir ve çeviri işlemi de buna göre yapılabilir. Tümce ne
kadar karmaşık yapıda gözükürse gözüksün, aşağıdaki bölümlerde yer alan örnek tümcelerden de
anlaşılacağı gibi, aslında bir S+V+(O) yapısı bulunmaktadır ve bu yapı Türkçeye Ö+(N)+Y şeklinde
aktarılır.

Zaman uyumu:

Ana tümce - Present / Future ise Yan tümce -

 Present / Future / Past

Ana tümce - Past ise Yan tümce - Past

2. THAT CLAUSE

2.1. Reported speech

a) Normal tümceler

Ann told me that Tom liked beer.

Ann bana Tom'un biradan hoşlandığını söyledi.

b) Emir / İstek tümceleri

We told the boys to keep away from the cake.

Before the start of the final test, we told the students .....
dictionaries or grammar books.
A. didn't use
B. don't use
C. not to have used
D. not to use
E. not using
2.2. be + that
Be yükleminin ardından, öznenin niteliğini açıklamak için that ile bağlanan bölüm kullanılabilir.
My assumption is that inflation will remain a problem.

2.3. realise / see / .. + that

Bu yapıda notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine gibi yüklemlerin ardından that ile başlayarak
bu yüklemin nitelediği unsur anlatılmaktadır. Çeviri ya da kullanım açısından diğer Noun Clause
yapılardan bir farklılığı yoktur.
I noticed that he was telling the truth.

2.4. Ad, that ..

 The report, that he will take measurements, justifies me.

Don't you think it is significant .....?

A. in case so many people would have marched in protest
B. if the resolution had been passed
C. how quickly they had cancelled all the flights
D. whether they were re-elected
E. that 26 people have resigned since Mr Fairfax was
appointed manager
I doubt ..... she will pass the test.
A. as
B. how
C. that
D. when
E. why
2.5. That ...
That the budget deficit will increase is obvious
türü bir tümce çeviri açısından sorun oluşturabilmektedir. Bunun nedeni de tümcenin başındaki That
sözcüğüne aldanılıp "Bu ..." ile çeviriye başlanmasıdır. Böyle bir çeviri, yukarıdaki örnek tümce
açısından, iki yönden yanlıştır.
Birincisi, That sözcüğü that book / pen / man gibi yapılarda olduğu gibi kendisinden sonra gelen adı
niteliyor olsa, bu durumda örnek tümcedeki the sözcüğünün kullanılmaması gerekirdi. İkincisi, tümce
"Bu" sözcüğü ile başlanarak aktarılacak ise bu durumda tümce incelendiğinde,
That the budget deficit will increase is obvious
S V ?
durumu ortaya çıkacaktır. Yani tümcenin sonunda yer alan is obvious bölümü ortada kalacaktır.
Bu tür tümceler
( THAT +S+V+O)
That the budget deficit will increase is obvious (S + V + O)

yapısı taşımaktadır ve tümcenin başındaki That Türkçeye "yüklem + -DIğI / -EcEğI" şeklinde aktarılır.
Bütçe açığının artacağı ortada(dır).
That ile başlayan tümceler It ... that ... yapısı ile de oluşturulabilir.
It is obvious that the budget deficit will increase.
3. WH CLAUSE
Who(m/se), which, where, when, why, how (much / many / far / tall / .. ) gibi yapıların kullanıldığı
tümcelerdir.
..... how they can expect to make any profit at all.
A. We were puzzled
B. They didn't assume
C. I don't see
D. It has already been
E. They had been denied
3.1. Reported Speech
Konuşan kişinin sorularının aktarımıdır.
Peter asked where they had put the box.

3.2. WH .. + be + (WH ..)

Why he didn't call the police is a mystery.

What I gave Tom was not what he wanted from me.

3.3. be + WH
Be yükleminin ardından, öznenin niteliğini açıklamak için WH ile bağlanan bölüm kullanılabilir.
The problem is how the children find the way.
3.4. realise/see/.. + WH
Bu yapıda notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine gibi yüklemlerin ardından WH ile başlayarak
bu yüklemin nitelediği unsur anlatılmaktadır. Çeviri ya da kullanım açısından diğer Noun Clause
yapılardan bir farklılığı yoktur.
His wife cannot understand why Peter refused the offer.

3.5. Ad, WH
Your question, why Max didn't tell it, is interesting.

3.6. WH + to
WH sözcüğünü izleyen bölümde should ya da ought to kullanılması durumunda bu yapı,
WH + to
olarak kısaltılabilir.
I don't know where I should go / to go.

It is surprising ......
A. so that his chilhood was not spent very profitably
B. that she had given in her resignation so suddenly
C. where such accurate and detailed information had come
from
D. how much attention even the more serious newspaper will
have given him.
E. how few people have ever seen an original Van Gogh
painting.
4. YES/NO CLAUSE
4.1. Reported Speech
Konuşan kişinin bir soru sözcüğü (WH) kullanmadan oluşturduğu soruların aktarılmasıdır.
My lawyer asked me if / whether I had sent the form.

..... whether estimating future manpower requirements is

definitely desirable.
A. From the ongoing discussion, it is not obvious
B. We were extremely concerned
C. The manager wondered
D. It had been under discussion for a long time
E. The committee was asked
4.2. whether to
Whether sözcüğünü izleyen bölümde should ya da ought to kullanılması durumunda bu yapı,
whether to
olarak kısaltılabilir.
The boss doesn't know whether he should believe his excuse / to believe his excuse

4.3. If ve whether farkı

Kullanım açısından if ve whether çeşitli farklılıklar gösterirler. Whether daha geniş bir kullanım alanına
sahiptir.
a) Whether + tümce + V + (O) yapısında if kullanılmaması önerilir.
Whether he would pass the test was doubtful.

b) be + whether yapısında if kullanılmaz.

My problem is whether I will get a pay rise.
c) preposition + whether yapısında if kullanılmaz.
Everything depends on whether they will come on time.

d) .., whether yapısında if kullanılmaz.

You have yet to answer my question, whether I can count on your vote.

e) whether + to yapısında if kullanılmaz.

I don't know whether to stay.

f) whether or not yapısında if kullanılmaz.

He didn't tell us whether or not he will be staying with us.

5. EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSE
He didn't know what a great chance he had missed.

It is incredible how fast he can run.

Bu yapı kimi zaman iki ayrı anlam taşıyabilir ve doğru anlamın çıkarılması için tümcenin geçtiği metnin
içeriğine bakılması gerekebilir.
I told her how late she was.
(a) Ona ne kadar geciktiğini söyledim [saatten haber verdim].
(b) Ona ne kadar da geciktiğini söyledim.
They didn't know what mistake they had made.

They didn't know what a mistake they had made.

6. INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Türkçeye "yüklem + -mEk" şeklinde aktarılabilir.
6.1. Ad, to ..
Your ambition, to become a lawyer, requires hard work.

Bu yapının benzeri, It .. ile sık olarak kullanılır.

It is natural for them to be together / that they are together / that they should be
together.

It would be unwise for you to marry her / if you were to marry her.

6.2. Noun Clause Benzeri Diğer yapılar

6.2.1. To ..
To join the army was his only dream.

6.2.2. To ..+ be + to ..
To challenge him is to risk your life.
6.2.3. .. nesne + to
My father didn't want me to argue with Tom. /my arguing ...

7. -ING CLAUSE
Türkçeye "yüklem + -mEk" şeklinde aktarılabilir.
7.1. Ad, Ving
(NOUN, -ING+O)
Her thesis, studying cognitive factors, takes up all her time. (S + V + O) /
Bilişsel unsurları incelemek konulu tezi tüm vaktini alıyor.

7.2. Noun Clause Benzeri Diğer Yapılar

7.2.1. Ving ..
Watching TV has been his only enjoyment.

7.2.2. be + Ving
(-ING+O)
His first job had been selling computers. (S +V + O ) / İlk işi bilgisayar satmak
olmuştu.

7.2.3. .. my/his/..(=Possessive) + Ving

I am against their digging the area.

7.2.4. My/His/..(=Possessive) + Ving ..

My forgetting her name was a great mistake.

7.2.5. There ... no /any + Ving ...

Bu yapının Türkçeye aktarılması için her zaman kullanılabilecek bir yol önermek olanaksızdır.
There was no / wasn't any mistaking that voice.

There is no / isn't any knowing what they will do next.

8. BARE INFINITIVE CLAUSE

8.1. Ettirgen Yapı (Causative)
Ettirgen yapının özelliği:
Ettirgen yapı, İngilizcede yüklemin ikiye bölünüp
 nesnenin araya girdiği iki yapıdan biridir (diğeri
phrasal verb).

have + nesne + V
get + nesne + to + V
have + nesne + V3
get + nesne + V3
make + nesne + V

(They put the fire out. Phrasal Verb)

a) have + nesne + V = birisine birşeyi rica ya da atama yolu ile yaptırmak.

We had the waiter clean the table.
 Finally, they've had to have a locksmith ..... the lock for them.
A. open
B. to open
C. opening
D. to be opening
E. opened
b) get + nesne + to + V = birisine ikna yolu ile birşey yaptırmak.
Can you get your father to lend you the car ?

He is very stubborn; it is almost impossible ..... him ..... with

you.
A. getting/agree
B. having got/agreed
C. to have got/being agreed
D. to get/agreed
E. to get/to agree
c) make + nesne + V = birisine birşeyi (zorla) yaptırmak.
I'm not guilty ! They made me do it.

Make ile oluşturulan ettirgen yapının edilgen hali sorun oluşturabilmekte:

Edilgen hali = be + made to + V

As we didn't have an official invitation, we were kindly made
..... the Celebration Party.
A. leave
B. leaving
C. left
D. to have left
E. to leave
d) have / get + nesne + V3 = birşeyi yaptırmak
She has had her hair dyed.

Even though her diamond ring was stolen, she was lucky as
she had got it ..... only a few days before.
A. being insured
B. insure
C. insured
D. to be insured
E. to insure
İngilizce ettirgen yapıların çevirisi esnasında sorun oluşturmasa da, yanlışlıkla eklenecek bir "t" harfi
yanlış anlam ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Yani, hatalı olarak "yüklem + -DIrmEk" yerine "yüklem + -
DIrtmEk" yapısının kullanılması. İkinci yapının doğru olarak kullanılması aşağıdaki örnekte açıklandığı
şekilde olmalıdır.
I've had the car cleaned. ETTİRGEN

I've got someone to have the car cleaned.

Will you please get the vacuum cleaner ..... while I'm away?
 A. repair
B. to repair
C. to be repairing
D. repaired
E. to have repaired

d) let + nesne + V = izin vermek

Will you let me ask a question!

As a teacher, I never let my students ..... mother tongue in the

classroom.
A. having used
B. to have used
C. to use
D. use
E. using
Let sözcüğünün bir diğer anlamı:
let alone = ... bir yana

8.2. but / except
İstisna belirten durumlarda but ve except sözcüklerinden sonra gelen yüklem to almadan kullanılır.
She did everything but come to the point.
Okuma - Soru Tiplerine Yönelik Çalışmalar

Yanıtlar en sonda verilmekte.

Soru tipleri:
I. DOĞRUDAN YANITLANABİLECEK SORULAR

I. 1. METNİN TÜMÜNE YÖNELİK

I.1.A. Konu / Başlık

I.1.B. Ana fikir
I.2. METNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
I.2.A. Metinde var olana yönelik
a) Değinme sözcükleri
b) Bağlantı sözcükleri
c) Karmaşık yapılar
I.2.B. Metinde var olmayana yönelik
II. DOĞRUDAN YANITLANAMAYAN SORULAR
II.1. METNİN TÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
II.1.A. Metnin / Yazarın ifade tonu
II.1.B. Yazarın amacı
II.1.C. Ortam
II.2. METNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
II.2.A. İma edilen
II.2.B. Metinden önce/sonra gelen
II.2.C. Sözcük anlamı
III. GENEL SORULAR

I. DOĞRUDAN YANITLANABİLECEK SORULAR

I. 1. METNİN TÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
I.1.A. Konu / Başlık
Alıştırma 1
Aşağıdaki metinlerde sadece destekleyici tümceler verilmiştir. Metinlerin ardından da üç olası konu
tümcesi gelmektedir. Metni sunabilecek olan en uygun tümceyi seçin.
Örnek:
__________. In Greek and Roman times, the cavalry was composed of members of noble families.
This distinction continued up to the Middle Ages. After the invention of gunpowder, this branch of
the military service underwent great changes. With the development of heavy artillery and air
forces, this service has almost disappeared.
A) The cavalry has been displaced by armoured regiments.
B) Cavalry regiments still retain a mounted squadron for ceremonial duties. *
C) The cavalry is the part of an army consisting of troops that serve on horseback.
1.
__________. Outside, he knelt in the wet grass, tide his shoes, and then swung off toward the barn. There, ducking
under the pitchforks, he filled a bucket with oats and water to make breakfast for his sows in the orchard. To get to
the hogs he took the shortest way over the bridge above the swirling stream. As he passed over the water, he saw
the boat of his grandfather pounding itself to pieces against the jagged rocks.

A. It was obvious from the very start of it that Tom's Saturday morning would be different from other mornings
of the week because hardly had he got up then he sadly realised that he had lost one shoe the previous
night when he had had too much to drink.
B. Tom silently put on his shoes as soon as he left his bed since he was sure that he would be asked to set
the table if one of his parents happened to wake up.
C. Tom's Saturday morning started very early as on other days of the week as he made his way to the
garden.

2.
__________. One example is the new breed of cattle being developed by the Brazilians and specially adapted to
withstand the pests and the climate of the tropics. And so it is that they are not only working on a new breed of
cattle, but also on a new type of grass that is suitable to feed them.
 A. Brazil is doing her best to make sure that the flow of tourists continues while the country prospers as far as
agriculture is concerned.
B. In South America, where Brazil, together with Argentina, is the driving force of economy, farmers are
surprised to find that their cattle will refuse to eat any sort of fodder that it imported from sub-tropical
countries.
C. The Brazilians today are developing their own civilisation - not a European civilisation, but one which is
adapted to the tropical climate, tropical vegetation, tropical light, and tropical colours.

3.
__________. If you say only that it is loss of memory, you include in the group of amnesiacs any man who forgets
his wife's birthday or goes off to the office without his wristwatch. Actually, amnesia is something a bit more sinister.
It is loss of memory, to be sure, but it is the sort brought on by injury, overwork, worry, or a nasty blow on the head.

A. What can be done to stop amnesia?

B. What, then, is amnesia?
C. Why is amnesia so common?

4.
__________. In the first place, the ant often brings to the surface from a depth of several feet considerable
quantities of subsoil. This is spread over the surface and exposed to the atmosphere. In the second place, the
burrows quickly conduct air and the moisture into the deeper recesses of the soil.

A. Although most ants prefer to dwell in houses where they can comfortably feed from the kitchen, garden
ants choose to dig their complex labyrinth system out in the garden
B. Common garden ants are harmful not only as pests that eat our crops but also simply because they are
hard to destroy.
C. While the activities of common garden ants are often annoying, their excavations are extremely valuable in
renewing the soil.

5.
__________. First, it doubled the area of the United States and provided territory from which fourteen new states
were created either wholly or in part. Second, it gave control over the mouth of the Mississippi River and opened up
the way to foreign trade. Prior to the purchase, the waterway had been blocked by the Spanish, probably with the
approval of Napoleon. Third, the land was rich in timber, minerals, and natural resources of other kinds. And,
finally, the cost of transaction was unbelievably low; the total of $15,000,000 amounted to approximately four cents
an acre.

A. It was with the Lousiana Purchase that the first traces of trouble that led to the Civil War started to appear
in the US.
B. The Lousiana Purchase proved to be one of the most intelligent business pacts in the entire history of the
U.S.
C. When the Lousiana Purchase enabled the United States to take a large area under its dominance,
someone estimated that it would be one the most troublesome pacts that the US would ever sign.

6.
__________. The Harbour or Leopard Seals, mottled with light or dark spots, prefer to remain close to home on the
rocks just off the shore. Their fur is of little commercial value. The Alaska Fur Seals breed in the Pribilof Islands but
range the length and breadth of the Pacific. They are extremely valuable but are protected from hunters by strict
international agreement. The Steller Sea-Lions have been found from Santa Barbara all the way to the Bering Sea,
but they are now extremely rare. Their noise is a roar and this, plus the tawny, lion-like mane, doubtless accounts
for the name. The California Sea-Lion is small, dark, and usually trainable. Because of its size and sagacity, it is
most often selected for zoological gardens and trained seal acts.

A. California coast houses thousands of seals and sea-lions that are, at present, facing the danger of
extinction.
B. Not very surprisingly, the four species of seals and se-lions off the California coast consume an incredible
amount of fish each day, thus infuriating American fishermen.
C. Seals and sea-lions known to the rookeries off the California coast are of four species.

7.
__________. This spider, named Micrompgale debliemma, has only two eyes where most spiders have six or
eight. Unlike most spiders, it does not have lungs but instead absorbs oxygen through its skin. Just three one-
hundredth of an inch long, Micromygale is one of the world's smallest spiders.
 A. Scientists have discovered a spider which is remarkably different from any other known spider.
B. Scientists have discovered a spider which is in the size of the head of a pin.
C. Scientists have discovered a spider which inhabits the coastal forested regions of Panama.

8.
________________. Cirrus clouds are thin and delicate, whereas cumulus clouds look like cotton balls. Nimbus
clouds are dark and ragged, and stratus clouds appear dull in colour and cover the entire sky.

A. A stratus cloud on the ground is called fog.

B. There are four basic cloud types - cirrus, cumulus, nimbus, and stratus.
C. It is possible to predict the weather by studying clouds.

9.
_________________ For example, King William the First, better known as William the Conqueror, was the first
Norman king of England. Perhaps the most famous English writer of all times was William Shakespeare. And who
can forget the American hero of the West, Buffalo Bill (William) Cody?

A. One of the most common boys' names in English in "William".

B. "William" is not only a popular name today but also the name of many famous people in the past.
C. If your name is William, you have the same name as many other people.

10.
__________________ Straw, which can absorb up to four times its weight in oil, can be thrown on the spill and
then be burned. Oil can be broken up and sunk by bither sand, talcum powder, or chalk. Under experimentation,
some chemicals have been shown to disperse the spill into droplets, which microbes can then destroy.

A. There are many ways in which oil spills in the sea can be dealt with.
B. Contamination of the sea by oil spills is a critical problem.
C. Wind and wave action can carry oil spills a great distance across the sea.

I.1.B. Ana fikir

Alıştırma 2
En iyi seçeneği bulun.
1.
The first thing to remembered about rattlesnakes is that they can be encountered at almost any altitude. Many
people do not expect to find them at altitudes over 6,000 feet, but in the southwestern United States they are
encountered as high as 11,000-foot level, and in Mexico up to 14,000 feet. In most parts of the country rattlesnakes
hibernate in dens in the winter, but generally they are in the open from March or April to October or December
depending on local climate or weather conditions.
The best title for the passage would be __________.

A. Rattlesnake Fact and Fiction

B. The Dens of Rattlesnake
C. Treatment for Rattlesnake Bites
D. Rattlesnakes at High Altitudes
E. Places Where Rattlesnakes May Be Encountered

2.
The better kind of cabbage was introduced from Holland into England by Sir Richard Ashley about 1510 and was
first taken to Scotland by Cromwell's soldiers. The cauliflower was brought in from Cyprus about 1603 and broccoli
from Italy in the previous century. The finer kinds of bean were introduced in the reign of Henry VIII. It was in 1565
that Sir John Hawkins introduced the potato into Ireland and twenty years later Walter Raleigh carried it into
England.
The best title for the passage would be __________.

A. England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

B. Food Plants
C. How the Irish Potato Got to Ireland
D. The Gift of Sir Walter Raleigh
E. Introduction of Food Plants into Great Britain

3.
The eight-hour day is universal both in the fields and factories of the Hawaiian sugar plantations. Employees have
leisure time to work in their gardens. They make full use of the recreational facilities at the clubs, athletic fields, and
swimming pools. Movies are shown nightly at the plantation theatres. Practically all of the homes have radios and a
high proportion has washing machines and other modern equipment. One of every three employees owns a car.
The best title for the passage would be __________.

A. The Eight-Hour Work Day

B. The Hawaiian Sugar Industry
C. Schools on Hawaiian Sugar Plantations
D. Living Conditions in Hawaiian Plantation Communities
E. Educational Level of Plantation Workers

4.
Maize formed the staff of life of the early North American Indians. One of its remarkable forms was Zuni corn
which, in order to resist drought, was planted 18 inches deep. The Pueblo Indians used corn in many of their
ceremonials such as the snake dance, and in their corn planting and harvesting they observed certain rituals
handed down from their forefathers. The prayers for rain and the methods of cultivation of the maize in separated
clumps argue for a very ancient use of this valuable plant.
The best title for the passage would be __________.

A. Cultivation and Use of Corn by Early North American Indians.

B. Early American Food Plants.
C. The Use of Corn in Indian Ceremonials
D. The Preservation of Corn by Drying
E. The Planting of Zuni Corn

5.
We are accustomed to the thought that geographic conditions have profoundly influenced wars in the past.
Washington's army escaped the British trap in New York because of a fog. Napoleon conquered all but 'Generals
January and February' in his advance against Russia. The Valley of Shenandoah and the Blue Ridge had important
bearings on our Civil War. The great distance of the Philippines form home and the tropic character of its climate
were important factors in our war with the Filipinos.
The best title for the passage would be __________.

A. Our Changing Climate

B. Generals January and February
C. Geographic Influences on Wars of the Past
D. Escape in a Fog
E. The Importance of Geographic Factors

6.
Of a temperate, sub-alpine climate, Austria has approximately the same seasons as New York. However, it rarely
becomes either uncomfortably hot or bitingly cold, and the seasons slip gradually from one to another without
abrupt temperature changes. From late October to mid-December the countryside has heavy rains, but Vienna is
always pleasant. In the mountain regions snow begins to fall in mid-November; the air is crisp, cool, and clear, and
it is usually sunny. The spring climate in the mountains makes Austria a skier's paradise.
The best title for the passage would be __________.

A. Austria as a Skier's Paradise

B. The Climate of Southeastern Europe
C. Abrupt Temperature Changes in Austria
D. The Climate of Austria
E. Snowfall and Rainfall in Austria

Alıştırma 3
Soruları yanıtlayın.
1.
One of the commonest beliefs about reptiles concerns the existence of a "hoop snake". This reptile is supposed to
grasp its tail in its mouth and roll along at terrific speed. Yet science declares no such creature exists. There is also
a belief among cowboys and hunters that they can protect their camps by stretching horsehair ropes around them,
that the prickly hairs will repel any snakes - particularly rattlers. Actually, rattlers crawl over ropes as if they didn't
exist. Like most nature "fables" there is a shred of truth here, but it has been stretched out of all proportion. It is
probable that snakes detect the human odour and, since they fear humans, turn and crawl away. There are many
other "whoppers" just as fantastic, but these examples show why the wide spread belief in them is unjustified.
1. Choose the best topic.
 A. The Scientific Study of Reptiles.
B. Reptiles and Humans.
C. Tall Tales About Reptiles.
D. The Hoop Snake Fable.

2. Choose the best central thought.

A. There is no justification for many widespread beliefs about snakes.

B. Science states that no such creature as the "hoop snake" exists.
C. Science states that snakes fear humans and usually crawl away from them.
D. Science finds that rattlers crawl over hair ropes as if they were not there.

2.
Scientific forestry is one example of the way that conservation works for the good of the country. As trees are cut
down for industry, new ones are planted to replace them. Deadwood, diseased trees, and harmful shrubs are
removed. In replanting, foresters consider not only the fitness of a tree for climate and soil, but also its usefulness
to man. For this reason the new trees are often higher in quality than the old. Barring waste and careless fires, we
should have trees in plenty to take care of the future.
Choose the best topic.

A. Conservation for the Future.

B. The Work of Scientific Forestry.
C. The Importance of Forest Fire Prevention.
D. New Forests for Old.

Choose the best central thought.

A. Thanks to scientific forestry, we should have improved trees in sufficient quantity to take care of the future.
B. Before new trees are planted, deadwood, diseased trees, and harmful shrubs should be removed.
C. Conservation works for the good of the country by improving both quality and quantity of all its natural
resources.
D. The trees now growing are superior in number to the old ones cut down by industry.

3.
We think of the United States as a rich and plentiful nation. It is; but it isn't self-sufficient. Its reliance on foreign
sources is apparent every day in the year. Take sugar. Cane sugar ranks first in value among imported foodstuffs.
Or take coffee. Coffee drinking couldn't be an American habit if the United States cut off its imports from Brazil.
People wouldn't have their newspaper without printing ink, and they get much of that from Canada. The chief
source of raw silk is Japan. A wrist watch may or may not be a Swiss watch, but the inner movements are probably
imported. Ninety per cent of them are.
Choose the best central thought.

A. Although the U.S. is a rich and powerful nation, it depends upon foreign sources for most of its raw
materials.
B. The reliance of the U.S. on foreign sources is great; it imports more than it exports.
C. The U.S. is a rich and plentiful nation; nevertheless, it relies upon foreign sources for many commodities.
D. Ninety per cent of watches and similar items are imported.

I.2. METNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNE YÖNELİK

I.2.A. Metinde var olana yönelik
a) Değinme sözcükleri.
Alıştırma 4
Aşağıda verilen tümcelerin her birinde bir değinme sözcüğü bulunmakta. Bu alıştırmada koyu yazılı olarak
verilen değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin.

1. Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers that
Hemingway did not turn against.
2. Catching sight of him in a supermarket one day, Archer followed the man with the limp to an apartment in a
run-down neighbourhood.
3. The award was presented to the playwright by the Chairman of the Committee, who said of him that he
brought pleasure to literally millions of theatergoers and television viewers.
4. While Jane was persuading Mary to ask her for the keys to the car, Mrs. Jones happened to be listening at
the door and quickly went downstairs and out of the house.
 5. Looking at her closely for the first time in months, Elizabeth realized sadly that the woman was indeed
beginning to grow old.
6. Violet rushed past the general's daughter, strode to the door of the drawing room, and turned to throw her
a look of withering scorn before slamming the door with grim satisfaction.
7. Knowing them well, the Hammonds realized that the Shepherds were unlikely to be on time to meet their
guests.
8. Doctors treating patients with diet pills usually warn them of the dangers of addiction.
9. Though it is not usually difficult to understand them, stutterers often cause parents a lot of worries.
10. Intrigued by insects of all kinds, the youngsters spent hours trapping and studying them.
11. Its usefulness was a thing of the past, but his first bicycle continued to stand in the corner of his bedroom.
12. The defendants insisted on addressing the members of the jury, thus disregarding the advice of their
lawyers.
13. Jean, along with her sisters Doris and May, baked cakes for the annual contest at the country fair. Jean
was sorry hers lost, but happy that Doris won a ribbon for her entry.
14. The English surprisingly beat the French at the battle of Agincourt in 1415 because theirs were the most
disciplined archers.
15. The opportunity to sample several possible majors as well as greater career flexibility after graduation are
two reasons why students choose a liberal arts college; these are not the only ones, however.
16. Signs of ageing are unavoidable, but those that can be disguised are of particular interest to cosmetic
companies.
17. The proposals were discussed at length by the members of the committee, with only one of them emerging
intact.
18. Note that the instructions preceding the questions encourage students to concentrate only on the ones
they feel they understand.
19. The NASA scientists and astronauts were equally excited by Al Shepherd's first sub-orbital flight and by
John Glenn's orbital journey, but it was the latter which caught the attention of the American public.
20. Both the government and the private sector fund basic and applied research, but grants for the former
tend to be relatively restricted in times of economic difficulties.

b) Bağlantı sözcükleri.
Alıştırma 5
Verilen tümceyi izleyebilecek en iyi seçeneği belirleyin.
Örnek.
Glimpses in to the prenatal world via ultrasound imaging occasionally show behaviour such as
A) the development of the central nervous system.
B) the sex of the baby to be.
C) a fetus sucking its thumb. *
1. In ancient times, glass was very important because people valued it as much as they did
precious stones. However,

A. it can be made to stand pressure and hardware if additional chemical are put into it during production
phases.
B. it is so common today that we hardly take any notice of it.
C. some glass cups have been found as old as 4.000 years old.

2. Even though English is the largest of all languages,

A. there are words coined to describe or name new inventions, discoveries, or manufactured products.
B. they are constantly adding new words.
C. they turn people's names into words - pasteurise honours a French scientist and atlas, a Greek god.

3. In the keeping of road maps up to date, many changes are made necessary by urban
expansion and by extensive highway construction programs, including

A. engineers, constructors and other people involved in construction business.

B. the relocation of roads, new routes, and freeway developments.
C. the rewriting of rules for using parking meters and newly set-up parking lots.

4. Everything from chairs and fishing poles to rope and paper can be made from bamboo.
Equally important,
 A. this giant grass grows in warm climates.
B. a variety of food can be made from this giant grass.
C. preserved bamboo shoots can be used in soups instead of fresh ones.

5. In the 1940s, when many of today's astronauts hadn't even born, comic strip detective
Dick Tracy fought crime in an atomic powered vehicle. In addition to that,

A. he used lasers to process gold and a two-way writs TV for communication.

B. Dick Tracy was a very popular comic strip in the U.S.
C. many of today's astronauts have used a kind of atomic-powered space vehicle.

c) Karmaşık yapılar.
Alıştırma 6
Örneğe bakarak, tümceleri daha basit ve kısa parçacıklar halinde yeniden oluşturun.
Örnek:
The Indians indulged in the games of their race while the English performed a military drill for the
entertainment of their guests.
a. The Indians indulged in the games of their race.
b. In the meantime, the English performed a military drill.
c. They (= The English) did this drill for the entertainment of their guests (=Indians).

1. Everyone understands what it is to have a comfortable sense of familiarity with a subject and then,
when he tries to write, to find that he can give no satisfactory account of his knowledge.
2. In 1900 everybody thought of automobiles as playthings of the rich and of people who enjoyed
taking chances with an uncertain machine that might wreck them.
3. A man-eating tiger is a tiger that has been forced by circumstances beyond its control to adopt a
diet strange to it.
4. Since the ancient Egyptians were protected by deserts and had no powerful neighbours to threaten
them, they lived in a world strictly of their own making.
5. Now and then a girl finds a position attractive only if it provides an opportunity for her to be of real
service to other human beings and she believes that in her modest way an airline hostess has a
chance to be of real help to travellers.
6. The advantages of such a bridge being built across the point where the two rives join far outweigh
the disadvantages of the cost and labour it will entail.
7. The problem of what to do with old razor blades is said to have been solved in Scotland: it seems
they still shave with them.

Alıştırma 7
Verilen tümcenin taşıdığı anlamı yeniden ifade eden seçeneği bulun.
Örnek.
The bulk of Kafka's writings was not published until after his early death from tuberculosis.

A. It was not until after Kafka's early death from tuberculosis that the bulk of his writings was
published. *
B. After the bulk of his writings was published, Kafka died an early death from tuberculosis.
C. After Kafka had written the bulk of his published writings, he met with an early death from tuberculosis.
D. An early death from tuberculosis kept Kafka from publishing the bulk of his writings.
E. It was only after the bulk of his writings had been published that Kafka died an early death from
tuberculosis.

1. Gorillas, which are vegetarians, have been observed to demonstrate gentle behaviour
toward small creatures in the wild.

A. It has been observed in the wild that gorillas, by nature vegetarians, treat small animals gently.
B. Observation reveals that those gorillas that treat small creatures gently in the wild are only the vegetarian
ones.
C. Only vegetarian gorillas have been observed as demonstrating gentle behaviour toward small creatures in
the wild.
D. Small creatures in the wild have observed as behaving gently and demonstratively toward gorillas.
 E. Vegetarians have been observed to demonstrate gentle behaviour toward gorillas and small creatures in
the wild.

2. Medical authorities have been reluctant to support the findings of some nutritionists that
vitamin C given in large dose can prevent the common cold.

A. According to nutritionists and some medical authorities, the common cold can be prevented by giving large
doses of vitamin C.
B. Medical authorities have not doubt that the findings by some nutritionists that large doses of vitamin C is
likely to prevent the common cold is true.
C. Medical authorities support the nutritionists' views about the value of vitamin C in preventing the common
cold.
D. Nutritionists have found that medical authorities are not in favour of using vitamin C to prevent the common
cold.
E. Some nutritionists have found that large doses of vitamin C can prevent the common cold, but this has not
been completely accepted by medical authorities.

3. While working as a fire fighter at the University of Mississippi, William Faulkner submitted
37 stories to magazines, six of which were accepted.

A. Faulkner published 37 stories in magazines, six of which were accepted by the University of Mississippi.
B. Faulkner wrote six out of 37 stories after accepting a job as a fire fighter at the University of Mississippi.
C. Of the 37 stories that Faulkner wrote while working at the University of Mississippi as a fire fighter, six
became published in magazines.
D. Of the 37 stories that Faulkner wrote, six were published in the magazines of the University of Mississippi
while he worked as a fire fighter.
E. The six accepted stories by Faulkner were about his job as a fire fighter at the University of Mississippi.

I.2.B. Metinde var olmayana yönelik

Alıştırma 8
Her bir metni ve metni izleyen tümceleri okuyun. Metni izleyen tümceler metinde verilen bilgilere göre
doğruysa D, yanlışsa Y ile işaretleyin.
Örnek.

The earliest form of dueling was the clash of mounted knights armed with lances in
medieval tournaments. These duels were often purely sporting affairs in which special
nonlethal lances were used. They provided entertainment for the spectators and kept the
knight in good condition for battle. In Elizabethan days, duels no longer took place on
horseback, and the lance was exchanged for a sword and dagger. The sword was held in
the right hand and used for attacking, while the dagger was held in the left hand and used
for defence. Dueling with swords as a means to decide a point of honour became obsolete
with the invention of pistols. Pistols brought about a whole new set of rules and etiquette to
that form of duelling.

A duel is a battle between armies of knights on horseback. Y

The knights used lances to fight their duels. D
Spectators enjoyed watching knights kill other knights in tournaments. Y
Fighting duels was a good way for knights to maintain their physical fitness. D
It became very dishonourable to duel with swords after the invention of pistols. Y
1.
The Explorers is a delightful book. It is delightful for its vivid descriptions of the fifteenth century
seamen who set out to explore the unknown Atlantic and for its colourful English. It is delightful
also for the charming sketches included here and there by a most unusual artist-author.
 The seamen described in the book speak colourful English.
 The beautiful drawings that are present in the book describe both Atlantic and England.
2.
Dialogue adds variety to a story and thus stimulates the reader's interest. It makes the action seem
real and may throw light on the characters and the circumstances. In real life a word or speech
may be quite as important as an act.
 Sometimes, dialogue bears the same as or even more importance than an action.
3.
 There are many different ways of preserving history. The ancient Egyptians carved theirs in stone.
The Dead Sea Scrolls were written on leather and parchment. Recently, history has been recorded
not only on paper, but also on film, phonograph discs, and tape.
 The main aim of this passage is to enumerate ways of preserving history in ancient times and
the present.
4.
One of the prime objects of education is to foster a taste for reading and to cultivate a
discriminating appreciation of books. Accordingly every educated person needs the power to
express his opinion of what he reads. Such an opinion is called a criticism.
 In education, one main aim is that pupils should like reading and enjoying books.
 Criticism, by definition, is an opinion expressed on what has been read.
5.
When, how, or whence the Indians came to America we do not know for certain. In times more
recent, men from Asia have crossed Bering Strait on the ice to Alaska in pursuit of fur-bearing
animals. Many centuries ago it would have been just as easy for other Asiatics to have made the
journey.
 Probably, those Asian people that crossed Bering Strait in recent times are not the only ones
that used this route to America.
6.
A single glove at the scene of a murder may provide valuable clues for the police. For one thing,
the size and style may suggest the build of the criminal and his way of life; one glove may direct
the search toward a large man accustomed to driving a truck, another may suggest a small, dapper
man of the 'society' type. For another, the hairs on a glove when placed under a microscope may
provide important information. If they match those of the victim, they may link the owner to the
crime. If not, they may give away the criminal's own hair colour or, perhaps, the fact that he has
been where there are farm animals. Finally, bits of hay, grains of soil, tiny metal fragments, and
even oily threads of cloth are often invaluable in indicating the kind of place where the murderer
lives or works.
 The passage groups the valuable services of a single small object for the police under three
main topics.
 The size of a single glove may well provide the police with information about the building in
which the murder has been committed.
II. DOĞRUDAN YANITLANAMAYAN SORULAR
II.1. METNİN TÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
II.1.A. Metnin / Yazarın ifade tonu
Alıştırma 9
Metin ile ilgili soruyu yanıtlayın.
The outlook for the expansion of the silk-producing business in the United States is not bright there
is no obvious reason why it should. In the first place, the silkworm requires hour-by-hour human
care, and Americans, by disposition, are not suited to the work. Again, there is a strong belief that
each country should specialise in those countries best suited to her geography and her culture.
Why, then, should Americans attempt to build on a large industry which is well suited to Japan and
to their South American neighbour, Brazil? And finally, nylon has proved superior to silk for many
purposes, and nylon is produced in the States in quantity.
The tone of the passage is _________.
A) protesting
B) humorous
C) informational
D) matter-of-factly
E) sarcastic
II.1.B. Yazarın amacı
Alıştırma 10
Doğru seçeneği belirleyin.
Örnek.
Left-handed people suffer more from stress than their right-handed peers, according to a study of
1.100 adults by University of Michigan researchers. As a result, they smoke and drink more. Fifty-
five percent of the lefties smoked, whereas fewer than half of the righties smoked. Furthermore,
the lefties consumed more alcohol per year than their right-handed counterparts.
The author's intent is ..... .
A) to show the effects of smoking and drinking on left-handed people
B) to encourage people to stop drinking and smoking, especially if they are left-handed
C) to show that left-handed people suffer more from stress than right-handed people *
D) to criticize the way left-handed people smoke and drink
E) to encourage left-handed people to try and become right-handed individuals
1.
 When the world was young, the opportunity for inventing new words must have been unlimited.
Even then, however, the inventor's task was less than half accomplished when he had emitted the
new sound. Before he could regard his task as complete, he must induce his neighbours to use the
sound as he had used it. Here we may draw on modern experience. The child playing in the sand
invents a word for the pebbles that fill his hand. The new words is "pocos". Does society adopt this
word because it has been duly invented? Not at all. Society has an expression of its own for the
designation of pebbles. So the child's word "pocos" lingers for a time in the tolerant memory of the
immediate family and then passes into oblivion.
The chief function of the paragraph is ____________.
A) to enumerate details
B) to tell a story
C) to explain
D) to contrast
E) to compare
2.
One application of the use of radioactive materials of particular interest to westerners is the use of
radio cobalt to measure the depth of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevadas. For some years a group
of co-operating agencies has taken measurements of snow depths throughout the range in order to
determine the amount of run-off that will swell the rivers of the lowlands in spring and summer. This
requires laborious excursions on snowshoes and skis by snow surveyors. The radio cobalt
installation now being tested at the Sierra Nevada Snow Laboratory may eliminate most of this
drudgery. A tube of radio cobalt is placed at ground level and its radiations are picked up by a
detector directly above it. As snow accumulates, the strength of the signal varies with the quantity
of water stored in the pack. Theoretically, a network of these installations would make it possible to
keep track of the snow from one central station.

1. The main function of the paragraph is _________.

A) to arrive at a definition
B) to argue a controversial point
C) to recount in correct time order
D) to explain
E) to defend a presumably harmful material
2. Choose the best topic.
A) Peacetime Uses of Radioactive Materials.
B) Measuring the Snowpack with Radio Cobalt.
C) Radio Cobalt Uses.
D) The Sierra Nevada Snow Laboratory.
E) New Experiments in Nevada Mountains.
3. What is the principle behind the experiment?
A) As it is used, radioactive cobalt offers no radiation danger to the snow surveyors.
B) Radioactive cobalt helps measure the quantity of water stored in a snow pack.
C) Radioactive cobalt increases the rate at which the snowpack melts.
D) The amount of run-off from the snowpack measures the amount of radioactive cobalt.
E) The strength of the signal from the radioactive cobalt indicates the amount of snow in the
snowpack.
4. From the paragraph, which conclusion is justified?
A) Despite today's preference for brain power rather than muscle power, the old-fashioned method
of measuring the snowpack will probably prove better than the new one.
B) Radio cobalt installations may be expected to measure the snowpack more effectively than did
the old method.
C) The experiment has shown definitely that a network of installations can measure the snowpack
from one central station.
D) The use of radioactive cobalt for measuring the snowpack may endanger the lives of ski
enthusiasts.
E) The use of radioactive cobalt in scientific experiments is less harmful than most people think it
is.
II.1.C. Ortam
Alıştırma 11
Soruyu yanıtlayın.
The Black-Tailed Deer inhabits the forests along the Pacific Coast of North America from southern
Alaska to southern California. In summer it is covered by a short reddish coat which it sheds as the
season advances. The new coat, known as the 'blue coat', gradually lengthens and turns grey with
the approach of winter. Each year the deer sheds its antlers, dropping them off from the skull from
the base of the horn. New antlers sprout in the early spring. They are covered at first with skin and
fur known as 'velvet', but when they have attained full growth and have hardened, the animal
 polishes away the 'velvet' against shrubs and trees. The common superstition that the number of
points on the antlers indicates the age of the deer is quite without foundation.
This passage may have been taken from _____.
A) a weekend magazine
B) a natural park information service brochure
C) a talk on the natural beauties of Alaska and its surrounding mountains
D) a writing on the development of antlers on various animals
E) a book on various superstitions related with animals and their life
II.2. METNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
II.2.A. İma edilen
Alıştırma 12
Aşağıda verilen metinlerin ardından ikişer tümce gelmekte. Kimi durumlarda bu tümceler
(a) metinde verilen bilgilerin yeniden ifadesi,
(b) metinde ima edilen ama açıkça verilmeyen bilgilerin ifadesi,
(c) metinde verilen bilgiler bakımından yanlış.
Buna göre, örneğe bakarak, tümceleri (a), (b) ya da (c) ile işaretleyin.
Örnek:
In recent years there have been many reports of a growing impatience with psychiatry, with its
seeming foreverness, its high cost, its debatable results, and its vague, esoteric terms. To many
people it is like a blind man in a dark room looking for a black cat that is not there. The magazines
and mental health associations say psychiatric treatment is a good thing, but what it is or what it
accomplishes has not been made clear.
— Even mental health associations have not been able to demonstrate the value of psychiatry. (b)
— People are beginning to doubt the value of psychiatry. (a)
1.
The search for ways of preserving foods is not new. Primitive man learned that he could make
foods last by drying them. The Indians, for example, hung buffalo and deer meat in the sun. The
greatest single advance began in 1800 when a Frenchman, Nicolas Appert, discovered that he
could preserve certain foods by sealing them in jars and keeping the air from them. The process
was the beginning of the vast canning industry which brings us a variety of foods in all seasons.
Pasteurising is another process which delays spoilage; it is of great importance to the dairy
industry. Foods like apricots, prunes, peaches, and apples are often preserved by drying. The use
of chemicals is another method, and some foods are cooked with sugar. But recently the use of
frozen food cabinets has grown tremendously and more foods than ever before are now being
processed by freezing.
— Frozen food is likely to far exceed the use of other methods of preserving food.
— Drying is a method that used to be used until recently.
2.
The common English sparrows are a nuisance, destroying the buds of trees and many fruits while
are ripening. They are practically useless as destroyers of harmful insects. They cause great
losses in grain fields and they drive away our song birds.
— Sparrows are harmful for men in many aspects.
— Farmers do not like sparrows very much.
3.
Present methods of providing a water supply low in disease germs are so successful that there is
now little danger from water-carried diseases in most American and European cities. A large
proportion of people who have become ill with typhoid have been infected while outside the city.
— In the country, the process of disinfecting drinking water is not effective as it is in cities.
— Germs are what cause typhoid.
4.
Big trees can be beautiful. But if they are planted in narrow areas they can lift sidewalks and break
curbs. Expensive repairs to sewer systems often result when large trees spread their roots.
Overhead they may disrupt electric, telephone, and fire-alarm signal lines.
— City planners should be careful before they decide on the number of trees to be planted in a certain
area.
— In cases when the tree is harmful for a city's infrastructure, the solution seems to cut them down.
Alıştırma 13
Verilen kısa metinlerin hemen altında bir çıkarım bulunmakta. Bu çıkarımın metnin neresinden
alınabileceğini belirleyin.
Örnek.
Is it true that crime doesn't pay? Although it is impossible to report every dollar that was generated
into the American economy by Watergate, figures pointed out at what could be termed a first-class
growth industry. Fees, royalties, fines, bills, and other miscellaneous payments added up into the
millions of dollars moving around the U.S. economy.
 It can be inferred from the passage that Watergate is the name of a crime that took place in the
U.S.A.
1.
The great temple of Borobudur is a stepped pyramid of unmortared andesite and basalt volcanic
stone, standing 403 feet square and 105 feet high. This holy place lay abandoned and forgotten for
more than 800 years after a devastating earthquake and an eruption of one of the four surrounding
volcanoes caused its population to flee in 1006. Besides earthquakes and volcanoes, torrential
rains, encroaching tropical vegetation, and time have all taken their toll.
It can be inferred from the passage that the temple of Borobudur is in ruins.
2.
Characteristics of tropical rain forests are high and steady levels of heat and moisture, as well as a
wide variety of organisms. It is believed that two-thirds of all species live in tropics, and half of
those live in the tropical rain forests. Nowhere else, except perhaps the tropical coral reefs, is
nature so great in its diversity of organisms and complex in its biological interaction.
It can be inferred from the passage that tropical coral reefs contain a wide variety of organisms.
3.
Even though historians think that ice-skating has been a sport for the last 2,000 years, it is within
the last five decades that skating has gained recognition as a form of art. Champion athletes
combine new heights of athleticism with the elegance of dance in what is called figure skating. Ice
skaters performing daring jumps in flamboyant costumes have brought ballet to the ice rink. Ice-
skating is now seen as an exciting and innovative sport that has won millions of admirers.
It can be inferred from the passage that ice skaters are both athletes and artists.
Alıştırma 14
Tümce sonrasında verilen ifade, o tümceden bir çıkarım olabilir mi?
Örnek.
Charles F. Richter helped devise a scale that is universally used to measure the magnitute of
earthquakes.
Can it inferred that the Richter scale was named for a devastating earthquake? HAYIR
1.
Tattooing a thin dark line along the upper and lower eyelids to replace eyeliner is an operation
which appeals to athletic women who do not want to wear eyeliner that smears.
Can it be inferred that athletic women are lazy about putting on cosmetics?
2.
For people whose nerves have been damaged by illness of injuries, actions such as walking or
grasping an object may be impossible.
Can it inferred that the nervous system is important for muscle control?
3.
Of the twelve sulfite-associated deaths, one was caused by wine, one by beer, and one by hashed
potatoes; the rest were linked to fresh fruits or vegetables.
Can it be inferred that nine people died from sulfite-contaminated fresh foods?
4.
Bifocal lens wearers may soon be able to use contact lenses that take advantage of the way the
eye reacts to light.
Can it be inferred that people who need bifocals presently use contact lenses?
5.
Each day, more and more communities discover that they have been living near dumps or on top
of ground that has been contaminated by toxic chemicals.
Can it inferred that communities are not always told when and where toxic wastes are being
disposed?
II.2.B. Metinden önce/sonra gelen
Alıştırma 15
Aşağıdaki metinlerden önce/sonra nelerden sözedilmiş olabileceğini bulun.
1.
One example is the new breed of cattle being developed by the Brazilians and specially adapted to
withstand the pests and the climate of the tropics. The Brazilians today are developing their own
civilisation - not a European civilisation, but one which is adapted to the tropical climate, tropical
vegetation, tropical light, and tropical colours. And so it is that they are not only working on a new
breed of cattle, but also on a new type of grass that is suitable to feed them.
What information is probably in the paragraph preceding the passage?
— Cattle breeding worldwide.
— Agricultural developments in a certain country.
2.
What, then, is amnesia? If you say only that it is loss of memory, you include in the group of
amnesiacs any man who forgets his wife's birthday or goes off to the office without his wristwatch.
 Actually, amnesia is something a bit more sinister. It is loss of memory, to be sure, but it is the sort
brought on by injury, overwork, worry, or a nasty blow on the head.
What information is probably in the paragraph preceding the passage?
— Detailed information about amnesia.
— General outline of amnesia.
3.
During the presidency of George Washington, dwelling houses of the better sort were built of brick,
and for the most part, their furniture, china, and silver were imported from Europe. In the towns and
cities of that day the narrow streets had no lights, no sewers, and no pavements.
What information is probably in the paragraph preceding the passage?
— A brief outline of housing in America before the George Washington period.
— Brief information about the presidency of George Washington and his efforts in having better
dwelling houses built.
4.
While some of the reasons for becoming an airline hostess are shallow and superficial, others are
sound and well-considered. A young woman may choose the career because she enjoys flying and
likes the actual work involved. Or she may look upon the job as a pleasant and profitable way to
see the world and learn. Now and then a girl finds a position attractive only if it provides an
opportunity for her to be of real service to other human beings and she believes that in her modest
way an airline hostess has a chance to be of real help to travellers. Finally, after a careful appraisal
of herself, the young lady may come to the conclusion that the position offers a person of her
talents and interests the best opportunity for self-expression.
The paragraph following the passage most likely presents _____.
— shallow reasons for becoming an airline hostess.
— financial benefits and also some negative aspects of being an airline hostess.
5.
Costs were low that year and the output high. There was a good man for every job and the market
remained firm. There were no losses by fire. All in all it was the best year in the country's history.
Most likely, the last sentence of the paragraph preceding this one mentioned _____.
— a year.
— a company.
6.
There are deer in abundance here. The whole area is great country for hunters and fishermen.
There are bear, occasional mountain lions, and coyotes. To the east there are streams full of trout,
and there are ducks, geese, and a few pheasants.
Most likely, the last sentence of the paragraph preceding this one mentioned _____.
— a holiday place for those who like nature.
— a holiday place for those who like hunting.
7.
Penicillin is one of the greatest of the wonder drugs. It has saved thousands of lives already and
will save many more in the future. But it has no effect whatever on the bulk of the ills of man and of
beast. Good as it is, it is certainly not a cure-all.
The paragraph following the passage most likely presents _____.
— other drugs that are effective in fields that penicillin fails.
— the number of diseases on which penicillin has proved effective.
8.
At the age of thirteen Alexander Hamilton was an orphan because of the death of his mother and
the desertion of his father. He had no inheritance. His older brother, a carpenter, could afford no
help, and his mother's family, once rich, was breaking up. During the period of his boyhood,
therefore, Hamilton was more in need of assistance than most.
The paragraph following the passage most likely presents _____.
— the help Hamilton got from people other than his own family.
— the essential need of assistance from which Hamilton suffered a lot.
II.2.C. Sözcük anlamı
Alıştırma 16
Bu alıştırmada, sözlük kullanmadan, tümce içinde koyu yazılı olarak verilen sözcüğün anlamını seçenekler
içinden bulmaya çalışın. İnceleyeceğiniz sözcükler şunlar:
console, adamant, vague, regimentation, gingerly, curb, in vain, treacherous, thrive, compelled
1. Taste is the most important thing for me. If I have eaten a poor meal, nothing will console
me.
A. doyurmak
B. üzmek
C. aç bırakmak
D. avundurmak
E. sevindirmek
2. No matter how hard I tried to convince Tom to travel Chicago by train, he was adamant in
his desire to drive there in his own car even though it would cost him a fortune.
A. kararsız
B. kararlı
C. isteksiz
D. tepkisel
E. anlayışlı
3. "It sounds translation" is a vague expression in that ten different people will bring ten
different explanations as to what they mean by it.
A. kesin
B. özel
C. belirsiz
D. kusurlu
E. yeterli
4. He was not fit for military service. The rigid schedule, long sleepless hours, various
responsibilities to bear and exhausting daily exercises were obviously too much for him.
Finally, when he realized that he could no longer tolerate this regimentation, he started
making plans to escape as far a place as he could.
A. disiplin
B. ödeme
C. tolerans
D. talim
E. sorumluluk
5. Because he knew that his wife could never go back to sleep again in case she woke up,
John removed the bed-clothes gingerly to get up for a glass of water.
A. uykulu bir halde
B. tamamen
C. dikkatle
D. bir an önce
E. el yordamı ile
6. The new boss does not aim to prevent smoking. What he wants to do is to curb cigarette
smoking by asking smokers to smoke in certain rooms only.
A. cezalandırmak
B. artırmak
C. engellemek
D. denetlemek
E. cazip kılmak
7. We tried in vain to learn the reason behind this decision. The spokesman did not say a
single word on it.
A. belli belirsiz
B. bir arada
C. aslında
D. boşuna
E. başarıyla
8. These days, the weather has been quite treacherous; because of its sudden changes
many people cannot decide what to wear before they leave home for work.
A. yağışlı
B. değişken
C. sabit
D. bozuk
E. tahmin edilebilir
9. All sub-tropic plants need plenty of sunlight. The more sunlight they get, the more they will
thrive.
A. renklenmek
B. solmak
C. ölmek
D. sulanmak
E. serpilmek
10. She did not know what would happen if they suddenly caught her secretly watching them,
but her curiosity compelled her to take one last look through the key hole.
 A. korkuttu
B. zorladı
C. emretti
D. engelledi
E. destekledi
Alıştırma 17
Bu alıştırma ile, anlam tahmin konusundaki mevcut bilginizi ölçün. Önce aşağıda verilen sözcükleri okuyun.
savage, merge, attain, deadline, solitude, topple, reverse, dislodge
Bu sözcüklerin tümce içinde nasıl kullanıldıklarına bakın ve anlamlarını tahmin etmeye çalışın. Bunu yaparken de
sözlük kullanmayın !

1. SKEGNESS, England (Reuter) - Two pet Alsatian dogs savaged a six-year-old girl to death yesterday,
police said.
2. TEL AVIV (AP) - Iraq and Syria have reportedly agreed to merge under a single leader and combine their
armies on Israel's northeastern border.
3. Although it is evident that they often make priceless contributions to our society through their labour, so far
women have not been able to attain the social and economic status that should be theirs.
4. Those who live in areas not-so-close to the equator are often impatient with those who live closer to the
equator. While people in hot countries do not seem to care much about time, others take deadlines very
seriously.
5. Personally, I am not so fond of being with people. I prefer solitude.
6. The thrones of the world have toppled one by one. But Britain's still stands regally.
7. The same scare stories were spread in Norway during their referendum. Norwegians were told they would
be ruined if they remained free. What happened? Exactly the reverse. Since Norway had the good sense to
say "No", its economy has developed as never before.
8. A group of teenagers have this week shown a determination to resist the decision of the local council to
move them from their present home. The youngsters have set up a barricade against any attempt to
dislodge them from the house they have come to regard as home.

Alıştırma 18
Paragrafı en iyi tamamlayan seçeneği bulun.
1.
In youth, most people maintain that black is black, white is white, and grey does not exist. It is only
gradually that experience teaches us that there is no absolute evil, so there is no absolute good. Until this
lesson is learned, children react either completely for or against everything they face, and tolerance is
something which they _______________.

A) respect in their parents

B) wish they possessed
C) cannot comprehend
D) have wholly lost
2.
Copper is a fairly soft metal and it is easily moulded even when it is cold. It was the first metal that primitive
man learned to use in making tools. Copper relics have been found that are older then recorded history.
Copper is a lot more extensively used than any other metal except iron. This positive aspect is further
supported by the fact that copper is not _______________.

A) expensive
B) available
C) soft
D) plentiful
3.
Ancient astronomers recognized that the planets were different from the stars. The name planet was given
to those heavenly bodies which constantly change their positions with reference to the stars, because
planet comes from the Greek word that means _______________.

A) bright
B) astronomical
C) wandering
D) reflecting
4.
 The power of propaganda lies largely in the swiftness of its action. Like an odourless but deadly cloud, it
seeps into the atmosphere until it has _______________.

A) overpowered all who are exposed to it

B) blended harmlessly with the air
C) been recognised and counteracted
D) created the opposite of its intended effect
5.
Scarcely any create that lives and breathes is as universally hated as the rat. Rats are carriers of many
diseases. They give some service as scavengers, but this is overbalanced by their _______________.

A) harmful activities
B) popularity as pets
C) odd appearance
D) sanitary value
6.
One factor which affects the rate of chemical change is temperature. With few exceptions, an increase in
temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Most reactions at the temperature of boiling water
are hundreds of times as fast as at room temperature. To slow down changes in foods, our kitchens are
equipped with ______________.

A) thermometers
B) refrigerators
C) ventilators
D) fire alarms
7.
Ideas are essential in the diet of business. A business gets hungry just as a man does. A man cannot live
without food, and a business cannot advance without _______________.

A) ideas
B) influence
C) tradition
D) budgeting
8.
Most solids expand when their temperature rises. Because of this, concrete highways are made in sections
that do not touch. The spaces between the sections are filled with tar, which oozes from the cracks in hot
weather. If the roads were not made in sections, the expansion of the solid concrete in hot weather would
cause it to _______________.

A) expand
B) meet
C) buckle
D) contract
9.
Coal formation began millions of years ago when giant plants died and formed a decayed vegetable matter
called peat. Mud and sand covered the peat when large areas of earth sank below the ocean. Pressure
and heat from water, sand, and mud caused the peat to form coal. The greater the depth of the earth
above the peat, the greater the pressure of the peat and harder the coal. Anthracite, the hardest grade of
coal, usually lies in the coal beds that are ______________.

A) easiest to mine
B) in greatest demand
C) most plentiful
D) deepest
10.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-96) was a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and some other
chemicals. He became very wealthy and in his will set up a large fund to pay annual awards in the five
fields of physics, chemistry, physiology of medicine, literature, and international peace. The prizes average
about $40,000, and aside from this it is a great honour to receive _______________.

A) $40,000
B) such a legacy
 C) the Nobel professorship
D) a Nobel prize
11.
Of all the lawbreakers in the thirties, only about 15 percent were ever arrested, 2 percent convicted, and 1
percent actually punished. One of the most pressing social problems was _______________.

A) lax law enforcement

B) overcrowded prisons
C) ambiguous laws
D) prohibition violators
12.
The total volume of long-distance trade during the Middle Ages was relatively small. Most areas where
people lived were self-sufficient in the matter of the necessities of life. Transport was expensive and slow,
whether by land or by sea. Goods that were carried in international trade were, for the most part,
_______________.

A) breadstuffs
B) luxury items
C) woollen cloth
D) oriental imports
13.
It is an obvious and familiar fact that the younger a child, the less individually differentiated he is.
Physically, all newborn children are _______________.

A) extremely active
B) difficult to manage
C) very much like their parents
D) very much alike
14.
The climate in equatorial regions is uniform throughout the year. There is nothing that can be called
_______________.

A) a tropical climate
B) a change of season
C) the beginning of the year
D) the heat of the noonday
15.
During the last half of the nineteenth century, the United States and Germany made rapid progress in
industrialization. Their deposits of coal and iron - essential factors in developing industry - aided them in
becoming _______________.

A) self-sufficient
B) cultural centres
C) manufacturing centres
D) democracies
16.
Scientists are constantly working to refine man's accuracy in the measurement of time. The most accurate
method so far is a cesium clock that is accurate to two parts in a billion. Your watch would not be more
than one second off 330 years from now if it ran with this accuracy. Polaris submarines and satellites in
orbit many miles above the earth are dependent upon accuracy in estimating their location. This in turn
depends upon _______________.

A) discovery of new metals

B) rapid calculations
C) ultimate accuracy in timing
D) skilled navigation
17.
Clothes keep us warm by keeping heat from escaping from the body. Wool keeps us especially warm
because its fibers hold a layer of still air that is an excellent _______________.

A) source of heat
B) cooling system for the body
 C) conductor of heat
D) shield against heat loss
18.
Zoos spend a lot of money duplicating natural conditions for the keeping of captive animals. Much success
has been achieved in this area, as exemplified by the case of three magpies. A storm blew open the door
to the magpie cage and three of the blue Himalayan birds escaped. Reports from all over the big city told of
the birds roosting on buildings, statues, and so forth. The day after the escape the magpies returned to
their cage at the zoo, indicating that they _______________.

A) feared harm
B) relished harm
C) felt at home
D) disliked captivity
19.
The stimulus given to us by challenging tasks is necessary for the survival of our civilization. When we are
no longer forced by necessity to work, unless we stir ourselves to activity we will perish. Deterioration
began in the civilizations of Greece and Rome when the people became _______________.

A) barbaric
B) participators
C) spectators
D) professionals
20.
One generation often finds itself trying to protect its laws against the next generation, which would change
the laws. Youth often thinks the previous generation resists change, and the older generation sometimes
criticizes youth as being too _______________.

A) conforming
B) indifferent
C) energetic
D) rebellious
21.
Elephant hunting may not be so dangerous as some men have thought. A herd of elephants will usually
flee from a hunter but, if the hunter comes upon a herd of elephants at close range, they may charge.
Since the elephant has very poor eyes, the hunter's best protection is to get out range of the elephant's
_______________.

A) tusks
B) hearing
C) smell
D) vision
22.
One of the pleasantest things in the world is going on a journey, but I like to go by myself. I can enjoy
society in a room; but outdoors, nature is _______________.

A) best when seen by a friend

B) company enough for me
C) best enjoyed by a group
D) not as pleasant as a book
23.
Aristotle, a philosopher of ancient Greece, was the first person we know of to write down descriptions of
animals. His observations and classifications are extremely accurate to have been written over two
thousand years ago. Aristotle is often credited with being the first _______________.

A) zoologist
B) anthropologist
C) philosopher
D) botanist
24.
An ocean-bottom seismograph has been designed to record natural earth tremors and remote nuclear
explosions at a great distance under the surface of the ocean. The device operates unattended. It senses,
 gathers, and stores information on magnetic tape for later recovery and _______________.

A) construction
B) defence
C) interpretation
D) recording
25.
Researchers are studying a popular Japanese rose that can be cultivated into a matted hedge. When a car
runs off the road into a large tree, the shock of the impact is absorbed by the tree abruptly, endangering the
car's occupants. In contrast, a hedge of these roses absorbs the shock of a collision gently. It is thought
that this Japanese rose, planted in hedges along highways, could reduce _______________.

A) destruction of trees
B) driving speeds
C) traffic deaths
D) careless driving
26.
Although broken-down rock provides the basic material from which soil is formed, it is not soil. True soil in
which plants will grow contains organic matter, that is , decayed animal and vegetable matter. Without this
organic matter, broken rock, no matter how finely-broken it may be, is still only _______________.

A) organic rock
B) top soil
C) mountain soil
D) rock
27.
Rome and Carthage were great rivals for many years. For more than a century these two powers
_______________.

A) traded with smaller powers

B) struggled for supremacy
C) protected each other
D) lived peacefully together
28.
For many years the Chinese carefully guarded the secret of their method of raising silkworms and making
silk. Anyone caught carrying silk worms or their eggs out of China was _______________.

A) considered a foreigner
B) rewarded by the government
C) punished by death
D) automatically made a prince
29.
The "cow war" occurred in 1934 between Minnesota and the Dakotas. A severe drought had dried up all
grazing land in the area except for a small part of north-western Minnesota. Farmers from North and South
Dakota drove their cattle to this small area to graze. The governor of Minnesota, fearing that Minnesota
cattle would not have enough grazing land, instructed National Guardsmen to prevent any Dakota cattle
from crossing the line into Minnesota. The states involved, however, remained on friendly terms throughout
the incident. Actually the "cow war" _______________.

A) involved no cows
B) was not a war
C) created ill feelings
D) attracted more cows
30.
The people of the Netherlands, popularly called Hollanders or Dutch, have increased the land area of their
country for cultivation by building dikes around a lake, marsh, or sea area to keep it from flooding. The
water within the diked area is drained off into canals. The newly drained, dike-protected land is called a
polder. Most of the land in the western part of the Netherlands is reclaimed land. This land is flat and
_______________.

A) is of little use
B) is flooded during ocean storms
 C) is good fishing ground
D) lies below sea level
III. GENEL SORULAR
Alıştırma 19
Metinlerin sonunda yer alan sorularda en uygun seçeneği belirleyin.
A.
Well, Mrs Evans, I've done my very best to look after David. I've tidied his room up every day, got
him a meal together whenever he needed one and made sure he's always had a clean shirt to put
on. It's not been easy, what with two of my own to worry bout, as well. David's had the best of
attention, I must say. But now because I asked him to give up bringing that American friend of his
home he has got quite miserable and unfriendly. He comes in at all hours and his behaviour - well
it's quite hard to put up with - and it's all because of this friend. I'm sure he's a bad influence. You
see, David's a visitor and doesn't fully understand our ways. He used to study most evenings. He'd
get through quite a bit of work. He did up his room quite nicely, with bookshelves and large
posters. He'd ask Mr Smith and me for a drink and cheer us up with songs from his country. He's
very good on the guitar, you know. I don't want to appear as if I'm running after him but it's about
time we made it up, I'm sure he's upset because I told him off. It might be a good idea to take him
out for a meal, perhaps even with his friend. I don't know whether it will do any good but we can
try. I'm glad I've had a chance to let you know of how things are and I'll let you know how I get on.
1. David is _____________________ .
A) an American friend
B) a visiting students
C) Mrs Smith's son
D) a servant
E) a singer
2. Mrs Smith believes that the main cause of the quarrel is ____________ .
A) herself
B) David's friend
C) too much study
D) David's behaviour
E) Mr Smith
3. David's present attitude to Mrs Smith is ______________ .
A) very attentive
B) cheerful
C) incomprehensible
D) respecting
E) unfriendly
B.
Well, sir, opening a bank account is not very difficult. The trouble is finding the cash to put in it. We
at Barclays know there's a student's problem - shortage of cash. The monthly cheque from home
never seems big enough. We can't make it any bigger but we can make it go a little further. Any
student who opens a cheque account with Barclays gets our most important services free. We
don't charge you for running your account provided you keep out of the red. You'll find you'll be
able to budget for better when you have a current account. And you'll be able to make payments
by cheque or standing order. For example you can ask us to pay you rent direct to your landlady.
All you need to do is to make out a standing order, and that we means we make sure your rent is
pain on time, without you having to worry about it. You'll receive regular statements to let you know
just how you stand. If you have any money problems such as sending money home or having
money sent to you from home our manager will be pleased to help you in any way he can. His
experience in money matters is sure to be of value to you.
1. A standing order is _____________ .
A) another name for a current account
B) a way of receiving money regularly
C) an instruction to the bank to make regular payments
D) a way of notifying the customer how he stands
E) the same of a cheque
2. An advantage of having a bank account is ______________ .
A) the bank manager is always pleased to help
B) you are never without money
C) you have proof of what you have received and paid
D) your cash is provided for you
E) you can pay your rent
3. The students problem the bank knows about is _______________ .
A) the need for a regular statement
B) the need for advice on money matters
 C) a bank account is hard to open
D) a student's income is not high enough
E) a student has to pay a rent
C.
A normal English family, especially when it has just moved into a new district, wants to be friendly
with those living in the same area, yet it often hesitates because there is a fear that some
neighbours might want to be too friendly and make such a habit of calling that the members of the
family could not call their home their own. It is not surprising, therefore, that quite nice people wait
for a proper invitation, paying no attention to the casual invitation "Come any time." After moving
into a new district a married couple will probably join a local organization, political party, parent-
teacher association, musical, artistic, or literary group, a hobby group, or an evening institute for
learning subjects of interest to adults. In this way natural contacts are made and people with same
interest in common get to know one another. Very often this leads back to the very street where
the newcomers have their home.
1. A normal English family does not want ____________________ .

A) to be friendly with its neighbours

B) its neighbours to be friendly
C) to spend too much time at its neighbours' homes
D) its neighbours to spend too much time at its own home
E) to move into new districts to often

2. If neighbours call "Call any time", most English people _____________ .

A) do not take it as a serious invitation
B) accept the invitation
C) call the neighbours at their homes
D) think it means " Do not come"
E) invite them back to show attentiveness
3. A married couple in a new district will meet people by _____________ .
A) visiting them in their homes
B) inviting them to their home
C) making casual invitations
D) taking up a new hobby or a interest
E) meeting them in organized groups
D.
Rolling Stones' story is typical of that of many contemporary groups. Mick Jagger (the singer) and
Keith Richard (lead-guitar) met in 1961, whilst they were both studying in the Dartford area. They
discovered they had common interests in music, and began listening to records together, an
activity that soon developed into live music-making. Brian Jones (harmonica and guitar) met Keith
and Mick in a Soho pub called the Bricklayer's Arms. Mick had come to the London School of
Economics, Keith was an advertising designer, and Brian a destitute wanderer who had not long
returned from tramping round the Continent. Their now notorious hair was already long and,
becoming aware of certain shared preoccupations and ambitions, they began meeting regularly
and working out their own versions of Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley - then famous
singers. The Rolling Stones made their first record only a few months after their being discovered
playing to overflow teenage audiences at an obscure rhythm and blues club in Richmond.
1. The Rolling Stones were discovered playing to _________.
A) a few young people at a famous club
B) many young people at a little-known club
C) many older people at a little-known club
D) a few young people at a dark club
E) many young people at a famous club
2. Brian Jones ________________________ .
A) had more money than Richard and Jagger
B) had no interest in studying
C) had a pub in Soho
D) had just returned from Britain
E) had almost no money
3. Jagger, Richard and Jones realized _________________ .
A) they should grow hair to be famous
B) they had many problems
C) they had things in common
D) they had to find work
E) they could play famous pieces
E.
 By 12.30 the room was fully laid up and all the waiters at their respective stations. A dark balding,
heavy lidded man with broad shoulders and a slight stoop glanced at the table chart and took up
his position at the head of the room - it was Manetta, all conversation ceased - the lull before the
service. A thin trickle of clients started to arrive, to be greeted and whisked away to tables by
escorting head-waiters, and the Grill slowly came to life. The room filled and the service rose to a
crescendo. Everywhere there was great activity. In the kitchens below the service roared! The
buffet was besieged by gesticulating waiters and overwhelmed with orders, a baffling bewilderment
of many tongues: Italian, French, English and German. I was assigned to a sweet trolley by Jean
the red-faced buffet chef and told to guard it with my life, check the orders and keep out of the way!
I stood guarding my trolley until a waiter beckoned me to follow him and I was off. The last cog in a
great service machine!
1. At 12.30 ______________________________ .
A) there was confusion
B) Manetta left the room
C) Manetta entered the room
D) the waiters were ready
E) there was disorder
2. Jean told the writer _________________ .
A) to go away
B) not to take any orders
C) to look after the trolley
D) to follow a waiter
E) to find the trolley
3. A waiter ________________________ .
A) told the writer to go away
B) gestured the writer to follow him
C) ordered the writer to leave with the trolley
D) gestured the writer to serve the clients
E) told the writer to watch the trolley
F.
My name is Police Constable Robinson, sir, driver of police car GKY 5431L. At 22.30 hours on the
night of November the sixth I was introduced by radio to proceed to Smith Street, a turning off the
A40 Road, where the residents had complained of a disturbance caused by a car parked at the
roadside. When I arrived I found the car, number HIM 9191K, parked with its rear lights on, its
headlight at full beam, the offside warning lights operating, all its four doors open and boot-lid
raised. After I parked the police car at a safe distance, I approached the car HIM 9191 and found
the accused apparently asleep with his head and arms resting on the steering wheel and the horn
and windscreen wipers operating. I succeeded in waking the accused, sat him upright in the driving
seat, cautioned him and proceeded to switch off the ignition, dip on headlights, cancel the ignitions,
and to engage the handbrake. I noticed an empty bottle on the passenger seat. The bottle was
marked Fine Old Malt Whisky; and a crate on the rear seat had a similar label. When I returned to
the accused I noticed he had gone off to sleep again. I therefore roused him, checked his driving-
licence, insurance certificate and the road fund licence of the car in question. I then began to
interrogate him. The accused's replies were slurred but were to the affect that he was surprised
that a policeman had managed to smuggle himself aboard the Concorde, and he asked how I had
been enjoying the flight so far. I assumed the accused had been drinking, helped him to alight from
the vehicle and to stand against a nearby lamppost. I then explained I wanted him to breathe into
the breathalyser bag and asked him if he would agree to do so. He replied to the effect that he
would do so if I would do so, too. It was shortly afterwards when my sergeant found us sitting on
the kerb blowing up the breathalyser bags.
1. The constable sat the driver upright to ____________________ .
A) stop the horn operating
B) keep the driver awake
C) inspect the bottle in the passenger seat
D) check his breath
E) check his driving licence
2. The driver _______________________ .
A) was actually a pilot
B) imagined he was on a plane
C) was on his way to the airport
D) had been flying with a policeman
E) thought the policeman was a uniformed pilot.
3. The constable got the man out of the car because ______________ .
A) he wanted to interrogate him
B) he wanted to see who the driver was
 C) the driver might drive off
D) he wanted to find out if the driver was really drunk
E) he wanted to wait for his sergeant to arrive
G.
I am speaking to you tonight from Downing Street after a meeting with my colleagues of the
Cabinet. I thought I should explain the reasons for the course of action we have adopted with
regard to the temporary pollution of areas in the South East of Britain. You will all have read or
heard of the disagreement with our essentially wise and cautious policy to preserve our most
precious asset, England's green and pleasant land. Your government has taken bold measures to
contain an explosive situation developed by extremists from the dissatisfied fringe of our society.
Through deceit and falsehood these extremists have persuaded some of our fellow-countrymen to
take part in mass-meetings, marches and other forms of protest against government measures. Of
course, a democracy thrives upon a variety of opinion and nobody should be afraid to air their
views. But a democracy also requires common sense and moderation, a recognition of duty to
others as well as personal rights and self-interest. Recently it was discovered that certain areas
constituted a public danger because of toxic substances in the air and soil. These substances were
traced to possible sources including neighbouring industries. Accordingly residents were re-housed
and those areas closed so that a full inquiry could be made. There followed an unpardonable and
vicious campaign, mostly in the national press, exaggerating the small but understandable
grievances of the evacuees, and advocating the relocation of industries and of their waste
products.
1. The speaker is explaining that the government has ________________ .
A) relocated industries
B) moved people from certain areas
C) reacted against the national press
D) put extremists in prison
E) taken measurements against pollution.
2. Some people are protesting about _____________ .
A) unemployment in the South East of Britain
B) the government's policy of economic expansion
C) the complains of those who have had to leave their homes
D) insufficient control over the negative effects of industries
E) the government's policy against the extremists.
3. According to the speaker, the situation has become explosive because ________ .
A) there is a variety of opinion
B) poisonous substances are in the air and soil
C) an energetic campaign has begun
D) workers have been made redundant
E) certain areas have been evacuated.
H.
You see, unlike most of the people on this programme, I don't think that television has contributed
much to our lives; in fact it gives us by its own nature a wrong slant. Perhaps the cardinal
weakness in its development arose from its concern with entertainment rather than with
information. Pictures on the screen have been used more to affect than to instruct. Even the news
programmes set out to encourage more reaction and less reflection. Pictures shown briefly do not
make you think, they merely invite you to look for the sequel, the next picture. The more you see
the less you remember; you see too much to remember anything specific. It's the same with
documentaries; they leave you with a feeling rather than stimulate you to take action. The process
of viewing is passive and the result of viewing is passive, too. Also TV transmits vicarious feelings.
I mean, you are persuaded to react to experiences which are unfamiliar to you in your everyday
life. And persuasion is an important word here because you are persuaded also to react in certain
ways and to a degree that will not disturb you or your expectations too much.
1. Television's weakness lies in ________________ .
A) its emphasis on visual images
B) its unnatural development
C) its unrealistic presentation
D) the fact that the news programmes are too reactionary
E) the pictures shown on the news.
2. The viewer is not stimulated to think because ____________ .
A) he is not active enough
B) the programmes are merely affective
C) the programmes are mainly news-based
D) there are too many documentaries
E) he is persuaded to overreact to some experiences
3. Television is dangerous because it _________________ .
 A) transmits feeling indirectly
B) dissuades viewers from reactions
C) uses words wrongly
D) makes people expect too much
E) entertains viewers too much
Alıştırma 21
Okuma metinlerinin sorularını yanıtlayın.
A.
"A great mass of something" means a great amount. When factories started to manufacture great
numbers of the goods the term "mass production" came into use. Mass production differs from the
old methods of manufacture in many ways. In the old times, a workman often made the whole of
an article himself. He put into his work all his skill and experience. If the result of his labour was
satisfactory he was proud it; if not, he carried all the responsibility for any fault that appeared in his
work. Thus, there was a close relationship between the workman and his work, and in each article
which he produced, there was something of his personality. However, this method of
manufacturing goods took a long time, and the goods were sold at a very high price. Those that
were cheap enough for ordinary people were of low quality. Mass production is partly the result of
the desire to produce high quality goods at a low price.
1. Mass production is ..... .
A) a great mass of something
B) producing very high quality goods
C) manufacturing goods one at a time
D) manufacturing a great amount of the same goods
E) manufacturing goods at a low price
2. Before mass production came into use, the whole of an article was made by ..... .
A) a group of workmen
B) a factory
C) machines
D) a single workman
E) ordinary people
3. High quality goods produced by using the old method of manufacture could be bought by ..... .
A) the poor as well as the rich
B) the rich
C) workmen
D) ordinary people
E) nobody
4. In the old times there was a strong tie between ..... .
A) workmen and the rich
B) factories and workmen
C) the poor and the rich
D) the workman and the article
E) high quality goods and low prices
B.
Although rarely spoken about by society, child abuse is one of the nation's most pressing problems
today. As population continues to grow, so does the number of unwanted and unplanned children.
It is estimated that six or seven out of a hundred children will be maltreated or neglected. Child
abuse can come in three forms: (1) passive cruelty in the neglect of children by an unloving or
uneducated parent; (2) occasional cruelty in the momentary violent reaction of a frustrated or
overburdened parent; and (3) consistent, deliberate cruelty in uncontrollable actions by a mentally
sick parent. Simple neglect is easiest to correct. Actual abuse on the spur of the moment is more
serious, but still much less so than continual abuse due to mental illness.
1. The passage suggests that the problem of child abuse __________.
A) is slowly being overcome
B) has been greatly overestimated
C) does not receive as much attention as it should
D) is confined to only a little over 10% of the population
E) has led to an increase in mental illness
2. The most serious type of child abuse __________.
A) is that perpetuated wilfully by an unbalanced parent
B) is also the type that can most easily be corrected
C) first occurred when parents had to work longer hours and were under stress
D) is due to ignorance or lack of interest and so is impossible to correct
E) can be reduced by family planning programmes
3. The passage points out that the parents of abused children __________.
 A) are often very well educated people
B) usually take pleasure in hurting their children
C) are never deliberately cruel
D) normally regret any pain they have caused
E) very often have social or mental problems
C.
In this part of the country, one can find nothing but thick forests, bare rocks, water-falls, and high
mountains. At the foot of one mountain is a small hut, where lives the grey-bearded Henry all by
himself. He once used to have many friends. Quite early in his life he had been taught by his father
to love and help people. Besides, he was kind and soft-hearted. One day his father died, leaving
him a lot of money. He spent all his money in helping the people who were poor and helpless. Yet
in the long run he came to realize that, after having spent all his money, he was the one who was
in need of help and support. For neither his old friends nor those who seemed to be his friends
offered him their help. They did not even come to visit him. Therefore, he has come to hate people
and has chosen Nature as his best friend.
1. Henry spends his days ..... .
A) enjoying his time with his friends
B) living alone in Nature
C) remembering the happy days of his youth
D) solving the problems of the poor
E) feeling sorry for the loss of his money
2. Henry ..... .
A) loves people
B) loved to make fun of people
C) is afraid of people
D) had never helped people
E) used to lover and help people
3. Henry lives all alone because ..... .
A) he does not love and trust people
B) he likes the country people
C) his father is dead
D) he has always been a poor man
E) he does not want to spend his money
4. Henry hates people because he has come to understand that friendship is based upon ..... .
A) trust
B) love
C) understanding
D) kindness
E) money
D.
Money has various uses. However, it is as a measure of value that money is of the greatest use. If
I work in an office, how can my employer what to pay me for my work if there is no generally
accepted measure of value? He may decide to pay me a certain number of loaves of bread each
month; but then I shall have to exchange some of these loaves for other things that I need. And I
cannot possibly know how many loaves I should give for a pair for shoes or for the rent. Money is,
therefore, a very useful means of measuring different values.
1. It is more convenient for people to be paid in ..... .
A) money
B) loaves of bread
C) pairs of shoes
D) rent
E) services
2. The best use of money is ..... .
A) as a means to buy a pair of shoes
B) as a measure of value
C) as a means to pay the rent
D) its investment
E) to spend it
3. Money is very important in the modern world because ..... .
A) without money one cannot live
B) modern standards of living are very high
C) without money it would be very difficult to decide the value of things
D) it is easier to carry money that to carry loaves of bread
E) it is valuable
4. If people were paid other things than money for their work the greatest difficulty would be to ..... .
 A) store things given instead of money
B) find out what people want
C) measure what they are given
D) sell what they are given
E) exchange what they are given with what they need

E.
Very few people know how to read intelligently. Much experience of literature is needed before one
really learns what book one most choose and read; for to read the letters of a book does not mean
reading in the true sense. It is merely mechanical reading which can be done successfully by
anybody who has been to school. Neither can I call it reading to concentrate on the story part of a
text for one's personal amusement or, in other words, to read a book "for the story". However, most
people read in this way.
1. In reading a book intelligently one pays attention to ..... .
A) the words
B) the story
C) the price
D) the meaning
E) the pronunciation
2. Concentrating on the story part of a book cannot be considered reading because ..... .
A) one can get too excited
B) every book does not have a story part
C) every story does not have a happy ending
D) one misses the more important aspects of the book
E) any person who has been to school can do it
3. Much experience of literature is necessary because it enables us to ..... .

A) enjoy the story only

B) read mechanically
C) read the letters of a book
D) choose the books worth reading
E) buy books

4. Few people know how to read in the true sense because ...... .
A) most people do not have a chance to go to school
B) one must have many books before one can read intelligently
C) the spelling of English is pretty difficult
D) reading a book intelligently takes a lot of time
E) good books are to expensive to buy

YANITLAR
I. DOĞRUDAN YANITLANABİLECEK SORULAR
I. 1. METNİN TÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
I.1.A. Konu / Başlık
Alıştırma 1
1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A
I.1.B. Ana fikir
Alıştırma 2
1. E
2. E
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. D
Alıştırma 3
1.
1. D
2. B
2.
Choose the best topic. B
Choose the best central thought. C
3.
Choose the best central thought. A
I.2. METNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
I.2.A. Metinde var olana yönelik
a) Değinme sözcükleri.
Alıştırma 4
1. Hemingway
2. the man with the limp
3. the playwright
4. Mrs. Jones
5. the woman
6. the general's daughter
7. the Shepherds
8. patients with diet pills
9. stutterers
10. insects of all kinds
11. his first bicycle
12. The defendants
13. Jean
14. The English
15. reasons
16. Signs of ageing
17. the members of the committee
18. the questions
19. John Glenn's orbital journey
20. basic research
b) Bağlantı sözcükleri:
Alıştırma 5
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. A
c) Karmaşık yapılar:
Alıştırma 6
Çok çeşitli seçenekler olabilir.
Alıştırma 7
1. A
2. E
3. C
I.2.B. Metinde var olmayana yönelik
Alıştırma 8

1. Y, Y
2. D
3. D
4. D, D
5. D
6. D, D

II. DOĞRUDAN YANITLANAMAYAN SORULAR

II.1. METNİN TÜMÜNE YÖNELİK
II.1.A. Metnin / Yazarın ifade tonu
Alıştırma 9
The tone of the passage is A
II.1.B. Yazarın amacı
Alıştırma 10
 1. C

2.

1. D
2. B
3. E
4. B

II.1.C. Ortam
Alıştırma 11

II.2. METNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNE YÖNELİK

II.2.A. İma edilen
Alıştırma 12
1.
— Frozen food is likely to far exceed the use of other methods of preserving food. (c)
— Drying is a method that used to be used until recently. (c)
2.
— Sparrows are harmful for men in many aspects. (a)
— Farmers do not like sparrows very much. (b)
3.
— In the country, the process of disinfecting drinking water is not effective as it is in cities. (c)
— Germ are what cause typhoid. (b)
4.
— City planners should be careful before they decide on the number of trees to be planted in a certain
area. (b)
— In cases when the tree is harmful for a city's infrastructure, the solution seems to cut them down. (b)
Alıştırma 13
1.
The great temple of Borobudur is a stepped pyramid of unmortared andesite and basalt volcanic
stone, standing 403 feet square and 105 feet high. This holy place lay abandoned and forgotten for
more than 800 years after a devastating earthquake and an eruption of one of the four surrounding
volcanoes caused its population to flee in 1006. Besides earthquakes and volcanoes, torrential
rains, encroaching tropical vegetation, and time have all taken their toll.
It can be inferred from the passage that the temple of Borobudur is in ruins.
2.
Characteristics of tropical rain forests are high and steady levels of heat and moisture, as well as a
wide variety of organisms. It is believed that two-thirds of all species live in tropics, and half of
those live in the tropical rain forests. Nowhere else, except perhaps the tropical coral reefs, is
nature so great in its diversity of organisms and complex in its biological interaction.
It can be inferred from the passage that tropical coral reefs contain a wide variety of organisms.
3.
Even though historians think that ice-skating has been a sport for the last 2,000 years, it is within
the last five decades that skating has gained recognition as a form of art. Champion athletes
combine new heights of athleticism with the elegance of dance in what is called figure skating. Ice
skaters performing daring jumps in flamboyant costumes have brought ballet to the ice rink. Ice-
skating is now seen as an exciting and innovative sport that has won millions of admirers.
It can be inferred from the passage that ice skaters are both athletes and artists.
Alıştırma 14
1. Can it be inferred that athletic women are lazy about putting on cosmetics? HAYIR
2. Can it inferred that the nervous system is important for muscle control? EVET
3. Can it be inferred that nine people died from sulfite-contaminated fresh foods? EVET
4. Can it be inferred that people who need bifocals presently use contact lenses? HAYIR
5. Can it inferred that communities are not always told when and where toxic wastes are being disposed? EVET
II.2.B. Metinden önce/sonra gelen
Alıştırma 15
1.
— Agricultural developments in a certain country.
2.
— General outline of amnesia.
3.
 — A brief outline of housing in America before the George Washington period.
4. The paragraph following the passage most likely presents _____.
— shallow reasons for becoming an airline hostess.
5. Most likely, the last sentence of the paragraph preceding this one mentioned _____.
— a year.
6. Most likely, the last sentence of the paragraph preceding this one mentioned _____.
— a holiday place for those who like hunting.
7. The paragraph following the passage most likely presents _____.
— other drugs that are effective in fields that penicillin fails.
8. The paragraph following the passage most likely presents _____.
— the help Hamilton got from people other than his own family.
II.2.C. Sözcük anlamı
Alıştırma 16 A.
1. D 1. E
2. B 2. B
3. C 3. D
4. A 1. B
5. E 2. B
6. D 3. C
7. D G.
8. B
9. E
B.
10. B
Alıştırma 17 1. E
1. saldırmak 2. C
2. birleşmek 3. C
1. C
3. almak 2. C
4. mühlet 3. D
5. yalnızlık H.
6. devrilmek
7. ters
8. yerinden etmek C.
Alıştırma 18 1. A
1. C 2. A
2. A 3. B
3. C 1. D
4. A 2. A
5. A 3. E
6. B Alıştırma 21
7. A A.
8. A D.
9. D
10. B
11. A 1. D
12. B 2. D
1. B
13. D 3. B
2. E
14. B 4. D
3. C
15. A
16. C
17. D B.
18. C E.
19. C
20. D
21. D 1. C
22. B 1. D
2. A
23. A 2. C
3. E
24. C 3. B
25. C
26. D
27. B C.
F.
28. C
29. B
30. D
1. B
III. GENEL SORULAR
2. E
Alıştırma 19
 3. A
4. E

D.

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. E

E.

1. D
2. D
3. D
4. B
Okuma

Okuma bölümü dil sınavlarının en fazla çekinilen bölümüdür. Ancak, bu konuda verilen açıklama ve
alıştırmaları ayrıntıları ile incelerseniz okuma sorularını doğru yanıtlama oranınız artacaktır.

Okuma bölümünde okuma metninden önce metnin sorularını okuyun. Bu şekilde zamandan
kazanırsınız.

Çeşitli senelerde sorulmuş KPDS/YDS'ler incelendiğinde, aslında belirli soru tiplerinin mevcut olduğu
ortaya çıkmakta. Bu soru tiplerinden bazıları sadece bir iki sınavda kullanılırken bazılarına çok sık
rastlanmakta. Bu soru tiplerini bir sıraya koyarak her birinin sizden ne istediğini göstermeyi, yanıtın
metnin neresinde ve nasıl bulunabileceğini örnekler ve çok değişik alıştırmalar yolu ile sergilemeyi
amaçladım. Önerim, alıştırmaları örnekleri dikkatle inceleyerek ve talimatları dikkatle okuyarak baştan
sona kadar yapmanızdır. Bunu yaparken de mümkün olduğu kadar fazla alıştırmayı yanıtlayın.
Zamanla bir okuma alışkanlığı edineceğinizi umuyorum.

OKUMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 okuma metni verildi.

Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.

1.-3. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact , by placing his
stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of
th
20 -century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives the reader the "feel" of an
era, combining the unusual and the commonplace . His latest novel, World's Fair, shows how
the events of the turbulent 1930's helped mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist.

1. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow's novel World's Fair ..... .

A. describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist
B. is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s
C. demonstrates his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society
D. fails to give his readers a "feel" of the 1930s in America
E. gives an account of how thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period
inwhich he lived

2. From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history ..... .

A. has not always been Doctorow's primary concern

B. is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novel
C. is a striking feature of Doctorow's writing
D. is commonly used by contemporary American writers, including Doctorow himself
E. is never to be found in he traditional novel

3. We see in he passage that Doctorow's purpose in bringing together in his novels

the usual and the extraordinary .....

A. is to build up a convincing picture of a period

B. did not achieve the result he aimed for in World's Fair
C. has been frequently criticized by his readers
D. has not been properly appreciated except in the case of World's Fair
 th
E. has been shared by other 20 -century American novelists

4.-6. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere
around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in the north. Its real extent was
th
better understood in the 18 century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time
south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the ice-pack . A portion of the ice-covered
continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several other nations
also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their
observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made
by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered.
4. As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that
the large land mass around the North Pole ..... .

A. seemed to be impenetrable and, hence, inexplorable

B. could not have a counterpart in the southern hemisphere
C. had a regular and unchanging coastline
D. must have been balanced by a similar extent of land mass around the South Pole
E. would be reduced in size once the edge of the ice-pack began to melt

5. It is pointed out in the passage that it was only with Captain Cook's voyage in the
th
18 century that ..... .

A. the first serious expedition into the interior of the Antarctic was launched
B. a partially accurate assessment of the size of the Antarctic could be made
C. people began to realize just how small the land mass here was
D. multi-national projects for exploration of the Antarctic were put into effect
E. the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became known to the outside world

6. It is clear from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the
Antarctic, ..... .

A. Edward Bransfield joined the international project to study the ice-pack of the continent
B. many explorers were discouraged from undertaking any serious exploration there
C. explorers from various countries began to compete with each other for the conquest of
thecontinent
D. Captain Cook decided to undertake a second voyage of discovery in the area
E. the first major large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross
in1841

7.-9. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the
prevention and detection of crime. The powers they have vary from country to country and with
the type of government; the more civilized and democratic the state is, the less police
intervention there is. England, compared with other countries, was slow to develop a police
force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act established a
regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established county and borough forces
maintained by local authorities throughout England and Wales.
7. It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ..... .

A. to uphold the law and maintain order in society

B. to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour
C. the enlargement of their own powers as far as is compatible with democracy
D. to uphold the universal principles of democracy
 E. to intervene, when necessary, in matters of legislation

8. We understand from the passage that the powers of the police ..... .

A. are much stronger in country areas than in cities

B. cannot be limited in democratic countries
C. have been strongly criticized in England
D. were first defined by the British government in 1829
E. are closely related to the political regime of a country

9. The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force, ..... .

A. various countries had already established one of their own

B. the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities
C. Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the preservation of law and order
D. the prevention and detection of crime in the boroughs was almost impossible
E. Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain

10.-12. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies, that is, the United States, the Soviet Union
and Britain drew up and signed the Postdam Agreement. The main points of this agreement
were that militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed, that industrial power should be so
reduced that Germany would never again be in a position to wage aggressive was, that surplus
equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories,
that Germany should be treated as an economic whole, and that local self-government should
be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security.
10. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam Agreement ..... .

A. was originally proposed by the United States

B. was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with the Soviet Union
C. was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of ensuring peace
andsecurity in Europe
D. improved the relations between the Soviet Union and the West
E. was drafted by the allies in consultation with Germany

11. According to the passage, one of the major provisions made in the Postdam
Agreement was that ..... .

A. the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of
aggression
B. the rearmament of Germany should be under allied supervision
C. the military, but not the domestic, policies of Hitler should be discontinued
D. Germany's industrial production should be reduced to a pre-Hitler level
E. local administrations in Germany should concern themselves only with social welfare

12. It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam Agreement envisaged ..... .

A. a European political institution to safeguard peace

B. a step-by-step reduction of Germany's economic efficiency
C. the restoration of democracy throughout Europe
D. the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help recovery of
industry there
E. the maintenance of military security through a new alliance with Germany
13.-15. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as the international
Bank or the World Bank, is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the
primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries. Usually, loans are
made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries, and the Bank will
normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to
enable the payment of interest of the loan, and the repayment of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank
made loans to the value of $3,000 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled
through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries
cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large
enough to meet the Bank's requirements for interest and repayment.
13. It is pointed in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ..... .

A. provide the United Nations with a constant source of income for its various projects
B. bring all developing countries up to the same level of economic prosperity
C. provide underdeveloped countries, in particular, with the necessary financial support for
therealization of their major development projects
D. give loans to all the countries in the world on an equal basis, regardless of their economic
position
E. make loans available to those countries not receiving support from the developed countries

14. We can understand from the passage that World Bank will usually not provide
loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ..... .

A. it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with interest
B. it has been unanimously approved by the United Nations
C. these countries are in a position to finance a good part of these projects
D. these projects are indeed of vital importance for the industrialization of these countries
E. these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable interest rate on the money lent

15. The passage gives a general account of ..... .

A. why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally strict loan policies in favour of developing
countries
B. how the World Bank was founded and has been financed by the United Nations
C. the ways and means by which the World Bank has influenced developing countries
D. how the financial policies of the World Bank are controlled by the United Nations
E. the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries

16.-18. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Oceanography is the scientific study of the world's oceans which cover over 70 per cent of the
earth's surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the
first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by
the British. Since then oceanography has developed into a highly technical and
interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. Those are biological
oceanography, which deals with the study of marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical
oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical
oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans
in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanography and
is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evolution of the ocean basins.
Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and
energy resources of the oceans with minimum damage to the ocean environment.
16. In the passage the writer does not dwell on ..... .

A. the purpose and research concerns of biological oceanography

 B. the history of oceanographic studies, and the range of these studies
C. how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping
D. the uses for us of the information provided by oceanographic studies about the oceans
E. what geological and chemical oceanography deal with

17. It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research
activities, oceanography ..... .

A. cooperates with some of the other sciences

B. focuses only on the discovery of new energy resources in the oceans
C. benefits extensively from the findings of biology
D. is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean environment
E. has developed into a separate and independent discipline with no relationship with other
sciences

18. We understand from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ..... .

A. many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate
B. the oceans have been extensively exploited for food and mineral deposits
C. British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basins
D. scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment
E. much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science

19.-21. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but
the exact basis for these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to
be culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses
of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of
arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by other
scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the
cigarette smoke.
19. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine ..... .

A. is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the
heart
B. is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking
C. affects animals more seriously than humans
D. has been established as more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers
E. has an adverse effect only upon the arteries

20. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking ..... .

A. have ruled out any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans
B. have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor
C. have so far not raised any controversial opinions
D. have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body
E. indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors

21. The main concern of the passage is to ..... .

A. describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effects of carbon monoxide

B. emphasize the role nicotine and vitamin D play in heart disease
C. demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate
D. compare the effects on the heart of nicotine and carbon monoxide
E. give an account of the research work concerning animal diseases
22.-24. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
Agriculture remains the most crucial area for development; here it seems that the most
intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in
agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt
at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists
for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques, and expand his range
of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little
impact.
22. The author is of the opinion that improvements in the field of agriculture ..... .

A. cannot be achieved through vocational training

B. can easily be realized
C. have already led to good results
D. are absolutely vital for productivity
E. have largely been confined to technology

23. We can understand from the passage that the agricultural community ..... .

A. tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer

B. is eager for more vocational training
C. is fully aware of the long-term benefits of scientific training
D. has already begun to benefit from the improved techniques
E. is not the one that welcomes change

24. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ..... .

A. will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society

B. will provide farmers with a range of opportunities
C. will be futile unless it's backed up with various incentives
D. is regarded as a priority for social development
E. has often been underestimated by various authorities

25.-27. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is
one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it
makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last
few years has been silently revolutionizing such traditional subjects as growth economics,
labour economics, international trade, and public finance. Consequently, the economics of
education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of
orthodox economics.
25. The author points out that the term "the economics of education" ..... .

A. has only come into use in very recent years

B. has for decades been under discussion among economists
C. is of little significance in orthodox economics
D. has only been accepted in educational circles
E. is gradually disappearing from economic writings

26. According to the passage, the economics of education ..... .

A. is not connected in anyway with investment in man

B. relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity
C. has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of orthodox economics
D. has today come into the forefront of economic thinking
 E. is one of the earliest branches of general economics

27. The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics ..... .

A. have grown steadily in importance

B. have been substantially modified through the introduction of the economics of human
resources
C. have been virtually unaffected by health economics or the economics of human resources
D. gave great importance to the idea of human investment
E. constituted the essence of the economics of human resources

28.-30. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more, and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have
immense strength, They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on
the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often
be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from the heat.
When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not
approach the leopard's ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally
prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect.
They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good,
and they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.
28. It is clear from the passage that tigers ..... .

A. rely on their huge claws to catch and kill their prey

B. are the most successful climbers of all wild animals
C. are sensitive to significant variations in temperature
D. closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and strength
E. rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and catching prey

29. As it is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ..... .

A. is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger

B. rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better opportunities for hiding
C. provides camouflage for leopards
D. is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels
E. usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey

30. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought, ..... .

A. once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it

B. hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger
C. the leopard's hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger
D. rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals
E. the tiger's senses are not particularly well developed

31.-33. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while
theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed
mental abilities were determined by the size of a person's head, researchers still do not agree
about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They therefore continue to debate
such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming
intelligence.
31. As we learn from the passage, the age-old controversy about whether intelligence
depends upon heredity or the environment .... .
 A. is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless
B. was finally resolved in 1800s
C. has only recently become a subject for serious research
D. does not seem to have ceased yet
th
E. was more sophisticated in the 19 century than it is now

32. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the
view that a person's mental capacity ..... .

A. could never be changed

B. depended on the head size
C. was purely hereditary
D. was completely shaped by the environment
E. fundamental to his character

33. One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the
capacity of human intelligence ..... .

A. can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated minds

B. has finally been achieved by modern scientists
C. is sure to be realized within the next few years
D. is not likely to be achieved in the near future
E. will emerge through theoretical rather than experimental studies

34.-36. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Secularization as it has developed since the Middle Ages had consisted in substituting for
supernatural and theological explanations naturalistic and reasonable ones. This change is
one of the most profound affecting mankind and forms the basis of modern democratic
government and of our scientific-technological age. In a society based on the divine right of
kings there could be no genuinely democratic government in the modern sense. Democracy is
built on the idea that the individual has a right to judge political issues for himself.
34. According to the passage, with the rise of democracy, ..... .

A. supernatural ideas have given way to theological ones

B. scientific and technological progress has been neglected
C. secularization has lost its traditional meaning
D. the individual has lost many of his former rights
E. the traditional concept of the "divine right of kings" has vanished

35. It is argued that the process of secularization ..... .

A. has had no impact on the concept of monarchy

B. goes back to pre-medieval times
C. has led to systems of democratic government
D. has no relevance to the exercise of individual rights
E. has failed to overcome superstition and magic

36. In the development of modern society ..... .

A. medieval institutions have not been neglected

B. democracy has been of little significance
C. technological supremacy has been the ultimate aim
D. the impact of secularisation has been of fundamental importance
E. individual rights have been curtailed
 YANITLAR
Metin içinde hangi tümcenin hangi sorunun yanıtını verdiği, koyu yazılan tümceden hemen sonra
sorunun numarası parantez içinde verilerek belirtilmiştir.
The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact (2), by placing his
stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of 20th-
century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives the reader the "feel" of an era,
combining the unusual and the commonplace (3). His latest novel, World's Fair, shows how the
events of the turbulent 1930's helped mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist (1).
1. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow's novel World's Fair ..... .
E) gives an account of how thoughts and feelings of the main character are
shaped by the period in which he lived
2. From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history ..... .
C) is a striking feature of Doctorow's writing
3. We see in he passage that Doctorow's purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual
and theextraordinary .....
A) is to build up a convincing picture of a period
In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere
around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in the north (4). Its real extent was
better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time
south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the ice-pack (5). A portion of the ice-
covered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several other
nations also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of
their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was
made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered
(6).
4. As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that the large
land mass around the North Pole ..... .
D) must have been balanced by a similar extent of land mass around the South
Pole
5. It is pointed out in the passage that it was only with Captain Cook's voyage in the 18th
century that ..... .
B) a partially accurate assessment of the size of the Antarctic could be made
6. It is clear from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic,
..... .
E) the first major large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by
James Clarke Ross in 1841
The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention
and detection of crime (7). The powers they have vary from country to country and with the type of
government; the more civilized and democratic the state is, the less police intervention there is
(8). England, compared with other countries, was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until
1829 that Sir Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis.
Later legislation established county and borough forces maintained by local authorities
throughout England and Wales (9).
7. It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ..... .
A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society
8. We understand from the passage that the powers of the police ..... .
E) are closely related to the political regime of a country
9. The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force, ..... .
B) the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities
In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies, that is, the United States, the Soviet Union
and Britain drew up and signed the Postdam Agreement (10). The main points of this agreement
were that militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed, that industrial power should be so reduced
that Germany would never again be in a position to wage aggressive ways (11), that surplus
equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories
(12), that Germany should be treated as an economic whole, and that local self-government should be
restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security.
10. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam Agreement ..... .
C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of
ensuring peace and security in Europe
 11. According to the passage, one of the major provisions made in the Postdam Agreement
was that ..... .
A) the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any
future renewal of aggression
12. It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam Agreement envisaged ..... .
D) the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to
help recovery of industry there
The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as the international Bank or
the World Bank, is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function
of making loans available to assist developing countries (13). Usually, loans are made to finance
specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries, and the Bank will normally make a loan
only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of
interest of the loan, and the repayment of the sum lent (14). In 1983 the Bank made loans to the
value of $3,000 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is
clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way,
because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Bank's requirements
for interest and repayment.
13. It is pointed in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ..... .
C) provide underdeveloped countries, in particular, with the necessary financial
support for the realization of their major development projects
14. We can understand from the passage that World Bank will usually not provide loans for
investment projects in developing countries unless ..... .
A) it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with
interest
15. The passage gives a general account of ..... .
E) the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to
underdeveloped countries
Oceanography is the scientific study of the world's oceans which cover over 70 per cent of the earth's
surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide
ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by the British. Since then
oceanography has developed into a highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now
divided into several fields of study (17). Those are biological oceanography, which deals with the
study of marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the
composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves,
and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another
branch of oceanography and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evolution of the
ocean basins. Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food,
mineral and energy resources of the oceans with minimum damage to the ocean environment.
16. It the passage the writer does not dwell on ..... .
C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping
17. It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research activities,
oceanography ..... .
A) cooperates with some of the other sciences
18. We understand from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ..... .
E) much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a
science
The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the
exact basis for these effects has not been clarified (20-21). Some investigators believe nicotine
to be culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large
doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a
disease of arteries resembling that seen in humans (19). An alternative explanation has been
offered by other scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled
with the cigarette smoke.
19. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine ..... .
A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse
effect on the heart.
20. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking ..... .
B) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide
could be a factor
21. The main concern of the passage is to ..... .
 C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under
debate
Agriculture remains the most crucial area for development; here it seems that the most intractable
problems of resistance to change exist (23). One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by
itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training
in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists for the individual
farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities (22).
Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little impact (23).
22. The author is of the opinion that improvements in the field of agriculture ..... .
D) are absolutely vital for productivity
23. We can understand from the passage that the agricultural community ..... .
E) is not the one that welcomes change
24. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ..... .
C) will be futile unless it's backed up with various incentives
Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is
one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics (25). Together with health economics,
it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last
few years has been silently revolutionizing such traditional subjects as growth economics,
labour economics, international trade, and public finance (26). Consequently, the economics of
education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of
orthodox economics (27).
25. The author points out that the term "the economics of education" ..... .
A) has only come into use in very recent years
26. According to the passage, the economics of education ..... .
E) is one of the earliest branches of general economics
27. The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics ..... .
E) constituted the essence of the economics of human resources
Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more, and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have
immense strength, They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the
crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen
splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from the heat. When the
air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation (28). They can climb, but do not
approach the leopard's ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally
prefer to stay on level ground (29). They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect.
They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good (30),
and they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.
28. It is clear from the passage that tigers ..... .
C) are sensitive to significant variations in temperature
29. As it is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ..... .
A) is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger
30. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought, ..... .
E) the tiger's senses are not particularly well developed
Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of
intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities
were determined by the size of a person's head (34), researchers still do not agree about certain
fundamental principles of human thought. They therefore continue to debate such basic questions
as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence (33-35).
31. As we learn from the passage, the age-old controversy about whether intelligence
depends upon heredity or the environment .... .
D) does not seem to have ceased yet
32. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that
a person'smental capacity ..... .
B) depended on the head size
33. One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the
capacity of humanintelligence ..... .
D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future
Secularization as it has developed since the Middle Ages had consisted in substituting for
supernatural and theological explanations naturalistic and reasonable ones. This change is one of
the most profound affecting mankind and forms the basis of modern democratic government
(35) and of our scientific-technological age (36). In a society based on the divine right of kings
there could be no genuinely democratic government in the modern sense (34). Democracy is
built on the idea that the individual has a right to judge political issues for himself.
34. According to the passage, with the rise of democracy, ..... .
E) the traditional concept of the "divine right of kings" has vanished
35. It is argued that the process of secularization ..... .
C) has led to systems of democratic government
36. In the development of modern society ..... .
D) the impact of secularisation has been of fundamental importance
Paragraf Tamamlama
Paragraf tamamlama bir okuma becerisidir ve verilen paragrafın tümünün anlamının kavranmasını
gerektirir.

 Paragrafın tümünü dikkatli bir şekilde okuyun ve genel anlamı kavramaya çalışın.
 Paragraf içinde, kimi zaman, aranılan tümceyi izleyen tümcede yardımcı olabilecek yapılar
bulunmaktadır (Örnekteki In other words gibi). Bu ipuçlarından yararlanın.
 Seçeneklerin paragrafın bütününe zaman, özne ve nesne olarak uyum gösterip göstermediğini
inceleyin.
 Çeşitli olaylar hakkındaki mevcut bilginizin seçeneklerin saptanmasında temel rol oynamasına
izin vermeyin. Paragrafın içerdiği anlam sizin genel bilgi ya da görüşlerinizle çelişiyor olabilir.
Önemli olan sizin ne düşündüğünüz değil paragrafın ne ilettiğidir.

1. In the 1900s cancer was nearly always fatal; by the 1930s one out of five cancer
patients was saved; by 1975 treatment was successful in one out of every three
patients. ..... .

A. New evidence suggests that the highest risk for lung cancer occurs in asbestos workers who
smoke
B. Indeed everyone knows that cancer refers to a group of over 100 different diseases
C. Today scientists and physicians believe that half of all cancer patients can be saved if present
knowledge is applied promptly in every case
D. Rehabilitation of the cancer patient has become an important new concern for social workers
E. The aim of cancer rehabilitation is to help the patient lead as normal a life as possible

2. ...... Composers such as Schubert, Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz sought a new
freedom in musical expression. Form became of less importance than content; and
that content often had literary connections.

A. Wordsworth is one of the best-known of all the English Romantic poets.

B. Mendelssonn and Brahms are the two most typical representative composers of the Romantic
era.
C. The Romantic movement, which began around the year 1800 in literature, also had its
counterpart in music.
D. In fact, the Romantic movement itself did not last very long.
E. Among the Romantic composers, Brahms has generally been the most popular.

3. ..... . The faltering economy they inherited was now under additional pressure from
those newly unemployed, including the million-man army of the regime. There were
critical shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much of which had been stolen in
the final days of the war. There were also at least two million new refugees, nearly
10% of the population. Virtually, the country was in a state of total bankruptcy.

A. The end of the war in Vietnam brought massive problems to the new leaders of the country
B. In the first place, all industry was nationalized by the new Vietnamese government
C. One unexpected problem facing the new government was continuing military activity
D. One solution to the urban problems facing Vietnam was to get people to return to the
countryside
E. In their first months in power Vietnam's new leaders succeeded in persuading hundreds of
thousands of people to move back to their farms

4. Underdeveloped countries are those in which economic structure and

 development are held back. The causes of the condition of underdevelopment are
complex, but two opposing sets of theories dominate discussion. ...... On the other
hand, there are the theories that ascribe underdevelopment directly to the
distortions of economic structure and the exploitation involved in the relations
between the developed and the underdeveloped countries.

A. In other words, development and underdevelopment are mutually interdependent.

B. This view implies that the state and process of underdevelopment in certain countries is
inevitable.
C. On the one hand there are those theories that attribute underdevelopment to the internal
characteristics of the underdeveloped countries themselves.
D. Accordingly, such countries are responsible for their own underdevelopment.
E. However, no country in the world is completely isolated from the current monetary policies.

5. Just how the Alzheimer disease ravages the brain isn't understood, but a protein
molecule is thought to be involved. ...... On the theory that the protein causes the
disorder by travelling from other tissues to the brain, researchers may now seek to
devise drugs that would block the protein and stop it getting there.

A. If this is confirmed it may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of the disease.

B. In fact it hardly seems worthwhile to carry out further research into the Alzheimer disease.
C. Much research has already been carried out to discover the causes of the disease.
D. Once the molecule had been isolated it was possible to cure the condition.
E. The Alzheimer disease is just one of the many incurable illnesses that inflict people in the
developed countries.

6. The purpose of a novel varies with its type. Anthony Trollope's statement has a
fundamental validity: "the object of a novel should be to instruct in morals while it
amuses." At one extreme, some novels are expressly meant to teach, such as
some children's novels and social novels. ...... However, one can say that the aim
of most novels is to reveal and stimulate thought about aspects of human
behaviour both individually and in personal and social relations.

A. Hence, fantasy has become increasingly popular, especially in the form of science fiction.
B. Therefore, a novel is a fictitious prose narrative, usually of more than fifty thousand words in
length.
C. On the whole, Daniel Defoe is regarded the first notable English novelist.
D. At the other, some novels are meant simply as entertainment, such as detective stories and
much science fiction.
E. At the same time, the reading public has increased in numbers, especially among the
educated.

7. We all know that learning is important. .....? A dictionary might tell you that
learning is acquiring knowledge through experience and study. A teacher might tell
you that it is memorizing what he wants you to know for the examination. Your
boss might tell you that it is mastery of the task you are hired to do. A psychologist
might tell you that it is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to past
experience. Obviously, learning takes place in many ways and terms.

A. How is it managed
B. What exactly do you mean
C. Yet can one depend on it
D. But what exactly is it
E. Do you think it can be mastered
8. Someone once said that there are three sides to every questionable issue: your
side, my side, and the "right" side. ..... . For instance, the reactions in the issue of
abortion are usually divided into two basic viewpoints: for or against. But the issue
is not that simple. Other questions begin to surface, which turn the issue into a
complex one and make it necessary for us to look at it from many sides.

A. Unknowingly people become conditioned to speak out of prejudice

B. In fact, there may be many sides, depending upon the issue itself
C. As we mature, our beliefs are also shaped both directly and indirectly by the media
D. Consequently our thinking process becomes overruled by others' opinions
E. Even when we think we are acting as individuals by rejecting the ideas of one group, we are
often just accepting the ideas of another

9. Some sociologists are concerned that America is no longer "a melting pot", but "a
salad bowl". Unlike most earlier immigrants who were willing to learn English and
wanted to "melt" into American life, many of today's immigrants do not see the
need. .....? How will all this affect America's future?

A. Why did most European immigrants settle in the cities rather than on farms
B. What was city life like for most immigrants
C. What changes can we expect in the make-up of America's population by the year 2000
D. What hardship did the early immigrants face when they arrived in America
E. How far back can an American trace his roots

10. What is soul? From Plato onwards many answers have been given to this question,
but not one has ever been found to be adequate. .... . Presumably we must mean
something by it.

A. His definition, quite understandably, soon returned to favour.

B. Even so, the word is still in constant use.
C. At a still later period soul and character were equated.
D. If there had been further developments in this line they might have proved significant.
E. The next step would then have been to differentiate between soul and body.

11. The Japanese have a strong aesthetic sense: they beautify, adorn and decorate
everything they touch. ...... It is cut into an artistic shape and given a colour
scheme with carefully placed pieces of tomato and herbs.

A. Presumably they get a great deal of satisfaction out of such elegant displays.
B. The art of flower arrangement is particularly well-developed in Japan.
C. Many of these arrangements consist of merely two or three flowers and a spree of green.
D. Naturally this is especially true of women of that country.
E. A sandwich is Japan is not a sandwich, it is a work of art designed to appeal not just to the
palate but also to the eye.

12. Gathering information on a possible adversary or adversaries is only the start of

the intelligence process. The raw material, once in hand, must be drawn together,
analyzed, correlated, and evaluated before it becomes useful knowledge. ..... . From
this appraisal, which points to his most likely course of action, the target state can
chart a course of action best designed to meet the developing situation.
 A. The ethics of secret intelligence operations have long been debated
B. At this stage there emerges an estimate of the adversary's intentions and of his ability to
achieve them
C. But the richest source is usually the secret agent, who is always a highly skilled and well-
trained professional
D. Intelligence findings are, therefore, usually classified and limited in circulation
E. In recent decades, technology has enormously lengthened the reach and sharpened the
penetration of intelligence

YANITLAR
1. In the 1900s cancer was nearly always fatal; by the 1930s one out of five cancer
patients was saved;by 1975 treatment was successful in one out of every three
patients. Today scientists and physicians believe that half of all cancer patients
can be saved if present knowledge is applied promptly in every case.
Yıllar geçtikçe kanserin ölümcül etkisi azalmakta. Yanıt C.
2. The Romantic movement, which began around the year 1800 in literature, also
had its counterpart in music. Composers such as Schubert, Schumann, Liszt, and
Berlioz sought a new freedom in musical expression. Form became of less importance
than content; and that content often had literary connections.
Paragrafta müzik ele alınmakta. Bu açıdan A ve D seçenekleri elenebilir. B seçeneğinde
iki müzisyenden söz edildikten sonra paragrafın geri kalanında bunlarla bir ilişki
kurulmamakta. Aynısı E seçeneği için d geçerli. Yanıt C.
3. The end of the war in Vietnam brought massive problems to the new leaders of
the country. The faltering economy they inherited was now under additional pressure
from those newlyunemployed, including the million-man army of the regime. There were
critical shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much of which had been stolen in the
final days of the war. There were also at least two million new refugees, nearly 10% of
the population. Virtually, the country was in a state of total bankruptcy.
Paragrafta çeşitli sorunlar dile getiriliyor: faltering economy, shortage of foreign
exchange and gold, new refugees. Son tümce ise herşeyi özetlemekte. Bu durumda,
sorunları dile getirecek bir açılış tümcesi gerekmekte. Yanıt A.
4. Underdeveloped countries are those in which economic structure and development are
held back. Thecauses of the condition of underdevelopment are complex, but two
opposing sets of theories dominate discussion. On the one hand there are those
theories that attribute underdevelopment to the internal characteristics of the
underdeveloped countries themselves. On the other hand, there are the theories that
ascribe underdevelopment directly to the distortions of economic structure and the
exploitation involved in the relations between the developed and the underdeveloped
countries.
Yanıtı bulmak çok kolay. Boşluktan hemen sonra On the other hand geliyor, C
seçeneğinde de On the one hand var.

5. Just how the Alzheimer disease ravages the brain isn't understood, but a protein
molecule is thought tobe involved. If this is confirmed it may lead to a breakthrough
in the treatment of the disease.On the theory that the protein causes the disorder by
travelling from other tissues to the brain, researchers may now seek to devise drugs
that would block the protein and stop it getting there.
Paragrafın tümünde hastalığa çare olabilecek bir bilgiden söz edilmekte. B seçeneği bu
bilgi ile çelişmekte. C ve E seçenekleri çok genel. D seçeneği hem geçmiş zamandan
söz etmekte, hem de hastalığa çare bulunmuş, herşey bitmiş mesajını vermekte. Yanıt
B.
6. The purpose of a novel varies with its type. Anthony Trollope's statement has a
 fundamental validity:"the object of a novel should be to instruct in morals while it
amuses." At one extreme, some novels are expressly meant to teach, such as some
children's novels and social novels. At the other, some novels are meant simply as
entertainment, such as detective stories and much sciencefiction. However, one
can say that the aim of most novels is to reveal and stimulate thought about aspects of
human behaviour both individually and in personal and social relations.
Çok kolay bir soru. Boşluktan önce gelen tümce At the one extreme ile başlamakta. D
seçeneği de At the other ile.

7. We all know that learning is important. But what exactly is it? A dictionary might tell
you that learning is acquiring knowledge through experience and study. A teacher might
tell you that it is memorizing what he wants you to know for the examination. Your boss
might tell you that it is mastery of the task you are hired to do. A psychologist might tell
you that it is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to past experience.
Obviously, learning takes place in many ways and terms.
Boşluktan sonra gelen tümceler
A dictionary might tell you that learning is ..
A teacher might tell you that it (=learning) is ..
Your boss might tell you that it (=learning( is ..
A psychologist might tell you that it (=learning) is ..

şeklinde verilmekte. Görüldüğü gibi, "öğrenme"nin ne olduğu sorgulanıyor. Yanıt D.

8. Someone once said that there are three sides to every questionable issue: your side,
my side, and the "right" side. In fact, there may be many sides, depending upon the
issue itself. For instance, the reactions in the issue of abortion are usually divided into
two basic viewpoints: for or against. But the issue is not that simple. Other questions
begin to surface, which turn the issue into a complex one and make it necessary for us
to look at it from many sides.
A seçeneğinin paragraf ile hiçbir ilişkisi yok. C seçeneğinde sözü edilen media ile
paragrafın bir ilişkisi yok. D seçeneğinde others' ile other people's anlatılmakta. Yine
paragrafın bütünü ile bir ilgisi yok. E seçeneği ise tüm konuyu we çevresinde ele
almakta. Yanıt B.
9. Some sociologists are concerned that America is no longer "a melting pot", but "a salad
bowl". Unlikemost earlier immigrants who were willing to learn English and wanted to
"melt" into American life, many of today's immigrants do not see the need. What
changes can we expect in the make-up of America's population by the year 2000?
How will all this affect America's future?
Paragrafta Amerika'ya göçmen olarak gelenlerin artık eskiden olduğu gibi birer
Amerikalı olmayı istemediklerini anlatmakta. Son tümce gelecekte neler olabileceğini
sorguluyor. Aynı şekilde C seçeneği de gelecekte neler olabileceğini sorgulamakta.
10. What is soul? From Plato onwards many answers have been given to this question, but
not one has ever been found to be adequate. Even so, the word is still in constant
use. Presumably we must mean something by it.
Boşluktan önce gelen tümcedeki one sözcüğü answer sözcüğü yerine geçmekte. Bu
durumda, "Many questions have been given to the question of What is soul?, but not
one answer has ever been found to be adequate" şeklinde bir tümce oluşturulabilir. A ve
C seçenekleri bu açıdan ilişkili değil. D ve E seçenekleri aslında birbirini izleyen
tümceler içermekte. Bu tümcelerden biri doğru seçenek olsa paragrafın son tümcesi
anlamsız biçimde ortada kalırdı. Yanıt B.

11.
 Bu soruya genelde verilen yanıt B oldu. Sizin yanıtınız da B ise, mevcut bilgilerinizin sizi
yanıltmasına izin verdiniz ve paragrafın tümünü dikkatli bir biçimde okumadınız
demektir. Çünkü, eğer doğru yanıt "The art of flower arrangement" ise, tomato adında
yeni bir çiçek türü keşfettiniz! Paragrafta düzenlemesi yapılan şey bir sandviç ve yanıt
da E.

12. Gathering information on a possible adversary or adversaries is only the start of the
intelligence process. The raw material, once in hand, must be drawn together,
analyzed, correlated, and evaluated before it becomes useful knowledge. At this stage
there emerges an estimate of the adversary's intentions and of his ability to
achieve them. From this appraisal, which points to his most likely course of action, the
target state can chart a course of action best designed to meet the developing situation.
Zor bir soru. Zorluğu yalnızca bir çok zor gelebilecek sözcük ile dolu olmasından değil,
bir de birden fazla anlam taşıyan intelligence sözcüğünü barındırmasından
kaynaklanmakta. Paragrafı ve özellikle seçenekleri dikkatlice okursanız, intelligence
sözcüğünün zeka değil haber alma, istihbarat anlamında kullanıldığını görürsünüz.
Paragrafın tümü istihbaratın elde edilmesi, işlenmesi ve yorumlanması ile ilgili. Yanıt B.
 INFLATION
Inflation is a modern economic disease, which all consumers suffer from. When we
are told that we have got a pay rise, we are naturally pleased. Yet when we go to the
shops to buy things, we find that we cannot buy as much as we could a month ago.
How is this possible? The reason, of course, lies in the fact that prices are rising all
the time and we usually receive pay rises that are not as large as general price
increases. We find, furthermore, that the money we have carefully saved in the bank
cannot buy the house that we want because the price of the house has doubled.

It seems, in fact, that our wages have gone down although our employees have told
us they have increased. It is not surprising, then, that political parties win or lose
elections according to how well they persuade the people that inflation can be
controlled by their policies. It is only to be expected, therefore, that the ordinary voter
will support a government that promises to restore the value of money in the bank and
to make wage increases equal to the increase of prices in the shops. As a result of
this situation, we find governments being defeated by their economic policies. People
are impatient and prefer to vote for a new government rather than wait for old
economic policies to become effective: Unfortunately, promises about controlling
prices and wages are not generally kept because there is no simple cure for the
complex disease of inflation.
258 sözcük

2. METİN
GROWING VEGETABLES
If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you buy in
the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too. You can also
grow things it is difficult to find in the shops. And you may save money - a family of
four could have saved around £70 last year by growing all their vegetables. All of this,
by doing something that many people regard as a healthy leisure activity.
In the first part of this report, we tell you what is involved in growing your own
vegetables and how to plan a vegetable garden. In the second, we tell you how to get
the best value for money when buying seeds and plants.
Much of the report is based on the experiences of our members - nearly 1,500 filled in
a mammoth questionnaire. We are very grateful indeed for the help they gave us. One
thing is clear from our members' experience: growing vegetables can be hard work.
Routine jobs like weeding and clearing take up a lot of time, quite apart from the
exhausting chore of digging. However, nearly all our vegetable-growing members
thought the results were definitely worth all the effort.
205 sözcük

3. METİN
CHRISTMAS: MORE STUFFING?
Merry Christmas to you all... "Merry", as you may know, has two meanings: a) happy,
and b) drunk. If you're like a large number of British people, then your Christmas will
be an alcoholic, rather than a religious, occasion.
If you walk down Piccadily or Oxford Street just before Christmas, you will see an
incredible amount of money being spent on electronic games, bottles of spirits,
expensive clothes, LPs, cassettes, cameras, and large number of luxury items. If you
walk down the main street of several towns of the Third World just before Christmas,
you won't see large amount of money being spent on presents: in fact, you won't see
a large amount of money being spent on anything.
80% of all disease in the world is caused by bad water supply: for millions of people,
the perfect Christmas present would be a tap in the village square which would give
pure, clean water.
Do we think of these people when we sit down to our Christmas dinner? Of course not
- we're too busy thinking about the turkey, the roast potatoes, and the presents sitting
under the Christmas tree. The whole idea of Christmas now is completely unChristian
- I'm sure that Christ would be furious if he could see what sort of celebrations are
being carried out in his name.
 So I'm against Christmas - I agree with Scrooge1 "It's all humbug." If we're going to
continue this wasteful, thoughtless ceremony, then let's be truthful about it, and call it
"Stuff-Our-Faces Week", or "Stomach Week" - but let's get rid of the hypocritical
pretense that Christmas is "the season of the goodwill".
1 Scrooge Charles Dickens'ın yarattığı, Noel kutlamalarının gereksiz
olduğuna inanan bir roman kahramanı.
274 sözcük.

4. METİN
PACKAGING: THE INSANE WASTE OF MAKING THINGS TO BE THROWN
AWAY
To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box
has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrives; the cellophane wrapper has to
be torn off, the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be
unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not
confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not
done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.
The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away
immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put out by the
average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the
cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling.
This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up
the environment.
Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just
how is it possible, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and
recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the
material most used for packaging - 20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great
Britain each day - but very little is salvaged.
Both glass and paper are being threatened by the growing use of plastic. The trouble
with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution
to the problem of ever-growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic
altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say
there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs.
It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and re-use of various
materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to
producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, indeed to be used just once, is clearly
becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with
packaging as using it sensibly. What is needed is a more sophisticated approach to
using scarce resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.
380 sözcük

5. METİN
SCHOOL AND CREATIVITY
Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that he
"never went to school, and therefore preserved the rare gift of thinking freely." There
is undoubtedly truth in Einstein's observation; many artists and geniuses seem to view
their schooling as a disadvantage. But such a truth is not a criticism of schools. It is
the function of schools to civilize, not to train explorers. The explorer is always a
lonely individual whether his or her pioneering be in art, music, science, or technology.
The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what William James
described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way." Insofar as schools teach
perceptual patterns they tend to destroy creativity and genius. But if schools could
somehow exist solely to cultivate genius, then society would break down. For the
social order demands unity and widespread agreement, both traits that are destructive
to creativity. There will always be conflict between the demands of society and the
impulses of creativity and genius.
172 sözcük

6. METİN
SCORPION
 Then one day I found a fat mother scorpion in the wall. She was wearing a fur coat. I
look more closely. It was really a mass of very small babies holding on to their
mother's back. I very much admired this family, and decided to take them secretly into
the house and up to my bedroom. I wanted to watch them while they grew up.
Carefully, I put the mother and family into a matchbox, and then ran to the villa.
Lunch was on the table. I put the matchbox carefully on a shelf in the sitting room and
went to the dining room and joined the family for the meal. I ate slowly, gave Roger
food secretly under the table and listened to the family. I completely forgot about my
exciting new pets. When Larry finished his meal, he took some cigarettes from the
sitting room. He sat back in his chair, put one in his mouth and picked up the
matchbox which he had brought. I watched him with interest. He was still talking when
he opened the matchbox.
Now I still say this: the mother scorpion did not want to hurt anyone. She was worried
and angry, so she took the first chance to escape. She climbed out of the box very
quickly. Her babies were still holding on when she climbed on to the back of Larry's
hand. There she was a bit uncertain, and she paused. Her sting was curved up at the
ready. When Larry felt the movement of her claws he looked down and saw her. Then
everything got confused. He screamed with fear and Lugaretzia dropped a plate.
Roger came out under the table and began to run wildly.
Larry shook his hand and the scorpion flew down the table. She fell between Margo
and Leslie and her babies went everywhere when she fell on to the table-cloth. She
was now very angry and ran towards Leslie. Leslie jumped to his feet, overturned his
chair, and hit the scorpion with his napkin. Mother put on her glasses and looked
down the table. At that moment Margo tried to stop the scorpion and threw a glass of
water at it. But, the shower hit mother, who immediately lost her breath and couldn't
speak. The scorpion was not behind Leslie's plate, but her babies were running all
over the plate. And, Roger, who wanted to help, was making angry noises and
running round the room.
"It's that horrible boy again !" shouted Larry.
"Be careful ! They're coming !" screamed Margo.
"All we need is a book," shouted Leslie. "Find me a book!"
"What's the problem ?" mother was asking while she tried to clean her glasses.
"It's that horrible boy ... he'll kill us all ... Look at the table ... knee-deep in scorpions
..."
Naturally, Roger did not know what the problem was. He knew that the family was in
danger. He wanted to protect the family and, because Lugaretzia was the only
stranger in the room, he bit her on the leg.
This did not help very much.
510 sözcük

7. METİN
LIE DETECTOR
On February morning in 1966 Cleve Backster made a discovery that changed his life
and could have far-reaching effects on ours. Backster was at that time an
interrogation specialist who left the CIA to operate a New York school for training
policemen in the techniques of using the polygraph, or "lie detector". This instrument
normally measures the electrical resistance of the human skin, but on that morning he
extended its possibilities. Immediately after watering an office plant, he wondered if it
would be possible to measure the rate at which water rose in the plant from the root to
the leaf by recording the increase in leaf-moisture content on a polygraph tape.
Backster placed the two pscyhogalvanic-reflex (PGR) electrodes on either side of a
leaf of Dracaena massangeana, a potted rubber plant, and balanced the leaf into the
circuitry before watering the plant again. There was no marked reaction to this
stimulus, so Backster decided to try what he calls "the threat-to-well-being principle, a
well-established method of triggering emotionality in humans." In other words he
decided to torture the plant. First he dipped one of its leaves into a cup of hot coffee,
but there was no reaction, so he decided to get a match and burn the leaf properly. "At
the instant of this decision, at 13 minutes and 55 seconds of chart time, there was a
dramatic change in the PGR tracing pattern in the form of an abrupt and prolonged
upward sweep of the recording pen. I had not moved, or touched the plant, so the
 timing of the PGR pen activity suggested to me that the tracing might have been
triggered by the mere thought of the harm I intended to inflict on the plant."
Backster went on to explore the possibility of such perception in the plant by bringing
some live brine shrimp into his office and dropping them one by one into boiling water.
Every time he killed a shrimp, the polygraph recording needle attached to the plant
jumped violently. To eliminate the possibility of his own emotions producing this
reaction, he completely automated the whole experiment so that an electronic
randomizer chose odd moments to dump the shrimp into hot water when no human
was in the laboratory at all. The plant continued to respond in sympathy to the death
of every shrimp and failed to register any change when the machine dropped already
dead shrimp into the water.
406 sözcük

8. METİN
CALCULATOR, CALENDAR AND CLOCK
Even the cheapest and least complicated digitals are minor miracles of modern
technology. They replace the traditional hands, springs and cogs with flickering digits
and electronic circuits.
Some just display hours, minutes and seconds, but many function like baby
computers. At the push of a button you can check the time in New York or New Delhi,
see exactly how long Mario Andreotti takes to lap a race track, set a small but shrill
alarm, or even programme the watch, months in advance, to flash out a reminder
about birthdays and other special dates. Some digitals have calendars that "know" all
about leap years and remain accurate well into the 21st century.
Quartz, one of the world's most common minerals, lies at the heart of every digital
watch. Almost a century ago, scientists discovered that quartz crystals vibrate at an
absolute constant frequency when an electric current is passed through them. But
quartz watches did not become practical until miracles of miniaturisation were
developed to save weight and room in spacecraft. The typical watch crystal, powered
by a battery the size of a fingernail, vibrates 32,768 times every second. The
vibrations are fed into a tiny "chip" - little bigger than the end of a match - which is
crammed with more than a thousand transistors and other components. This
microscopic maze is watch's "brain" and can be designed to store a remarkable
amount of information. But its most important function is to keep dividing the vibrations
by two until the quartz is pulsing precisely once every second.
Battery, crystal and chip combine to produce remarkably accurate watches whose
time keeping rarely strays by more than one or two seconds each month. They also
tend to be very reliable, thanks to the absence of all the ticking machinery packed into
a conventional clockwork watch.
If you fancy a digital watch, ask yourself how many of the tricks it performs are likely
to be of genuine value. It makes no sense to spend extra money on what could
become gimmicks once the novelty has worn off.
344 sözcük

9. METİN
THE SECRET FEW PEOPLE COULD GUESS
Brenda Linson never goes anywhere without an empty spectacles case. It is as vital to
her as her purse. Yet, she doesn't wear glasses. The reason she can't do without it is
because she can't read and she can't write. If ever she gets into any situation where
she might be expected to do either of these things, she fishes in her bag for the specs
case, finds it empty, and asks the person concerned to do the reading for her. Brenda
is now in her late thirties. She's capable and articulate and until a few months ago
hardly anybody knew she was illiterate. Her husband didn't know and her children
didn't know. Her children still don't.
She had any number of tactics for concealing her difficulty - for example, never
lingering near a phone at work, in case she had to answer it and might be required to
write something down. But, in fact, it is easier for illiterates to conceal the truth than
 the rest of us might imagine. Literacy is taken so much for granted that people simply
don't spot the giveaway signs.
It has never occurred to the children that their mother cannot read. She doesn't read
them stories, but then their father doesn't either, so they find nothing surprising in the
fact. Similarly they just accept that Dad is the one who writes sick notes and reads the
school reports. Now that the elder boy Tom is a quite proficient reader, Brenda can
skillfully get him to read any notes brought home from school simply by asking,
"What's that all about, then?"
Brenda's husband never guessed the truth in 10 years of marriage. For one thing he
insists on handling all domestic correspondence and bills himself. An importer of
Persian carpets, he travels a great deal and so is not around so much to spot the
truth. While he's away Brenda copes with any situations by explaining that she can't
do anything until she's discussed it with her husband.
Brenda was very successful in her job until very recently. For the last five years she
had worked as a waitress at an exclusive private club, and had eventually been
promoted to head waitress. She kept the thing a secret there too, and got over the
practical difficulties somehow.
382 sözcük

10. METİN
TINY BRAIN
The one thing that went to get talked about non-stop throughout mid 1990s is about
as big as this .
For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing wizardry with
the mind-boggling potential to revolutionise the whole of life. For the uninitiated, it's a
source of bafflement, unease, and a vaguely sci-fi fascination. It represents the major
challenge of this century's last twenty years, so all the expert futurologists claim, yet
sounds to most of us like some newly-fanged substitute for fried potato.
It's the silicon chip.
Not surprisingly, most non-scientists find that the effort of trying to grasp what a silicon
is turns out to be just as bewildering as the struggle to comprehend what a silicon chip
does.
Fifty years ago, the world's first electronic digital computers weighed about thirty tons
and filled a room. Today silicon chip equivalent weighs a fraction of gramme and
would disappear on your fingernail.
Once designed, a silicon chip can be ludicrously cheap to manufacture in bulk. That is
why everyone can now buy for peanuts such sophisticated gadgets as pocket
calculators or complex TV games. Desk-top computers are as familiar as desk-top
typewriters.
Not only is the silicon chip small and ever more inexpensive, it is also reliable and
immensely versatile. Already the world market is estimated at £3 billion a year. By the
mid-2000s, one chip-maker predicts, every person in the world may need to own at
least one microprocessing toy just to an outlet for the industry's burgeoning supply.
Such talk is typical of the increasingly extravagant claims being made on behalf of the
silicon chip. It has been called the most significant invention since wheel. A single chip
can far outstrip the mathematical speed and capacity of any man. Multi-chip
computers can perform a million error-free calculations in the time it takes to blink and
they're getting faster all the time. All that is holding them back is the speed at which
data can be programmed in, or applications for them found.
More and more small firms take advantage of small, purpose- programmed computers
to keep the books. Instrumentation on cars gets neater and more comprehensive.
Telephones have increased international capability, telephone and television-linked
information systems are more comprehensive and more wide-spread. Cameras get
smaller and more automated, fun toys like talking calculators and programmable video
gadgets fight for the home entertainment market. Money continues to give way to
computerised accounting and debiting systems, all kinds of security systems are
rapidly advanced. Shops keep track of their stock with micro-processing systems, all
kinds of traffic control has become more efficient, less energy is wasted by better
power systems.
 The previous century, in short, certainly saw a gathering pace in the applied use of
silicon ships but there is not the remotest chance that applications will keep pace with
theoretical development. The long-term effects of the micro-processing revolution are
incalculable - even for a silicon chip.
The most talked-about social implication is, of course, the effect of ever more
sophisticated automation on employment. Here, too, there has been a marked
tendency to take off into scare mongering with exaggerated claims that silicon chips
will cause overnight disruption, making millions redundant. A study by the UK Central
Policy Review Staff is characteristically sober: "Reports suggesting large-scale loss of
jobs from micro-processing applications overestimate the speed at which these
applications could be introduced and underestimate the new markets created in the
process."
568 sözcük

11. METİN
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH THE COMPUTER
A rapid technological advance has been accepted by many manufacturing industries
for some time, but for the office worker, who has led a sheltered existence in
comparison, radical changes are a new experience. With the advent of electronic data
processing techniques and, especially, computers, this situation has altered very
swiftly. Office staff are finding themselves exposed to the traumatic consequences of
scientific progress.
Most offices, by the very nature of their structure and function, are geared to stability
or slow change. Accelerated change of the kind that a computer brings is likely to
prove disrupting and disturbing. This is because people in stable organizations tend to
expect a steady continuation of existing arrangements, and because departments
unaccustomed to change frequently find they have become too inflexible to assimilate
it without stress. Social as well as technical factors are therefore highly relevant to a
successful adaptation to new techniques.
Research into the social and organizational problems of introducing computers into
offices has been in progress in the social science department in Liverpool University
for the past four years. It has been shown that many firms get into difficulties partly
because of lack of technical knowledge and experience, but also because they have
not been sufficiently aware of the need to understand and plan for the social as well
as the technical implications of change. In the firms that have been studied, change
has been seen simply as a technical problem to be handled by technologists. The fact
that the staff might regard the introduction of a computer as a threat to their security
and status has not been anticipated. Company directors have been surprised when,
instead of cooperation, they encountered anxiety and hostility.
Once the firm has signed the contract to purchase a computer, its next step, one
might expect, would be to "sell" the idea to its staff, by giving reassurances about
redundancy, and investigating how individual jobs will be affected so that displaced
staff can be prepared for a move elsewhere. In fact, this may not happen. It is more
usual for the firm to spend much time and energy investigating the technical aspects
of the computer , yet largely to ignore the possibility of personnel difficulties.
This neglect is due to the absence from most firms of anyone knowledgeable about
human relations. The personnel manager, who might be expected to have some
understanding of employee motivation, is in many cases not even involved in the
changeover.
407 sözcük

12. METİN
THEY HAVE YOU TAPED - AND THERE AREN'T ENOUGH SAFEGUARDS
The dangers of increasing computerization of personal, official and business
information have long been recognized, and are scarcely any longer controversial.
First, data can be stored which is inaccurate, incomplete or irrelevant, and yet can be
used as the basis for important decisions affecting people's lives.
 Second, people may have no idea of the information kept on them, have no way of
finding out, and no opportunity to correct mistakes. Third, there is the possibility that
the information can fall into unauthorized hands, who could use it for all sorts of
hostile, even criminal, purposes. Fourth, the information could be used for a purpose
other than that for which it was gathered. Fifth, because computer systems can now
communicate with each other easily and speedily, the possibility is increased that
1
comprehensive Big Brother files will be compiled on private citizens.
From birth to death, every individual will regularly find something appearing about him
in some file or other. Estimates of how many different files are kept on the average
individual range from 15 to 50. Some may be thought trivial in themselves - though
even library computers can now reveal that a reader took out a book on guerrilla
warfare and another on Marxist ideology. Credit card files might disclose an
inappropriate spending pattern. The Vehicle Licencing Department keeps tabs on
every driver's change of address, and their computer is available to the police. The list
of information kept on the individual - his health, income, social security position,
details of property, his car, his job, and so on - goes on.
Of course, for those who have been in trouble with the police, or been members of an
"undesirable" political group, even though they have done nothing illegal, the
information kept on them multiplies. More and more of all this information has been
removed from the old-fashioned filing cabinet and is being put into computers.
The need for safeguards is not limited to personal information. Business, too, needs
protection. If a company's list of customers, or its pricing or production formulae, got
into the hands of the competitors, the result could be financial ruin.
In 1978, the Lindop Committee set out the principles which should govern data
protection: (1) The individual should know what personal data is being kept, why it is
needed, how long it will be used, who will use it, for what purpose, and for how long.
(2) Personal data should be handled only to the extent and for the purposes made
known at the outset, or authorized subsequently. (3) It should be accurate and
complete, and relevant and timely for the purpose for which it is used. (4) No more
data should be handled than is necessary for the purposes made known. (5) The
individual should be able to verify that those principles have been compiled with.
1 Big Brother, 1984 başlıklı romanda her şeyi denetleyen, gözetleyen ve yöneten sistem.
465 sözcük

13. METİN
GALAXY
For centuries man believed the Earth to be the centre of Creation. The true picture is
far more awe-inspiring.
We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which is itself
revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among millions in a
Universe that may well be boundless.
Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the
frontiers of that observed fraction, even at 186,300 miles per second (the speed of
light) would take 6,000 million years, about 20,000 times the total period that human
life is estimated to have existed on Earth.
The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear to be receding
from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusters containing as many as 500
galaxies.
Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively small (it
has only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranks among the
larger of the known stellar systems. Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of
which the Sun with its family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would
take about 2,500 years.
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14. METİN
TEACHING
Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity requiring long and complicated
training as well as official certification. The act of teaching is looked upon as a flow of
knowledge from a higher source to an empty one. The student's role is one of
 receiving information; the teacher's is one of sending it. There is a clear distinction
assumed between one who is supposed to know (and therefore not capable of being
wrong) and another, usually a younger person who is supposed not to know.
However, teaching need not be the province of a special group of people nor need it
be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting
than forcing information into a supposedly empty head. If you have a certain skill you
should be able to share it with someone. You do not have to get certified to convey
what you know to someone else or to help them in their attempt to teach themselves.
All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our cultures,
should come to realize our own potential as teachers. We can share what we know,
however little it might be, with someone who has need of that knowledge or skill.
209 sözcük

15. METİN
POCKETY WOMEN UNITE ?
Pockets are what women need more of. The women's movement in the past decade
has made giant strides in achieving greater social justice for females, but there's a
great deal of work yet to be done. And it can't be done without pockets.
It has been commonly thought that men get the best jobs and make the most money
and don't have to wash the dinner dishes simply because they're men, that cultural
traditions and social conditioning have worked together to give them a special place in
the world order.
While there is undoubtedly some truth to this, the fact remains that no one has
investigated the role that pockets have played in preventing women from attaining the
social status and right that should be theirs.
Consider your average successful executive. How many pockets does he wear to
work ? Two in the sides of his trousers, two in the back, one on the front of his shirt,
three on his suit coat, and one on the inside of the suit coat. Total: nine.
Consider your average woman dressed for office work. If she is wearing a dress or
skirt and blouse, she is probably wearing zero pockets, or one or two at the most. The
pantsuit, that supposedly liberating outfit, is usually equally pocketless. And it usually
comes with a constricting elastic waist to remind women that they were meant to
suffer. Paranoid, you say? Well, how many men's trousers come with elasticized
waists?
Now, while it is always dangerous to generalize, it seems quite safe to say that, on the
whole, the men of the world, at any given time, are carrying about a much greater
number of pockets than are the women of the world. And it is also quite clear that, on
the whole, the men enjoy more power, prestige, and wealth than women do.
Everything seems to point to a positive correlation between pockets, power, prestige,
and wealth. Can this be?
An examination of the function of the pocket seems necessary. Pockets are for
carrying money, credit cards, identification (including entrance to those prestigious
clubs where people presumably sit around sharing powerful secrets about how to run
the world), important messages, pens, keys, combs, and impressive-looking
handkerchief's.
All the equipment essential to running the world. And held close to the body. Easily
available. Neatly classified. Pen in the inside pocket. Keys in the back trouser pocket.
Efficiency. Order. Confidence.
What does a woman have to match this organization? A purse.
The most hurried examination will show that a purse, however large or important-
looking, is no match for a suitful of pockets. If the woman carrying a purse is so lucky
as to get an important phone number or market tip from the executive with whom she
is lunching, can she write it down? Can she find her pen ? Perhaps she can, but it will
probably be buried under three grocery lists, two combs, a checkbook, and a wad of
Kleenex. All of which she will have to pile on top of the lunch table before she can find
the pen.
Will she ever get another tip from this person of power ? Not likely. Now she has lost
any psychological advantage she may have had. He may have been impressed with
her intelligent discussion of the current economic scene before she opened her
 handbag, but four minutes later, when she is still digging, like a busy prairie dog, for
that pen, he is no longer impressed.
He knows he could have whipped his pen in and out of his pocket and written fourteen
important messages on the table in the time she is still searching.
What can a pocketless woman do?
Two solutions seem apparent. The women can form a pocket lobby (Pocket Power?)
1
and march on the New York garment district .
Or, in the event that effort fails (and well it might, since it would, by necessity, have to
be run by a bunch of pocketless women) an alternate approach remains.
Every man in the country for his next birthday finds himself the lucky recipient of those
very stylish men's handbags, and to go with it, one of those great no-pocket body
shirts.
1 New York'ta moda evlerinin bulunduğu bölge
697 sözcük

16. METİN
YOU AND YOUR BODY
The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides seems to vary from
country to country. For example, the French seem to have an obsession with the liver,
while in Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which
they call "the circulation" - whatever that is. I remember, when I was producing an
opera in Frankfurt about six months ago, that whenever singers arrived late for
rehearsal they would apologize for it by saying they had had "ze circulation collapse"
which had somehow reduced their efficiency.
It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking world
is a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist. This is not altogether so, because,
although I have not been able to find, so far, an American "national organ" among the
British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to loom larger than they ought to. The
word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being referred
to - regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude. A vast laxative industry is based
on our national fantasy, and even the medical profession has sometimes fallen victim
to the same obsession. In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing
yards and yards of intestine at the slightest excuse.
220 sözcük

17. METİN
TIGHTEN YOUR BELT
The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has
been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether
Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be
allowed to depend on so fragile a base. The supply of oil can be shut off at whim at
any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty or so at the present rate
of use. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely
to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and copious energy
we have had in the times past. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign
that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. The food supply will not increase
nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the
matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be
like in the year 2005?
To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next
thirty years. This means, for one thing, that we can look forward to an end to the
"natural food" trend. It is not a wave of the future. All the "unnatural" things we do to
food are required to produce more of the food in the first place, and to make it last
longer afterward. It is for that reason that we need and use chemical fertilizer and
pesticides while the food is growing, and add preservatives afterward. In fact, as food
items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be
increasing use of flavouring additives. Until such time as mankind has the sense to
lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support
for all, people will have to accept more artificiality. Then, too, there will be a steady
 trend toward vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man
or it can provide plant food for animals which are then slaughtered for meat. Yet, land
devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to
animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious dictates) that forces
overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. This will come about because our herds
will decrease as the food demand causes more and more pasture land to be turned to
farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal fodder is diverted to providing
food directly for man.
The Beginning and The End Isaac Asimov'dan uyarlandı.

691 sözcük

18. METİN
THE 800TH LIFE
In the time between now and the twenty-first century, millions of ordinary,
psychologically normal people will face a sudden confrontation with the future. Many
of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced nations will
find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand for change that is a
characteristic of our time. For them, the future will have arrived too soon.
This book is about change and how we adapt to it. It is about those who seem to
thrive on change, as well as those multitudes of others who resist it or seek flight from
it. It is about our capacity to adapt. It is about the future and the shock that its arrival
brings.
Western society for the past 300 years has been caught up in a storm of change. This
storm, far from abating, now appears to be gathering force. Change moves through
the highly industrialized countries with waves of ever-accelerating speed and
unprecedented impact. It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena - from
psychedelic churches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic and wife-
swap clubs in California.
It breeds odd personalities, too: children who at twelve are no longer children; adults
who at fifty are children of twelve. There are rich men who playact poverty, computer
programmers who turn on with LSD. There are married priests and atheist ministers
and Jewish Zen Buddhists. A strange new society is apparently developing in our
midst. Is there a way to understand it, to shape its development?
Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took a fresh look at
today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does not merely affect
industries or nations. It is a force that reaches deep into one's personal life, compels
him to act out new roles, and confronts him with the danger of a new and powerfully
upsetting psychological disease. This new disease can be called "future shock", and a
knowledge of its sources and symptoms helps explain many things that otherwise
resist rational analysis.
347 sözcük

19. METİN
DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN POTENTIAL
Nearly every aspect of life affects every other part of life in some way. Historically, we
can see that revolutions in social order have caused profound and gradual changes in
people's lives, not just politically and socially, but also personally and emotionally.
Democracy, for example, is a relatively new kind of social order. Although democracy
was born in ancient Greece, it was not until about two hundred years ago that a
modern opportunity for a democratic government arose. The United States was
formed on democratic principles in 1776. Yet the results of democracy are still
forming. Over a hundred years passed before the principle of equality for all human
beings generalized enough to include women as well as men. In 1920, women's right
to vote was exercised for the first time. Full rights for women leaders were won slowly.
By the 1960s, women leaders were gaining influence. People like Betty Friedan and
 Gloria Steinem were busy "raising consciousness" about the silken chains that still
bound women to servitude, to second class status.
1
However, the basic appeal of the premise that all people are created equal eventually
began to have results. Young women had the courage to apply for admission to
professional college programs; mature women were encouraged to ask for better jobs,
for respect, and for responsibility outside their homes. The movement that began with
women's struggle for the right to vote thus developed into what came to be called
2
"women's liberation" and generalized into human potential movement .
If women had rights, then surely men had rights too. If women were being encouraged
to ask for what they wanted, men too had the right to voice their feelings about their
work situations, their problems, their worries. Whereas once people chose a life
profession and were expected to work at that one job for the rest of their lives, the
liberation movement in the 60s and 70s restored to people the power over their own
futures. Suddenly a college physics professor decided to study yoga, an accountant
became a carpenter, and a doctor gave up his or her practice. Suddenly society in
general was more willing for women to have what had been traditionally male
characteristics of leadership, assertiveness, and strength. Simultaneously the more
gentle and caring side of many men was freed, making it acceptable for a man to be
actively involved in the care of the sick as nurse, instead of always being cast as the
cool, clinical doctor.
Because of the education in the human potential movement, society accepted men
who chose to teach young children and saw the benefits of having both male and
female roles for preschool and elementary school children. Because of the education
in the human potential movement, women were free to work in traditionally masculine
jobs; for example, in mines, in factories, on road-construction crews. Furthermore,
women were also free to be feminine in dress and in manner while being successful at
their jobs just as the men who were now in professions that had been female-
dominated were still seen as masculine and attractive males.
The transition to a truly egalitarian, or democratic, state is still going on. Parts of the
order of society are still in flux. New rules and new guidelines for the family are being
formed as people learn which solutions to problems work and which ones do not.
Right now, the American family is changing. Divorce, single-parent homes, "his and
3
her" families are all common. Yet, the next twenty years might show results of yet
another stage of development in life, caused ultimately by the human values of
democracy.

1 premise = basic idea

2 the human potential movement = the social change during which people began to
understand their power and control over their lives
3 "his and her" families = families with children from both partners' previous marriages
600 sözcük

20. METİN
PLAGIARISM IN THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY
Scholars, writers, and teachers in the modern academic community have strong
feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-
speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for
the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation or
purloining, and publication as one's own, of the ideas, or the expression of ideas
1
(literary, artistic, musical, mechanical, etc.) of another." From an ancient Latin word
meaning to kidnap or steal the child or slave of another, plagiarism is universally
condemned in the modern academic world. It is equivalent to stealing the livelihood or
savings of a worker, for it robs the original writer or scholar of the ideas and words by
which he makes a living.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the
punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the
 university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by
international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment
and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws
and through the social pressure of the academic and literary communities, is a
relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to
2
give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources .
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of
plagiarism by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words.
There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students'
inexactness in identifying sources properly. These categories, which will be discussed
in some detail in succeeding paragraphs, are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance,
and by intention.
1 Oxford English Dictionary, London, 1933
2 "Copyright", The New Caxton Encyclopedia, London, 1969.

611 sözcük

21. METİN
NEW POLICY DEBATE
For nearly two decades technical and financial assistance to Third World population
and family planning programs has been an important component of foreign aid
programs. Support for these activities by the United States and other industrialized
donors has been justified in part by the long-standing belief that rapid population
growth in the developing world dilutes and in some cases impedes economic
development.
But in the last several years this contention has been sharply challenged by a small
group of Western economists who argue that population growth is often the driving
force behind economic expansion and technological change. Citing historical
precedents in Western countries and post-war economic successes in Japan, Taiwan,
and South Korea and elsewhere, they make three general points: first, that population
growth is the natural result of improvements in the human condition, especially
improved health; second, that an expanding labor force, an expanding market, and
other consequences of population spur economic growth; and third, that economic
progress, in and of itself, will lead to population stabilization through changes in
desired family size. Direct interventions to reduce birth-rates are unnecessary or even
counterproductive.
In the United States this "anti-Malthusian" view, as it is called by its proponents, has
recently gained support in some government circles and among political pressure
groups (most prominently anti-abortion groups) who oppose assistance to population
programs on other grounds. Their attack on U.S. population assistance peaked in the
summer of 1984, during preparations for U.S. participation in the U.N. International
Population Conference. It precipitated the first major public debate in the 20-year
history of U.S. foreign aid for family planning. Although public and media attention
declined after the Conference, the policy debate has continued.
389 sözcük

22. METİN
THE WAY UP TO HEAVEN
All her life, Mrs. Foster had had an almost pathological fear of missing a train, a plane,
a boat, or even a theatre curtain. In other respects, she was not a particularly nervous
woman, but the mere thought of being late on occasions like these would throw her
into such a state of nerves that she would begin to twitch. It was nothing much - just a
tiny vellicating muscle in the corner of the left eye, like a secret wink - but the
annoying thing was that it refused to disappear until an hour or so after the train or
plane or whatever it was had been safely caught.
It was really extraordinary how in some people a simple apprehension about a thing
like catching a train can grow into a serious obsession. At least half an hour before it
was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs. Foster would step out of the elevator
 all ready to go, with hat and coat, gloves, and then, being quite unable to sit down,
she would flutter and fidget about from room to room until her husband, who must
have been well aware of her state, finally emerged from his privacy and suggested in
a cool dry voice that perhaps they had better get going now, had they not?
Mr. Foster may possibly have had a right to be irritated by this foolishness of his
wife's, but he could have had no excuse for increasing her misery by keeping her
waiting unnecessarily. Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what he did, yet
whenever they were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate - just a minute or
two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was hard to believe he
wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own on the unhappy woman.
And one thing he must have known - that she would never dare to call out and tell him
to hurry. He had disciplined her too well for that. He must also have known that if he
was prepared to wait even beyond the last moment of safety, he could drive her
nearly into hysterics. On one or two special occasions in the later years of their
married life, it seemed almost as though he had wanted to miss the train simply in
order to intensify the poor woman's suffering.
Assuming (though one cannot be sure) that the husband was guilty, what made his
attitude doubly unreasonable was the fact that, with the exception of this one small
irrepressible foible, Mrs. Foster was and always had been a good and loving wife. For
over thirty years, she had served him loyally and well. There was no doubt about this.
Even she, a very modest woman, was aware of it, and although she had for years
refused to let herself believe that Mr. foster would ever consciously torment her, there
had been times recently when she had caught herself beginning to wonder.
Roald Dahl: Kiss Kiss

501 sözcük
23. METİN
COMMON SENSE ABOUT SMOKING
It is often said, "I know all about the risk to my health, but I think the risk is worth it."
When this statement is true it should be accepted. Everyone has the right to choose
what risks they take, however great they may be. However, often the statement really
means, "I have a nasty feeling that smoking is bad for my health, but I would rather
not think about it." With some people the bluff can be called and they can be asked to
explain what they think the risk to their health is. When this is done few get very far in
personal terms. The bare fact that 23,000 people died of lung cancer last year in
Great Britain often fails to impress an individual. When it is explained that this is the
equivalent of one every twenty-five minutes or is four times as many as those killed on
the roads, the significance is more apparent. The one-in-eight risk of dying of lung
cancer for the man who smokes twenty-five or more cigarettes a day may be better
appreciated if an analogy is used. If, when you boarded a plane, the girl at the top of
the steps were to welcome you aboard with the greeting, "I am pleased that you are
coming with us - only one in eight of our planes crashes," how many would think
again, and make other arrangements ? Alternatively, the analogy of Russian roulette
may appeal. The man smoking twenty-five or more a day runs the same risk between
the ages of thirty and sixty as another who buys a revolver with 250 chambers and
inserts a live bullet and on each of his birthdays spins the chamber, points the
revolver at his head, and pulls the trigger. One of the difficulties in impressing these
facts on people, is that, despite the current epidemic of lung cancer, because it is a
disease which kills relatively quickly, there are many have as yet no experience of it
among their family or friends.
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24. METİN
LANGUAGE
That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has not proved
possible to translate mechanically from one language to another, with really
satisfactory results. The best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate
from, say, Russian into English. The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to
provide it with sufficiently accurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle
this vastly complex system. It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the
 known methods of computing language, it would take several minutes to produce or to
understand a single short sentence.
Secondly, language is productive. We can produce myriads of sentences that we
have never heard or uttered before. Many of the sentences in this book have been
produced for the first time, yet they are intelligible to the reader. It is clear that we
have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - that sentences are produced
anew each time and not merely imitated. One task of grammatical theory is to explain
this quite remarkable fact.
Thirdly, language is arbitrary. There is no one-to-one relation between sound and
meaning. This accounts for the fact that languages differ, and they differ most of all in
their grammatical structure. But how far are these differences only superficial, in the
shape of words and their overt patterns? Some scholars would maintain that "deep
down" there are strong similarities - even "universal" characteristics - disguised by the
superficial features of sound (and perhaps of meaning). It is not clear how we can find
the answer to this problem.
263 sözcük

25. METİN
THE BIBLE
The Bible, while mainly a theological document written with the purpose of explaining
the nature and moral imperatives of the Christian and Jewish God, is secondarily a
book of history and geography. Selected historical materials were included in the text
for the purpose of illustrating and underlining the religious teaching of the Bible.
Historians and archaeologists have learned to rely upon the amazing accuracy of
historical memory in the Bible. The smallest references to persons and places and
events contained in the accounts of the Exodus, for instance, or the bibliographies of
such Biblical heroes as Abraham and Moses and David, can lead, if properly
considered and pursued, to extremely important historical discoveries. The
archaeologists' efforts are not directed at "proving" the correctness of the Bible, which
is neither necessary nor possible, any more than belief in God can be scientifically
demonstrated. The historical clues in the Bible can lead the archaeologists to a
knowledge of the civilisations of the ancient world in which the Bible developed and
with whose religious concepts and practices the Bible so radically differed. It can be
considered as an almost unfailing indicator, revealing to the experts the locations and
characteristics of lost cities and civilisations.
201 sözcük

26. METİN
ART
There is no denying that in the last hundred years the condition of civilised man has
changed more radically than at any previous time. Inventions and discoveries, from
the steam engine to internal combustion engine, from electricity to atomic power, have
led to the mechanisation of industry, which in turn has basically affected the social,
economic and political structure of our society. A society of the masses has come into
existence and is being buttressed by such mass means as the press, the cinema,
radio and - latterly - television.
It is hardly surprising that these rapidly changing circumstances should have had their
effect on the arts, too.
Art has always been a highly sensitive instrument for registering any changes in the
social order or in the ideas, beliefs and activities of man. One might ask whether it is
possible for the creative faculty to exist at all in a mass-society, whether our
mechanised world is the proper place for the production and enjoyment of a work of
art. If it is true that calm contemplation is vital to the artist, does it not also follow that
his whole being will protest most violently against an epoch in which machine sets the
pace, a pace which, in its ruthless precision, is the very opposite of that rhythm of life
out of which art has hitherto grown?
The Picture Encyclopedia of Art, Thames and Hudson
224 sözcük

27. METİN
IFS OF HISTORY
Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of
infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been - would we
now be without penicillin? If James Watt had dropped off to sleep before his kettle
boiled, would there never have been any trains ? When it comes to invention or
discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will
get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same
state of previous knowledge. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called
Reis very nearly invented the telephone just before Bell; there were several other
maniacs attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers.
What's far more problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discovery may
indeed depend on the crucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died on the voyage
[to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution - but without
Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, would the impact have
been as great?
"What if ...?" in history is even more fun. In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent
out a reconnaissance party along the Roman road into France, got ambushed, and
decided that France was no go. There's a theory that if they'd had stirrups , they could
have ridden down the ambush (without stirrups, you can too readily be pushed off
your horse by anyone with a pike). Then the Moors might have gone ahead and
invaded France.
262 sözcük

28. METİN
NUCLEAR POWER
Of all the changes introduced by man into the household of nature, large-scale
nuclear fission is undoubtedly the most dangerous and profound. As a result, ionising
radiation has become the most serious agent of pollution of the environment and the
greatest threat to man's survival on earth. The attention of the layman, not
surprisingly, has been captured by the atom bomb, although there is at least a chance
that it may never be used again. The danger to humanity created by the so-called
peaceful uses of atomic energy may be much greater. There could indeed be no
clearer example of the prevailing dictatorship of economics. Whether to build
conventional power stations, based on coal or oil, or nuclear stations, is being decided
on economic grounds, with perhaps a small element of regard for the "social
consequences" that might arise from the over-speedy curtailment of the coal industry.
But that nuclear fission represents an incredible, incomparable, and unique hazard for
human life does not enter any calculation and is never mentioned. People whose
business it is to judge hazards, the insurance companies, are reluctant to insure
nuclear power stations anywhere in the world for third party risk, with the result that
special legislation has had to be passed whereby the State accepts big liabilities. Yet,
insured or not, the hazard remains, and such is the thralldom of the religion of
economics that the only question that appears to interest either governments or the
public is whether "it pays".
404 sözcük

29. METİN
EARLY DAZE
The train into London was 10 minutes late and as the fare had just gone up I was
about to advance my theory concerning the immutable law of British Rail - viz., that
the higher the fare, the worse the service - when the regular commuter beside me
gave a long, low whistle of amazement.
"Either my watch has gone haywire," he said, "or this train is only 10 minutes late."
I knew he was a regular commuter because he was down to his shirt sleeves and was
the only cool-looking fellow among us. The rest of us, the non-regulars, had fallen into
the oldest trap in the history of railways - to wit, we had assumed that because there
had been no heating in the carriages last week when there was snow and frost about
 and the temperatures were below zero, there never would be any heating in the
carriages.
The flaw in this assumption, as the regular commuter would doubtlessly have pointed
out had we consulted him, was that it was based on the expectation that the cold
weather would continue. But in fact the morning of which I speak was rather mild for
the time of year and consequently whoever ordains these things had turned the
heating on full-blast and was chuckling happily away to himself as he thought of us
sweltering there amid our greatcoats, blankets, and hot-water bottles.
Anyway, there was much consulting of watches as the regular commuter spoke and a
great shaking of heads of disbelief as we assured him that his watch was accurate
and that, incredibly, it was the train that was fast.
And then, of course, the travellers' tales began as people tried to remember the last
time this particular train had only been 10 minutes late and the stories grew wilder and
wilder until it reached the high absurdity with some ancient at the back who claimed
that he'd been commuting daily for nearly twenty years, ever since he left school (and
indeed he had the white hair, the palsied twitch and the hopeless gaze to prove it) and
insisted that he could remember an age when, almost as often as not, some of the
trains actually ran on time.
Well, naturally nobody believed the old fool and in any case some of the passengers
were rather bitter about the morning's break with the tradition and one man said his
entire day was constructed round the certain knowledge that the train would be at
least half an hour late and now he was going to fetch up in London with 20 minutes to
kill and if you could no longer rely on the total incompetence of British Rail, what could
you rely on?
"Next thing you know," he said scathingly, as he shuffled his feet among the yellowing
newspapers that warned of the danger of drought, "they'll be cleaning the carriages."
There was a collective gasp of horror at this prediction, far-fetched though it was,
because railway commuters are creatures of habit who like to be surrounded by
familiar things as they wait, forgotten, in some remote siding. There is, for instance,
the smoker who inevitably knocks his out his pipe in the ashtray that's full of petrified
orange peel, while I always try to stand beside the bloke who always sits beside the
window on which someone had once scrawled in dust the cryptic message, "Bring
back Washbrook."
I mention standing because, of course, few commuters are lucky enough to find a seat
unless they happen to be travelling in holiday times, such as the week after
Christmas, when with hardly any passenger to cater for, British Rail naturally adds
extra coaches to each train.
However, I finally arrived in London ten minutes late having paid a fare which, in spite
of allegations that the increases would range from 10 per cent to 17 per cent, was
actually 23 per cent up on the previous week, to find the B.R. Spokesman had words
to cheer us.
"If more people would travel more," he said with dazzling naively that illuminates all
the doings of the British Rail, the customers might "get away" without any more fare
increases this year! Gosh, fancy "getting away" with traveling in extreme discomfort
on possibly the worst railway in the civilised world without having to pay more for the
privilege.
I blew my nose loudly to hide the tears of gratitude - and then a certain weakness in
the Spokesman's statement occurred to me. "If more people travelled more" would
seem to me that if I, for example, travelled to London seven days a week instead of
four, the fares would not be increased, right? Right. Even so, getting to and from
London would cost me 75 per cent more than it did now, right? Right - but remember it
would only be 75 per cent more at the present rate.
845 sözcük

30. METİN
TELEVISION
A continuous commentary of mirror of "real" life had been created on television. To
switch on the set when the day's viewing started, with one's mind slightly turned down,
or in a bit of a fever, or very tired, and to watch, steadily, through the hours, as little
dressed figures, diminished people, dressed up like cowboys or like bus drivers or like
 Victorians, with this or that accent, in this or that setting, sometimes a hospital,
sometimes an office or an aircraft, sometimes "real" or sometimes imaginary (that is to
say, the product of somebody's, or some team's, imagination), it was exactly like what
could be seen when one turned one's vision outwards again towards life: it was as if
an extreme of variety had created a sameness, a nothingness, as if humanity had said
yes to becoming a meaningless flicker of people dressed in varying kinds of clothes to
kill each other ("real" or imaginary) or play various kinds of sport, or discuss art, love,
sex, ethics (in "plays" or in "life") for after an hour or so, it was impossible to tell the
difference between news, plays, reality, imagination, truth, falsehood. If someone -
from a year's exile in a place without television, let alone a visitor from Mars - had
dropped in for an evening's "viewing", then he might well have believed that this
steady stream of little pictures, all so consistent in tone or feel, were part of some
continuous single programme written or at least "devised" by some boss director who
had arranged, to break monotony, slight variations in costume, or setting (office, park,
ballet, school, aircraft, war), and with a limited team of actors - for the same people
had to play dozens of different roles.
It was all as bland and meaningless as steamed white bread; yet composed of the
extremes of nastiness in a frenzy of dislocation, as if one stood on a street corner and
watched half a dozen variations of human animal pass in a dozen different styles of
dress and face.
339 sözcük

31. METİN
Toplam 30 çeviri metninden sonra, bir tane de eğlence amacı ile alınmış metin! Bu metin Türkçeye
elbette aktarılabilir, ama büyük özen gösterilmesi durumunda.
THE TWELVE BOTTLES OF WHISKY
I had twelve bottles of whisky in my cellar and my wife told me to empty the contents
of every bottle down the sink - or else! So I said I would, and proceeded with the
unpleasant task. I withdrew the cork from the first bottle and poured the contents
down the sink, with the exception of one glass, which I drank. I extracted the cork from
the second bottle and did likewise, with the exception of one glass, which I drank. I
withdrew the cork from the third bottle and emptied the good old booze down the sink,
except a glass which I drank. I pulled the cork from the fourth sink and poured the
bottle down the glass, which I drank. I pulled the bottle from the cork of the next and
drank one sink out of it and poured the rest down the glass. I pulled the sink out of the
next glass and poured the cork down the bottle. I pulled the next cork out of my throat,
poured the sink down the bottle and drank the glass, then I corked the sink in the
glass, bottled the sink and drank the pour.
When I had emptied everything I steadied the house with one hand and counted the
bottles and corks and glasses with the other, which were twenty-nine. To make sure I
counted them again, when they came to seventy-four. And as the house came by, and
finally I had all the bottles and corks and glasses counted, except one house and one
cork, which I drank.
261 sözcük
EDİLGEN YAPI (= PASSIVE)

1. KULLANIM

İngilizcede passive yapı be + V3 yapısı ile olur. Be yüklemi tümcenin zamanına uygun olarak am, is,
are, was, were, be, been hallerinden birini alır. Türkçede ise edilgen yapı "yüklem + -Il/In" yapısı ile
oluşturulur.

2. ZAMANLAR VE YARDIMCI YÜKLEMLERDE PASSIVE

Simple Present
English is spoken in many countries.

İngilizce bir çok ülkede konuşulmakta.

Present Continuous
The house is being decorated.

Present Perfect
She has been informed.

Present Perfect Continuous

The research has been being done. (Kullanılmaz!)

Simple Past
I was informed.

Past Continuous
I was being followed.

Past Perfect
He had been misunderstood.

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been being questioned for hours. (Kullanılmaz!)

Future
will
It will be completed on time.

going to
They are going to be invited.

continuous
You will be being informed soon. (Kullanılmaz!)

perfect
It will have been opened by next week.

Modal verbs

can can + be + V3 shall shall + be + V3

could could + be + V3 should should + be + V3
had better had better + be + V3 used to used to + be + V3
have to have to + be + V3 would would + be + V3
may may + be + V3 would would rather + be + V3
might might + be + V3 rather
must must + be + V3
need to need to + be + V3
 ought to ought to + be + V3

Compulsary military service can be abolished in the near future.

A. Askerlik yakın gelecekte zorunlu hizmet olmaktan çıkarılabilir.

B. Yakın gelecekte zorunlu askerlik hizmeti kaldırılabilir.
C. Zorunlu askerlik hizmeti yakında kaldırılacak.
D. Zorunlu askerlik hizmeti yakın gelecekte kaldırılabilmeli
E. Zorunlu askerlik hizmetini kaldırılması yakın geleceğe kaldı.

She ..... better instructions about the project; then, she wouldn't have made these mistakes.

A. must gave given

B. ought to be given
C. should have been given
D. was able to give
E. was given

3. PASSIVE ANLAM TAŞIYAN YÜKLEMLER

Bazı yüklemler, tümceye göre, passive anlam taşıyarak kullanılabilirler.

Your report reads well.

The new Ford is selling badly.

It is a nice material, but it doesn't wash.

4. ACTIVE TÜMCENİN NESNESİNİN BİR CLAUSE OLMASI

Örneklerde de görüleceği gibi, active bir tümcenin nesnesinin bir clause olması durumunda

People believed (that) the witches communicated with the devil.

bu tümce çeşitli durumlarda passive yapılabilir.

It was believed that the witches communicated with the devil.

The witches were believed to communicate with the devil.

That the witches communicated with the devil was believed.

Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları

RELATIVE CLAUSE

1. TANIM

Relative Clause yapı bir ad ve o adı niteleyip ada genelde who, which, that, where, .. gibi sözcüklerle
bağlanan bir nitelikten oluşur:

The ring that/which was stolen has finally been found.

Türkçede bu tür bir yapı, İngilizcenin aksine, önce nitelik, sonra da nitelenen ad şeklinde
yapılmaktadır:

Çalınan yüzük sonunda bulundu.

Nitelik Ad

Bu örnekten de anlaşılacağı gibi, çeviri yaparken nitelik ile adın yerlerini değiştirmek gerekmektedir.
Türkçede ayrıca yükleme "-En" ya da "-DIğI" eklenir.

2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

2.1. who/which/that

Nesne adları için which ya da that kullanılır.

Tom didn't like the computer which they recommended.

Tom, önerdikleri bilgisayarı beğenmedi.

Kişi adları için ise who ya da that kullanılır.

The man who killed the leader is being questioned.

Peter does not know the name of the man ..... borrowed his
bicycle yesterday.

A. whose
B. which
C. whom
D. who
E. of whom

Bağlayan sözcüğün (who, which, ..) hemen arkasından bir yüklem gelmesi durumunda bağlayan
sözcüğün kullanılması zorunludur.
 The car which was parked there was towed away.

Bağlayan sözcüğün (who, which, ..) hemen arkasından bir yüklem gelmemesi durumunda (ad +
[who/which/..] + ad/adıl) bağlayan sözcüğün kullanılması zorunlu değildir.

The man my sister loves is an engineer.

Ad + Ad

İngilizcede kimi yüklemler ve sıfatlar bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılırlar (look at, listen to gibi). Bir
Relative Clause yapıda bu türden bir preposition olması durumunda yüklem ya da sıfata ait preposition
who / which sözcüğünün hemen önüne alınabilir.

He didn't tell me who he shouted at.

He didn't tell me at whom he shouted.

The game ..... I am interested is called water-polo.

A. in which
B. with which
C. which
D. whose
E. that

Bu yapıda prepositiondan sonra kesinlikle that kullanılamaz. Who yerine de whom kullanılır.

All that ... yapısında "-En/DIğI herşey" anlamı vardır. Dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, kimi zaman iki
yüklemin birbiri ardına gelmesidir.

All (that) I own is yours.

I will give you all you want.

None /All / .. (of) those / the people /.. .. who /whom /.. yapısı "-EnlErIn tümü / hepsi / .." anlamını taşır.

All those who want a ticket should go to the entrance

anything / nothing /.. to + yüklem yapısı aslında anything / nothing /.. which someone can / will / .. +
yüklem yapısıdır.

I can't find anything to say. (= anything I can say.)

Relative Clause yapılarda what sözcüğü de - the thing which anlamında - kullanılabilir.

The gained first position in what is the most important competition of the year.

The man ..... wife died a year ago is in a hopeless mood.

A. who
B. that
C. of whom
D. which
E. whose

2.2. Ving clause

Bu tür tümceler who/which ile yapılan tümcenin bir tür kısaltması niteliğindedir. Örneğin,

I like the girl (who is) studying over there.

Bu yapıda genelde yükleme continuous anlam yüklenir. Bu nedenle de, örneğin,

* The boy bringing the milk has been sick in bed for some time,

tümcesi yanlıştır. Buradaki mantıksızlık, oğlanın hem sütü getiriyor olması (The boy [who is ] bringing)
hem de bir süredir hasta yatıyor olmasıdır. Bu tümce,

The boy who brings the milk has been ill for some time,

şeklinde düzeltilebilir.

People ..... in flats above the second floor complain about

water problem.

A. live
B. lived
C. living
D. have lived
E. have to live

2.3. Past Participle (=V3) Clause

Bu yapıda adı izleyen ve past participle durumda kullanılan yüklem, edilgen (= passive) özellik
taşımaktadır.

The purse (which was) lost has not been found yet.

Soldiers ..... at the battlefield were all taken to the nearest

hospital tent.

A. to wound
B. wounded
C. wounding
D. who wounded
E. whose wound

2.4. Prepositional Phrases

.. the man who is waiting over there.

.. the man waiting over there. 

...the man over there. 

Bu yapı çeviri açısından bir sorun oluşturmaz.

2.5. Cleft Tümce

Tümcenin belirli bir parçasını vurgulamak gerektiği zaman, Türkçede vurgulanacak bölüm yükleme
yaklaştırılmaktadır. İngilizcede bunun yazı dilinde yolu vurgulanacak bölümün altını çizmek ya da o
bölümü yatık harflerle yazmak, ya da bazı yapılar için devrik yapı kullanmak; konuşma dilinde ise sesin
yükselmesi ile vurguyu belli etmektir.

Relative Clause özelliği taşıyan cleft tümce, vurguyu sağlamanın bir diğer yoludur. İki tür cleft
tümceden söz edilebilir.

a) It is/was/.. who/that

My mother threw an egg at the President yesterday.

It was my mother who threw an egg at the President yesterday.

It was an egg that my mother threw at the President yesterday.

It was at the President that my mother threw an egg yesterday.

 It was yesterday that my mother threw an egg at the President.

b) What ... is / was

What my mother threw at the President was an egg.

My left leg hurts.  What hurts is my left leg.

I like her charm.  What I like in her is her charm.

3. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

Bu yapıda kesinlikle that kullanılmaz. Tamlayan bölüm bir tür fazladan bilgi verir konumdadır ve bu
yüzden de ana tümceden virgül yolu ile ayrılmaktadır. Non-defining relative clause bu özelliğinden
ötürü Extra Information Clause olarak da tanınır.

3.1. , who(m) / which

John, whom you know well, is totaly crazy

tümcesinde

whom you know well

bölümü, aynı Defining Relative Clause yapılarda olduğu gibi, kendisinden önce gelen adı
nitelendirmektedir. Bu nedenle, çeviri esnasında aradaki virgülleri yok saymak yeterli olacaktır.

John whom you know well is totally crazy.

The doctor, who was rather disappointed with the operation

results, didn't know what to tell the patient's relatives.

A. Doktor hasta yakınlarına ameliyat sonuçlarından hayal

kırıklığına uğradığını ve ne söyleyeceğini bilemediğini söyledi.
B. Ameliyat sonuçlarından ötürü hayal kırıklığına uğrayan
doktor, hasta yakınlarına ne söyleyeceğini bilemedi.
C. Doktor ameliyat sonuçlarının kendisini hayal kırıklığına
uğrattığını söyleyince, hasta yakınları ne diyeceklerini
bilemediler.
D. Doktor oldukça hayal kırıcı ameliyat sonuçları karşısında
hasta yakınlarına ne diyeceğini bilemedi.
E. Doktor, ameliyat sonuçları karşısında hayal kırıklığına
uğrayan hasta yakınlarına ne söyleyeceğini bilemedi.

I liked your neighbours, ..... I met at your New Year party.

 A. that
B. when
C. where
D. which
E. whom

Aristotle, ..... natural science dominated the western thought

for centuries, was a Greek philosopher.

A. that
B. which
C. of whom
D. who
E. whose

3.2. , where / when

Who, which ve that yerine where ve when sözcüklerini kullanmak da mümkündür. Bu yapı defining
relative clause için de geçerlidir.

Edinburgh, where I was born, is a beautiful city.

Where / when sözcüklerinin defining ve non-defining relative clause içinde kullanımı:

when / where + tümce


when / where = preposition + which

I'll have to go back to the place ..... I probably dropped my

keys.

A. that
B. when
C. where
D. which
E. whom

3.3. all / none / both / .. of whom / which

He has three sisters, all of whom are students.

tümcesi aynı bir Defining Relative Clause gibi ele alınabilir ve bu şekilde Türkçeye aktarılabilir. Ancak,
en iyisi virgülden sonra gelen bölümü ayrı bir tümce halinde aktarmaktır.

Üç kızkardeşi var; üçü de öğrenci.

Bir başka örnek bunun nedenini daha iyi açıklayacaktır.

Tim invested all his money on four companies, three of which went bankrupt in a year.
tümcesi tek bir tümce halinde Türkçeye aktarıldığında ortaya çıkan

* Tim bütün parasını üçü bir sene içinde iflas eden dört şirkete yatırdı,

tümcesi hatalı bir anlam aktarıyor olacaktır, zira, bu durumda Tim üçü zaten iflas etmiş dört şirkete
parasını yatırmış olmaktadır. Oysa virgülden sonra gelen bölüm ayrı olarak aktarılırsa,

Tim parasını dört şirkete yatırdı; bunlardan üçü bir sene içinde iflas etti

tümcesi ile anlam tam ve doğru olarak aktarılmış olmaktadır.

Kurt Vonnegut, one of ..... books I had translated, wrote his

best novels during the 80's.

A. his
B. those
C. which
D. whom
E. whose

3.4. Sentential Relative Clause

Sentential Relative Clause diğer relative clause yapılardan farklı bir özellik taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle
de çeviri esnasında büyük dikkat gösterilmesi gerekir. Defining ve non-defining yapılarda ortak olan
nokta tamlayan bölümün kendisinden önce gelen adı nitelendirmesidir.

Sentential Relative Clause yapıda ise tamlanan virgülden önceki tümcenin tümüdür.

He died young, which was a pity.

Around 40,000 people bought tickets for the stadium concert, which was more than
was expected.

The rain has finally stopped, ..... is to say that we can go out
now.

A. that
B. which
C. what
D. this
E. for which
Soruların İncelenmesi

Sözcük Bilgisi

 Soru tümcesini dikkatli bir şekilde okuyun.

 Soru tümcesinde geçen ve anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerle aşırı zaman harcamayın. Bazen
bu sözcükler fazlaca bir önem taşımayabilir.
 Yanıtı bildiğinizi düşünseniz bile tüm seçenekleri okuyun. Seçeneklerden biri, sizin
düşündüğünüz sözcükten çok daha uygun olabilir.

1. Soruların Analizi ve İpuçları: Sıfat, Ad ve Yüklem eklenmesi

(a) SIFAT
A few people enjoyed the exhibition, but the majority were clearly _______.

A) restrained
B) admirable
C) impartial
D) disappointed
E) relieved

(b) AD
The Kodak Company now faces stiff ______ both from abroad and from rival
firms at home.

A) renovation
B) competition
C) investment
D) commerce
E) recession

(c) YÜKLEM
I believe that leaders must make an effort to stay open-minded and try to
______ another person's point of view.

A) deplore
B) recover
C) forecast
D) insist
E) appreciate

Bağlam: Sözcük bilgisinin yanısıra bağlam çok büyük yardım sağlayabilmekte. Sözcüğün
içinde geçtiği tümcenin tümünün incelenmesi, ipuçları sağlayacaktır. Bu ipuçları şu bilgileri
verebilir:

 Sözcüğün olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olacağı.

The extensive ________ over the past years have caused widespread famine
in central Asia.

A) precipitation
B) snow
C) droughts
D) wet seasons
E) winds
 Bu soruda bağlamın çözülmesi, FAMINE sözcüğünün anlamını bilip bilmemekte
yatmakta. Eğer bu sözcüğün anlamını bilmiyorsanız, doğru yanıtı bulma şansınız
azalmakta. Bu durumda da, CENTRAL ASIA hiç değilse seçenekleri elemenize
yardımcı olabilir. Orta Asya'nın coğrafya koşullarını göz önünde bulundurarak, en
azından (D) ve belki (B) seçeneğini hemen eleyebilirsiniz.
FAMINE sözcüğünün anlamını biliyorsanız, bu durumda işiniz daha kolay. Sözcük
kıtlık anlamını taşıdığına göre, buna neden olan şeyin de olumsuz anlam taşıması
gerekir. Ekin söz konusu olduğunda (b), (c) ve (e) olumsuz sayılabilir. Bunlar içinde de
(c) seçeneği, yani kuraklık uygun seçenek olmaktadır. (b) seçeneğindeki kar ya da (e)
seçeneğindeki rüzgarlar uygun seçenek olamaz zira tümcede over the past years
ifadesi kullanılarak bu olumsuz durumun yıllardır sürdüğü anlatılmaktadır.
Bu soruda, her zaman rastlanamayacak bir dilbilgisi desteği de yer almakta. Sorunun
a ve b seçeneklerinde sayılamayan (=uncountable) ad kullanılmakta. Tümcenin
yüklemi ise have, yani çoğul ad ile kullanılan bir yüklemdir. Bu iki seçenek derhal
elenebilir.

 Sözcüğün bir preposition'a sahip olup olmadığı.

It is a pity that he _______ on his potentially harmful plans.

A) considers
B) insists
C) decides
D) thinks
E) succeeds

Tümcede boşluğa gelmesi gereken yüklem on ile kullanılmaktadır. Seçenekler içinde

sadece (b) ve (c) on ile kullanılabilir. Anlam olarak da (b) en uygun seçenektir.
Sözcüğün yapısı: Yine bağlamdan yola çıkarak, boşluk için gereken sözcüğün olumlu bir
anlamı mı yoksa olumsuz bir anlamı mı yansıtması gerektiğine karar verdikten sonra - var ise -
sözcüklerdeki ön ve art takıları inceleyin.
Sözcüğün yapısı ile ilgili diğer ipuçları: Bazı ad, sıfat ve yüklemlerin birlikte kullanıldıkları
belirli preposition'lar yukarıdaki örnek soruda olduğu gibi soru tümcesinin kendinde olabileceği
gibi, seçeneklerde de olabilir. Buna göre belirli seçenekler ön plana çıkarılabilir ya da
elenebilir. Bu ipucu ile ilgili açıklamalar aşağıdaki kısımda da karşınıza çıkmakta.
2. Soruların Analizi ve İpuçları: Preposition, Pronoun, Phrasal Verb eklenmesi
(d) PREPOSITION
This article _____ Murat IV is extremely well written.

A) to
B) from
C) over
D) for
E) on

(e) PRONOUN
______ desk is on the right as you enter, ______ is on the left.

A) Ours/your
B) Hers/his
C) Her/mine
D) Their/my
E) Them/my

 Sık kullanılan ad + preposition, sıfat + preposition ve yüklem + preposition yapıları ayrıntılı

olarak bilmeniz gerekmekte.
 Sık kullanılan phrasal verb yapıları ayrıntılı olarak bilmeniz gerekmekte.
  Yukarıda (e) örneğinde olduğu gibi, iki boşluk verilmesi durumunda, eleme yapmanız
kolaylaşmakta. Boşluklardan birine uygun düşen sözcüğü bilmeniz durumunda bu sözcüklerin
bulunmadığı seçenekleri eleyebilirsiniz.

3. Genel Notlar
A. Sözcük çalışma ve dosyalama sistemi geliştirin.
Sınav öncesinde sözcük çalışmak ve dosyalamak için çeşitli sistemler önerilmekte. Dil öğrenenlerin
bazıları bir yanında yabancı sözcük, diğer yanında da Türkçe anlamı yazılı olan kartlar
oluşturmaktadır. Bazıları da yanlarında sürekli sözlük taşımayı tercih etmekte. Özellikle elektronik cep
sözlüklerinin yaygınlaştığı günümüzde sürekli sözlük taşımak kolaylaşmakta ise de, sözcüklerin
öğrenebilmesi için iyi bir sözcük dosyalama sisteminin aşağıdaki özellikleri taşıması gerekir.

1. Sözcüğün türü (Part of speech)

2. Eş anlam ve karşıt anlam (Synonym ve Antonym)
3. Farklı anlamlar
4. Örnek tümce(ler)
5. Türkçe karşılık

Aşağıda verilen kart örneği bir model teşkil edebilir. Örnek olarak "date" sözcüğü alındı.
Sözcük Türü Eş anlam Karşıt anlam

date (1) noun; (2) (1) epoch, era, term. (3)

noun; (3) noun; appointment;
(4) verb; (5) rendezvous. (4) meet; go
verb; (6) verb out with. (5) see; escort;
(6) register; determine
Anlam(lar)ı ve kullanımı

(1) tarih
(2) hurma
(3) buluşma; randevu TO HAVE A DATE WITH SOMEONE
(4) buluşmak; birisi ile çıkmak TO DATE WITH SOMEONE
(5) eşlik etmek ** Kullanımı çok az.
(6) tarihlemek; kaydetmek
Örnek(ler)

1. The date is September 8, 1995.

2. Dates are quite refreshing in hot weather.
3. I have a date with a beautiful girl.
4. He is dating with a beautiful girl.
5. KULLANIMI ÇOK AZ.
6. We found relics dating back to the first century B.C.
B. Sık olarak karıştırılan yapılara dikkat edin.
İngilizcede bazı yapılar ve sözcükler sık olarak karıştırılmakta. Bunların örnekleri aşağıdaki alıştırmada
verilmekte.
Alıştırma
Uygun seçeneği belirleyin.

1. (Especially/Special) attention must be given to the questions at the end of each chapter.
2. An explanation will (precede/proceed) each section of the test.
3. Can you ________ (recommend, introduce) a book on gems?
4. Dante's (immoral/immortal) literary masterpieces are read in universities.
5. Did somebody tell you to send the cable or did you at on your own ________ (initiative,
initiation)?
6. Eric's courageous rescue of the drowning child was a (credulous/creditable) deed.
7. Every time Maria travels with her children, she has (access/excess) baggage.
 8. Everything (accept/except) our swimwear is packed and ready to go.
9. George was (among/between) those students selected for the debate.
10. I ________ (hope, wish) Peter comes tomorrow.
11. I ________ (hope, wish) Peter would come soon.
12. In 1969 the astronauts who landed on the moon collected (samples/examples) of rocks and
soil.
13. Keith's company headquarters were (formerly/formally) located in this city.
14. Last week my uncle ________ (brought, took) us for a ride in his car.
15. Maria was working very (hard/harly) on her thesis.
16. Mary is very ________ (conscious, conscientious) worker, so you can rely on her.
17. Mary likes to ________ (watch, look) the news on television.
18. Mary's insulting remark greatly (effected/affected) Peter, who is a very (sensible/sensitive)
person.
19. My brother works very ________ (hard, hardly) and usually comes home at night.
20. Perry's spare flashlight was (helpless/useless) at the night of the storm because the batteries
were flat.
21. Peter has joined the Army ________ (as, like) his brother.
22. Peter should ________ (spend, pay) more time on planning his work.
23. Please ________ (take, bring) this letter to the school office.
24. The fire started ________ (during, while) we were asleep.
25. The gaudy decorations in the hall (detracted/distracted) from the beauty of the celebration.
26. The government will (persecute/prosecute) the guilty parties for polluting the waters.
27. The United States is a melting pot of (emigrants/immigrants).
28. There are many thorns in this path, so don't walk along with ________ (naked, nude, bare)
feet.
29. There is no mistake. I ________ (ensure, assure) you that we have checked the invoice
carefully.
30. This drink tastes nice. I would ________ (very, much, very much) like to know how you made
it.
31. This ring ________ (is worth/worth) at least a thousand dollars.
32. Two men ________ (stole, robbed) a lady and ________ (brought, took) her bag away, but
they were caught by the police.
33. Two men were arguing in the street. The noise soon ________ (attacked, attracted) a crowd
of people.
34. Two people retired in June, and six in July. That means that eight people have resigned
________ (altogether, totally) in the past two months.
35. We must find out the ________ (cause, reason) for his absence from the meeting.
36. What was the ________ (cause, reason) of the disaster?
37. When Louise set the table, she set the silverware (beside/besides) the plates.
38. When one of the players was ________ (injured, wounded), the manager ________
(replaced, substituted) him.
39. Which dress shall I ________ (put on, wear) to the party?
40. While doing the experiment, we asked the lab technician's (advise/advice).
41. You essay is very (imaginary/imaginative) and worthy of an "A" grade.
42. You should not say things that make a highly (sensitive/sensible) person upset.

C. "Sahte dostlar"a dikkat edin.

Türkçeye genelde Fransızcadan girdiği için İngilizce anlamdan farklı kullanılan ya da zaman içinde
anlam değişikliğine uğramış, ya da birden çok farklı anlamı olan sözcüklere dikkat edin. Bunların en
tipik olanlarına örnek vermek gerekirse:
İNGİLİZCE YAPILAN HATA OLMASI GEREKEN ANLAM
SÖZCÜK

dramatic Türkçede "tiyatrovari" "theatretical" anlamının yanısıra

anlamı taşıyan "dramatik" "very" anlamı da var.
sözcüğünün karşılığı olarak
görülmekte.

inexpensive Türkçedeki "ekonomi ile "Tutumlu, pahalı olmayan"

ilgili" anlamını taşıyan anlamlarını taşımakta.
 "ekonomik" sözcüğünün
eşdeğer olarak görülmekte.

reflection En bilinen anlamı olan "Reflect" yüklemi "yansıtmak"

"yansıma" dışındaki dışında "düşünmek",
anlamları çok bilinmemekte. "reflection" adı da
"düşünme/düşünce" anlamlarını
taşımakta.

sympathetic "Sempatik" anlamı İlk ve tek anlamı "anlayışlı".

verilmekte

magazine "Dergi/Magazin" dışındaki "Silah sarjörü" anlamı da var.

anlamı çok bilinmemekte.

date Tarih dışındaki anlamı çok Yüklem de olabilmesinin

bilinmemekte. yanısıra, "hurma" anlamı da
var.
4. Sözcük Bilgisinin Geliştirilmesi
Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (McArthur, 1991) başlıklı çalışmanın sözcük derleme
listesine dayanarak, sözcüklerin birbirleri ile bağlantılı biçimde öğrenilebilmeleri için, çeşitli sözcük
sınıfları saptadım.
Toplam olarak yaklaşık 4.000 sözcük ele alınmakta ise de, alıştırma ve açıklamalardaki sözcükler de
katıldığında bu sayı daha da artmaktadır. Elbette, bütün bu sözcükleri öğrenmeniz ya da ezberlemeniz
olanaksız; zaten amaç da alıştırmalar yolu ile pekiştirme sağlayarak olabildiğince fazla sayıda
sözcüğün öğrenilmesine yardımcı olmak.

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 16 sözcük sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
Buradaki örnek sorulara geçmeden önce, sözcük bilgisi çalışmasını tamamlamanızı öneririm.

1. The recent economic figures ..... that the country is slowly coming out of the crisis.
A) commit
B) imply
C) incur
D) evolve
E) invoke
2. The assassination by terrorists of Signor Aldo Moro, five times prime Minister of
Italy, in May 1978 was ..... by everyone as an act of barbarism.
A) applauded
B) appealed
C) reiterated
D) condemned
E) restrained
3. When the rate of exchange began to rise again, he felt ..... to call a meeting of the
financial staff.
A) obliged
B) blamed
C) consumed
D) omitted
E) rewarded
4. The United States has long prided itself on being a melting pot of culturally .....
peoples.
A) diverse
 B) redundant
C) incoherent
D) entire
E) substantial
5. As a result of the continuing economic recession, a huge ..... in the budget seems
inevitable.
A) redundancy
B) improvement
C) profit
D) distinction
E) deficit
6. He devised an ..... scheme whereby the rate of unemployment could be brought
down sharply.
A) irrelevant
B) unstable
C) ingenious
D) untamed
E) illegible
7. I was greatly impressed by the way the judge conducted the trial, ..... when it came
to summing up the case.
A) particularly
B) completely
C) sufficiently
D) effectively
E) respectively
8. As soon as the leak in the boiler was noticed, one of the engineers was naturally .....
.
A) taken after
B) run down
C) made out
D) sent for
E) turned up
9. At the board meeting, his suggestion was ..... as it seemed politically controversial.
A) put out
B) fallen out
C) held in
D) burst into
E) cast aside
10. Locke, Hobbes and Rousseau were concerned in their writings with the question of
a proper ..... between the public good and the right of individuals to exercise free
will.
A) balance
B) demonstration
C) responsibility
D) interest
E) solidarity
11. Questions of race, ethnicity, and religion have been a ..... source of conflict in
American education.
A) previous
B) perennial
C) vulnerable
D) naughty
E) casual
 12. The ..... was not a happy one at the time, but looking back on it I suppose I'm glad it
occurred.
A) improvement
B) regression
C) encounter
D) intention
E) compromise
13. The contemporary world economy differs ..... from what the traditional economic
theorists of the 1930s envisaged.
A) primarily
B) likely
C) conversely
D) profoundly
E) intimately
14. In recent years ..... complex and persistent problems in economic and social fields
have led people to wonder why once comfortable answers no longer seem
adequate to today's questions.
A) generously
B) inadvertently
C) increasingly
D) ingeniously
E) leisurely
15. As far as we are concerned, the evidence put before the court was not ..... enough
to convict the man.
A) subsequent
B) conclusive
C) adamant
D) earnest
E) consecutive
16. Since the 1950s modern dance in Europe and America has ..... a vigorous process
of creativity.
A) cast
B) explored
C) constituted
D) relaxed
E) followed

YANITLAR
1. The recent economic figures imply that the country is slowly coming out of the
crisis.
Zor bir soru. Ne sorunun kökü ne de seçenekler yanıt konusunda bir ipucu
sağlamamakta. Sözcüklerin hemen hemen tümünün anlamını bilmeniz gerektiği için
cevabınız yanlış ise fazla üzülmeyin. Yanıt B. imply = suggest; hint
2. The assassination by terrorists of Signor Aldo Moro, five times prime Minister of
Italy, in May 1978 was comdemned by everyone as an act of barbarism.
Zor bir soru. Yine de soru kökü ne tür bir sözcük aranması konusunda bir parça ipucu
vermekte. Assassination, terrorists, barbarism gibi sözcükler göstermekte ki boşluğa
olumsuzluk taşıyan bir sözcük gelecek. Bu durumda beş seçenek içinde nispeten daha
bilinen sözcükler olan appeal ve applauded sözcüklerinin elenebilmesi gerekir. Gerisi
şansınıza kalmış. Yanıt D. condemn= lanetlemek
3. When the rate of exchange began to rise again, he felt obliged to call a meeting of
the financial staff.
 Yan tümcede olumsuz bir ortam verilmekte: the rate of exchange began to rise again.
Bu durumda da bir "call a meeting of the financial staff" durumu söz konusu. Yani, soru
kökü birbirine bağlı iki durum hakkında yeterli bilgi vermekte. Sorudaki en önemli ipucu
ise boşluktan hemen sonra gelen to sözcüğü. Hemen arkasından bir eylem (call)
gelmekte ve bu tümcenin zaten bir yüklemi (felt) bulunmakta. Bu kişi insanları toplantıya
çağırmaya (kendisini) NE hissetti? Yanıt A. obliged (to alır) = zorunlu ... 5. soru buna
benzer bir soru.
4. The United States has long prided itself on being a melting pot of culturally
diverse peoples.
Tümcenin yüklemi prided. ABD'nin gurur duyduğu şey, "culturally ... peoples" için bir
melting pot olması. Bu soruda önemli olan şey, bu halkların (insanlar değil; "peoples"
halklar demektir) ne tür bir nitelik taşıdığı ve ABD'nin bundan gurur duyduğu. Gurur
duyulacak şeyin olumlu yanı olması gerekir. Bu durumda da olumsuz anlam taşıyan
sözcükler elenebilir. Örneğin, incoherent. Buna, ne olumlu ne de olumsuz bir anlam
taşımayan entire sözcüğü de eklenebilir. Daha önce karşılaştığınızı umduğum (çok sık
geçen bir sözcük) redundant sözcüğü de olumsuz anlam taşımakta. Yazı gelirse A, tura
gelirse E. Yazı. diverse = different, various
5. As a result of the continuing economic recession, a huge deficit in the budget
seems inevitable.
3. soruya benzeyen bir soru. Yine ekonominin durumu kötü. Bu durumda budget içinde
büyük .... gerek. Budget sözcüğünün anlamını hatırlıyorsanız, cevabı bulmuş olmanız
gerekir. Bilmiyor olsanız bile, bu kadar olumsuzlukla (economic recession, inevitable)
dolu bir tümcede olsa olsa olumsuzluk istenir mantığı ile yola çıkabilir ve seçenekler
içindeki tüm olumlu sözcükleri eleyebilirsiniz. Derhal elenmesi gereken iki seçenek B ve
C. A seçeneğindeki sözcük 4. soruda B seçeneğinde kullanılan redundant sözcüğünün
ad hali. 4. soruda bu sözcüğün de olumsuz olduğu söylenmekte. Geriye D ve E
kalmakta. Yanıt E. deficit = açık (bütçe için kullanılmakta)
6. He devised an ingenious scheme whereby the rate of unemployment could be
brought down sharply.
Tümcedeki whereby sözcüğü dilbilgisi açıklamalarında, relative clause başlığı altında
geçmekte ve through which (= ki onun yoluyla, onun sayesinde) anlamını taşımakta.
Ana tümcede sözü edilen scheme işsizlik oranını aşağı çekebilecek güçte olduğuna
göre, olumlu nitelikler taşımalı. İlk bakışta seçeneklerin tümü de olumsuz öntakı taşıyor
gibi. Ama tek tek inceler ve elemenizi ona göre yaparsanız, C seçeneğinin geriye
kalması gerekir. Eğer bu türden öntakılar sizi yanıltmakta ise, dilbilgisi notları içinde Ön
ve Arttakılar konusunu inceleyin. ingenious = clever, intelligent
7. I was greatly impressed by the way the judge conducted the trial, especially when
it came to summing up the case.
Zor bir soru. Birinci tümce konuşan kişinin duygularını anlatmakta: impressed. Ardından
da ek bilgi sağlanmakta. Aslında soru bu kadarcık bilgiden oluşsa, cevabı bulmak kolay
olurdu. Ama ikinci tümcedeki when came to yapısı herşeyi karıştırmakta çünkü söz
konusu olduğunda anlamını taşımakta. Yanıt A. particularly = especially
8. As soon as the leak in the boiler was noticed, one of the engineers was naturally
sent for .
Fazla zor olmayan bir soru. Yan tümce olmasaydı bile, "one of the engineers was
naturally ... " bölümünün tamamlanabilmesi gerekir. Tümcede yüklem was olduğuna ve
tüm seçeneklerde de V3 kullanıldığına göre, edilgen (passive) bir yapı söz konusu. Yan
tümcedeki sözcükleri bilmediğinizi düşünsek bile, "Birşey farkedilir farkedilmez,
mühendislerden biri ...". Ve edilgen yüklem. Yanıt D.
take after = birisine çekmek. ("Ben babama çekmişim" gibi)
run down = ezmek, çiğnemek (araba vs. ile)
make out = anlamak, ayırdına varmak (genelde görsel açıdan); çözüm getirmek
turn up = çıkagelmek. En yakın çeldirici bu seçenek. Ama edilgen durumda anlamsız.
9. At the board meeting, his suggestion was cast aside as it seemed politically
 controversial.
Tümcede öncelikle çözümlemeniz gereken iki sözcük var. Birincisi as, ikincisi it. Aslında
it sözcüğünü çözümlemek kolay, olsa olsa suggestion yerine kullanılıyordur. "At the
board meeting, his suggestion was ..." bölümü anlamlı bir tümce oluşturduğuna göre de,
as sözcüğü iki tümceyi birbirine bağlamakta. Ya when ya da because anlamı taşıyabilir
(dilbilgisi notlarında her iki kullanım da time clause ve reason clause içinde var). Bu iki
anlamdan hangisini taşıyor olursa olsun, öneri politik açıdan controversial görülmüş.
Contro/contra öntakısı Türkçeye de yerleşmeye başlamış bir olumsuzluk öntakısı. Bu da
demektir ki öneri pek de beğenilmedi. Dikkat edin, beğenmedi değil beğenilmedi. Çünkü
was sözcüğünden sonra seçeneklerde V3 verilmekte, yani edilgen (passive) yapı var.
Ardından, seçenek ele(yeme)me aşaması. Verilen phrasal verb yapılardan en azından
A ve D'yi biliyor olmanız gerekir. Gerisi şans işi. Yanıt E. cast aside = bir kenara
bırakmak
10. Locke, Hobbes and Rousseau were concerned in their writings with the question
of a proper balance between the public good and the right of individuals to
exercise free will.
Kolay olması gereken bir soru. Tümcedeki between ... and yapısına dikkat. "between
public good and the right of individuals". Tümcenin en sonundaki will sözcüğü
elbette yardımcı yüklem değil bir noun. Anlamını biliyor olmasanız bile, en azından free
sözcüğü ile olumlu birşeyler anlatılmak istendiğini düşünebilirsiniz. Public good ile the
right of individuals arasındane olmalı? Yanıt A. Denge.
11. Questions of race, ethnicity, and religion have been a perennial source of conflict
in American education.
Çok zor bir soru. Yanıt B. perennial = constant, continuous
12. The compromise was not a happy one at the time, but looking back on it I suppose I'm
glad it occurred.
The ... was not a happy one at the time. Üzücü olan neydi? A seçeneği kesinlikle
olamaz. D seçeneği de saçma görünüyor. Belki C seçeneğini de elemiş olabilirsiniz.
Yanıt E. compromise = finding a middle course, concession
13. The contemporary world economy differs profoundly from what the traditional
economic theorists of the 1930s envisaged.
İki şey kıyaslanmakta. The contemporary world economy ve what the traditional
economic theorists of the 1930s envisaged. Boşluktan sonraki what sözcüğü the thing
which (Dilbilgisi açıklamalarında relative clause konusu) anlamını taşımakta. Yani
bugünkü ekonomi ile 1930ların kuramcılarının söylediği?/tahmin ettiği? ekonomi
arasında bir fark var. Ve bu fark ne ölçüde? En yakın çeldirici A, doğru yanıt ise D.
profoundly = derin/büyük ölçüde.
14. In recent years increasingly complex and persistent problems in economic and social
fields haveled people to wonder why once comfortable answers no longer seem
adequate to today's questions.
Olumsuzluklarla dolu bir tümce: "complex and persistent problems in economic and
social fields", "no longer seem adequate". Seçenekteki sözcük de "complex and
persistent problems in economic and social fields" bölümünü nitelendireceği için
olumsuz anlam taşımalı. A ve E seçenekleri hemen elenebilir. D şıkkındaki ingeniously
sözcüğü 6. soruda ingenious olarak seçeneklerde yer almakta ve olumlu anlam
taşımakta. En yakın çeldirici B. Yanıt C. (B seçeneği olumsuz sözcük içermekte, ancak,
inadvertently sözcüğü düşüncesizce anlamını taşır ve cansız bir nesneye uygun
değildir.)
15. As far as we are concerned, the evidence put before the court was not conclusive
enough to convict the man.
Bu soruda evidence sözcüğünün anlamını bilmiyorsanız doğru yanıtı bulmanız çok zor.
Ayrıca, tümcedeki before sözcüğü önce değil önüne anlamını taşımakta. Yanıt B.
conclusive = bitirici, nihai
16. Since the 1950s modern dance in Europe and America has followed a vigorous
process of creativity.
Soru kökünü anlaması kolay, seçenekleri elemesi zor bir soru. En yakın çeldirici C.
Doğru yanıt E.
 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

1. LIFE AND LIVING THINGS

A. LIFE AND LIVING THINGS

A1

dead, death, decay, decompose, die, extinct, rot

1. All the crops were _______ because of lack of rain.

2. History teaches us that all nations _______ in time.

3. The _______ flesh of the dead animals began to smell terribly.

4. Most people consider Latin to be a _______ language.

5. He was happy till the day of his _______ .

6. Throw away this meat - it is _______ .

7. Many kinds of animals are in danger of becoming _______ .

A2

abolish, assassin, eliminate, kill, massacre, murder, slaughter

1. _______ of war means peace forever. ABOLISH

2. Several American presidents have been ________ . ASSASSIN

3. His using drugs resulted in his ________ from the games. ELIMINATE

4. In order to get rid of this pain, you need to get a pain-________. KILL

5. They went through the land, burning and ________ . MASSACRE

6. She gave him a ________ look! She was very angry. MURDER

7. Many people are needlessly _______ each year in road accidents. SLAUGHTER

A3

deadly, fatal, lethal

1. Run! We are in ________ danger!

2. There was a ________ accident last night.

3. People are not permitted to carry ______ weapons here.

A4
bear, birth, female, hatch, offspring, pregnant, puberty, reproduce, seed

1. The ________ of the child was an occasion of great joy in the family.

2. The baby was ________ at 8 o'clock last morning.

3. The ________ was sitting on eggs while the male bird brought food.

4. They can ________ the sound of thunder in the theatre.

5. She has been ________ for nearly nine months.

6. He planted the ________ at the right time and got excellent vegetables.

7. The ________ of the cat are called kittens.

8. The sexual organs first become active at ________.

9. Finally the eggs _________ and young chicks appeared.

A5

alive, animate, coexist, create, exist, life, live, survive

1. They believe that the ________ of the universe was a coincidence.

2. Currently, she is ________ in a student hostel.

3. After the accident, only ten people ________.

4. Although he is old, he is still very much ________.

5. His excitement ________ all of us.

6. Do fairies and genies really ________?

7. There is no _______ on the moon.

8. Did man ______ with dinosaurs?

A6

immortal, inherent, mortal

1. It is an ________ part of human nature to avoid pain.

2. All men are ________.

3. The Greeks told stories about the ________ gods.

B. LIVING CREATURES GENERALLY

B1

animal, being, creature, beast, species, breed, race

1. a four-footed animal

2. a group of plants or animals that are the same of a kind, which are alike in all important ways,
and which can produce young of the same kind

3. a kind or class of animal or plant, usually developed by man

4. a living creature, especially a person or a personality

5. a living thing, especially an animal

6. a living thing, not a plant or a human

7. any of several kinds of people with different physical features

B2

amphibian, insect, pest

1. An ________ vehicle is useful on land and in the water. AMPHIBIAN

2. I've found some cockroaches in the bathroom. We need some ________. INSECT

3. Farmers spray ________ on their crops to get a good yield. PEST

B3

bacteria, bug, parasite, reptile, rodent

1. She leads a ________ life, doing no work herself but helped by everyone else.

2. Snakes and crocodiles are ________.

3. Rabbits and rats are ________.

4. ________ exist in water, soil, air, plants, and the bodies of animals and people.

5. She's got the flu ________.

B4

game, predator, prey, scavenger

1. This town is full of ________ hotel-keepers charging very high prices.

2. The lion seized its ________ and ate it.

3. Jackals and vultures are ________.

4. This is a very good ________ soup.

B5

bark, nest, pack, school, troop, web

1. When we heard the bark of the ________ (dog / lion / jackal), we stopped.

2. The ________ (bear / jackal / sparrow) was sitting in its nest.

3. We keep a pack of ________ (dogs / birds / sheep)

4. A school of ________ (deer / fish / pigeons) went past us.

5. The troop of ________ (sparrows / dolphins / baboons) was a sight to see!

6. The ________ (spider / scorpion / ant) sat in the centre of the web.

C. ANIMALS AND INSECTS

C1

alligator, ant, ape, bee, beetle, cattle, cricket, eagle, mosquito, moth, mule, serpent, shark,
snake, wasp, whale, worm

1. a flying insect with yellow and black stripes across its body

2. a large bird that lives by hunting and eating small animals

3. a large fierce cold-blooded animal that lives on land and in lakes and rivers

4. a long, thin reptile with no legs

5. a small animal with a long thin body, no bones and no legs

6. a small flying insect that bites people in order to suck their blood.

7. a small insect that generally lives under the ground in large colonies

8. a small jumping insect that produces sharp sounds by rubbing its winds together.

9. a small flying insect that lives in large colonies and lives on pollens.

10. a snake

11. a very large animal that lives in the sea and looks like a huge fish

12. a very large fish with sharp teeth

13. an animal produced by a horse and a donkey

14. an insect like a butterfly, which usually flies at night and eats woollen material

15. an insect with a hard covering to its body

16. any large kind of monkey without a tail

17. cows and bulls

C2
antenna, antler, beak, claw, fur, horn, mouth, neck, nose, paw, shell, shoulder, skin, spine, tail,
tame, toe, tooth, trunk, whiskers, wing

1. All flying animals have a pair of ________.

2. An insect uses its ________ to feel things.

3. Animals like cows, giraffe, rhinoceros all have a single or a double ________.

4. Birds have ________ instead of nails.

5. Cats' and dogs' feet are generally called ________.

6. Elephants take food into their mouth through their ________.

7. Hippopotamus is a land animal with the largest ________.

8. In animals, backbone is also called the ________

9. In birds, the bony structure in the place of lips is called the ________.

10. In cats and similar animals, the long moustache is called ________.

11. In many fish, the ________ has evolved into scales.

12. In the circus, they _________ lions so that they won't attack people.

13. In whales, the ________ is a single hole on top of the head.

14. Many animals, such as deer, have ________ to protect themselves.

15. Many fish don't have ________ but the shark has.

16. Many insects have a hard ________ which is hard to break.

17. Most mammals are covered with a thick ________ .

18. On the foot, the large "finger" is called the ________.

19. The ________ of a giraffe is very long.

20. The neck is connected to the body through ________.

21. When they are happy, dogs wag their ________.

D. KINDS AND PARTS OF PLANTS

D1

ivy, moss, shrub, straw, undergrowth, weed

1. a low plant like a small tree with several woody stems instead of a trunk

2. a plant that grows up walls and trees and has small, shiny leaves
3. a very soft green plant which grows on damp soil, or on wood or stone

4. a wild plant that grows in gardens or fields and is harmful for cultivated plants

5. bushes and plants growing together under the trees in a forest or jungle.

6. dried, yellowish stalks of crops such as wheat or barley.

D2

bloom, blossom

A plant or tree that is in ________ has flowers on it. On the other hand, ________ is the flowers that
appear just before the fruit.

D3

bud, core, ear, grain, juice, leaf, needle, root, sap, shoot, stem, stone, thorn

1. Apples have ________ in them.

2. Goats are dangerous for a forest because they love eating _____ of trees.

3. He gave the beggar some ________ of rice.

4. He got a ________ in his finger when he touched the plant.

5. He gave me two ________ of corn to show the pests in them.

6. His aggressiveness ________ from over-working.

7. In autumn, the ________ fall from most trees.

8. It is difficult to understand how the _______ reaches from roots up to the leaves.

9. Many fruits, such as cherries and peaches, have a single ________ in them.

10. The branch he broke from the tree was full of flower ________.

11. The ground was covered with pine ________.

12. This year, oranges are very ________.

13. When I was digging the ground, the ________ of the tree were a bit damaged.

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. There is a campaign against those hunters who mercilessly slaughter baby seals.

A) net B) capture C) kill D) skin

2. Allowing fields to lie fallow is one way of restoring fertility.

A) unplanted B) ploughed C) watered D) seeded

3. One of the oldest forms of folk art is handicraft, the creation of objects by hands.

A) invention B) activity C) hobby D) elevation

4. The laws of nature determine that some animals nurture their young from birth while
others will leave offspring to survive on their own.

A) convalesce B) shelter C) nourish D) predispose

5. The laws of nature determine that some animals nurture their young from birth while
others will leave offspring to survive on their own.

A) body B) baby C) food D) partner

6. The laws of nature determine that some animals nurture their young from birth while
others will leave offspring to survive on their own.

A) hold up B) feed C) go extinct D) disappear

7. Copyright laws are intended to prohibit the systematic reproduction of published works
for the purpose of avoiding their purchase.

A) revision B) duplication C) preparation D) design

8. No one can survive for very long without water.

A) reproduce B) prosper C) transcend D) exist

9. Magnolia is a family of trees and shrubs that are native to North America and Asia.

A) flowers B) leaves C) trunks D) bushes

10. Many pesticides are available for insects like termites and cockroaches.

A) poisons B) deterrents C) sprays D) medicines

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

2. THE BODY: ITS FUNCTION

A. THE BODY GENERALLY

A1

build, limb, muscle, nerve

1. He's extremely ________. He must have spent plenty of time for exercise. BUILD

2. The female athlete tends to be longer-________. LIMB

3. Great ________ effort is needed to accomplish the task. MUSCLE

4. He eventually had a ________ breakdown. NERVE

A2

corpse, remains, tissue

1. A ________ lay uncovered in the hospital table.

2. On his face was a scar ________ left by a wound.

3. We visited some Roman ________.

A3

meat, flesh

________ is the soft material that covers the bones of human beings and animals. However,
________ is from animals - apart from fish and birds - that is eaten.

B. THE BODY

B1

ankle, elbow, heel, jaw, joint, rib, skull, wrist

1. a part of the body where two bones meet and are able to move together

2. the back part of foot, just below the ankle

3. the bony part of the head which encloses the brain

4. the curved bones that go from the backbone to the chest

5. the joint where the foot joins the leg

6. the lower part of the face below the mouth

7. the part of the body between the hand and the arm which bends when the hand moves
8. the part in middle the arm where the arm bends

B2

mouth, stomach, thigh, tongue, waist

1. I hadn't heard what he said, so he ________ the word once again.

2. I didn't intend to say it; it was a slip of the ________.

3. We are quite unable to ________ this silly idea.

4. She decided to narrow the ________ of her skirt.

5. I walked the last six kilometres in water up to my ________.

C. THE HEAD AND FACE

brain, brow, nostril, pupil, throat, tonsils, tooth, wink

1. We ________ our brains but couldn't find the answer.

2. He sat there ________ his brows and snorting.

3. As I was smoking secretly, my dad caught me with ________ in my nostrils.

4. The optician ________ the pupil before he prescribed the cleansing fluid.

5. Before he started speaking, he ________ his throat noisily.

6. Doctor had to _______ his tonsils because tonsillitis was about to develop.

7. I love dessert; I really have a ________ tooth.

8. I feel so tired - I haven't ________ a wink.

D. THE TRUNK, ARMS, AND LEGS

D1

lap, nail, palm, sole, thumb

1. After the match, I had blisters developing on the _____ of my feet.

2. Her youngest child was asleep in her _____.

3. Please stop biting your _____!

4. Some people claim that they can read your future through your _____.

5. The new-born baby was sucking her _____.

D2

abdomen, artery, heart, vein, womb

1. a particular style or mood

2. the organ in the chest that pomps the blood around the body

3. the part inside a woman's body where a baby grows before it is born

4. the part of the body below the chest where the stomach and intestines are

5. the tubes in the body that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

D3

bleed, breath, exhale, inhale

1. Has the _____ stopped or do you need some extra bandage? BLEED

2. They followed the game with _____ interest. BREATH

3. The old man's _____ was too weak to put the candle out. EXHALE

4. _____ of smoke is actually harmful for the lungs. INHALE

E. THE SKIN, THE COMPLEXION, AND THE HAIR

E1

bald, beard, dandruff, moustache, pore, whiskers, wrinkle

1. hair on a man's face, especially on the sides of his face

2. lines in someone's skin, especially on the face, which form with age

3. small white pieces of dead skin that are in hair or falls from it

4. someone who has little or no hair

5. the hair that grows on a man's upper lip

6. the hair that grows on the chin and cheeks

7. the small holes in the skin

E2

auburn, blond, sunburnt, suntan, tanned

1. brown

2. darker than usual

3. light

4. pinkish

5. reddish
E3

fair, light, pale

1. She has got _____ blue eyes.

2. Unprotected _____ skin gets suntanned very quickly.

3. You look awfully _____. Are you all right?

F. FLUIDS AND WASTE PRODUCTS OF THE BODY

excrement, perspire, spit, sweat, tear

1. Animals _____ sweat through the skin and faeces from the anus. EXCREMENT

2. His face was wet with _____. PERSPIRE

3. He is the _____ image of his uncle. SPIT

4. Was that _____ walk along the beach necessary? SWEAT

5. His _____ family came to pay their last respects. TEAR

G. BODILY STATES AND ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES

G1

daze, dream, hibernate, lose, nap, relax, rest, sleep, wake, yawn

1. She looked very _____ by the news. DAZE

2. A _____ look came into her eyes. DREAM

3. ________ is vital in many animals life. HIBERNATE

4. He is suffering from a sudden _____ of weight. LOSE

5. When I last saw grandpa, he was _____. NAP

6. The authorities recommend a general _____ in child discipline. RELAX

7. I spent a _____ night because of the nightmares. REST

8. She suddenly started to feel very _____. SLEEP

9. I spent most of my _____ hours in the library. WAKE

10. They drew back from the _____ chasm. YAWN

G2

calm, restless, strain, temperate, tense, unease

1. effort, anxiety
2. embarrassment, confusion

3. moderate, calm, mild

4. nervous, uneasy, unsettled

5. peaceful, relaxed, quiet

6. strained, tight, nervous

G3

feeble, weak

1. "They seemed all right to me," I explained _____ FEEBLE

2. Acid _____ the structure of pearls. WEAK

G4

active, lazy, lively

1. ineffective, boring X _____

2. hardworking, industrious X _____

3. idle, indolent, inert X _____

G5

drowsy, exhaust, fatigue, tire, weary, worn-out

1. feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness

2. make someone use a lot of energy, with the result that one needs to rest

3. make someone very tired

4. tired and without enthusiasm

5. too old, damaged or thin from use

6. too sleepy and exhausted

G6

asleep, awake, aware, conscious, nightmare, strength, trance

1. I can hear his snore; I think he is _____ asleep.

2. When I went into his room, he was already _____ awake.

3. Are you aware _____ the dangers of smoking?

4. When they hit him, he _____ consciousness.

5. When they caught him with the money, he fell into a nightmarish _____.

6. By June, the tourists were arriving _____ strength.

7. He was _____ a deep trance.

G7

obesity, overweight, robust, slender, slight, slim, stout, thickset

1. delicate; unimportant

2. nearly fat

3. plump, thick, heavy

4. slim, fragile

5. stoutness, fleshiness, fatness

6. thin, slender

7. vigorous, hard, strong

8. well-built

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Peter was an agile and athletic youth.

A) awkward B) active C) ponderous D) inept

2. Even though he was obese, Oliver Hardy gained fame as a comedian.

A) dying B) crazy C) unhappy D) fat

3. Racoons are examples of animals that hibernate several months of the year.

A) sleep B) fast C) lose hair D) store food

4. If severe haemorrhaging is not stopped, death can result in minutes.

A) coughing B) trembling C) paralysis D) bleeding

5. Because of the moon's weak gravity, it has little or no atmosphere.

A) potent B) feeble C) negative D) harmless

6. The African continent is a vast, latent source of mineral wealth and hydroelectric
power.

A) conductive B) powerful C) incomplete D) potential

7. Corpulent people are constantly trying new diets.

A) Slim B) Fat C) Unfit D) Lazy

8. At the end of the race, his stamina gave out, so he lost the race.

A) place B) stand C) vigour D) memory

9. The lungs are the chief organs of respiration in human beings and other animals.

A) oxygen B) creation C) breathing D) activity

10. Tom's doctor said he was obese and had to take immediate measures to correct the
problem.

A) anaemic B) tired C) corpulent D) petulant

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

3. THE BODY: ITS WELFARE

A. BODILY CONDITIONS RELATING TO HEALTH, SICKNESS, AND DISABILITY

A1

ailing, sick, sound, unfit, unhealthy

1. Cancer is an _____ that is hard to cure. AILING

2. Luckily, his _____ was not very serious. SICK

3. These days I fell depressed. Everything seems _____. SOUND

4. These days, I feel as _____ as a fiddle. UNFIT

5. Which is more important to you: _____ or money? UNHEALTHY

A2

health, welfare, well-being

1. fitness + being well

2. health + comfort + prosperity

3. health + happiness

A3

cripple, disable, disease, handicap, illness

1. Those who survived the accident will be _____ for life. CRIPPLE

2. He was unable to work because of a _____ caused by an accident. DISABLE

3. We've had to cut down that _____ old tree. DISEASE

4. The government should help the mentally-_____. HANDICAP

5. He was _____ at ease with people whom he didn't understand. ILLNESS

A4

choke, cough, gasp, hiccup, sigh, sneeze, snore, strangle, suffocate

1. a short quick breath that is taken in through the mouth, especially when one is surprised or in pain

2. be unable to breathe because of something in the windpipe or strong emotion

3. die because there is no air to breathe

4. force air out of the throat with a sudden, harsh noise

5. kill someone by squeezing the throat

6. let out a deep breath, as a way of expressing feelings

7. repeated little choking sounds in the throat

8. take in breath and then blow it down the nose noisily

9. when asleep, making a loud sound each time one breathes

A5

vomit

vomit (v) = _____ up (v) = _____ up (v)

A6

faint, hurt, injure, swell, wound

1. A mosquito bit her and her whole arm became larger than normal. = _____

2. After the war, he still had the traces of his injuries due to being shot. = _____

3. His cuts and bruises in the accident were terrible. = _____

4. When he saw blood, he lost consciousness. = _____

5. When she left him, she slightly damaged his feelings. = _____

A7

attack, fit, trouble

1. He said his left arm hurt, and soon he had a _____ attack.

2. He had to stop speaking due to a ______ fit.

3. She has _____ trouble, probably ulcer.

A8

agony, pain, sick, suffer

1. We could hear the prisoner's _____ moans. AGONY

2. The picture had been cleaned with _____ care. PAIN

3. I've been suffering from _____ ever since I left that plane! SICK

4. The final decision might cause great hardship and _____. SUFFER

A9
ache, acute, dull, piercing, sore, sting

1. a dull steady pain

2. a sharp organ used as a weapon by some animals, often poisonous

3. not sharp or clearly felt

4. painful when touched or used, especially on the throat

5. situation, feeling, or illness which is severe or intense

6. very sharp

A10

blister, scar, scratch

If you walk too much with uncomfortable shoes, you will have _____s on your feet. If you _____ it, a
watery substance will flow and it will hurt. On the other hand, a _____ is a mark left on the skin after a
damage or injury.

A11

beat, bite, blow, break, bruise, fracture, stab

1. Once again, he is beating around the _____ (bush/topic/branch)

2. During polar expeditions, _____bite (snow/ice/hail) can be a real problem.

3. Peter blew _____ (off/on/out) the candles and went to sleep.

4. His words _____ (opened/hurt/scratched) an old bruise.

5. My son and her girlfriend broke _____ (out/off/in) last weekend.

6. He had to fight the final round of the boxing match with a fractured _____ (nose/palm/brain).

7. I trusted him and he stabbed me in the _____ (top/back/foot).

A12

blind, deaf, mute

1. The terrorists _____ the hostage so that he wouldn't see any faces. BLIND

2. We heard a _____ sound. Then, there was a long silence. DEAF

3. I prefer _____ colours for the curtains. MUTE

A13

infirm, senile

- Which is a more serious problem: (a) being infirm or (b) being senile?
A14

contaminate, immune, infect, outbreak, pestilence, pollute

(v) contaminate (n) (adj)

(v) immune (n) (adj)

(v) infect (n) (adj)

(v) (n) outbreak (adj)

(v) (n) pestilence (adj)

(v) pollute (n) (adj)

B. DISEASES AND AILMENTS

B1

acne, anaemia, asthma, backache, constipation, contagious, epidemic, fever, paralysis,

pneumonia, rabies

1. a chest disease which makes breathing difficult

2. a dull pain in the back

3. a lot of spots on the face and neck

4. a medical condition which makes people unable to defecate

5. a serious disease which causes people and animals to go mad and die

6. a serious illness which affects the lungs and makes it difficult for one to breathe

7. an occurrence of a disease which affects many people and which spreads quickly

8. being infectious

9. having too few red cells in the blood

10. high temperature due to an illness

11. the loss of feeling in the body or in part of it, and the inability to move

B2

allergic, hysteria, indigestion, insomnia, itch, phobia

1. I have an _____ to plastic substances. ALLERGIC

2. Stress can lead to irrational and _____ behaviour. HYSTERIA

3. This food is really hard to _____. INDIGESTION

4. As we get older, we all become _____. INSOMNIA

5. My skin became rather dry and _____. ITCH

6. He is apparently ______; he is scared of almost everything. PHOBIA

B3

antidote, intoxicated, poison, venom

1. drunk with alcohol

2. poison of a snake or a spider

3. remedy

4. substance that kills people when swallowed or absorbed

C. MEDICINE AND GENERAL MEDICAL CARE

C1

attend, neglect, nurse, take care of, tend

1. I have a very _____ nurse. ATTEND

2. You have to prove that you are not ____. NEGLECT

3. We _____ him devotedly when he was in hospital. NURSE

4. Are you being __________ here? TAKE CARE OF

5. She cradled the baby _____. TEND

C2

heal, soothe, treat

1. damage X _____

2. discomfort X _____

3. neglect X _____

C3

alleviate, lessen

- Which of the two is a more technical word: (a) alleviate or (b) lessen?

C4

cure, diagnose, recover

When someone becomes ill, which is the possible correct order?

A) cure diagnose recover

B) diagnose cure recover

C) recover diagnose cure

D) diagnose recover cure

C5

patient, physician

- A _____ is a person who treats _____ in a hospital or in a place like that.

C6

casualty, veteran, victim

1. Following the earthquake, the number of _____ is still uncertain.

2. The traffic conditions being as it is, we are sure to be a _____ in an accident.

3. William fought in the Gulf War; he is a _____.

C7

bandage, convalescence, dose, invalid, remedy

1. compress, tie

2. cripple, sickly person

3. measure, portion

4. recovery, healing

5. treatment, cure

C8

anatomy, medicine, physiology, surgery

1. the science and practice of treating and understanding disease and bodily disorders

2. the science and practice of treating injuries and diseases by operations on the body

3. the science of how the bodies of living things and their parts work

4. the science or study of the bodies and body parts of people and animals

C9

drug, ointment, pill, sedative

1. Such things as aspirin are _____ drugs.

2. When a person spoils something, we call him/her a _____ in the ointment.

3. If you suffer from insomnia, you can take _____ pills.

4. Sedative (adj) __________ (v)

C10

anaesthetic, operate, sanitary, vaccinate

1. a substance that stops you feeling pain

2. cut open a patient's body to remove, replace, or repair a diseased part of it

3. give an injection to prevent one from getting a disease

4. keeping things clean and hygienic

C11

inject, needle, syringe

- Doctors _____ medicine through a ______ or a _______.

C12

abort, premature, symptom, therapy, ward, wheelchair

1. He is twenty but looks sixty; he is suffering from _____ ageing.

2. He was so weak that we needed a _____ to take him home from hospital.

3. In the States, the anti-_____ act is unlikely to pass.

4. My aunt is in the immunology department, _____ number 15.

5. The patient has all the _____ of cholera.

6. The prisoners are rejecting any sort of _____ treatment.

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Your fitness obviously depends upon the amount of food, exercise, and rest you get.

A) readiness B) eligibility C) health D) preparation

2. Because children are inoculated against measles, there are currently no cases in the
country.

A) treated B) injected C) isolated D) subjected

3. When the refrigerator broke down during the heat wave, all our meat was tainted.

A) warmed B) contaminated C) humid D) frozen

4. The terrorists maimed twenty hostages during the shooting.

A) shot B) massacred C) wounded D) killed

5. A nation which is in the throes of revolution will not welcome outside interference.

A) wars B) fights C) agonies D) enmities

6. Toxic waste disposal is a major problem.

A) Poisinous B) Superfluous C) Metallic D) Liquid

7. Vitamin C has a therapeutic effect in the treatment.

A) thrifty B) medicinal C) deficient D) utilitarian

8. If you eat wholesome food instead of junk food, you will feel a lot better.

A) whole B) energy C) fresh D) nutritious

9. Alchemists seek a panacea for the world's ills.

A) gold B) chemical C) change D) remedy

10. Frequent minor ailments kept her home from work.

A) irritations B) young children C) sicknesses D) falls

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

4. PEOPLE AND FAMILY

A. PEOPLE

A1

female, human, individual, male

1. fellow, man

2. feminine

3. mortal, manlike

4. person, single

A2

adolescence, infant, orphan, teenage, twin

1. His _____ was not a happy one for him.

2. I have eight adult and five _____ students.

3. My sister and I are identical _____.

4. They found a newborn _____ in the street.

5. When her parents died, she became an _____ at the age of twelve.

A3

maternal, parent, paternal

1. fatherly, patrimonial, patriarchal

2. genitor, forebear, source

3. motherly, protective, sympathetic

A4

adopt, nurture, raise

- Study the difference in meaning.

adopt, adapt

nurture, nursing

raise, arise, rise

A5

adult, elder, kin, relative

1. She is unlikely to survive into _____. ADULT

2. You should show respect towards your _____ ELDER

3. Ties of ____ means a lot in our family. KIN

4. I was a distant _____ of my husband. RELATIVE

A6

aunt, nephew, niece

1. the daughter of one's sister or brother

2. the sister of one's mother or father

3. the son of one's sister or brother

A7

ancestor, descendant, generation, hereditary, stock, tribe

1. age group, rank

2. family, kindred, clan

3. forefather, predecessor

4. inherent, inborn, congenital

5. lineage, ancestry

6. successor, heir

B. COURTING, SEX, AND MARRIAGE

B1

court, date, seduce

1. He was seeking the hand of Pamela, who was a beautiful widow.

2. Many people believe that she is very tempting.

3. She is going out with a handsome boy from university.

B2

caress, embrace, hug, kiss

1. She _____ the cat in her lap quietly.

2. She gave him a goodnight _____.

3. This course _____ various elements, including speaking and translation.

4. When he _____ me, I felt all my bones scream with fear!

B3

adultery, affair, bawdy, prostitute, rape

1. illicit love affair

2. molest, assault, violate

3. obscene, coarse, vulgar

4. relationship, liaison

5. whore, call girl

B4

divorce, honeymoon, marriage, matrimony, polygamy, wed

1. Do you take this man as your _____ husband?

2. Following their last argument, Tom and Mary are going on _____.

3. In legal circles, another name for marriage is _____.

4. In many cultures, engagement is a step to _____.

5. In Turkey, _____ is legally forbidden.

6. We are planning to spend our _____ in a seaside hotel.

B5

bachelor, bridegroom, spouse, widow

1. companion, marriage partner

2. dowager, matron, dame

3. husband, married man

4. unmarried, single

C. FRIENDSHIP AND ENMITY

C1

acquaintance, fellow, mate

1. In order to support his _____ workers, my father is wearing a dark ribbon today.
2. My ______ with politics is very little.

3. My room_____ is very untidy.

C2

aloof, antagonism, enemy, hostile, opponent, unfriendly

1. adverse, antagonistic, unfriendly

2. competitor, rival

3. distant, remote, indifferent

4. enmity, hostility

5. foe, rival, opponent

6. hostile, conflicting

C3

accomplice, ally, associate, companion, company, neighbour, partner

1. business colleague

2. friend or visitor

3. people who live near a person

4. someone one spends time with or travels with

5. someone who helps a person to commit a crime

6. someone who helps and supports a person when other people are opposing

7. the person who one is married to or is having a romantic or sexual relationship with

C4

affability, amiable, amicable, close, intimate

1. familiar, close

2. harmonious, sympathetic

3. near, adjacent

4. pleasant, friendly

5. pleasantness, kindness

C5

argue, dispute, quarrel, row

1. He is quite _____ when it comes to his own interest. QUARREL

2. It is an _____ fact that whales should be strictly protected. DISPUTE

3. Many teenage boys are _____. ROW

4. What is the chairman's _____ about the reasons for the budget deficit? ARGUE

C6

alone, lonely, solitary, solitude

1. I'm not _____ here because I have my pet animals for company.

2. She sat all _____ in the park.

3. We saw a _____ figure in the middle of the road.

4. When I'm studying, I prefer _____ .

D. DEATH AND BURIAL

D1

bereaved, grief, mourn

1. He is trying to plan his future after the _____. BEREAVED

2. She was _____ for the dead pet cat. GRIEF

3. I went out into the garden to join the _____. MOURN

D2

burial, coffin, embalm, funeral, grave, monument, obituary, tomb, wreath

_____ (1) ceremonies vary from country to country. Ancient Egyptians first _____ (2) the dead body
and then placed it in a _____ (3) . Today, the _____ (4) has become an industry in some countries.
First, expensive ______ (5) appear in newspapers. _____ (6) are made of best quality wood, and
sometimes of metal. During the ceremony people send _____ (7) . If the deceased person is rich or an
important figure, a _____ (8) is built above the _____ (9) .

D3

deceased, late, mortal

1. The _____ president of the company was a real menace.

2. They will share the property of the _____.

3. We are all _____; one day we'll all die.

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The deceased left you all her diamonds.

A) missing person B) dead person C) wealthy person D) relative

2. A funeral is a melancoly event.

A) meaningful B) medical C) expensive D) sorrowful

3. The funeral director gave the death notice to the local newspaper.

A) obituary B) funeral C) burial D) biography

4. In tropical countries the interment takes place within the twenty-four hours of a death.

A) intermittent B) burial C) mourning period D) interruption

5. He's such an affable person that people eometimes take advantage of him.

A) accessible B) good-natured C) wealthy D) weak

6. It would be griveous to her to live without her maid.

A) pleasant B) grateful C) painful D) tearful

7. Peter and Jo made an amicable divorce settlement by dividing their property equally.

A) avaricious B) friendly C) flimsy D) terrible

8. Constant wrangles over money disturbed the harmony of their marriage.

A) discussions B) problems C) bills D) arguments

9. The royal nuptials captured the attention of the whole world.

A) attendance B) wedding C) baptism D) event

10. When the former movie star was killed in a car crash, her obituary appeared worldwide.

A) picture
 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

5. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

A. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN GROUPS AND PLACES

A1

civilization, populate, society

1. Europeans treated Indians as savages to be _____. CIVILIZATION

2. What is the _____ of Ankara? POPULATE

3. I hardly have any _____ life due to my master's studies. SOCIETY

A2

district, land, nation, precinct, province, quarter, region, slum, state, suburb

1. A) area B) precinct C) slum district

2. A) dike B) solid earth C) property land

3. A) community B) country C) suburb nation

4. A) district B) state C) territory precinct

5. A) area B) capital C) district province

6. A) mass B) lodge C) division quarter

7. A) district B) sector C) town region

8. A) ghetto B) shanty town C) suburb slum

9. A) nation B) federation C) area state

10. A) slum B) hamlet C) outlying district suburb

A3

capital, citizen, city, rural, town, urban

1. metropolitan

2. locale, neighbourhood, district

3. metropolis, municipality

4. resident, inhabitant, native

5. rustic, pastoral, agricultural

6. urban area, metropolis

A4

pair, union

1. We paired the students _____ according to their abilities.

2. British flag is called the Union _____.

A5

bunch, crowd, mob

1. cluster, batch, bundle

2. people, group (derogatory)

3. people, masses, populace

A6

alien, foreign, local, municipal, stranger

1. Living in an apartment block, he feels _____ towards the green. ALIEN

2. It is true that _____ bring extra vivacity to a city's life. FOREIGN

3. With the help of this new drug, pain is completely _____. LOCAL

4. The _____ of Greater London is knee-deep in trouble. MUNICIPAL

5. He looked at me _____, as if I were a monster. STRANGER

A7

popular, public, royal

1. communal, civic

2. favourite, prevalent

3. imperial, majestic

B. GOVERNMENT

B1

colonize, kingdom, republic

1. Because England is a monarchy, it is ruled by a _____ or a queen. KINGDOM

2. European _______ in Africa was long lasting. COLONY

3. In the last elections, ______ Party was defeated. REPUBLIC

B2

autonomous, independence

1. Several African countries gained _____ after the War. AUTONOMOUS

2. Is Australia an _____ country? INDEPENDENCE

B3

autocracy, sovereignty, tyranny

1. despotism, absolute monarchy

2. supremacy, power

3. totalitarian government, dictatorship

B4

authority, crown, dynasty

1. command, strength, power

2. family, series of rulers

3. majesty, throne-holder

B5

administer, govern, reign, rule, run

1. The committee is discussing _____ matters. ADMINISTER

2. He is the _____ of a small town. GOVERN

3. In England, the _____ monarch is centuries old. REIGN

4. The ____ of the country was a real lunatic. RULE

5. I'm not any more interested in the _____ of the company. RUN

B6

ambassador, mayor, minister

1. governor of a city

2. member of the cabinet; religious figure

3. representative abroad, emissary, delegate

B7
assembly, congress, convention

1. The leaders ____ in Paris for a meeting. ASSEMBLY

2. The groups _____ around the pavilion. CONGRESS

3. Peter _____ a small meeting to discuss the problems. CONVENTION

C. POLITICS AND ELECTIONS

C1

centre, patriot, policy

1. core, focus

2. loyalist, nationalist, chauvinist

3. method, line, course

C2

ballot, elect, nominate, vote

1. a box into which vote papers are put

2. choice in an election or at a meeting where decisions are taken

3. choose a person as representative by giving votes

4. suggest a person as a candidate for a position

C3

represent, stand

1. He is the _____ of a big company. REPRESENT

2
2. In e = mc , what does e stand _____ ?

C4

campaign, candidate, electorate, majority

1. A _____ of the candidates are unaware of the work condition.

2. During his political _____, he stressed the importance of peace.

3. I believe that of all the five _____, Mr Miller is the best one.

4. Very few of the _____ failed to vote in the last election.

D. POLITICAL TENSION AND TROUBLE

D1
demonstrate, oppose, protest, reform, riot

1. Don't drive to the city center. There is a _____ there. DEMONSTRATE

2. The _____ party leader was arrested illegally a year ago. OPPOSE

3. The _____ damaged several cars before they were overpowered. PROTEST

4. What we need is a _____ movement. REFORM

5. The police have subdued the _____ who had blocked the campus road. RIOT

D2

oppress, repress, suppress

1. to rule by holding back from (natural feelings, actions, etc.)

2. to rule in a very hard way, by allowing very little freedom

3. to rule in a very hard way, by taking away the right to act

D3

defeat, overthrow

1. Their team was so strong that they _____ us with a not uncertain score.

2. We have just heard that the King has been _____.

D4

betray, rebel, resist, revolt

1. His _____ is unforgettable. BETRAY

2. During the campaign, he was very _____. REBEL

3. The army did not face strong _____. RESIST

4. South America is famous for sudden and bloody _____. REVOLT

D5

anarchism, crusade, mutiny, subversion, uprising

1. disturbance, hubbub

2. overthrow, sabotage, defeat

3. rebellion, overthrow, mutiny

4. religious war campaign, battle

5. upheaval, uprising
D6

conspiracy, plot, spy, traitor

1. Conspiracy is done by a c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r.

2. A plot is planned by a p _ _ _ _ _ r

3. A spy's main job is e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e.

4. A traitor is accused of t _ _ _ _ _ n

E. SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION AND SITUATIONS

E1

aristocracy, inferior, knight, noble, rank, repute, superior

1. Everybody admires his _____ features. ARISTOCRACY

2. Don't take him serious; it is his ______ complex. INFERIOR

3. A man with _____ has the title "Sir". KNIGHT

4. A _____ would like to see you, Your Highness. NOBLE

5. The General has risen from the _____. RANK

6. He has gained world-wide _____. REPUTE

7. Neither part could attain ______ at the end of the game. SUPERIOR

E2

evict, slave

- While a(n) _____ is a captive, a(n) _____ is a person who has been expelled from a place.

E3

attendant, maid, servant, servitude

1. attendant; disciple

2. female servant (X matron)

3. servant, aid, orderly

4. slavery, confinement, subjection

E4

emancipate, free, liberate, release

1. Emancipate means to set free by legal means; to give more freedom to. Noun form is _____
2. Free means to let out of bondage, slavery, etc.. Noun form is _____

3. Liberate means to make free from some kind of bondage, tyranny, etc.. Noun form is _____

4. Release means to free or set free. Noun form is _____

E5

conventional, orthodox

1. generally accepted thought, etc.

2. living according to accepted ways, following the usual ways

E6

courtesy, polite, rude, snob, sophisticated

1. attention, civility, politeness

2. civilized, courteous, well-mannered

3. complicated, complex; refined; worldly; deceptive

4. elitist, upstart, snot, pretender

5. impolite, discourteous

E7

coarse, nomad, peasant, savage, vulgar

1. _____ = coarse, crude, common; X aesthetic, artistic, decent

2. _____ = rough; X fine, smooth

3. _____ = rustic; X urban; sophisticated

4. _____ = uncultivated; inhuman; animal; X gentle; human, humane

5. _____ = wandering, vagrant; X settled

E8

casual, dignity, formal, haphazard, informal, pompous

1. arrogant, boastful

2. casual, relaxed, unofficial

3. casual, irregular, erratic

4. ceremonial, fixed, academic

5. easy-going, careless; accidental, haphazard

6. nobility, honour, self-respect, distinction

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The Romans subdued the Celts during the reign of Julius Caesar.

A) surrendered B) attacked C) befriended D) vanguished

2. Nearly half of the town's inhabitants are descendants of indigenous civilizations.

A) native B) backward C) hard-working D) poor

3. A multitude of people attended the fund-raising presentation in the mall.

A) small number B) select group C) huge crowd D) large herd

4. The powerful ruler suppressed a rebellion and punished the instigators.

A) initiated B) supported C) quashed D) reinstated

5. The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child's love for his mother.

A) a demonstration B) an infestation C) a combination D) a satisfaction

6. His company empowered him to negotiate the contract.

A) helped B) forbade C) authorized D) ordered

7. Crimes against property have risen in the USA and other urbanized countries.

A) rich B) large C) multicultural D) metropolitan

8. The peach tree is native to Florida.

A) indigenous B) transported C) allocated D) imported

9. The Arctic tern breeds in the Arctic regions of North America.

A) aspects B) areas C) islands D) marshes

10. Light can be amplified and focused in a single direction by using a laser.

A) concentrated B) adjusted C) clarified D) scattered

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

6. LAW AND ORDER GENERALLY

A. LAW AND ORDER

A1
allow, commit, construct, enact, enforce, legalize, legislate, maintain, permit
1. It appears that they have made no _____ for the child's age. ALLOW
2. I have various ______ to fulfil. COMMIT
3. We need ______ ideas to guide us through this chaos. CONSTRUCT
4. The _____ of the Education Law was a great success. ENACT
5. The _____ power of the new law is open to debate. ENFORCE
6. Criminals are people who do _____ things. LEGALIZE
7. We can name three powers: jurisdiction, execution and _____. LEGISLATE
8. They are doing this for the _____ of law and order. MAINTAIN
9. You have no _____ to study these files. PERMIT
A2
act, constitution, jurisdiction, law, ordinance
1. body of laws, amendment
2. enactment, law, decree
3. law, verdict, decree
4. legislature, enactment, the courts, equity
5. sphere of duty, administration
A3
annul, chaos, custom, injustice, justice, legitimate, martial law, official, order, precedent,
principle
1. a general belief that one has about the way one should behave, which influences the behaviour
2. a state of disorder and confusion
3. a traditional activity or festivity
4. an action or official decision than can be referred to in order to justify a similar action or decision
5. approved by the government or someone else in authority
6. fairness in a way that people are treated
7. government by special laws by the army
8. reasonable and acceptable; allowed or justified by law
9. the situation of everything being in the correct place and being done at the correct time
10. to declare that something is legally invalid
11. unfairness and lack of justice in a situation
A4
embargo, illegal, illegitimate, taboo, unlawful
1. forbidden, banned, restricted
2. penalty, sanction, injunction
3. unlawful, criminal, illegal
4. unlawful, illegitimate
5. wrong, faulty, unfair, illegal, illegitimate
A5
compulsory, mandatory, obligatory, voluntary
compulsory = mandatory = obligatory = inescapable, requisite, compelled
- _____ (compulsory/mandatory/obligatory) school education.
voluntary = intentional, considered
- He went in to _____ (voluntary/intentional) exile.
A6
license, repeal, revoke, sanction, warrant
1. authorization, permission; penalty, sentence
2. freedom, permission
3. justification, sanction, authorization
4. repeal, cancel
5. revoke, invalidate, cancel
A7
ban, censor, deny, forbid, outlaw, prohibit, refuse

(v) ban (n) (adj)

(v) censor (n) (adj)

(v) deny (n) (adj)

(v) forbid (n) (adj)

(v) (n) outlaw (adj)

(v) prohibit (n) (adj)

(v) refuse (n) (adj)

B. COURTS OF LAW AND LEGAL WORK
B1
advocate, attorney, judge, lawyer, solicitor
1. counsel, attorney, adviser, advocate
2. lawyer, counsel, adviser
3. legal adviser
4. magistrate, justice
5. supporter, defender, attorney
B2
charge, prosecute, sue
1. The police are going to charge him _____ murder.
2. He was prosecuted _____ stealing.
3. He sued them _____ wrongful arrest.
B3
accusation, case, proceedings
1. He has taken legal _____ against her and is suing for divorce.
2. She made several _____ against me.
3. This is a _____ of murder.
B4
alibi, appeal, defend, plead, testimony, try, verdict, witness
First, a person is _____ in the court. A lawyer _____ this person. This lawyer _____ the case to the
court. During the trial, _____ tell what they know about the situation. Thus, a _____ is formed. The
accused person may present _____ to the court to prove that s/he was not involved in the crime.
Finally, the _____ is announced. If the lawyer is not satisfied with it, he/she may _____ to a higher
court.
B5
evidence, guilt, innocent, liable, responsible
1. It is _____ that he is guilty. EVIDENCE
2. Is he _____ or innocent? GUILT
3. He says _____ is a vague concept. INNOCENT
4. We have had to undertake heavy _____. LIABLE
5. What he did was utterly irrational and ______. RESPONSIBLE
B6
acquit, clear, discharge, entitle, punish, sentence
1. A day after the verdict, he was acquitted _____ prison.
2. The lawyer cleared him _____ the charge of murder.
3. I was discharged _____ the army at the end of the war.
4. The lawyer is fully entitled _____ defend the woman.
5. His father punished him _____ stealing.
6. He was sentenced _____ life imprisonment.
B7
heir, inherit, legacy, mortgage, will
1. debt, lease
2. decision, bequeath, choice
3. donation, grant, gift
4. inheritor, beneficiary
5. take possession of
C. THE POLICE, SECURITY SERVICES, CRIME, AND CRIMINALS
C1
arrest, caution, constable, guard, patrol, protect
1. administrative officer
2. capture, apprehend
3. care, warning, alert
4. guard, shelter, shield, defend
5. look-out, sentinel
6. protector, guardian, ward
C2
petty, wrongdoing
1. A petty crime is a m_____ crime.
2. A wrongdoing is a bad behaviour which is legally w______
C3
crime, shop-lifting, theft
1. The _____ escaped from prison by climbing down a drain pipe. CRIME
2. There are store detectives to catch _______. SHOP-LIFTING
3. Three _____ sneaked in through the open window. THEFT
C4
bandit, burglar, pirate, thief, villain

(v) (n) bandit (adj)

(v) (n) burglar (adj)

(v) (n) pirate (adj)

(v) (n) thief (adj)

(v) (n) villain (adj)

C5
arson, assault, black-market, fraud, hold-up, perjury
1. a physical attack on a person
2. a situation in which someone is threatened with a weapon to make him give money
3. a system of buying and selling goods which is not legal
4. lying in the court while giving evidence
5. the crime of deliberately setting fire to a building
6. the crime of gaining money by deceit or trickery
C6
hijack, kidnap
- Recently, a passenger plane has been _____ (hijacked/kidnapped).
C7
blackmail, embezzle, rob, smuggle, steal, swindle
1. Someone who blackmails a person is a _____.
2. If you embezzle money from your office, this is called _____.
3. When someone robs a bank, this is a bank _____.
4. Someone who smuggles goods is a _____.
5. Someone who steals something is a _____.
6. Someone who swindles a person is a _____.
C8
cheat, deceit, deceive
1. Marriages in which _____ is a commonplace are bound to end.
2. They try to _____ themselves that everything is all right.
3. When I play cards, I always _____.
C9
abduct, loot, murder
1. kidnap, capture, snatch
2. kill, assassinate, slay
3. rob, steal, plunder
C10
homicide, suicide
- _____ is murder while _____ is self-murder.
D. PRISON AND PUNISHMENT
D1
cell, dungeon, gaol, jail, prison
gaol = jail = prison
1. A cell is a _____ (yard/room) in a prison.
2. A dungeon is generally _____ (in a tower/in the basement/in the attic).
D2
banish, captive, convict, detain, deter, execute, imprison, persecute, remit, whip
1. He is preparing to protest his _____. BANISH
2. During his _____, he learnt their language. CAPTIVE
3. A person who has left prison is called an _____. CONVICT
4. His _____ was politically motivated. DETAIN
5. Severe punishment is thought to be a _____. DETER
6. In the past, _____ used to be performed in public places. EXECUTE
7. He was sentenced to life _____. IMPRISON
8. The _____ of minorities will be discussed at the meeting PERSECUTE
9. Due to his efforts, he gained a _____ of five years off his sentence. REMIT
10. Today, _____ is still used as a way of punishment in some countries. WHIP
D3
confine, custody, detention
1. Under captivity, he was confined _____ bread and water only.
2. He is being held _____ custody.
3. Everyone of them has been placed _____ detention until further notice.
D4
fine, penalty
1. Fine (n) __________ (v)
2. Death penalty is also called c_____ p_____.
D5
amnesty, exile
1. banishment, displacement
2. freedom, liberation
D6
gallows, scaffold
- For hanging people, _____ is used. For beheading and other types of execution, _____ is used.
E. WARFARE, DEFENCE, AND THE ARMY
E1
battle, combat, conflict, field, fight, war, warfare
When a _____ between countries grows too much, they may declare _____. When they get engaged
in a _____, the two sides _____ with each other. During war, there may be several phases called
_____ or _____. Both sides aim to gain supremacy over the other by defeating the other in the battle
_____.
E2
assimilate, besiege, conquer, invade, overcome, siege, trespass
1. After the war, the powerful side tried to _____ minority ethnic groups by using force.
2. During the war, the capital city was under _____ for nearly two years, but they did not give in.
3. Iraq _____ Kuwait but was forced to withdraw within a few weeks.
4. Istanbul was _____ after a long war campaign in 1453.
5. Ottoman armies _____ Vienna twice in history, but both campaigns were fruitless.
6. If you don't want your land used as a path, you should put "No ______ ing" signs about.
7. Unfortunately, he was _____ by a terrible illness.
E3
ambush, attack, raid, storm
1. During the air _____, we took shelter in the underground.
2. The infantry _____ with all its might, but could not break the enemy defence.
3. The police _____ the building and caught the robbers.
4. While the soldiers were going to their base, they found themselves in a wisely-prepared _____.
E4
annex, confront, face, reinforce, relieve, repel, repulse, retreat
1. to drive back or off
2. to drive back, repel
3. to face or face up to
4. to go back because unable to move forward
5. to go, turn, or look towards or to stand looking at (someone or something that is a danger)
6. to send extra troops to
7. to stop the siege
8. to take control over or seize (especially land)
E5
capture, seize
1. A captured person is a _____.
2. If workers seize control in a factory, this is a _____ of power.
E6
desert, lose, surrender, yield
1. abide, continue X ______. Noun form is _____.
2. achieve, acquire X ______. Noun form is _____.
3. advance, forward X ______.
4. clash, disallow, hinder X ______. Noun form is _____.
E7
armistice, casualty, cease-fire, conquest, peace, treaty, victory
1. calmness, agreement, reconciliation
2. conquering, victory, triumph
3. fatality, dead and injured
4. pact, contract
5. stop the fight
6. triumph, achievement, conquest
7. truce, finding a middle course
F. THE ARMED FORCES
F1
army, military, navy, regiment
1. The defeated troops were _____ by the victorious side. ARMY
2. With his aggressive behaviour, he is very _____. MILITARY
3. _____ forces need the support of air forces. NAVY
4. He was unable to tolerate heavy _____ and quit. REGIMENT
F2
admiral, commission, irregular, soldier, warrior
1. a person who has military experience, inclinations, interests, etc.
2. a person, usually in a uniform, trained to fight, especially for his country, on land
3. a soldier or armed person who fights in a war or campaign only part of the time or for short times
4. a very senior officer who commands a navy or a fleet of ships
5. the authority to act as an officer of the higher level in the army, navy, or air force
F3
arm, disarm, enlist, enrol, gather, recruit
1. to choose and bring together, or order to come together
2. to enter (a branch of) the armed forces
3. to give weapons to
4. to persuade, get, etc. to join the army
5. to take weapons away from
6. to write a person's name on a list
F4
ammunition, armament, armour, artillery, cavalry, rampant, troop
1. Soldiers stood in the _____, waiting for the enemy attack.
2. The general lost several _____ in the most fierce battle of the war.
3. They used heavy _____ against civilians.
4. Today, _____ troops are generally used in ceremonies only.
5. We had to retreat because we had run out of _____, not even a single bullet.
6. We have necessary _____ for a war: tanks, planes, guns, ships, everything.
7. We rocket bounced on the thick _____ of the tank.

Exercise
Find synonym for the underlined word.
1. I tried hard not to succumb to sleep.
A) scoff B) save C) yield D) try
2. The police hunted through the forest for the escaped felon.
A) criminal B) fellow C) fugitive D) hunter
3. They refused to cede their rights to the land and declared war.
A) see B) legalize C) plant D) yield
4. The colonists protested against inequitable taxes.
A) uneven B) unjust C) unpublished D) unlikely
5. The captain of the militia mustered his troops under a large tree.
A) trained B) gathered C) nursed D) mumbled
6. By the time peace was negotiated, the affairs of the nation were in a chaotic state.
A) confused B) exotic C) disputable D) obscure
7. He took a militant stand against the opposition and won the point.
A) mild B) aggressive C) positive D) awkward
8. The regime favoured unification of the country.
A) leader B) government C) regiment D) register
9. The beaver dam obstructed the flow of the river.
A) observed B) endangered C) assisted D) blocked off
10. The family conducted an illicit whisky business during Prohibition.
A) secret B) boundless C) ill-fated D) illegal
 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

7. RELIGION AND BELIEFS

A. RELIGION

A1

Christian, idol, Jew, religion, sect, theological

1. Jesus _____ had apostles to spread his teachings. CHRISTIAN

2. You shouldn't _____ your favourite singer. IDOL

3. There are about twelve million _____ people around the world. JEW

4. He is not interested in _____ matters. RELIGION

5. The group is known to be _____ and fanatical. SECT

6. She studied _____ at university. THEOLOGICAL

A2

angel, apparition, archangel, fiend, ghost, haunt, soul, spirit

1. Angel (n) __________ (adj)

2. Apparition is synonymous to soul or spirit. Is it countable or uncountable?

3. What is the difference between an angel and an archangel?

4. What is the main difference between an angel and a fiend?

5. The word ghost is used to describe pale face in the expression _____.

6. If ghosts haunt a house, this place is now called a _____ house.

7. The word soul is used in the expression to keep _____ and soul together.

8. The word spirit is used in the expression _____-spirited to mean very lively.

A3

heaven, hell, paradise

1. Good _____! What have you done to your hair!

2. This place is a _____ on earth! I can live here all my life!

3. Where the _____ have you been!

A4
adherent, apostle, atheist, martyr, pilgrim, prophet, saint

1. a follower of a great man/woman, especially one who is sent to spread his/her teachings

2. a person of a holy and admired way of life, especially one given this title by the Roman Catholic
Church after death

3. a person who denies the existence of God or any gods.

4. a person who favours and supports a particular idea, opinion, or political party

5. a person who is killed or caused suffer greatly, especially for his/her religious duties

6. a person who travels to a sacred place, special shrine

7. a person who believes that he is directed by God to make known and explain or to lead or teach a
new religion

B. PEOPLE

archbishop, bishop, clergy, pope, priest

1. a bishop of the highest rank

2. a clergyman of high rank, especially in Christian churches.

3. a member of the Christian clergy in the Catholic, Anglican, or Orthodox churches.

4. the head of the Roman Catholic Church

5. the officially appointed leaders of the religious activities of a particular church or temple

C. PLACES

aisle, altar, church, mosque, sanctuary

1. In the church, the bridegroom walked slowly down the _____ .

2. The minaret of the _____ was badly damaged in a thunderstorm.

3. Those who had illegally entered the country took _____ in a church.

4. While Christian people pray at _____, Jews do so in synagogue.

5. While the priest was giving his sermon at the _____, several children were giggling.

D. BELIEF

D1

believe, bless, convert, meditate, ordain, pray, preach, revere, sacrifice, worship

1. He has very strange _____. BELIEVE

2. They asked the Pope's _____. BLESS

3. She is a recent _____ to the idea of a global unity. CONVERT

4. He interrupted my _____. MEDITATE

5. His _____ was at the church grounds. ORDAIN

6. He said his _____ and left quickly. PRAY

7. Because they strongly disagreed with the _____, they booed him. PREACH

8. We all regard him with _____ REVERE

9. She _____ her own life to save her children. SACRIFICE

10. May I present the _____ Mayor of Brighton. WORSHIP

D2

baptism, ceremony, fast, ritual, sermon

1. a Christian religious ceremony in which a person is touched or covered with water to make
him/her pure and to show that he/she has been accepted to the Church

2. a special formal, solemn action organized to mark an important social or religious event

3. one or more ceremonies or customary acts which are often repeated in the same form

4. religious talk given as part of a Christian church service

5. to eat little or no food, especially for religious reasons

D3

divine, holy, sacred

1. Divine (adj) __________ (n)

2. Holy (adj) __________ (n)

3. Sacred (adj) __________ (v)

D4

pagan, profane, secular

1. a person who is not part of a major religion

2. not sacred, worldly

3. of or concerning the ways of the world, not the spiritual values of religion

D5

redeem, repent, sin

1. recover, liberate; X ignore, neglect

2. regret, mourn

3. transgress, err, misbehave

D6

incarnation, reincarnation

While Hinduism holds the belief of _____, Christianity holds that Jesus Christ is the _____ of God.

D7

ecclesiastic, patriarch

1. a clergyman

2. any of the several chief bishops of the Eastern Churches

E. SUPERNATURAL

legend, magic, myth, spell, supernature, superstition, witch

1. Here is the _____ film star, Tom Cruise! LEGEND

2. He is said to have _____ powers. MAGIC

3. Unicorn is a _____ beast. MYTH

4. As soon as he saw her, he was spell-_____. SPELL

5. Ghosts and apparitions are all _____ occurrences. SUPERNATURE

6. Are you _____? SUPERSTITION

7. She had a _____ smile. WITCH

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The Freemasons are one of the oldest fraternities in the world.

A) universities B) sociologists C) exhibitions D) brotherhoods

2. By the end of the First World War, the name of Mustafa Kemal was legendary.

A) imaginary B) novel C) gratifying D) famous

3. There is common superstition that red sky means snow in the morning.

A) attitude B) speculation C) belief D) approach

4. The daring rescue operation was truly a creditable deed.

A) hard to believe B) praiseworthy C) unusual D) risky

5. Superstition may easily lead you astray.

A) Irrational belief B) Succession C) Logic D) Misdirection

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

8. BUILDINGS, HOUSES, THE HOME

A. ARCHITECTURE AND KINDS OF HOUSES AND BUILDINGS

A1

architect, build, erect

1. He is studying _____. ARCHITECT

2. The whole _____ collapsed during the night. BUILD

3. The _____ of the new monument took several years. ERECT

A2

cottage, greenhouse, hut, tent

1. a shelter of skins or cloth

2. a small building for plants

3. a small building, often made of wood

4. a small house, especially in the country

A3

apartment, flat, house, palace

1. She lives in an apartment _____.

2. I live with a friend; my flat_____ is a student.

3. He greeted the house_____ with a nod of the head.

4. She lives is a palace_____ mansion.

A4

castle, citadel, fortress, tower, turret

A _____ is generally built in a high place. When it is built around a city, it is called _____. The high
and strong walls of such a place are generally called _____ or bailey. There are also high and round
_____ with a conical roof to watch the enemy. If there is no roof, this building is called a _____.

B. PARTS OF HOUSES

B1

attic, basement, chimney, roof

1. a hollow passage often rising above the roof which allows smoke and gases to pass
2. a room or area immediately below the roof

3. the lowest level of a building

4. the top covering of a building

B2

fence, railing

1. a sort of fence with rail-like wooden or iron rods

2. a sort of wood or metal wall usually to put up to divide two pieces of land

B3

dome, balcony

1. He looked up at the blue dome of the s _ _ .

2. A balcony is usually enclosed with a metal or wooden r_ _ _ _ _ _.

B4

entry, door, gate

1. Which of the following has a more general meaning: entry, door, gate?

2. Which of the following does not have to have a frame: door or gate?

B5

partition, tile

1. a thin piece of baked clay used for covering floor, walls, floors, etc.

2. a thin wall inside a house

B6

indoors, outdoor

1. What is difference between indoor and indoors?

2. What is difference between outdoor and outdoors?

B7

arcade, arch, beam, column, pillar

1. a covered passage, especially one with a roof supported by arches or with a row of shops on one
or both sides
2. a curved top on two supports, for example under a bridge or a church roof or above a door or
window
3. a large long heavy piece of wood, especially used as a part of the structure of a building
4. a tall solid upright stone post used in a building as a support or decoration or standing alone as
a monument
5. something tall, narrow and upright

B8

flight, floor, level, storey

1. a floor or level in a building

2. a position of height in a city, building, etc.

3. a set of stairs

4. the part of a room, house etc. on which one walks

B9

ladder, stairs, step

1. a number of fixed steps one above the other, on which one can go up or down a building, from
one level to another

2. an apparatus made especially two long pieces of wood, metal or rope, joined together by many
short pieces up which one climbs

3. each section of stairs

B10

alcove, chamber, knob, poker, recess

1. a metal rod used to poke a fire in order to make it burn better

2. a room

3. a round handle or control button

4. a small space in the form of a small room added to another room for a bed, chair, books, etc.

5. a space in the wall of a room for shelves, cupboards, etc.

B11

lavatory, restroom, sink, towel

In the word list, lavatory is synonymous to _____. A sink is in the kitchen; when it is in the bathroom,
it is called a _____. The sort of towel that is sold in small boxes and used for cleaning is used _____
towel.

B12

pipe, plumber, sewage, sewer, tank, tap

1. The verb form of the word pipe is _____.

2. The verb form of the word plumber is _____.

3. The system which drains sewage is called sewage _____ system.

4. A sewer system is called a _____ system.

5. A committee of experienced people is called a _____ tank.

6. In the sentence His phone is being tapped, the verb tap means _____.

C. AREAS AROUND AND NEAR HOUSES

estate, patio

1. He is a _____ estate agent.

2. A structure similar to patio is a t_____.

D. RESIDENCE

D1

accommodate, dwell, inhabit, reside, settle

1. The committee is providing _____ for the participants. ACCOMMODATE

2. They discovered an ancient _____ in the middle of the island. DWELL

3. The _____ of the island protested against the traffic system. INHABIT

4. The _____ held a demonstration is the area. RESIDE

5. They are setting up a new _____ near the city. SETTLE

D2

landlady/lord, occupant, pioneer, tenant

1. colonist, immigrant, pilgrim

2. paying passenger, passenger

3. property owner, owner

4. resident

D3

premises, refuge, shelter

1. a building considered a piece of property

2. a building or roofed enclosure that gives cover or protection

3. a place that provides protection or shelter from danger

 E. FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FITTINGS

E1

adorn, decorate, embellish, enchantment, furnish, ornament, renovation

1. We watched the gaudy _____ with disgust. ADORN

2. He works as a _____. DECORATE

3. It was an artictic _____. EMBELLISH

4. He was _____ by the idea. ENCHANTMENT

5. Whenever he visits us, he breaks a piece of _____. FURNISH

6. The picture was in a beautiful _____ frame. ORNAMENT

7. The old house is being _____. RENOVATION

E2

armchair, bench, sofa, stool, throne

1. a comfortable chair with supports for the arms

2. a comfortable seat with raised arms and a back, wide enough for usually two or three people

3. a long, usually wooded seat for two or more people, especially one used outdoors

4. a seat without a supporting part for the back or arms

5. the ceremonial seat of a king, queen, bishop, etc.

E3

blanket, lamp, mirror, pillow, wardrobe

1. He always keeps a gun under his _____.

2. He looked at himself in the _____ and combed his hair.

3. No industry can develop under the soft _____ of state protection.

4. The bed room was too narrow to fix the _____ in.

5. When he was drunk, he climbed up a street _____.

E4

canopy, curtain, rug, upholstery

1. a covering, often held up by poles and usually made of cloth or sometimes wood over a bed,
doorway, large chair, etc.
2. a large piece of cloth, especially when hung form above, over a window inside room a usually
smaller or thicker carpet

3. the materials used to fit chairs and other pieces of furniture with softer parts, such as springs,
cloth, leather, etc.

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Queen Victoria's palatial country home draws many visitors.

A) palatine B) paltry C) palace-like D) partial

2. All of the tenants in the building complained about the lack of hot water.

A) old people B) landlords C) superintendents D) occupants

3. Many lawsuits are resolved through settlement prior to court due to the effort and
expense involved in trial.

A) debate B) amelioration C) dismissal D) compromise

4. About one-third of Canada's people inhabit the province of Ontario.

A) inherit B) reside in C) depart from D) are born in

5. The old hotel has recently been renovated.

A) repainted B) refurbished C) refurnished D) reiterated

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

9. CLOTHES, BELONGINGS, AND PERSONAL CARE

A. CLOTHES AND PERSONAL BLONGINGS

A1

attire, garment, outfit

1. Attire (n) __________ (v)

2. The word garment is similar to c_____ing.

3. Outfit (n) __________ (v)

A2

fold, take off, undo, wear

1. bend back, crease

2. put on, get into

3. remove

4. untie

A3

bare, nude

1. He was walking bare_____; he'd left his shoes on the beach.

2. In some countries, _____ is severely punished. NUDE

A4

gloves, pair, pants, trousers

- A pair of:
[ + ] pants [ + ] trousers [ + ] gloves [ ? ] _____ [ ? ] _____ [ ? ] _____ [ ? ] _____

A5

helmet, veil

- Soldiers, the police and motorbike riders wear _____. In wedding ceremonies, girls wear a _____
over their face.

A6

buckle, button, zip

1. a fastener of two rows of metal or plastic teeth used on clothes or bags

2. a piece of metal or plastic attached to one end of a belt or strap, which is used to fasten it

3. a small hard object sewn on to shirts or other pieces of clothing

A7

belt, scarf

While a _____ is wrapped around the neck, a _____ is wrapped around the waist.

A8

purse, wallet

Women usually carry _____ while _____ is for men.

A9

heel, overalls, sleeve

1. _____ is a part of a shoe.

2. Before you start a hard task, you roll your _____.

3. Workers wear _____.

A10

crease, tailor

1. What is the difference between a crease and a wrinkle?

2. Which of the following is synonymous to tailor (v): adopt or adapt?

A11

accessory, jewellery

1. aide

2. badge, brooch

B. CLEANING AND PERSONAL CARE

B1

shave, bathe, comb

1. Men generally use shaving-_____ and razor to shave.

2. In order to keep your hair dry, you can wear a bathing-_____.

3. Comb (n) __________ (v)

B2
cleanse, rinse, scrub, wash, wipe

1. After she had drunk water, she _____ the glass in water and left on the table.

2. Don't forget to _____ your hands before you sit for the lunch!

3. The floor was so dirty that I had to _____ it with a thick brush all afternoon.

4. The nurse _____ the wound thoroughly before stitching.

5. When he'd completed the sculpture, he _____ his forehead with satisfaction.

B3

brush, freshen, polish

1. How often do you _____ your teeth?

2. This perfume will _____ the stagnant air in the room.

3. When we _____ the table, we could see our own reflection on it.

B4

mark, pollute, stain

1. blot, mark, blemish

2. dirty, contaminate

3. imprint, stamp

B5

neat, orderly, smart, tidy

1. Neat X c_____less.

2. Orderly X c_____ed.

3. Smart X s_____y.

4. Tidy X m_____y.

B6

dirt, sordid, spotless

1. This room is f_____ dirty.

2. Sordid = dirty, sq_ _ _ _d.

3. The room was spotlessly c_____.

B7
filth, mess, muck, mud

1. Filth (n) __________ (adj)

2. Mess (n) __________ (adj)

3. Muck (n) __________ (v)

4. Mud (n) __________ (adj)

B8

laundry, massage, wig

1. artificial hair

2. dry-cleaning

3. rubbing the body

C. BELONGING AND OWNING, GETTING AND GIVING

C1

belong to, keep, own, possess

1. During the Great Fire of London, people threw their ______ into the Thames. BELONG TO

2. We need to ensure the _____ of the system. KEEP

3. Who is the _____ of this car? OWN

4. He is in _____ of several flats. POSSESS

C2

property, proprietor

1. owner, possessor, landlord

2. possession, land, estate

C3

acquire, derive, deserve, earn, gain, obtain, receive

1. Acquire (v) __________ (n)

2. Derive (v) __________ (n)

3. Deserve (v) __________ (adj)

4. Earn (v) __________ (n)

5. Gain (v) __________ (n)

6. Obtain (v) __________ (adj)

7. Receive (v) __________ (n)

C4

choose, pick, pluck, select

1. You have several _____ in this situation. CHOOSE

2. _____ of apples is a cumbersome job. PICK

3. He is not afraid of anything; he is quite _____. PLUCK

4. He bought a _____ of modern paintings. SELECT

C5

lift, take

1. elevate, raise

2. acquire, obtain, seize

C6

recover, regain, replace, restore, retrieve, return

1. He _____ (regained/recovered) consciousness.

2. I _____ (went/returned) back and _____ (regained/retrained) her bag from the station.

3. The math teacher left the school and we need a _____ (replacement/restoration).

C7

instead, substitute

1. They gave me a low grade instead _____ a high one.

2. Artificial blood will substitute _____ human blood in emergency cases.

C8

abandon, dispense with, forlorn, remove, (get) rid of

1. Abandon = quit, desert. Its adjective form is _____.

2. Dispense with X keep back, retain. Its adjective form is _____.

3. Forlorn = miserable; neglected. What is a forlorn hope?

4. Remove X conserve, deposit, install. Its adjective form is _____.

5. Get rid of X stay attached. Check the use of the verb rid.
C9

surrender, yield

1. They _____ the city to the enemy.

2. They _____ up the city to the enemy.

C10

maintain, retain, storage, upkeep, withhold

1. The noun form of the verb maintain is _____.

2. The adjective form of the verb retain is _____.

3. The verb form of the noun storage is _____.

4. The noun form of the verb upkeep is _____.

5. The verb withhold is the opposite of d_____s.

C11

capture, catch, clutch, grab, grasp, grip, hold, snatch, trap

1. Capture and catch are the opposites of l_____, r_____.

2. In the car, there are three pedals: accelerator, brake, and _____ (clutch/grab/grasp/grip).

3. The hold of a ship is the _____ (cargo/storage) of it.

4. The verb snatch means to grab. The noun form means _________.

5. Traps which are hidden and are triggered through a secret mechanism are called a _____ trap.

C12

administer, devote to, donate, offer, prescribe, volunteer

1. I have _____ duties in the office. ADMINISTER

2. He looked at the baby with great _____. DEVOTE

3. We need _____ of baby clothes. DONATE

4. His _____ was hard to reject. OFFER

5. This rule is ________; you must obey it. PRESCRIBE

6. He attended the search party _____. VOLUNTEER

C13

hand, provide, supply

1. You should hand _____ your thesis by the end of the month.

2. We provide people _____ essential information.

3. We are supplying workforce _____ the construction of the new dam.

C14

award, prize, reward

Oscar _____, Nobel _____, money _____

C15

contribution, gift, souvenir

1. The verb form of the noun contribution is _____.

2. A synonymous word for the noun gift is _____.

3. Compare souvenir and sovereign.

C16

allocate, distribute, share

1. The noun form of the verb allocate is _____.

2. The noun form of the verb distribute is _____.
3. The noun form of the verb share is _____.

C17

phase, range, scope

1. extent, magnitude, scope

2. reach, limits, extent

3. step, level

C18

choice, facility, serve

1. The verb form of the noun choice is _____.

2. The verb form of the noun facility is _____.

3. The noun form of the verb serve is _____

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. A credit card allows the user to receive credit at the time of the purchase.

A) donate B) arbitrate C) reject D) obtain

2. Taking some kinds of medicine will cause your body to retain fluids.

A) sustain B) inject C) lose D) keep

3. The technique of putting colourful designs on fabric is called batik.

A) metal B) plactic C) cloth D) rubber

4. The smallest blood vessels in the body are not visible to the naked eye.

A) unaided B) trained C) undressed D) damaged

5. The French explorer Sieur de La Salle laid claim to territory in the New World,
designating it Louisiana after the French monarch King Louis XIV.

A) labelling B) transferring C) asquiring D) unifying

6. Tom insisted on a fair share of the partnership's profits.

A) spare B) division C) merit D) help

7. Manufacturers are donating computers to schools.

A) giving B) going C) dedicating D) deducting

8. Mr. Peters went down to receive his visitors.

A) get B) welcome C) say good-bye to D) sign for

9. My understanding of basic mathematics puts advanced physics beyond my scope.

A) range B) telescope C) view D) hollow

10. After the riot, the prison officials rescinded the prisoners' privileges.

A) relegated B) removed C) added to D) changed

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

10. FOOD, DRINK, AND FARMING

A. FOOD GENERALLY

A1

absorb, consume, digest, feed, nourish

1. Her father admires her growing _____ in the study of chemistry. ABSORB

2. We need to defend _____ rights. CONSUME

3. My _____ has always been poor. DIGEST

4. Actually, I'm _____ up with studying for tests. FEED

5. She's recovered sufficiently to take some _____. NOURISH

A2

maintenance, provisions, sustenance

1. Maintenance means enough to support life. The origin of the word is _____.

2. Provisions are substances provided as food. The origin of the word is _____.

3. Sustenance is food and drink essential for life. The origin of the word is _____.

A3

indigestion, malnutrition, nutrition

1. having sufficient amount of food

2. inability or difficulty of absorbing food

3. lack of enough food to sustain life

A4

bite, chew, lick, munch, nibble, sip, suck, swallow

1. People consider biting _____ as a bad habit.

2. Children love chewing _____.

3. When we expect something nice to happen, we lick our _____.

4. The horse was munching ____ at my straw hat!

5. In Turkey, after a wedding people are given _____ to nibble.

6. In order to taste the wine, he _____ a sip of it.

7. Small babies generally suck their _____.

8. He understood his mistake and swallowed his _____.

A5

fast, starve

1. I love having butter and jam for my _____. FAST

2. In many regions of the world, _____ is a serious problem. STARVE

A6

famine, famished, hunger, ravenous, thirst

1. Famine is synonymous to a) hunger b) thirst

2. Famished is antonymous to a) hungry b) full

3. Hunger is synonymous to a) appetite b) aversion

4. Ravenous is synonymous to a) starved b) satisfied

5. Thirst is synonymous to a) abhorrence b) drought

A7

banquet, beverage, dish, feast, meal, ration, refreshment, supper

1. Banquet and feast are synonymous. Other related words are: _ _ _ (v) and d _ _ _ ht (v)

2. What is the difference between meal and dish?

3. What is the verb form of ration?

4. What is the difference between beverage and refreshment?

5. Supper is another name for a) breakfast, b) lunch, c) dinner.

B. FOOD

bacon, juice, meat, oil, pork, sauce, slice

1. Bacon and pork are _____ meat.

2. Adjective form of the noun juice is _____.

3. What is the difference between meat and flesh?

4. What is the difference between oil and fat?

5. What is the difference between sauce and dressing?

6. What is the verb form for the noun slice?

C. DRINKS

C1

ferment, sweet

1. _____ takes place under a certain degree of heat. FERMENT

2. This cake has been artificially _____. SWEET

C2

propose, toast

1. He _____ to drink for the honour of the young couple.

2. Let's drink a _____ to the young couple.

C3

alcohol, ale, draught, intoxicate, spirits

1. What is the difference between alcohol and spirits?

2. What is the difference between ale and beer?

3. What is the difference between draught and drought?

4. What is the adjective form for the verb intoxicate?

C4

drunk, sober

1. Other words for drunk are drunken and in_____.

2. Sober is the opposite of drunk. Also it means s_____s.

D. CIGARETTES AND DRUGS

D1

addict, drug

1. He's addicted _____ cocaine.

2. Taking pills when there is no need is called drug _____.

D2

ash, ashtray, tar, tobacco

1. As this is a non-smokers' room, you cannot find _____ around.

2. Cigar has lower amounts of _____ than cigarette.

3. He dropped his cigarette _____ on the carpet.

4. Turkey is a major _____ producing country.

E. THE PREPARATION AND QUALITY OF FOOD

E1

bake, fry, roast, scramble

1. I need some _____ powder. BAKE

2. I like chicken _____. FRY

3. We had _____ potatoes for lunch. ROAST

4. Don't worry about the dinner; we'll have _____ eggs. SCRAMBLE

E2

chop, freeze, peel, preserve, shred, spread, stuff, whip

1. Do not forget to _____ your mayonnaise before you make potato salad.

2. During the repair works, our deep-_____ ran on its battery.

3. He cut a few carrots into tiny _____ before he added them to the salad.

4. I asked the butcher to _____ the chicken into six pieces.

5. I generally boil potatoes without _____ the skin.

6. She _____ a thin layer of dough on the pie.

7. We _____ the chicken with herbs and vegetables before we put it in the oven.

8. We had strawberry _____ for breakfast.

E3

edible, raw, stale

1. What is the difference between edible and eatable?

2. What is the difference between raw and crude?

3. What is the difference between stale and rough?

E4

delicious, spicy, tasteless, tawdry

1. flat, dull
2. savoury, hot

3. superficial

4. tasty, delicate

E5

ingredient, recipe

- What is the difference between ingredient and recipe?

F. PLACES AND PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD AND DRINK

F1

agriculture, agronomy

1. the art or practice of farming, especially of growing crops

2. the scientific study of soil and growing of crops

F2

brewery, crops, estate, field, grain, harvest, orchard, patch, yield

1. cropping, gathering

2. garden for fruit trees

3. harvest, graze

4. land, province

5. making beer

6. product

7. realty, property

8. seed of cereal

9. small area for growing vegetables

F3

arid, barren

- What is the difference between arid and barren?

F4

arable, cultivate, fertile, fruitful, productive

1. Arable _____ (land/soil)

2. The land is suitable for _____ CULTIVATE

3. This soil is completely useless; it is _____. FERTILE

4. He gained nothing; his efforts were _____. FRUITFUL

5. He gained nothing; his efforts were _____. PRODUCTIVE

F5

grow, plough, sow

1. dig, till

2. scatter, seed

3. sprout; cultivate

F6

barn, dairy, graze, manure, pasture

1. feed on grass

2. festilizer

3. field, meadow

4. place for milk products

5. stable, livery, shelter

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. In the middle of the desert, they found a refreshing spring.

A) hot B) dry C) sandy D) cooling

2. Having fasted for five days, the woman was starving.

A) famished B) prudent C) circumspect D) heedless

3. In some countries, fish is eaten raw.

A) marinated B) fresh C) rotten D) uncooked

4. If the crops are not irrigated soon, the harvest will be sparse.

A) watered B) ploughed C) fertilized D) planted

5. The Titanic lies buried in its aqueous tomb.

A) watery B) subterranean C) glorious D) unknown

6. William Shakespeare was a prolific writer.

A) productive B) famous C) esteemed D) celebrated

7. Great art is characterized by its ability to invigorate the senses with its power.

A) absorb B) control C) refresh D) expand

8. Chinese cuisine specializes in rice dishes.

A) delicacies B) cooking C) chefs D) gourmet

9. According to Carl Sagan, the Earth is a tiny and fragile world that needs to be
cherished.

A) explored B) valued C) unified D) developed

10. Great art is characterized by its ability to invigorate the senses with its power.

A) absorb B) control C) refresh D) expand

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

11. FEELINGS, EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND SENSATIONS

A. FEELING AND BEHAVIOUR GENERALLY

A1

experience, impulse, instinct, sentimental

1. encountering; knowledge

2. impelling force, inspiration

3. inborn sense or feeling

4. romantic, emotional

A2

enjoy, feel, lust, sense

1. His personal _____ is more important than anything else. ENJOY

2. Insects have two or more _____ to sense the environment. FEEL

3. He was expelled from the group due to his _____ behaviour. LUST

4. He didn't even have a look at the patient; he was quite _____. SENSE

A3

mood, morale, temper

1. The adjective form of the word mood is _____.

2. What is the difference between moral and morale?

3. Compare temper, temperate, temperament and temperature.

A4

attitude, emotion, sensation

1. feeling, consciousness

2. feeling, sense; agitation

3. manner, temperament

A5

care, desire, despair, fancy, hope, long, urge, want, will, wish
1. Would you care ____ a drink?

2. Our team is _____ for a real success. DESIRE

3. She was _____ great despair.

4. He is looking for a pirate costume for a fancy _____ party.

5. This is a _____ case; it is impossible to rescue our money. HOPE

6. I'm longing _____ a long holiday.

7. His demand to be given a pay rise was very _____. URGE

8. We are _____ want of currency at present.

9. Giving up smoking requires _____. WILL

10. Peace on earth? This is only _____ thinking. WISH

A6

lack, miss, need, request, require, resign

1. The noun form for the verb lack is _____.

2. The adjective form for the verb miss is _____.

3. The adjective form for the verb need is _____.

4. The noun form for the verb request is _____.

5. The noun form for the verb require is _____.

6. When resign means surrender, its noun form is _____

A7

desperate, optimism, pessimism

1. cynicism, melancholy

2. frantic; hopeless

3. hopefulness, confidence

A8

bear, endure, stand, suffer, tolerate

1. When things became _____, he left the country. BEAR

2. Finally, our _____ gave in when we heard the defeat. ENDURE

3. I really _____ stand him. He is so thoughtless!

4. They killed the horse to end its _____. SUFFER

5. My father is so _____ that he will accept anything. TOLERATE

A9

conform, misbehave, obedience, patronize

1. He is a real _____; he is a man for all seasons. CONFORM

2. Due to his _____, he failed and had to repeat a whole semester. MISBEHAVE

3. When you are in the army, you are expected to be _____. OBEDIENCE

4. My roommate is so _____ that I'm thinking of moving to another flat. PATRONIZE

A10

act, behave, treat

1. I have no obligation to explain my _____. ACT

2. His _____ was quite provoking. BEHAVE

3. Her _____ of the matter was so skilful that I was astounded. TREAT

A11

impartial, neutral, objective, prejudice, subjective

1. When you act as a go-between, ______ is very important. IMPARTIAL

2. They are trying to _____ those chemical weapons in Iraq. NEUTRAL

3. I'm afraid he treats his students' papers with strict _____. OBJECTIVE

4. A _____ idea is often a cause for dispute. PREJUDICE

5. He lost his _____ when he realized that our cause was reasonable. SUBJECTIVE

B. LIKING AND NOT LIKING

B1

appeal, attract, captivate, charm, concern, fascinate, fond, glamour, tempt

1. His ideas are generally quite _____. APPEAL

2. What an _____ girl she is! ATTRACT

3. The tribe leader is being held _____ in the town jail. CAPTIVATE

4. A holiday in the middle of winter is simply a _____ idea. CHARM

5. I'm very _____ about the future of our town. CONCERN

6. A fair is often a _____ for children. FASCINATE

7. My _____ of her grew when I saw her help the poor. FOND

8. The holiday was_______! GLAMOUR

9. He couldn't resist _____ and went our to play football. TEMPT

B2

affection, attachment, passion

1. My mother is very _____ towards us. AFFECTION

2. He carefully _____ his CV to the application letter. ATTACHMENT

3. He sings his songs with _____ love. PASSION

B3

adore, favour, interest, prefer, suit

1. admire, love, be fond of

2. agree with, adapt

3. appeal, fascinate

4. favour, choose

5. prefer

B4

abhor, alienate, detest, disgust, dislike, hate, loathe, repel

1. abhor X a) detest b) disgust c) adore

2. alienate X a) connect b) divide c) disunite

3. detest X a) hate b) loathe c) admire

4. dislike = a) delight b) condemn c) disrelish

5. disgust X a) nauseate b) esteem c) repel

6. hate X a) abhor b) scorn c) adorn

7. loathe X a) detest b) appreciate c) despise

8. repel X a) attract b) offend c) revolt

B5

ghastly, revolting, ugly, unsightly

- ghastly revolting unsightly ugly X appe_____ ; X att_____

B6

beautiful, elegance, enticing, good-looking, graceful, lovely, picturesque, popular, pretty,

striking

1. The verb form of the word beautiful is _____.

2. The adjective form of the word elegance is _____.

3. The noun form of the word enticing is _____.

4. The term good-looking is synonymous to p_____ or h_____.

5. The noun form of the word graceful is _____.

6. The word lovely is synonymous to c_____.

7. The word picturesque is synonymous to st_____.

8. The noun form of the word popular is _____.

9. The word pretty is synonymous to b_____ or g_____.

10. The verb form of the word striking is _____.

C. GOOD AND EVIL

C1

excellent, magnificent, pleasant, splendid, superb, superior, supreme, terrific, wonderful

1. The verb form of the word excellent is ex________.

2. The noun form of the word magnificent is ma________.

3. The noun form of the word pleasant is pl________.

4. The noun form of the word splendid is sp________.

5. The word superb is synonymous to be________.

6. The word superior is antonymous to in_______.

7. The noun form of the word supreme is su________.

8. The word terrific is synonymous to su_______.

9. The word wonderful is synonymous to ma__________.

C2

average, decent, fair

1. Each room can hold a large group of students, _____ between 150 to 200. AVERAGE

2. The _____ of his study shocked all of us. DECENT

3. In all _____, I can tell that we will find a way out. FAIR

C3

honour, noble, virtue, worthy

1. It is an _____ deed to be awarded the Nobel Prize. HONOUR

2. Until the second half of the 20th century, _____ was very important. NOBLE

3. He was very _____ when he tried to persuade his son. VIRTUE

4. Is it _____ a try? WORTHY

C4

depravity, dreadful, evil, formidable, horrible, mischief, nasty, naughty, obscene, selfish,
sinister, terrible, wicked, wrong

1. The verb form of the word depravity is _____ and its preposition is _____.

2. The verb form of the word dreadful is _____.

3. A person who does evil is an _____.

4. The word formidable is antonymous to ple______.

5. The verb form of the word horrible is _____.

6. The adjective form of the word mischief is _____.

7. The noun form of the word nasty is _____. .

8. The noun form of the word naughty is _____.

9. The noun form of the word obscene is _____.

10. The noun form of the word selfish is _____.

11. The adjective form of the word sinister is sinister-_____.

12. The verb form of the word terrible is _____.

13. The noun form of the word wicked is _____.

14. An adjective form of the word wrong is _____.

C5

conscience, conscientious, duty, moral

1. devoted; careful

2. good, upright, conscientious

3. mind; being

4. obligation, liability

D. HAPPINESS AND SADNESS

D1

delight, delighted, glad, happy, joy, merry, pleasure, well-being

1. Delight = pl________.

2. Delighted = pl_______.

3. Glad = con_________.

4. Happy X de________.

5. Joy = de_________.

6. Merry = jo_______.

7. Pleasure = en_________.

8. Well-being = he______.

D2

please, rejoice, satisfy

1. The adjective form of the word please is _________.

2. The word rejoice is synonymous to ce_________.

3. The noun form of the word satisfy is ___________.

D3

grateful, gratitude, thankful

Grateful = thankful

- Gratitude = gr_______ness

D4

miserable, touching
1. The noun form of the word miserable is ________.

2. The word touching is synonymous to sen_________.

D5

depressed, sad, unhappy, wistful

1. The noun form of the word depressed is _________.

2. The noun form of the word sad is _______.

3. The noun form of the word unhappy is _______.

4. The noun form of the word wistful is _______.

D6

grief, mourn, pity, regret, remorseful, sorrow

1. The adjective form of the word grief is __________.

2. The word mourn is synonymous to la______.

3. The adjective form of the word pity is _______.

4. The adjective form of the word regret is _______.

5. The word remorseful is synonymous to re________.

6. The noun form of the word sorrow is _______.

D7

agitate, bewilder, concerned, confuse, depress, nervous, worry

1. Before a test, it is normal to feel a bit _____.

2. Don't you ______ about the expenses. I'll pay for everything.

3. His answer was so complex that it _____ my mind.

4. The heavy and never-ending rain _______ us all.

5. The sudden death of our boss ________ all the staff.

6. These days, parents are rather ________ about their children's TV watching habit.

7. The strange decision of the committee _______ all the staff.

D8

bother, calamity, distress, disturb, upset

1. The verbbother is synonymous to d_______.

2. The noun calamity is synonmous to adv_______.

3. The verb distress is synonymous to b_______.

4. The verb disturb is synonymous to u_______.

5. The verb upset is synonymous to ag_______.

D9

anguish, anxiety

1. The word anguish is synonymous to di_______.

2. The noun form of the word anxiety is ________.

D10

nuisance, trouble

1. The word nuisance is synonymous to an________.

2. The adjective form of the word trouble is ________.

E. ANGER, VIOLENCE, STRESS, CALM AND QUIETNESS

E1

annoy, displease, irritate, peevish, provoke, tease

1. The noun form of the word annoy is _________.

2. The noun form of the word displease is _________.

3. The noun form of the word irritate is _________.

4. The adjective peevish is synonymous to cr_____.

5. The noun form of the word provoke is _________.

6. The adjective form of the word tease is _________.

E2

anger, cross, furious, infuriate, mad, rage

1. The adjective form of the word anger is _________.

2. The word cross is synonymous to comp________.

3. The noun form of the word furious is _________.

4. The noun form of the word infuriate is _________.

5. The noun form of the word mad is _________.

6. The adjective form of the word rage is _________.

E3

argue, quarrel, row

1. What is your _________ about this topic? ARGUE

2. She is quite _________. QUARREL

3. The word row is synonymous to f_______.

E4

disagree, dispute

1. The noun form of the word disagree is _________.

2. The adjective form of the word dispute is _________.

E5

aggression, cruel, fierce, murderous, violence, wild

1. The adjective form of the word aggression is _________.

2. The noun form of the word cruel is _________.

3. The adjective form of the word fierce is _________.

4. The word murderous is synonymous to de________.

5. The adjective form of the word violence is _________.

6. The noun form of the word wild is _________.

F. FEAR AND COURAGE

F1

afraid, alarm, dread, fear, fright, horrify, panic, petrify, scare, terrify, terrorize

1. The noun form of the word afraid is _________.

2. The adjective form of the word alarm is _________.

3. The adjective form of the word dread is _________.

4. The adjective form of the word fear is _________.

5. The verb form of the word fright is _________.

6. The noun form of the word horrify is _________.

7. The adjective form of the word panic is _________.

8. The adjective form of the word petrify is _________.

9. The adjective form of the word scare is _________.

10. The noun form of the word terrify is _________.

11. The adjective form of the word terrorize is _________.

F2

embarrassed, ashamed, reticent, shy, timid

1. The noun form of the word embarrassed is _________.

2. The noun form of the word ashamed is _________.

3. The word reticent is synonymous to res_______.

4. The noun form of the word shy is _________.

5. The word timid is synonymous to co_______.

F3

appall, shock

- Appall = shock. Their adjective forms end in - ___.

F4

bold, brave, courage, coward, daring, nerve, reckless

1. The noun form of the word bold is _________.

2. The noun form of the word brave is _________.

3. The adjective form of the word courage is _________.

4. The adjective form of the word coward is _________.

5. The verb form of the word daring is _________.

6. The adjective form of the word nerve is _________.

7. The noun form of the word reckless is _________.

F5

boast, hero, risk, venture

1. After his great success, he was very _____. BOAST

2. She is a real ______. HERO

3. What you did was quite _____. RISK

4. He wouldn't ________ far from his mother's door. VENTURE

F6

firm, obstinate, rude, stubborn

1. The Government should _______ firm against the terrorists' demands.

2. He is as obstinate as a _______.

3. This was all because of his rude_____.

4. He is as stubborn as a _______.

G. ADMIRATION, PRIDE, CONTEMPT, AND ABUSE

G1

admire, appreciate, esteem, glorify, respect

1. I have great _____ for him. ADMIRE

2. I have great ______ towards them. APPRECIATE

3. He is a highly ______ person. ESTEEM

4. He returned home with great _____. GLORIFY

5. He is a _____ businessman. RESPECT

G2

arrogance, haughty, humble, impressive, pride, promising, splendour

1. If you have arrogance, you are a_______. .

2. If you are haughty, you are ar______.

3. If you are humble, you are not bo_______.

4. If something is impressive, you are i________ by it.

5. If you have pride in something, you are p_______ of it.

6. If something or someone is promising, it/he/she can expect a good f______.

7. If something is full of splendour, it is sp______.

G3

condemn, contempt, humiliate, insult, offend

1. The word condemn is synonymous to den______.

2. The word contempt is synonymous to sc______.

3. The word humiliate is synonymous to deg______.

4. The word insult is synonymous to off______.

5. The word offend is synonymous to irr______.

G4

disappoint, disgrace, insolent, shame

1. The noun form of the word disappoint is _________.

2. The adjective form of the word disgrace is _________.

3. The noun form of the word insolent is _________.

4. The adjective form of the word shame is _________.

H. KINDNESS AND UNKINDNESS

H1

beneficial, benevolent, considerate, generous, helpful, kind, tender

1. We need to _______ from the situation. BENEFICIAL

2. In some religions, several gods are believed to have _______ BENEVOLENT

3. He gave great ________ onto the matter before he made up his mind. CONSIDERATE

4. What he really lacks is _______! GENEROUS

5. I have nothing to do in this situation! I'm _______. HELPFUL

6. He showed great _______. KIND

7. I have a feeling of great ________ for you. TENDER

H2

human, humane

1. kind, civilized

2. mortal

H3

charity, consideration, console, humanity, sympathize

1. The adjective form of the word charity is _________.

2. The adjective form of the word consideration is _________.

3. The noun form of the word console is _________.

4. The verb form of the word humanity is _________.

5. The adjective form of the word sympathize is _________.

H4

aggrieved, malice, ruthless, sour, spiteful, vicious

1. The word aggrieved stems from the noun g_____.

2. The word malice is synonymous to h_______.

3. The word ruthless is synonymous to me_____less.

4. The word sour is synonymous to cr_______.

5. The word spiteful is synonymous to bad-t_______.

6. The word vicious is synonymous to co____pt and mal____ous.

H5

greed, miser

1. lust, passion

2. tightwad, cheapstake

H6

avenge, envious, jealous, merciless, resent, revenge, sullen, vengeance

1. The word avenge is synonymous to _________ in the word list.

2. The word envious is similar in meaning to ________ in the word list.

3. The word jealous is synonymous to gr_______.

4. The word merciless is synonymous to r______less

5. The word resent is synonymous to di______.

6. The word revenge is synonymous to vin_______.

7. The word sullen is synonymous to mo______.

8. The word vengeance is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

I. HONESTY, LOYALTY, TRICKERY, AND DECEIT

I1

candid, confident, frank, genuine, gullible, honest, sincere, trustworthy, truthful

1. The word candid is synonymous to ge______.

2. The noun form of the word confident is _________.

3. The noun form of the word frank is _________.

4. The word genuine is synonymous to aut_________.

5. The word gullible is synonymous to cre____us.

6. The noun form of the word honest is _________.

7. The noun form of the word sincere is _________.

8. The word trustworthy is synonymous to de_______able.

9. The noun form of the word truthful is _________.

I2

blunt, confidential, explicit, implicit, overt

1. If someone is blunt, this person is uncivil or d_____.

2. If something is confidential, it is s_______.

3. If something is explicit, it is cl______.

4. If something is implicit, it is im_____ed.

5. If something is overt, it is straight________.

I3

cunning, innocent, naive, sly

1. The word cunning is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

2. The word innocent is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

I4

allegiance, constant, faith, loyal

1. The word allegiance is synonymous to the word s______t.

2. The noun form of the word constant is _________.

3. The adjective form of the word faith is _________.

4. The noun form of the word loyal is _________.

I5

betray, depend, rely on/upon, treacherous, trust

1. We'll never forgive his _______. BETRAY

2. Is he really ________? Can we trust him? DEPEND

3. She proved to be very _______. RELY

4. He is famous for his _______. TREACHEROUS

5. She proved to be very _________. TRUST

I6

deceit, fool, liar, mislead, pretend

1. The adjective form of the word deceit is _________.

2. The verb form of the word fool is _________.

3. The word liar stems from the word _____.

4. The adjective form of the word mislead is _________.

5. The noun form of the word pretend is _________.

I7

disloyal, treacherous

1. The word disloyal is synonymous to fa____less.

2. The word treacherous is synonymous to unre________.

I8

conspiracy, plot, secret, subterfuge, stuck, stranded, trap, trick

1. The verb form of the word conspiracy is _________.

2. The word plot is synonymous to pl______.

3. The noun form of the word secret is _________.

4. The word subterfuge is synonymous to ma_________.

5. The word stuck is the past participle form of the verb _____.

6. The word stranded is synonmous to aba_______ed.

7. The adjective form of the word trap is _________.

8. Another word for the word trick is tr_______.

I9

conceal, disguise, hide

1. The word conceal is synonymous to ________ in the word list.

2. The word disguise is synonymous to ca________.

I10

expose, reveal, uncover

1. The word expose is synonymous to dis______.

2. The word reveal is synonymous to s________.

3. The word uncover is synonymous to ________ in the word list.

J. RELAXATION, EXCITEMENT, INTEREST, AND SURPRISE

J1

calm, comfort, ease, patience, peace, placid, quiet, serene, tranquillity

1. The noun form of the word calm is _________.

2. The opposite form of the word comfort is _________.

3. The adjective form of the word ease is _________.

4. The opposite form of the word patience is _________.

5. The adjective form of the word peace is _________.

6. The word placid is synonymous to tr_______il.

7. The verb form of the word quiet is _________.

8. The noun form of the word serene is _________.

9. The adjective form of the word tranquillity is _________.

J2

excite, exhilarate, inspire, relax, stimulate, thrill

1. The noun form of the word excite is _________.

2. The noun form of the word exhilarate is _________.

3. The noun form of the word incpire is _________.

4. The noun form of the word relax is _________.

5. The noun form of the word stimulate is _________.

6. The noun form of the word thrill is _________.

J3

ardent, ardour, enthusiasm, zeal

1. The word ardent is synonymous to ea______.

2. The word ardour is synonymous to ________ is the word list.

3. The opposite of the word enthusiasm is in_________.

4. The word zeal is synonymous to ________ in the word list.

J4

avid, desirous, eager, keen

1. The word avid is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

2. The word desirous is synonymous to a______ous.

3. The word eager is synonymous to en________.

4. The word keen is synonymous to en________.

J5

curiosity, frenzy, frustrate, hysteria, nosy, sensitive, stress, tense

1. If you have curiosity, you are _______.

2. If you have frenzy, you are _______.

3. If something frustrates you, you are _______.

4. If you are in hysteria, you are _________.

5. If you are nosy, you are cu_______.

6. If you are sensitive, you have ________.

7. If you are full of stress, you are ________.

8. If you are tense, you are _______ up.

J6

apathy, boredom, monotonous, tedious

1. The word apathy is synonymous to listlessness and in________. -

2. The word boredom is synonymous to ________ in the word list.

3. The word monotonous is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

4. The word tedious is synonymous to bu_____some.

J7

amaze, astonish, astound, enigma, perplex, startle, surprise, taken aback

amaze/astonish/astound/puzzle/startle/surprise (n/v)

amaze/astonish/astound/perplex/puzzle/startle/surprise + -ing/-ed (adj)

- The term taken aback is synonymous to _________.

J8

marvel, wonder

1. The adjective form of the word marvel is ________.

2. The adjective form of the word wonder is ________.

J9

enigma, miracle, mystery

1. The adjective form of the word enigma is ________.

1. The adjective form of the word miracle is ________.

2. The adjective form of the word mystery is ________.

K. ACTIONS OF THE FACE RELATED TO FEELINGS

K1

blush, chuckle, giggle, grin, laugh, smile

1. When you blush, your face becomes _______ in colour.

2. When you chuckle, you are either su______ or dis_______.

3. When you giggle, you l____ quickly.

4. When you grin, you smile to show your t_____h to people.

5. The noun form of the word laugh is _______.

6. When you smile, you don't open your m______.

K2

frown, groan, moan, mock, ridicule, scowl, snarl, sneer

1. The word frown is synonymous to gri______.

2. The word groan is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

3. The word moan is synonymous to la_______.

4. The word mock is synonymous to ________ in the word list.

5. The word ridicule is synonymous to s______ in the word list.

6. The word scowl is synonymous to fr______.

7. The word snarl is synonymous to ________ in the word list.

8. The word sneer is synonymous to cr_________.

K3

cry, weep

- To weep is to cry ______ly.

L. SENSES AND SENSATIONS

L1

contact, tangible, tap, touch

1. The word contact is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

2. The word tangible is synonymous to ______able.

3. When you tap someone on the shoulder, you use the tip of your _______.

4. The word touch is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

L2

audible, auditory, sensory

1. If something is audible, you can _____ it.

2. The word auditory to synonymous to _______ in the word list.

3. The word sensory is synonymous to f______.

L3

eye, face, gape, notice, observe

1. When you eye something, you ______ at it.

2. When you face something, you en________ it.

3. When you gape, you look with your ______ open.

4. When you notice something, you become _______ of it.

5. When you observe something, you de______ it.

L4

scan, sightsee, spot, watch, witness

1. The word scan is synonymous to sc_______.

2. The noun form of the word sightsee is ________.

3. The word spot is synonymous to de_______.

4. The word watch is synonymous to ob_______.

5. If you see something as a witness, you are an ____witness.

L5

gaze, glance, glimpse, peer, stare

1. look for a long time

2. look steadily for a long time

3. look very hard, usually because it is very difficult to see

4. look very quickly and look away immediately

5. see very briefly and not clearly

L6

sight, vision, visual

1. The verb form of the word sight is ______.

2. The word vision is synonymous to ______ in the word list.

3. The verb form of the word visual is ______.

L7

apparent, clear, obvious, prominent, visible

1. The verb form of the word apparent is _______.

2. The verb form of the word clear is _______.

3. The word obvious is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

4. The word prominent is synonymous to ma_____.

5. The opposite of the word visible is ________.

L8

alert, cautious

1. The word alert is synonymous to aw____.

2. The noun form of the word cautious is ________.

L9
dense, opaque, transparent

1. The noun form of the word dense is _______.

2. The word opaque is synonymous to _____-transparent.

3. The noun form of the word transparent is ________.

L10

hear, noise, overhear, sound, voice

1. If you have problem with your hearing, you are _____ of hearing.

2. The adjective form of the word noise is _______.

3. When you overhear something, you hear it by _____.

4. The verb form of the word sound is _______.

5. The verb form of the word voice is _______.

L11

aloud, loud, silence

1. What is difference between aloud and loud?

2. The verb form of the word silence is _______.

L12

pop, rattle, ring, roar, toll

1. a sharp sound of a balloon bursting or a cork being pulled out of a bottle

2. a very loud noise

3. ring slowly and repeatedly

4. the sound made by a bell

5. to make a series of short, regular knocking sounds because it is being shaken or it is hitting
against something hard

L13

fragrance, odour, scent, smell, stink

1. a pleasant smell

2. a strong smell

3. a sweet, pleasant smell

4. smell extremely unpleasant

5. the effect that something has on the nose as a sense

L14

acrid, delicious, flavour, savour, taste

1. The word acrid is synonymous to bi_____.

2. The word delicious is synonymous to ta_____.

3. The word flavour is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

4. The word savour is synonymous to _______ in the word list.

5. The word taste is synonymous to ta_____.

L15

bitter, sweet

1. acrid, piercing

2. sugary, pleasant

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Ammonia is a chemical with a penetrating odour.

A) smell B) flavour C) sting D) burn

2. When frost appears on a window, it often has a delicate and curious pattern.

A) special B) strange C) fine D) cute

3. The actress had to raise her voice in order to be audible in the balcony.

A) musical B) dramatic C) heard D) appreciated

4. Dictators do not tolerate opposition of any kind.

A) understand B) permit C) justify D) execute

5. She was overcome by chagrin at the check-out counter when she discovered she had
left her wallet at home.

A) anger B) poverty C) challenge D) embarrassment

6. Apathy toward his studies prevented his graduation.

A) Indirection B) Indifference C) Indecision D) Indication

7. Although he knew she had work to do, he tried to entice her to go the beach.

A) trace B) enervate C) tempt D) thrice

8. We supported the chairman's budget plan ardently.

A) expertly B) zealously C) ardously D) entirely

9. She left explicit instructions regarding her burial.

A) vague B) exciting C) irregular D) clear

10. He was careful not to incur too many bills for us to pay.

A) inquire B) pay C) acquire D) change

 SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

12. THOUGHT

A. THINKING, JUDGING AND REMEMBERING

A1
intellect, mentality, mind, thought
1. What I need is _____ discussions. INTELLECT
2. She has _____ disability. MENTALITY
3. She is very absent-_____; she keeps forgetting things. MIND
4. You are so _____! Thank you! THOUGHT
A2
contemplate, reason, solve, think, work out
1. She peered down at him in deep _____. CONTEMPLATE
2. The points he makes are _____ and logical. REASON
3. What is the _____ to this problem? SOLVE
4. High _____ and high anger cannot be together. THINK
5. Is the solution really _____? WORK OUT
A3
deliberate, meditate
1. After long _____, he decided to accept the offer. DELIBERATE
2. We caught him in deep _____. MEDITATE
A4
ponder, reflect, speculate
1. We've had to accomplish a _____ task. PONDER
2. This is to be given thorough _____. REFLECT
3. His _____ did not become real. SPECULATE
A5
consideration, deliberation
1. He is _____ to be the real director of the firm. CONSIDERATION
2. I'm sure it was a _____ action; he can't have made it accidentally. DELIBERATION
A6
abstract, coherent, philosophy, rational
1. _____ like love, hatred and greed are difficult to explain to a foreign language learner.
ABSTRACT
2. If you add this sentence, the paragraph will lose its _____. COHERENT
3. He loves making long, _____ speeches. PHILOSOPHY
4. What you say is utterly _____ and unacceptable. RATIONAL
A7
conceive, imagine, reckon, regard
1. We tried every _____ way to convince him. CONCEIVE
2. Because he lacks _____, he can never be a writer. IMAGINE
3. If you give it a bit of ____, you will see my point. RECKON
4. He _____ our warnings and went out to swim in the dangerous lake. REGARD
A8
fancy, suppose
1. He has _____ ideas. FANCY
2. Mine is simply a _____. SUPPOSE
A9
assume, guess
1. The _____ that there will be global warming is a real nightmare. ASSUME
2. What do I have in my hand? Make a _____! GUESS
A10
concept, idea
- What is the difference between idea and concept?
A11
impression, insight, intuition
1. feeling, anticipation
2. idea, concept, perception
3. understanding, recognition, perception
A12
aspect, notion, opinion, theory, viewpoint
1. appearance; attitude
2. belief, assumption; address
3. hypothesis, philosophy
4. opinion, conception; whim
5. perspective, angle
A13
conclude, deduce, induce, infer
1. In _____, we decided to check the order again. CONCLUDE
2. His ____ was misleading and wrong. DEDUCE
3. Here, we use _____ method of teaching. INDUCE
4. You can make _____ from what he said. INFER
A14
analyse, arbitrate, criticize, review
1. After a thorough _____, we realized that an integral circuit was broken. ANALYSE
2. He _____ accepted the offer. ARBITRATE
3. I don't want to hear this _____ of him. CRITICIZE
4. A _____ of my latest novel appeared in a small magazine. REVIEW
A15
assess, evaluate, interpret, judge
1. Testing is an _____ technique. ASSESS
2. This needs to be given a bit of _____. EVALUATE
3. He made a big mistake and _____ the dog's behaviour. INTERPRET
4. His _____ is generally correct. JUDGE
A16
ascribe, attribute
Ascribe is synonymous to attribute. The noun form of the verb attribute is synonymous to p_ _ _ _ _
_y and c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ic.
A17
accept, believe, credible, credit
1. Such a small error is _____. ACCEPT
2. His nasty behaviour was _____! BELIEVE
3. It is _____ how fast she can run! CREDIBLE
4. He is a _____ member of our club. CREDIT
A18
anticipate, expect
1. Anticipate is synonymous to fore_ _ _ _ and fore_ _ _.
2. Expect is synonymous to anticipate, h_ _ _ for, co_ _ _ _ _ _ _te.
A19
basis, incentive, inspire, intention, mean, motivate
1. His argument did not have a sound _______. BASIS
2. The word incentive is synonymous to ob_ _ _ _ _ve.
3. The noun form of the word inspire is _________.
4. I believe that her behaviour was not accidental; it was completely _______. INTENTION
5. This word does not look correct; it is totally _______. MEAN
6. Because he didn't have essential _______, he lost the match. MOTIVATE
A20
forget, recall, recollect, remember, remind
1. If you forget things again and again, you are forget_ _ _.
2. Recall is the opposite of _ _ _ _ _ _.
3. Your memories are your recollect_ _ _s.
4. The noun form of the verb remember is rememb_ _ _ _.
5. A piece of note that reminds you of something is a remind_ _.
A21
omit, overlook
1. exclude, leave out
2. ignore, neglect; forgive
A22
oblivion
- The word oblivion is synonymous to for_ _ _ _ _ _ness.
A23
celebrity, fame, famous, notorious, renown
1. celebrity, reputation
2. fame, reputation
3. infamous
4. notable, renown
5. prominent, eminent, famed
A24
distinguished, outstanding
The opposite of distinguished is c_ _ _ _n, and the opposite of outstanding is c_ _ _ _ _p_ _ _e.
A25
notable, noteworthy, well-known
1. If something is notable, it is also note_ _ _ _ _y.
2. The word noteworthy is opposite in meaning to _ _significant.
3. Well-known is synonymous to famous, famed, pro_ _ _ _ _t.
B. KNOWING AND LEARNING
B1
acclaim, comprehend, dawn on, memorize, perceive, realize, recognize
1. Acclaim (n) = re_ _ _ _ _ _ion
2. Comprehend (v) compre_ _ _ _ _ _ _ (n)
3. "It suddenly dawned on him that he'd made a mistake" means "He suddenly ______ that he'd
made a mistake."
4. Memorize (v) memor_ _ _ _ _ (n)
5. Perceive (v) perce_ _ _ _ _ (n)
6. Realize (v) realiz_ _ _ _ _ (n)
7. Recognize (v) recog_ _ _ _ _ _ (n)
B2
educate, instruct, teach, train
1. He is highly-____________. EDUCATE
2. He is very well ____________. INSTRUCT
3. He attended language _________ courses and received a certificate. TEACH
4. He is attending teacher __________ courses. TRAIN
B3
consciousness, knowledge
- The opposite of the word consciousness is

un
dis consciousness
in
B4
aware, civilized, learned, training
1. He suddenly attacked the man and caught him _________. AWARE
2. Western _________ owes a lot to ancient Egypt. CIVILIZED
3. Language _________ can be a cumbersome process. LEARNED
4. We need _________ people; qualification is essential in our firm. TRAINING
B5
apt, clever, ingenious, shrewd, smart, subtle
1. Apt means in_ _ _ _ed, app_ _ _ _ _ _te or com_ _ _ _nt.
2. Clever means intelligent, s_ _ _t, b_ _ _ _t, gi_ _ed.
3. What is the difference between ingenious and genius?
4. When it bears a negative meaning, shrewd is synonymous to s_ _, tr_ _ _y.
5. Smart is the opposite of s_ _ _ _d.
6. The noun form of the word subtle is _______.
B6
bright, brilliant
1. Bright (adj) _________ (n)
2. Brilliant (adj) _________ (n)
B7
cautious, judicious, prudent
1. A cautious person acts with ca_ _ _ _ _.
2. A judicious person is prudent, pr_____al and s___ible.
3. A prudent person has pru_ _ _ _ _.
B8
discreet, genius, tactful, wise
1. Discreet is synonymous to pru_ _ _ _.
2. A genius is ta_ _ _ _ed.
3. Tactful is synonymous to att___ive.
4. A wise person has wis_ _ _.
B9
clear, intelligible
1. Clear (adj) _________ (n)
2. Intelligible means s_ _e, rea_ _ _ _ble, und_ _ _ _ _ _ _able.
B10
able, capable, gifted, proficient
1. Able (adj) _________ (n)
2. Capable (adj) _________ (n)
3. Gifted is synonymous to ta_ _ _ _ed.
4. Proficient (adj) _________ (n)
B11
ability, aptitude, competence, merit, skill
1. Ability X ___ability
2. Aptitude = fa_ _ _ _y, talent
3. Competence (n) _________ (adj)
4. Merit is synonymous to w_ _ _h, v_ _ _e.
5. Skill (n) _________ (adj)
B12
facility, resource
1. Facility generally means ma_ _ _ _ery, tool, eq_ _ _ _ent.
2. What is the difference between source and resource?
B13
absent-minded, absurd, awkward, clumsy, dumb, ignorant, retarded, silly, slow, stupid
1. Absent-minded = for_ _ _ _ _ _
2. Absurd (adj) _________ (n)
3. Clumsy (adj) _________ (n)
4. Dumb (adj) _________ (n)
5. Ignorant (adj) _________ (n)
6. Retarded = back_ _ _ _
7. Silly (adj) _________ (n)
8. A person can be slow _________ (on / in) learning.
9. Stupid (adj) _________ (n)
B14
crazy, insane, lunacy, mad, morbidity, normality, sane, unbalanced
1. __________ can sometimes be irritating. CRAZY
2. __________ is difficult to cure. INSANE
3. This is complete __________! MAD
4. He is quite _________. MORBIDITY
5. He is very strange and ________. NORMALITY
6. He has not regained his ________ after the incident. SANE
7. The word unbalanced is similar in meaning to mad_ _ _ _ _.

Exercise
Find synonym for the underlined word.
1. Vincent Van Gogh is renowned for his post-impressionist painting.
A) regarded B) applauded C) accomplished D) famous
2. William Faulkner, a brilliant American novelist, was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in
literature.
A) intelligent B) starry C) captive D) well-known
3. The central part of Turkey is noted for its production of wheat.
A) applauded for B) informed of C) known for D) described by
4. A domineering husband, he is the stereotype of a male chauvinist.
A) musician B) opposite C) fixed concemption D) disagreeable type
5. I am not ingenious enough to invent a video game.
A) studious B) clever C) glorious D) indigenous
6. Einstein was a brilliant mathematician.
A) shining B) very intelligent C) famous D) foreign
7. The teacher was amazed by the students' versatility in handling the computer.
A) verse B) enthusiasm C) variety of skills D) version
8. She was graceful and never moved awkwardly.
A) smoothly B) clumsily C) merrily D) gracefully
9. I think your decision to buy the house was judicious.
A) wise B) extravagant C) careful D) joyful
10. A good teacher must establish rapport with his or her students.
A) report B) acquaintance C) understanding D) conversation

Exercise (Unit 7-12)

1. He is a real fanatic of his team and he is almost ..... about the footballers there.
A) bored B) impassive C) opposite D) passionate E) silent
2. He has always been a thoroughly ..... supporter of his team and watches every one of their
matches.
A) avid B) genuine C) infamous D) quick E) sacred
3. They are planning to send more police forces to the part of the city where a certain ..... has
arisen recently as a reaction to increases in prices.
A) disaster B) distribution C) disturbance D) division E) interruption
4. Racial ..... is still a big handicap for many people throughout the world.
A) advantages B) eagerness C) kindness D) prejudice E) prevention
5. She is such a ..... person that she will always tell the truth.
A) legal B) secure C) shrewd D) sincere E) sinful
6. Thanks to your ....., we have finally managed to complete the hospital building.
A) cash B) generosity C) hostility D) meanness E) misery
7. His behaviour was very ..... and therefore nobody helped him.
A) offensive B) polite C) quiet D) reported E) tender
8. The rents being so high, I have no option but ..... my flat with a person.
A) equalize B) hire C) minimize D) share E) swap
9. As he was still under the effect of the anaesthesia given before the operation, Peter's speech
lacked ..... .
A) coherence B) conviction C) elegance D) randomness E) vocabulary
10. In Shakespeare's play, Romeo expresses his ..... and deep love for Juliet in a poetic way.
A) ardent B) brief C) lethal D) mortal E) temporary
11. Because sunlight ..... off the road, most drivers need to wear sunglasses.
A) angles B) appears C) crashes D) reflects E) splashes
12. Because we ..... the first scene of the play, I didn't understand the plot.
A) curtained B) discovered C) longed D) missed E) wondered
13. Whenever I hear something embarrassing, I feel my face burning hot and I naturally ..... .
A) bend B) blush C) bow D) faint E) weep
14. The pizza we ordered from the corner shop was utterly ..... and we all suffered from stomach
ache later.
A) delicate B) delicious C) expensive D) indigestible E) uncooked
15. He is such a ..... driver that he has had three accidents within a week.
A) cautious B) listless C) reckless D) respectful E) sober
16. After the ..... suggestion he made at the conference, all he could receive was a burst of laugh
from the audience.
A) absurd B) bold C) delicate D) intelligent E) serious
17. While some children can grasp a huge chunk of information, others can ..... only a little at a
time.
A) absorb B) forget C) realize D) reject E) transmit
18. He achieved a ..... success and his name was a household one within a night.
A) reasonable B) seeming C) sensational D) sensible E) sensitive
19. The most ..... time in my life was when I went to school in my slippers.
A) convincing B) damaging C) embarrassing D) encouraging E) relaxing
20. Because he ..... his friends in the most bloody battle of the war, he will be tried in court martial.
A) assisted B) abandoned C) abolished D) navigated E) revenged
21. He looked back to see if he'd hit the dog and a moment's ..... caused a terrible accident.
A) diminishing B) dismay C) dispute D) disregard E) distraction
22. Many ships and planes ..... disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle, never to be seen again.
A) invisibly B) mysteriously C) partially D) probably E) reasonably
23. The dogs in this kennel are looked after by such cruel and ..... people that we need to do
something urgently.
A) alien B) benevolent C) elegant D) feeble E) merciless
24. Though she earns very little, she always dresses neatly and ..... .
A) elegantly B) firmly C) placidly D) punctually E) untidily
25. A gambler is a ..... person and you can never trust him.
A) careful B) deceitful C) helpful D) powerful E) remorseful

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

13. COMMUNICATING

A. COMMUNICATING, MAINLY BY SPEAKING AND TALKING

A1

confer, converse, name, pronounce, recite, tell

1. Confer = di_ _ _ _s

2. Converse (v) ___________ (n)

3. He worked for an intelligence service, _______ Mossad. NAME

4. Pronounce (v) ___________ (adj)

5. Recite = na_ _ _ _e

6. A piece of story that you tell can be named as a t_ _ _.

A2

interfere, interrupt

- What is the difference between interfere and interrupt?

A3

chat, interview, talk

1. If a person talks too much, this person is called a chat_ _ _box. CHAT

2. Interview = con_ _ _ _e with

3. If a person talks too much, this person is __________. TALK

A4

advise, communicate, contact, inform, notify, address, lecture

1. Which is the verb: advise or advice?

2. Telephone is a means of ____________. COMMUNICATE

3. Contact (v) ___________ (n)

4. We need more ___________ here. INFORM

5. We haven't yet received the _________. NOTIFY

6. Address (v) ___________ (n)

7. The _________ forgot what he was going to tell in the middle of the seminar. LECTURE

A5

eloquent, speech, utterance

1. He talked with such ________ that we were astounded. ELOQUENT

2. He didn't know what to say; he was _________. SPEECH

3. She didn't ________ a single word throughout the boat trip. UTTERANCE

A6

mumble, mutter, whisper

1. What is the difference between mumble and mutter?

2. Whisper (v) ___________ (n)

A7

comment, express, phrase, remark, statement, word

1. Comment (v) ___________ (n)

2. These books give some useful _________s to use when speaking. EXPRESS

3. "Look forward to" is a ________ verb. PHRASE

4. He made a ________ speech! REMARK

5. His speech was nicely ______. WORD

A8

affirm, aside, assert, attest, declare, state

1. Affirm (v) = de_ _ _ _ _, app_ _ _e.

2. Aside means to one side, but at the same time it may mean mono_ _ _ _ _.

3. Assert = declare, proc_ _ _ _.

4. Attest = _ _ _

5. Declare = an_ _ _ _ _ _

6. Approve = favour, con_ _ _m

A9

allege, announce, claim, demand

1. Allege (v) ___________ (n)

2. Announce (v) ___________ (n)

3. Claim (v) ___________ (n)

4. Demand (v) ___________ (adj)

A10

re-phrase, repeat, restate

1. Rephrase = _ _ _ _phrase

2. Repeat (v) ___________ (n)

3. Restate (v) ___________ (n)

A11

emphasis, highlight, insist, pinpoint, stress, underline

1. He is trying to __________ the importance of his discovery. EMPHASIS

2. She ___________ the basic principles of her method. HIGHLIGHT

3. Why are you so ________? Can't you think of anything else! INSIST

4. At the meeting, they ________ the importance of a budget increase. PINPOINT

5. In English, the first word is __________ in question tags. STRESS

6. I tried to focus on the ____________ points. UNDERLINE

A12

exaggerate, understate

1. Exaggerate (v) = overstate, em_ _ _ _ _ _h

2. Understate (v) = re_ _ _e

A13

account, account for, define, depict, describe, explain

1. This fact is not taken _____ account.

2. Account for = ex_ _ _ _ _

3. What is the _________ for this word? DEFINE

4. Depict (v) _________ (n)

5. I need the exact _________ of the man. DESCRIBE

6. We want an ___________ from the authorities. EXPLAIN

A14

argue, debate, discuss

- Study the difference in meaning: argue (v); debate (v, n); discuss (v)

A15

assure, conviction, convince, plausible, reassure

1. I am asking for an ________. ASSURE

2. Study the difference in meaning between convict (v, n) and conviction (n).

3. His speech was far from being __________. CONVINCE

4. Plausible = cr_ _ _ _le

5. I need your __________ to win this game. REASSURE

A16

dissuade, persuade

Dissuade and persuade are similar in meaning. Dissuade means warn, disco_ _ _ _ _ whereas
persuade means influence, con_ _ _ _ _.

A17

entail, hint, imply, suggest

1. Entail = at_ _ _ _

2. Hint (n) = c_ _ _

3. Imply = in_ _ _ _ _ _

4. Suggest = offer, pr_ _ _ _ _

A18

allude to, bring up, propose

1. intimate, hint, suggest

2. propose, present

3. suggest

A19

citation, mention, quote, raise, refer, reference

1. He is _________ among the most prominent scientists. CITATION

2. This point is worth a _______. MENTION

3. I am collecting famous __________s from famous people. QUOTE

4. What does this word refer ____?

5. In his speech, he made references ______ earlier studies.

A20

answer, ask, enquire, inquire, reply, respond

1. What is the difference between the words answer, reply, and respond?

2. What is the difference between the words ask, enquire, and inquire?
A21

doubt, query, sceptic, suspect

1. It is _______ to say that he will succeed! He is the best! DOUBT

2. He made several ________. QUERY

3. If it goes out of control, _________ may give way to paranoia. SCEPTIC

4. I am really ________ of his motives. SUSPECT

A22

contradict, interrogate, promise

1. Contradict (v) ______________ (n)

2. Interrogate (v) ______________ (n)

3. Promise (v) ______________ (n)

A23

appeal, beg, petition, plea

1. This is quite ___________. APPEAL

2. A _________ stopped me in the middle of the street and asked for money. BEG

3. Petition (v) = req_ _ _ _

4. Plea (n) = appeal, en_ _ _ _ _y

A24

complain, object

- You can complain _______ something and object _______ something.

A25

apologize, excuse, forgive

1. I would like to express my deepest ______es. APOLOGIZE

2. What is your ________ for being late this time? EXCUSE

3. Actually, he is exploiting your _________. FORGIVE

A26

accuse, blame

1. What am I accused _____?

2. I know. I am to blame _____ the accident.

A27

admission, admit

1. What is the difference between admission and admittance?

2. Admit = permit; ac_ _ _ _ _ _ _ge

A28

adopt, confess

1. What is the difference between adopt and adapt?

2. Confess (v) ______________ (n)

A29

commit, oath, pledge, swear, treaty

1. He committed himself ______ his wife.

2. Remember that in the court you will be speaking _____ oath.

3. Pledge = pr_ _ _ _ _

4. I swear ____ God that I'll take my revenge!

5. Treaty = p_ _ _

A30

acknowledge, undertake

1. admit, tell, thank

2. assume, shoulder

A31

blaspheme, curse

- Which of these two words is more closely related with religion: blaspheme or curse?

A32

command, commandment, dictate, obey, order

1. He is the _______ officer of a large troop. COMMAND

2. Moses received Ten __________ from God. COMMANDMENT

3. He dictated everything _____ his secretary.

4. The little boy is very _______; he never listens to his parents. OBEY

5. I don't take _______ from anyone. ORDER

A33

invite, summon

1. call, convene

2. request, ask; tempt

A34

advice, recommend

1. We need to find a legal ________. ADVICE

2. I desperately need your ______________. RECOMMEND

A35

consult, referee, support

1. He is my financial ___________. CONSULT

2. We use referee for football but ______ for basketball.

3. One of the ________ beams crashed and the whole construction collapsed. SUPPORT

A36

admonish, beware, threat, warn

1. Admonish is the opposite of en_ _ _ _ _ge.

2. Beware ____ dog!

3. Do not ________ me! THREAT

4. This is my last __________. WARN

A37

acquiesce, agree, approve, assent, coincide, concurrence, confirm, consent, endorse

1. Acquiesce and agree about are synonymous. They both mean "come to ____s".

2. We got his _________. APPROVE

3. Assent = ac_ _ _e

4. Coincide (v) _________ (n)

5. Consent / Concurrence = acq_ _ _ _ _ _ _ce

6. Do we need further __________ from the boss? CONFIRM

7. Endorse = confirm; san_ _ _ _n

A38

deny, disagree, reject

1. Deny (v) ______________ (n)

2. Disagree (v) ______________ (n)

3. Reject (v) ______________ (n)

A39

call, exclaim

1. On the telephone, the _______ does not say "I am ...", but "This is ...". CALL

2. The name of ! sign in grammar is __________ mark. EXCLAIM

A40

bellow, cheer, cry, scream, shout, shriek, yell

1. When you are in great pain you ________ [bellow / cheer].

2. He is recording animal _______ [cries / shouts]

3. He shouted _____ [at / to] me because he wanted to attract my attention.

4. Both shriek and yell are very loud. Is there a difference in meaning between them?

A41

stammer, stutter

- What is the difference between stammer and stutter?

B. COMMUNICATING, MAINLY BY READING AND WRITING, PRINTING AND PUBLISHING,

RADIO AND TELEVISION

B1

annotate, autograph, browse

1. explain

2. inscribe

3. skim; glance

B2
inscribe, sign, signature

1. He is trying to decipher wall _____________s. INSCRIBE

2. Sign = en_ _ _ _ _

3. A photo of a famous person with the signature of this person is called an ________.

B3

edit, print, rewrite, shorthand, type, write

1. He is the ________ of a big newspaper. EDIT

2. What is the difference between print and imprint?

3. What is the difference between rewrite and restate?

4. Can your secretary _______ shorthand?

5. I bought an electric ________ machine. TYPE

6. A person who writes plays is called a play________.

B4

delete, erase

1. Delete (v) _____________ (n)

2. Erase (v) _____________ (n)

B5

legible, literate, readable

- Something can be __legible or __readable. A person can be __literate.

B6

alphabet, decipher, initial, letter, transcription

1. A dictionary generally presents words and their meanings in ___________ order. ALPHABET

2. Decipher = solve; unr_ _ _l

3. If you are asked to write in your initials on a formal document, what do you need to do?

4. A, B, C, etc. are _________ letters and a, b, c etc. are ___________ letters.

5. Transcription is a noun with two meanings. Which meaning of the word is uncountable: the act
of copying or transcript?

B7
apostrophe, asterisk, punctuate, syllable

1. When an apostrophe is used in such short forms as I'm, he's, we'll, isn't etc., this short form is
called a __________.

2. Which of the following is an asterisk: a) # b) * c) @?

3. Full-stop, semicolon, question mark and other are called punctuation _______. .

4. Chinese is a _________ language. SYLLABLE

B8

sheet, stationery

1. What is the difference between a sheet of paper and a piece of paper?

2. What is the difference between stationery and stationary?

B9

epistle, label, record, register

1. Epistle = l_ _ _ _r

2. What is the difference between label and lapel?

3. Record = register, ta_ _ _ _te

4. Where is the __________ office? REGISTER

B10

anecdote, article, diary, manual, tale, thesis, version

1. Anecdote = tale, nar_ _ _ _ve

2. When a journalist's articles appear on a certain column of the newspaper every day, this
journalist is called a co_______st.

3. What is the difference between a diary and a manual?

4. The kind of unreal tales that people like hunters tell are called a ____tale.

5. Thesis = pro_ _ _ _tion; re_ _ _ _ch paper

6. Version = translation, rendition; acc_ _ _ _

B11

headline, title

1. When a piece of news appears with a large headline, we say that this piece of news has _____
the headlines.
2. Title = name, de_ _ _ _ation (n); __title (v)

B12

abbreviate, abridge, summarize, synopsis, synthesis

1. Why is _________ such a long word? ABBREVIATE (Duvar yazısı)

2. I bought an ________ copy of the dictionary. ABRIDGE

3. I've already read the _________ of the play. SUMMARIZE

4. I've read several ________ so far. SYNOPSIS

5. He decided to _________ his two previous studies into one. SYNTHESIS

B13

draft, manuscript, script

1. Draft = sk_ _ _h

2. Manuscript = written _ _ _put

3. Script = manuscript, _ _ _ _writing, document

B14

chapter, preface

1. introduction to a book, speech, etc.

2. one of the parts into which a book is divided

B15

album, anthology, autobiography

1. Album = book, volume; e_ _ _ion

2. Anthology (n) _____________ (adj)

3. Autobiography (n) _____________ (adj)

B16

pamphlet

- A pamphlet is a ______ (small / large) book.

B17

literary

- What is the difference between literary and literally?

B18

fiction, novel, poem, prose

1. A science book can be defined as __________. FICTION

2. Yaşar Kemal is a great ________. NOVEL

3. He is both a writer and a _______. POEM

4. Prose = w_ _ _ing; rh_ _ _ _ic

B19

serial, series

- What is the difference between serial and series?

B20

lyric, rhyme

1. match, coin

2. songlike poem

B21

author, scribe

1. clerk, correspondent

2. writer, creator

B22

bind, bring out, edition, publication, publish

1. distribute, print; advertise

2. issue, publication, copy

3. printing, proclamation, work

4. publish

5. secure, tie attach; confine, obligate; enslave

C. COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION

C1

deliver, dispatch, remit

1. Deliver (v) ___________ (n)

2. Dispatch = h_ _ _e; s_ _d; kill

3. Remit (v) ____________ (n)

C2

gossip, rumour

- What is the difference between gossip and rumour?

C3

journalism, message, news

1. information; report

2. news media, broadcasting

3. note, notation; minute

C4

gesticulate, gesture, signify

1. a movement of the hands or arms, or an expression on the face, to show an idea or feeling

2. make known; show by a sign

3. use movements of the arms and hands to express ideas or feelings

C5

symbolize, token

1. personify; exemplify

2. symbol, sign

C6

nonsense, meaning

1. The opposite of the word nonsense is cer_ _ _ _ty.

C7

advertise, advertisement

1. Advertise = pub_ _ _ _ze, pro_ _ _im

2. An advertisement on TV is called a com_ _ _ _ _al.

C8

broadcast, correspond, publicity

1. advertising, promotion

2. communicate; agree

3. proclaim, declare

C9

receive, transmit

1. Receive (v) ____________ (n)

2. Transmit (v) ____________ (n)

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The homework was to write a synopsis of our favourite novel.

A) evaluation B) summary C) critique D) dramatization

2. The number of illiterates in this country continues to rise.

A) people who cannot read and write
B) people without children
C) people who participate in sports
D) people who purchase more than they can afford
3. The consensus among his sisters was that he ought to get married.

A) agreement B) statistics C) survey D) concentration

4. A younger sister is obnoxious to have around when a young girl's boyfriend comes to
call.

A) welcome B) too much C) objectionable D) talkative

5. The public is very dubious about the government's plans for a tax cut.

A) debit B) delightful C) delirious D) doubtful

6. The refusal of many nations to participate in the Olympic Games in Moscow was an
admonishment to the Soviets.

A) admission B) admiration C) rebuke D) stigma

7. The fireman tried to coax the cat down the top branch of the tree.

A) push B) shoot C) cajole D) force

8. Germany after the war had no industry to enable the nation to make reparations to the
Allies.

A) compense B) rewards C) returns D) reasons

9. His sage suggestion saved us from starvation.

A) repeated B) wise C) helpful D) ingenious

10. On every packet of cigarettes, there is a warning.

A) caution B) message C) reaction D) price

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

14. LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR

A. LANGUAGE

A1

colloquial, idiom, jargon, proverb, saying, slang

1. Colloquial (adj) ____________ (n)

2. Idiom (n) ____________ (adj)

3. Jargon = ter_ _ _ _ _ _gy

4. Proverb = ad_ _ _

5. Saying = m_ _ _o, ma_ _m

6. Slang = vul_ _ _ism

A2

accent, accentuate, articulate, tongue, voice

1. Accent = in_ _ _ _tion; em_ _ _sis

2. Accentuate = under_ _ _ _

3. Articulate (v) ____________ (n)

4. What is the difference between voice and sound?

A3

adage, alias, fluency, oral, philology, term

1. Adage = s_ _ing; sl_ _an

2. What is the difference between alias and nickname?

3. Fluency (n) ____________ (adj)

4. Oral = sp_ _ _n, v_ _ _ ed

5. A person who works in the field of philology is a __________.

6. Term = word, phrase, ex_ _ _ _ _ion

A4

context, setting, text

1. Context (n) ____________ (adj)

2. Setting = en_ _ _ _ _ment, r_ _ _on

3. Text (n) ____________ (adj)

A5

issue, subject, theme, topic

1. This is a public _______ (issue / topic)

2. What is the subject_ _ _ _ _ _ of the composition.

3. Theme (n) ____________ (adj)

4. Topic (n) ____________ (adj)

A6

allegory, ironic(al), literal, metaphor, rhetorical, sarcasm, satire

1. bitterness, severity

2. eloquent

3. exact

4. humour

5. mocking, sardonic

6. resemblance, likeness

7. story, legend, fable

A7

antonym, synonym

1. Antonym (n) __________ (adj)

2. Synonym (n) __________ (adj)

A8
alliterate, translate

1. Alliterate (v) __________ (n)

2. What is the difference between translate and interpret?

B. GENERAL GRAMMATICAL WORDS

B1

personal, private

- What is the difference between personal and private?

B2

accordingly, consequently, furthermore, hence, thus

1. Accordingly = cor_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ly

2. Consequently = h_ _ _e

3. Furthermore = b_ _ _ _ _s

4. Hence = t_ _ _ _ _ _re

5. Thus = con_ _ _ _ _ _ _ly

B3

although, nevertheless, nonetheless, still

1. What is the difference between although and despite?

2. Nevertheless = h_ _ _ _ _r

3. Nonetheless = not_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ing

4. Still = _ _ _

B4

account, sake, through

1. Account = ex______ion

2. I am doing everything ___ the sake of my friends.

3. Through = _ _a

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. A familiar adage says that the early bird gets the worm.

A) proverb B) lady C) anecdote D) book

2. The kids spoke a jargon of their own that no one else understood.

A) accent B) unintelligible talk C) vocabulary D) foreign language

3. The squirrel has adapted well to a suburban setting.

A) scenery B) establishment C) environment D) dwelling

4. This sentence refers to the topic of the paragraph.

A) includes B) digests C) applies to D) selects

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

15. SUBSTANCES, MATERIALS, OBJECTS, AND EQUIPMENT

A. SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS GENERALLY

A1

item, material, matter, resources, stuff, substance

1. If you lose something, you should apply to the _____ item office.

2. Material means substance; at the same time, it means te_ _ _le and in_ _ _ _ation.

3. We haven't been able to figure out the ________ matter of the whole incident.

4. What is the difference between resourses and sources?

5. Stuff means thing; at the same time it means _______ (v).

6. Substance means object; at the same time it means es_ _ _ce.

A2

component, composite, compound, constituent, ingredient, partial

1. Component = constituent, el_ _ _ _ _, part

2. Composite (adj, n) ___________ (v)

3. Compound = com_ _ _ _te

4. Constituent (adj, n) ___________ (v)

5. What is the difference between ingredient and recipe?

6. Partial means unfinished and component. One other meaning is bi_ _ed.

A3

complex, simple

1. Complex (adj) ___________ (n)

2. Simple (adj) ___________ (n) ___________ (v)

A4

detail, feature

1. He told everything _____ detail.

2. Feature = pe_ _ _ _ _ _ity

A5

fluid, liquid, solid

1. What is the difference between fluid and liquid?

2. What is the difference between solid and tough?

A6

bubble, glue, oil

1. adhesive, paste

2. foam, globule

3. grease, smear

A7

adhere, paste, stick

1. He is an ________ of the conservative party. ADHERE

2. Paste (v) = stick, att_ _ _

3. I like to read _______ on car windows. STICK

A8

garbage, litter, residue, rubbish, trash, waste

1. He works as a garbage _______or.

2. Please do not ______! LITTER

3. Residue = re_ _ _nt

4. Rubbish = d_ _ _ _s

5. He dumped everything into the trash ______.

6. He has got quite ______ habits. WASTE

A9

contain, content, cover, hold, include

1. We need to find a large _______ to store all these unused books. CONTAIN

2. What is the difference between content (n) and content (adj)?

3. Archaeologists have been trying to _______ the mysteries of the Pyramids for ages. COVER

4. This is a hold-____! Give me all the money!

5. Here, there is a household of ten persons, ______ of the servants. INCLUDE

A10

dispose, except, exclude, implicate, involve

1. Everything was at my _______ DISPOSE

2. ________ break the rule. EXCEPT

3. Everybody was present at the meeting, with an ________ of the under-secretary. EXCLUDE

4. What are the ________ of this statement? IMPLICATE

5. Complete _______ is essential in this sport. INVOLVE

A11

comprise, consist of, constitute

1. My course of study comprises ____ English and Latin.

2. What is the difference between consist and consistent?

3. What are the basic _______ of the structure? CONSTITUTE

A12

insert, remove

1. eliminate, exclude

2. include, put in, inject

A13

circle, encircle, enclose, envelop, muffle, surround, wrap

1. The plane was making ______ movements. CIRCLE

2. Encircle = ring, surround, en_ _ _ _ _ss

3. Enclose (v) ___________ (n)

4. What is the difference between envelop and envelope?

5. His gun has a _______. MUFFLE

6. The house is in beautiful __________. SURROUND

7. They carefully removed the ______ of the mummy. WRAP

A14

accrue, amass, collect, congregate, convene, gather, pool

1. Accrue = acc_ _ _ _ate

2. Amass = collect, agg_ _ _ate

3. Collect (v) ___________ (adj)

4. Congregate (v) ___________ (n)

5. Convene = ass_ _ _ _e; s_ _ _on

6. Gather (v) ___________ (n)

7. Pool (v) = com_ _ _ _

A15

assemble, assembly

1. Assemble = congregate; con_ _ _ _ct

2. Assembly = con_ _ _tion

B. OBJECTS GENERALLY

B1

article, piece

1. fragment, section, part

2. item, commodity

B2

shred, slice

1. He tore it _____ shreds.

2. They ______ the large loaf with utmost care. SLICE

B3

fraction, fragment

- 1.375 is a decimal ______ (fraction / fragment)

B4

layer, section, segment

1. Layer = sh_ _ _h, mantle

2. Section = division, fr_ _tion

3. Segment = p_ _tion

B5

bit, particle, pinch

1. Bit = grain, sp_ _ _

2. Particle = scrap, sh_ _ _

3. Pinch = bit; to_ _ _

B6

bunch, cluster, heap, mass, pile

1. What is the difference between bunch and bundle?

2. What is the difference between cluster and bunch?

3. What is the difference between heap and hill?

4. What is the difference a mass of people and a group of people?

5. What is the difference between pile and heap?

B7

essence, gist, kernel

1. Essence (n, adj) ___________ (adj)

2. Gist = c_ _ _

3. Kernel = essence, nu_ _ _ _s

B8

brick, plank
1. block, chunk

2. strip of wood, lumber

B9

beam, shaft, tube

1. brace, stud, timber

2. passage, pipe

3. pipe, line, hose

B10

band, belt, ribbon, strap

1. She bought herself a colourful ________ to tie her hair with.

2. She put a first-aid ______ on the wound to prevent infection.

3. The strong _______ that held the luggage together broke just when they were being loaded into the
cargo department.

4. You need to fasten your safety _________ when driving.

B11

chain, rope, string, thread, wire

1. As her eyes were failing, she spent almost an hour to put the ______ through the knitting
needle.

2. In the past, prisoners had to carry a metal ball fastened tightly to their ankle with an iron _____.

3. The cat was playing with a ball of ______.

4. The executioner put the ________ around the prisoners neck and tightened the fasten.

5. The horse tripped over a barbed _____ during a gallop and was badly hurt.

B12

globe, sphere

1. Globe (n) ___________ (adj)

2. Sphere (n) ___________ (adj)

B13

ball, bulb

- He was trying to change an electric _____ (ball / bulb) when he fell down.
B14

hook, pin

1. curved metal

2. sharp metal

C. SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS

C1

marble, stone

- Marble is a kind of stone. What is the difference between stone and rock?

C2

alluvium, clay, deposit

Alluvium and deposit are similar in meaning. What is the difference between clay and mud?

C3

dust, earth, ooze, powder

1. Dust (n) ___________ (v) ___________ (adj)

2. What is the difference between mud and muck?

3. Ooze (n) ___________ (v)

4. Powder (n) ___________ (v)

C4

dirt, muck, sand, soil

1. dirt, earth, mud, grime

2. mud, filth

3. sediment, silt

4. soil, earth, clay, dust, grime

C5

amber, pearl

- Amber is produced by trees while pearl is produced by ________.

C6

cement, plaster
First you use _______ to produce concrete; then you put this liquid concrete in moulds to build walls.
Next, you cover the walls with _______ so that they can be neatly painted.

C7

alloy, steel, tin

1. admixture of metals

2. aluminium/iron alloy

3. hardened iron

C8

rust, tarnish

1. corrode

2. discolour

C9

log, pulp, timber, wood

When a tree is cut down, those who cut it shout "______!" so that people around should be careful.
Then the branches are removed and the remaining part is called a ______. In the factory, this piece is
cut into small pieces called _______. These pieces are further ground and then mixed with water and
certain chemicals to produce _____. The next stage is paper-making.

C10

acid, alcohol, alkali, starch

1. Acid (n) ___________ (adj)

2. Alcohol (n) ___________ (adj)

3. Alkali is a substance like soda, potash or ammonia. Starch, on the other hand, is a white, tasteless
substance found in most plants, including grain and potato. Yet, a starched person is a very
_________ person.

C11

blaze, burn, combustion, extinguish, fire, flame, inflammable, spark

1. What is difference between blaze (n) and fire (n)?

2. What is the difference between burn (v) and fire (v)?

3. The instrument which is used to put out fires is called an _________. EXTINGUISH

4. What is the difference between flame and spark?

5. What is the difference between flammable and inflammable?

C12

ignite, power

1. Ignite (v) ___________ (n)

2. Power (v, n) ___________ (adj)

C13

paraffin, petrol

1. What is the difference between paraffin and kerosene?

2. What is the difference between petrol and oil?

C14

ash, fumes, smoke

1. burnt gases

2. cinder

3. vapour, effluvium

C15

bleach, leather, soap, wool

1. cleansing bar

2. fleece, yarn, fuzz

3. tanned hide

4. whitener

C16

asphalt, resin, wax

1. gum, tree sap, glue

2. mortar, concrete

3. polish

C17

coat, dye, paint, polish

1. First, he gave his wooden statue a _____ of ______; then he applied _______ so that it would
shine.
2. What is the difference between dye (v) and paint (v)?

D. EQUIPMENT, MACHINES, AND INSTRUMENTS

D1

apparatus, equipment

- What is the difference between apparatus and equipment?

D2

gear, tackle

1. cogwheel, pinion

2. ropes and pulleys

D3

artefact, instrument, lever, tool

1. a handle or bar that you will pull or push in order to operate a piece of machinery

2. a tool or device that is used to do a particular task

3. an ornament, tool, or other object made by a human being

4. any instrument or piece of equipment that you hold in your hands in order to help you to do a
particular kind of work

D4

device, gadget, utensil

1. The children were left to their own ________. DEVICE

2. Mixer, blender, toaster and iron are all ________ gadgets.

3. The kitchen had no cooker and no proper ________ utensils.

D5

bearing, engine, machine

1. Today, almost all moving parts of the steering system of vehicles have ________ bearings.

2. In the past, the locomotive used to be called the ________ engine.

3. We export textile ________ to various countries. MACHINE

D6

frame, network, structure

1. a large number of lines or things that cross each other or meet at many points

2. I was caught when I felt no-one could ever find me. I wonder who ________ me! FRAME

3. the way in which something is made, built, or organized

D7

beacon, candle, lamp, torch

1. a device which produces light by using electricity or by burning oil or gas

2. a light or fire on a hill or tower, which acts as a signal or a warning

3. a small electric light which can be carried in the hand and which gets its power from batteries
inside it

4. a stick of hard wax with a piece of string through the middle

D8

fridge, oven, stove

1. The word fridge in an abbreviated form of the word ________.

2. What is the difference between oven and stove?

D9

binoculars, magnet, scales, spectacular, watch

1. Can the word binoculars be used in the singular?

2. Magnet (v) ___________ (adj)

3. Can the word scales be used in the singular?

4. Spectacular = imp_ _ _ _ive

5. Watching secretly is called _ _ _ _ing.

D10

badge, banner, flag, seal

1. banner, emblem, jack

2. emblem, button

3. emblem, symbol

4. stamp, sticker, tie

E. TOOLS
E1

axe, blacksmith, blade, dagger, handle, nail, point, razor, saw, scissors, screw, sharp, spade,
swivel, wheel, wrench

1. Another word for a knife used for a weapon is ________.

2. Another word for turn is _________.

3. If you need an iron fence, you go to the _________.

4. If you want to hang a picture on a wall, you need to find a ______ first.

5. Men shave with a _______.

6. Metal or wooden plates are connected to each other with _______.

7. The opposite of the word blunt is ________.

8. The sharp face of a knife is called a ________.

9. The sharp tip of a knife or sword is the _______ of it.

10. You can change the flat-tyre of a car using a _________.

11. You chop wood with the _____.

12. You cut paper with the _______.

13. You cut wood into regular pieces with a ______.

14. You dig holes with a ________.

15. You direct the car through the steering-________.

16. You hold many things from its ________.

E2

broom, brush, mop, mow, shovel, sweep

1. A witch is depicted as an old woman with a _______.

2. He now and then ________ the blood on his forehead with his handkerchief.

3. He was _______ his lawn when he accidentally cut the garden hose.

4. In the past, the train driver needed to ______ more coal into the engine if he wanted to
accelerate the train.

5. My windscreen wipers fail to _______ the whole of the windscreen.

6. Your jacket is covered with dust; _______ it before you wear it for the office.

F. CONTAINERS
F1

barrel, bucket, cage, jar, mug, pan

1. You carry a big amount of water with a ________.

2. You drink coffee from a ________.

3. You keep a bird in a ________.

4. You keep marmalade in a ________.

5. You make omelette in a ________.

6. You store wine in a ________.

F2

chest, lid, trunk

1. Chest is a body part; as a container it means _________.

2. Lid is a body part as in eyelid; as a part of a container, it means ________.

3. Trunk is a body part; as a container it means ________.

F3

package, parcel

- What is the difference between a package and a parcel?

F4

bundle, pack, sack

1. They ________ him into an ambulance and drove off. BUNDLE

2. He ________ his bags and left. PACK

3. He got ________ he was always late to work. SACK

F5

baggage, luggage

- What is the difference between baggage and luggage?

G. ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

G1

anode, circuit, current, input

1. The opposite of the word anode is _______.

2. Circuit (n) (v) ___________ (adj)

3. An electric current runs through _______.

4. The opposite of the word input is _______.

G2

battery, fuse, socket, switch

1. This battery is _______; it will not start the car.

2. When one of the fuses _______, the whole cinema remained in pitch darkness for a moment.

3. He ______ the bulb clockwise gently into the socket.

4. Please _______ the switch, it is dark in here.

G3

generate, overload

1. encumber, burden

2. produce, engender

H. WEAPONS

H1

ammunition, armaments, arsenal, weapon

1. arms depot

2. arms

3. bullets and rockets that are made to be fired from guns

4. weapons and military equipment belonging to an army or country

H2

arrow, bayonet, club, pike, spear, sword, tip, trigger

1. In the past, soldiers that used bows and arrows were called _______.

2. What is the difference between club and stick?

3. Bayonet is generally attached to the tip of a _______.

4. What is the difference between pike and spear?

5. He ______ his sword and attacked the enemy.

6. What is the difference between tip and top?

7. He _______ the trigger and shot the animal.

H3

armour, shield

- What is the difference between armour and shield?

H4

bullet, cannon, cartridge, gun, magazine

1. In Russian roulette, you get a _____, open the _______, and put one live ______.

2. Cannon is a kind of weapon. Its synonymous to b_ _ _ _ry.

3. What is the difference between cartridge and magazine?

H5

aim, shoot, sniper

1. assassin

2. direct, point

3. fire, ignite

H6

mine, missile

1. explosive charge

2. rocket, projectile

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The Milky Way consists of about a hundred billion stars.

A) surrounds B) contains C) makes D) is conscious of

2. Of the Olympic ski events, ski jumping is the most spectacular.

A) striking B) dangerous C) appealing D) difficult

3. Politics should not impinge upon athletic events.

A) imply B) enlist C) encroach D) demand

4. Their path was beset by various dangers.

A) surrounded B) chased C) frightened D) bested

5. A barometer is a device that is of great use to sailors.

A) method B) invention C) figure D) instrument

6. In the folk music type named Calypso, cleverly worded phrases make up the lyrics.

A) comprise B) oversee C) accompany D) complement

7. Nuclear generated electricity is in use in many parts of England.

A) related B) inherited C) produced D) motivated

8. Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe in 3 years.

A) earth B) continent C) equator D) latitude

9. Human body consists of a large percent of water and minerals.

A) retains B) thrives on C) is composed of D) is enchanted with

10. Sedimentary rock consists of layers of what millions of years ago was loose material.

A) mixtures B) carcasses C) strata D) crystals

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

16. ARTS AND CRAFTS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION

A. MAKING THINGS

A1

assemble, assembly, erect, fabricate, make, manufacture, output, produce

1. bring together, put together

2. build, form, construct, erect

3. cause, bring about, create

4. construction, attachment

5. make, put together, build, assemble

6. manufacture, create

7. price, figure, expenditure

8. set up, raise

A2
formulate, mould, pattern, scheme, shape

1. describe something in terms of a list of substances used to make the thing

2. form of something

3. make something into a shape you want to be

4. plan

5. something you copy if you want to make something

A3

imitate, invent, reproduce

1. Imitate (v) ___________ (n)

2. Invent (v) ___________ (n)

3. Reproduce (v) ___________ (n)

A4

authentic, genuine, natural

1. The opposite of the word authentic is _ _ _ _less.

2. Genuine means not hy______tical

3. Natural = int____ic

A5

artificial, counterfeit, false, forgery, synthetic

1. As technology progresses, we are more _______ than ever before. ARTIFICIAL

2. They had been ________ $100 notes. COUNTERFEIT

3. They suspect that he has been ________ documents. FALSE

4. He got the money dishonestly, by ________ his brother's signature on a cheque. FORGERY

5. A great number of material had been produced __________. SYNTHETIC

A6

demolish, destroy

1. Demolish (v) ___________ (n)

2. Destroy (v) ___________ (n)

A7
adapt, alter

1. What is the difference between adapt and adopt?

2. What is the difference between alter and change?

A8

mutated, transform

1. Mutated (adj) ___________ (n)

2. Transform (v) ___________ (n)

A9

change, vary

1. be different; have qualities that are not the same as each other

2. become or make different

A10

correct, rectify, revise, version

1. Correct (v) ___________ (n)

2. Rectify (v) ___________ (n)

3. Revise (v) ___________ (n)

4. Version = r_ _ _ition

A11

adjust, mend, repair

1. change slightly

2. fix, repair, improve

3. make work again

A12

develop, prepare, process, rate, sort

1. grow, improve

2. arrange, make

3. action

4. evaluate, rank, assess

5. order, arrange, classify

A13

blend, combine, merge, mix

1. combine in careful proportions to produce a taste, smell, or other good result

2. combine so that the parts no longer have shape, appearance, etc. or cannot be easily separated

3. join or stick to each other, but keep own identity

4. stick or combine to a thing so that they become one or one of them becomes lost in the other

A14

abuse, exploit, misuse, waste

1. Abuse (v) ___________ (adj)

2. Exploit (v) ___________ (adj)

3. Misuse (v) ___________ (adj)

4. Waste (v) ___________ (adj)

A15

function, usage, use, utilize

1. appropriateness (n); employ, utilize (v)

2. duty; reception (n); perform (v)

3. make use of

4. utilization, usefulness

B. ARTS AND CRAFTS

B1

art, craft, handicraft

1. career, handiwork

2. humanities

3. skill; occupation

B2

manner, means, medium

1. agency, instrument, environment

2. instrumentality, method

3. method, way; character

B3

method, technique, way

1. Method (n) ___________ (adj)

2. Technique (n) ___________ (adj)

3. Way = m_ _ _ _r

B4

background, outline

1. contour, framework, silhouette; summarize

2. setting, environment; credentials

B5

engrave

- To engrave means to e_ _ _ letter in metal.

B6

image, sketch

1. Image (n) ___________ (n)

2. Sketch (v) ___________ (adj)

B7

clay, plaster

Walls can be covered with a thin layer of _______; when someone has broken his/her arm, the doctor
puts it in a ______ mould.

B8

artist, sculptor, statue

1. What is the difference between artist and actress?

2. A sculptor produces sc________.

3. What is the difference between sculpture and statue?

B9
embroider, knit, needle, sew, stitch, weave

1. join wool or other thread into a sort of cloth using long needles

2. make threads into cloth, by moving a thread over and under a set of longer threads on a loom

3. mend or make by using a needle and thread

4. movement of a needle and thread through cloth and out again

5. sew with ornamental patterns

6. thin piece of pointed metal with a hole at one end for thread

C. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

C1

science, technology

1. Science (n) ___________ (adj)

2. Technology (n) ___________ (adj)

C2

artisan, manual, mechanic

1. artist, designer

2. by hand

3. workman

C3

anthropology, physiology, psychiatry, psychology

1. science concerned with the study of how the bodies of living things and their various parts work

2. scientific study of the human race

3. study and treatment of diseases of the mind

4. study or science of the mind and the way it works and influences behaviour

C4

experiment, try

1. Experiment (v) ___________ (adj)

2. Try (v) ___________ (n)

D. INDUSTRY AND WORK

D1

chore, effort, industrialization, labour, operate

1. automation

2. striving, attempt

3. task, burden

4. work; working class

5. work, function

D2

assiduous, demanding, painstaking

1. complicated, intricate, complex

2. difficult, querulous, challenging

3. diligent, continuous, careful

D3

busy, diligent, engaged, idle, strenuous, vacant

1. Digging a water-well requires _____ effort.

2. George Orwell lived in Paris as a completely _____ writer just to get the feel of it.

3. He is one of our most _____ workers. If only all other workers were like him!

4. I am sorry; I am too _____ to help you now.

5. The line is _____; I'll call later.

D4

brewery, mill, plant, refinery

1. Brewery (n) ___________ (v)

2. Mill = f_ _ _ _ _y

3. What is the difference between plant (= factory) and plantation?

4. Refinery (n) ___________ (v)

D5

assembly line, automation, shift

1. change, variation
2. industrialization

3. mass production method

D6

bore, dig, excavate, pit

1. cavity, hollow

2. drill, penetrate, pierce

3. mine

4. shovel, unearth

D7

carpenter, plumber

1. The art or work of a carpenter is car______.

2. The work of a plumber is plu_______.

D8

boss, supervise

1. During the expedition, the leader of the team was very ______. BOSS

2. They completed the project under my _______. SUPERVISE

E. EDUCATION

E1

academic, apprenticeship, pupil, scholar, tutor

1. concerning education, especially in a college or university

2. educator, teacher, lecturer

3. novitiate

4. person with great knowledge of a subject

5. student

E2

term, topic

1. He explained in no ________ terms that he wanted to resign.

2. "Please stop beating around the bush!" means "Please ______ to the topic".
E3

certificate, expert, graduate, qualify, specialize, undergraduate

1. Certificate (n) ___________ (v)

2. Expert (n) ___________ (v)

3. Graduate (v) ___________ (n)

4. Qualify (v) ___________ (n)

5. Specialize (v) ___________ (n)

6. Undergraduate (n) ___________ (n)

E4

award, prize

1. Award (v) ___________ (n)

2. Prize (v) ___________ (n)

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Dr Jones. suggested that final examinations should be discontinued, an innovation

which I support.

A) entrance B) change C) inner part D) test

2. Charles Darwin formulated his famous theory of evolution during his five-year cruise on
the "Beagle".

A) expanded B) developed C) critiqued D) finished

3. The general planned a new stratagem to conquer the rebel forces.

A) strafing B) scheme C) bomb D) headquarters

4. The hurricane cause great havoc in the islands.

A) winds B) treatment C) destruction D) immersion

5. He devised a computer game and sold it to Atari.

A) played B) bought C) invented D) divided

6. The earthquake caused great devastation in California.

A) ruin B) confusion C) movement D) gaps

7. Swarms of locusts ravaged the crops.

A) raided B) landed on C) flew over D) destroyed

8. He devised a folding toothbrush for travellers.

A) sold B) bought C) described D) designed

9. As an alumnus of Harvard, he was sure that he would get the job.

A) student B) professor C) supporter D) graduate

10. Television and newspapers are primary mediums of advertising.

A) formulations B) averages C) sources D) means

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

17. NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT, MONEY, AND COMMERCE

A. NUMBERS AND QUANTITIES

A1

percentage, primary, unit

1. principal, chief

2. proportion, ratio

3. system, section, piece

A2

thrice, triple

- What is the difference between thrice and triple?

A3

alone, single, sole

1. He feels so _____. ALONE

2. He came _____; his wife was busy in the office. SINGLE

3. I came _____ for you! SOLE

A4

doubly, half, multiple, quadruple

1. Each ________ of the brain is called a hemisphere.

2. Profits have _______ this year.

3. The driver of the crashed car received _______ injuries.

4. You are ________ mistaken

A5

sum, whole

- What is the difference between sum and whole?

A6

dozen, pair

1. couple, twosome

2. twelve

A7

nil, zero

In football, we use _____ to tell the score, as in 1-0. In mathematics we use _____. In tennis we use
_____ to tell the score, as in 30-0. In daily life, we also use nought or oh.

B. MATHEMATICS

B1

algebra, arithmetic

1. Algebra (n) ___________ (adj)

2. Arithmetic (n) ___________ (adj)

B2

add, addition, append, calculate, compute, count, figure, subtract

1. add, attach; annex

2. attach, increase; calculate

3. compute, count; presume

4. compute, think (v); number (n)

5. enumerate

6. figure, calculate, count; estimate

7. summation; annexation

8. take, deduct

B3

amount to, average, norm

1. middle, mean

2. standard, mean

3. total, come to

B4

proportion, ratio, variable

1. Proportion = di_ _ _ _ions

2. Ration = proportion, per_ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Variable = al_ _ _ _ _ting

B5

angle, degree

1. Angle (n) __________ (adj)

2. Degree = pro_ _ _ tion

B6

plane, row, straight

1. Plane = level surface (n); _ _ _ _ (adj)

2. Row = line, column (n). What does row mean in the sentence "They have a fierce row yesterday" ?

3. Straight = d_ _ _ct

B7

circle, crescent

1. Circle (n) __________ (adj)

2. Which of the following is has crescent in it? a) b) c) d)

B8

crucifix, rectangle

1. Jesus Christ was __________ . CRUCIFIX

2. The room has a __________ shape. RECTANGLE

B9

oblong, square, triangle

1. What is the difference between oblong, rectangle, and square?

2. Triangle (n) __________ (adj)

B10

arc, central, centre, direct, periphery

1. boundary, frontier

2. core, focus

3. main, chief

4. part of a curved line or circle

5. straight

C. MEASUREMENT

C1

dimension, measure, quantify, weigh

1. Dimension (n) _________ (adj)

2. Measure (v) _________ (n)

3. Quantify (v) _________ (n)

4. Weigh (v) _________ (n)

C2

broad, wide

1. Broad (adj) _________ (v)

2. Wide (adj) _________ (v)

C3

across

- Across X a_ _ _ _

C4

depth, height, length, weight, width

1. Depth (n) _________ (adj)

2. Height (n) _________ (adj)

3. Length (n) _________ (adj)

4. Weight (n) X _________ (adj)

5. Width (n) _________ (adj)

C5

area, mass, volume

1. quantity, amount, mass

2. quantity, body

3. region, field, distance

C6

acre, fathom, yard

1. 0,5 of a hectare = 1 _______

2. 1.8 metres = 1 ________

3. 91 centimetres = 1 _______

C7

cash, change, exchange, order

1. arrangement

2. convert

3. money in return

4. money, currency

C8

drop, fall

- I ________ (dropped / fell) my books into mud.

C9

devaluate, escalate, lose, rise

1. Devaluate (v) _________ (n)

2. Escalate (v) _________ (n)

3. Lose (v) _________ (n)

4. Rise (v) _________ (n)

C10

borrow, lend

1. loan, impart, give

2. obtain the use of; adopt

C11

debt, loan, overdue, owe

1. advance, credit, mortgage, debt

2. have to pay

3. liability

4. unpaid, owed

C12

account, safe

1. The task of counting money and keeping the books in a company is called ________.
ACCOUNT

2. For reasons of ________, these pavilions are closed to the public. SAFE

C13

invest, save, thrift

1. Invest (v) _________ (n)

2. Save (adj) _________ (n)

3. Thrift (n) _________ (adj)

C14

asset, dividend, interest, speculate, trust, withdraw

1. advantage, worth

2. confide in, believe

3. gain, earnings

4. gamble, venture
5. remove, retread

6. share

C15

prosperous, riches, well-off

1. Prosperous (adj) _________ (v)

2. Riches = w_ _ _ _h

3. Well-off = aff_ _ _ _ _

C16

affluent, fortune, luxury, treasure, wealth

1. extravagance

2. rich; abundant

3. riches; wealth; stock

4. richness

5. treasure; possessions

C17

broke, penniless, poverty, short, tramp

1. bankrupt; destitute

2. destitute, poor, miserable

3. lacking

4. shortage, scarcity

5. vagrant, vagabond

C18

expenditure, income

1. earnings

2. price, figure

C19

bankrupt, budget, deficit, maintain, upkeep

1. Finally, the company _____ bankrupt a year ago.

2. A budget holiday is a _____ holiday.

3. Deficit = defi_ _ _ _cy

4. Maintain = s_ _tain

5. Upkeep = mai_ _ _ _ance

C20

economic, economical

1. Economic = f_ _ _ _ _ial

2. Economical = m_ _ _ _ate

D. COMMERCE

D1

pawnbroker

- A pawnbroker works in a pawn_____.

D2

buy, purchase, retail, sell

1. Which is a more formal word: a) buy or b) purchase?

2. Which is a more formal word: a) retail or b) sell?

D3

cost, worth

1. Cost (v) _________ (adj)

2. Worth (n) _________ (adj)

D4

afford, pay, spend

1. give the money of

2. manage to buy

3. pass, circulate

D5

charge, price, prize

1. award, honour
2. sell for

3. tariff, worth

D6

assess, bargain, expense, fare, sale, value

1. Assess (v) _________ (n)

2. Bargain (v) _________ (n)

3. Expense (n) _________ (adj)

4. What is the difference between fare and fee?

5. Sale (n) _________ (v)

6. Study the difference in meaning: valuable, valueless, invaluable

D7

handle, monopolize, trade

1. control, do business

2. exchange, patronize

3. subdue, tame, handle, control

D8

economics, enterprise, venture

1. Study the difference in meaning: economics, economy, economical.

2. Study the difference in meaning: enterprise, enterprising.

D9

estimate, mediator, negotiate, overestimate, underestimate

1. exaggerate

2. go-between, arbitrator

3. guess, assess, predict

4. moderate, mediate

5. neglect, discount

D10

hire, rent
1. own for a longer time

2. own for a short life

D11

bill, receipt

- In a restaurant, after you've finished your meal, you ask for the _______ (bill/receipt) first.

D12

burden, load

1. The donkey is a ______ of burden.

2. This is ridiculous! A load of ______!

D13

goods, merchandise

1. possessions, commodities

2. wares, stock, goods, commodities

D14

insure, policy

1. Insure = safe_ _ _ _ _

2. Policy = m_ _ _ _d

D15

bribe, customs, tax

1. He is accused of ________ several companies to win the contract.

2. I need to pay my income _______ this month.

3. The _______ officer checked my luggage.

D16

discount, wholesale

1. abate, deduct

2. bulk distribution

D17

profit, revenue, turnover

1. Profit (v) _________ (n)

2. Revenue = ea_ _ _ _ _s

3. Turnover = pr_ _ _ _

E. SHOPPING AND GENERAL EXPENSES

E1

market, shop, store

1. Because it is tax-free region, Hong Kong is called an _____ market.

2. Entering a shop as a customer and stealing things from the shop is called ________.

3. When a store has several sections or storeys, it is called a ________ store.

E2

auction, bid

1. offer, declare

2. public sale

E3

client, customer

- What is the difference between client and customer?

E4

shelf, trolley

1. carriage on wheels

2. place to put things, rack

E5

baker, stationery

1. A baker ______ bread and sells it at a _______.

2. What is the difference between stationary and stationery?

E6

dear, expensive, inexpensive

1. Dear (adj) _________ (n)

2. Expensive (adj) _________ (n)

3. Inexpensive = e_ _ _ _ _ical

E7

steep, low

1. Steep = a_ _ous

2. Low = d_ _ _ _ded

E8

invaluable, precious, priceless

1. Invaluable X ________

2. Precious X ________

3. Priceless X ________

E9

inferior, superior

1. Inferior = sub_ _ _ _ _ate

2. Superior = s_ _ _ _r

E10

banknote, coin

1. piece of paper money

2. round piece of money made of metal

F. BUSINESS, WORK, AND EMPLOYMENT

F1

business, career, finance, job, occupation, profession

1. He is ______ business with several European companies.

2. He is trying to ______ a career in teaching.

3. Finance (n) _________ (adj)

4. A person without a job is _______.

5. What is the difference between occupation and profession?

F2

mission, task
1. assignment, goal, duty

2. job, assignment, chore

F3

employ, recruit

1. enrol in the army forces

2. give job to

F4

discharge, dismiss, fire, redundant, retire, sack, strike

1. He had only a month to _______ when he had a heart attack and died.

2. I was made _______ when the new robots were installed in the factory.

3. She _______ the offer with a wave of the hand and left the meeting.

4. The _______ from the factory was included highly toxic substances.

5. They are ______ several workers because they no longer need them.

6. We are going on ______ to protest our low wages.

7. You cannot _______ me without any prior notice!

F5

enlist, join

1. attach; unite

2. enrol in the armed forces

F6

quit, relinquish, resign

1. give up, abandon, quit

2. leave the post, relinquish

3. leave, relinquish; yield

F7

assign, demote, promote

1. Assign (v) __________ (n)

2. Demote (v) __________ (n)

3. Promote (v) __________ (n)

F8

earn, gain

- Study the difference in meaning; earn, gain, win.

F9

allowance, fee, pension, raise, salary, wage

1. The plan does not make _______ for a future change in the schedule. ALLOWANCE

2. I need to pay my course _______ (fee / fare ) before the end of this week.

3. My father is a ______. PENSION

4. I'm expecting a pay ______ this month. RAISE

5. What is the difference between salary and wage?

F10

crew, personnel, staff, team

1. a group of people who work, act, or especially play together

2. all the people employed by a company, in the armed forces, or working in any organization all
the people who work on a ship or a plane

3. the group of people who carry on a job or do the work of an organization, especially of a teaching
or business organization

F11

permanent, temporary

1. momentary, brief

2. stable, constant

F12

agency, agent, corporate

1. bureau, affiliate; instrument

2. partner, association

3. representative; instrument

F13

nationalize, private, public

1. Nationalize (v) __________ (n)

2. Private (adj) __________ (v)

3. Public (n) __________ (v)

F14

base, headquarters, sector

1. camp, center

2. point of departure

3. region, section

F15

boss, member, partner

1. When someone behaves like a boss, this person is ______.

2. Being a member is _______.

3. Being a partner is _______.

F16

dictate, file, shorthand

1. The boss was speaking while the secretary was taking _______. DICTATE

2. We need a ______ cabinet in this office. FILE

3. Can you _______ shorthand?

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The earthworm is a segmented worm found in all parts of the world.

A) plated B) round C) long D) sectional

2. In many coastal areas of Turkey, there is deficiency of sand, causing an erosion

problem.

A) quality B) propagation C) movement D) lack

3. Peter advised his clientele that they should not hurry to buy the shares.

A) clinic B) customers C) contact D) salespeople

4. I am not affluent enough even to go to the cinema.

A) destitude B) arrogant C) wealthy D) afraid

5. The principal threatened to expel him from school.

A) excise B) exert C) send out D) try out

6. No one could decide whether she married him for mercenary motives.

A) money-loving B) mercurial C) unknown D) lucrative

7. They lived luxuriously even though they had no income.

A) expensively B) cheaply C) utterly D) beautifully

8. Although she is economical in most things, she spent a lot of money on clothes.

A) awkward B) extravagant C) thrifty D) careless

9. Mary joined a health club in order to use the swimming pool.

A) visited B) co-ordinated C) bought a share of D) became a member of

10. He began his business in a very small way but died a tycoon.
A) type
B) civic leader
C) politician
D) successful businessman

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

18. ENTERTAINMENT, SPORTS, AND GAMES

A. ENTERTAINMENT GENERALLY
A1
amuse, celebrate, entertain, hilarious
1. Disneyland is a large _______ park. AMUSE
2. During ________, tons of cakes were consumed. CELEBRATE
3. In the past, radio use to be the major source of ________. ENTERTAIN
4. The _______ of the party surprised the foreign delegates. HILARIOUS
A2
leisure, pastime, recreation
1. amusement and enjoyment; way of spending free time
2. something done to pass one's time in a pleasant way
3. time when a person is free from work or duties of any kind
A3
craze, enthusiasm, excite, keen, passion, zeal
1. Craze (n) _________ (adj)
2. Enthusiasm (n) _________ (adj) X r_______t
3. Excite (v) _________ (n)
4. Keen (adj) _________ (n)
5. Passion (n) _________ (adj)
6. Zeal (n) _________ (adj)
A4
audience, spectator
- What is the difference between audience and spectator?
A5
clap, congratulate, praise
1. applaud
2. compliment
3. glorify, honour
A6
game, play
- A ______ is a form of _____ or sport, or one example or type of this.
B. MUSIC AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
B1
rhythm, song, tune
1. What is the difference between rhythm and rhyme?
2. What is the difference between song and tune?
B2
bagpipes, whistle
1. Bagpipes is the typical musical instrument of which people?
2. Whistle (n) _________ (v)
C. RECORDING SOUND, LISTENING TO THE RADIO, ETC.
replay, rewind
- In the words replay and rewind, what does the prefix re- stand for?

D. DRAMA, THE THEATRE, AND SHOW BUSINESS

D1
aisle, balcony, curtain, line, queue, row, screen, stage
1. a kind of thin wall that you can move around
2. a line of people or things
3. a line of people waiting to do something
4. a number of people side by side or one behind the other
5. a sheet of heavy material that can be lowered across the front of a stage in a theatre
6. a way between lines of seats, for example in a church or theatre
7. the part of a theatre where actors, dancers, etc. stand and move
8. the seats upstairs in a theatre
D2
audition, rehearsal
- What is the difference between audition and rehearsal?
D3
act, climax
1. In a theatre play, an act can have several s______s.
2. Climax = s____t
D4
actor, actress, artist, cast, role, villain
1. a man who is a main bad character
2. a person who acts in plays, films or television programmes
3. a person who draws or paints pictures
4. a woman who acts in plays, films or television programmes
5. the actors in a play, film, etc.
6. the part or character taken by an actor in a play, film, etc.
D5
humour, joke, tragic
1. Humour (n) _________ (adj)
2. Joke (n) _________ (v)
3. Tragic (adj) _________ (n)
D6
acrobat, puppet
1. What an acrobat does is called _________.
2. The person who plays puppets is called a ________.
E. SPORTS AND GAMES GENERALLY
E1
bounce, exercise, jump, ride
1. hurdle, leap
2. jump, hop, spring, leap
3. motor, tour
4. training
E2
contest, tournament
- Beauty ________; chess ________.
E3
challenge, compete, defiance, rival
1. Challenge (v _________ (adj)
2. Compete (v _________ (n)
3. Defiance (n) _________ (v)
4. Rival (adj)_________ (n)
E4
beat, defeat
1. Beat = _ _ _do
2. Defeat = _ _ _ _power
E5
lose, miss
1. not to hit or catch something
2. not to keep; not to have something any more
E6
result, triumph, victory, win
1. He had a narrow _____ in the competition; he won by only a few points.
2. He heard the football _____ on the radio and was very disappointed.
3. How many _____ did the champion have so far?
4. When the British won the Waterloo battle, they held various celebrations as this was a
magnificent _____.
E7
award, prize, trophy
1. a prize given for winning a race, competition, or test of skill
2. something given as the result of an official decision
3. something of value given to someone who is successful in something
E8
adjudicate, judge, referee
1. act as a judge in charge of a team game such as football
2. give decisive decision
3. judge, especially in competitions
E9
amateur, professional, team
1. company; close-knit crew
2. skilled, expert
3. unskilled, inexperienced
E10
bet, gamble, odds
1. He lost on the _____.
2. The _____ are 10 to 1 that her horse will not win the race.
3. The operation may not succeed; it is a _____ whether he dies or lives.
F. INDOOR GAMES
ace, backgammon, capture, deal, punch, wrestle
1. a game for two players, using round wooden pieces and dice
2. a playing card that has a single mark or spot and which usually has the highest or lowest value
in a game
3. fight by holding and throwing the body
4. strike hard with the closed hand
5. take
6. the act or right of giving out cards to players in a card game
G. CHILDREN'S GAMES AND TOYS
doll, riddle, toy
1. He started to cry because he broke one of his _____ soldiers.
2. Here is a ______: What has four legs but can't walk? A chair!
3. Probably the most famous baby _____ today is either Barbie or Cindy.
H. OUTDOOR GAMES AND SPORTS
H1
ball, flag, goal, net, pool
1. _____ is an American version of billiards.
2. He kicked the _____ his all his might.
3. In golf, a _____ marks the place where the hole is.
4. The goalkeeper stood alert before his _____.
5. When the ball passed the goal line and eventually met the _____, we knew we were going to win
this match.
H2
saddle, trot
1. keep a steady pace
2. seat; chair
H3
leap, skid, skip, walk
1. She fell and hurt her knee when she was _____ rope.
2. The car _____ on a pool of oil and ran into a fence.
3. The dog _____ over the high wall to the other side.
4. We _____ to school each day.
H4
skate, ski
- What is the difference between skate and ski?
H5
aim, archer, target
The _____ carefully ______ the _______ and held his breath.
H6
bait, rod
- What is the difference between bait and rod?

Exercise
Find synonym for the underlined word.
1. During the long flight, she beguiled herself by reading comic books.
A) fooled B) tired C) laughed D) amused
2. She plans to compete in the marathon.
A) contend B) compare C) delay D) register
3. As a rookie player, he doesn't get paid much.
A) rotten B) novice C) experienced D) practising
4. Her employer lauded her for her flawless typing.
A) lowered B) promoted C) fired D) praised
5. Ancient religious festivals are today held in many countries.
A) celebrations B) services C) documents D) traditions
6. When I was a young boy, I used to challenge my friends to climb to the top of a cherry
tree.
A) dare B) motivate C) encourage D) persuade
7. Shakespeare describes the seven stages of human life, from birth to death, in As You
Like It.
A) platforms B) types C) scenes D) steps

Exercise (Unit 13-18)

1. Laurel Hardy and Oliver Stone were two great ..... who wrote the scenario of their own
comedy films.
A) acrobats B) clowns C) humourists D) plotters E) producers
2. When he was ..... to the headquarters, Peter realized that his mistake had finally been found
out.
A) controlled B) expelled C) rectified D) sacked E) summoned
3. He ..... so that they would help him when he fell into the pit, but nobody heard him.
A) gurgled B) murmured C) muttered D) whispered E) yelled
4. The other day, because I didn't know that taxi ..... had been increased a day before, I was
shocked when I saw the amount I needed to pay on my arrival to the office.
A) amounts B) fares C) fees D) prices E) rates
5. I need to ..... my boss before I decide on such a vital matter.
A) complement B) conduct C) consent D) consult E) convene
6. When his tonsils were removed, he was unable to speak for a few days and had to use ..... to
communicate with people.
A) blinking B) gestures C) handiwork D) jests E) pretension
7. People said that Norwegian economy would suffer a lot if they refused the EU membership;
....., their economy developed as it had never before.
A) conversely B) diversely C) intensively D) likewise E) similarly
8. In order to prevent AIDS from spreading among drug users, municipalities in major cities
distribute ..... syringes free of charge.
A) disposable B) economical C) inexpensive D) recyclable E) reversible
9. As taking photos inside the museum was in ..... of the rules announced on the walls, the
insistent visitor was forced to leave the building by the museum guards.
A) defence B) defiance C) hindering D) opposition E) resistance
10. A ..... or loss of vitamins from the daily diet may result in serious health problems especially
in children.
A) deficiency B) excess C) luxuriance D) over-indulgence E) surfeit
11. Because I was too late to see the first act of the play, I could not grasp the ..... of the whole
action.
A) abridgement B) abstract C) kernel D) summary E) synopsis
12. When we reached the car, it was already in ..... and there was nothing we could but wait for
the fire brigade.
A) ablaze B) blazing C) burning D) flames E) lighted
13. While we was trying to change his flat type, he forced the steel ..... and broke it.
A) apparatus B) device C) gadget D) lever E) tool
14. When the queen reluctantly put her ..... on the document for more democratic freedom, an
era of total monarchy was ending.
A) badge B) sign C) signal D) signature E) symbol
15. On the face of ..... employment in the last few months, the Prime Minister chose to resign.
A) average B) fair C) massive D) mediocre E) medium
16. I divided the cake into several small ..... so that each of us would get a share.
A) particulars B) proportions C) divisions D) sections E) segments
17. My uncle is an addicted .....; he spends all his time at the poker table.
A) competitor B) contestant C) gambler D) opponent E) rival
18. There is no doubt that he was ..... in the robbery even though he may look very innocent
now.
A) accused B) applicable C) blamed D) condemned E) implicated
19. The hill was too ..... for the train to climb.
A) eminent B) exalted C) illustrious D) mountainous E) steep
20. A ..... and therefore dangerous road climbs the mountain and reaches its top.
A) copious B) large C) massive D) thriving E) winding
21. Companies spend millions of pounds to ..... their new products.
A) acquire B) obtain C) promote D) recover E) retrieve
22. She carefully filled the ..... and started to carry it up the stairs.
A) basket B) bucket C) drawer D) till E) tray
23. Quietly, she put her clothes into a small ....., put on her shoes, opened the door, and left
home.
A) bunch B) bundle C) chunk D) lump E) trunk
24. I paid a fortune on a letter which was said to have been written by General Washington, but,
unfortunately it turned out to be a ..... .
A) derision B) forgery C) imitation D) mimicry E) mockery
25. In the past, people who had lost one hand by accident would place a metal ..... so that it
would sort of function as an artificial hand.
A) grip B) handle C) holder D) hook E) knob

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

19. SPACE

A. THE UNIVERSE

A1

world, world-wide

1. earth, globe

2. in everywhere

A2

astronomy, constellation, eclipse, planet, solar, space, universal

1. Astronomy (n) _________ (adj)

2. Constellation = a_ _ _ _ _ _ment

3. When the moon covers outer rim of the sun completely, this is called the _____ eclipse of the
sun.

4. Planet (n) _________ (adj)

5. Solar = concerning the ___

6. When a place is large, it is _________. SPACE

7. Universal (adj) _________ (n)

A3

axis, clockwise, compass, direction, gravity, latitude(s), orbit, orient, pole, zone

1. area, territory

2. circumscription

3. course, passage; circle

4. device to indicate direction

5. far east; turn

6. pivot, shaft

7. point of compass

8. pulling force

9. rob, shaft, axis

10. to the left direction

B. LIGHT AND COLOUR

B1

gloom, shade, shadow

1. Gloom (n) _________ (adj)

2. What is the difference between shade and shadow?

B2

bright, brilliant, dazzle, gleam, glow, illuminate, radiate, shine

1. Bright (adj) _________ (n)

2. Brilliant (adj) _________ (n)

3. Dazzle (v) _________ (adj)

4. Gleam (n) _________ (v)

5. Illuminate (v) _________ (n)

6. Radiate (v) _________ (n)

7. Shine (v) _________ (adj)

B3

darken, dim, dull, dusk, faint, obscure, vague

Darken (v) = dim (v) = dull (v) = obscure (v)

1. What is the difference between dusk and dawn?

2. What is the difference between faint and vague?

B4

dye, spectrum, tint

1. Compare die (v), die (n) and dye (v).

2. Spectrum = continuous r_ _ _ _

3. Tint = _ _ _

B5

amber, purple

1. colour of a badly swollen part

2. yellowish

B6

fade, pale, vivid

1. brilliant; animated

2. colourless, dim

3. decline, disappear

B7

redden, whiten

Redden = make red; whiten = make white. Which combinations are possible?

black, grey, rich, poor,

light, yellow, green,
strength, wide
-(e)n

C. WEATHER AND TEMPERATURE

C1
climate, temperature, weather

1. Climate = at_ _ _ _heric conditions

2. Compare temperature, temperate and temperament.

3. Weather (v) = en_ _ _ _

C2

acclimatize, adjust

1. adapt, accustom

2. fit, regulate, settle

C3

erode, illustrate, scale, wear

1. Soil _________ is a big problem in Turkey. ERODE

2. There were lifesize _________on the wall. ILLUSTRATE

3. Scale = climb, a_ _ _ _ _

4. I feel _________ out. WEAR

C4

air, atmosphere, breathe, inhale, vacuum

1. The room was quite _________ and comfortable. AIR

2. _________ conditions forced the astronauts to orbit the Earth one more day. ATMOSPHERE

3. The scenery was magnificent! The forest was absolutely _________! BREATHE

4. _________ of the cigarette smoke gives pleasure as well as dangerous substances! INHALE

5. Vacuum = emptiness, v _ _ _

C5

dew, fog, mist, steam

1. What is the difference between dew and steam?

2. What is the difference between fog and mist?

C6

condense, evaporate, vaporize

1. Condense (v) _________ (n)

2. Evaporate (v) _________ (n)

3. Vaporize (v) _________ (n)

C7

frost, rainfall, shower, snow

1. Because his fingers were _________, doctors had to amputate them. FROST

2. Which area in your country takes the most _________? RAINFALL

3. Heavy _________ are expected in the area. SHOWER

4. This year, the _________ has been quite heavy. SNOW

C8

blizzard, hurricane, storm, thunder, typhoon, wind

- Study the difference: blizzard, hurricane, typhoon.

1. In _________ sessions, people put their ideas together in a randomly order. STORM

2. Thunder and _________.

3. Study the difference: wind (n) and wind (v)

C9

abate, lessen

- Finally, the storm _________ (abated / lessened)

C10

damp, humid, moisten

1. Damp (adj) _________ (v)

2. Humid (adj) _________ (n)

3. Moisten (v) _________ (n)

C11

drown, soak, wet

1. What is the difference between drown and suffocate?

2. Soak = drench, im _ _ _ _ _

3. Wet = soaked, mo _ _ _

C12
melt, molten, thaw

1. During the eruption, _________ lava went down the hill at a great speed.

2. He left the frozen chicken on the kitchen counter so that it would _________.

3. The snow is finally _________ .

C13

heat, warm

- What is the difference between heat and warm?

C14

chilly, cool, mild

1. Chilly = cold, in _ _ _

2. Cool = chilly, ch _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Mild = calm, tem _ _ _ _ _ _

D. GEOGRAPHY

D1

map, wilderness

1. Map = chart, diagram, blu _ _ _ _ _

2. Wilderness = wasteland, de _ _ _ _

D2

horizon, landmark, panorama, scene

1. He apologised even though he was not at fault, because he did not want to make a _________.

2. The observatory provides you with a _________ view.

3. The opposite of vertical is _________ .

4. This battle was one of the _________ of the history of the whole nation.

D3

continent, island, land, peninsula, territory

1. What is the Continent?

2. People who live on an island are called _________.

3. What is the difference between land and territory?

4. What is the difference betwen peninsula and isthmus?

D4

dam, lake, ocean, pond, pool

1. Dam (n) _________ (v) 2. Study the difference: lake, pond, pool.

3. Ocean = high s _ _ _

D5

course, ebb, tide

1. Course = direction, ro _ _ _

2. Ebb and tide occur at certain periods in the ocean. Study the verb form of ebb.

D6

drift, flood, flow, influx, surge

1. deluge, glut, inundate

2. discharge, proceed

3. flow, trend, ride

4. gush, rush, swell

5. inflow, crowd

D7

foam, wave

1. Foam (n) _________ (v)

2. Wave (n) _________ (adj)

D8

bank, bay, beach, coast, shore

- Study the difference in meaning: bank, bay, beach, coast, shore.

D9

brook, fountain, source, stream, torrent, waterfall

1. What is the difference between brook and stream?

2. What is the difference between fountain and source?

3. What is the difference between torrent and waterfall?

D10

alpine, cliff, hill, mountain, mountainous, range, scale, slope, summit, top, valley

1. Alpine = mountanious, lo _ _ _

2. Cliff = pre _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Hill = bluff, mo _ _ _

4. Mountain = _ _ _ _

5. Mountainous = alpine, soa _ _ _ _

6. Range = series, r _ _

7. Scale = cl _ _ _

8. Slope = slant, inc _ _ _ _

9. Summit = peak, zenith, ap _ _ _

10. Top = peak, cr _ _ _

11. Valley = chasm, ab _ _ _

D11

cave, crack, dribble, hole, hollow, leak

1. Study the difference in meaning: cave, crack, hole, hollow.

2. Study the difference in meaning: dribble, leak.

D12

oasis, prairie, swamp

1. green area in the desert

2. land covered with water and mud

3. large and green land

D13

jungle, wood

- Compare forest, jungle and wood

D14

avalanche, earthquake, landslide

1. What is the difference between avalanche and landslide?

2. Earthquake = tr_ _ r TREMOR

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Amphibians like frogs and toads have moist skin.

A) wet B) slimy C) sticky D) tough

2. Blizzards in the high mountains can be dangerous for hikers and skiers.

A) Snow storms B) High winds C) Avalanches D) Slippery ice

3. If you are going to be in a swamp area, you should take a mosquito repellent.

A) marsh B) jungle C) savanna D) tropical

4. Tenging Norkay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first people to scale Mount Everest.

A) climb B) camp on C) discover D) survive on

5. At a high temperature, evaporation is more rapid than at a lower temperature.

A) absorption of a liquid
B) decreased energy of molecules
C) change of a solid into a liquid
D) change of liquid into vapour
6. The main road will be closed until the blizzard finishes.

A) snowstorm B) hurricane C) tornado D) thunderstorm

7. After climbing to the zenith, he slowly walked his way down the mountain.

A) zero B) top C) cabin D) mountain

8. The lifeboat was inundated by a huge wave.

A) flooded B) capsized C) involved D) lifted

9. A pole with red and white spiral stripes is the symbol for a barber's shop.

A) rectangle B) stick C) wire D) figure

10. The river streams through the city centre.

A) fixates B) inclines C) glides D) breezes

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

20. TIME
 A. TIME GENERALLY

A1

anachronism, schedule

1. incongruity, misdate

2. list, agenda

A2

cycle, recycle, spell

1. What is the difference between cycle and spell?

2. Recycle (v) __________ (n)

A3

interval, period, transition

1. Interval = time, sp _ _

2. Period = cycle, dur _ _ _ _ _

3. Transition = transformation, sh _ _ _

A4

hesitate, pause

1. Hesitate = falter, flu _ _ _ _ _ _

2. Pause = break, h _ _ _

A5

brief, lapse, moment, occasion, prior, prompt, punctual, quite, time

1. __________ to taking the test, you need to learn what question types they are likely to use.

2. He himself is so __________ that he will get annoyed if you are a few minutes late.

3. Hours __________ between each telephone call. I started to feel a bit worried.

4. Okay, tell me what you saw. But please make it __________. I don't have much ___________.

5. Orson Wells broadcast The War of the Worlds on the radio. On that __________, millions of
people thought it was real.

6. She is studying in her room at the __________.

7. The situation calls for __________ action; we cannot tolerate any delay!
8. They tried to persuade me to sell my car, telling that it was about to break into pieces. I said no
and see what happened. __________ the contrary! It is running better than ever!

9. You swim around the pool and I'll __________ you.

A6

epoch, era

- What is difference between epoch and era?

A7

abrupt, immediate, instant, sudden, urgent

1. Abrupt = brusque, s _ _ _ p

2. Immediate = instantaneous, di _ _ _ _

3. Instant = immediate; m _ _ _ _ t

4. Sudden = abrupt, s _ _ _ t

5. Urgent = pressing, im _ _ _ ative

A8

frequent, regular, tick

1. Frequent = repeated, rec _ _ _ _ _ _

2. Regular = customary, per _ _ _ _ _

3. Tick = click, th _ _ _

A9

historic, historical

- Ladies and Gentlemen! This is a __________ (historic / historical) moment!

A10

endure, spend

1. Endure (v) __________ (n)

2. Spend (v) __________ (n)

A11

last, outlive, persist

1. Last (v) __________ (adj)

2. Outlive = out _ _ _ _

3. Persist (v) __________ (n)

A12

continue, persevere, prevail, proceed

1. Continue (v) __________ (adj)

2. Persevere (v) __________ (n)

3. Prevail (v) __________ (adj)

4. Proceed (v) __________ (adj)

A13

constant, eternal, incessant, permanent, perpetual, steady, temporal, temporary

1. Here to stay constant, eternal, ...

2. Bound to change temporal, ...

A14

chance, destined, fate

1. _________ of anything coming from Mars are a million to one, he said.

2. He is _________ to succeed; he has no other choice.

3. Study the difference: fate, fatal, faith.

A15

inevitable, unavoidable

1. Inevitable = certain, ines _ _ _ able

2. Unavoidable = inevitable, i_ _ _ nent

A16

envisage, predict

1. Envisage = visualize, co _ _ _ ive

2. Predict = guess, fore _ _ _ _

A17

forecast, outlook, visualize

1. Forecast (v) __________ (n)

2. Study the difference: outlook, overlook

3. Visualize (v) __________ (adj)

A18

omen, prophesy, prophet

1. Study the difference between omen and prophecy.

2. Prophet = seer, au _ _ _

B. BEGINNING AND ENDING

B1

inaugurate, initiate, introduce, launch, resume, trigger

1. Inaugurate (v) __________ (n)

2. Initiate (v) __________ (n)

3. Introduce (v) __________ (n)

4. Launch (v) __________ (n)

5. Resume (v) __________ (n)

6. Trigger (v) __________ (n)

B2

break out, outbreak

Which of the following can break out?

epidemic, fire, flood, hooliganism, test, war

- Outbreak = outbu _ _ _

B3

cease, expire, shut

1. "_________ fire!" called out the colonel.

2. The contract _________ by the end of next month.

3. Will you please ________ the door?

B4

abort, finish, halt

1. Do not attempt to leave your seat until after the vehicle has come to a complete _________ !

2. The computer is running quite slow. You need to _________ some of the programmes already
running.

3. When does the lesson _________?

B5

complete, culminate in, terminate

1. Complete (v) __________ (n)

2. Culminate (v) __________ (n)

3. Study terminate and terminal.

B6

end up, turn out

1. If he goes on drinking like this, he'll soon __________ in hospital.

2. The stranger in my compartment ____________ to be a close friend of my father's!

B7

adjourn, cancel, delay, postpone, suspend

1. Study the difference: adjourn, cancel, suspend.

2. Study the difference: delay, postpone.

B8

ceaseless, infinite

1. Ceaseless = continual, incessant, pe _ _ _ tual

2. Infinite = limitless, b _ _ _ _ less

B9

origin, original, prime

1. Origin (n) __________ (v)

2. Original (adj) __________ (n)

3. Prime = primary, le _ _ ing

B10

antecedent, former, latter

1. Both Pakistan and Bangladesh originally belonged to India. The __________ gained
independence a few years later India had gained hers, and, a several decades later, the
__________ gained independence from Pakistan.

2. The lawyer cited several ___________ to support his argument.

B11

premature, previous

1. His ideas are yet too _________.

2. I don't remember what we did in the _________ lesson.

B12

eventual, subsequent, terminal, ultimate

1. Eventual = inevitable, ult _ _ _ _ _

2. Subsequent = following, su _ _ _ _ _ ing

3. Terminal = end, bo _ _ _ ary

4. Ultimate = furthest, su _ _ _ me

B13

begin, commence, end, start

1. Study the difference: begin, commence, start

2. Study the difference: end, end up

C. OLD, NEW, AND YOUNG

C1

ancient, antics, archaic, obsolete

1. Ancient = very old, anti _ _ _ _ ed

2. Study the difference: antics, antique.

3. Archaic = prehistoric, anti _ _ _

4. Obsolete = archaic, ex _ _ _ _ t

C2

out-of-date, outdated

- What is the difference between out-of-date and outdated?

C3
antique, antiquity, contemporary

1. Study the difference between antique and antiquity.

2. Study the difference between contemporary and temporary.

C4

current, novel, recent, up-to-date

1. Study the difference between current and recent.

2. Study the difference between novel (adj) and up-to-date.

C5

imminent, peak, prospective

1. He was in _________ danger.

2. It is better to remain in the office for an extra hour until the ________ time traffic subdues.

3. So, this is the _________ husband, is that so?

C6

adult, teenage

1. What is the difference between adult and adultery?

2. What is the difference between teenage and adolescence?

C7

mature, ripe

- Peter was a very _________ (mature / ripe) boy.

C8

aged, elderly, senile

1. What is the difference between aged and elderly?

2. Senile (adj) __________ (n)

C9

adolescence, youth

1. Adolescence (n) __________ (n - person)

2. Youth (n) __________ (adj)

C10
age, evolve

1. Age (n) __________ (adj)

2. Evolve (v) __________ (n)

D. PERIODS OF TIME AND THEIR MEASUREMENT

D1

dawn, sunset, twilight

1. Dawn = _ _ _ break

2. Sunset = sun _ _ _ _

3. Twilight = d _ _ ness

D2

century, decade, fortnight

1. 10 years

2. 100 years

3. 2 weeks

D3

anticlockwise, pendulum, second, strap, watch

1. Just a _________. I'm coming.

2. The antique clock had been secured with a __________ around it.

3. The grandfather clock in the hall had a huge __________ made of brass.

4. Turn the knob __________.

5. What time do you make it? My _________ has stopped.

D4

AD, calendar, leap year

1. 366 days

2. after the time of Christ

3. yearly agenda

D5

autumn, season, spring, summer, winter

1. Autumn = ______ (AmE)

2. Study the difference: season (n), season (v)

3. Study the difference: spring (n), spring (v)

4. Summer = summer _ _ _ _

5. Winter (n) __________ (adj)

D6

anniversary, annual, centennial

1. commemoration

2. of each century

3. yearly

E. GRAMMATICAL WORDS AND PHRASES RELATING TO TIME

E1

about to, again, by and by, soon

1. "This food is delicious!" "You can say that ______."

2. How ________ do you think he'll be here?

3. Hurry up! The film is ________ start!

4. It took the dog a long time to get used to its new home but, _________, it regarded the place its
home.

E2

right away, simultaneous

1. "Bring me a notepad." "________, Sir."

2. Do not speak __________. One by one, please.

E3

almost, already, always, forever, seldom

1. And the tiny spacecraft Pioneer I finally left our solar system to travel in interstellar space _______.

2. This can't be Tom at the door. He has _______ gone to bed.

3. We ________ had an accident on the way home.

4. We work in different departments, so I __________ see her.

5. Why do you ________ scratch your nose? Is it a habit?

E4

afterwards, ago, beforehand

1. He left his home to live alone. _________, he regretted having left his parents.

2. Let me tell you _________. We will sleep in a small tent and eat canned food for three weeks.

3. This crater must have been formed several million years __________.

E5

through, throughout

1. __________ history, there is not a single day when there has been no war.

2. Are you __________ with this newspaper?

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Credit card holders can postpone payment on their purchases by accepting a monthly
interest charge.

A) provide B) decrease C) mail D) defer

2. To make raisins, the ripened grapes are usually picked by hand, placed on trays, and
set in the sun for several days.

A) dried B) cleaned C) crushed D) mature

3. Charles Darwin and A. R. Wallace published their ideas on evolution simultaneously in

1858.

A) in the same book B) for the same people C) fewer in numbers D) at the same time

4. An increasing number of women in the 1980s delayed marriage and childbirth in order to
launch their careers.

A) postpone B) expand C) begin D) participate in

5. If you stay on this diet, you will ultimately lose weight.

A) formerly B) finally C) unlikely D) possibly

6. Earthquakes frequently occur in Japan.

A) instantly B) annually C) often D) spontaneously

7. It is inevitable that smoking will damage your health.

A) invading B) unhealthy C) unavoidable D) intriguing

8. The president held a brief press conference.

A) documented B) long C) pleasant D) short

9. The epoch of space travel has just begun.

A) fear B) moment C) period D) event

10. Students beguile their leisure hours in book shops.

A) cause time to pass unnoticed
B) begin
C) waste regrettably
D) fool around

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

21. MOVEMENT, LOCATION, TRAVEL, AND TRANSPORT

A. MOVING, COMING, AND GOING

A1

approach, attend, circulate, loiter, move, remain

1. Everything changes but my troubles _________ the same!

2. He failed to get a certificate because he failed to _________ most of the lessons.

3. In some European countries, _________ is considered a crime.

4. They _________ the leaflet on general strike in town streets.

5. We _________ a policeman to ask the whereabouts of the museum.

6. When are you _________ into your new flat?

A2

await, wait

1. Await = expect, an _ _ _ _ _ _ te

2. Wait = await, expect, li _ _ _ _

A3

depart, emerge, evacuate, leave

1. Depart (v) _________ (n)

2. Emerge (v) _________ (n)

3. Evacuate (v) _________ (n)

4. Leave (v) _________ (n)

A4

appear, appearance, vanish

1. Appear = come into view, eme _ _ _

2. Appearance = emergence, arr _ _ _ _

3. Vanish = disappear, rec _ _ _

A5

admit, arrive, reach

1. As soon as he'd _________, he started giving orders.

2. He child _________ out for the apple but the branch was too high for him to touch.

3. We _________ members only.

A6

greet, meet, salute, welcome

1. He sends your his very best _________. GREET

2. Do you know where the _________ is? MEET

3. Each political party had adopted a peculiar way of _________. SALUTE

4. Dear President, we _________ you to our town. WELCOME

A7

alight, descend, disembark

1. What is the difference between alight and disembark?

2. What is the opposite of the word descend?

A8

ascend, sink, subside

1. What is the difference between ascend and subside?

2. Sink (v) X _________

A9

ascent, board, embark, mount

1. What is the difference between ascend and ascent?

2. Study the difference: board, embark, mount.

A10

motion, movement

1. The cat was completely __________ so that the dog would not notice it. MOTION

2. When he had made his next __________, I knew that I was about to win the game. MOVEMENT

A11

admission, destination, reception

1. __________ to the concert is free.

2. The plane missed its __________ due to severe atmospheric conditions.

3. You should check in first at the __________ desk.

A12

busy, idle, mobile, portable, stationary, still

1. As expected, he lost his __________ phone.

2. I'm sorry but I'm too __________ to help you now.

3. On way to the office, I enviously watched two __________ old man enjoying themselves in the
park.

4. We took a __________ table to the picnic ground.

5. Will you please stand __________. I can't do your shoelaces.

A13

quick, rapid, swift

1. Quick (adj) _________ (v)

2. Rapid (adj) _________ (n)

3. Swift (adj) _________ (n)

A14

gradual, hasty, slow

1. Gradual X h _ _ _ _ _ _

2. Hasty X anxious, calculated, ca _ _ _ _ _

3. Slow X quick, _ _ _ _

A15

pace, precipitate, rate, speed

1. Study the difference: pace, rate, speed

2. Precipitate = indiscreet, abrupt (adj); fall (v); s _ _ _ _ (n)

A16

hitchhike, ride, sail

Hitchhike hitchhiker

- Ride __________

- Sail __________

A17

amble, stagger, tiptoe, wander

1. Amble = walk, me _ _ _ _ _

2. Stagger = sway, fal _ _ _

3. Tiptoe = walk lightly, scutt _ _

4. Wander = roam, st _ _ _

A18

march, parade, procession

1. I do not know what to wear for the _________.

2. There is a protest ________ .

3. There will be a torch light _________ tonight.

A19

pound, ramble, stride

1. beat; pulverize

2. walk, march

3. wander; babble

A20

dash, race, zoom

1. Dash = rush, race, d _ _ t

2. Race = speed, h _ _ _ en

3. Zoom = speed, s _ u _ t

A21

crawl, creep, roll

1. A baby __________.

2. A snake ___________.

3. A stone ___________.

A22

glide, slip, sneak, sob

1. "I didn't deserve this!" she ________.

2. Do not pay any attention to what he may have said. I'm sure it was merely a _________ of the
tongue.

3. The neighbour's children silently __________ into the kitchen to steal a piece of cake.

4. The plane _________ through the clouds.

A23

cruise, navigate, steer

1. Cruise (v) _________ (n)

2. Navigate (v) _________ (n)

3. Steer (v) _________ (n)

A24

accelerate, brake, overtake

1. catch up with, reach

2. slow, stop

3. speed, advance

A25

haste, hurry, rush

1. Haste = rapidity, prompt _ _ _ _

2. Hurry = haste, quick _ _ _ _

3. Rush = haste, cha _ _ _

A26

chase, follow, pursue

- Study the difference in meaning and use: chase, follow, pursue.

A27

elude, escape, flee, fugitive

1. Elude (v) _________ (n)

2. Escape (v) _________ (adj)

3. Flee (v) _________ (adj)

4. Fugitive (n) _________ (adj)

A28

avoid, evasion

1. Avoid = evade, el _ _ _

2. Evasion = avoidance, subter _ _ _ _

A29

abandon, desert

1. Abandon = quit, relin _ _ _ _ _

2. Desert = abandon, run _ _ _ _

A30

advance, progress

1. Advance (v) _________ (n)

2. Progress (v) _________ (n)

A31

curve, throw

1. arch, bend

2. hurl, toss

A32
bend, distort

1. A sharp curve on a road is sometimes called a "hairpin ________".

2. I'm sure the newspapers will _________ my words.

A33

lean, turn, twist

1. _________ around so that we can see your trousers.

2. He was _________ against the wall when the whole wall collapsed.

3. You need to ________ the cap to open this beer bottle.

A34

drift, drip, spill, trickle

1. flow, flux

2. leak, escape, ooze

3. seepage, leakage

4. slop, splash, drop

B. PUTTING AND TAKING, PULLING AND PUSHING

B1

install, lay, place, position, predicament, put, set, situate

1. Install (v) _________ (n)

2. Study the difference: lay, layman.

3. Place (v) _________ (n)

4. Predicament = co _ _ _ tion

5. Study the difference: put, set.

6. Situate (v) _________ (adj)

B2

bring, fetch

- What is the difference between bring and fetch?

B3

bear, carry, convey, dispatch, lift

1. I can't _________ his insults any more!

2. Several children _________ their fingers to the teacher's question.

3. The cat was _________ its kitten in its mouth.

4. This sentence _________ a completely different meaning from the original.

5. Troops were _________ to the southern border.

B4

project, protrude

1. Project = protrude, ex _ _ _ _

2. Protrude = project, stick _ _ _

B5

deliver, send

1. Deliver (v) _________ (n)

2. Send (v) _________ (n)

B6

remove, shift

1. Remove (v) _________ (n)

2. Shift (v) _________ (n)

B7

accompany, lead, usher

1. They entered the city with the __________ of a troop of soldiers. ACCOMPANY

2. He is one of the _________ figures of the party. LEAD

3. In the cinema hall, an __________ helped us find our seats. USHER

B8

drag, draw, pull, tow

1. _________ a card. It doesn't matter which.

2. Do not _________ this sack on the ground! Its fabric is not that strong!

3. They have _________ my car away!

4. Will you stop __________ and pushing about!

B9

extract, withdraw

1. deduce, elicit, distil

2. remove, retread

B10

push, thrust

- Study the difference: push, thrust

B11

scatter, sprinkle, toss

1. He _________ the coin and shouted, "Heads, I win!"

2. She carefully __________ herbs on to her macaroni.

3. Suddenly, all of the children _________ around.

B12

eject, emit

1. Eject = throw out, dis _ _ _ _

2. Emit (v) _________ (n)

B13

bar, jam

1. They are __________ enemy's radio broadcast.

2. We was _________ from entering the disco.

B14

fasten, knot

1. Fasten = affix, at _ _ _ _

2. Knot = web, tan _ _ _

B15

lock, tie, unlock

1. Lock (v) _________ (n)

2. Tie (v) _________ (n)

3. Study the difference: unlock, dismantle.

B16

gap, opening

- What is the difference between gap and opening?

C. TRAVEL AND VISITING

C1

come across, encounter, invite

1. call

2. face, meet

3. meet accidentally

C2

commute, roam

1. A person who travels to work by train is a ________. COMMUTE

2. Roam = wander i _ ly

C3

expedition, itinerary, journey, pilgrimage, travel, trip, voyage

In this list, travel is the most general word. _________ is for religious purposes. ________ is short.
__________ is either on the sea or in space. ___________ is long and with a purpose. _________ is
for scientific purposes. __________ is a plan.

C4

emigrate, immigrate, migrate, nomad, refugee

1. Study the difference: emigrate, immigrate, migrate

2. Study the difference: nomad, refugee

C5

guest, host, passenger

1. one who entertains guests

2. traveller

3. visitor

C6
book, reserve, seat

1. Book (v) _________ (n)

2. Reserve (v) _________ (n)

3. Seat (n) _________ (v)

D. VEHICLES AND TRANSPORT ON LAND

D1

auto, buffet, carriage, transport, vehicle

1. car

2. instrument

3. move, carry

4. passenger car on the train

5. restaurant car on the train

D2

pram, trolley, wheelchair

1. baby's car

2. vehicle for serving drinks etc. in a restaurant

3. vehicle for sick or physically handicapped people

D3

due, scheduled

1. Due X _ _ due

2. Scheduled X _ _ _-scheduled

D4

boot, chain, engine, gear, puncture, shield, tyre, wheel, windscreen

1. a bicycle has two

2. on bicycles, this transmits power to the back wheel

3. rubber part of a wheel

4. sometimes the upper part of a car is called this

5. the "front window" of a car

6. the part that runs the car

7. the place where luggage is placed

8. you change this in a vehicle when you want to speed

9. you have this when you have a flat tyre

D5

tube, underground

- Tube = underground = m _ _ _ _

D6

luggage, pedestrian, porter

1. people who walk on the pavement

2. person who carries bags, etc.

3. what you carry when you travel

D7

accident, collide, crash, impact

1. Accident (n) _________ (adj)

2. Collide (v) _________ (n)

3. Crash (v) _________ (n)

4. Impact = crash, col _ _ _ _ _ _

E. PLACES

E1

junction, locate, posture, stretch

1. attitude, position

2. find the whereabouts

3. range, length

4. where roads meet

E2

barrier, border, boundary, frontier, margin, span

1. What is the difference between barrier and barricade?

2. Study the difference: border, boundary, frontier.

3. What is the difference between margin and span?

E3

threshold, verge

1. doorsill; starting point

2. edge, brink, border

E4

environment, setting

1. We are faced with a very big _________ problem. ENVIRONMENT

2. The film is ________ in north India. SETTING

E5

alley, avenue, walk

1. It is dangerous to walk around dark _________ after sunset.

2. The main _________ of the city has been closed to car traffic.

3. These workers come from different _________ of life.

E6

path, road, route, thoroughfare, track, trail, way

1. Finally, we found a narrow _________ down the hill. PATH

2. Road = passage, ch _ _ _ _ _

3. Route = course, iti _ _ _ _ _ _

4. Thoroughfare = highway, ar _ _ _ y

5. Track = path, trail, tr _ _ e

6. Trail = path, track, l _ _ e

7. Way = passage, channel, av _ _ _ e

E7

beacon, pavement, square

1. curb

2. plaza
3. street lamp

F. SHIPPING

F1

launch, shipping

1. Launch = initiate, set fo _ _ _

2. Shipping = lo _ _ ing

F2

deck, keel, propeller, raft

1. a small, flat, primitive type of water vehicle, generally made of wood

2. a system of blades that chop the air or water so that the vehicle can move

3. the main skeleton of a ship or a similar vehicle

4. the upper part of a ship or a similar vehicle

F3

aboard, afloat, aground, ashore, astern, dive, float

1. go under water

2. on board

3. on or to the shore

4. on the ground

5. on the surface of a liquid

6. stay on the surface

7. to the rear

F4

ahead, below

1. "May I smoke here?" "Go _________."

2. Temperature is __________ freezing.

F5

harbour, warehouse

1. What is the difference between harbour and dock?

2. What is the difference between warehouse and depot?

F6

crew, mate

1. comrade, assistant

2. group, gathering

F7

alongside, anchor

1. Alongside ________ his proposal, several others will be discussed at the meeting.

2. What is the difference between anchor and hook?

F8

oar, paddle

- Study the difference between oar and paddle.

F9

capsize, overturn

- Which of these two words is generally used for boats, ships and the like: capsize or overturn?

G. AIRCRAFT

G1

aeroplane, aerospace, airfield, airplane, airport, aviation, charter

Aeroplane = airplane

Airfield airport

1. Study the difference: aerospace, aerodynamic.

2. Study the difference: aviation, flight.

3. Study the difference: charter, scheduled.

G2

land, take off

1. come into port, arrive

2. fly, depart

H. LOCATION AND DIRECTION

H1

brim, edge, ridge, surface

1. Brim = margin, perimeter, fr _ _ _ e

2. Edge = border, bo _ _ _ _ _ y

3. Ridge = bank, r _ _ f

4. Surface = covering, f _ _ e

H2

apex, bottom

1. Apex = peak, s _ _ _ _ t

2. Bottom = lowest part, s _ _ e

H3

core, heart, middle

1. __________ of a volcano.

2. Apple _________.

3. In the ________ of a lesson.

H4

tip, top

1. She has a _________ nose. TIP

2. Women sunbathe _________ here. TOP

H5

rear, side

1. back

2. edge

H6

around, round, throughout

1. Study the difference between around and round.

2. Study the difference between through and throughout.

H7
indoors, inner, inside, interior, internal, inward(s)

1. Fold the paper _________.

2. He is an __________ decorator.

3. I have _________ doubts about his sincerity.

4. I would like to know what is _______ this box.

5. We are making an _______ office voting.

6. We have an __________ swimming pool.

H8

external, outdoor, outermost, outward(s)

1. External X _________

2. Outdoor X _________

3. Outermost X __________

4. Outward(s) X __________

H9

absence, present

1. Absence (n) _________ (adj)

2. Present (adj) _________ (n)

H10

across, along

1. above, over, beyond

2. ahead, onward, forward

H11

against, through

1. He was leaning ________ the wall.

2. We walked _________ the park to the bus-stop.

H12

adjacent, beside, by, close, near, next

- What is the difference between beside and besides?

- What is the difference between close and closed?

1. close, related

2. immediate, close, near

3. near, close to, next to

4. near, imminent, neighbouring

H13

almost, approximate, straight

1. It is _________ ten o'clock.

2. Walk _________ and you cannot miss the building.

3. What is the _________ price of this car?

H14

distance, extreme, far, remote

1. Distance (n) _________ (adj)

2. Extreme (adj) _________ (n)

3. Far (adj) _________ (phrase)

4. Remote (adj) _________ (n)

H15

among, apart, aside, away

1. Study the difference between among and between.

2. Apart _________ this, we visit the museum.

3. Study the difference between aside and away, as in "He put it aside / He put in away".

H16

backwards, onward(s), toward(s), upward(s)

1. above

2. advanced; ahead

3. in the direction of

4. retrograde, reactionary

H17
above, beneath, underneath

1. Above X b _ _ _ _

2. Beneath X o _ _ _

3. Underneath X a _ _ _ _

H18

after, before, back, front

1. In the ________ of the war, the Allies helped Germany re-establish its economic power. AFTER

2. Let me tell you __________. I don't agree with you. BEFORE

3. He is a bit __________ in his class due to a major hearing problem. BACK

4. I think what you need is a small __________ operation on your gums. FRONT

H19

beyond, foremost, past

1. first, leading

2. former, gone, recent

3. over, distance, thence

H20

outside, upside-down

1. What is the difference between outside and outward?

2. What is the difference between upside-down and inside-out?

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. Coral is made by a small, sedentary animal that lives in the ocean.

A) secluded B) immobile C) lively D) hard-working

2. When the earth turns, the moon appears to rise in the east and set in the west.

A) refers B) seems C) is likely D) is supposed

3. In certain areas of many cities, it is against the law to loiter.

A) throw paper B) stand around C) join a mob D) carry a weapon

4. The argument caused a great dilemma.

A) situation B) predicament C) embarrassment D) aura

5. He sang the hymn to the accompaniment of the church choir.

A) voices B) support C) meter D) music

6. She was slow and never seemed to drag.

A) dread to move B) dress carelessly C) walk fast D) move too slowly

7. He used various means to elicit a confession from the murderer.

A) make B) force C) frame D) draw out

8. I will have to keep my arms immobile for a few days.

A) in a sling B) encased in plaster C) motionless D) exercised

9. The Captain gave order for the crew to jettison the cargo to lighten the ship.

A) throw overboard B) consume C) jostle lightly D) transfer

10. A girl ushered us during the party.

A) introduced B) conducted C) pushed D) entered

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

22. GENERAL AND ABSTRACT TERMS

A. POSSIBILITY, CHANCE, AND NECESSITY

A1

apt, feasible, likely, possible, probable, random

1. Apt (adj) __________ (n)

2. Feasible (adj) __________ (n)

3. Likely (adj) __________ (n)

4. Possible (adj) __________ (n)

5. Probable (adj) __________ (n)

6. Study the meaning: random, at random.

A2
bound, certain, conclusive, confidence, definite, signify, sure

1. He is bound _________ win the race.

2. Certain (adj) __________ (n)

3. Conclusive (adj) __________ (n)

4. I have full confidence __________ your success.

5. Definite (adj) __________ (v)

6. Signify (v) __________ (adj)

7. He is sure _________ be successful.

A3

chance, contingent, fortune, luck, misfortune

1. His being promoted was completely __________.

2. She's experienced quite a number of __________ on her travel abroad.

3. We met a __________-teller on the pier.

4. What are his __________ of survival?

5. With a bit of __________, we can complete the project on time.

A4

advantage, auspicious, opportunity, prospect

1. He took _________ of the road conditions and took the lead in the race.

2. He's always had unbelievably high __________.

3. His is a great _________ for your father to be promoted.

4. The proposal he brought about at the meeting was __________ for the future of the organisation.

A5

fortunate, unfortunate

1. Fortunate = happy, fav _ _ _ _ _

2. Unfortunate = unlu _ _ _

A6

danger, hazard, jeopardy, peril, safe

1. Danger (n) __________ (adj) __________ (v)

2. Hazard (n) __________ (adj)

3. Jeopardy (n) __________ (v)

4. Peril (n) __________ (adj)

5. Safe (adj) __________ (n)

A7

endanger, ensure, risk

1. Endanger = risk, _ _ peril

2. Ensure = protect, _ _ _ _ guard

3. Risk = endanger, ga _ _ _ e

A8

ominous, threatening

1. Ominous = dangerous; d _ _ _ ed

2. Threatening (adj) __________ (n) __________ (v)

A9

grave, important, serious, sober, solemn, substantial

1. Study the difference in meaning: grave (n), grave (adj).

2. Study the difference in meaning: sober (adj-1), sober (adj-2).

3. Study the difference in meaning: serious, series.

4. Important (adj) __________ (n)

5. Solemn = grave, serious, dig _ _ _ _ ed

6. Substantial = real; important; ab _ _ _ _ nt

A10

essential, indispensable

1. fundamental, necessary, rudiment

2. necessary, imperative

A11

key, necessary

1. Key = m _ _ _ s
2. Necessary (adj) __________ (n) __________ (v)

A12

crucial, drastic, vital

1. Crucial = acute, fi _ _ _ _

2. Drastic = extreme, exce _ _ _ ve

3. Vital = necessary; vi _ _ _ ous

A13

imperative, urgent

1. Imperative = essential, p _ _ _ _ ing

2. Urgent (adj) __________ (n)

A14

mere, petty, trifling, trivial

1. Mere = simple, p _ _ e, small

2. Petty = trivial, _ _ significant

3. Trifling = worth _ _ _ _

4. Trivial = idle, use _ _ _ _

B. GENERAL, USUAL, UNUSUAL, ETC.

B1

common, communal, prevalent, widespread

1. In England, the Parliament has two divisions: the House of Lords and the House of _________ .
COMMON

2. There is a large Christian _________ in Iran. COMMUNAL

3. The law does not exist any more, but its negative effects still _________. PREVALENT

4. Widespread = prevalent, uni _ _ _ _ _ _

B2

absolute, altogether, by and large, mutual

1. Study the difference: absolute, obsolete.

2. Study the difference: altogether, all together.

3. By and large = ge _ _ _ _ _ ly

4. Mutual = communal, col _ _ _ tive

B3

individual, local, particulars, specific, vacant

1. I buy a __________ newspaper to learn what's going on in the neighbourhood.

2. Position ________: Night watchman wanted.

3. They are streamlining the __________ of the agreement.

4. This meal is ________ to this island only.

5. This new law will safeguard the rights of the _________ before the State.

B4

rare, unique

1. Rare = uncommon, sc _ _ _ _

2. Unique = sole, so _ _ _ ary

B5

customary, familiar, regular, usual

1. I'm __________ to being treated like this by him! CUSTOMARY

2. I sense a feeling of ___________, but I can't make out what. FAMILIAR

3. Bowels _________ in an infant is of crucial importance. REGULAR

4. He hates smoking, so it is rather ________ for him to be smoking a large cigar in his office.
USUAL

B6

common, ordinary, plain

1. In common ________ the nomads of other countries, gypsies in Turkey are viewed with
suspicion.

2. I'd like to buy her something _____ of the ordinary.

3. Murat IV was famous for walking plain-_________ around in the streets of Istanbul.

B7

easy, straightforward

1. Study the difference in meaning: easy, uneasy, at ease.

2. Analyse forward, straight and straightforward.

B8

awkward, difficult, tough

1. Awkward = strange, _ _ _

2. Difficult = hard, st _ _ _ _ ous

3. Study the difference: tough, hard, stale.

B9

basic, elementary

- What is the difference between basic and elementary?

B10

advanced, primitive

1. Advanced (adj) __________ (n)

2. Primitive = simple, _ _ civilized

B11

complex, elaborate, intricate, sophisticated

1. Study the difference: complex, complicated, sophisticated.

2. Elaborate = complicated, de _ _ _ _ ed

3. Sophisticated = complex, obs _ _ _ _

B12

complicate, simplify

1. Complicate (v) __________ (adj)

2. Simplify (v) __________ (n)

B13

generalize, particular

1. Generalize (v) __________ (n)

2. Particular = de _ _ _ _

B14

accustom, regulate, standardize

1. I'm __________ to living in this chaotic city.

2. This gadget ________ the flow of liquid.

3. They are trying to _________ the dimensions of postal parcels.

B15

limitation, restriction

- What is the difference between limitation and restriction?

B16

amend, modify

1. Amend (v) __________ (n)

2. Modify (v) __________ (n)

B17

extraordinary, remarkable

1. Extraordinary = phenomenal, amazing, _ _ believable

2. Remarkable = outstanding, mar _ _ _ _ ous

B18

odd, peculiar, queer, strange

1. Study the difference: odd (n), odd (adj).

2. This is peculiar ______ us.

3. Queer = odd, ex _ _ ic

4. Strange (adj) __________ (n)

B19

eccentric, eerie, uncanny, weird

1. Study the difference: eccentric, weird.

2. Eerie = uncanny; fear _ _ _

3. Uncanny = abnormal, freak _ _ _

B20

monster, pervert

1. Monster (n) __________ (adj)

2. Pervert (n, adj) __________ (n)

C. SIZE, IMPORTANCE, AND AVAILABILITY

C1

amount, bulk, mass, quantity, size, volume

1. Amount = sum, wh _ _ _

2. Bulk = mass, mag _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Mass = quantity, acc _ _ _ _ ation

4. Quantity = amount, agg _ _ _ _ _ _

5. Size = extent, di _ _ _ _ ion

6. Volume = quantity, s _ _ _

C2

colossal, enormous, gigantic, huge, immense, large, mammoth, prodigious, tremendous

All these words mean very big: colossal, enormous, gigantic, huge, immense, mammoth, prodigious,
tremendous. Study the noun forms of enormous, huge, immense, and large.

C3

heavy, light

1. In the sentence "He lay sleeping, his breathing heavy", what does the word heavy mean?

2. Light (adj) __________ (n)

C4

considerable, maximum, optimum, vast

1. Considerable = important, sub _ _ _ _ tial

2. Maximum = supreme, _ _ _ most

3. Optimum = i _ _ al

4. Vast = big, en _ _ _ ous

C5

minute, negligible, small, tiny

1. Study the difference between minute (n) and minute (adj).

2. Negligible (adj) __________ (v)

3. Small X great, large, br _ _ _

4. Tiny = little, dw _ _ _

C6

chief, main, major, principal, priority, privilege

1. Study the difference between chief (n) and chief (adj).

2. Study the difference between main (n) and main (adj).

3. Study the difference between major (n) and major (adj).

4. Study the difference between principal (n) and principal (adj).

5. Privilege = freedom, im _ _ _ ity

C7

minor, senior, superior

1. Minor X _ _ _ or

2. Senior X _ _ _ _ or

3. Superior X _ _ _ _ _ _ or

C8

amplify, enlarge

1. Amplify (v) _________ (n)

2. Enlarge (v) _________ (n)

C9

exceed, expand, extend

1. Study exceed, exceeding and excessive.

2. Expand _________

3. Study extend and extent.

C10

grow, increase, inflate, magnify, multiply, prolong

1. 30 ________ by 13 is 390.

2. All children _________ up; what matters is how they are brought up.

3. High oil prices are artificially _________ prices of other goods.

4. I keep a coffee plant in my balcony and I do not know how I can ________ its life.

5. Inflation is on the _________.

6. This special gadget will _________ object ten times so that we can get a better view.

C11

augment, extent, spread, sprout, swell

1. Augment = enlarge, en _ _ _ _ _

2. Extent = border, l _ _ _ t

3. Spread = distribute, dis _ _ _ _ e

4. Sprout = flourish, de _ _ _ _ p

5. Swell = expand, b _ _ _ e

C12

addition, supplement

1. Addition (n) __________ (adj)

2. Supplement (n, v) __________ (adj)

C13

decline, decrease, lessen, minimize, reduce

1. Decline X imp _ _ _ _

2. Decrease X _ _ crease

3. Lessen X _ _ large

4. Minimize X _ _ _ _ mize

5. Reduce X _ _ _ lify

C14

contract, shrink

- What is the difference between contract and shrink?

C15

majority, minority

1. bulk, most, plurality

2. lesser part, opposition

C16

barely, just, hardly

He had barely = just = hardly opened the door when he remembered that he had invited friends for
dinner.

- Study bare (adj) and barely (adv).

- Study just (adj-1) and just (adj-2).

- Study hard (adj) and hardly (adv).

C17

also, besides

- Study also, in addition, moreover, furthermore, what's more, too; besides and beside.

C18

by the way, furthermore, moreover

- We met outside the pub as we'd arranged. __________ , (By the way / Furthermore / Moreover]
have you met Alice before? She's my girlfriend.

C19

otherwise, rest

- I warn you for the last time not to insist on your silly idea. __________ , (Otherwise, Rest) I'll have to
take whatever action is needed.

C20

adequacy, enough, sufficient

1. Adequacy X _ _ adequacy

2. Enough = abun _ _ _ _

3. Sufficient X _ _ sufficient

C21

ample, generous, numerous, several

1. Ample = ex _ _ _ sive

2. Generous X m _ _ _

3. Numerous = p _ _ _ _ y

4. Several = s _ _ _
C22

abundance, excess, extravagant, plenty

1. It was a beautiful party! Food and drink was __________. ABUNDANCE

2. They have taken __________ measures against terrorism. EXCESS

3. His __________ is beyond logic! EXTRAVAGANT

4. There were a handful of supporters for my team, but the fans of the other team were definitely
__________. PLENTY

C23

scarce, short, shortage

1. Food and drink was so _________ that we had to draw a plan as to how to use the available
amount most efficiently.

2. I'm __________ of money these days.

3. There is a __________ of foreign currency.

C24

moderate, modest

- Study the difference between moderate and modest.

C25

access, available, ready

1. "Are you _________ for the final exam?" "Not exactly. I have a few more pages to study."

2. I have no __________ to these files on the computer.

3. Now, these secret files and documents of the Second World War are _________ in libraries and
similar institutions.

C26

spare, surplus

1. I always carry a ________ key to my car, just in case.

2. We sell _________ warfare material here, like helmets and jeeps from the American NATO
forces in Europe.

D. RESEMBLANCE, DIFFERENCE, AND CHANGE

D1

resemble, take after

- Study the difference: resemble, take after, look like.

D2

alike, analogous, like, unlike

1. Study the difference: alike, like, unlike.

2. Analogous = _ _ _ _ _ _ lent

D3

even, level, uniform

1. What does to get even mean?

2. What does level mean in the sentence "She levelled the picture on the wall."

3. What is the difference between uniform (n) and uniform (adj)?

D4

distinct, identical, respective, same, similar

1. 4 X 3 is the __________ as 3 X 4.

2. Is this hat __________ to the one I bought last season?

3. Me and my brother are __________ twins.

4. These houses are slightly _________ from each other. The one on the left is larger.

5. They invited Professor Wilkins, Sir Adams and Sir Peterson, __________, to present the awards
to winners.

D5

contrary, perverse, reverse

1. Contrary _________ common belief, sharks rarely attack people.

2. Perverse = ag _ _ _ able

3. Reverse = contrary, _ _ _ _ site

D6

varied, various

- What is the difference between varied and various?

D7

alternate, another, assortment, identity, variety

- Study the difference between assortment and variety.

1. Can I have _________ beer, please?

2. Have you checked the policeman's _________.

3. We _________ driving from Istanbul to Erzurum; I drove mostly during daytime, my wife after
sunset.

D8

deviate, divergent

1. Deviate (v) _________ (n)

2. Divergent (adj) __________ (n)

D9

compare, contrast, differ, equal, oppose

1. What is the difference between compare and contrast?

2. Study: differ and vary; different and indifferent.

3. Equal (adj) __________ (v)

4. Oppose (v) __________ (n)

D10

discriminate, distinguish, identify

1. He is accused of __________ between races.

2. His sharp features __________ him from the rest of the group.

3. It is wrong to __________ him with the notorious figures of his country's history.

D11

arrange, classify

1. Arrange (v) __________ (n)

2. Classify (v) __________ (b)

D12

grade, order, rank, sort, systematic

1. I'd like you to place the tins in this ________.

2. Isn't there a _________ way of memorizing phrasal verbs in English?

3. My sister is older than me; she is ________ Six at school.

4. She ___________ among the best swimmers of the world.

5. We couldn't _________ this out.

E. RIGHTNESS, FAIRNESS, PURPOSE, USE, AND STRENGTH

E1

appropriate, convenient, proper, relevant, suitable

1. Appropriate X _ _ appropriate

2. Convenient X _ _ convenient

3. Proper X _ _ proper

4. Relevant X _ _ relevant

5. Suitable X _ _ suitable

E2

valid, worthy, worthwhile

1. His documents have no __________. VALID

2. He is worthy _________ praise.

3. Worthwhile = suit _ _ _ _

E3

accuracy, exact, precise

1. Accuracy (n) __________ (adj)

2. Exact (adj) __________ (n)

3. Precise = exact, exp _ _ _ _ _

E4

ideal, perfect, spotless

1. He has _________, none of which can be realized.

2. The patient was in a __________ condition following the operation.

3. The room was __________ clean.

E5

purge, purify, rectify, refine

1. better, correct

2. clean, refine, disinfect

3. cleanse, eliminate

4. purify, polish

E6

correct, right

1. Correct (adj) __________ (v)

2. Right (adj) __________ (v)

E7

defect, drawback, fault, flaw

1. Study the difference between defect and drawback.

2. Study the difference between fault and flaw.

E8

anomaly, discrepancy

1. Anomaly = _ _ normality

2. Discrepancy = _ _ consistency

E9

error, lapse, mistake

1. To __________ is human, to forgive is divine. (Proverb) ERROR

2. Lapse = decline; error, s _ _ p

3. He mistook me __________ a friend, probably.

E10

detect, evidence, proof, prove

1. Detect (v) __________ (n)

2. Evidence (n) __________ (adj)

3. Proof (n) __________ (v)

4. Prove (v) __________ (adj)

E11
clarify, clear, dilute, obvious, prune

1. Clarify (v) __________ (n)

2. What is the difference between clear and clean?

3. Dilute (v) __________ (adj)

4. Obvious X am _ _ _ _ ous

5. Prune = cut, t _ _ m

E12

accord, balance, counteract, harmonious

1. His plans are in __________ with the decisions of the higher council. ACCORD

2. The whole building was ___________ due to the tremours during the earthquake. BALANCE

3. They responded with __________. COUNTERACT

4. Your hair style should be in __________ with the way you dress. HARMONIOUS

E13

align, correspond, fit, match

1. I'm _________ to my own homework. ALIGN

2. Our special __________ in the area reported serious damage. CORRESPOND

3. This tool is _________ for the repair we aim to undertake; we need a stronger one. FIT

4. This is a disaster of __________ volume in the history of mankind! MATCH

E14

account for, answer for, justice, justify

1. confirm, assert

2. explain, bring an explanation

3. fairness, right

4. trust, have confidence in

E15

aim, end, purpose

- Study the difference: aim, end, purpose.

E16
helpful, use, utility

1. What is the difference between helpful and helpless?

2. Study the difference between use (v) and use (n).

3. Utility (n) __________ (v)

E17

ambition, goal

1. aim, objective

2. aspiration, desire

E18

profitable, practical

1. Profitable X _ _ profitable

2. Practical X _ _ practical

E19

futile, pointless, sensible, vain

1. Futile (adj) __________ (n)

2. There is no __________ in arguing with him. POINTLESS

3. Study the difference sensible and sensitive.

4. He tried __________ vain to escape the argument.

E20

fragile, might, robust, strength

1. He lacks _________ strength and courage essential for a real boxer.

2. He tried to lift the weight with all his __________.

3. These _________ robust sailors crossed the ocean to explore new lands.

4. This parcel contains __________ material and should be handled with utmost care.

E21

arbitrary, feeble, impotent, intense, potent, weak

1. Arbitrary = _ _ _ cretionary

2. Feeble = frail, _ _ effective

3. Impotent = power _ _ _ _

4. Intense = con _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ed

5. Potent = power _ _ _

6. Weak = fragile, feeble, de _ _ _ ate

E22

affiliate, attach, attachment, relate

1. Affiliate = associate, col _ _ _ _ _ e

2. Attach X _ _ tach

3. Attachment = s _ _ _ _ ation

4. Relate = _ _ _ connect

E23

concentrate, reinforce

1. focus, pay attention

2. strengthen

E24

able, enable

1. Able X _ _ capable

2. Enable X _ _ _ able

F. FULLNESS, HEAVINESS, THICKNESS, STIFFNESS, ROUGHNESS, ETC.

F1

complete, entire

- What is the difference between complete and entire?

F2

thorough, thoroughbred

1. Study the difference between thorough and through.

2. Study the difference between thoroughfare and thoroughbred.

F3

pitch, sheer, total, utter, whole, wholehearted

1. He has the _________ support of the younger members.

2. I think this is _________ madness.

3. It was __________ dark and we needed a torch.

4. To my _________, amazement, I passed the test.

5. What is the _________ amount?

F4

blank, empty, superficial, vacant

1. Blank = empty, v _ _ _

2. Empty (adj __________ (v)

3. Superficial (adj) __________ (n)

4. Vacant (adj) __________ (n)

F5

fill, occupy, pervade

1. __________ in the blanks with correct form of the word in brackets.

2. A strong smell of gas __________ the building

3. The troops __________ the school building as their headquarters.

F6

drain, plug

1. Drain (v) _________ (n)

2. Plug X _ _ plug

F7

unload, unpack

1. Unload = unpack, e _ _ ty

2. Unpack = unload, _ _ _ charge

F8

airy, light

1. Airy = sp _ _ _ ous

2. Light X _ _ avy
F9

dense, thick, thin

1. What is the _________ of the fog? DENSE

2. The ________ of this mattress is in line with the standards. THICK

3. My hair is __________ . THIN

F10

firm, hard, harsh, rigid, stiff

1. Firm (adj) __________ (n)

2. Hard (adj, adv) _________ (v)

3. Harsh (adj) __________ (n)

4. Rigid (adj) __________ (n)

5. Stiff (adj) __________ (n)

F11

austere, stern, strict

1. Austere = stern, gr _ _ _

2. Stern = harsh, cruel, _ _ ve _ _

3. Strict = stern, cr _ _ ical

F12

limp, mild, rigour, severe

1. cold

2. gentle, calm, tender

3. infirm, loose, weak

4. strict, grim

F13

flexible, slope

1. Flexible X _ _ flexible

2. Slope = sl _ _ _

F14
spring, stretch

1. Spring = _ _ coil

2. Stretch = length _ _

F15

consistence, loose, soften, tight

1. Consistence X _ _ consistence

2. Loose (adj) __________ (v)

3. Soften (v) __________ (adj)

4. Tight (adj) __________ (v)

F16

coarse, crude, smooth

1. _________ oil prices have risen again.

2. His palms felt __________ from working too much in the garden.

3. We intend a _________ pass into a fully computerized factory.

F17

fickle, jagged, rough, serrated, stabilize

1. irregular, uneven, jagged, unfinished

2. irregular, uneven, rough

3. saw-toothed

4. steady, firm

5. unstable, inconstant

Exercise

Find synonym for the underlined word.

1. The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 resulted in severe criticism of President Kennedy by
the American people.

A) deep B) special C) tight D) harsh

2. The increase in world population was negligible until around 1900.

A) unimportant B) needless C) average D) misleading

3. One goal of physical fitness is to maximize a person's strength and endurance.

A) split B) distinguish C) increase D) combine

4. Among the dangers of drilling for oil in the ocean is the problem of potential leaks.

A) serious B) dangerous C) imminent D) possible

5. Most animals have become scarce during this century.

A) easily frightened B) prone to disease C) fewer in numbers D) difficult to catch

6. In coastal areas where there is an abundance of fish, the fishing industry prospers.
A) more than sufficient quantity
B) a wide variety
C) a unique type
D) a common diet
7. A backyard swimming pool can be a hazard for small children.

A) pleasure B) disaster C) danger D) thrill

8. She has written a new, comprehensive book.

A) complete B) factual C) festive D) illustrated

9. My students think I am odd.

A) dangerous B) friendly C) strange D) humorous

10. Oil is one of the principal sources of energy.

A) most expensive B) most important C) most difficult D) most popular

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ ÇALIŞMASI

23. DOING THINGS

A. BEING, BECOMING, AND HAPPENING

A1
exist, prevail
1. I'm glad to state that today the smallpox disease is __________. We've won the battle against it.
EXIST
2. One view __________ among astronomers is that the moon was once a part of the Earth.
PREVAIL
A2
appear, look like, seem
1. In the Victorian times, it was forbidden for women to __________ on the theatre stage.
2. It _________ it is going to rain.
3. What does your cousin _________ ?
A3
attribute, quality, trait
1. School kills creativity and free-choice, both __________ essential for a genius.
2. The idea of the United Nations is __________ to the US President Roosevelt.
3. Those items that fail the __________ control are sent to a separate section of the plant.
A4
appearance, state
1. Appearance = emergence, s _ _ _ ing
2. State = condition, cir _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ces
A5
character, personality
- What is the difference between character and personality?
A6
type, typical
1. __________ type of films do you like?
2. This is typical __________ him! He is late again!
A7
example, exemplify, instance, sample, specimen
1. Study example and instance.
2. Study sample and specimen.
3. Exemplify = ty _ _ fy
A8
embody, realize
1. Embody (v) __________ (n)
2. Realize (v) __________ (n)
A9
essence, fact, truth
- This is not _________ essence a book for KPDS and YDS only. As a ___________ of fact, it is for
multiple-choice type questions. To tell you _________ truth, even those who prepare for general
purpose English can benefit from it.
A10
false, fiction
1. False (adj) __________ (v)
2. Fiction X _ _ _ fiction
A11
actual, concrete, fake, real, virtual
1. Actual = true, ab _ _ _ _ te
2. Concrete = actual, s _ _ _ _ d
3. Fake = false, counter _ _ _ _
4. Real = actual, ge _ _ _ ne
5. Virtual = essential, imp _ _ _ _ _
A12
apparent, imaginary
1. Apparent (adj) __________ (v)
2. Imaginary (adj) __________ (v)
A13
become, happen, occur, take place
1. What does become mean in the sentence "Being a mother becomes her" ?
2. Study the difference: happen, occur, take place.
A14
adventure, arise
1. Adventure = venture, jeo _ _ _ _ _
2. Study the difference: arise, rise, raise.
A15
affair, circumstance, event, incident, phenomenon
Be careful: phenomenon (n-singular), phenomena (n-plural)
1. I'm afraid her husband has a revolting __________ with his secretary.
2. In any __________, we will have to sell the car.
3. It was through an unfortunate __________ that we realized how bad a person he was.
4. Total eclipse of the Sun is a natural __________.
5. Under these __________, there is no point in going any further.
A16
catastrophe, disaster, holocaust, trouble
1. Study the difference: catastrophe and chaos.
2. Study the difference: disaster and holocaust.
3. Study the difference: trouble and problem.
 B. DOING
B1
act, behave, perform, react, respond
1. Act (v, n) _________ (n)
2. Behave (v) _________ (n)
3. Perform (v) _________ (n)
4. React (v) _________ (n)
5. Respond (v) _________ (n)
B2
practise, repeat
1. Study the difference: practise, practice and exercise?
2. Repeat (v) _________ (n) _________ (adj)
B3
active, activity, deed, function
1. Active X _ _ active
2. Activity = movement, per _ _ _ mance
3. Deed = act, accomp _ _ _ _ ment
4. Function = purpose, d _ _ _
B4
inert, listless, passive
1. Inert (adj) _________ (n)
2. Listless (adj) _________ (n)
3. Passive (adj) _________ (n)
B5
action, work
1. labour, drudgery
2. movement, activity, behaviour
B6
flourish, manage, prosper, succeed
1. Study the difference between flourish and prosper.
2. Study the difference between manage and succeed.
B7
excel, improve
1. Excel (v) _________ (adj)
2. Improve X decline, dete _ _ _ _ _ te
B8
accomplish, achieve, attain
1. Accomplish (v) _________ (n)
2. Achieve (v) _________ (n)
3. Attain (v) _________ (n)
B9
execute, fulfil, implement
1. He is the chief ___________ of a company. EXECUTE
2. People find ___________ in working together. FULFIL
3. Speedy __________ of the plan is of vital importance. IMPLEMENT
B10
accept, agree, transact, undertake
1. The __________ of the proposal plan came as a real relief! ACCEPT
2. There is full __________ between the two parties. AGREE
3. Legal ___________ in a state-controlled system are rather cumbersome. TRANSACT
4. This is a great ___________. UNDERTAKE
B11
refuse, reject
- Study the difference: refuse, reject, deny.
B12
avoid, evasion
1. Study the difference between avoid and prevent.
2. Evasion = _ _ _ _ _ _ fuge
B13
attempt, endeavour, strive, vigour
1. The athlete was able to qualify for the finals in his third __________.
2. These problems were discussed with great __________.
3. They have __________ for freedom for years.
4. We must wish him good luck in his __________.
B14
aid, assist, subsidy, try
1. "The car won't work!" "Shall I give it another __________?"
2. Doctor Peterson will __________ me during the operation.
3. It appears that the Municipality has wasted the ____________.
4. We provide financial __________ to several countries.
B15
auxiliary, benefit, support
1. additional, subsidiary
2. aid, assistance
3. profit
B16
hamper, hindrance, keep, prevent
1. This constant stream of visitors really hampers ________ (of / from / - ) us!
2. Is hindrance countable or uncountable?
3. We told the children to keep _________ (of / out / away) from the cake.
4. There is nothing that will prevent them __________ (from / into / away) invading the city.
C. CAUSING
C1
arouse, involve, make
Complete with arise, arouse, rise
1. A serious problem has now __________.
2. The sun is ________.
3. This new computer may ________ his interest into his studies.
- Involve (v) __________ (n)
- Make (v) __________ (n)
C2
precipitate, prompt, render, stir
1. hint, push
2. make, perform, provide; translate
3. excite
4. speed, accelerate
C3
cause, reason
- Study the difference: cause, reason, result.
C4
aftermath, by-product
1. In the __________ of the Second World War, Germany became a divided country.
2. This chemical substance is a _________ of our production.
C5
consequence, consequent, effect, effectual, result
1. __________ a consequence of his efforts, the dog kennel was moved to a safer place.
2. Consequent (adj) __________ (adj)
3. This paper, __________ effect, will change the political layout of the whole state.
4. Effectual = effective, inf _ _ _ _ _ ial
5. Result (n, v) __________ (adj)
C6
compel, constrain, force, impel, indebted, oblige
1. Compel = force, constrain, _ _ force
2. Constrain = force, _ _ _ fine
3. Force = compel, inf _ _ _ _
4. Impel = propel, mo _ _ _ ate
5. Indebted = obliged, thank _ _ _
6. Oblige = compel, force, re _ _ _ re
C7
crush, pressure, push, subject to
1. Crush X compact, cake, comp _ _ _ _
2. Pressure X re _ _ ef
3. Push X pull, drag, d _ _ _
Study the difference:
1. The new law is subject to change.
2. The new law is bound to change.
C8
dissuade, persuade
1. influence, convince
2. warn, alarm
C9
demand, urge
1. Demand (n, v) __________ (adj)
2. Urge (n, v) __________ (adj)
C10
must, necessitate, need
1. A piece of mind is what I really __________.
2. It is a _________ that you submit your thesis before the end of this month.
3. This job will __________ working with your hands.
C11
request, require
1. He made a _________ in writing.
2. We _________ more people to carry on with the rescue operation.
C12
discourage, encourage
Study the difference: discourage, dissuade; encourage, persuade.
C13
base, establish, found
1. Base = establish, found, g _ _ _ _ d
2. Establish = found; verify; _ _ act
3. Found = establish, set _ _
Did you know the longest word in English? "Antidisestablishmentialism".
C14
attentive
Attentive (adj) __________ (v)
C15
decide, determine
1. Decide (v) ___________ (adj)
2. Determine ___________ (adj)
C16
resolution, resolve, settle, unravel
1. Resolution = solution, _ _ _ come
2. Resolve X _ _ _ solidate
3. Settle X _ _ _ fuse
4. Unravel = resolve, _ _ tangle
C17
affect, enhance
1. What is the difference between affect and effect?
2. Enhance = inf _ _ _ _
C18
chair, dominate, govern, guide, influence, manipulate, preside, supervise
1. He is the ___________ of a big company. CHAIR
2. These genes are __________. DOMINATE
3. She was elected the __________ of a large town. GOVERN
4. We need the expert __________ of a medical person. GUIDE
5. His views have always been __________. INFLUENCE
6. The careful _________ of the events prevented a disaster. MANIPULATE
7. Who was the fifth _________ of the USA? PRESIDE
8. She acts as the legal _________ of us. SUPERVISE
C19
conduct, maintain, organize
1. Conduct (v) means direct and guide. What does the noun form mean?
2. Maintain = assist; per _ _ _ _ re
3. Organize = establish, institute, _ _ _ stitute
D. ACTIONS AND POSITIONS
D1
kneel, perch, rise, squat
1. Study the difference: kneel, perch, squat.
2. Study the difference: arise, rise.
D2
collapse, fall, trip
1. While he was walking, he ________ (fell / tripped) over a dog's lead and _________ (fell /
tripped) flat on to the pavement.
2. Study the difference between collapse and demolish.
D3
dip, drop, lift, lower, raise
1. He _________ his biscuit into his tea and popped it into his mouth.
2. I'm afraid I've __________ my bag somewhere.
3. She __________ the blinds so that the afternoon sun would not disturb the patient's eyes.
4. The point he ________ during the monthly meeting was really trivial.
5. This crane can _________ cargo boxes to a height of 23 meters.
D4
bank, bow, lean, reel
1. Bank = turn, _ _ cline
2. Bow = bend, curve, buc _ _ _
3. Lean = incline, bend, sl _ _ _
4. Reel = stagger; wh _ _ l
D5
shake, sway, swing
1. Children were _________ in the park.
2. The _________ of the huge pendulum of the clock came to a halt.
3. They _________ hands before they sat at the table.
D6
curl, revolve, rotate, spin, turn, twist, whirl, wind
1. He has __________ hair. CURL
2. He pulled out his ________ and fired. REVOLVE
3. Out of the job ________ policy of our company, I'll have to work abroad for some time. ROTATE
4. She was sitting at her _______ wheel and weaving. SPIN
5. This is a ________ point in history. TURN
6. A monstrous __________ destroyed houses in the north part of the continent. TWIST
7. Followers of Mevlana are named _______ dervishes. WHIRL
8. It was a long, _______ road. WIND
D7
pulse, shiver, shudder, throb
1. As the was soaked to the skin, she ________.
2. He was so angry that we could see a vein ________ of his forehead.
3. I ________ to think of the consequences.
4. The doctor checked the patient's ________.
D8
nod, tremble, vibrate, wag, wave
1. Nod X _______
2. Study the difference between tremble and vibrate.
3. The dog ________ (wagged / waved) its tail as soon as it saw its owner.
D9
dangle, hang
1. Clark Gable was famous for his cigarette ________ (dangling / hanging) from his lips.
2. Study the difference in meaning:
hang - hanged - hanged
hang - hung - hung
D10
slanted, tilted, upright, vertical
1. Slanted = tampered _ _ _ _
2. Tilted = slop _ _ _
3. Upright = vertical, erect X crooked; horizon _ _ _
4. Vertical = upright, erect, stand _ _ _
D11
flat, prostrate
1. Flat (adj) __________ (v)
2. Prostrate = flat X elevated, ro _ _ _
D12
deep, low, shallow, wide
1. Deep (adj, n) _________ (n) ___________ (v)
2. Low (adj) __________ (v)
3. Shallow = sh _ _ _
4. Wide (adj) ___________ (n) __________ (v)
D13
fine, narrow
1. little, minute, small
2. slender, thin
D14
broaden, shorten
1. Broaden = length _ _
2. Shorten = abb _ _ _ _ _ _ _
D15
habit, inclined, liable, lie, prone, tend
1. These are all __________ actions. HABIT
2. She has an __________ toward alcoholism. INCLINED
3. I have certain __________ to bear. LIABLE
4. He is a really butter-finger and is, therefore, ________-prone; he cuts himself and hurts himself
too often.
5. There is an apparent _________ to increase wages. TEND
- Study the difference between lie (v) and lay (v).
E. CUTTING, JOINING, BREAKING, AND DESTROYING
E1
carve, chop, slice, trim
1. Can I have another _______ of this delicious bread, please?
2. He cut himself while he was _________ the hedge around his garden.
3. I can ________ a better man than you out of this log!
4. We decided to _______ the tree down because it was too old and would definitely collapse
during a strong storm.
E2
detach, disengage
- What is the difference between detach and disengage?
E3
divide, part, separate, split
1. Divide (v) __________ (n)
2. Part (v, n) __________ (adj)
3. Separate (v, adj) __________ (adj)
4. Split (v, adj) __________ (n)
E4
insulate, isolate
- What is the difference between insulate and isolate?
E5
affix, amalgamate, bang, penetrate, pierce
1. Affix = attach, app _ _ _
2. Amalgamate = mix, al _ _ _
3. Bang = strike, bat _ _ _
4. Penetrate = pierce, b _ _ e
5. Pierce = penetrate, enter, d _ _ ll
E6
combine, connect, consolidate, integrate, join, tie, unite
1. The rescue operation is a ________ undertaking of several rescue teams. COMBINE
2. He did the cleverest thing and ________ the plug before he opened the cabin door. CONNECT
3. This has been a real __________. CONSOLIDATE
4. Reading, writing, listening and speaking are named _________ skills in language teaching.
INTEGRATE
5. This is a ________ venture. JOIN
6. Do you thing you can ________ this lock? Otherwise, I'll have to cut it. TIE
7. We need ___________ and loyalty. UNITE
E7
adjunct, junction
1. addition, appendix
2. joining, connection
E8
rip, tear
1. The identity of the famous murderer of the nineteenth century, Jack the ________, will probably
never be found. RIP
2. Study the difference between tear (v) and tear (n).
E9
associate, association, incorporate, union
1. Associate = comrade, coll _ _ _ _ _
2. Association = alliance, relation _ _ _ _
3. Incorporate = merge, com _ _ _ _
4. Union = coalition, un _ _ _
E10
blast, break
1. Blast = explosion, _ _ _ charge
2. Break = frac _ _ _ _
E11
shatter, smash, snap
1. Study the difference between shatter and smash.
2. Study the difference between snap and snatch.
E12
depress, dready, press
1. Study the difference between depress and press.
2. Study the difference between dready and dreary.
E13
bruise, rub, squeeze
1. He _________ the lemon, but it was too green.
2. He survived the accident with minor cuts and __________.
3. If you want to polish your silverware, you need to _________ it with some polishing liquid.
E14
hit, kick, knock, strike
1. Hit = blow, strike, cr _ _ _
2. Kick = blow with the _ _ _ _
3. Knock = rap, _ _ p
4. Strike = hit, b _ _ t
E15
burst, erupt, explode
1. Finally, she _________ into tears.
2. The volcano _________ with a great roar.
3. When the bomb ________, I was within the radius of the hazardous area.
E16
damage, harm, hurt, spoil
1. Alcohol apparently did great __________ on his health.
2. His being drunk ________ the party.
3. I didn't want to ________ her feelings! I thought she deserved to know the truth.
4. The dam was seriously _________ because of the earthquake.
E17
annihilate, destroy, eradicate
1. demolish, dissolve
2. destroy, demolish, overthrow
3. end, exterminate, destroy
E18
devastate, disrupt, ruin, undermine
1. The blaze was __________! The factory was destroyed completely. DEVASTATE
2. It is impossible to tolerate further _________. DISRUPT
3. We visited the archaeological site where some of the _________ were yet to be uncovered. RUIN
4. Undermine = threaten, w _ _ _ en
E19
deteriorate, worsen
- What is the difference between deteriorate and worsen?
F. SHOWING, HIDING, FINDING, SAVING, AND SIMILAR WORDS
F1
demonstrate, display, indicate, point
1. Demonstrate = show, explain, il _ _ _ _ rate
2. Display = exhibit, ex _ _ _ _
3. Indicate = point, show, _ _ note
4. Point = indicate, sug _ _ _ _
F2
exhibit, expose, exposure, reveal, revelation
1. Study the difference: exhibit, expose and reveal.
2. Exposure = _ _ _ closure
3. Revelation = an _ _ _ _ _ _ ment
F3
conceal, hide
- What is the difference between conceal and hide?
F4
discover, track down, trace
1. Discover (v) __________ (n)
2. What is the difference between track down and trace?
F5
find, hunt, lose, search, seek, stalk
1. Find (v) __________ (n)
2. Study the difference: hunt, search, seek, stalk.
3. Study the difference: lose, loss, loose and loosen.
F6
explore, inspect, investigate
1. Explore (v) __________ (n)
2. Inspect (v) __________ (n)
3. Investigate (v) __________ (n)
F7
check, examine, probe, research
1. Can you __________ whether we've remembered to bring our portable gas stove?
2. The doctor __________ the patient casually.
3. Trying to figure out a solution to this problem is like _________ in darkness.
4. We'll have make a detailed __________ into the causes of this office fire.
F8
conserve, preserve
- What is the difference between conserve and preserve?
F9
salvage, save
- Study the difference: salvage, save, rescue.
F10
rescue, reserve, withhold
1. Study the difference: rescue, help, survive.
2. Study the difference: reserve, preserve.
3. Withhold = disown, _ _ _ claim
F11
care, guard, protect, secure, vulnerable
1. She is a tender and __________ mother. CARE
2. It will be very hard to persuade the _________ to let us see the prisoners. GUARD
3. Government __________ on public enterprises can be harmful. PROTECT
4. How do you obtain __________ here? SECURE
5. Switzerland's complete _________ to attack any neighbouring country has secured its
independence through centuries. VULNERABLE

Exercise
Find synonym for the underlined word.
1. Natural occurrences such as hurricanes, earthquakes and tornadoes can have catastrophic
effects on people.
A) disastrous B) killing C) categorical D) unimaginable
2. Unicorns, dragons and centaurs are all imaginary animals.
A) magic B) unimportant C) pictorial D) unreal
3. A huge mountain chain in Europe is formed by linking the Alps, the Pyrenees, the
Balkans, the Caucaus, and the Carpathians.
A) dividing B) surpassing C) surrounding D) joining
4. Women in England achieved the right to vote only after various protest movements.
A) fought for B) gained C) wrote about D) chose
5. Martin Luther King fought to put an end to racial segregation.
A) integration B) education C) separation D) torture
6. Her early skills with numbers was an indicative of a genius in mathematics.
A) giving direction B) giving indication C) giving assistance D) giving approval
7. Property deeds belong in a safe deposit box.
A) actions B) legal papers C) wills D) addresses
8. A computer may be used in the math classroom to implement the lesson.
A) implant B) learn C) entreat D) carry out
9. The pilot miraculously survived the crash unscathed.
A) unsurprised B) unhurt C) unhappy D) undeterred
10. The first man to reach the summit of Mt. Everest won worldwide acclaim for his feat.
A) deed B) climb C) courage D) stamina

Exercise (Unit 19-23)

1. The doctor prescribed tablets to help ..... the great pain.
A) calm B) cure C) rid D) relieve E) comfort
2. ..... the difficulty of the topic, I'm sure I'll be able to complete the composition by tomorrow.
A) Regarding B) Supposing C) Giving D) Presuming E) Accepted
3. He is a good friend and I'm sure he will ..... you when you're in trouble.
A) stand for B) stand up to C) stand by D) stand over E) stand against
4. It was very hard to ..... the new stereo radio in my car.
A) immerse B) insert C) install D) implant E) include
5. Traffic is being ..... from the highway while the damaged cars are being towed away.
A) averted B) perverted C) diverted D) subverted E) converted
6. If I admit I am afraid of spiders, I will immediately lose ..... with my friends.
A) weight B) nerve C) respect D) face E) regard
7. As a ..... president, Jimmy Carter's views are treated as important.
A) late B) previous C) former D) prior E) latter
8. The ..... of the stage compels me to carry on my career even in my old age.
A) desire B) pressure C) lure D) pain E) love
9. While waiting for the dentist, you can find plenty of medical magazines to ..... in the waiting
room.
A) look over B) stare at C) refer to D) browse through E) look around
10. Mine is only a compact car but it ..... my needs wonderfully.
A) fills B) supplies C) settles D) completes E) meets
11. I am so contented with my present job that I have little ..... to change it.
A) incitement B) influence C) incentive D) instigation E) insight
12. I run a factory that produces cheap but durable electrical ..... of IBM compatibles.
A) elements B) ingredients C) constituents D) components E) compositions
13. You cannot refuse this offer by any ..... ; it would be very rude.
A) consideration B) degree C) means D) way E) regard
14. Floods covered the whole area when snow started to ..... unexpectedly.
A) dissolve B) thaw C) defrost D) liquefy E) freeze
15. The Prime Minister's election ..... cost his party a real fortune.
A) campaign B) promotion C) operation D) enterprise E) commercial
16. An optical ....., such as seeing an oasis, is not unusual in the desert.
A) error B) deception C) delusion D) mishap E) illusion
17. He went to the hospital to visit a friend and ..... cholera.
A) came down with B) came across C) came up with D) came round E) came by
18. If the police were to find a ..... of evidence against him, they would certainly arrest him.
A) speck B) stain C) scrap D) thread E) pinch
19. I had ..... him against cheating in the test.
A) alarmed B) cautioned C) pleased D) claimed E) warned
20. The twins ..... well on the whole.
A) get over B) get through C) get round D) get on E) get up
21. What can we do in the middle of a huge desert ..... water?
A) off B) without C) instead of D) in spite of E) none of
22. She heard a ..... at the door and went to see who was outside.
A) hit B) knock C) strike D) lean E) touch
23. A young art student acted as our ..... when we visited the National gallery.
A) coach B) conductor C) guide D) lead E) trainer
24. Please ..... your bill before you leave the shop and make sure that it is correct.
A) check B) control C) esteem D) figure E) prove
25. If you hear the baby ..... , please tell me.YDL
A) cry B) say C) shout D) weep E) whisper

Sözcük Bilgisi Çalışmaları sona erdi.

Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları

SUBORDINATION

1. TANIM

İngilizcede ve Türkçede tümceler birbirlerine basit bağlaçlarla bağlanabildikleri gibi, çeşitli tamlamalar
yapılarak da bağlanabilirler. Bu yapılar İngilizcede Clause Sentence, Super Structure gibi adlar alır.

Ana fikri taşıyan ve mutlaka tam bir yargı oluşturan tümceye "Baş / Ana Tümce" (= Main Clause), her
türden diğer bileşene ise "İkincil / Yan Tümce" (= Secondary / Subordinate Clause) denilmektedir.

When I met him, he was in the army.

Yan tümce Ana tümce

2. ÇEVİRİ İŞLEMİ

Tümce içindeki görevleri "özne" [1] ya da "nesne" [2] yerine geçmek olduğunda ikincil tümceler basit
tümce yapısının özne ya da nesneleri olarak kabul edilebilir ve Türkçeye rahatlıkla aktarılabilirler.
Relative Clause ve Noun Clause bu tür yapılardır.

The sentence (that) I am reading is a complex clause sentence. [1] (Relative Clause)

They say that it is easy to make a noun clause. [2] (Noun Clause)

Comparison Clause ve Adverbial Clause yapılarda ise bir tümcecik / yan tümce + ana tümce durumu
söz konusudur ve çeviri işlemini de buna göre yapmak gerekecektir. Bu durum biri Noun Clause [1]
diğeri ise Adverbial Clause [2] olan iki tümcenin çevirisi ile açıklanırsa:

Tom claims that the a child stole his vallet. [1]

tümcesinde,

Tom claims (that) a child stole his vallet.

şeklinde bir yapı mevcuttur.

İngilizce bir basit tümce (S + V + O) Türkçeye S + O + V (Ö+ N+ Y) şeklinde aktarılabileceğine göre,

önce kendi içinde bir basit tümce yapısı taşıyan "nesne" Türkçeye çevrilirse:

.. (that ) a child stole his vallet.

.. bir çocuğun cüzdanını çaldığını

Bu nesne tüm tümceye eklendiğinde,

Tom claims that a child stole his vallet.

Tom bir çocuğun cüzdanını çaldığını iddia ediyor

çevirisi ortaya çıkacaktır.

Oysa bir adverbial clause olan

Because he was late, he missed the bus.

tümcesi incelendiğinde ise,

Because he was late, he missed the bus

Yan tümce Ana tümce

yapısı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu durumda da çeviri işlemi,

Because he was late, he missed the bus.

(O) geç kaldığı için (o) otobüsü kaçırdı.

şeklinde olacaktır.
 1
ZAMAN KAVRAMI (=TENSE)
1. GİRİŞ
Zamanlar Present, Past, ve Future sırası ile ele alınmaktadır. Ele alınan tense başlıkları:

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

SIMPLE V2 V will / be going to + V

CONT. was / were + Ving am / is / are + Ving will be + Ving

PERFECT had + V3 have / has + V3 will have + V3

PER. had been + Ving have / has been + Ving will have been + Ving
CONT.

2. PRESENT
2.1. Simple Present Tense
a) Her zaman olan / olabilecek olaylar için kullanılır.
The earth rotates around the sun.

Dünya Güneş'in çevresinde döner.

You should apologise when you ..... him.

A. saw
B. will see
C. see
D. had seen
E. were seeing
b) Bir olayı naklederken, özellikle hikaye dilinde kullanılır.
Rosencrantz flips a coin. (Bir tiyatro oyunundan)
c) Her zaman olan, olabilecek ve bir sıklığa sahip olayların anlatımında kullanılır.
I always / sometimes / rarely brush my teeth.
Because the office is too busy these days, I ..... find time for lunch.
A. hardly
B. always
C. often
D. usually
E. almost always
Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (A-C) Türkçe'ye aktarılırken "yüklem + -Er/-Ir" yapısı kullanılır.
d) Geleceğe ait kesin bir olaydan söz ederken kullanılır.
We set off after lunch.
e) Normalde VERB konumunda Ving yapısı ile kullanılmayan bazı yüklemlerle birlikte kullanılır:
astonish, belong to, believe, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, detest, dislike, doubt, feel,
fit, forget, guess, have, hear, hate, imagine, include, impress, know, like, love, need, owe, realize,
recognize, regret, resemble, remember, satisfy, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think,
understand, want, wish
o feel yüklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I feel he is right) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "hissetmek" anlamı (- How are
you feeling today?) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o have yüklemi "sahip olmak" (- She has three children.) anlamında "-ing" almaz"; "..almak / yemek" anlamı
(- They are having lunch.) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o hear yüklemi alışılmadık durum belirttiğinde (- I'm hearing things. / Gaipten sesler duyuyorum.) "-ing" ile
kullanılabilir.
o see yüklemi alışılmadık durum belirttiğinde (- I'm seeing double) "-ing" ile kullanılabilir.
 2
o smell yüklemi "koku salmak" (- It smells nice.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "koklamak" anlamı (-She is
smelling the flowers.) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o taste yüklemi "tadı olmak" (- It tastes nice.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "tatmak" anlamı (- Why are you
tasting the soup?) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o think yüklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I think he is right.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "düşünmek" anlamı (- What
are you thinking ?) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (D-E) Türkçe'ye aktarılırken "yüklem + - Er/-Ir" ya da çoğu kez "yüklem + - Iyor" yapısı
kullanılır.
f) Emir vermek için kullanılır.
Stop !

Please ..... smoke before you see the red light off.
A. not to
B. no
C. do not
D. to
E. not
2.2. Present Continuous Tense
a) Şu anda gerçekleşmekte olan olaylar için kullanılır.
You are reading a sentence.

I'm afraid you can't speak to Tom now because he ..... a shower.
A. has
B. had
C. is having
D. was having
E. would have
b) Şu aralar olmakta olan olaylar için kullanılır.
I am reading a wonderful novel.
c) Geleceğe yönelik kesin planlarda kullanılır.
What are you doing tomorrow ?
d) Konuşmacıyı tedirgin eden ve sık tekrarlanan bir olay için always ile birlikte kullanılır.
She is always complaining about my dog.
Present Continuous'un bu kullanımları (A-D) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -Iyor/-mEktE" kullanılarak aktarılır.
Genelde şu zaman sözcükleri ile kullanılır:

now, at present, at the moment


2.3. Present Perfect Tense
a) Az önce tamamlanan bir olay için, genelde just ile kullanılır.
I have just drunk a cup of tea.

He ..... only just ....., so he should be tired.

A. did / come
B. was / coming
C. will / come
D. had / come
E. has / come
b) Zamanın belli olmadığı ya da önemli olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır.
Peter has been to the States twice.
 3
c) Geçmişte yapılmış, şu anda ya da gelecekte yapılabilme olasılığı var olan olaylar için kullanılır.
He has won 3 Oscars.
d) Sınırları kesin olmayan bir zamanla [1], ya da, zaman diliminin sona ermediğinde [2] kullanılır.
The population has risen dramatically lately. [1]
They haven't had a holiday this year. [2]

This is the largest car that I ..... whole my life.

A. have seen
B. saw
C. will see
D. had seen
E. am seeing
So far, we ..... only a part of the project.
A. will complete
B. completed
C. complete
D. have completed
E. were completing
We ..... an enormous number of tourists this summer.
A. had
B. have had
C. had had
D. would have
E. were having
Apparently, she ..... her homework yet.
A. didn't do
B. won't do
C. doesn't do
D. isn't doing
E. hasn't done
Yet sözcüğünün farklı kullanım ve anlamları:

 be + yet  daha, bir de, üstüne üstlük.

olumlu eylem + yet ever.
Tümce başında yet, fakat anlamındadır.

I ..... here since 1983.

A. have lived
B. am living
C. lived
D. live
E. will live
Since ve for sözcüklerinin kullanımı:

Since + eylemin başlama zamanı.


For + dönem.
Since + simple past.

Since the day he ..... ill, he ..... a lot of reading.

 4
A. is/did
B. was/does
C. was/did
D. is/has done
E. was/has done
Present Perfect'in bu kullanımları (A-D) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DI", çeviri metni resmi bir dil taşıdığında da "yüklem + -
mIştIr" yapısı ile aktarılır.
e) be yüklemi ile birlikte, nitelik, yer, vs. belirten yapıların oluşturulmasında kullanılır.
I have been a teacher for 7 years.
Bu kullanım (E) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DIr" yapısı ile aktarılırsa da -DIr takısı genelde düşer.
2.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a) Present Perfect'ten farklı olarak, daha süreli bir eylemi kapsar.
I have been writing since ten this morning.

He ..... very hard every day for the last week.

A. studies
B. will study
C. is studying
D. studied
E. has been studying
b) Kimi zaman, olayın kendisi bitmiş olsa bile etkisi sürmektedir.
You look terrible. Have you been fighting ?

Judging from the wet streets, I can say that it ..... very heavily.
A. is raining
B. rains
C. will rain
D. was raining
E. has been raining
Present Perfect (Continuous) genelde şu zaman sözcükleri ile kullanılır:

recently, lately, so far, by far, since, for, yet, already


Present Perfect Continuous Türkçe'ye, eylem sonuçlanmamış ise (A) "yüklem + -Iyor/-mEktE", eylem sonuçlanmış ise (B)
"yüklem + -DI" ile aktarılır.
3. PAST
3.1. Simple Past Tense
a) Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda bitmiş bir olay için kullanılır.
He left a minute ago.
Where did the accident happen ?
Simple Past'ın bu kullanımı (A) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DI", daha resmi yapılarda ise "yüklem + mIştIr" kullanılarak aktarılır.
He ..... about to resign when they offered him a better position in the firm.
A. was
B. is
C. will be
D. would be
E. had been
b) Geçmişe ait bir alışkanlık için always, never, vs. ile kullanılır.
He always wore a hat.
 5
Simple Past'ın bu kullanımı (B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -I/ErdI" kullanılarak aktarılır.
3.2. Past Perfect Tense
a) Geçmişte önce olan olay için Past Perfect, sonra olan olay için de Simple Past kullanılır.
When the police arrived, the burglad had escaped.
b) Past Perfect temelde Present Perfect'in past halidir.
He had won 3 Oscars.

We met at a party yesterday, but we ..... each other by sight for years.
A. had known
B. know
C. knew
D. have known
E. will know
Past Perfect Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -mIştI" ile, ya da, pek sık olmasa da, "yüklem + - DIydI" ile aktarılır.
3.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous yapının past halidir.

I had been writing since 10 this morning.
You looked terrible. Had you been fighting ?

He ..... carefully when he had the accident.

A. didn't drive
B. doesn't drive
C. wouldn't drive
D. hadn't driven
E. hadn't been driving
Past Perfect Continuous Türkçe'ye " yüklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI / -mIştI" kullanılarak aktarılabilir.
3.4. Past Continuous Tense
a) Geçmişte bir süre devam etmiş olan olayların aktarımında kullanılır.
She was earning quite a lot of money.
b) Ani ve daha kısa bir eylemle karşılaşan/o eylem tarafından kesilen bir eylem için kullanılır.
When she heard the explosion she was having bath.

When I last saw him, he ..... English.

A. studied
B. studies
C. will study
D. is studying
E. was studying
While I ..... my bike, Tom arrived.
A. mended
B. mend
C. am mending
D. have mended
E. was mending
He gave the promise that he ..... the city in a day.
A. has left
B. leaves
C. is leaving
D. would be left
E. was leaving
 6

Past Continuous Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI" ile aktarılır.

3.5. Infinitive yapılarda past
Oluşum:

  I know that ...  It is known that ... 

He's Scottish. ... he's Scottish. ... he's Scottish. He's known to be Scottish.
They're working. ... they're working. ... they're working. They're known to be working.
She died here. ... she died here. ... she died here. She's known to have died
here.

Infinitive (to + yüklem) İngilizce'de to have + V3 ile past hali alır.

He is believed to have a big fortune. PRESENT
He is believed to have lived in misery. PAST

Ancient Egyptians are known ..... unbelievably complex buildings.

A. to build
B. building
C. build
D. to building
E. to have built
3.6. Gerund yapılarda past
Gerund (Ving) yapısı Ving ya da having + V3 kullanılarak past yapılabilir.
Having completed/Completing the task, the students had a break.(= After they had completed ... )
Bu yapı present nitelik de taşıyabilir.
Having completed the task, the students will have a break. (= After they have completed .... )
..... some money, he didn't need to work any more.
A. Having made
B. To make
C. Make
D. Having to make
E. To have made
4. FUTURE
4.1. will
a) Bir plan ya da kesinleşmiş amaç olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır.
Don't worry. You'll succeed.

I hope I ..... it.

A. found
B. will find
C. am finding
D. was finding
E. will be finding
Bu kullanım (A) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.
b) Sonuç kesin / doğal olduğunda, kimi zaman da bir inatlaşma söz konusu ise kullanılır.
When it is wet, this paint will give a terrible smell.
 7
Don't insist. She will say no.
Bu kullanım (B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - I/Er" ya da "yüklem + - EcEkDIr" ile aktarılır.
4.2. be going to
a) Bir plan ya da kesinleşmiş amaç olduğu zaman kullanılır.
Don't worry. I'll help you.
b) Bir eylemin gerçekleşeceğine ait kesin iz, belirti varsa kullanılır.
She looks very pale. I think she's going to faint.

According to my schedule, I ..... my dentist tomorrow.

A. see
B. will see
C. would see
D. saw
E. am going to see
Bu kullanımlar (A-B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.
c) was / were going to yapısı yapılması amaçlanan ama gerçekleşmesine olanak ya da gerek kalmayan eylemler
için [1] - ya da bunun tam tersi olarak gerçekleşmesine gerek yokken gerçekleşen [2] - olaylar için kullanılır.
Dilbilgisi kitaplarında Future in the Past olarak da ele alınmaktadır.
I was going to call him. He called me. [1]
They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while they took shelter there during the rain. [2]
I ..... you the other day, but I had visitors.
A. will visit
B. visited
C. have visited
D. had visited
E. was going to visit
Bu kullanım (C) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEktI" ile aktarılır.
4.3. be to
a) will (definitely) anlamında kullanılır.
The Queen is to visit New Zealand.
Bu kullanım (a) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.
b) should anlamında kullanılır.
You are to do your homework.
All of us ..... the meeting if we want it to be influential.
A. attended
B. are attending
C. were attending
D. are to attend
E. will have attended
Bu kullanım (b) Türkçe'ye should gibi aktarılır.
4.4. Future Continuous Tense
Gelecekte sürüyor olacak eylem için kullanılır.
This time tomorrow, I'll be sleeping.
Most probably, people ..... for water by the year 2050.
A. will fight
B. fight
C. have fought
D. had fought
E. will be fighting
 8
Future Continuous Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - Iyor / - mEktE olacak" ile aktarılır.
4.5. Future Perfect Tense
Gelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanmış olacak eylem için - genelde zaman belirten by sözcüğü ile birlikte - kullanılır.
This time tomorrow, I'll have gone to bed.
Hemen her zaman by ya da by the time ile kullanılır:

By the time + present tense, future perfect

 (continuous)
By + zaman gösteren ad, future perfect (continuous)

In a fortnight's time from now, they ..... their exam.

A. have taken
B. are taking
C. had taken
D. took
E. will have taken
Future Perfect Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - mIş olacak" ile aktarılır.
Future Perfect Continuous yapı fazla kullanılmaz.
By the time he finishes his assignment, he will have been working on it for twelve hours.
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS
Soruların İncelenmesi

Tümce Tamamlama

 Verilen tümce bölümünün ana tümce mi yoksa yan tümce mi olabileceğini saptayın. Bunun
için de clause marker ve Ö+Y+N yapısının incelenmesi gerekmekte.
 Verilen seçenekler ile soru tümcesinin zamanlarının, öznelerinin ve var ise nesnelerinin
uyumlu olup olmadığını saptayın.
 Tamamlanmış tümcenin genel anlamını kontrol edin.

a) Relative Clause
That's the man ______.

A) who writes on wild flowers

B) is best qualified to help you
C) that he talked on ancient monuments
D) I went to the theatre with him
E) if only I could go to the lecture
b) Noun Clause

It is surprising ______.

A) so that his childhood was not spent very profitably

B) that she had given in her resignation so suddenly
C) where such accurate and detailed information had come from
D) how much attention even the more serious newspaper will have given him
E) how few people have ever seen an original Van Gogh painting
c) Adverbial Clause

This concept would be easy to illustrate and defend, ______.

A) however much time they can allow us

B) so long as they had provided us with adequate assistance
C) for there was a great deal of disagreement among the participants
D) if it were not for the fact that we haven't got accurate data
E) until the whole controversy had been ended
d) Comparison Clause

______, the more you realize how complicated it is.

A) The more you think about the problem

B) The less importance you give to your health
C) The more remarkable his achievement was
D) The longer it has taken them to complete the dam
E) The fewer the people who are involved
e) Coordination ve diğer yapılar
I cannot repair the washing machine myself, _________.

A) unless Bill had offered to help me

B) so I will have to get someone to do it for me
C) if I knew where the problem was
D) that it has broken down
E) if you haven't managed it
 Eksik olan ana tümce ise
Yan tümcedeki clause marker yolu ile tümce türünü saptayın.
- Adverbial Clause ve coordination yapılarda ana tümcenin zamanı ile yan tümcenin
zamanının uyumlu olmasına dikkat edin.
- Relative Clause yapıda isim + who/which/that uyumuna ve verilen seçenekler içinde
tümceyi bir relative clause haline getirebilecek olan(lar) varsa, hatalı noun/pronoun
tekrarına dikkat edin.
- Sentential Relative Clause ve Non-defining Relative Clause yapılara dikkat edin.
Seçenekleri eleyin.
Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu
denetleyin.

 Eksik olan yan tümce ise

Seçeneklerde verilen yan tümce ile soru kökündeki ana tümce arasındaki zaman
uyumu ve özne uyumunu denetleyin.
Seçenekleri eleyin.
Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu
denetleyin.

TÜMCE TAMAMLAMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 16 tümce tamamlama sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.

1. If your boss asked you to take on extra work without more pay, ..... ?
A) have you discussed the matter with him
B) would you agree to do so
C) why do you think he may have suggested this
D) what was the reaction of your colleagues
E) will you resign at once
2. The company will need fewer office workers ..... .
A) since some were looking for jobs with other firms
B) when the computer network has been installed
C) as long as the sales continues to increase
D) in order to discuss ways of combating unemployment
E) even though the current economic recession is likely to continue for another six months
3. Darwin's theory of evolution was based on the observation ..... .
A) while amassing evidence for 25 years in support of it
B) why many people of his age were reluctant to admit it
C) whether his insight really was revolutionary
D) that all individuals of the same species are not identical
E) since the multiplicity of forms seemed unending
4. Though the term "human right" is of recent origin, ..... .
A) there are certain actions that are never permissible and certain freedoms that should
never be invaded
B) after 1933 the Western world realized that it was living in an age of totalitarian
dictatorship far worse than old monarchic absolutism
C) natural rights can be seen in their origins as claims that everyone naturally makes
D) some politicians claim that any doctrine of human rights must be in some sense a
doctrine of natural rights
E) the idea itself can be traced back through John Locke in the seventeenth-century to the
great philosophers of classical antiquity
5. As unemployment is currently a major social issue, ..... .
A) the strikes have greatly crippled the industry and, consequently, the export of
manufactured goods has come to a standstill
B) the measures introduced had little effect on the improvement of the country's economic
performance
C) its worst economic effects have been partly softened by the government's introduction
of unemployment compensation
D) the economic prospect was far from encouraging
E) people are not working as hard as their belief in the work ethic indicates that they
should be
6. Earlier this century, Chicago acquired a reputation for colourful politicians,
newspapermen and gangsters, ..... .
A) simply because commerce has been the key to the city's development
B) just as today Chicago remains a city of ethnic neighbourhoods
C) even though the city has become a centre for meat products
D) but its cultural life was less well known then
E) as it is located at the conjunction of the Great Lakes and surrounded by the productive
farmlands of the Midwest
7. Dramatic cultural changes have been taking place in the United States ..... .
A) ever since non-European immigrants began to pour into the country
B) until new regulations concerning immigrants were introduced.
C) which started at the turn of the century
D) some of which would have been regarded as harmful
E) as soon as World War II ended
8. When a firm wants to fill a vacancy, ..... .
A) there are always staff who want to leave for various reasons
B) the candidates have all been required to write an essay on the current economic
situation in Europe
C) the applicants were invited for an interview before a committee of specialists
D) it is essential that future managers must be trained as thoroughly as possible
E) it usually puts an advertisement in a newspaper
9. ..... , he refuses to accept any of their suggestions.
A) Even though the committee members had approved the plan in full
B) While the speaker considers politics to be the art of persuasion
C) Since he is so prejudiced in this matter
D) Because the discussions at the conference would have included a wide range of issues
E) If they told him that he had to make up his mind as soon as possible
10. ..... , you get magnificent views of the oak-covered slopes of these coastal
mountain ranges that rise up from the Pacific.
A) If only the new road had been opened
B) As they headed for San Francisco
C) However unfairly the state of the roads was being attacked
D) Even though a great deal of money went into constructing the road
E) As you drive along the coast road
11. One of the best suggestions was put forward by Dr Johnson, ...... .
A) that the managing director was especially impressed.
B) who is generally the quietest member of the board
C) though the demands might be difficult to meet
D) unless it was approved by the committee
E) before anyone else has time to make any contribution to the discussion
12. Although the effects of famine have been made worse by the political instability
in the country, ..... .
A) the West would have shown its sympathy in a most generous manner
B) it was beyond the power of any government to undertake the responsibility
C) a fair distribution of the available food will have been achieved
D) so one disaster was naturally followed by another
E) food is now being distributed wherever it is needed
13. ....., but it is not the only one.
A) Newspaper prices have risen dramatically in recent years
B) Most diseases are caused by germs and bad hygiene
C) Technological competition is a serious problem for the book industry
D) The printing press was invented by Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, in the
thirteenth century
E) They rebuked the witnesses for their disrespectful behaviour during the trial
14. Construction workers will go on strike next Sunday ..... .
A) that they negotiated for over five hours and were unable to reach an agreement with the
management.
B) so long as the only solution for a settlement is an independent enquiry into their working
conditions
C) because the two sides have done their best to settle their dispute by bargaining
D) in case the workers were asked to compromise and accept a pay rise of 20 %
E) unless the management agrees to accept their claim for a 50 % pay increase
15. ..... , some of America's most innovative architects set about rebuilding it in a
bold style known as "Chicago school".
A) After a great fire destroyed much of Chicago in 1871
B) While Chicago was soon to emerge as the literary capital of the United States
C) Because Chicago had traditionally been regarded as the great laboratory of American
democracy
D) As immigrants from many European countries had settled in ethnic enclaves in Chicago
E) As long as Chicago remains the gateway to the rest of the nation for food products and
industrial opportunities
16. ..... that they will be made redundant once the office has been computerized.
A) They called off the strike
B) The board of directors discussed the matter fully
C) The management adopted new marketing policies
D) The prospect for the company looks rather gloomy
E) Most of the staff are certain

YANITLAR
1. If your boss asked you to take on extra work without more pay, would you agree to do
so?
Second condition. Yanıt B.

2. The company will need fewer office workers when the computer network has been
installed.
Dilbilgisi ipuçlarından yola çıkılırsa bir tek A seçeneği elenebilir. Since sözcüğü -den
beri anlamını taşımamakta, çünkü ana tümcenin yüklemi present perfect değil. Because
anlamını taşıyorsa, bu durumda da anlamsal olarak will need uymuyor. Anlamsal
açıdan yola çıkıldığında, daha az çalışana gerek olacağına göre, C, D ve E anlamsız.
Yanıt B
3. Darwin's theory of evolution was based on the observation that all individuals of the
same species are not identical.
Boşlukta, observation ile neyin anlatılmak istendiği açıklanmakta. Yanıt D.

4. Though the term "human right" is of recent origin, the idea itself can be traced back
through John Locke in the seventeenth-century to the great philosophers of
classical antiquity.
Tümce Though ile başladığına göre, boşluğa gelen bölümde karşıt bir durum/fikir dile
getirilmeli. E seçeneğinde bu düşüncenin ne kadar eskilere uzandığı anlatılmakta.
5. As unemployment is currently a major social issue, its worst economic effects have
been partly softened by the government's introduction of unemployment
compensation.
Verilen soru kökünde unemployment anahtar sözcük. Seçeneklerden yalnızca C
seçeneğinde unemployment ele alınmakta.
6. Earlier this century, Chicago acquired a reputation for colourful politicians,
newspapermen and gangsters, but its cultural life was less well known then.
Tümcede zaman belirten Earlier this century bulunmakta. Bu durumda A elenebilir.
Diğer seçenekler anlamsal açıdan incelendiğinde, yanıt D
7. Dramatic cultural changes have been taking place in the United States ever since non-
European immigrants began to pour into the country.
Tümce present perfect continuous taşıdığına göre, ilk bakılması gereken, bu tense ile
uyumlu zaman yapıları. Yanıt A.
8. When a firm wants to fill a vacancy, it usually puts an advertisement in a
newspaper.
Tümce When ile başladığı için, öncelikle zaman uyumuna bakmak gerekir. C seçeneği
elenir. Anlamsal açıdan en uygun seçenek E.
Since he is so prejudiced in this matter, he refuses to accept any of their
9. suggestions.
A, D ve E seçenekleri zaman uyumu açısından elenebilir. Anlamsal olarak C en uygun
seçenek.

10. As you drive along the coast road, you get magnificent views of the oak-covered
slopes of these coastal mountain ranges that rise up from the Pacific.
A, B, C ve D zaman uyumu açısından elenebilir. Yanıt E.

11. One of the best suggestions was put forward by Dr Johnson, who is generally the
quietest member of the board.
A seçeneğinde, that sözcüğü noun clause için kullanılıyor olsa, nitelendirdiği bir eylem
yok. Relative clause olamaz çünkü virgülden sonra that gelmez. C en yakın çeldirici. D
seçeneği anlamsal olarak uyumsuz. E seçeneğinde soru kökünün zamanı ile
uyumsuzluk var. Yanıt B.
12. Although the effects of famine have been made worse by the political instability in the
country, food is now being distributed wherever it is needed.
Tümce Although ile başlıyor ve olumsuz bir durum sunuluyor. E seçeneği ise durumun
düzelmekte olduğunu anlatıyor. Yanıt E.

13. Technological competition is a serious problem for the book industry, but it is not
the only one.
Tümcededeki one sözcüğü, boşluğa gelecek tümcede bir noun ile ilişkili olmalı. A
(prices), B (diseases) ve E (witnesses) çoğul ad taşıdıkları için elenmeli. Anlamsal
olarak en uygun yanıt C.
14. Construction workers will go on strike next Sunday unless the management agrees to
accept their claim for a 50 % pay increase.
A seçeneğinde that sözcüğü uygunsuz. B ve C seçenekleri anlamsal olarak
uymamakta. D seçeneğinde zaman uyumu yok. Yanıt E.

15. After a great fire destroyed much of Chicago in 1871, some America's most
innovative architects set about rebuilding it in a bold style known as "Chicago school".
Tümcede rebuilding geçtiğine göre, buna neden olacak birşeylerin aranması gerekir.
Yanıt A.

16. Most of the staff are certain that they will be made redundant once the office has
been computerized.
A, B ve C seçeneklerinden biri doğru olsa, soru tümcesinin yükleminin would be olması
gerekirdi. E tümcesindeki çoğul özne, soru kökündeki they sözcüğüne uygun olduğu için
yanıt E.
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS
Soruların İncelenmesi

Yakın Anlamlı Tümce

o Seçenekler ile soru tümcesinin arasındaki zaman uyumunu inceleyin.

o Soru tümcesinde yer, zaman ve durum belirten yapılara dikkat edin. Seçenekler
içinde, bu yapıları tam olarak (eksik ya da fazlalık olmadan) karşılayanları inceleyin.
o Soru tümcesindeki clause marker'ları (when, because, though, as long as, vs.)
saptayın. Seçenekler içinde, bu yapıyı tam olarak karşılayanları inceleyin.
o Kimi zaman seçenekler içinde, soru tümcesindeki bir yüklem, ad, sıfatın farklı bir
şekilde anlatımı bulunabilir. Bu anlatımın doğruluğunu inceleyin.

Alıştırma
Tümceleri, verilen sözcük ya da sözcük grupları ile yeniden oluşturun. Bunu yaparken, parantez içinde
verilen sözcüğün kullanımlarını iyi bir sözlükten incelemeniz gerekecek.
Örnek.
Will you look after the house while I am away? (care)
Will you take care of the house while I am away?

1. Please listen carefully to what I have to say. (attention)

2. British Steel is a good company to deal with. (business)
3. He has decided to leave his present job and get another one. (jobs)
4. Poor Martin! His wife is forever criticizing him. (fault)
5. I believe I can succeed. (confidence)
6. The bridge collapsed under the weight of the snow. (way)
7. The protest meeting was held in the Caxton Hall. (place)
8. We enjoyed ourselves at Edith's party. (fun)
9. I can no longer remember the number of times I have said this. (track)
10. The Princess has had a baby daughter. (birth)
11. It is a good idea to become friendly with your neighbours. (friends)
12. All those who think that we should go on strike, raise your hands. (favour)
13. Even though there was deep snow everywhere, he decided to go out. (spite)
14. We dealt with all the prepositions which express relationships but we excluded those which
refer to time and space. (other)
15. They were not only kind enough to visit her in hospital, but they also looked after her
bungalow for her. (addition)

Alıştırma
Tümceleri verilen sözcük ya da sözcük grupları ile başlayarak yeniden oluşturun.
Örnek.
They wrote the first report three years ago.
The first report was written three years ago.
1. You will only be able to find the answers when you've read the report in detail.
Only _________________________________________________________
2. He was annoyed that he had to go back to his office in the evening.
He was annoyed at ______________________________________________
3. The boy became so confused and worried that he left home.
So ___________________________________________________________
4. When I heard the telephone ring, I answered it immediately.
On ___________________________________________________________
5. I found the article about data protection very interesting.
I was _________________________________________________________
6. The record companies are challenging the claims made by the manufacturers.
The claims _____________________________________________________
 7. We must all do a great deal before we move house.
There is _______________________________________________________
8. Because of her accident she couldn't ride for six months.
Her accident ___________________________________________________
9. I had just left the house when I heard the phone ring.
No sooner _____________________________________________________
10. He is very strong, but he still can't lift this box.
Strong ________________________________________________________
11. I'm sure he was having a bath when I called.
He must _______________________________________________________
12. Please don't ask her to the party.
I'd rather _______________________________________________________
13. John is the most dedicated singer there is in the choir.
There isn't _____________________________________________________

YAKIN ANLAMLI TÜMCE - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 yakın anlamlı tümce sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.

1. We got caught in a traffic jam, so were among the last to arrive.

A. The late arrivers all put the blame on the heavy traffic.
B. The traffic was so heavy that nearly everyone arrived late.
C. Most people got there before us as we were held up by the traffic.
D. The roads were so congested that it's a wonder anyone got there on time.
E. There was such a congestion on the roads that I thought we never would get there.

2. It's not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way
outside my field and I hardly understood any of it.

A. I can't understand whey he felt the need to limit the scope of his lecture in such a way.
B. I might have followed the lecture better if I had been familiar with the subject.
C. The subject of his lecture promised to be interesting, but his treatment of it seemed to me to
lack something.
D. I don't feel qualified to comment on his treatment of the subject as his approach is so different
from mine.
E. Since I couldn't follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I really can't give
an opinion of it.

3. If I'd known what he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an
appointment.

A. I never did understand why he wanted us to meet and discuss the matter.
B. He talked about us meeting but never explained why.
C. Had I realized what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a meeting.
D. I agreed to meet in order to discuss the matter thoroughly.
E. I realized there was something to discussed but didn't know exactly what.

4. If it hadn't been for the wind the fire would never have spread so fast.

A. Unless the wind develops the fire is hardly likely to spread.

B. Even without the wind, the fire would have spread just as fast.
C. It was the wind that caused the fire to spread at such a speed.
D. Had there been a wind the fire would have spread even faster.
 E. The force of the wind affected the way the fire spread.

5. We will never be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled for the opening of
the museum unless we get a lot of assistance.

A. It would help us to finish the dating and labelling of the exhibits if the museum is not opened
for a while.
B. With just a little extra assistance, we shall be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled
before the museum is opened.
C. The opening of the museum does not depend on whether or not we can get all these exhibits
dated and labelled.
D. We're going to need an awful lot of help if we're to date and label these exhibits in time for the
opening of the museum.
E. Once the museum is open we can easily get plenty of help in the dating and labelling of the
exhibits.

6. Though he knows I'm determined to make Marsden the new manager, he's
constantly seeking to bring him down on my estimation.

A. Since I'm fully determined to make Marsden manager, I absolutely refuse to listen to all this
criticism of him.
B. Even if Marsden weren't likely to prove a good manager, that man has no right to criticize him
tome in such a manner.
C. Though he's fully aware of the fact that I'm set on making Marsden the new manager, he still
persists in trying to influence me against him.
D. Once Marsden takes on the job of manager all this unfair criticism of him is sure to stop.
E. His opinion of Marsden will surely change once he sees what a capable manager he really is.

7. They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search
for the others.

A. At the end of the week the two survivors joined them in the search for the others.
B. They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full week.
C. By the end of the first week there was little hope of finding the missing two.
D. Once those two were rescued at the end of the week, they abandoned the search for the
others.
E. Rescue-workers found two more victims after the search for them had lasted a week.

8. My father has agreed to pay this month's instalment but warned me that he
wouldn't make a practice ofdoing so.

A. This month the instalment will be met by my father, but he more or less said he wouldn't do it
again.
B. If my father doesn't pay the instalment this month, I don't know what I'm going to do.
C. My father has agreed to pay the instalment this month, but I won't ask him to do so again.
D. So long as my father pays this month's instalment I shall have no problem paying the others.
E. It's only with this month's instalment that I need help from my father; I won't need it again.

9. He really doesn't mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good.

A. It's the money that interests him, not the type of work or his employer.
B. With him, it's the money that matters, not the type of work.
C. To his way of thinking, the job should be better paid.
D. He's the sort who will do anything for money.
E. He'll work for just about anyone so long as they pay him well.
10. It's not fair to put all the blame on him; he's not the only one at fault.

A. It wouldn't be right to punish those who, like him, weren't involved.

B. He deserves to be punished, but the others don't.
C. Only the ones who were involved should be punished.
D. The fault is his only, so let him take the blame.
E. He doesn't deserve to be blamed for everything; there were others involved.

11. They were fully within their rights when they dismissed him, but now they wish
they had not done so.

A. What they did may have been legal, but it was still unfair to dismiss him in that way.
B. Their dismissal of him was perfectly legal, but now they regret their action.
C. If they hadn't dismissed him they would be in a better position now.
D. Though their dismissal of him was barely legal, the outcome has been fortunate.
E. They had the right to dismiss him and don't deserve this unpleasant turn of events.

12. There's no point in learning several languages if you're not going to have the
opportunity to use them.

A. You shouldn't try to learn many languages except the ones which are spoken internationally.
B. Unless you are going to be in a position to use them, learning several languages would just be
a waste of time.
C. There are several languages that are everywhere in use and these are the ones to learn.
D. People used to learn several languages even though they had little opportunity to use them.
E. Certain languages which few people know are actually well worth learning.

YANITLAR
1. We got caught in a traffic jam, so were among the last to arrive.

C)Most people got there before us as we were held up by the traffic.

2. It's not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way outside
my field and I hardly understood any of it.
E)Since I couldn't follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I
really can't give an opinion of it.
3. If I'd known what he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an
appointment.
C)Had I realized what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a
meeting.

4. If it hadn't been for the wind the fire would never have spread so fast.

C)It was the wind that caused the fire to spread at such a speed.
5. We will never be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled for the opening of
the museum unless we get a lot of assistance. (Ettirgen yapıya dikkat!)
D) We're going to need an awful lot of help if we're to date and label these exhibits in
time for the opening of the museum.

6. Though he knows I'm determined to make Marsden the new manager, he's
constantly seeking to bring him down on my estimation.
C)Though he's fully aware of the fact that I'm set on making Marsden the new
manager,he still persists in trying to influence me against him.
7. They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search for
the others.
B) They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full
week.

8. My father has agreed to pay this month's instalment but warned me that he wouldn't
make a practice of doing so.
A)This month the instalment will be met by my father, but he more or less said he
wouldn't do it again.
9. He really doesn't mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good.
E) He'll work for just about anyone so long as they pay him well.

10. It's not fair to put all the blame on him; he's not the only one at fault.

E)He doesn't deserve to be blamed for everything; there were others involved.

11. They were fully within their rights when they dismissed him, but now they wish
they had not done so.
B)Their dismissal of him was perfectly legal, but now they regret their action.

12. There's no point in learning several languages if you'renot going to have the
opportunity to use them.
B)Unless you are going to be in a position to use them, learning several
languages would just be a waste of time.