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VALIDITY:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purposed to measure.
Types of Validity:
Face Validity
Construct Validity
Criterion-based Validity
Formative Validity
Sampling Validity
RELIABILITY:
Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable
and consistent results.
Types of Reliability:
Test-retest reliability
Parallel forms reliability
Inter-rater reliability
Internal consistency reliability
GONIOMETRY AND ITS INTRODUCTION
Goniometer:
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an
angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position.
A goniometer is a device used in physical therapy to
measure the range of motion around a joint in the body.
Goniometry:
Goniometry is an evaluating tool to make a record at
ground level and to access the patient functioning.
It is a measurement of JROM (Joint range of motion)
which is evaluative and which we can use to progn0se or anticipate
treatment protocol.
It is an accurate record of joint motion which provides
information that is necessary for determining the extent of disability.
Goniometer can be used to measure both active and passive joint range
of motion.
Motion Degrees
Finger flexion MCP:85°-90°; PIP: 100°-115°; DIP: 80°-90°
Finger extension MCP:30°-45°; PIP: 0°; DIP: 20°
Finger abduction 20°-30°
Finger adduction 0°
Thumb flexion CMC: 45°-50°; MCP: 50°-55°; IP: 85°-90°
Thumb extension MCP: 0°; IP: 0°-5°
Thumb adduction 30°
Thumb abduction 60°-70°
Temporomandibular Opening
Extension
Extension
Extension
rotation
IP Flexion, extension
NON-CAPSULAR PATTERNS OF JROM
Limitation of Movements:
Only one or two movements are limited over the affected
area.
End feel is the sensation felt at the joint at the end of range of motion.
o It is an evaluative process done to test normality or abnormality
o Detection is through hands of examiner
o It is performed passively
o It is a specific feel that requires practice to assess with perfection
o Skill requires practice and sensitivity
o Hearing and attitude of the examiner play major role
o Movements are performed gradually
Normal End Feels:
Normal end feels are:
Soft End Feel
Firm End Feel
Hard End Feel
Soft End Feel:
Soft end feel is felt when soft tissues approximate. The muscle
belly, ligaments and tendons are not stretched.
e.g. Knee Flexion, Elbow Flexion
Firm End Feel:
Firm end feel is felt due to muscular, capsular, and
ligamentous stretch.
Hip Flexion
0°-120°; soft end-feel
Hip Extension
0°-20°; firm end-feel
Hip Abduction
0°-45°; firm end-feel
Hip Adduction
0°-30°; firm end-feel
Hip Internal Rotation
0°-45°; firm end-feel
Hip External Rotation
0°-45°; firm end-feel
Knee Flexion
0°-135°; soft (compression) end-feel
Knee extension
135°-0°; firm end-feel
Dorsiflexion
0°-20°; firm end-feel
Plantarflexion
0°-50°; firm end-feel
Ankle Inversion
0°-35°; firm end-feel
Ankle Eversion
0°-15°; firm or hard end-feel
Shoulder Flexion
0°-180°; firm end-feel
Shoulder Extension (Hyperextension)
0°-60°; firm end-feel
Shoulder Abduction
0°-180°; firm end-feel
Shoulder Adduction
0° (not typically measured; starting point for abduction)
Internal Rotation
0°-70°; firm end-feel
External Rotation
0°-90°; firm end-feel
Elbow Flexion
0°-150°°; Soft end-feel
Elbow Extension
150°-0°; hard end-feel
Forearm Pronation
0°-80°; hard or firm end-feel
Forearm Supination
0°-80°; firm end-feel
Wrist Flexion
0°-80°; firm end-feel
Wrist Extension
0°-70°; firm end-feel
Wrist UD
0°-30°; firm
Wrist RD
0°-20°; Hard or Firm
Thumb Flexion (CMC)
0°-15°; soft end-feel
Thumb Extension (CMC)
0°-20°; Firm end-feel
Thumb Abduction (CMC)
0°-70°; Firm end-feel
Thumb Adduction (CMC)
0°-70°; Firm end-feel
Thumb Flexion (MCP)
0°-50°; Firm end-feel
Thumb Extension (MCP)
0°
Thumb Flexion (IP)
0°-80°; firm (in some hard) end-feel
Thumb Extension (IP)
0°-20°; firm
Digits 2-5 Flexion (MCP)
0°-90°; hard end-feel
Digits 2-5 Extension (MCP)
0°-45°; Firm end-feel
Digits 2-5 Flexion (PIP)
0°-100°; hard end-feel
Digits 2-5 Flexion (DIP)
0°-90°; firm
Cervical Flexion
0°-45°; firm
Cervical Extension
0°-45°; Firm
Cervical Rotation
0°-60°; Firm
Cervical Side-Bending
0°-45°; Firm
Trunk Flexion
0°-80°; Firm
Trunk Extension
0°-25°; Firm