CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Poverty is a complex phenomenon with many dimensions, including insufficient

access to nutrition, health, education and housing. This is a condition where people are

deprived by their basic needs. It is a widespread problem experienced in every country

whether developed or developing. It is a never ending cycle. It cannot be eliminated but

rather a country can only mitigate it. (Dadap, 2011 as cited by Economics Discussion,

2015).

The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program serves as the government’s answer to

the pressing issues regarding poverty. Son (2008) defined CCT as an effective tool for

poverty alleviation. This programs have the ability to enhance both the income of the

poor in the short run, and their human capabilities in the medium and long run. This

provide cash benefits to finance the basic needs and foster investment in human capital to

extremely poor households. These benefits are conditioned on certain behaviors, usually

related to investments in nutrition, health, and education.

According to Cecchini and Madariaga (2011) as cited by Reyes and Tabuga (2012),

various studies conducted on the impact of Conditional Cash Transfer programs in many

countries showed that there have been improvements in terms of the immediate goals like

better access to schools and health services. However, there were no conclusive reports

on learning or health and nutritional status of children. Increases in enrollment due to

CCT were noted in Mexico’s Progresa, PATH in Jamaica, and Solidarity Program in

Dominican
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Republic, Tekopora Programme in Paraguay. For example in Mexico, favorable outcomes

were drawn mostly from the experience of Progresa as evaluated by the International

Food and Policy Research Institute. The evaluation of Progresa showed that there was a

significant increase in the enrollment of boys and girls.

Moreover, according to Cecchini (2009) as cited by Reyes and Tabuga (2012), the

CCT program has been fairly successful in upper middle-income countries like Brazil and

Mexico, but this does not mean that it can work in all countries. Several low-income

countries which have adopted the model like Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua have

faced immense challenges in implementing CCT programs because they did not meet the

necessary prerequisites.

In the Philippines, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is one of the

conditional cash transfer programs implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and

Development (DSWD) since 2007, along with cooperative partner institutions such as the

Department of Education, Department of Health, Department of the Interior and Local

Government, and various other government institutions. The 4Ps was patterned after the

conditional cash transfer programs in Latin American and African countries which have

been proven successful as a poverty reduction and social development measure (DSWD,

2006).
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Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps is a version of conditional cash transfer

scheme implemented here in the Philippines under the Department of Social Welfare and

Development (Montilla, Delavin, Villanueva & Turco, 2015).

Moreover, to prove the serious intent of the government to fight poverty, the social

services allocation is already 34.1 percent of the total budget wherein the first priority is

to provide the basic income, food and nutrition, health and education needs of the poor.

Among the various programs, the 4Ps by far is the most comprehensive and most

controversial because of the huge amount that the government spends for it (NAPC Part

2, 2011 cited by Reyes & Tabuga, 2012).

However, it is also undeniable that there were issues which emerged towards the

proper use of cash grants or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, for example some

parents or guardians spend the money for gambling and other expenditures instead of

complying on the conditions (Montilla et al. 2015). There are some beneficiaries who are

not qualified to avail the program particularly in Region 5 based on the report of

Commission on Audit and it is also true in Metro Manila (Manicad, 2014).

Meanwhile, there are issues that some of the beneficiaries of 4Ps in Sitio Panipasan,

Marilog District spend the money for gambling, paying debt and the delayed schedule in

releasing the money. In connection with the recommendation of Reyes and Tabuga (2012)

and the school research agenda, the researchers felt the urgency to conduct the study to

determine the extent of the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. In

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relation to this, the researchers want to find out about the benefits received by the

beneficiaries and what are the problems they had encountered as 4Ps beneficiaries. From

this, the researchers can present a useful and relevant data that will serve as a basis for

immediate action for the betterment and improvement of the 4Ps program.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District.

Specifically, it answered the following questions.

1. What is the profile of the respondents, in terms of:

1.1 occupation;

1.2 monthly family income; and

1.3 number of children?

2. What are the benefits received by the beneficiaries of 4Ps?

3. What are the problems encountered by the beneficiaries of 4Ps?

4. What is the extent of attainment of the objectives of Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District relative to the following:

4.1 social assistance

4.1.1 poverty alleviation

4.2 social development

4.2.1 health and nutrition program;

4.2.2 education program; and

4.2.3 family development sessions.

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Review of Related Literature

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is more than a welfare program; it

addresses structural inequities in society and promotes human capital development of the

poor, thus, breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty (Fernandez & Oflindo, 2011).

It is a means of helping the beneficiaries by providing social and medical assistance and

increasing the investment in human capital for society by providing education to those

who cannot afford it. This program has sets of qualifications for the intended

beneficiaries. The eligible beneficiaries of the program are selected by DSWD from the

poorest municipalities based on the 2003 Small Area Estimates (SAE) of poverty

incidence generated by the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB). Eligible

households must have an income that are equal to or below the provincial poverty line,

have children 0 to 14 years old and/or a pregnant woman at the time of assessment; and

those who agree to meet the conditions of the program.

Moreover, the municipalities with poverty incidence higher than or equal to 50

percent are saturated – that is, all families are interviewed and assessed for eligibility. In

municipalities where the poverty incidence is less than 50 percent, pockets of poverty are

identified by the municipal social welfare and development officer and then families in

these pockets are interviewed and assessed for eligibility. Families residing outside these

pockets of poverty are excluded in the assessment anymore. This may lead to significant

exclusion (Reyes &Tabuga, 2012).

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Furthermore, in order to obtain the poorest households in the municipalities, the

DSWD uses the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-

PR). The system employs Proxy Means Test Model to identify the poor families. The

Proxy Means Test model was estimated using data from the 2006 Family Income and

Expenditure Survey and the 2006 Labor Force Survey. The assessment is conducted by

using certain proxy variables like ownership of assets, type of housing, education of

household head, livelihood and access to water and sanitation facilities to predict income.

To verify compliance, the DSWD coordinates with the program’s multi-sectoral Advisory

Committee to conduct monthly verification through the Compliance Verification System

(CVS) developed for the program (Fernandez & Oflindo, 2011).

Objectives

On the other hand, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program has a dual objectives:

(i) Social Assistance- to provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate

need (short term poverty alleviation); and Social Development- to break the

intergenerational poverty cycle through investments in human capital i.e., education,

health and nutrition (DSWD, 2006). Furthermore, it helps to fulfill the country’s

commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals, namely: (1) eradicate extreme

poverty and hunger, (2) achieve universal primary education, (3) promote gender

equality, (4) reduce child mortality, and (5) improve maternal health (Fernandez &

Oflindo, 2011).These objectives serve as the basis for the program evaluation.

Benefits

Nevertheless, the benefits received by the beneficiaries from this program are the

following: education grant of Php300 per child per month up to a maximum of 3 children
 7

or Php 3,000 per year. Households eligible for this grant must have children aged 5 years

old and/or aged 6-14 years old that attend school at least 85 percent of the time. The

program also provides health and nutrition grant of Php500 per month or Php 6,000 per

year per household (Conchada & Tiongco, 2014).

In the initial design stage, the Pantawid Pamilya conditionalities included school

attendance of children aged 6-14 years and regular check-ups for children aged 0-5 years

and pregnant women, more conditionalities were added as the program evolved. DSWD

added the conditionalities of pre-school or day care center attendance for children aged 3-

5 years, taking deworming pills for children aged 6 to 14 years, and attendance of Family

Development Sessions (FDS) by parents. While these conditionalities are meant to

enhance program impact. Moreover, the same added conditionalities had made the

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program design unique among other CCT models. With

captured audience assured, the FDS is increasingly being looked at as a vehicle for

increasing awareness on various advocacies on family issues (Fernandez & Oflindo,

2011).

Problems

However, every program has its own loopholes, issues or problems emerged. Like for

example, the releasing of cash assistance is always delayed, the amount received by the

beneficiaries is not exact or fixed from what they had expected, the system of releasing

the cash assistance is not organized, the place where the cash assistance was released is

very far from the place of the beneficiaries, the Family Development Sessions (FDS) is
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not done regularly and there were no proper dissemination of information every time

there is a program or seminars (Montañes, 2016).

In this program evaluation the researchers evaluated the extent of the attainment of

the program’s objectives to determine if the objectives are highly attained, attained,

poorly attained or not attained.

The CIPP Model

In every program, evaluation is very important to monitor, evaluate and assess the

program. This is done to check if there are problems that occur and to determine the

things that need to be improved and some useful recommendations to enhance the

program. There are various conceptual developments of program evaluation written by

leading authors. The CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) model for Program

Evaluation by Daniel Stufflebeam was developed in 1960s as one option from those

evaluations oriented to objectives, testing and experimental design. Furthermore, the

CIPP approach is viewed by Stufflebeam (1986) as an evaluation tool by which to help

make a program work better for the people they are intended to serve. In this decision –

oriented approach, program evaluation is defined as the systematic collection of

information about the activities, characteristics and outcomes of programs to make

judgements about the program, improve program effectiveness and make decisions about

future programming (Patton, 1997 cited by ambermazur, 2014).

The core-concepts of CIPP model are contexts, input, process and product

evaluation, with the intention of not to prove, but rather to improve, the program itself

(Stufflebeam, 2003). Context evaluation identifies the political climate that could

influence the success of the program. To achieve this, the evaluator compiles and assesses
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background information and interviews program stakeholders. Key stakeholders in the

evaluation are identified. In addition, program goals are assessed and data reporting on

the program is collected. These include both formative and summative measures, such as

program profiling, case study and stakeholders’ interviews. To complement context

evaluation, input evaluation can be completed. In this stage, information is collected

regarding the mission, goals and plan of the program. The intent of this stage is to choose

an appropriate strategy to implement to resolve the program’s problem. On the other

hand, process evaluation investigates the quality of the program’s implementation. In this

stage, program activities are monitored, documented, and assessed by the evaluator. This

is done to provide feedback regarding the extent to which planned activities are carried

out and assess the degree to which participants can carry out their roles. The final

component to CIPP, product evaluation, assesses the positive and negative effects of the

program had on its target audience, assessing both the intended and unintended outcomes.

Both short and long term outcomes are judged. During this stage, judgments of

stakeholders and relevant experts are analyzed and assure all outcomes are noted and

assist in verifying evaluation findings (Mertens & Wilson, 2012; Stufflebeam, 2003 cited

by ambermazur, 2014).
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Concepts and Theory

Figure 1.Theoretical Framework

The framework of this study is anchored on the Vicious Cycle of Poverty of Ragnar

Nurkse. It is a concept that illustrates how poverty causes poverty and traps people in

poverty unless an external intervention is applied to break the cycle. This theory merely

emphasized that it takes an intervention from governments, charity organizations or

family members who are better off to step in and provide some kind of assistance (health,

feeding, shelter and basic education) to get the youth to do some kind of economic

activity to bring in some income. Without that, this cycle will continue for generations

and it’s a trap that is extremely difficult to get out of poverty (Economics Discussion,

2015).
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Conceptual Framework

Context Input Process Product

Pantawid Pamilyang Demographic Profile: Extent of Attainment of the Recommendations for
Pilipino Program (4Ps):  Occupation Objectives: the enhancement of
 human  Monthly Family  Poverty
Alleviation the program.
development Income
program;  Health And
 Number of
Nutrition
 invests in the children under Program
health and 4Ps  Education
education of the As 4Ps beneficiaries: Program
poor;  Benefits received  Family
 provides cash  Problems Development
grants to the Sessions
encountered
beneficiaries;and
 sets objectives

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

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Figure 2 presents the modified approach of CIPP in assessing the implementation of

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Sitio Panipasan Marilog District. The

conceptual framework of the study shows the relationship of variables-the context, input,

process and product which were the main concern of the study. The context was the

political climate that could influence the success of the program and it compiles and

assesses the background information of the program. The input was the respondents’

demographic profile in terms of occupation, monthly family income and the number of

children under the 4Ps program and the benefits received by the beneficiaries and the

problems they encountered as a 4Ps beneficiary. The process was the response of the

beneficiaries in the level of attainment of the objectives of the 4Ps program in terms of

Poverty Alleviation, Health and Nutrition, Education and Family Development Sessions.

The output was the recommendations to enhance the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program.

Significance of the Study

This section points out the benefit or the significance of the study to the

implementers, benefactors, government agencies, researchers and future researchers.

The implementers will be the first benefactor of the result(s) from the study

because it will help them determine whether there are lapses in the program and it will
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also serve as a guide in determining the improvements of the program. The study will

help the government to take actions in the problems encountered by the 4Ps beneficiaries

in the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. With this, the program

will become more effective and relevant to the beneficiaries and to the government as

well.

The study is beneficial to the benefactors of the program because it could be of

use to help them to have a better program and for them to increase their quality of life.

They will also be empowered to take charge of the cash assistance given by the program.

This study is also beneficial to the government agencies and other partner

institutions for further enhancement and strengthening of the program for its overall

success. They will be guided in determining the aspects of the program implementation

which needs a full attention for improvement.

The study is of benefit to the researchers because this will give them more

information and understanding about the program and they can draw out a more effective

and relevant recommendations out from this study. The results of the study will also be

beneficial to the future researchers as a form of references for their studies.

Scope and Limitations

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District in terms of its objectives, benefits and

problems encountered by the beneficiaries.

This study was limited only to the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

beneficiaries in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District. There were 57 respondents who

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participated in the activities. Furthermore, this study focused on the implementation of

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in terms of its objectives, benefits and problems

encountered by its beneficiaries. This was conducted during the first semester of the

school year 2016-2017.

Definition of Terms

To better understand this research study, the following terms are conceptually and

operationally defined.

Implementation this refers to the extent of the implementation of the Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District, Davao City. The

implementation will be assessed to determine if the program is carried out effectively to

the 4Ps beneficiaries.

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a human development program of the

national government that invests in the health and education of poor households,

particularly of children aging 0-18 years old. It is patterned after the conditional cash

transfer scheme implemented in other developing countries. This program provides cash

grants to the beneficiaries provided that they comply with the set of conditions required

by the program (DSWD, 2014).

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CHAPTER 2

METHODS

This chapter includes the research design, research locale, research respondents,

research instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers used descriptive evaluative method of research design.

It is descriptive evaluative as it describes and evaluates the implementation of Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District in terms of its

objectives, benefits and problems encountered by the beneficiaries. Gay (1976) as cited

by Sevilla (1992) defined descriptive research as involving collection of data in order to

know or to answer questions concerning the current status of the study. Descriptive

research provides data about the population. But it can only describe the who, what,

when, where, and how of a situation, not what causes it. Moreover, Powell (2006) defined

evaluative research as a type of study that uses standard social research methods for

evaluative purposes as a specific research methodology and as an assessment process that

employs special technique to the evaluation of social programs. This kind of evaluation

research is a systematic process that involves collecting data about organizations,

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programs, and services. This kind of research should enhance knowledge and decision

making and lead to practical applications. Furthermore, the researchers also use a

quantitative type of research. It is quantitative as it measures the statistical data of the

implementation of the said program (David 2002).

Research Respondents

In this study, there were only 57 respondents who were the beneficiaries of

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District. The

researchers decided to use the 57 beneficiaries for them to get reliable data about the

problem being studied.

The researchers did not use any type of sampling because the whole population of

the beneficiaries gave enough information. The instrument used in the study was in the

form of questionnaire that was distributed and answered by the 57 respondents.

Unfortunately, only 51 out of 57 respondents participated in the study due to the

distance of their houses to the area where the researchers gathered the data.

Research Locale

The researchers chose the community of Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District. It is a

small barrio located at the lower part of Marilog District, Davao City. It takes 40 minutes

to reach the place from Calinan to the center of Sitio Panipasan. This barrio is

approximately 1 and 1/2 kilometers away from the highway and any kind of vehicle can

reach the place. Historically, this place was originally inhabited by pure lumads like the

Bagobo tribe but later on the place is inhabited by pure Bisaya up to this time. The main

source of income is farming and there are some who are laborers. This barrio is one of the

places which are under the 4Ps program and there are 57 families who are 4Ps
 17

beneficiaries. The researchers chose this community, believing that the sincerity and

enough number of respondents would make this study valid, reliable and successful.

Research Instruments

The questionnaire was adapted from the previous study conducted by the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines (Economic Benefits of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps) to the Filipino Family: Mulanay Quezon) with modification and

reformulation of some item statements to fit in the needs of the study. The survey

questionnaire had three parts: the demographic profile, checklist for the benefits received

by the beneficiaries and the problems encountered by the 4Ps beneficiaries in the

program and the Likert Scale that contained a checklist which was designed to enable the

respondents to identify the level of attainment of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

in terms of Poverty Alleviation, Health and Nutrition Program, Education and Family

Development Sessions. On the other hand, a four point scale number 1 to 5 represent the

level of attainment. The respondents were asked to check the degree of attainment of the

objectives of the 4Ps program derived from their involvement in the program. It was

interpreted as follows:
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Numerical Points Description Descriptive Rating

This indicates that the objectives
of the Pantawid Pamilyang
4 Highly Attained
Pilipino Program in Sitio
Panipasan are highly attained
and that the attainment of the
objectives was to a very high
degree.
This indicates that the objectives
of the Pantawid Pamilyang
Attained
Pilipino Program in Sitio
3
Panipasan are attained and that
the attainment of the objectives
was to a high degree.
This indicates that the objectives
of the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program in Sitio
2 Poorly Attained
Panipasan are fairly attained and
that the attainment of the
objectives was to a poor degree.
This indicates that the objectives
of the Pantawid Pamilyang
1 Not Attained
Pilipino Program in Sitio
Panipasan are not attained
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Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers formulated and modified the questionnaire of Polytechnic University

of the Philippines (Economic Benefits of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) to

the Filipino Family: Mulanay, Quezon).

The researchers sought the approval of their instrument by having it checked and

validated to ensure the validity of the questionnaire. The researchers asked the assistance

of the three college instructors in their grammar expertise. Their grammar proficiency

helped the researchers in making the instrument valid and reliable.

The researchers made letters noted by their adviser and were sent to the dean of

college and school president of the institution. The letters allowed the researchers to

conduct their study outside the school vicinity.

The researchers sent a letter to ask permission from the Sitio leader of Sitio

Panipasan, Marilog District and to the Barangay captain of Marilog District.

The researchers conducted their study, the gathering of primary data by giving a

checklist to the beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.

Lastly, the data gathered were tabulated and analyzed. The results were then

interpreted.
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Data Analysis

Secondary data were gathered, compiled, organized and tabulated by the researchers.

Analyzed data were presented through tables and graphs.

The statistical tools used to analyze and interpret the data are the following:

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution

This was used to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of livelihood, monthly income, and number of children and the benefits

received and problems encountered by the beneficiaries.

2. Mean
This was used in the computation of the arithmetic means in which the sums

of all the given values are divided by the number of values.

3. Weighted Mean
The data were treated by getting the weighted mean scores of each item.

This enabled the researchers to get the average mean scores in a group.

Item value Interval Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Highly Attained
3 2.51-3.25 Attained
2 1.76-2.50 Poorly Attained
1 1.00-1.75 Not Attained