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DESIGN
CONCRETE
Sand
Gravel
33%
38%
CONCRETE VOLUME
Sand
7%
Portland
Cement
68%
CONCRETE COST
Note:
Cement accounts for most of the concrete raw material cost.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
1.To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more regular intervals throughout
the discharge of the mixer or truck. DO NOT take samples at the beginning or the end of the
discharge.
2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent, level surface large
enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces
throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.
3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with steel tamping rod. Distribute rodding
evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.
PROCEDURE
4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into, but not through
first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.
5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but not through,
second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of this layer.
6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as a screed. Clean
overflow from base of cone.
7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete or tilt the
cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not touching the
slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral or torsional motion.)
PROCEDURE
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount
of slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the
slumped concrete at a point over the original center of the base. The slump
operation shall be completed in a maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes.
Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other tests.
Slump
Ruler
Slump Cone
SLUMP TEST
Testing tip:
Since concrete setting is time and temperature dependent, this test must be started within 5
minutes after obtaining the composite sample and completed within 2 ½ minutes after the
filling process begins.
Water-cement ratio [w/c] or
water cementitious material ratio [w/(c+p)]
40 0.42
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
Maximum size of aggregate
FIELD
31
APPARATUS
NEEDED :CYLINDE
R MOLD
32
APPARATUS (CYLINDER MOLD)
• We will need the following apparatus for the test. Cylinder mold made of steel 150 mm. In
diameter and 300 mm in height constructed in the form of right circular cylinders and the top
open to receive the concrete and shall be watertight and sufficiently strong and tough to
permit their used without tearing, crushing or deforming.
APPARATUS (BEAM MOLD)
• Beam mold ,
rectangular in shape
and having a length of
21". The cross section
shall be 6" by 6".
APPARATUS (TAMPING ROD)
APPARATUS
(TOOLS SUCH AS SHOVELS, PAILS,
TROWELS, STRAIGHT EDGE, SCOOP AND
RULER)
36
WATER STORAGE
TANK
37
SAMPLING AND
MIXING
RECEPTACLE
38
II. MAKING AND CURING OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION
AND FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS IN FIELD
(AASHTO Designation T 23)
(ASTM Designation C 31)
3 layers
25 blows/layer
24” 12”
5/8” Rammer
2. Molding of (Beam) Flexure Test Specimens
For Concrete Pavement
Beam Specimens
A= L x W
= 21” x 6”
= 126 sq. in.
1 Blow per 2 sq. in.
6”
126 blows
= 63
2 layer
6”
21”
2 layers
63 blows / layer using the
same rammer as in concrete
cylinder sample
3. CURING
A. Application of water to counteract evaporation
• Ponding
• Sprinkling
• Spraying
• Wet burlap
• Wet Earth
• Wet Sand
• Saw Dust
• Straw
R= PL = P 18 = P in #
6” x 6” x 6” 12 in2
bd2
//////////////
1 in Min.
Where:
R = Modulus of rupture, psi or Mpa
D = L/3
Specimen
P = Load in lbs. or in tons
L = Span length in inches
L/3 L/3 l/3
b = base in inches
Span Length
d = depth
L
1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the
middle third of the span length.
PL
R =
bd2
Mpa
FS = 440.92 psi x .006895 = 3.04 MPa
psi
b. Center Point Loading Method:
1 in. min.
(25 mm)
L/3
L/2 L/2
Span Length,
L
3 PL
R=
2 bd2
4
12” Compressive Strength = 64,000 lbs X .006895 Mpa
28.27 in.2 psi
CS = 15.6 MPa
Classification
Deformed Steel Bar – surface of which is provided with lugs or
protrusions called deformation.
One (1) (Q.T.) for every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for
each size
Test Specimen :
Variation in Mass, % :
DPWH Specification:
Variation in Mass, % : Shall not exceed 6% under nominal weight
except for bars smaller than 3/8 in. (10 mm)
plain round. In no case shall the overweight
be the cause for rejection.
Weight measurement per meter length of steel bar
2. Determination of Tensile Properties
Elongation Requirements:
Bar Designation No. / mm Grade 280(40) Grade 420 (60) Grade 520(75)
No. 3 ( 10 ) 11 9 -
No. 4, 5 ( 13, 16 ) 12 9 -
No. 6 ( 19 ) 12 9 7
No. 7, 8 ( 22, 25 ) - 8 7
No. 9,10,11 ( 29, 32, 36 ) - 7 6
No. 14, 18 ( 43, 57 ) - 7 6
Bending Requirement No cracking on outside bent
Footnotes:
55
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 49: 2000
SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Strength Requirements:
MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH, Mpa MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH, Mpa
GRADE
Non - Weldable Weldable Non - Weldable Weldable
Elongation Requirements:
PERCENT ELONGATION
GRADE BAR DIAMETER, mm
NON – WELDABLE WELDABLE
230 < 25 mm 18 20
≥ 25 mm 16 18
275 < 25 mm 10 16
≥ 25 mm 8 14
425 < 25 mm 8 14
≥ 25 mm 7 12
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 49: 2000
SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Dimensional Properties
Nominal Diameter, mm
Parameters
10 12 16 20 25 28 32 36 40
Nominal Unit Mass, kg/m 0.616 0.888 1.578 2.466 3.853 4.834 6.313 7.990 9.865
Nominal X-Sect. Area, mm2 78.54 113.10 201.06 314.16 490.88 615.75 804.25 1017.88 1256.64
Max. Ave. Spacing, mm 7.0 8.4 11.2 14.0 17.25 19.6 22.4 25.2 28.0
Min. Lug Height, mm 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Max. Lug Height, mm 0.8 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0
Max. Summ. Of Gaps, mm 7.8 9.4 12.6 15.7 19.6 22.0 25.1 27.5 31.41
Variation in Mass, % ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ±6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6
± 6
Note : * Tensile srength shall not be less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength. TS / TY for
Weldable ≥ 1.25
DPWH Specification:
DPWH Specification:
a. 6”
b.8”
c.12”
d.24”
It is the most important component in determining the strength of
concrete
a. Cement
b.Water
c.Sand
d.Gravel
The most important factor affecting the strength of concrete
Balanced Section
The steel provided in the beam is such that both concrete and steel
reach the limiting values of strain simultaneously.
STEEL RATIO
The steel provided in the beam is such that steel reach the limiting values of
strain prior to concrete. This results in yielding of the steel and the steel could
yield till it attains the ultimate strain at which point it breaks.
Analysis and Design of beams
The steel provided in the beam is such that concrete reach the
limiting values of strain prior to steel. This results in breaking of
concrete and since now there is no concrete present to take the
compression the beam fails suddenly.
1
Vu = 𝑤 L − 𝑤𝑢 d (for simply supported beams)
2 𝑢
SPACING OF STIRRUPS
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
S= = 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑐
ϕ
Vs = Vu/φ – Vc
Vs = Vn – Vc = nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
Vn = Vu/φ
Vc = 1/6√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
1
when Vu > ϕ𝑉𝑐 (needs stirrups)
2
SPACING CRITERION
min(12 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 , 300𝑚𝑚)
Development Length
• Minimum cross-section
• 200 X 300 mm
• Minimum Gross Area
• 60000 𝑚𝑚2
AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∝ ∅ ∙ 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Where
𝑃𝑛 = Nominal Strength
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = Ultimate Load
∅ = Reduction Factor
𝑓 ′𝑐 = Concrete Strength
𝐴𝑔 = Gross area of the Column
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = Area of Steel
REDUCTION FACTOR
• 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔_𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
max(1.5 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 , 40𝑚𝑚)
LATERAL TIES AND STIRRUPS