CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM AND TARDINESS OF JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL

STUDENTS OF PENABLANCA NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

A Research Study Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

Penablanca National High School

Camasi, Penablanca, Cagayan

RESEARCHERS:

MERLY RAMOS

JERRY TALOSIG TATTAO

CRISTINE BARIUAN

JUDYLENE TUNGCUL

CHARIEMAR RAMIREZ

JAMAICA BANGAYAN

SUBJECT TEACHER:

MRS. MARY JANE VILLARIN

FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2019-2020

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 CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM AND TARDINESS OF JUNIOR

HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS OF PENABLANCA NATIONAL

HIGHSCHOOL

Merly G. Ramos

Christine B. Bariuan

Judylene M. Tungcul

Chariemar B. Ramirez

Jamaica G. Bangayan

Jerry Talosig Tattao

HUMSS CLASS

ABSTRACT

This research study’s main objective is to ascertain and investigate the major

causes of Absenteeism and Tardiness Among Junior High School Students of

Penablanca National High School. Our study is significant to the school, family,

teachers, students and future researchers. Through our study they will be aware of

the causes of absenteeism and tardiness in their study and also to know the best

thing to do in order to overcome Absenteeism and Tardiness. Our study cover 119

total of respondents. A Quantitative method is used in data sampling and

Analysis. For this purpose, Questionnaires are distributed with the permission
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letter attached on it. The data was analyzed and interpreted with the used of
𝑛
percentage and frequency and through the formula n=1±𝑁(𝑒)2 given. In

Junior High School, the maic cause of absenteeism and

tardiness is waking up too late. The main causes has a

big effect on an individual.however, Absenteeism and

Tardiness can be managed or prevent through applying

these rhings. Based on the result of our study, sleep

early if the most effective way of reducing

Absenteeism and Tardiness.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Mrs. Villarin for sharing the

knowledge on doing a research and also for giving us the opportunity to

experience on how to conduct a quantitative research .We would also want to

thank her for helping us to do the things needed to make a quantitative research

effectively. We would also want to thank our peers, classmates, and also

ourselves unite as one for giving us information and for the cooperation as well.

And also for our parents rather our family for providing our financials, for the

support , for the patient, and giving us time to go and make a research.

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 DEDICATION

For all the things that we accomplished . it is an honored to dedicate this

accomplishment to our research paper to our Practical Research 2 , Ma’am

Villarin the person who gave us an inspiration to finish this study. She lead us to

understand and to know on how to learn from pure mistakes in order to be

successful, we will never forget all the things we’ve learn to you and we’re so

grateful with you for trusting us and make us believe in ourselves in order to

achieve higher education .

We also dedicate this study to those students who are lazy and absentees in their

class subject, you are our inspiration to change our strategy on studies and to push

through our title to give you advices and encouragement on how important to

study well.

We dedicate also this study to all the people who supported us most specially to

our family who helped us not to give up and trust ourselves.

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 Chapter I

Introduction

As a student, we must be a good model and be a good example in our

school. Absenteeism can make you very popular to your teacher, not just a good

example but having a bad record that’s why you become popular. There are so

many wastes to be popular, sometimes by negative attitude but mostly in good

and positive attitude. In negative attitude, examples are absenteeism, trouble-

maker and being lazy inside and outside your room. In positive attitude are very

punctual students, having a perfect score and good performance.

Once a students is absent in class, he/she can miss some of the lessons

and can result to failure grades. Absenteeism has always big impact to a student’s

record. It can be a habit to them and can push them on doing it every day. Some

causes of absenteeism and tardiness are; because of their peers influence, family

problem and financial problem. As a student, we must be aware of all the

decisions we made and reflect from it. Students have their own excuses and

causes of being one of the absentees in their class.

Their causes of absenteeism and tardiness can be a motivation for them or

can be a way for them not to attend to their respective class and lead to wrong

path of their life. These causes can make their life into a miserable one and worst

thing is it leads them to commit suicide. Family problem, financial problem, peers

and love one issues and teachers attitude towards them can end their life and can

be a result from being a miserable one. This study can reduce students who

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commit absenteeism and tardiness and have a successful life and also to make

their parents proud and not to make them disappointed.

We, the researchers conduct this study about “Causes of Absenteeism and

Tardiness of Junior High School Students of Peῆablanca National High School”

to determine what are the causes of this study. This research also contains the

reasons of why absenteeism and tardiness are common issues of students. We

want to inform students not to be one of those students who commit absenteeism

and tardiness for them to be one of the honor students and to have good grades

and also good records to their teachers, they must be in complete attendance every

day and a hard working one. Every students dream is to be a successful

professional someday and to make their parents proud and have a good standard

in life.

Statement of the Problem

This study attempts to identify the causes of absenteeism and tardiness of

Junior High students of Penablanca National High School.

Specifically, it sought to provide the answers to the following questions:

1) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Family status

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1.4 Parents occupations

1.5 Number of siblings in the family

1.6 year level

2) What are the ways of the respondents to overcome absenteeism and tardiness?

3) What are the reasons of students who incur absences and tardiness?

Significance of the Study

The following will benefit from this study:

School: they will be informed by having the information about the causes of

absenteeism and tardiness of the students and they will become aware, they will

use the said information so that they can make an adjustment or strategy on how

to limit the causes of absenteeism and tardiness.

Family: they will apply some disciplinary action to their children and make an

adjustment to prevent their children from getting absent and being tardy.

Teachers: they will know how to control and discipline their students and make an

advice and for consideration also.

Students: they will learn about the benefits and disadvantages of absenteeism and

tardiness.

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Future Researchers: they can gain knowledge about the causes of absenteeism and

tardiness of junior high school students of penablanca nationsl high school and

they can use it as reference for their future studies.

Conceptual Framework

Scope and Delimitation

The study will focus on the causes of absenteeism and tardiness of junior

high school students of penablanca national high school. This study is delimited

to identify the way of respondents to overcome absenteeism and tardiness and

what are the reasons of incurring absences and tardiness? The select junior high

school students of penablanca national high school are the respondents of our

research study. This study will be conducted at penablanca national high school

for the school year 2019-2020.

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Definition of Terms

Absenteeism- is a habitual pattern of absence from duty or obligation without

good reason.

Cases- an instance of a particular situation , an example of something occurring.

Family- a group consisting of parents and children living together in a

household.

Family status- is defined as the status of being in a parent and child relationship.

Incur- become subject to (something unpleasant) as a result of once own action.

Intervention- is a combination of a program elements or strategies design to

produce behavior changes or improve health status among individual or an entire

population.

Respondents- are students who were involve in the research of causes of

absenteeism and tardiness.

Socio-economic Status- is an economics and sociological combined total

measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual family’s economics

and social position in relation to other, based on household income learner’s

education and occupation are examine, as well as combined income.

Tardiness- is the quality of being late. When you’re lost to something your tardy,

so tardiness refers to the habit of being late.

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UP’s- a human development measure of the national government that provides

conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition

and the education of children aged 0-18

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

LOCAL

Guba (1984), identified eight distinct conceptions of policy. This include

the following: policy is an assertion of intents or goals. Policy is the accumulated

standing decision of a governing body, by which it regulates 15 controls,

promotes, services, and otherwise influences matters within its sphere of

authority. Policy guide to discretionary action. Policy is strategy undertaken to

solve or ameliorate a problem. Policy is sanctioned behavior. Policy is a norm of

conduct characterized by consistency and regularity in some substantive action

area. Policy is the output of the policy making system.

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 Galloway (1985), rise that in the most part of the United States, the

problem illegal absence dates from 1876. In the 1850’s urban schools suffered

from an extremely high turnover of students. Many students were needed at home

to do many of the chores, especially if they lived on the farm. Other students

worked outside of the home to help support the family. Galloway noted that there

is little evidence that attendance rate over that the last ten of fifteen years. Differ

very much from those earlier in the century. Even with the increased 12

attendance and the increased graduation rates over the last 100 years, education is

relatively the same. A glaring example of this is the release of students from work

in extremely industrialized society.

Capili (1992), discussed that those who come from rural areas are most

vulnerable in two ways. First, because their parents have little and irregular. The

income they often lack money for school-related expenses such as school

allowance, transportation, uniforms and class requirements. Families with limited

financial resources prioritize their expenses allotting whatever little money they

have more urgent family needs like food. A finding which supports earlier studies.

Wise (1994), explained that culture has changed but the reasons for

excused absences have not changed. School attendance was a problem before

education became free and compulsory. The based on the researched knowledge

and experience as an educator. It has continued to be one ever since. The

researcher notes that the attendance figures can be interpreted in different ways.

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There is little evidence that school attendance rates have changed noticeably

throughout the twentieth century.

Brooks (1999), argued that suspension and expulsion do not strengthen

students’ commitment and attachment to school. Suspension and expulsions have

been linked to poor grades and early drop out. Students who are not in school due

to expension and expulsion will not be exposed to classroom information and are

more likely to be retained in grade. Suspending or expelling disruptive students

from school may actually reinforce negative behavior and put these students at

greater risk for further negative outcomes.

Hurray (2000), reported that students were going late to bed because of

watching films and have movies resulting into wake up late in the morning.

Distance to school and keeping friends who are not students are the causes of

lateness. It proves that the tardiness among students have been a growing problem

and that is the caused. Not just because of the students but also because of the

lack of imposing discipline from the parents. They are not listening to the advice

of their parents. There are students also were influenced to their peers.

Marburger (2001), defined that the difficulty inferring the effect of

absenteeism on performance because once a student is absent in the class. He/she

may miss the opportunity of learning other techniques. He found out that missing

in class progresses the likelihood of missing examination material covered that

day compared to the students who were present in the class. The students should

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keep on thinking their possibility to passed their grades. Also with their status in

life that they should study well to have better future.

Weade (2004), answered that the students under the interdisciplinary

program exhibited more positive behavior from students showed less absences

and tardiness as well as higher grades. Other schools made scholar academic

changes such as developing personality works and cooperative learning activities,

such as creation of portfolios and tutorial to younger stuats. These taught the

students better goal-setting, decision making skills and the time management. In

return, students under behavior modification programs yielded less tardiness and

higher grades.

Savers (2005), conclude that when a student misses a day of school he/she

must have lost the chance to hear others. Interpret and analyzing the lessons or

joins. The interaction within the class. This last is being rooted to the two

different courses. The inquiry might be a family situation or an individual

problem. Then, under finance concerns, dis ability, psychotic imbalance, poor

school climate, family health, transportation problems, drug and alcohol use also

the differing community attitude toward education.

Breeze (2010), stated that always late in class can affect the learning of a

student as well as she/he can disturb other students and also the teacher who are

having a class lateness is synonymous to “tardiness” which implies being slow to

act or being slow to respond. Thus, not meeting up with proper or usual timing.

14
Habitual tardiness can also be learned from other members of the family

especially from the other core. Film watching at night can also affect the tardiness

of the students.

Zeiger (2010), emphasized this studies have revealed that those students

with “perfect or near-perfect attendance”. Ave good grades compared to those

students who misses classes often and late-comers. Moreover, as mentioned by

Zeiger, the results from the survey report conducted by teachers show that

students with high tardiness rates have “higher rates of suspensions and other

disciplinary measures”. It also causes the students to have behavioral problems

and drop out. Zeiger stated that “students who are frequently tardy to school are

also more to be fired from a job for showing up late.

Dafiaghor (2011), asserted that the school administrators must lead by

example. They should be factual in their own meetings and classes to avoid

students to think that being late is just right since even the authoritative persons

are doing it. They should as well teach it and integrate it in every lesson. The

effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does not start and end with the

school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the government must

take part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid students from

getting stock. In traffic or encountering other obstacles down the students. .

Nokpodia (2011), studied that the lateness or tardiness is not just the

problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A student who

15
are coming late in class distracts the rest of the students and disrupts the flow of

the teacher’s discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the late

students. The rest of the effects given by Nokpodia is about the welfare of the

school, its productivity and revenue.

Abdelalim (2012), identified in their research the association between

childhood obesity and student academic performance in the classroom setting. A

multi-stage cluster random sampling was used to select representative sample of

1,213 fifth-grade students in male public schools. Height and weight were

measured using a standard protocol. There was no significant association between

obesity and academic performance after adjusting for socio-demographic factors.

Parental education was the most important predictor for high academic

performance in the classroom setting. There is no association between obesity and

academic performance in the classroom setting in Kuwait.

Daniels (2017), cited that one of the most recurring and the most

frustrating problems that the schools are having with their students nowadays is

tardiness. Maybe because of transportation, traffic, watching movies art night and

not sleeping on time. Tardiness is being slow to respond. Students nowadays

seems like they are not interested in coming to school. They choose to play online

games with friends without thinking for the possible consequences. Parents

should guide their children. They should be strict when it comes to mobile phones

because one of being tardiness is playing technology.

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Foreign

An investigation by Greene (1963), attempted to determine if significant

differences existed between students. Having favorable and unfavorable

attendance records and weather absenteeism varied significantly. A variety

assessment instruments were used to compare the top and bottom 10% of

attendance in two economically. Greene found that in both schools favorable

attenders earned constantly higher marks. Greene concluded that absenteeism is a

behavior which is individually symptomatic of an unfavorable adjustment.

Lange (1974) affirmed that students assigned to alternative programs are often

those who have been expelled or suspended. As well as those who are pregnant,

homeless, migrant and etc. the physical location of the alternative program maybe

in separate building of campus. Separating our classroom of the school or

provided in the traditional classroom. Nationally most alternative programs

emphasized discipline and focus on improve behavior. Alternative schools are

often describe as places for students who are having difficulty adjusting.

Suprina (1979), discussed another policy which is instituted a mandatory

failing grade. Suprina explained that parent where informed after the third, sixth

and seventh absences. Also a review board was established for appeal purposes.

She reports that the new policy implementation led to attendance being increased.

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Average of six additional school days per students with failing grades gaining an

average of 10 school days.

Mervilde (1981), stated that financial discuss difficulties says illness, age,

social rank, geographical, attitudes of teachers and weak school management.

High education cost and weather conditions can be cause absenteeism. Mervilde

also reveals that family help of financial concerns; poor school environment, drug

and school used, and transportation problems. Differing community attitudes

towards education are all conditions that can cause a child not attend in school.

Pizzo in (1983), refers to school policy as fitting into ecology of public

policies. In other words, where the operation of public schools is concerned,

arrange of policy 16 sources can be identified. Pizzo further states that policies are

derived from congress, the department of education, the courts, state legislature,

intermediate agencies, school boards, and school based personal. To understand

educational policy in the United States, it is necessary to understand each of these

policy making entities and the relationships among them.

Duke and Canady (1991) studied that three seasons to study policy. First,

many of education policies likely to have or direct effect on the lives of students,

parents and teachers are local school policies. A state legislation conceiving the

allocation of sources for education, but the legislation does not become

meaningful for clients, patrons, and employees until local policy decisions

determine low the available resources will be utilized. Second, schools serving

18
similar groups of students can differ greatly in areas such as student achievement,

attendance, dropped rate, teacher morale, and school climate. The third reason to

study school policies according to Duke and Canady in 1991 the fact that the

number of locally developed policies is likely to increase in the future. Interest in

shared decision making, teacher empowerment, school-site empowerment,

school-site empowerment, and the restricting of schools suggests that the focus of

educational policy making may be shifting.

Glasser (1990), further explained his control theory by stating all motivation

comes from within oneself and not from outside. However, what happens outside

has a lot to do with what pone chooses to do, but the outside events don’t cause

behavior. All one gets from the outside is information. Adopted the principles of

economics to the theories of students motivation. The free market theory

(capitalism) and the theory of planned or command economy (communism).

Glazzer said that it can be utilized in directing people toward action.

Shanker(1990), stated that school incentives are designed incorrectly and

teachers are not rewarded for improving students outcomes. The students have

one incentives- a diploma. Shaher writes that incentives do work; they are a major

motivator of the behavior of individuals and systems. School should be designed

to use competition and teamwork to achieve and established goals. Shanker writes

in a free market system, they will result in high level of production.

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 Mizzelle (1992), discussed the climate constituted by human relationship

affects students behavior. Students negative thoughts, about school activities,

staff’s law competence and understanding strict school management cause

rebellion. Difficulties and lack of interest in engaging classes are the reasons of

absenteeism. The findings revealed that students’ absenteeism was negatively

related to academic. Self-perception attitudes towards teacher and school, goal,

valuation, motivation or self-regulation and academic performance.

Woog (1992), identified the causes or predictors of students especially are:

those which identified the cause of absenteeism with the students on his/her

family characteristics. Those which identified the students’ social or economic

environment as the casual factor; and those which examine the effects of the

various school characteristics as influential and the absenteeism rate of students.

The 1997 education research service report identifies age, I.Q, achievements,

religion, and curricular activities as associated with various rate of absenteeism.

Older students, students living with one parent, students with lower I.Q scores.

Individuals need to fill a sense of achievement and are motivated by extrinsic

acknowledgement of this achievements.

Dorn (2000) asserted that programs such as the Truanaj Refferal and

Prosecution Program of Ventur Country, California, demonstrate the unchecked

truancy can result enormous loss to community, parents, student and operation of

the school. The goals of program were to increase daily school attendance. The

20
program held parents accountable for their child’s regular school attendance.

Citations could be filed against the parent/guardian of student truant from a public

school. The penalty for parents of truant students carried a fine of 100 dollars to

500 dollars and have included 5 to 25 days in jail with up to 1 year operations.

Parents/guardian who are enabling or promoting truancy may be changed with a

misdemeanor charge of contributing diliquency of minor under the age of 18

which carries of consequences.

Turner (2002) reported that in Central California, the Kern country Truancy

reduction project used probation officers to visit each school approximately every

other week to collect referrals, interview students and conduct home visits. The

schools that participated in the Kent Country Truancy reduction project sent

children from kindergarten through the grade 8 who were truant to the student

assistance team.

Gump (2005) reported that frequently absent students have a fear of teachers

or specific subjects. He also reports that the families of absent students were noted

as scoring much hinger on measurements of family stress. Both of galloway’s

reports identified an unfavorable parental attitude towards school as a significant

influence on the absence rate of their children. Galloway research showed

excessive absentees. The nation that students “bored” in school is what leads to

cut class or miss school. Attendance policy that withdrew a student from a class.

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Related Studies

Lau (1982), stated that some of the students who develop absenteeism are

resigned to believe that they will just fail, and decide that they might as well miss

their classes all together. Apathy is a logical reaction to failure if students believe

the causes are stable, unlikely to change, and beyond their control. In addition,

students who view their failures in this light are less likely to seek help; they

believe nothing and no one can help. Cognitive theorist believe that behavior is

determined by our thinking. Behavior is initiated and regulated by plans, goals,

schemas, expectations, and attributions. People do not respond to external events

of physical conditions such as hunger but rather to their interpretations of this

events.

Giddens (1990), the case of the respondents of this study, intellectual

achievement through regular attendance to classes was set aside for more argent

and practical needs. Giddens contends that even though education has promise to

lessen gaps of wealth and power by providing young people for an extensive

range of backgrounds with skills that will facilitate them to fit more easily into

society. On the contrary, it tends to reinforce existing inequality rather than act to

change them.

Ames (1992), tells that the students learn from the company they keep.

They are motivated to learn if they are members of a classroom that values

learning. The greatest motivational problems arise with students attribute failures

22
to stable, uncontrollable causes. “Unmotivated” students may seem resign to

failure, depressed, and helpless. This students respond to failure by focusing even

more on their attitudes toward school work may deteriorate even further.

Rizvi (1993), stressed that ‘poverty is no only a problem for individuals, it

is also an educational issue about how relation of social distribution are arrange

and how curriculum and pedagogy serves some group better than others’. While a

line between poverty and education is clearly important, it appears trapped within

a deficit theory that suggests that children who are poor lack some essential

condition necessary for educational success. Hence, school absenteeism could be

an outcome or the process by which this promise of reducing socio-economic

disparities is not fulfilled.

Zeidner (1998), said that absentee students reported struggling with

classroom complexities manifested by anxiety and alienation. At one time or

another, everyone has experienced anxiety, a general uneasiness, a feeling of self-

doubt, and sense of tension. The effects of anxiety on school achievement are

clear. It can be both a cause and an effect of school failure-students do poorly

because they are anxious, and their poor performance increases with anxiety.

Anxiety is probably both a threat and a state. Some students tend to be anxious in

many situation (trait anxiety), but some situations are specially anxiety.

Seemingly, the anxiety felt by the absentee students is also connected to their self-

efficacy beliefs.

23
 Savage (1999), said that “the fundamental of discipline is the development

of self-control. Academic knowledge and technological skill will be of little

consequence of those who passes them lack self-control”. Through self-control,

students demonstrate responsibility-the ability to fulfill their own needs without

inferring with the rights and needs of others. What teachers can therefore do to

help absentee students learn self-control is to help them make choices and deal

with the consequences. They can also help these students to set goals and

prioritize, manage time, collaborate to learn, mediate disputes and peace, and

develop trusting relations with trustworthy teachers and classmates.

Weinstein (1999), this study discuss that this is another way to understand

why the misguided value system surface as mixed up priorities that lead to school

absenteeism. Their lack of self-discipline and inefficient study skills and time

management reflected their procrastination for self-serving activities. Absentee

students are not able to manage themselves. This calls for rethinking about how

the schools, in general are able to know from demanding obedience to teaching

self-regulation and self-control. Regular attendance in school specially for

university students is a sign of self-control.

Woolfolk (2004), what teachers should do is to help highly anxious

students to set realistic goals because this individuals often have difficult making

wise choices. They tend to select either extremely difficult or extremely easy

tasks. In the first case, they are like to fail, which will increase their sense of

24
hopeless and anxiety about school. In the second face, they will probably succeed

on the easy tasks, but they will missed the sense of satisfaction that would

encourage greater effort and ease their fears about school work. Goal cards,

progress charts or goals-planning journals may help in this case.

Romero (2007), find out that students who exhibited less mature socio-

emotional functioning in the classroom, as indicated by scores on approaches to

learning, interpersonal relations, self-control, as well as on externalizing and

internalizing problem behaviors, had higher absenteeism rates than those with

grater socio-emotional maturity. Likewise, children who, according to their

parents, complained about school, were upset to go to school, or claimed to be

sick to stay home had higher absenteeism that those who did not engaged in this

behavior. Without doubt, classes are particular kinds of environments. They have

unique characteristics that affect students no matter how they or the classrooms

are organized or what the teachers believes about education. How the teachers

manage the classroom environment affects the sustained interest of the students in

attending classes regularly.

Murray (1983), stated that to keep the students in their classes, like their

teachers and the class in general, teachers should continue to be warm and

friendly. Teachers trained to demonstrate their enthusiasm have students who

regularly attend classes, are focused and involve. Why do the students of this

study cheers a particular explanation of the youth absenteeism? Heider’s

25
attribution theory can be used us a lens to synthesize all the reasons,

circumstances and conditions in which this problem evolve among the students.

Many antecedents causes of such behavior can be assumed to be coming from

external sources (situational cause), such as together, traffic, and family problems

leading to filing of helplessness as well as unappealing learning environments and

emanating from an interesting learning processes.

Stipek (2002), stressed that some of the students who develop absenteeism

are resigned to believe that they will just fail and decided that they might as well

as miss their classes altogether. In addition, students who view their failures in

this light are less likely to seek help; they believe nothing and no one can help.

People do not respond to external events or physical conditions such as hunger

but rather to their interpretations of these events. Absentee students are not able to

manage themselves. This calls for rethinking about hoe schools, in general, are

able to move from demanding obedience to teaching self-regulation.

Daniels (2003), asserted that the experience of absenteeism can be

explained by linking important theories related to motivation, needs, attributions

and cognitivism. Ultimately, to understand this behavior, one must look at all

pieces of the puzzle-all dynamic interactions influenced outcomes. Students

process of developing absenteeism are “coexisting facts which are conceive of as

mutually interdependent. As the students participate in many different life spaces

such as family, church, work, or school. Absenteeism as represented as

26
movements through life spaces that carry both positive and negative influences

and are driven ones perceptions based of their underlying psychological needs.

FOREIGN

Lamborn (1992), explained that “dropping out of school, although defined by

single event reflects a long process of disengagement and withdrawal from

schooling and educational institutions”. In order to understand and reduce the

problem of students dropping out of school researchers should first investigate the

early warning signs in students behavior before it escalates to students actually

leaving school. Studies of students who drop out school shows long term patterns

of students who may be having difficulties at home and or in school at a very

early age. Research has shown that students who eventually drop out of school are

absent more often than other student beginning as early as the first grade. As the

students get older their patterns of being absent from school increases.

Lee (1994), discussed that studies investigating family practice has suggested

that “ not all parental involvement activities are associated with attendance”. For

example, parent involvement that requires “checking homework and ready with

child associated with the approved report card grades, achievement scores and

subject specific skills”. Other researchers have reported that specific involvement

practice such as parental monitoring, parent child discussion, parent participation

at the school PTA membership are linked to students attendance. Researchers

27
show that some parents activities are likely others to affect attendance. Parents are

also involve of the students attendance with the participation that they are doing

in the school.

Smith (1995), stated that decreasing the rate of students truancy and

absenteeism has been and continuous to be the goal of school district across the

nation for over a country. Amazingly, little research focuses on what school can

do increase and maintain students daily attendance and even few studies explore

how families-school-community can build a partnership to work together toward

this goal. Smith state that “ despite the long history of concerns over students

attendance, the issue has received relatively little attention from educational

researchers”. Instead of focusing on students attendance, researchers have mainly

focus on students who drop out of high school before receiving their high school

diploma.

Hoyle (1998), stated that “Truant and Chronically absent students were

considered deviants”. Frequently, schoos did not contract families until the

problem was so serve that the student was failing their courses. Also research

shows that the learning environment of an entire school can be deffected by an

individual student attendance problem. Most schools receive funds by the

population they have attending school on a regular basis. If districts and school

attendance rates are low, educational programs and resources are in jeopardy of

being cut. Also, in some locations student attendance is used as an indicator of

28
how well a school is functioning and requirements are used and monitored for

rating (Maryland States Department of Education, 1999)

Lamdin (1998), pointed that it is a fact that poor attendance predicts drooping

out of school. Chronic absenteeism can have a negative impact on the student and

school. Students who are not in school are not learning and are not being

adequately prepared to be successful in school and in life. Research on truancy

and absenteeism suggest that “student with better attendance score higher on

achievement test than their most frequently absent peers”. If schools across the

nation are being met with the challenge of making adequate yearly progress,

which is a state mandate, then more programs need to to be funded in schools to

address the issue of truancy.

Trend (2008), mentioned that an individual who have habitually made

absences in class may have lost the chance of learning. He/she might have less

chances of getting an aimed position. The school who plays an important role to

as child’s motivation has known the impact of absenteeism to as student and to

school performance itself. The chronic spread of absenteeism may have roots that

affects the attendance of an individual.

Ruebel (2001),stated that in the state of Florida, absenteeism is on various

levels. Overall, absenteeism is monitored and to determined if student are absent

either more than or fewer than 21 days per school year. Absenteeism can be

excused or unexcused. Some of the reasons are acceptable for excused absences

29
are parent guardian approval. Unexcused absenteeism can be either truant/non

truant.

Bulah (2002), said that some school district have introduced character

education to address the students negative behavior. When teachers and parents

from a school district near Atlanta, Georgia, were surveyed, they identified three

character traits that seems to be most important for character education. First, trait

was the respect for self, others and property, Second, character traits was honesty

and lastly is character traits was self-control discipline. This important character

traits for education is a way to be one of the best student.

Mervilde (2002), financial difficulties says illness, age, social rank,

geographical region, attitudes of teachers, weak school management. High

education cost and weather condition can cause absenteeism. Mervilde also

revealed that;family health or financial concerns, poor school environment, drug

and alcohol use, transportation problemsand differing community attitudes

towards education are all conditions that can cause a child not attend in school.

Gerrard (2003), found out that the U.S Department of Education and justice

have proposed a comprehensive program to combat truancy. This program consist

of broad community and educational strategy to combat truancy. The program

compose of 5 elements. The 5 elements are parental involvement in all truancy

prevention act, ensuring that student face firm sanctions for truancy, creating

meaningful incentives for parental responsibility, establishing on going truancy

30
prevention program in schools and involving local law enforcement in truancy

reduction. This program has resulted in moderate gain in attendance with a small

populations of students.

Hinz (2003), cited that many school have taken other more assertive,

approaches to truancy. This school examined their school environment to help

them develop ways of keeping children in class. The Mineapolis Public School

adopted Comprehensive attendance. Plan with goal to have students attend school,

at least 95% of the time. The plan made changes in schools policies and

procedures. School personnel attend to make better use of data and technology to

aide in learning and tracking student’s attendance.

Railsback (2004), stated that at the State level, Florida requires each school

district report to the state number of unexcused absences at the end of school year.

Each Florida School district is also required to provide data on programs that have

been developed for schools that have been created to help students who have

unexcused absences. In an effort to increase attendance and avoid litigation, many

states and reduce the rate of truancy in public schools. Many Florida School

district have made effort to develop attendance policies. The goal of it is to

encourage self-discipline in student and make personal investment in positive

school-climate and community.

Savers (2005), said that when a student misses a day of school he/she must

have lost the chance to hear others, interpret and analyzing the lessons or joins the

31
interaction within the class. This lost is being routed to two different courses. The

inquiry might be a family situation or an individual problem. Then, under finance

concerns, disability, psychotic imbalance, poor school climate, family help,

transportation problems, drug and alcohol use, and differing community attitude

toward education

Belfanz (2012), stated that absenteeism is a student behavior grounded on

physical, psychological and social reasons and affecting students development

negatively. Absenteeism can be not only a symptom of students negative feelings

about school but also sourced by many different reasons. Absenteeism is typically

based on total days of school missed, including both excused absences. The state

board of education(2003) adopted definitions for excused and unexcused absences

for use by schools and districts in order to implement the statutory policies and

procedures concerning truants, and the reporting of truancy offers the three forms

students absenteeism. In fact, students need to attend school daily to succeed.

Kumi (2010), explored the effects of students absenteeism on students

absenteeism on student academic and school performance in Uganda. The study

also assessed the effectiveness of class attendance monitoring tool: the challenges

faced by the school administration and dealing with absentee students and

establish the relationship between students absenteeism and academic

performance of students. The relevant literature was reviewed to anchor the

methodology and the findings. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional

32
survey design. A combination of stratified and purposive sampling was applied to

accommodate the variety of respondents from senere, soroti districts in Teso sub-

region; North Eastern Uganda.

Chapter 3

Methodology

33
 This chapter indicates the description about the research design. The

selection and description of respondents, research instruments, data gathering

procedure and analysis.

Research Design

This study used descriptive design, since its purpose is to know and reveal

the facts about the students who are being lazy in their studies. It also identified

the status of their parents and the work of their parents. It can give an impact or

can affect their studies. It also describes the profile of the respondents and

provide information. It also provides the related reasons why this students doing

this things of absenteeism and tardiness.

The study utilized a questionnaire method. This method is appropriate

since the study provides the profile, living status, number of children in their

family and the occupation of their parents. It also test and provides what are the

reasons and things they are doing in their everyday living. All the information can

be collect and gathered through the used of questionnaires.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of our study are the junior high of Penablanca National

High School. They are the respondents in our research study “Causes of

34
Absenteeism and Tardiness of Junior High School Students of Penablanca

National High School”. There are 119 respondents who were selected randomly

from the total population of 500. The number was determined using the formula
𝑛
n=1±𝑁(𝑒)2 with .08 margin of error. The respondents qualified for this study are

the junior students because most junior students have a huge number of students

were absent every day. They are not matured enough to consider their studies as a

very important matter.

Data Gathering Procedure

In this study, there are 500 total population of the respondents with the

margin error of .08. there are 119 respondents who were selected randomly from

the given population and margin error given by our subject teacher. The number
𝑛
of respondents were determined using the formula n=1±𝑁(𝑒)2 .

These are the steps: First, we compute how many respondents we need so

that we know how many questionnaires we needed. Second, we create

questionnaire based on the statement of the problem then we submit it to our

subject teacher in our research for correction. The third things we do is to encode

and printed it. After that process, finally we went to the Junior High Student to

35
float the questionnaire and after answering it the data will be tabulated and

analyzed.

Instrumentation

The study used a questionnaires composed of two parts. First part is the

profile of the respondent’s name, age, sex, year and section, socio-economic

status (poor, average, rich) an number of siblings in the family (only child, 2-4, 5-

7, 8-10,10 and above). The second part is about the things they applied to prevent

absenteeism and tardiness.

These are their options (sleep early, do your roles and responsibilities,

avoid being lazy and bad habits, always think positive and participating in all

activities.

Data Analysis

The data was analyzed and interpreted with the use of the following

statistical tools.

Percentage This was used to reduce the difference sets of the number and

common frequencies to comparable sets of number with common base. It was

employed as a form of numerical analysis.

36
Simple frequency count and rank order this technique was used in analyzing some

data. Ranking was used to denote or described the positional importance of an

object or item discussed. Frequencies were added and the sum or total was

divided by the number of respondents. Each item was given rank based on the

frequency.

CHAPTER 4

Presentation and Interpretation of Data

I. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 1.1 Frequency and Distribution of Respondents as to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

37
11-13 59 49.58

14-17 60 50.42

Total: 119 100

The table above shows the distributions of residents based on their age.

Hence,49.58% of the respondents ages are from 11-13 that is equivalent to 59

students out of 119. The remaining 50.42% of these respondents came from age

bracket of 14-17 years old that is equivalent to 60 students. This concludes that

many of our respondents came from age bracket of 14-17 years old.

Table 1.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents as to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 46 38-66

Female 73 61-34

Total 119 100

The table represents the frequency and percentage distribution as to their

gender. As it was recorded there are 43 males and 76 are females respondents.

The total percentage of male is 38.66% and the total percentage of female is

38
61.34%. Therefore mostly of our respondents we have is a female student of

Junior High School of Peñablanca National High School.

Table 1.3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents as to Economic

Status.

Economic Frequency Percentage

Status

Low Class 15 12.61

Middle 103 86.55

Class

Upper 1 .84

Class

Total 119 100

This table represents the Economic Status of the respondents. Hence, there

are 15 respondents belongs to the poor/low class that is equivalent to 12.61% 103

respondents came from middle class that is equivalent to 86.55% and 1

respondent/individual belong to upper class that is equivalent to .84%.

Therefore this table shows that most of our respondent ranges/belongs to

the middle class.

39
 This table was supported by the theories of Capili (1992), discussed that

those who come from rural areas are most vulnerable in two ways. First, because

their parents have little and irregular. The income they often lack money for

school-related expenses such as school allowance, transportation, uniforms and

class requirements. Families with limited financial resources prioritize. Their

expenses allotting whatever little money they have more urgent family needs like

food. A finding which support earlier studies.

Mervilde (1981), stated that financial discuss difficulties says illness, age,

social rank, geographical , attitudes of teachers and weak school management.

High education cost and weather conditions can be cause absenteeism. Mervilde

also reveals that family help of financial concerns; poor school environment, drug

and school used, and transportation problems. Differing community attitudes

towards education are all conditions that can cause a child not attend in school.

Turner (2002) reported that in Central California, The Kern Country

Truancy reduction project used probation officers to visit each school

approximately every other week to collect referrals, interview students and

conduct home visits. The school that participated in the Kent Country Truancy

reduction project sent children from kindergarten through the Grade-8 who were

truant to the student assistance team.

Rizvi (1993), stressed that ‘poverty is not a problem for individuals, it is

also an educational issue about how relation of social distribution are arrange and

40
how curriculum and pedagogy serves some group better than the others’. While a

line between poverty and education is clearly important, it appears trapped within

a deficit theory that suggests that children who are poor lack some essential

condition necessary for educational success. Hence, by which this promise of

reducing socio-economic disparities is not fulfilled.

II. WAYS TO OVERCOME ABSENTEEISM AND TARDINESS

Table 2.1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents as to things that applied to

prevent Absenteeism and Tardiness.

Things Frequency Percen

Applied to tage

Prevent

Absenteeism

and Tardiness

· Sleep Early 100 32.15

· Do your roles 66 21.22

and

responsibilities

· Avoid being 57 18.33

41
lazy and having

bad habits

· Always think 50 16.08

positive

· Participating 38 12.22

in all activities

Total 311 100

This table represents the thing applied for them to prevent absenteeism

and tardiness. Sleep early got the highest percentage and that is 32.15%, do your

responsibilities with 21.22%, 3rd is to avoid being lazy and having bad habits with

18.33%, 4th is to think positive with 16.08% and the last thing is to participate in

all activities.

Therefore according to the respondents, the best thing to overcome/prevent absenteeism

and tardiness is to sleep early.

This is supported by the following researchers:

Wise (1994), explained that culture has changed but the reasons for

excused absences have not changed. School attendance was a problem before

education became free and compulsory. Based on the researched knowledge and

experiences as an educator. It has continued to be one ever since. The researcher’s

42
notes that the attendance figures can be interpreted in different ways. There is

little evidence that school attendance rates have changed noticeably throughout

the twentieth century.

Savers (2005), concluded that when we missed a day of school he/she

must have lost the chance to hear others. Interpret and analyzing the lessons or

joins. The interaction within the class. This last is being rooted to the two

different courses. The inquiry might be a family situation or an individual

problem. Then, under finance concerns, dis ability. Psychotic imbalance, poor

school climate, family health, transportation problems, drug and alcohol use also

the differing community attitude toward education.

Breeze (2010), stated that always late in class can affect the learning of a

student as well as she/he an disturb other students and also the teacher who are

having a class lateness is synonymous to “tardiness”, which implies being slow to

act or being slow to respond. Thus, not meeting up with proper or usual timing.

Habitual tardiness can also be learned from other members of the family

especially from the other core. Film watching at night can also affect the tardiness

of the students.

Nokpodia (2011), studied that the lateness or tardiness is not just the

problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A student who

are coming late in class distracts the rest of the students and disrupts the flow of

the teacher’s discussion. It is even burden to the student/s whom the late students.

43
The rest of the effects given by Nokpodia is about the welfare of the school, its

productivity and revenue.

Daniels (2017), cited that one of the most recurring that the schools are

having with their students nowadays is tardiness. Maybe because of transportation

traffic, watching movies art night and not sleeping on time. Tardiness is being

slow to respond. Students nowadays seems like they are not interested in coming

to the school. They choose to play online games with friends without thinking for

the possible consequences. Parents should guide their children. They should be

strict when it comes to mobile phones because one of being tardiness is playing

technologies.

III. Possible reasons of students’ absenteeism and tardiness

Table 3.1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of respondents as to student’s reasons of

absenteeism and tardiness.

Possible frequency Perc

reasons of enta

students’ ge

absenteeism

44
and tardiness

Sickness 65 32.8

Working 27 13.6

students 4

Waking up too 72 36.3

late 6

Victims of 34 17.1

bullying 7

Total 198 100

This table represents the reasons of students’ absenteeism and tardiness.

Hence, waking up too late have the highest percentage of 36.36%, second is

sickness with 32.83%, third is the victims of bullying with 17.17% and last is

working students with a percentage of 13.64%.

Therefore, this table shows that the most reasons of the students whose

absenteeism and tardiness is waking up too late.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary and Findings

45
 This study aimed to determine the major causes of absenteeism and

tardiness of Junior High School of Penablanca National High School.

Specifically, this study attempts to answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of the following:

1.1 Age

The age bracket 11-13 consist of 9.58% of the total sample size is equivalent to 59

respondents while age bracket 14-17 consist of 50.42% of the total sample size

that is equivalent to 60 respondents.

1.2 Gender

Female comprised of 61.34% that is equivalent to 73 students, male is 3.66% is

equal to 46 students. Therefor the respondents of this study is dominated by

female students.

1.3 Socio-economic Status

Mostly of our respondents are classified as middle class, there are 103

respondents.

1.4 Number of siblings in the family

There are 70 respondents who have 2-4 siblings in their family.

2. Things applied to prevent absenteeism and tardiness

3. There are 100 students out of 119 respondents checked shade the statement sleep

early. This is the highest percentage that the second thing is to do your roles and

responsibilities with 66 respondents. Avoid being lazy with 57 respondents. The

last is to participate in all activities with 38 respondents.

46
4. Reasons of student’s absenteeism and tardiness

 Waking up too late have 72 respondents are equivalent to 36.66 which is the

highest percentage in our table. Sickness have 65 respondents that is equivalent

to32.83%. Some says that they are victims of bullying having 34 respondents.

This is equivalent to 17.17%. Some are working students with 27 respondents

equivalent to 13.64%.

Conclusions

The following statements are the conclusions drawn after considering the

relevant facts in the result form from the respondents.

>Most of the respondents came from age bracket of 14-17 years old.

>The respondents of our study is dominated by female students.

>In socio- economic status, most of the respondents belongs to the middle class

consists of 103 respondents.

>Most of the family of the students have 2-4 siblings in their family.

>The best solution for the respondents to prevent Absenteeism and Tardiness is to

sleep early.

>Mostly,the reasons of the students to incur Absenteeism and Tardiness is

waking up too late.

47
Recommendation

>Teachers should take serious action about the behavior of their students.

>Always think positive and do things that can motivate youself to study.

>Higher member of the school must have some activities that can encourage

students to be always present inside their respective room,

>Practice yourself to wake up early and consume your time for your studies

> You must do your responsibilities and goals.

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53