Sie sind auf Seite 1von 125

Downloaded from orbit.dtu.

dk on: Oct 20, 2019

The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization

Ferdouse, Fatima ; Holdt, Susan Løvstad; Smith, Rohan; Murua, Pedre; Yang, Zhengyong

Publication date:
2018

Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):
Ferdouse, F., Holdt, S. L., Smith, R., Murua, P., & Yang, Z. (2018). The global status of seaweed production,
trade and utilization. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright
owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.
 You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain
 You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal

If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately
and investigate your claim.
GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME

The global status of seaweed


production, trade and utilization

Volume 124
FAO GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME VOL. 124

The global status of seaweed production,


trade and utilization

by

Fatima Ferdouse
Susan Løvstad Holdt
Rohan Smith
Pedro Murúa
Zhengyong Yang

FAO Consultants
Products, Trade and Marketing Branch
Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division
Rome, Italy

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS


Rome, 2018
5HTXLUHGFLWDWLRQ
)$2  7KHJOREDOVWDWXVRIVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQGXWLOL]DWLRQ *OREHILVK5HVHDUFK3URJUDPPH9ROXPH 5RPHSS
/LFHQFH&&%<1&6$,*2

7KHGHVLJQDWLRQVHPSOR\HGDQGWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIPDWHULDOLQWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQSURGXFWGRQRWLPSO\WKHH[SUHVVLRQRIDQ\RSLQLRQZKDWVRHYHU
RQWKHSDUWRIWKH)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV )$2 FRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDORUGHYHORSPHQWVWDWXVRIDQ\FRXQWU\
WHUULWRU\FLW\RUDUHDRURILWVDXWKRULWLHVRUFRQFHUQLQJWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRILWVIURQWLHUVRUERXQGDULHV7KHPHQWLRQRI VSHFLILFFRPSDQLHVRU
SURGXFWVRIPDQXIDFWXUHUVZKHWKHURUQRWWKHVHKDYHEHHQSDWHQWHGGRHVQRWLPSO\WKDWWKHVHKDYHEHHQHQGRUVHGRUUHFRPPHQGHGE\
)$2LQSUHIHUHQFHWRRWKHUVRIDVLPLODUQDWXUHWKDWDUHQRWPHQWLRQHG

7KHYLHZVH[SUHVVHGLQWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQSURGXFWDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRU V DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRUSROLFLHVRI)$2

,6%1
‹)$2 

6RPH ULJKWV UHVHUYHG 7KLV ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH XQGHU WKH &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV $WWULEXWLRQ1RQ&RPPHUFLDO6KDUH$OLNH  ,*2 OLFHQFH
&& %<1&6$  ,*2KWWSVFUHDWLYHFRPPRQVRUJOLFHQVHVE\QFVDLJR 

8QGHUWKHWHUPVRIWKLVOLFHQFH WKLVZRUNPD\EHFRSLHGUHGLVWULEXWHG DQGDGDSWHG IRUQRQFRPPHUFLDOSXUSRVHVSURYLGHGWKDWWKHZRUNLV


DSSURSULDWHO\FLWHG,QDQ\XVHRIWKLVZRUNWKHUHVKRXOGEHQRVXJJHVWLRQWKDW)$2 HQGRUVHVDQ\VSHFLILFRUJDQL]DWLRQSURGXFWVRUVHUYLFHV
7KHXVHRIWKH)$2ORJRLVQRWSHUPLWWHG,IWKHZRUNLVDGDSWHGWKHQLW PXVW EH OLFHQVHG XQGHUWKHVDPHRUHTXLYDOHQW&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV
OLFHQVH,IDWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVZRUN LVFUHDWHGLW PXVWLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJGLVFODLPHUDORQJZLWKWKHUHTXLUHGFLWDWLRQ³7KLVWUDQVODWLRQZDV
QRWFUHDWHGE\WKH)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV )$2 )$2LV QRWUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHFRQWHQWRUDFFXUDF\RIWKLV
WUDQVODWLRQ7KHRULJLQDO>/DQJXDJH@ HGLWLRQVKDOOEHWKHDXWKRULWDWLYH HGLWLRQ

$Q\PHGLDWLRQUHODWLQJWRGLVSXWHVDULVLQJXQGHUWKHOLFHQFHVKDOOEHFRQGXFWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH$UELWUDWLRQ5XOHVRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV
&RPPLVVLRQRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGH/DZ 81&,75$/ DVDWSUHVHQWLQIRUFH

7KLUGSDUW\PDWHULDOV 8VHUVZLVKLQJ WRUHXVHPDWHULDOIURPWKLVZRUNWKDWLVDWWULEXWHGWRDWKLUGSDUW\VXFKDVWDEOHVILJXUHVRULPDJHVDUH


UHVSRQVLEOHIRUGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUSHUPLVVLRQLVQHHGHGIRUWKDWUHXVHDQGIRUREWDLQLQJ SHUPLVVLRQIURPWKHFRS\ULJKWKROGHU7KHULVNRI
FODLPV UHVXOWLQJIURPLQIULQJHPHQWRIDQ\WKLUGSDUW\RZQHGFRPSRQHQWLQWKHZRUNUHVWVVROHO\ZLWKWKHXVHU

6DOHVULJKWVDQGOLFHQVLQJ)$2LQIRUPDWLRQSURGXFWVDUHDYDLODEOHRQWKH)$2ZHEVLWH ZZZIDRRUJSXEOLFDWLRQV DQGFDQEHSXUFKDVHG


WKURXJKSXEOLFDWLRQVVDOHV#IDRRUJ5HTXHVWVIRUFRPPHUFLDOXVHVKRXOGEHVXEPLWWHGYLDZZZIDRRUJFRQWDFWXVOLFHQFHUHTXHVW4XHULHV
UHJDUGLQJULJKWVDQGOLFHQVLQJVKRXOGEHVXEPLWWHGWRFRS\ULJKW#IDRRUJ
FAO. 2018.
The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization, by Fatima Ferdouse,
Zhengyong Yang, Susan Løvstad Holdt, Pedro Murúa and Rohan Smith, FAO
Consultants.
Globefish Research Programme Volume 124. Rome, Italy.

ABSTRACT

This report is an update of the status of the global seaweed market: production figures
from culture and capture, the size of the international market for seaweed and its
commercially important extracts, the leading nations by region, developments in
processing and utilization technology, and innovations in the industry, as well as the
challenges and outlook for the industry.

As it is not possible to feature all individual countries of importance in the seaweed sector,
several have been selected as being representative of the different regions of the world:
Asia [China, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand); South America (Chile); Europe (Denmark, the European Union); and Africa
(Morocco, South Africa and Zanzibar (Tanzania)]. The sections on Chile, China, Denmark
and South Africa are based largely on previous studies commissioned by the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Layout: Gloria Loriente


Copy Editor: Margie Peters-Fawcett
Cover photograph: ©IFAD/Joanne Levitan

iii
7$%/(2)&217(176

 29(59,(: 
 ,1752'8&7,21 
 */2%$/352'8&7,212)6($:((' 
 +DUYHVWHGIURPWKHZLOG 
 )DUPHGVHDZHHGV 
 6$)(*8$5',1*7+(,1'8675< 
 62&,2(&2120,&%(1(),76)25&2$67$/&20081,7,(6 
 0$,15(*,21$/352'8&(56$1'0$5.(76 
 $6,$ 
 &KLQD 
 ,QGRQHVLD 
 0DOD\VLD 
 7KDLODQG 
 3KLOLSSLQHV 
 (8523( 
 (XURSHDQ8QLRQ 
 'HQPDUN 
 $)5,&$ 
 6RXWK$IULFD 
 =DQ]LEDU 7DQ]DQLD  
 0RURFFR 
 6287+$0(5,&$ 
 &KLOH 
 0$5.(7,1*$1'75$'( 
 &+,1$ 
 (8523($181,21 
 -$3$1 
 81,7('67$7(62)$0(5,&$ 
 0$5.(775(1'6)25',))(5(17352'8&77<3(6 
 6($:(('(;325775(1'6 
 352&(66('6($:((',1,17(51$7,21$/75$'( 
 35,&(75(1'6217+(,17(51$7,21$/0$5.(7 
 0$5.(7287/22. 
 7$5*(7,1*7+(+$/$/0$5.(7 
 */2%$/&(57,),&$7,21 
 352&(66,1*$1'87,/,=$7,21 
 6($:(('$6$&20321(17,10$1<,1'8675,(6 
 &$55$*((1$1 
 27+(586(62)6($:((' 
 &21&/86,216$1'287/22. 
 352'8&7,21$1'6867$,1$%,/,7< 
 6($:((')25+80$1&2168037,21 
 6($:(('(;75$&76 
 */2%$/,03257(;325775$'(,16($:(('$1'6($:(('352'8&76 
 5()(5(1&(6 
$11(;(6 

LY
 29(59,(:

 ,1752'8&7,21

6HDZHHGRUPDULQHDOJDHFRPHVLQYDULRXVVKDGHVRIUHGEURZQDQGJUHHQDQGPD\EH
VKDSHG LQ WKH IRUP RI EURDG OHDYHV GHOLFDWH ILQJHUV VSKHUHV RU PD\ UHVHPEOH IUXLW
$OWKRXJKDIHZJHQHUDDUHIUHHIORDWLQJPRVWDUHDQFKRUHGLQOLWWRUDO]RQHV6RPHWXIW
IRUPLQJEOXHJUHHQDOJDH Cyanobacteria DWWLPHVPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGVHDZHHG

6HDZHHGKDVEHHQXWLOL]HGWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGIRUFHQWXULHVDQGZDVFRQVLGHUHGRQO\
DVDIRRGVRXUFHIRUFRDVWDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQWKHHDUOLHVWWLPHV$SDUWIURPLWVZLGHUDQJLQJ
XVHLQPDQ\LQGXVWULHV DVZLOOEHHODERUDWHGXSRQODWHU VHDZHHGFRQWULEXWHVJUHDWO\WR
WKHQXWULWLRQDOVWDWXVRIFRPPXQLWLHVGXHWRLWVULFKFRPSRVLWLRQRIPDFURQXWULHQWVVXFK
DV VRGLXP FDOFLXP PDJQHVLXP SRWDVVLXP FKORULQH VXOSKXU DQG SKRVSKRUXV
PLFURQXWULHQWV LRGLQHLURQ]LQFFRSSHUVHOHQLXPPRO\EGHQXPIOXRULGHPDQJDQHVH
ERURQQLFNHODQGFREDOW DQGYLWDPLQV %$. ,QWDNLQJLRGLQHIRUH[DPSOHWKH
GDLO\ DGXOW UHTXLUHPHQW RI  —JGD\ LV HDVLO\ PHW E\ VPDOO TXDQWLWLHV RI VHDZHHG
SDUWLFXODUO\ EURZQ DOJDH VXFK DV NHOS ZKLFK KDV DQ LRGLQH FRQWHQW WKDW UDQJHV IURP
±  SDUWV SHUPLOOLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ LRGLQH
GHILFLHQF\LVWKHPRVWSUHYDOHQWDQGHDVLO\SUHYHQWDEOHFDXVHLQWKHZRUOGRILPSDLUHG
FRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWLQFKLOGUHQ

6RPHVSHFLHVRIVHDZHHGDUHRIFRPPHUFLDOYDOXH$ERXWWHQVSHFLHVDUHLQWHQVLYHO\
FXOWLYDWHG VXFK DV EURZQ VHDZHHG Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifid DQG
Sargassum fusiforme  UHG VHDZHHG Porphyra VSS, Eucheuma VSS, Kappaphycus
alvarezii DQGGracilaria VSS ; DQGJUHHQ VHDZHHG Enteromorpha clathrataMonostroma
nitidumDQGCaulerpa VSS .-DSDQHVHNHOS Saccharina japonica, IRUPHUO\FODVVLILHGDV
Laminaria japonica  DFFRXQWV IRU RYHU  SHUFHQW RI JOREDO FXOWLYDWHG VHDZHHG
SURGXFWLRQ IROORZHG E\ Eucheuma VSS DW SHUFHQW RI WRWDO Kappaphycus alvarezii
(ONKRUQVHDPRVV  Undaria pinnatifida -DSDQHVHwakame DQGPorphyra VSS -DSDQHVH
nori 0LFURDOJDH Spirulina VSS DOVRLVFXOWLYDWHGDOWKRXJKLWWHQGVWREHPXFKXQGHU
UHSRUWHG KHQFH WKH UHSRUWHG VWDWLVWLFV DUH D VPDOO SURSRUWLRQ RI H[LVWLQJ SURGXFWLRQ
$XVWUDOLD,QGLD,VUDHO-DSDQ0DOD\VLDDQG0\DQPDUDUHNQRZQSURGXFHUVRISpirulina.

5HG VHDZHHG VXFK DV Gelidium, Gracilaria DQG Pterocladis, DUH LPSRUWDQW IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQDQGRWKHUXVHVPDLQO\DVDELQGHULQIRRGSURGXFWVDVZHOODVDEDFWHULDO
VXEVWUDWHLQODERUDWRULHVEucheumaDQG KappaphycusDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHPDQXIDFWXUH
RIFDUUDJHHQDQXVHGLQFRVPHWLFVIRRGSURFHVVLQJDQGLQGXVWULDOXVDJH

%URZQ VHDZHHG Saccharina japonica -DSDQHVHkombu Undaria pinnatifid -DSDQHVH


wakame  DQG Sargassum fusiforme -DSDQHVH hiziki  DQG JUHHQ VSHFLHV Ulva VS,
Enteromorpha VS, Monostroma VS, Caulerpa VS DQG Codium sp DUHLPSRUWDQWIRRG
UHVRXUFHVLQ$VLDDQGDUHPRVWFRPPRQO\HDWHQUDZGULHGRUERLOHGLQVRXSVDQGVWHZV
7KH\DUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHDJRRGVRXUFHRIIRRGILEUHSURWHLQDQGPLQHUDOVIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ

7RGD\ WKH JOREDO VHDZHHG LQGXVWU\ LV ZRUWK PRUH WKDQ 86'ELOOLRQ SHU DQQXP
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PLOOLRQWRQQHV SHU DQQXP LQ YROXPH  RI ZKLFK VRPH SHUFHQW


FRPSULVHV IRRG SURGXFWV IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ 6HDZHHGGHULYHG H[WUDFWV
FDUUDJHHQDQDJDUDQGDOJLQDWHV PDNHXSDOPRVWSHUFHQWRIWKHZRUOG¶VK\GURFROORLG
PDUNHWLQWHUPVRIIRRGVWKHUHVWFRPHIURPFHUWDLQDQLPDOVPLFUREHVDQGODQGSODQWV

7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW H[WUDFW FDUUDJHHQDQ LV QDPHG DIWHU WKH UHG VHDZHHG µFDUUDJHHQ
PRVV,ULVKPRVV¶IRXQGLQ&DUUDLJLQ,UHODQGZKLFKKDVEHHQXVHGDVDJHODWLQDVZHOODV
IRU WUDGLWLRQDO KHDOLQJ IRU PRUH WKDQ \HDUV &DUUDJHHQDQ LV XVHG LQ WKH SHW IRRG
GDLU\DQGPHDWLQGXVWULHVDQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQWWKHSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWU\7KHUHDUH
WKUHH PDLQ W\SHV RI FDUUDJHHQDQ NDSSD LRWD DQG ODPEGD ZKLFK FRPH PDLQO\ IURP
E.cotonii, E. spinosum DQG Chondrus crispus, UHVSHFWLYHO\.DSSDFDUUDJHHQDQLVZLGHO\
XVHGLQIRRGDGGLWLYHVDQGSURGXFHVVWURQJULJLGJHOVLRWDFDUUDJHHQDQDUHPRUHHODVWLF
DQGVRIWDQGODPEGDFDUUDJHHQDQSURYLGHVWKHFUHDP\VHQVDWLRQLQGDLU\SURGXFWV7KH
FDUUDJHHQDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLVXVXDOO\IURPSHUFHQWWRSHUFHQWE\ZHLJKWLQIRRG
SURGXFWV

$JDURUDJDUDJDUKDVKDGDVWURQJGHPDQGLQPRVW$VLDQFRXQWULHVDVDIRRGVWXIIVLQFH
PRUH WKDQ \HDUV DJR DQG DOJLQDWHV KDYH EHHQ XVHG LQ WKH WH[WLOH SULQWLQJ LQGXVWU\
VLQFHDSSUR[LPDWHO\$JDUDJDULVPDLQO\SURGXFHGIURPWKHGracilariaVHDZHHG
ZLWK&KLQDDVWKHZRUOGOHDGHUZLWKDUHSRUWHGKDUYHVWRIPLOOLRQWRQQHVRIIDUPHG
Gracilaria LQ  7KRXJK GRPHVWLF FRQVXPSWLRQ LV KLJK &KLQD
V VKDUH LQ WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHRIDOJLQDWHVLVDOVRVLJQLILFDQWLQFOXGLQJIRUDJDUDJDU&XUUHQWO\&KLOH
DQG &KLQD DUH WKH ODUJHVW SURGXFHUV DQG H[SRUWHUV RI DJDU DJDU 6XSSOLHV WR WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHDOVRKDYHLQFUHDVHGIURP,QGRQHVLD0RURFFRDQG7KDLODQGLQUHVSRQVH
WRULVLQJJOREDOGHPDQG

 */2%$/352'8&7,212)6($:(('

,Q  ZRUOG VHDZHHG SURGXFWLRQ WRWDOOHG PLOOLRQWRQQHV RI ZKLFK WKH FXOWXUH
VHFWRUFRQWULEXWHGPLOOLRQWRQQHV IUHVKZDWHUFXOWXUHWRQQHVEUDFNLVKZDWHU
FXOWXUHWRQQHVDQGPDULQHFXOWXUHPLOOLRQWRQQHV ZKLOHWKHKDUYHVWIURP
WKHZLOGZDVVOLJKWO\RYHUPLOOLRQWRQQHVLQWKHVDPH\HDU7HQ\HDUVODWHUE\
WKH WRWDO SURGXFWLRQ KDG GRXEOHG WR PLOOLRQWRQQHV ZLWK WKH FXOWXUH DQG FDSWXUH
VHFWRUV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU PLOOLRQWRQQHV DQG PLOOLRQWRQQHV UHVSHFWLYHO\
)LJXUH 

7KHOHDGLQJSURGXFHUVE\FRXQWU\ LQRUGHURIGHFUHDVLQJUDQN ZHUH&KLOH&KLQDDQG


1RUZD\IRUZLOGVSHFLHV PDLQO\EURZQDQGUHG DQG&KLOHDQNHOSDQG&KLQD,QGRQHVLD
WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD DQG WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV IRU FXOWXUHG VSHFLHV PDLQO\ Eucheuma
-DSDQHVHNHOSGracilariaDQGUndaria pinnatifid 7KHGHWDLOHGJOREDOSURGXFWLRQGDWD
IRUWKHFDSWXUHDQGFXOWXUHVHFWRUVE\FRXQWU\DQGVSHFLHV 4 WRQQHV9 86'¶ 
DUHDSSHQGHGLQ$QQH[HV±




)LJXUH:RUOG3URGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHG±


Source)$2

 +DUYHVWHGIURPWKHZLOG

,Q FRQWUDVW WR WKH IDUPLQJ VHFWRU ZLOG KDUYHVWV KDYH UHPDLQHG DOPRVW OHYHO IURP
DSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQWRQQHVLQWRDSHDNRIPLOOLRQWRQQHVLQDQG
VHWWOLQJDWDERXWPLOOLRQWRQQHV ZHWZHLJKW LQDFFRUGLQJWR)$2VWDWLVWLFV
$QQH[ 7KHWRSIRXUSURGXFHUVRIZLOGVHDZHHGLQZHUH&KLOH WRQQHV 
IROORZHGE\&KLQD WRQQHV 1RUZD\ WRQQHV DQG-DSDQ WRQQHV 
$QQH[ 

7KHGRPLQDQWVSHFLHVKDUYHVWHGIURPWKHZLOGDUH&KLOHDQNHOS Lessonia nigrescens DW
SHUFHQW RI WKH KDUYHVWHG WRWDO IROORZHG E\ huiro palo (Lessonia trabeculata  DW
SHUFHQWGracilaria VSS DWSHUFHQWDQGWKHUHVWíWDQJOH Laminaria digitata)luga
negra (Sarcothalia crispata  NHOS Macrocystis spp  -DSDQHVH NHOS Saccharina
japonica 1RUWK$WODQWLFURFNZHHG Ascophyllum nodosum DQGGigartina skottsbergii
í DFFRXQWLQJ IRU OHVV WKDQ SHUFHQW )DUPHG DQG ZLOG GracilariaVSHFLHV DUH D PDMRU
VRXUFHRIDJDUDJDUIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ

$VLJQLILFDQWLVVXHZLWKZLOGVHDZHHGLVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIFRQWDPLQDWLRQE\KHDY\PHWDOV
VXFKDVDUVHQLFDQGPHUFXU\7KHVHDFWDVDUHVWUDLQWRQPDUNHWH[SDQVLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQ
FRXQWULHVZKLFKSODFHDKLJKSUHPLXPRQIRRGVDIHW\DQGVXVWDLQDELOLW\&RQVXPHUVZLOO
EHPRUHZLOOLQJWRSD\IRUVHDZHHGWKDWRULJLQDWHVIURPFRXQWULHVZLWKDVWULFWO\HQIRUFHG
LQWHJUDWHGFRDVWDO]RQHPDQDJHPHQWSROLF\

 )DUPHGVHDZHHGV

7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDUPHGVHDZHHGVSHFLHVLV Eucheuma PLOOLRQWRQQHVLQ 
IROORZHG E\ -DSDQHVH NHOS PLOOLRQWRQQHV  Gracilaria VSS PLOOLRQWRQQHV 
Undaria pinnatifid -DSDQHVH wakame PLOOLRQWRQQHV  Kappaphycus
PLOOLRQWRQQHV  DQG Porphyra VSS -DSDQHVH nori PLOOLRQWRQQHV  7KH




SURGXFWLRQ YROXPHV RI RWKHU VHDZHHG VSHFLHV IDOO EHORZ WKH RQHPLOOLRQWRQQH PDUN
$QQH[ 

6HDZHHGFXOWLYDWLRQWDNHVSODFHLQDERXWFRXQWULHVZLWKWKHWRSWHQSURGXFHUVLQYDOXH
EHLQJ LQ GHVFHQGLQJ RUGHU  &KLQD ,QGRQHVLD -DSDQ WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD WKH
3KLOLSSLQHVWKH'HPRFUDWLF3HRSOH¶V5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD0DOD\VLD&KLOH6UL/DQNDDQG
0DGDJDVFDU $QQH[ ,QYROXPHWHUPVWKHUDQNLQJFKDQJHV LQGHVFHQGLQJRUGHU WR
&KLQD ,QGRQHVLD WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD WKH 'HPRFUDWLF 3HRSOH¶V
5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD -DSDQ 0DOD\VLD =DQ]LEDU 0DGDJDVFDU DQG WKH 6RORPRQ ,VODQGV
$QQH[   :KLOH &KLQHVH RXWSXW DFFRXQWV IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHUFHQW RI WKH JOREDO
YROXPH -DSDQ UDQNV WKLUG LQ YDOXH GXH WR LWV SURGXFWLRQ RI nori. *OREDOO\ Undaria
pinnatifid -DSDQHVHwakame DQGGracilaria VHDZHHGDUHWKHWZRRWKHUKLJKO\YDOXHG
VHDZHHGVSHFLHV $QQH[ $QQH[HVDQGFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHWKDWFRXQWULHVLQ(DVW$VLD
DQG6RXWKHDVW$VLDFRQWULEXWHWKHPDMRUVKDUHRIWKHZRUOG¶VIDUPHGVHDZHHGLQWHUPVRI
YROXPHDQGYDOXH

,Q6RXWKHDVW$VLDVHDZHHGLVZLGHO\FXOWLYDWHGLQUHVSRQVHWRULVLQJGHPDQGIRULWVXVH
SULPDULO\ DV UDZ PDWHULDO IRU WKH K\GURFROORLG LQGXVWU\ DJDU DJDU DOJLQDWH DQG
FDUUDJHHQDQH[WUDFWV 7KLVLQGXVWU\LVHVWLPDWHGWREHJURZLQJDW±SHUFHQWSHUDQQXP
PDLQO\LQWKH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILFUHJLRQ2XWVLGHRI$VLDFXOWXUHGVHDZHHGLVH[SRUWHG
PDLQO\IURP0DGDJDVFDUDQG=DQ]LEDU 7DQ]DQLD LQ$IULFDDQG&KLOHLQ6RXWK$PHULFD

$PDMRUDGYDQWDJHLQWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIVHDZHHGLV
WKHIDFWWKDWIHHGVWKHFRVWDQGDYDLODELOLW\RIZKLFK
DUH RIWHQ OLPLWLQJ IDFWRUV LQ WKH DTXDFXOWXUH RI ILVK
DQGILVKHU\VSHFLHVDUHJHQHUDOO\QRWQHHGHGLQWKLV
UHJDUG,WDOVRGRHVQRWUHTXLUHHODERUDWHVHWXSVDQG
FDXVHVOLWWOHKDUPWRWKHVHDEHGDQGILVKHU\UHVRXUFHV
&RQVHTXHQWO\ LW LV RIWHQ SURPRWHG LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVDVDVXVWDLQDEOHDFWLYLW\WKDWLVFDSDEOHRI
SURYLGLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH OLYHOLKRRGV IRU VPDOOVFDOH
ILVKLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV ,Q VRPH FRXQWULHV VHDZHHG
FXOWXUH LV LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK LQWHQVLYH ILVK IDUPLQJ
IXQFWLRQLQJ DV QXUVHU\ JURXQGV IRU ILQJHUOLQJV
0HDQZKLOHUHVHDUFKHUVDUHPRYLQJWRZDUGVILQGLQJ
JUHHQHU WHFKQLTXHV LQFXOWLYDWLRQ DQG XWLOL]DWLRQ DV
Nori is a staple in Japanese cuisine. ZHOO DV WRZDUGV SURPRWLQJ WKH JHQHWLF GLYHUVLW\ RI
© FAO/Fatima Ferdouse VHDZHHG VWRFNV 7KH ODWWHU SRLQW LV HVSHFLDOO\
LPSRUWDQW LQ SUHYHQWLQJ ODUJHVFDOH ORVVHV GXH WR
GLVHDVH DV KDV RFFXUUHG LQ WKH FDVH RI JHQHWLFDOO\ LGHQWLFDO VHDZHHG VWRFNV LQ WKH
3KLOLSSLQHVGXULQJWKH±SHULRG

,Q PDQ\ SDUWV RI WKH ZRUOG VHDZHHG LV JURZQ WRJHWKHU ZLWK ILVK DQG ILVKHU\ VSHFLHV
DOWKRXJK LW RIWHQ WHQGV WR EH EHFDXVH WKH VHDZHHG KDSSHQV WR JURZ LQ WKH YLFLQLW\
FRPSDUHG WR LWV SODQQHG SUHVHQFH LQ LQWHJUDWHG PXOWLWURSKLF DTXDFXOWXUH ,07$ 
V\VWHPV/HDGLQJH[FHSWLRQVLQ$VLDDUH&KLQDDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDZKHUH,07$
QRWOLPLWHGWRVHDZHHG KDVEHHQSUDFWLVHGIRUPDQ\\HDUV





,QDUHSRUWFRPSLOHGE\WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV8QLYHUVLW\ 818 LQLWZDVUHSRUWHG


WKDWLQ&KLQD¶V6XQJR%D\ 6KDQGRQJ3HQLQVXOD WKHVHFXOWXUHV\VWHPVíEDVHGRQWKH
LQWHJUDWHGFXOWXUHRINHOS Saccharina japonica DEDORQHDQGVHDFXFXPEHUíKDYHEHHQ
LQH[LVWHQFHIRUPRUHWKDQWZRGHFDGHV,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHDEDORQHIHHGRQWKHNHOSDQG
JHQHUDWHRUJDQLFZDVWHZKLFKWRJHWKHUZLWKXQHDWHQIHHGVLVHDWHQE\WKHVHDFXFXPEHUV
7KHZDVWHSURGXFWVIURPWKHVHDFXFXPEHUVDQGDEDORQHDUHWKHQDVVLPLODWHGE\WKHNHOS
ZKLFKLQFUHDVHVLWVRZQSURGXFWLYLW\7KHNHOSLQWXUQLVXVHGDVIRRGE\WKHDEDORQHRU
PD\EHKDUYHVWHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ,Q6DQVKD%D\ )XMLDQ3URYLQFH WKHFXOWXUH
V\VWHPLQFOXGHVILVKDEDORQHR\VWHUDQGVHDZHHG,Q=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFHWKHFRFXOWXUHG
VHDZHHGVSHFLHVDUHSaccharina japonica,Phaitanensis, Gracilaria VSS DQGSargassum
VSS, DQGWKHWRWDOVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQHDFK\HDULVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRQQHV

,Q %UD]LO FXOWXULQJ VHDZHHG ZLWKLQ VKULPS FDJHV KDV UHVXOWHG LQ LPSURYHG HFRQRPLF
UHWXUQV IRUERWK VSHFLHV LQ&KLOH ZLWK Gracilaria DQG VDOPRQ IDUPV WKH VHDZHHGKDV
JURZQZHOODQGKDVUHPRYHGDODUJHDPRXQWRIWKHDPPRQLXPH[FUHWHGE\WKHILVK,Q
)UDQFHGracilaria JURZLQJLQWKHHIIOXHQWVIURPR\VWHUIDUPVKDVUHPRYHGDOPRVWDOOWKH
DPPRQLDLQWKHZDWHUPorphyra VSS DQGVDOPRQIDUPLQJWULDOVKDYHWDNHQSODFHRIIWKH
HDVWFRDVWRI&DQDGDDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD

 6$)(*8$5',1*7+(,1'8675<

:LWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDJOREDOERRPLQVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJDSROLF\
EULHIRIWKH818FDOOHGIRUVWULFWHUSROLFLHVWRHQVXUHWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHLQGXVWU\
3RLQWLQJWRWKH³XQDEDWHGH[SRQHQWLDOJURZWKLQWKHODVW\HDUV´WKH818VWDWHGWKDW
³7KHUH LV LQFUHDVLQJ QHHG WR DGGUHVV QHZ FKDOOHQJHV LPSRVHG E\ WUDGH DQG PDUNHW
GHPDQG&DVHVWXGLHVFOHDUO\VKRZWKDWYDOXDEOHOHVVRQVFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKHPDMRU
VHDZHHGSURGXFLQJQDWLRQVDQGRWKHUDTXDDQGDJULFXOWXUHVHFWRUV´ &RWWLHU&RRNet al
 

6RPHRIWKHLVVXHVWKDWWKH818KDVKLJKOLJKWHGDUHWKHQHHGWRKDYHHIILFLHQWUHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQWLQFRDVWDODUHDVHVWDEOLVKGLVHDVHIUHHVHHGEDQNVWRUHGXFHRYHUUHOLDQFHRQ
OLPLWHGJHQHWLFVWRFNVDQGSRRUELRVHFXULW\JXLGHOLQHVWKDWPD\DOORZWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI
QRQLQGLJHQRXVSHVWVDQGSDWKRJHQVLQWRFXOWXUHDUHDV'LVSODFHPHQWRIZLOGVWRFNVGXH
WRFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKIDUPHGVHDZHHGDQGSRWHQWLDOFRQIOLFWZLWKRWKHUXVHUVLQWKHVDPH
DUHDDUHDOVRDPRQJLVVXHVLGHQWLILHG


Seaweed farmer in the Philippines regaining her livelihood after typhoon Haiyan.
© FAO




 62&,2(&2120,&%(1(),76)25&2$67$/&20081,7,(6

:KDW PDNHV VHDZHHG KDUYHVWLQJ IURP WKH ZLOG DQG IDUPLQJ DWWUDFWLYH WR FRDVWDO
FRPPXQLWLHV LV WKDW WKH WHFKQRORJ\ LV UHODWLYHO\ VLPSOH UHTXLUHV ORZ LQLWLDO FDSLWDO
LQYHVWPHQWWKHFURSFDQEHKDUYHVWHGLQDERXWVL[ZHHNVDQGLWFDQEHGULHGRQPDWV
JUDVV RU RQ WKH EHDFK VDQG )XUWKHUPRUH DV WKH IDUPLQJ DUHDV DUH LQ LQWHUWLGDO ]RQHV
ZRPHQ DQG FKLOGUHQ FDQ VDIHO\ DFFHVV VHDZHHG SORWV 7KHVH IDFWRUV DOORZ ZRPHQ LQ
SDUWLFXODUDQLPSRUWDQWRSSRUWXQLW\WRHDUQVRPHLQFRPHIRUWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHLUIDPLOLHV
ZKLOHWKHPHQZRUNDVILVKHUPHQDQGLQRWKHUVHFWRUV6HYHUDOVWXGLHVDOVRKDYHPHQWLRQHG
WKDWZRPHQWHQGWREHPRUHSDWLHQWDQGPRUHZLOOLQJWROHDUQDERXWVXVWDLQDEO\PDQDJLQJ
ORFDOVHDZHHGUHVRXUFHV7KLVWUHQGLVVHHQLQHYHU\UHJLRQSDUWLFXODUO\VRLQWKH$VLDDQG
WKH 3DFLILF UHJLRQ &KLQD ,QGRQHVLD 0DOD\VLD WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV  DQG $IULFD *KDQD
0RURFFR=DQ]LEDU 7DQ]DQLD 





 0$,15(*,21$/352'8&(56$1'0$5.(76

 $6,$

,Q $VLD &KLQD UHPDLQV WKH ODUJHVW SURGXFHU IROORZHG E\ ,QGRQHVLD -DSDQ WKH
'HPRFUDWLF 3HRSOH¶V 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD 0DOD\VLD DQG WKH
3KLOLSSLQHV7KHEXONRIWKHSURGXFWLRQFRPHVIURPWKHFXOWXUHVHFWRU )LJXUH 

)LJXUH$VLD/HDGLQJSURGXFHUVRIIDUPHGVHDZHHG±


Source)$2

-DSDQHVHIDUPVDORQJWKHFRDVWDODUHDVDUHDEOHWRSURYLGHPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRIWKH
GHPDQG IRU Porphyra VSS, Saccharina japonica DQG Undaria spp ORFDOO\ FDOOHG nori,
kombuDQGwakameUHVSHFWLYHO\NoriLVXVHGIRUPDNLQJVXVKLkombuLVJHQHUDOO\XVHG
DVVHDVRQLQJLQEHDQFXUGVRXSVDQGwakame VOLJKWO\PRUHXSPDUNHWWKDQkombu LVXVHG
IRU EHDQ FXUG VRXSV DQG VDODGV $W WKH VDPH WLPH -DSDQ LV D OHDGLQJ LPSRUWHU RI UDZ
VHDZHHG ZLWK PXFK RI LWV VXSSO\ FRPLQJ IURP WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD $ VLJQLILFDQW
SRUWLRQLVSURFHVVHGLQWRVXFKSURGXFWVDVDJDUnoriVKHHWVDQGVHDVRQHGVQDFNVZKLFK
DUHFRQVXPHGLQWKHFRXQWU\DQGH[SRUWHG6RPHVHDZHHGVSHFLHVDUHXVHGGDLO\LQ
IRRGSUHSDUDWLRQLQ-DSDQZLWKWKHDYHUDJHDQQXDOFRQVXPSWLRQSHUFDSLWDHVWLPDWHGDW
NLORJUDPV NJ 

7KHUHLVDODUJHLQGXVWU\LQ-DSDQWKDWLVEXLOWDURXQGWKHDJDUDOJLQDWHDQGFDUUDJHHQDQ
XVHGLQIRRGSURGXFWVDQGRWKHUVHFWRUV$OJLQDWHH[WUDFWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJLPSRUWHG
Ecklonia DQG Durvillea antarctica, DQG WKH PDWHULDO LV WKHQ XVHG IRU VSHFLILF
ELRWHFKQRORJ\DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KHFDUUDJHHQDQLQGXVWU\ XVHVEucheuma DQGKappaphycus
LPSRUWHG IURP 6RXWKHDVW $VLDQ IDUPV DV ZHOO DV Chondrus DQGGigartina ZLOG VWRFNV
IURPWKH$PHULFDVDQG(XURSH

,QGRQHVLD UHSRUWHG DQRXWSXWIURP PLOOLRQWRQQHV LQ WR PLOOLRQWRQQHV LQ


 $QQH[ 7KHVHFWRULQWKDWFRXQWU\KDVH[SDQGHGDWSHUFHQWSHUDQQXPLQWKH
SDVWGHFDGHXSIURPSHUFHQWLQWKHSUHYLRXVGHFDGHZLWKRXWSXWPRUHWKDQGRXEOLQJ
LQWKLVSHULRG





,Q 7KDLODQG Gracilaria LV WKH PRVW FRPPHUFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW VSHFLHV IROORZHG E\
Hypnea, Porphyra AcanthophoraDQG Caulerpa GracilariaLV XVHG IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQDQGDVDVRXUFHRIDJDU3URGXFWLRQLVLQOLPLWHGYROXPH DOPRVWDOOZLOG
KDUYHVWV UHVXOWLQJLQLPSRUWVRIUDZDQGSURFHVVHGSURGXFWVJHQHUDOO\Porphyra VSS,
Saccharina japonicaDQGUndaria spp IURP&KLQD-DSDQDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD2I
WKHLPSRUWHGSURGXFWVIRRGJUDGHDJDU IURP&KLOH-DSDQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDQG
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD UDQNVILUVWLQYROXPH,QWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDEURZQVSHFLHV
Saccharina japonicaDQGUndaria VSS DQGUHGVSHFLHV Porphyra VSS PDNHXSDOPRVW
DOOWKHFRXQWU\¶VVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQ

Gracilaria DQG WR D VPDOOHU H[WHQW Sargassum, DUH WKH WZR PDLQ VHDZHHG VSHFLHV RI
LPSRUWDQFHLQ9LHW1DP$JDUDQGDOJLQDWHVKDYHDVWHDG\GHPDQGDQGVLQFHWKHORFDO
IDUPLQJ DQG SURFHVVLQJ VHFWRUV DUH VWLOO GHYHORSLQJ LPSRUWV RI Gracilaria DUH QHHGHG
3URFHVVLQJXQLWVIRUDJDUDQGVRGLXPDOJLQDWHKDYHEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGLQ+DLSKRQJ+R&KL
0LQK&LW\DQG'DQDQJSargassumLVXVHGDVDIHUWLOL]HU

 &KLQD

$VPHQWLRQHGLQ6HFWLRQ&KLQHVHRXWSXWDFFRXQWVIRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRI
WKHJOREDOYROXPH RI VHDZHHG:LOGKDUYHVWV PDNH XS OHVV WKDQ SHUFHQWRI WKLV WRWDO
YROXPHDOEHLWSURGXFWLRQIURPDTXDFXOWXUHLQFUHDVHGVKDUSO\IURPPLOOLRQWRQQHVLQ
 WR PLOOLRQWRQQHV LQ  $QQH[   7KLV LQGLFDWH WKH DEVROXWHO\ YLWDO UROH
SOD\HGE\WKHFXOWXUHVHFWRU

6HDZHHG IDUPLQJ LQ &KLQD RIILFLDOO\ EHJDQ LQ WKH V ZLWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI
WHFKQRORJ\ LQ WKH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI NHOS Saccharina japonica) WKDW LV QHZ FRPPHUFLDO
YDULHWLHVLQFOXGLQJGLVHDVHUHVLVWDQWVWUDLQV)URPWKHQRQWKHVHDZHHGIDUPLQJLQGXVWU\
GHYHORSHG YHU\ IDVW DQG E\  WRWDO VHDZHHG SURGXFWLRQ KDG HVFDODWHG WR QHDUO\
PLOOLRQWRQQHV 7DEOH 

7DEOH&KLQD)DUPHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQ±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
      
%URZQ       
VHDZHHGV
5HG       
VHDZHHGV
0LVFHOODQHR       
XVDTXDWLF
SODQWV
*UHHQ       
VHDZHHGV
7RWDO       
Source)$2

$VVKRZQLQILVKHU\VWDWLVWLFVFROOHFWHGE\)$2&KLQDLVWKHODUJHVWSURGXFHURIFXOWLYDWHG
DOJDHDURXQGWKHJOREH(VWLPDWHGE\SURWHLQFRQWHQWWKHWRWDOSURGXFWLRQRI&KLQD¶VHLJKW
VSHFLHV RI IDUPHG VHDZHHGV LQ  ZDV HTXDO WR PLOOLRQWRQQHV RI ULFH




PLOOLRQWRQQHVRIVSLQDFKPLOOLRQWRQQHVRISRWDWRDQGPLOOLRQWRQQHV
RISRUN <DQJ 6HDZHHGLQ&KLQDLVPHDVXUHGLQGU\ZHLJKW

Main commercial seaweed species in China

-DSDQHVHNHOS Saccharina japonica FRPSULVHVFORVHWRSHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDODPRXQWRI
FXOWXUHGVHDZHHGGracilariaLVLQVHFRQGSODFHIROORZHGE\ Undaria VSS (wakame)DQG
Porphyra VSS -DSDQHVHnori  )LJXUH 7KHVHIRXUPDLQVSHFLHVFRQWULEXWHGSHUFHQW
RIWRWDOSURGXFWLRQLQ $QQH[ Saccharina japonicaLVQRZWKHPDLQFRPPHUFLDO
VHDZHHGFURSLQ&KLQDZLWKFXOWLYDWLRQFRYHULQJPRUHWKDQSHUKHFWDUHDQGDQ
DQQXDOSURGXFWLRQRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQWRQQHV GU\ZHLJKW Eucheuma sp, Hizikia
fusiforme DQGEnteromorpha sp DUHRWKHUPDMRUVHDZHHGVLQ&KLQD

)LJXUH&KLQD3URGXFWLRQRIIDUPHGVHDZHHGE\VSHFLHV

:ĂƉĂŶĞƐĞŬĞůƉ
'ƌĂĐŝůĂƌŝĂƐĞĂǁĞĞĚƐ
ϮϬй
tĂŬĂŵĞ
EŽƌŝŶĞŝ
^ĞĂǁĞĞĚƐŶĞŝ
ϱϭй ϭϰй
KƚŚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͖
ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƉŝƌƵůŝŶĂŶĞŝ͕
ϴй ĞƵĐŚĞƵŵĂ ƐĞĂǁĞĞĚƐ
ŶĞŝ͕ďƌŝŐŚƚŐƌĞĞŶŶŽƌŝ
ϭй ϲй ĂŶĚŚĂĞŵĂƚŽĐŽĐĐƵƐ
ƉůƵǀŝĂůŝƐ

Source)$2

7KUHH SURYLQFHV )XMLDQ /LDRQLQJ DQG 6KDQGRQJ  SURGXFHG RYHU  SHUFHQW RI WRWDO
IDUPHGVHDZHHGVLQSDUWLFXODUO\)XMLDQDQG6KDQGRQJSURYLQFHVZKHUHWKHRXSXWLV
VLJQLILFDQW DW SHUFHQW DQG SHUFHQW UHVSHFWLYHO\ %)'$   2WKHU
SURYLQFHV LQFOXGLQJ -LDQJVX *XDQJGRQJ +DLQDQ DQG =KHMLDQJ DOVR SURGXFH VRPH
VHDZHHGEXWWKHLUSURGXFWLRQYROXPHVDUHVPDOOHUWKDQWKRVHRIWKHWKUHHµJLDQWV¶

,WDOVRLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJKRZHYHUWKDWWKHUDQNLQJRISURYLQFHVLQWHUPVRIIDUPHG
VHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQLVFKDQJLQJ)RUH[DPSOH6KDQGRQJWRSSHGWKHOLVWLQIROORZHG
E\/LDRQLQJDQG)XMLDQ%\RXWSXWIURP)XMLDQKDGLQFUHDVHGE\SHUFHQW
IURPSXVKLQJLWWRILUVWSRVLWLRQ6KDQGRQJ WKRXJKZLWKDULVHRISHUFHQWLQ
WKHVDPHSHULRG IHOOWRVHFRQGSODFHZLWK/LDRQLQJ SHUFHQW WKLUG

)RU ZLOG KDUYHVWHG VHDZHHG +DLQDQ ZDV WKH ODUJHVW FRQWULEXWRU IURP  WR 
GHVSLWHDJHQHUDOGHFOLQLQJWUHQG 7KHYROXPHUHPDLQVPXFKVPDOOHUWKDQIDUPHGRXWSXW

 




-DSDQHVHNHOS Saccharina japonica 



.QRZQDOVRDVVHDWDQJOH-DSDQHVHNHOSLVNQRZQLQ&KLQDE\LWVORFDOQDPHHai Dai
SURGXFWLRQYROXPHLQPLOOLRQWRQQHV ,WLVVHUYHGDVDFRPSRQHQWLQPDQ\
IRRGGLVKHVDQGSURFHVVHGSURGXFWV:KLOHLWLVIRXQGQDWXUDOO\RQO\LQWKH/LDRGRQJDQG
6KDQGRQJ SHQLQVXODV LWV PDLQ IDUPLQJ DUHDV DUH DORQJ WKH FRDVW IURP /LDRQLQJ WR
*XDQJGRQJSURYLQFH0RVWRIWKHSaccharina japonicaSURGXFHGLQ&KLQDLVFRQVXPHG
DVSDUWRIDµKHDOWK\YHJHWDEOH¶GLHW,WLVJHQHUDOO\VROGGULHGDOWKRXJKLQUHFHQW\HDUV
VPDOO SDFNDJHV RI VHDVRQHG VHDZHHG KDYH HQWHUHG WKH VQDFN IRRG PDUNHW ,W LV DOVR
LPSRUWDQWDVDUDZPDWHULDOIRUDOJLQDWHPDQQLWRODQGLRGLQH

'XULQJWKH7KUHH.LQJGRPVSHULRGNHOSZDVGHVFULEHGDVµVRXUVDOW\FROGQRQWR[LF
HGLEOH¶ DQG DV WKH µ7KHUDSHXWLF Materia Medica’ ZULWWHQ E\ 0HQJ 6KHQ LQ WKH 7DQJ
'\QDVW\ VD\V³NHOSVFDQKHOSRQHWRFXUHIODWXOHQFH´,QDGGLWLRQNHOSLVORZLQFDORULHV
DQGLVKLJKLQUHVLQDQGPLQHUDOVLWFDQEHHDVLO\GLJHVWHGDQGDEVRUEHG

6HDPXVWDUG Undaria pinnatifida 

1DWXUDOSRSXODWLRQVRIVHDPXVWDUGLQ&KLQDDUHPDLQO\GLVWULEXWHGLQ=KHMLDQJSURYLQFH
,QDGGLWLRQWRQDWXUDOUHSURGXFWLRQVHDPXVWDUGLVH[WHQVLYHO\IDUPHGLQWKH'DOLDQUHJLRQ
DQGLWVSURGXFWVDUHPDLQO\H[SRUWHGWR-DSDQ6HDPXVWDUGLVVDLGWRSOD\DQLPSRUWDQW
UROH LQ WKH PHWDEROLVP DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH ERG\ PDLQWDLQLQJ D EDODQFH RI WKH
FDUGLRYDVFXODULPPXQHEORRGDQGQHUYRXVV\VWHPV

/DYHU Porphyra VSS 

7KHUHDUHDVPDQ\DVVXEVSHFLHVRIWKLVVHDZHHGDOWKRXJKRQO\WZRRIWKHPDUH
IDUPHGPorphyra haitanensisLQWKHVRXWKRI&KLQD )XMLDQ=KHMLDQJDQGRWKHUORFDWLRQV 
DQGPorphyra yezoensisLQWKHQRUWKHUQSURYLQFHVRI&KLQD -LDQJVX6KDQGRQJDQGRWKHU
SURYLQFHV 

Gracilaria sp

7KHUHDUHDOPRVWNLQGVRIGracilariaWKDWJURZLQDZLGHUDQJHRIZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHV
LQWKH6RXWK&KLQD6HDDQG(DVW&KLQD6HD,WLVWKHPDLQIHHGLQJUHGLHQWIRUDEDORQHDQG
WKHNH\UDZPDWHULDOIRUWKHH[WUDFWLRQRIDJDU,WKDVDOVREHHQXVHGLQELRUHPHGLDWLRQWR
UHGXFHHXWURSKLFDWLRQLQPDULFXOWXUHDUHDV

2WKHUVSHFLHV

Eucheuma LV PDLQO\ IRXQG LQ WKH FRDVWDO DUHDV RI +DLQDQ *XDQJGRQJ DQG *XDQJ[L
$OPRVWSHUFHQWRIWKHJOREDOWRWDO\LHOGRIFDUUDJHHQDQLVVXSSOLHGE\&KLQD,QGRQHVLD
DQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV

GelidiumLVVHUYHGDVDVDODGRUSURFHVVHGLQWRMHOO\,QDGGLWLRQWREHLQJHGLEOHLWLVWKH
PDLQUDZPDWHULDOIRUH[WUDFWLQJDJDUZKLFKLVXVHGWRPDNHFROGIRRGVRUDVDPLFURELDO
FXOWXUH PHGLXP ,Q DGGLWLRQ WUDGLWLRQDO &KLQHVH GRFWRUV EHOLHYH WKDW Gelidium LV
VZHHWVDOW\DQGKDVDGHWR[LILFDWLRQHIIHFWWKXVLWFDQEHXVHGIRUFXULQJHQWHULWLVDQDO




VZHOOLQJ DQG S\HORQHSKULWLV ,W LV DOVR XVHG DV D IRON PHGLFLQH WR FXUH VLOLFRVLV WLQHD
FRUSRULVDQGWK\URPHJDO\

Sargassum LV ZLGHO\ GLVWULEXWHG LQ )XMLDQ /LDRQLQJ 6KDQGRQJ =KHMLDQJ DQG RWKHU
FRDVWDOSURYLQFHVDQGLVFXOWLYDWHGLQ=KHMLDQJSURYLQFH $VDQDQWLR[LGDQW Sargassum
QRWRQO\HQKDQFHVWKHLPPXQHIXQFWLRQDQGKHOSVLQWKHDQWLDJLQJDQGDQWLLQIODPPDWRU\
SURFHVVHVLWDOVRLQKLELWVWXPRXUJURZWKDQGUHGXFHVEORRGIDWDQGVXJDUOHYHOVDPRQJ
RWKHUV

Processing of seaweed

&KLQD¶VVHDZHHGSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\EHJDQLQWKHVZLWKRQHRIWKHHDUOLHVWYHQWXUHV
EHLQJWKHSURGXFWLRQRILRGLQHPDQQLWRODQGDOJLQDWHIURPNHOS&KLQDDOVRKDVspirulina
DQG JUHHQ DOJDH IRRG SURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWULHV DOWKRXJK WKH TXDQWLWLHV DUH VPDOO 6RPH
\HDUVRQVHDZHHGSURFHVVLQJWHFKQRORJLHVKDYHLPSURYHGWUHPHQGRXVO\ZLWKPDQ\
VHDZHHG SURFHVVLQJ HQWHUSULVHV KDYLQJ EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG DQG WKH WRWDO RXWSXW IURP WKH
VHDZHHG SURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWU\ KDYLQJ HVFDODWHG WR DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PLOOLRQWRQQHV E\
 PRUHWKDQWKUHHWLPHVWKHYROXPHLQ $OPRVWSHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDOSURFHVVHG
VHDZHHGSURGXFWVZHUHIURP)XMLDQ/LDRQLQJDQG6KDQGRQJSURYLQFHVLQ

-DSDQHVHNHOS 

3URFHVVHG-DSDQHVHNHOSUDQJHVIURPVLPSOH
GULHGVDOWHGLWHPVWRPRUHFRPSOH[SURGXFWV
VXFK DV IRRG DGGLWLYHV EHYHUDJHV DQG RWKHU
IRRGV HJ VHDVRQLQJ DQG LQVWDQW VHDZHHG
IRRGV 6RPHWLPHVLWLVDGGHGLQWRWUDGLWLRQDO
IHUPHQWHGLWHPVUHVXOWLQJLQSURGXFWVVXFKDV
VHD WDQJOH VR\EHDQ MXLFH ODFWRIHUPHQWHG
EHYHUDJHVZLWKVHDWDQJOHIODYRXUVHDWDQJOH
FDNHVVHDWDQJOHPLONDQGVHDWDQJOHSHDQXW
MDPV

7KHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ  HQWHUSULVHV WKDW
SURFHVV ODYHU LQ &KLQD ,Q )XMLDQ DQG
=KHMLDQJ Porphyra haitanensis LV WKH
 SUHGRPLQDQWODYHUWKDWLVIDUPHGIURPZKLFK
Instant sea tangle (brand: Guanwu Kelp).
© Yoycart GULHGODYHULVSURGXFHG,Q-LDQJVXZLWKWKH
LQWURGXFWLRQ RI HTXLSPHQW DQG WHFKQRORJ\
IURP-DSDQPorphyra yezoensis LVWKHPDLQ
VSHFLHV ,W LV SURFHVVHG SULQFLSDOO\ LQWR
VWDQGDUGODYHUVKHHWVDQGURDVWHGODYHU


 




/DYHU Porphyra spp 




 
Dried sea tangle. Sea tangle knots.


.H\SURFHVVHGODYHUSURGXFWVDUHDVIROORZV

L  'ULHGODYHUDQGVDOWHGODYHUIURPSUHOLPLQDU\SURFHVVLQJZKLFKLQYROYHVFOHDQLQJ
FXWWLQJSUHVVLQJSLFNOLQJGHZDWHULQJGU\LQJDQGVHSDUDWLQJ XVXDOO\E\DXWRPDWHG
PDFKLQHV IROORZHGE\FODVVLI\LQJUHGU\LQJDQGSDFNDJLQJ
LL  /DYHUVHDVRQLQJODYHUVDXFHODYHUGULQNVODYHUSXIIHGIRRGDPRQJRWKHUVIURP
UHILQHG SURFHVVLQJ 7KH WHFKQRORJ\ LQYROYHG LQFOXGHV GHK\GUDWLRQ IUHH]LQJ
H[SDQVLRQVOLFLQJDQGVHDVRQLQJDPRQJRWKHUV
LLL  %HYHUDJHVSHSWRQHDJDUFRQFHQWUDWHGMXLFHVQXWULHQWVDPRQJRWKHUVIURPGHHS
SURFHVVLQJ7KHVHLWHPVFRQWDLQVXEVWDQFHVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHODYHU



 
Dried and pressed laver. Seasoned laver soup.
© Yang © Yang

Sargassum fusiforme

&XUUHQWO\GULHGSargassum fusiformeGRPLQDWHV&KLQD¶VGRPHVWLFPDUNHW%HFDXVHLWLV
GULHGLWLVFRQYHQLHQWIRUVWRUDJHVHOOLQJDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGFDQKHOSWREDODQFHWKH
VXSSO\ RI Sargassum fusiforme WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU 7KH SURGXFW LV SRSXODU ZLWK
FRQVXPHUV EHFDXVH LW LV FRQYHQLHQW WR XVH DQG KDV D XQLTXH WDVWH 7KH SURFHVVLQJ
WHFKQRORJ\ LV DV IROORZV FOHDQLQJ FXWWLQJ KRW SUHVVLQJ UHPRYLQJ DUVHQLF DQG VDQG
VHDVRQLQJZHLJKLQJDQGSDFNDJLQJVWHULOL]LQJFRROLQJDQGGU\LQJ

 




6HDPXVWDUG Undaria pinnatifida DQGRWKHUVSHFLHV












  
Dried Undaria.  
© Yang 


'ULHGDQGVDOWHGVHDPXVWDUGDUHWKHPDLQSURGXFWVLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW6LPLODUWR
Sargassum fusiforme㸪LWLVDQµLQVWDQW¶IRRGSURGXFWDQGWKXVKDVJRRGPDUNHWSRWHQWLDO

%HVLGHVFRQVXPSWLRQDVDIRRGLWHPVHDZHHGLVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQ&KLQHVHPHGLFLQH
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 2ULHQWDO Materia Medica Saccharina japonica DQG Ecklonia ORFDO
QDPHkunbu DVZHOODVSargassum (haizo),HQWHUWKHERG\WKURXJKWKHOLYHUVWRPDFK
DQG NLGQH\ ZRUNLQJ WR µVRIWHQ KDUGQHVV GLVSHUVH DFFXPXODWLRQ UHVROYH SKOHJP DQG
FOHDQVHKHDW¶WKHUHE\KHOSLQJSHUVRQVZLWKWXPRXUVJRLWUHSDLQVDQGVZHOOLQJPorphyra
(zicai) HQWHUV WKH ERG\ WKURXJK WKH OXQJ ZKHUH LW µUHVROYHV SKOHJP VRIWHQV KDUGQHVV
GLVSHOV KHDW SURPRWHV GLXUHVLV¶ PDNLQJ LW XVHIXO LQ FDVHV RI JRLWUH EHULEHUL RHGHPD
XULQDU\LQIHFWLRQVDQGVRUHWKURDWV

Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products

([SRUWV

:LWKUHJDUGWR&KLQHVHH[SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
$QQH[D WRQQHVZDVUHFRUGHGLQFRPSDUHGWRWRQQHVWKHSUHYLRXV
\HDUKRZHYHUWKLVUHSUHVHQWHGDGURSIURPWRQQHVLQ7KHWRSILYHPDUNHWV
LQGHVFHQGLQJRUGHU IRUWKLVFDWHJRU\LQWKH\HDUZHUH-DSDQ WRQQHV 5XVVLD
WRQQHV  3RUWXJDO WRQQHV  7DLZDQ 3URYLQFH RI &KLQD WRQQHV  DQG
6SDLQ WRQQHV /DYHUSURGXFWVLQFOXGLQJIODYRXUHGODYHUDQG WKHOHVVH[SHQVLYH 
GULHGODYHUDUHRQHRIWKHPDLQH[SRUWLWHPV%HVLGHV7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQDDQGWKH
+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQWKHPDLQWDUJHWPDUNHWVIRUODYHUH[SRUWVDUH
WKH$XVWUDOLD-DSDQ7KDLODQGDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD7KHIODYRXUHGODYHULV
PDLQO\H[SRUWHGWR$XVWUDOLD7KDLODQGDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDZKLOHWKHGULHG
ODYHULVH[SRUWHGWR-DSDQ7KDLODQGDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD

0HDQZKLOH &KLQHVH H[SRUWV RI WKH VHDZHHG DQG RWKHU DOJDH not ILW IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ $QQH[ E  LQGLFDWHG D WRWDO RI WRQQHV LQ  FRPSDUHG WR
WRQQHVLQ7KHWRSILYHPDUNHWV LQGHVFHQGLQJRUGHU IRUWKLVFDWHJRU\LQ
ZHUH9LHW1DP WRQQHV WKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD WRQQHV WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI
$PHULFD WRQQHV DQG0DOD\VLD WRQQHV 





$JDUDJDUZDVDOVRH[SRUWHGLQDSSUHFLDEOHTXDQWLWLHVIURP&KLQDLQZLWKDWRWDORI
WRQQHV YDOXHG DW 86'PLOOLRQ FRPSDUHG WR WRQQHV
86'PLOOLRQ LQ )LJXUH 7KHOHDGLQJPDUNHWVZHUH,WDO\ WRQQHV 
6SDLQ WRQQHV 0DOD\VLD WRQQHV 7KDLODQG WRQQHV 5XVVLD WRQQHV 
DQG*HUPDQ\ WRQQHV  $QQH[F &KLQDKDVHPHUJHGDVWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWH[SRUWHU
RIFDUUDJHHQDQZLWKQHDUO\WRQQHVRISURGXFWVLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHLQ
YDOXHGDW86'PLOOLRQ7KHPDLQPDUNHWVZHUHWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHVRI$PHULFD $QQH[GDQG$QQH[H 

)LJXUH&KLQD([SRUWVRIGULHGHGLEOHVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUSURFHVVHGSURGXFWV
±


Source&KLQD&XVWRPV

,PSRUWV

&KLQHVH LPSRUWV RI VHDZHHG DQG RWKHU DOJDH LQ  ZHUH WRQQHV
86' LQWKHµILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ¶FDWHJRU\ $QQH[HVDDQG 
VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WRQQHV 86'  LQ WKH µQRW ILW IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ¶FDWHJRU\ $QQH[E 1RWHZRUWK\LVWKHIDFWWKDWRQO\IRXU\HDUVSULRULQ
WKHILJXUHVZHUHWRQQHV 86' DQGWRQQHV 86' 
IRUWKHWZRFDWHJRULHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUHDQG)LJXUH ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGDOJDH
IRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQKDYHFOHDUO\PRUHWKDQGRXEOHGZLWKLQWKHVSDFHRIIRXU\HDUVLQ
FRQWUDVW WKHUH KDV EHHQ D VPDOO GHFOLQH LQ WKH LPSRUW RI VHDZHHG QRW IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ


 




)LJXUH&KLQD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG )LJXUH&KLQD,PSRUWVRI
E\ZHLJKWí VHDZHHGE\YDOXHí


Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.

,QVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQZHUHLPSRUWHG LQGHVFHQGLQJ
RUGHU PDLQO\IURP,QGRQHVLD WRQQHV WKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD WRQQHV WKH
3KLOLSSLQHV WRQQHV 0DOD\VLD WRQQHV DQG&KLOH WRQQHV  $QQH[D 
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWLQ,QGRQHVLDVXSSOLHGWRQQHVPDUNLQJDQLQFUHDVHRI
SHUFHQWLQWKHVSDFHRIIRXU\HDUV,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDUE\FRQWUDVWZHUHPXFKORZHU
ZLWKDWRWDORIWRQQHVLQVXSSOLHGPRVWO\E\,WDO\ WRQQHV ZLWKVPDOOHU
DPRXQWVIURPWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDQG0RURFFRDPRQJRWKHUV $QQH[F 

,Q VXPPDU\ EHVLGHV EHLQJ WKH WRS VHDZHHG SURGXFHU LQ WKH ZRUOG &KLQD LV D PDMRU
H[SRUWHUDQGLPSRUWHURIUDZVHDZHHGDQGVHDZHHGSURGXFWV,QLQWKHµILWIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ¶FDWHJRU\WRQQHVZHUHH[SRUWHGPDLQO\WR$XVWUDOLDWKH+RQJ.RQJ
6SHFLDO $GPLQLVWUDWLYH 5HJLRQ -DSDQ 7DLZDQ 3URYLQFH RI &KLQD 7KDLODQG DQG WKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD,PSRUWVLQWKHVDPH\HDUDQGLQWKHVDPHFDWHJRU\KRZHYHU
ZHUH PXFK KLJKHU DW WRQQHV RULJLQDWLQJ IURP WKH ,QGRQHVLD WKH 5HSXEOLF RI
.RUHD0DOD\VLDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDPRQJRWKHUV&KLQDWKHUHIRUHUHSUHVHQWVDKXJH
DQGVWLOOH[SDQGLQJ PDUNHWIRUVHDZHHGILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQZKHUHLWLVHDWHQLQ
VRXSVVQDFNVVDODGVDVnoriVKHHWVDQGLVPDQXIDFWXUHGLQWRSURGXFWVVXFKDVVHDZHHG
QRRGOHV

 ,QGRQHVLD

:LWKPRUHWKDQNPRIFRDVWOLQHVSUHDGRYHULVODQGV,QGRQHVLDKDVHPHUJHG
DVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWSURGXFHURIFXOWXUHGVHDZHHGLQWKHZRUOGIROORZLQJ&KLQD2IWKH
JOREDO SURGXFWLRQ RI IDUPHG DTXDWLF SODQWV ODUJHO\ VHDZHHGV  DW DURXQG
PLOOLRQWRQQHVLQUHFRUGHGE\)$2,QGRQHVLDFRQWULEXWHGDOPRVWSHUFHQW
PLOOLRQWRQQHV  FRPSDUHG WR &KLQD¶VSHUFHQW PLOOLRQWRQQHV  7DEOH DQG
$QQH[ 

 




7DEOH,QGRQHVLD6HDZHHGSURGXFWLRQ±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHV

     
$TXDFXOWXUH      
Eucheuma      
VHDZHHGVnei
Gracilaria      
VHDZHHGV
7RWDO
     
DTXDFXOWXUH
:LOG
     
SURGXFWLRQ
7RWDO      
Source)$2

,Q FRQWUDVW WR &KLQD¶V SURGXFWLRQ RI VHDZHHG DQG DOJDH SULPDULO\ IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ VHDZHHGIDUPLQJLQ,QGRQHVLDIRFXVHVRQVSHFLHVVXFKDVEucheuma spp
Kappaphycus sppDQGGracilaria sppIURPZKLFKFDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDUFDQEHH[WUDFWHG
,QUHFHQW\HDUVGHPDQGIRUWKHIRRGDQGQRQIRRGFDUUDJHHQDQTXDOLW\SURGXFHGIURP
Eucheuma and Kappaphycus VHDZHHGKDVLQFUHDVHGUDSLGO\LQGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJ
PDUNHWV DOLNH ZRUOGZLGH ,QGRQHVLD LV LQ IDFW WKH ZRUOG¶V ODUJHVW SURGXFHU RI WKHVH
VSHFLHV)DUPVDUHORFDWHGPDLQO\LQ6XODZHVL0DOXNX:HVWDQG(DVW1XVD7HQJJDUD
1RUWKHUQ.DOLPDQWDQDQG(DVW-DYD

Processing of seaweed extracts

7KH ,QGRQHVLDQ K\GURFROORLG LQGXVWU\ LV UHODWLYHO\ \RXQJ ZLWK PRVW SURFHVVLQJ
FRPSDQLHV KDYLQJ EHHQ IRXQGHG ZLWKLQ WKH ODVW \HDUV 0RUH WKDQ  VHDZHHG
SURFHVVLQJ FRPSDQLHV HQJDJHG LQ SURGXFLQJ VHPLSURFHVVHG DQG SURFHVVHG VHDZHHG
FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG DJDU  DUH QRZ DFWLYH KRZHYHU DFFRUGLQJ WR LQGXVWU\ HVWLPDWHV WKH
IDFWRU\ XWLOL]DWLRQ IRU 65& SURGXFWLRQ LQ ,QGRQHVLD LV ±SHUFHQW 7KH\ SURGXFH
PDLQO\65& IRRGDQGQRQIRRGJUDGHV DQGDJDUDVZHOODV5&2WKHUH[WUDFWVLQFOXGH
$ONDOL7UHDWHG&DUUDJHHQDQ65&DQG5&

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ,QGRQHVLDQ 6HDZHHG ,QGXVWU\ $VVRFLDWLRQ WKH RXWSXW RI FDUUDJHHQDQ
SURGXFWVLQWRWDOOHGWRQQHV DURXQGSHUFHQWRIWRWDOFDSDFLW\ FRQVLVWLQJ
RI WRQQHV RI 5&  WRQQHV RI 65& DQG  WRQQHV RI $ONDOL 7UHDWHG
&DUUDJHHQDQ 6HYHQ FRPSDQLHV SURGXFH DJDU DJDU ZKLOH WZR FRPSDQLHV SURGXFH
IRRGEDVHG VHDZHHG SURGXFWV ZLWK LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLWLHV RI WRQQHV\HDU DQG
WRQQHV\HDU UHVSHFWLYHO\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH '* RI )LVKHU\ 3URGXFWV 0DUNHWLQJ DQG
3URFHVVLQJ 00$) 0XFK RI WKH WHFKQRORJ\ KDV EHHQ LPSRUWHG DQG WKLV KDV PHW ZLWK
YDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIVXFFHVV0RVWRIWKHVHFRPSDQLHVDUHLQWHFKQLFDOSDUWQHVKLSVZLWK
RYHUVHDVFRQFHUQVSDUWLFXODUO\-DSDQHVHFRUSRUDWHFRPSDQLHVDQGWUDGLQJKRXVHV6RPH
KDYHVXFFHVVIXOO\RSWLPL]HGWKHLUSURFHVVHVZKHUHDVRWKHUVKDYHVWUXJJOHGWREULQJWKHLU
IDFWRULHVXSWRDJRRGVWDQGDUGRIRSHUDWLRQ

,QGRQHVLD¶V FXUUHQW SURGXFWLRQ RI DJDU LV HVWLPDWHG DW RYHU WRQQHV DQ LQFUHDVH
IURP ±WRQQHV SURGXFHG GXULQJ HDUO\  $OPRVW ±SHUFHQW RI WKH
SURGXFWLRQLVGLYHUWHGWRWKHH[SRUWPDUNHWDQGWKHUHVWLVFRQVXPHGLQWKHGRPHVWLFIRRG




PDUNHWDOWKRXJKWKLVUDWLRLVOLNHO\WRIOXFWXDWHLQWKHIXWXUHGXHWRULVLQJQDWLRQDOLQFRPHV
DQGJUHDWHUGRPHVWLFGHPDQGIRUDJDUDJDU

Trade in raw and processed seaweed

,QGRQHVLDLVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWSURGXFHURIIDUPHGVHDZHHG'RPHVWLFFRQVXPSWLRQLV
UHODWLYHO\ORZDQGWKHEXONRIH[SRUWVFRQVLVWVRIGULHGVHDZHHGSDUWLFXODUO\WKHHGLEOH
YDULHWLHVWKDWDUHH[SRUWHGWR&KLOH&KLQD SHUFHQW WKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQGRWKHU$VLDQ
PDUNHWV

'XULQJ ± ,QGRQHVLDQ H[SRUWV RI VHDZHHG SHDNHG LQ  DW WRQQHV
YDOXHGDW86'PLOOLRQ7KHUHZDVDGHFOLQHLQWRWRQQHVYDOXHGDW
86'PLOOLRQ 7DEOH   GXH WR ORZHU H[SRUWV WR &KLOH &KLQD DQG PDUNHWV LQ WKH
(XURSHDQ8QLRQLQWKDW\HDU $QQH[D ([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQKRZHYHUUHFRYHUHG
GXULQJDQG )LJXUHDQG)LJXUH 7KH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ-DSDQDQGWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHV RI $PHULFD DUH WKH WRS PDUNHWV IRU FDUUDJHHQDQ RULJLQDWLQJ LQ ,QGRQHVLD
0HDQZKLOHJRRGGRPHVWLFGHPDQGIRUDJDUDJDUKDVWDNHQDZD\WKHSURGXFWIURPWKH
H[SRUWPDUNHWLQUHFHQW\HDUV

7DEOH,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
     
6HDZHHG RWKHU 7RQQHV     
DOJDHIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ 86'WKRXVDQGV     
6HDZHHG RWKHU 7RQQHV     
DOJDHQRWIRU
KXPDQ 86'WKRXVDQGV     
FRQVXPSWLRQ
$JDUDJDU 7RQQHV     
86'WKRXVDQGV     
&DUUDJHHQDQ 7RQQHV     
86'WKRXVDQGV     
7RWDO 7RQQHV     
86'WKRXVDQGV     
Source6WDWLVWLFV,QGRQHVLD

,Q  WRQQHV RI FDUUDJHHQDQ ZHUH H[SRUWHG YDOXHG DW QHDUO\ 86'PLOOLRQ
$QQH[HV E DQG F  7KH DJDU SURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWU\ PDLQO\ XVLQJ Gracilaria  í
DOWKRXJKFXUUHQWO\VKRZLQJDORZHURXWSXWWKDQFDUUDJHHQDQíLVFRQVLGHUHGWRKDYHKXJH
PDUNHWSRWHQWLDODVWKHIRUPHUKDVDVWURQJIRRWKROGLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHWDQGLVDEOH
WRFRPSHWHLQWKHJOREDOPDUNHW0RUHRYHUFDUUDJHHQDQFRPSDQLHVDUHZRUULHGDERXWWKH
SURVSHFWRIWKHGHOLVWLQJRIFDUUDJHHQDQDVDQRUJDQLFSURGXFWLQWKH86PDUNHW7KH
86 1DWLRQDO 2UJDQLF 6WDQGDUGV %RDUG KDV UHFRPPHQGHG WR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV
'HSDUWPHQW RI $JULFXOWXUH WKDW LW GHOLVW FDUUDJHHQDQ DV DQ RUJDQLF SURGXFW LI WKLV
SURFHHGVFDUUDJHHQDQZLOOQRORQJHUEHTXDOLILHGWREHGHVFULEHGDVDQRUJDQLFSURGXFW
$OWKRXJKWKHRUJDQLFPDUNHWVKDUHLVUHODWLYHO\VPDOOVRPHIRRGSURGXFHUVLQWKH8QLWHG




6WDWHVRI$PHULFDKDYHEHJXQGHFODULQJWKHLUSURGXFWVDVµFDUUDJHHQDQIUHH¶UHJDUGOHVV
RIZKHWKHUWKHSURGXFWLVRUJDQLFRUQRW

)LJXUH,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRI )LJXUH,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRI
VHDZHHGE\ZHLJKWí VHDZHHGE\YDOXHí

 
Source6WDWLVWLFV,QGRQHVLD


,QGRQHVLD¶V GULHG VHDZHHG H[SRUWV DUH GRPLQDWHG E\ Eucheuma VSS 8QSURFHVVHG
VHDZHHG LV FDWHJRUL]HG LQWR WZR W\SHV LQ WKH H[SRUW WUDGH IRRG W\SH ILW IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ +6  DQG QRQIRRG W\SH QRW ILW IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ
+6 :KLOHH[SRUWVWR$VLDQPDUNHWVDQG&KLOHDUHGRPLQDWHGE\IRRGFDWHJRU\
VHDZHHGWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDLPSRUWQRQIRRGFDWHJRU\
VHDZHHGIURP,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRIIRRGTXDOLW\VHDZHHGKDYHLQFUHDVHGRYHUWKH\HDUV
DOWKRXJKLQJHQHUDOERWKW\SHVSUHVHQWO\KROGDOPRVWWKHVDPHVKDUHLQWKHH[SRUWWUDGH
1HYHUWKHOHVV LW LV ZRUWK QRWLQJ WKDW H[SRUWV RI DJDU DJDU KDYH GZLQGOHG ZLWKLQ
WRQQHV  DOWKRXJKLWVDYHUDJHH[SRUWYDOXHKDVLQFUHDVHGWR86'NJLQ
7DEOH 

8QWLOWKHODWHVWKHGULHGVHDZHHGH[SRUWHUVLQ,QGRQHVLDZHUHODUJHO\GHSHQGHQWRQ
WKH UHSURFHVVLQJ VHFWRU VSHFLILFDOO\ LQ 'HQPDUN 7KH DYHUDJH )2% H[SRUW SULFH RI
,QGRQHVLDQGULHGVHDZHHGKRZHYHULQFUHDVHGIURP86'WRQQHGXULQJWKHODWHV
WR86'WRQQHLQHDUO\DVDUHVXOWRIVWURQJDQGVWDEOHGHPDQGIURP&KLQD

7DEOH,QGRQHVLD([SRUWSULFHRIEcottonii
'ULHGVHDZHHG 6HDZHHG 6HPLUHILQHG 5HILQHG 5HILQHG
E. cottonii UDZ FKLSV FDUUDJHHQDQ FDUUDJHHQDQ QRQ FDUUDJHHQDQ
PDWHULDO IRRGJUDGH  IRRGJUDGH 
86'NJ 86'NJ 86'NJ 86'NJ 86'NJ
Source6HDZHHG([SRUW,QGXVWU\,QGRQHVLD

 




,QGRQHVLDDOVRLPSRUWVVHDZHHGDQGFROORLGVIRUXVHLQWKHORFDOIRRGLQGXVWU\VXFKDVWKH
EHYHUDJHIRRGDQGSKDUPDFHXWLFDOVHFWRUV&DUUDJHHQDQLQSDUWLFXODULVVRXJKWE\WKH
GRPHVWLFLQGXVWU\IRUWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIIRRGMHOOLHVWRRWKSDVWHLFHFUHDPFDQQHGPHDW
DQG ILVK 1RQH RI WKH GRPHVWLFDOO\ SURGXFHG FDUUDJHHQDQ RU VHPLUHILQHG FDUUDJHHQDQ
65& KRZHYHULVXVHGLQWKHFRXQWU\

New market trends

,QWKHSDVWIHZ\HDUVWKHUHKDVEHHQDJURZLQJWUHQGLQWKHXVHRIVHDZHHGDVGLUHFWIRRG
SURGXFWV LQ ,QGRQHVLD 7KRXJK D UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO VHFWRU DW SUHVHQW WKH ULVLQJ GRPHVWLF
GHPDQGLVGULYLQJWKHSURFHVVLQJRIcottoniiRUGracilariaLQWRYDULRXVIRRGSURGXFWVVXFK
DVQRRGOHVGULQNVFUDFNHUVFRRNLHVVZHHWVDQGWLGELWVDPRQJRWKHUV7KURXJKRXWWKH
FRXQWU\WKHVHLWHPVDUHSURGXFHGPDLQO\E\VPDOOIDPLO\EXVLQHVVHV



© Sudari Pawiro

Potential and challenges



,QGRQHVLDKDVDYDVWSRWHQWLDOIRUVHDZHHGIDUPLQJDQGH[SRUWZKLFKLVQRWIXOO\UHDOL]HG
DV\HW&RJQLVDQWRIWKLVIDFWWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDVUHQHZHGLWVLQWHQWWRPRGHUQLVHDQG
IXUWKHUGHYHORSWKHLQGXVWU\$PRQJWKHLQLWLDWLYHVEHLQJWDNHQLVWKHQRWLRQRIFROOHFWLYH
SDUWQHUVKLSV EHWZHHQ ORFDO SURGXFHUV DQG SURFHVVRUV FRPPXQLWLHV QRQJRYHUQPHQW
RUJDQL]DWLRQVSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQV

7KH *RYHUQPHQW RI ,QGRQHVLD DOVR KDV SULRULWL]HG VHDZHHG LQ WKH FRXQWU\¶V QDWLRQDO
GHYHORSPHQWSODQQRWRQO\GXHWRLWVH[SRUWHDUQLQJVEXWDOVREHFDXVHLWVIDUPLQJKDV
REYLRXVO\ DVVLVWHG LQ LPSURYLQJ WKH OLYHOLKRRGV RI FRDVWDO FRPPXQLWLHV 9DULRXV
SURJUDPPHVKDYHEHHQODXQFKHGWRLQFUHDVHVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQVXFKDVSURYLGLQJEHWWHU
TXDOLW\ VHHG LPSURYLQJ IDUPLQJ WHFKQLTXHV ]RQDWLRQ DQG HQKDQFLQJ SRVWKDUYHVW DQG
SURFHVVLQJWHFKQRORJLHV$VDUHVXOWVPDOOILVKHUPHQLQPDQ\DUHDVRI,QGRQHVLDKDYH
FKDQJHGWKHLUSURIHVVLRQIURPILVKLQJWRWKHIDUPLQJRIVHDZHHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHLULQFRPHV

6LQFH  6ZLW]HUODQG
V 6WDWH 6HFUHWDULDW IRU (FRQRPLF $IIDLUV KDV IXQGHG WKH
60$57)LVK ,QGRQHVLD SURJUDPPH LPSOHPHQWHG E\ WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV ,QGXVWULDO
'HYHORSPHQW2UJDQL]DWLRQWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH,QGRQHVLD¶V0LQLVWU\RI0DULQH$IIDLUVDQG
)LVKHULHV7KHSURJUDPPHDLPVWRLPSURYHWKHSURGXFWLYLW\RIWKHVHDZHHGYDOXHFKDLQ
LQ,QGRQHVLDDVZHOODVWKHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIWKH,QGRQHVLDQVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\

 




 0DOD\VLD

Production of seaweed (farmed)

$ FRDVWOLQH RI RYHU  NLORPHWUHV ZLWK DQ H[WHQVLYH FRQWLQHQWDO VKHOI DUHD KDV
SURYLGHGRSSRUWXQLWLHVGXULQJWKHODVWGHFDGHWRLQFUHDVHVHDZHHGIDUPLQJLQ0DOD\VLD
0DULFXOWXUH DFWLYLWLHV IRU VHDZHHG FHQWUH DURXQG 6DEDK SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ .XGDW DQG
6HPSRUQDZKHUHWKHDJURFOLPDWLFHQYLURQPHQWLVLGHDOIRUIDUPLQJVHDZHHG7KHPDLQ
VSHFLHV RI VHDZHHG FXOWXUHG LV E spinosum LQ .XGDW DQG E cottonii (Kappaphycus) LQ
6HPSRUQD

3URGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHGVLJQLILFDQWO\IURPWRQQHVLQWRWRQQHVLQ
7DEOH   VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH ORFDO *RYHUQPHQW RI 6DEDK¶V LQLWLDWLYHV WKURXJK WHFKQLFDO
FROODERUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI )LVKHULHV UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
0DOD\D6DEDK8QLW DQGWKHDTXDFXOWXUHLQGXVWU\LQ0DOD\VLDíSDUWLFXODUO\LQ6DEDK
ZKHUHVHDZHHGIDUPLQJKDVEHFRPHDPDMRUDFWLYLW\GXULQJWKHODVWVHYHQWRHLJKW\HDUV
0DOD\VLDQVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQUHDFKHGWKHKLJKHVWOHYHODWRYHUWRQQHVLQ
+RZHYHUGLVHDVHDQGORZTXDOLW\VHHGSUREOHPVDIIHFWHGWKHDTXDFXOWXUHVHFWRUGXULQJ
WKHVXEVHTXHQW\HDUV

7DEOH0DOD\VLD$TXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHG±
        
7RQQHV        
86'WKRXVDQGV        
Source: )$2

7KH IDUPLQJ WHFKQLTXH HQJDJHG LQ 0DOD\VLD LV WKH PRQROLQH PHWKRG VLPLODU WR WKDW
SUDFWLVHGLQ,QGRQHVLDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV7KHFRPPRQVHDZHHGVLQQDWLRQDOZDWHUVDUH
JUHHQVHDZHHG Caulerpa DQG Ulva)EURZQVHDZHHG Sargassum, Tubinaria, Dictyota
DQG Padina)DQGUHGVHDZHHG Gracilaria, Eucheuma DQGLaurencia DFFRUGLQJWRWKH
,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 0DUNHWLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 7HFKQLFDO $GYLVRU\
6HUYLFHVIRU)LVKHU\3URGXFWVLQWKH$VLDQDQG3DFLILF5HJLRQ ,1)2),6+ 


Monoline culture of seaweed. © INFOFISH


© Fatima Ferdouse

&RDVWDOIDUPHUVLQWKH6HPSRUQDDUHDKDYHODUJHO\EHQHILWHGIURPVHDZHHGDTXDFXOWXUH
,QFUHDVHGGHPDQGIURP&KLQDDVZHOODVIURPWKHORFDOVHDZHHGSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\KDV
ERRVWHGWKH)2%SULFHRIGULHGVHDZHHGIURP86'WRQQHGXULQJWKHODWHVWR
86'WRQQHLQWKHHDUO\V7KHFDUUDJHHQDQSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\LQ6DEDKPRVWO\
7DZDXKDVEHHQWKHPDLQFXVWRPHUIRUORFDOGULHGVHDZHHG




 
Seaweed mariculture and drying facilities in Semporna, Malaysia.
© Fatima Ferdouse. 

'ULHGVHDZHHGLQ0DOD\VLDLVXVHGDVIRRGIRU
KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQLPDO IHHG IHUWLOL]HU
DQG LQ WUDGLWLRQDO &KLQHVH PHGLFLQH 7KH
VHDZHHGSURGXFLQJ LQGXVWULHV JHQHUDOO\ XVH
Eucheuma DV WKH PDLQ UDZ PDWHULDO IRU
PDQXIDFWXULQJ VHPLUHILQHG FDUUDJHHQDQ
65& DQGUHILQHGFDUUDJHHQDQ 5& 6SHFLHV
VXFKDVGelidium and GracilariaDUHDOVRXVHG
WRPDNHDJDURQDVPDOOVFDOHEDVLV$JDUDJDU

KRZHYHULVLPSRUWHGIRUGLUHFWXVDJHDVIRRG Agar agar is popular as a dessert item
 and as a content of drinks in Malaysia.
0DMRUVHDZHHGSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWULHVIDFWRULHV © Fatima Ferdouse
HVWDEOLVKHG LQ 6DEDK SURGXFH IRRG DQG
QRQIRRGJUDGH 65& DQG 5& :KLOH PRVW RI WKH SURGXFWV DUH H[SRUWHG WKHUH LV DQ
LQFUHDVLQJGHPDQGIRUJUDGHVRIFDUUDJHHQDQIURPWKHGRPHVWLFLQGXVWULHVLQ0DOD\VLD
7DFDUD6GQ%KGEDVHGLQ7DZDX 6DEDK LVRQHRIWKHOHDGLQJSURGXFHUVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ
LQWKHFRXQWU\



© Fatima Ferdouse

Import-export trade

8QWLO  WKH PDLQ FRPSRQHQW RI 0DOD\VLD¶V VHDZHHG H[SRUWV KDV EHHQ GULHG
FDUUDJHHQRSK\WHDQGWKHFRXQWU\LVRQHRIWKHSURGXFHUVLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLDRIKLJKJUDGH
FDUUDJHQRSK\WHV7KHWUHQGFKDQJHGKRZHYHUGXULQJDQGZKHQFDUUDJHHQDQ
H[SRUWVGHFOLQHGVLJQLILFDQWO\DQGGULHGVHDZHHGH[SRUWVLQFUHDVHGSDUWLFXODUO\WR&KLQD
WRQQHV LQ   7DEOH   ,Q  WKH H[SRUW YDOXH RI VHDZHHG LQFOXGLQJ




FDUUDJHHQDQWRWDOOHG86'PLOOLRQDQGWKHOHDGLQJPDUNHWVIRUFDUUDJHHQDQZHUHWKH
(XURSHDQ8QLRQ7KDLODQG9LHW1DPDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD

7DEOH0DOD\VLD([SRUWVDQGLPSRUWVRIGULHGVHDZHHGFDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDU
DJDU±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
   
([SRUWV ,PSRUWV ([SRUWV ,PSRUWV ([SRUWV ,PSRUWV
'ULHG6HDZHHG      
&DUUDJHHQDQ      
$JDUDJDU      
7RWDO      
Source'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWLVWLFV0DOD\VLD

,QWKHFDWHJRU\RIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ0DOD\VLDH[SRUWHG
WRQQHVYDOXHGDW86'PLOOLRQLQ([FHSWIRUWKHSHDNLQWKLVILJXUH
UHSUHVHQWHGDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHRYHUSUHFHGLQJ\HDUV 7DEOH 

7DEOH0DOD\VLD([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDH+6ILWIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
   
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD        
3KLOLSSLQHV        
,QGRQHVLD        
-DSDQ        
8QLWHG        
.LQJGRP
6LQJDSRUH        
+RQJ.RQJ        
6$5
7RWDO        
LQFOXGLQJ
RWKHUV 
Source'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWLVWLFV0DOD\VLD

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWLPSRUWVRIVHDZHHGUDZPDWHULDOVDQGUHILQHGSURGXFWVZHUHDW
D UHFRUG KLJK LQ 0DOD\VLD H[FHHGLQJ WRQQHV LQ  ZLWK DQ LPSRUW YDOXH RI
86'PLOOLRQ7KLVPDGH0DOD\VLDDQHWLPSRUWHURIVHDZHHGLQWHUPVRITXDQWLW\DV
ZHOODVLQYDOXH7KHSUHYLRXV\HDUVDZDVLPLODUWUHQG

2QHRIWKHUHDVRQVEHKLQGWKHULVLQJLPSRUWVRIVHDZHHGLQWR0DOD\VLDFRXOGUHODWHWRWKH
LQFUHDVLQJ XVDJH RI FDUUDJHHQDQ LQ WKH GRPHVWLF IRRG LQGXVWU\ HJ LFH FUHDP PHDW
ELQGHUV DQGWKHFKHPLFDOSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWULHV HJWRLOHWULHV $JDUDJDULVSRSXODU
IRUWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIGHVVHUWVDWKRPHDQGLQWKHFDWHULQJVHFWRULWVXVDJHLVDOVRRQWKH
ULVHLQWKHUHDG\PHDOSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWULHV&RPSDQLHVGHDOLQJLQFKHPLFDOVDQGIRRG
DGGLWLYHV DUH WKH PDLQ EX\HUV RI FDUUDJHHQDQ LQ 0DOD\VLD ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH\ LPSRUW
VXSSOLHV YLD 6LQJDSRUH DQG GLUHFWO\ IURP VRXUFHV VXFK DV &KLQD DV ZHOO DV RI ODWH
,QGRQHVLD 




Outlook for the seaweed sector



$FFRUGLQJWR0DOD\VLD¶V'HSDUWPHQWRI)LVKHULHVWKHDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQIRUHFDVWIRU
WKHFRXQWU\LQLVPLOOLRQWRQQHVRIZKLFKDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRQQHVZLOO
FRPSULVHVHDZHHG,QOLQHZLWKWKLVH[SHFWHGYROXPHIDUPLQJRIGracilariaLVOLNHO\WR
LQFUHDVHGXHWRWKHULVLQJFRQVXPHUGHPDQGIRUDJDUZKLFKLVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJPHWWKURXJK
LPSRUWHGVXSSOLHV'HPDQGIRUFDUUDJHHQDQLVDOVRH[SHFWHGWRLQFUHDVHZLWKWKHULVLQJ
XWLOL]DWLRQRISK\FRFROORLGVLQWKHIRRGDQGQRQIRRGVHFWRUVLQ0DOD\VLD

 7KDLODQG

7KH GRPHVWLF SURGXFWLRQ RI VHDZHHG LV UHODWLYHO\ ORZ LQ 7KDLODQG %HFDXVH WKH
FRQVXPSWLRQ RU XVDJH ZLWKLQ WKH FRXQWU\ LV KLJK LQ WKH IRRG DQG QRQIRRG VHFWRUV
KRZHYHU7KDLODQGLVDQHWLPSRUWHURIVHDZHHGDQGK\GURFROORLGV

*HQHUDOO\7KDLODQGLPSRUWVHGLEOHVHDZHHGVXFKDVGULHGwakame, noriDQGDJDUDJDU
VWULSVDQGSRZGHUIRUGLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQ&KLQDDQG5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDUHWKHSULQFLSDO
VRXUFHVRIGULHGHGLEOHVHDZHHG 7DEOH 

,PSRUWHG GULHG HGLEOH VHDZHHG IURP &KLOH LV XVHG WR SURGXFH DJDU SRZGHU IRU GLUHFW
FRQVXPSWLRQ %HVLGHV PDUNHWLQJ WKH DJDU DJDU ORFDOO\ 7KDLODQG H[SRUWHG QHDUO\
WRQQHVRIWKHSURGXFWLQPDLQO\WR$XVWUDOLDWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDQGWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD 7DEOH 

+\GURFROORLGV FDUUDJHHQDQDJDUDJDUDQGDOJLQLFDFLG DUHLPSRUWHGIRUWKHODUJHIRRG
SURFHVVLQJVHFWRULQWKHFRXQWU\ZKLFKPDQXIDFWXUHVDZLGHUDQJHRIµUHDG\WRFRRN¶DQG
µUHDG\WRHDWIRRG¶IRUORFDODQGH[SRUWPDUNHWV7KHLPSRUWRIFDUUDJHHQDQKDVLQFUHDVHG
RYHU WKH \HDUV 7DEOH   %HVLGHV IRRG IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ WKHUH LV D ODUJH
H[SRUWRULHQWHGSHWIRRGLQGXVWU\LQ7KDLODQGWKDWXVHVVHDZHHGSURGXFWVDVDELQGHU

7DEOH7KDLODQG,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDH+6ILWIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ E\RULJLQ LQWRQQHV±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
&KLQD     
&KLOH     
,QGRQHVLD     
1RUZD\     
-DSDQ     
7RWDOZHLJKW LQFOXGLQJ
    
RWKHUPLQRUVXSSOLHUV 
7RWDOYDOXHLQ
86'WKRXVDQGV     
Source:&XVWRPV'HSDUWPHQW7KDLODQG

 




7DEOH7KDLODQG,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 ±



:HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
&KLQD     
&KLOH     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
,QGRQHVLD     
,QGLD     
7RWDOZHLJKW     
LQFOXGLQJRWKHUPLQRUVXSSOLHUV 
7RWDOYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV     
Source: &XVWRPV'HSDUWPHQW7KDLODQG

7DEOH7KDLODQG,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 LQWRQQHV±

:HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
3KLOLSSLQHV     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
&DQDGD     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
&KLQD     
'HQPDUN     
,QGLD     
,QGRQHVLD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
0DOD\VLD     
3HUX     
-DSDQ     
$XVWUDOLD     
7RWDOZHLJKW LQFOXGLQJRWKHU     
PLQRUVXSSOLHUV 
7RWDOYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV     
Source&XVWRPV'HSDUWPHQW7KDLODQG

 3KLOLSSLQHV

Seaweed from aquaculture

7KH 3KLOLSSLQHV LV WKH ZRUOG¶V WKLUG ODUJHVWSURGXFHURI VHDZHHGIROORZLQJ &KLQD DQG
,QGRQHVLD7KHUHDUHVRPHVSHFLHVRIVHDZHHGLQQDWLRQDOZDWHUVRIZKLFKEucheuma
spp LV WKH PRVW FRPPHUFLDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW IROORZHG E\ Caulerpa, Gracilaria DQG
Sargassum ,Q  DERXW SHUFHQW RI WKH IDUPHG RXWSXW IURP WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV
FRPSULVHGEucheuma sppQDPHO\ E. cottonii (Kappaphycus) DQG E. denticulatum, DQG
WKH UHVW ZDV JUHHQ VHDZHHG ,Q IDFW QHDUO\ SHUFHQW RI WKH ZRUOG
V WRWDO E cottonii
(Kappaphycus) SURGXFWLRQ RULJLQDWHV IURP WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV WRQQHV  URXJKO\
SHUFHQWRIZKLFKLVWUDGHGLQGULHGIRUP





7KHIDUPLQJRIWKHVHVHDZHHGVSHFLHVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWRIWKHFRXQWU\
JHQHUDWHVLQFRPHIRUPRUHWKDQSHRSOHIURPRYHUIDPLOLHVOLYLQJDORQJ
FRDVWOLQHVDQGRQWKHPDQ\LVODQGV,QDGGLWLRQDWOHDVWMRERSSRUWXQLWLHVKDYH
EHHQ FUHDWHG WKURXJK SURFHVVLQJ DQG RWKHU UHODWHG DFWLYLWLHV :LOG KDUYHVWV DUH
LQVLJQLILFDQW E\ FRPSDULVRQ WKH VSHFLHV LQYROYHG DUH PDLQO\ Sargassum, Gracilaria,
Gelidium DQG Porphyra VSS

7KHPDMRUSURGXFLQJDUHDVDUH7DZL7DZLWKHUHHIDUHDVRI6XOX=DPERDQJDGHO1RUWH
6DFRODQG&X\R,VODQGVRI3DODZDQ'DZDMRQRI&HQWUDO9LVD\DV3DQJDVLQDQ0LQGRUR
1HJURV 3DQD\ /H\WH DQG &DPDULQHV 6XU 0LQGDQDR LVODQG LV WKH OHDGLQJ UHJLRQ
SURGXFLQJPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRIWKHFRXQWU\¶VVHDZHHGYROXPH

'XULQJ ± DTXDFXOWXUH SURGXFWLRQ RI VHDZHHG LQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV UHDFKHG LWV
KLJKHVW SRLQW LQ  DW PLOOLRQWRQQHV EXW GZLQGOHG GXULQJ WKH QH[W WKUHH \HDUV
EHFDXVH RI WKH KLJKO\ LQWHQVLILHG QDWXUH RI WKH IDUPLQJ V\VWHP DQG VXEVHTXHQW
GLVHDVHUHODWHG LVVXHV %\ ± WKH DQQXDO SURGXFWLRQ VWDELOL]HG DW DURXQG
PLOOLRQWRQQHVZLWKDPDUJLQDOULVHLQ 7DEOH 

7DEOH7KH3KLOLSSLQHV3URGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHG E\VSHFLHV LQWRQQHV
±
$6),66SHFLHV :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
(ONKRUQVHDPRVV     
6SLQ\Eucheuma     
CaulerpaVHDZHHGV     
GracilariaVHDZHHGV     
7RWDO IDUPHG      
7RWDO FDSWXUH      
FXOWXUH 
Source: )$2

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR EHLQJ WKH ZRUOG¶V WKLUG ODUJHVW SURGXFHU RI VHDZHHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\
SHUFHQWRIJOREDORXWSXW WKH3KLOLSSLQHVLVDOVRWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWH[SRUWHURI65&WR
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHW,WORVWLWVWRSUDQNLQJWR&KLQDGXULQJWKHPLGV

C.crispusDQGGigartinaZKLFKJURZQDWXUDOO\LQWKHLUKDELWDWFRQWLQXHWREHKDUYHVWHG
DVUDZPDWHULDOIRUFDUUDJHHQDQH[WUDFWLRQDOWKRXJKFXUUHQWO\DURXQGSHUFHQWRIWKH
FDUUDJHHQDQ SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKH FRXQWU\ LV GHULYHG IURP FXOWXUHG VHDZHHG PDLQO\
Eucheuma ,QWKHODWHVVRPHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHLQLWLDWHGLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVRQWKH
FXOWXUHRIEucheumaE\0D[ZHOO'RW\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLLXQGHUWKHVSRQVRUVKLS
RI)0&&RUSRUDWLRQ7KHWULDOVHYHQWXDOO\EHFDPHVRVXFFHVVIXOWKDWWRGD\WKH3KLOLSSLQHV
VXSSOLHV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHUFHQW RI WKH ZRUOG
V Eucheuma UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH
SURGXFWLRQRIFDUUDJHHQDQ






International trade

7KHVHDZHHGDTXDFXOWXUHVHFWRULQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVLVKLJKO\H[SRUWRULHQWHG$FFRUGLQJ
WR WKH 3KLOLSSLQH 6WDWLVWLFV $XWKRULW\ H[SRUWV RI VHDZHHG DQG RWKHU DOJDH  DQG
FDUUDJHHQDQ LQ  WRWDOOHG QHDUO\ WRQQHV DW D FXVWRPV GHFODUHG YDOXH RI
86'PLOOLRQ $QQH[HVDEDQGF7DEOH 

7DEOH7KH3KLOLSSLQHV([SRUWVRIGULHGVHDZHHGFDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDUDJDU
±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
   
 :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
'ULHG
       
VHDZHHG
&DUUDJHHQDQ        
$JDUDJDU        
7RWDO        
Source: 3KLOLSSLQH6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\

'XULQJ WKH ± SHULRG WKHUH ZDV DQ RYHUDOO PDUNHG GHFOLQH LQ WKH H[SRUWV RI
VHDZHHGDQGRWKHUIUHVKRUGULHGDOJDHGHVSLWHLQGLYLGXDOIOXFWXDWLRQVE\FRXQWU\ $QQH[
D &KLQD'HQPDUN)UDQFH+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQWKH5HSXEOLF
RI .RUHD 6SDLQ WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD ZHUH WKH WRS
GHVWLQDWLRQ PDUNHWV IRU WKLV SURGXFW IURP WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV 8QOLNH WKH WRS VHDZHHG
H[SRUWHU,QGRQHVLDZKHUHWKHSURGXFWVFRQVLVWPDLQO\RIGULHGVHDZHHGH[SRUWVIURP
WKH3KLOLSSLQHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\GRPLQDWHGE\65&DQG5& $QQH[HVEDQGF ,Q
RWKHUZRUGVGULHGVHDZHHGH[SRUWVIURPWKH3KLOLSSLQHVKDYHGHFOLQHGJUDGXDOO\DVPRUH
UDZPDWHULDOVDUHEHLQJSURFHVVHGLQWRFDUUDJHHQDQSURGXFWVLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHLQFUHDVLQJ
GHPDQGIRUWKDWSURGXFWZRUOGZLGH'XULQJWKHODVWVL[\HDUVWKHSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\LQ
WKH3KLOLSSLQHVLPSRUWHG±WRQQHVRIGULHGVHDZHHGDQQXDOO\WRVXSSOHPHQW
VXSSOLHVRIUDZPDWHULDO&KLQHD,QGRQHVLDDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDKDYHEHHQWKHPDLQ
VXSSO\VRXUFHV

,Q WKH VDPH \HDU   WKH H[SRUW RI YDOXHDGGHG VHDZHHG RU FDUUDJHHQDQ IURP WKH
3KLOLSSLQHVFRQVLVWHGRISHUFHQWRIWKHFRXQWU\¶VWRWDOVHDZHHGH[SRUWVDQGZDVDWD
UHFRUG KLJK RI WRQQHV YDOXHG DW 86'PLOOLRQ 7KH VKDUH RI UHILQHG
FDUUDJHHQDQDOVRLQFUHDVHGE\SHUFHQWGXULQJWKH±SHULRG

3URFHVVHG DQG VHPLSURFHVVHG FDUUDJHHQDQ H[SRUWV ZHUH H[SRUWHG WR  FRXQWULHV
ZRUOGZLGHZLWKWKHWRSGHVWLQDWLRQVEHLQJWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD WRQQHV 
DQGWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ WRQQHV ,QWKHFRPPRQPDUNHWRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ
WKHODUJHLPSRUWLQJFRXQWULHVZHUH%HOJLXP'HQPDUNDQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP2WKHU
OHDGLQJ PDUNHWV LQ GHVFHQGLQJ RUGHU ZHUH 0H[LFR WRQQHV  7KDLODQG
WRQQHV  DQG ,QGRQHVLD WRQQHV  &RPSDUHG ZLWK  H[SRUWV WR WKH
(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ ,QGRQHVLD 7KDLODQG DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD LQ  KDG
LQFUHDVHG 7DEOH 

 




7KH PDMRU PDUNHWV IRU UDZPLQLPDOO\ SURFHVVHG VHDZHHGV DUH %UD]LO &KLQD )UDQFH
7KDLODQG DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD )RU VHDZHHGV DQG FDUUDJHHQDQ WKH
FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHPDMRUPDUNHWVFKDQJHVWR%HOJLXP'HQPDUN0H[LFR6SDLQ7KDLODQG
DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD 7KH OLPLWLQJ IDFWRU LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI UHILQHG
FDUUDJHHQDQLVDODFNRIVXIILFLHQWIDFLOLWLHVZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWHWHFKQRORJ\

7DEOH7KH3KLOLSSLQHV([SRUWVRISURFHVVHGDQGVHPLSURFHVVHGFDUUDJHHQDQ
+6 ±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI     
$PHULFD
0H[LFR     
7KDLODQG     
%HOJLXP     
'HQPDUN     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
,QGRQHVLD     
%UD]LO     
&KLQD     
$XVWUDOLD     
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ     
*HUPDQ\     
6SDLQ     
$UJHQWLQD     
-DSDQ     
9LHW1DP     
0DOD\VLD     
7RWDO     
LQFOXGLQJRWKHUV 
Source3KLOLSSLQH6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\

Domestic market

$QQXDOLPSRUWVRIDJDUDJDULQWRWKH3KLOLSSLQHVUDQJHEHWZHHQWRQQHVDQGWRQQHV
RI ZKLFK SHUFHQW LV XVHG E\ WKH IRRG LQGXVWU\ IROORZHG E\ ELRWHFKQRORJLFDO
DSSOLFDWLRQVDQGWKHSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWU\$OWKRXJKGHPDQGDSSHDUVWREHLQFUHDVLQJ
IURPVHYHUDOLQGXVWULHV PHDWDQGSRXOWU\SURFHVVLQJIRRGDQGSHWIRRG WKHORFDOPDUNHW
IRU65&DQG5&UHPDLQVUHODWLYHO\VPDOO

$JDU VWULSV UHIHUUHG WR DV µJXODPDQ¶ EDUV PDGH IURP Gracilaria spp DUH VROG RQ WKH
GRPHVWLFPDUNHW7KHVHDUHSURGXFHGE\VPDOOWRPHGLXPVFDOHPDQXIDFWXUHUVLQ0DQLOD
DQG%XODFDQ,QWKHQRUWKHUQFRDVWDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQ/X]RQDQG&HQWUDO9LVD\DVVHDZHHG
KDV ORQJ EHHQ XVHG DV D SDUW RI YHJHWDEOH VDODGV 6HYHUDO W\SHV RI VHDZHHG DUH HDVLO\
DYDLODEOHLQ0DQLODDQGRWKHUORFDOPDUNHWVDQGWKHUHLVVORZDOEHLWLQFUHDVLQJGHPDQG
IURPFRQVXPHUVWKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\Gracilaria, Codium, Caulerpa, Porphyra VSS,
Hyroclathrus, Hypnea, Laurencia DQG Eucheuma DUH FRQVXPHG IUHVK LQ VDODGV ZKLOH




VSHFLHVVXFKDVPorphyra, Ulva, Laurencia, Colpomenia, Acanthophora DQG Halymenia


DUHVROGLQGULHGIRUPDQGWKHQVRDNHGLQZDWHUWRUHFRYHULWVIUHVKVWDWHEHIRUHSUHSDUDWLRQ
LQWRVDODGV6RPHVSHFLHVDUHILUVWERLOHGEHIRUHWKH\DUHDGGHGWRVDODGVRUPDGHLQWR
JHODWLQHRUMHOO\GHVVHUWV7KH\RXQJVKRRWVRISargassumDUHXVHGLQVRXSVRUPL[HGZLWK
FRFRQXWPLONWRPDNHYHJHWDEOHGLVKHVDFFRUGLQJWR,1)2),6+

$SRVLWLYHSRLQWDERXWWKHVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\LQ
WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV LV WKH IDFW WKDW WKHUH LV DQ
HIIHFWLYH FROODERUDWLYH QHWZRUN EHWZHHQ WKH
ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV VXFK DV WKH %XUHDX RI
)LVKHULHV DQG $TXDWLF 5HVRXUFHV %)$5  DQG
RWKHU VWDNHKROGHUV QRQJRYHUQPHQW
RUJDQL]DWLRQV FRRSHUDWLYHV DQG UHVHDUFK
LQVWLWXWLRQV  WKDW DLP WR VWUHQJWKHQ IDUPLQJ
SURFHVVLQJ DQG WUDGH DFWLYLWLHV UHODWLQJ WR
VHDZHHG

%)$5KDVLGHQWLILHGVHYHUDOFKDOOHQJHVLQWKH
Caulerpa VSS makes a colourful and crunchy VHFWRUDWWKHORFDOOHYHOSROOXWLRQLQSURGXFWLRQ
addition to salads. DUHDVLQDGHTXDWHVXSSO\RIGULHGVHDZHHGIRU
‹)DWLPD)HUGRXVH SURFHVVLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ VLWXDWLRQ LQ WKH
SURGXFLQJ DUHDV LQ WKH VRXWKHUQ SDUW RI WKH
FRXQWU\GLVHDVHVVXFKDVLFHLFH EHWZHHQ±IRUH[DPSOHWKH3KLOLSSLQHVORVWD
SRWHQWLDO VHDZHHG KDUYHVW ZRUWK 86'PLOOLRQ DV D UHVXOW RI LFHLFH  DQG
LQFRQVLVWHQF\ LQ WKHTXDOLW\ RI WKH VHDZHHGSURGXFHG,QWHUQDWLRQDOO\ %)$5 ZDUQV RI
LQFUHDVLQJ FRPSHWLWLRQ LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI Eucheuma YLVjYLV FRXQWULHV VXFK DV
,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLD

 


5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD

$FFRUGLQJ WR )$2 WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD LV WKH IRXUWK ODUJHVW SURGXFHU RI IDUPHG
VHDZHHG3URGXFWLRQKDVUHPDLQHGUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHRYHUWKHODVWGHFDGHZLWKDPDUJLQDO
ULVHLQDWPLOOLRQWRQQHVFRPSDUHGWRPLOOLRQWRQQHVKDUYHVWHGLQ

:KLOHDPDMRUSDUWRIWKHSURGXFWLRQLVFRQVXPHGORFDOO\WKHFRXQWU\LVDOVRDQHWH[SRUWHU
LQ WKH VHDZHHG WUDGH LQ WHUPV RI TXDQWLW\ DQG YDOXH ,Q  H[SRUWV WRWDOOHG
WRQQHV DW D YDOXH RI 86'PLOOLRQ ODUJHO\ GRPLQDWHG E\ HGLEOH VHDZHHG
WRQQHV ZKLFKZDVSHUFHQWPRUHWKDQWKHTXDQWLW\H[SRUWHGLQ7KHPDLQ
PDUNHWVZHUH&KLQD-DSDQDQG7KDLODQG7KHRWKHULPSRUWDQWH[SRUWDEOHLQWKLVSURGXFW
JURXS ZDV FDUUDJHHQDQ IRU ZKLFK H[SRUWV IOXFWXDWHG EHWZHHQ WRQQHV LQ  WR
WRQQHV LQ  YDOXHG DW 86'PLOOLRQ 1RWDEO\ WKH PDUNHW DOVR LPSRUWHG
WRQQHVRIVHDZHHGLQYDOXHGDW86'PLOOLRQ7KHPDLQSURGXFWVZHUH
HGLEOHVHDZHHG WRQQHV DQGFDUUDJHHQDQ WRQQHV 

'ULHGVHDZHHGLVDIDYRXULWHDGGLWLRQLQPDQ\GLVKHVLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD,WFDQEH
DSDUWRIWUDGLWLRQDOULFHUROOV kimbap URDVWHGZLWKVHVDPHRLODQGHDWHQWRJHWKHUZLWK
ULFH DQG kimchi SUHVVHG LQWR D GDUN JUHHQ VKHHW NQRZQ DV kim HQMR\HG DV D FULVS\
IODYRXUHGVHDZHHGVQDFNSUHSDUHGDVDQDGGLWLRQWRVDODGVDQGVRXSVDPRQJRWKHUV,Q
GULHGVHDZHHGH[SRUWVZHUHYDOXHGDW86'PLOOLRQDOPRVWWKUHHWLPHVKLJKHU
WKDQ WKH ILJXUH LQ  'ULHG VHDZHHG LV QRZ LQ VHFRQG SODFH LQ H[SRUW UDQNLQJV
IROORZLQJWKDWIRUWXQD7KHPDLQPDUNHWZDVWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDIROORZHGE\
-DSDQ7KDLODQG&KLQDDQGWKH0LGGOH(DVW

'RQJZRQ) %&R/WGWKHQDWLRQ
VODUJHVWGULHGVHDZHHGSURGXFHUFUHDWHGDSURGXFW
FDOOHGµ6HD9HJJLHV¶IRUWKH86PDUNHW2QFHWKLVFRPSDQ\KDVUHFHLYHGLWVKDODOIRRG
FHUWLILFDWLRQLWLVH[SHFWHGWRPDNHDVLJQLILFDQWSXVKLQWR0LGGOH(DVWHUQPDUNHWV:KLOH
VDOHVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDKDYHULVHQGXHWRWKHSHUFHSWLRQWKDWWKHVHSURGXFWV
DUHKHDOWK\QRQVXJDUVQDFNVLWVSRSXODULW\LQ&KLQDDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLDLVFRQVLGHUHGD
UHVXOWRIWKH.RUHDQSRSFXOWXUHFUD]H

:KHUHWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDVHHNVWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHLWVHOIIURP7KDLODQG¶VVXFFHVVIXOVQDFN
LQGXVWU\LVWRRIIHUPRUHIODYRXUVVXFKDVEDUEHFXHZDVDELDQGVTXLGDQGWRLQWURGXFH
LQQRYDWLYHSURGXFWV$QH[DPSOHLVDVQDFNWKDWFRQVLVWVRIGULHGODYHUDQGEURZQULFH
FKLSVPDUNHWHGE\&-&KHLOMHGDQJWKHFRXQWU\¶VODUJHVWIRRGFRPSDQ\$SDUWIURPWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDVHDZHHGVQDFNVLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDUHVROGXQGHUWKH
EUDQGQDPHµ%LELJR¶LQRWKHUQDWLRQV7KHDXWKRULWLHVDOVRDUHWU\LQJWRSURPRWH.RUHDQ
GULHGVHDZHHGDVkimLQDQHIIRUWWRFUHDWHDGLIIHUHQWPDUNHWQLFKHIURP-DSDQHVHnori




 (8523(

 (XURSHDQ8QLRQ

6HYHUDOPDUNHWVWXGLHVLQGLFDWHWKDWVHDZHHGSURGXFWLQQRYDWLRQLVDWLWVKLJKHVWUDWHLQ
WKH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILFUHJLRQ PRUHWKDQSHUFHQW ZLWK(XURSHVHFRQGIROORZHGE\
1RUWK$PHULFD

,Q(XURSHWKHVLQJOHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQLVWKHH[SDQGLQJFRQVXPHUYLHZRIVHDZHHG
DVDW\SHRIKHDOWK\µVXSHUIRRG¶$ZDONWKURXJKPDMRUVXSHUPDUNHWVLQ(XURSHZLOOUHYHDO
DODUJHQXPEHURIIRRGVVHDVRQLQJVDQGGULQNLWHPVFRQWDLQLQJVHDZHHGDQGRULWVIODYRU
)XUWKHUPRUHLIWKH\FDUU\DQRUJDQLFODEHOíDVPDQ\GRíWKH\FDQEHVROGDWDSUHPLXP

7DEOH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ([SRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
6HDZHHGIRUKXPDQ     
FRQVXPSWLRQ
6HDZHHGQRWIRU     
KXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
$JDUDJDU     
&DUUDJHHQDQ     
7RWDO     
Source(XURVWDW

7DEOH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
6HDZHHG IRU KXPDQ     
FRQVXPSWLRQ
6HDZHHG QRW IRU     
KXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
$JDUDJDU     
&DUUDJHHQDQ     
7RWDO     
Source(XURVWDW

5HVHDUFKLQWRQHZSURFHVVLQJWHFKQRORJLHVLVDFOHDUIRFXVLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ7DNLQJ
)UDQFHDVDQH[DPSOHDQGSURYLGHGWKH\PHHWVDIHW\UHJXODWLRQVVHDZHHGLVFRPPRQO\
XVHGDVDYHJHWDEOHDQGFRQGLPHQWLQPDQ\LQWHUHVWLQJIRRGSURGXFWV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH
&HQWHU IRU 6WXG\ DQG 3URPRWLRQ RI $OJDH LQ )UDQFH VHYHUDO FRPSDQLHV LQ WKH UHJLRQ
VSHFLDOL]HLQGHYHORSLQJLQQRYDWLYHXVHVIRUVHDZHHG7ZRVXFKFRPSDQLHVPHQWLRQHGLQ
D FHQWHU¶V UHSRUW DUH &:HHG $TXDFXOWXUH ZKLFK KDV LWV RZQ FXOWXUH DQG SURFHVVLQJ
IDFLOLWLHVDQGSURGXFHVDUDQJHRILWHPVWKDWLQFOXGHGULHGDQGSRZGHUHGVHDZHHG DQG
$OJXHV6HUYLFHVZKLFKSURGXFHVLWHPVIRUFXOLQDU\XVH HJVHDZHHGWDUWDUH &:HHG
$TXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWVKDYH%XUHDX9HULWDV )5%,2 RUJDQLFFHUWLILFDWLRQ






Some of the many innovative seaweed products manufactured and sold in Europe.

6XFKLQQRYDWLRQLVQRWOLPLWHGRIFRXUVHWR(XURSHDQ8QLRQFRXQWULHVZLWKLQ(XURSH,Q
1RUZD\ IRU H[DPSOH WKH 1RUZHJLDQ 6HDZHHG 7HFKQRORJ\ &HQWHU LV GHVFULEHG DV D
NQRZOHGJH SODWIRUP IRU WHFKQRORJ\ GHYHORSPHQW ZLWKLQ WKH LQGXVWULDO FXOWLYDWLRQ
KDUYHVWLQJSURFHVVLQJDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIVHDZHHGLQWKDWFRXQWU\

 'HQPDUN

'HQPDUNKDVDEURDGUDQJHRILQGXVWULHVRQJRLQJUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVDQGRWKHUDFWLYLWLHV
WKDWLQYROYHVHDZHHGDVZHOODVDORQJKLVWRU\ZLWKLQGXVWULDOH[WUDFWLRQRIVHDZHHGDQG
VHDZHHGUHVHDUFK7KHFRPSDQ\/LWH[$6 ODWHU)0&&RUSRUDWLRQ ZKLFKZDVIRXQGHG
LQ'HQPDUNLQEHJDQH[WUDFWLQJµ'DQLVKDJDU¶IURPORFDOO\DYDLODEOHFurcellaria
lumbricalisVHDZHHG/DWHULQ&RSHQKDJHQ3HFWLQ WRGD\&3.HOFR$S6 EHJDQWR
H[WUDFWFDUUDJHHQDQIURPLPSRUWHGVHDZHHGWRGD\WKLVFRPSDQ\FRQWLQXHVWREHRQHRI
WKHZRUOG
VOHDGLQJFDUUDJHHQDQSURGXFHUVZLWKIDFWRULHVLQ'HQPDUNDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV
7KLVZDVQRWOHDVWEHFDXVHRIWKHZRUNRIWKHIRUPHUGLUHFWRURI&3.HOFR$S6+DQV
3RUVH ZKR LQ WKH V DQG V LQLWLDWHG WKH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI Kappaphycus DQG
Eucheuma VHDZHHGV LQ ,QGRQHVLD DQG =DQ]LEDU 7DQ]DQLD  &RPPHUFLDO FDUUDJHHQDQ
VHDZHHG FXOWLYDWLRQ DQG LWV H[WUDFWLRQ QRZ LQYROYHV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ±
SHRSOHZRUOGZLGH$QRWKHUH[DPSOHLV'DQLVFR$6 WRGD\'X3RQWŒ'DQLVFRŠ ZKLFK
LVSHUFHLYHGWREHWKHZRUOG
VODUJHVWIRRGLQJUHGLHQWVMRLQWFRPSDQ\%DVHGLQ'HQPDUN
DQGZLWKIDFWRULHVLQ&KLOHDQG)UDQFHLWKDVIRUPDQ\\HDUVDOVREHHQLQYROYHGZLWKWKH
PDQXIDFWXUHRIDOJLQDWHDQGFDUUDJHHQDQ

:KLOH'HQPDUNKDVEHHQDOHDGHUIRUKXQGUHGVRI\HDUVLQWKHILHOGRIVHDZHHGUHVHDUFK
LWV LQGXVWU\ DQG DFDGHPLD KDYH PDLQWDLQHG D SURIRXQG LQWHUHVW LQ VHDZHHG &XUUHQWO\
VHYHUDO UHVHDUFK JURXSV IURP WKH VL[ QDWLRQDO XQLYHUVLWLHV LQ 'HQPDUN DUH LQYROYHG LQ
VHDZHHG UHVHDUFK LQ WHUPV RI WKH VFUHHQLQJ RI ELRFKHPLFDO DQG ELRDFWLYH FRPSRXQGV
JDVWURQRP\IHHGPXOWLH[WUDFWLRQELRUHILQHULHVZKHUHUHVLGXDOVDUHXWLOL]HGDVIHUWLOL]HU
DQGRUELRHQHUJ\DQGFXOWLYDWLRQDQGFURSLPSURYHPHQW0HDQZKLOH'DQLVKFRPSDQLHV
DUHLQYROYHGLQWKHH[WUDFWLRQRIELRFKHPLFDOSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWLQFOXGLQJLQFOXVLRQ
RI VHDZHHG PRGHOLQJ RI IDUPV DQG H[WUDFWLYH SRWHQWLDO DQG FXOWLYDWLRQ DQG FURS
LPSURYHPHQWRIVHDZHHGDPRQJRWKHUV7KHXVHRIWKHORFDOVXVWDLQDEOHSDODWDEOHµQHZ¶
UHVRXUFHFRQWLQXHVWREHRILQWHUHVWWRWKHPHGLDDQGQHZFXVWRPHUVDQGWKHGHPDQGIRU
WKHVHSURGXFWVLVLQFUHDVLQJ

3ULYDWHLQYHVWPHQWVDUHGULYLQJWKHH[SDQVLRQRIVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGEXVLQHVVHVLQ
WKHSURGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHGIRRGSURGXFWV$UHFHQWO\VLJQLILFDQWH[DPSOHLVWKHIXQGLQJ
WKDWKDVEHHQSURYLGHGE\WKH.DUO3HGHUVHQDQG:LIH¶V,QGXVWULDO)RXQGDWLRQ IRXQGHU




RI&RSHQKDJHQ3HFWLQ WRVXSSRUWWKH'DQLVK6HDZHHG2UJDQLVDWLRQ¶VLQLWLDWLYHWRJDWKHU
WKHORFDOSOD\HUVLQWKHVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\DQGFUHDWHDPDUNHWLQJSODWIRUPIRUFRPSDQLHV
WRHQKDQFHYLVLELOLW\DQGH[SRUWDVZHOODVWRVXSSRUWHDFKRWKHU$SSOLHGUHVHDUFKIXQGLQJ
LVDOVRRIIHUHGLQSDUWLFXODUIRUSURSRVDOVEDVHGRQFROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQUHVHDUFKERGLHV
DQGFRPSDQLHVRQDOODVSHFWVRIWKHFXOWLYDWLRQDQGXWLOL]DWLRQRIVHDZHHG&RPSDQLHV
DOVRDUHDEOHWRDSSO\IRULQYHVWPHQWRUVKDUHGIXQGLQJIRULQQRYDWLYHLGHDV

'HQPDUN¶V 1DWLRQDO 6WUDWHJLF 3ODQ IRU WKH 'HYHORSPHQW RI 6XVWDLQDEOH $TXDFXOWXUH
IRUHFDVWVDQLQFUHDVHRIDWOHDVWSHUFHQWRIILVKDQGVKHOOILVK IURP
WRQQHVWRWRQQHV 6HDZHHGLVUHIHUUHGWRWKHUHLQDVDQLQLWLDWLYHWRELRUHPHGLDWH
ZDVWHQXWULHQWVLQZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWV 0() DQGLWVXVHDVIHHGDOVRLVVWDWHGWR
UHGXFH WKH LPSRUW RI YHJHWDEOH SURWHLQ VRXUFHV ,Q  WKH *RYHUQPHQW RI 'HQPDUN
H[SORUHG WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU FUHDWLQJ DTXDFXOWXUH ]RQHV WR LQFOXGH ILVK VKHOOILVK DQG
VHDZHHGDVZHOODVSRVVLEOHDUHDVWRFRPELQHWKHVHVSHFLHV

7KH'DQLVK$JUL)LVK$JHQF\RIWKH0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWDQG)RRGKDVDUHSRUWWKDW
H[DPLQHVWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUDQGFKDOOHQJHVWRWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIPXVVHOVDQGVHDZHHG7KH
PRVW VLJQLILFDQW EDUULHU WR GHYHORSPHQW ZDV LGHQWLILHG DV ILQDQFLQJ 3HWHUVHQ et al
  $ FRXSOH RI WKH SRLQWV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG DUH WKH L  LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG
GRFXPHQWDWLRQRIWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUDQGFRVWVUHODWHGWRVHDZHHGFXOWLYDWLRQLQ'DQLVK
ZDWHUV DQG LL  GHYHORSPHQW RI FRVWHIIHFWLYH WHFKQRORJLHV IRU VSHFLHV WKDW KDYH
VLJQLILFDQWYROXPHDQGYDOXHSURVSHFWV

$QRWKHU UHFHQW UHSRUW ³*URZWK ZLWKLQ WKH EOXH ELRPDVVHV´ UHOHDVHG E\ ,QQRYDWLRQ
1HWZRUNIRU%LRPDVV'DQLVK)RRG1HWZRUNDQGRWKHUV $QGHUVHQet al LVDOVR
ZRUWK UHDGLQJ ,W IRFXVHV RQ WKH SRWHQWLDO FKDOOHQJHV DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV LQ WKH
FXOWLYDWLRQRIVHDZHHGDQGVKHOOILVK

Main commercial seaweed species

'HQPDUN LV D VPDOO FRXQWU\ ZLWK D ORQJ FRDVWOLQH RI  NLORPHWUHV ZLWK D VDOLQLW\
JUDGLHQWIURPWKHQRUWKHUQSDUW aSUDFWLFDOVDOLQLW\XQLW WRWKHVRXWKHUQZDWHUV a
SUDFWLFDOVDOLQLW\XQLW WRZDUGVWKHEUDFNLVK%DOWLF6HD7KLVFDXVHVDVLJQLILFDQWGHFOLQH
LQWKHQXPEHUDQGVL]HRIVHDZHHGVSHFLHVíIURPEHWZHHQDQGVSHFLHVLQWKH
QRUWKGRZQWROHVVWKDQVSHFLHVLQWKHVRXWK([SORLWDWLRQRIYDULRXVVHDZHHGVSHFLHV
LQ'HQPDUN¶VZDWHUVKDVEHHQFKDOOHQJLQJDOWKRXJKZLWKIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKWKHORZVDOLQH
DUHDVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIVHDZHHGFRXOGEHIRXQG)RUQRZKRZHYHUWKHUH
DUHRQO\PRUHRUOHVVWHQVSHFLHVWKDWDUHRIFRPPHUFLDOLQWHUHVWIURPZLOGDQGFXOWLYDWDEOH
VRXUFHV

7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIVHDZHHGIDUPVFDQWDNHSODFHRQFHWKH'DQLVK&RDVWDO$XWKRULW\
KDVFDUULHGRXWDQLQLWLDOUHYLHZRIWKHLPSDFWRQWKHVXUURXQGLQJQDWXUHDQGWKHSRWHQWLDO
IRUDQHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWDVVHVVPHQW$OLFHQVHLVW\SLFDOO\YDOLGIRUILYH\HDUVZLWK
WKHRSWLRQIRUH[WHQVLRQ6HDZHHGDOVRFDQEHFXOWLYDWHGRUJDQLFDOO\EDVHGRQFHUWLILFDWLRQ
IURPWKH0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWDQG)RRG,QEULHIQHLWKHUQRQRUJDQLFIHUWLOL]HUVQRU
QXWULHQWDGGLWLRQVFDQEHXVHGLQWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHVRIFXOWLYDWLRQWKHORFDWLRQVKRXOGEH
FODVVLILHGDVDVXLWDEOHDUHDIRURUJDQLFDTXDFXOWXUHERDWVWKDWZRUNLQWKHDUHDVKRXOGEH
IUHHRIDQWLIRXOLQJRQWKHKXOODPRQJRWKHUFRQGLWLRQV7KHJDWKHULQJRIVHDZHHGIRU
SULYDWHFRQVXPSWLRQRUVDOHLVQRWOHJDOO\SURKLELWHG





7KHVSHFLHVFXOWLYDWHGFRPPHUFLDOO\DWSUHVHQWRQDODUJHVFDOHLVWKHEURZQVXJDUNHOS
Saccharina latissima  7KLV VSHFLHV LV DOVR FROOHFWHG IURP WKH ZLOG IRU FRPPHUFLDO
SXUSRVHV LHKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ DVDUHWKHEODGGHUZUDFN Fucus vesiculosus)VHUUDWHG
ZUDFN Fucus serratus) DQGVPDOOHUDPRXQWVRIGXOVH Palmaria palmate)5HVHDUFKLV
EHLQJ FDUULHG RXW RQ WKH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI Palmaria palmate DQG WR VRPH H[WHQW
F. vesiculosusDQGLaminaria digitata

)DUPLQJ ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ VHYHQ OLFHQVHG DUHDV RYHU WKH ± SHULRG ZLWK WKH
ODUJHVWEHLQJVTXDUHNLORPHWUH7KHVHDUHDVDUHPDLQO\XVHGIRUFRPPHUFLDOFXOWLYDWLRQ
RISaccharina latissimaDVZHOODVIRUSLORWWULDOVUHODWLQJWRPalmaria palmataDQGFucus
vesiculosus 3URGXFWLRQ YROXPH KDV LQFUHDVHG IURP  WRQQH LQ  WR WRQQHV ZHW
ZHLJKW LQ$QXQH[SHFWHGO\KLJKYROXPHZDVUHSRUWHGLQKRZHYHUWKLVILJXUH
LVTXHVWLRQDEOHDQGKDVQRWEHHQYHULILHG

$SSUR[LPDWHO\FRPSDQLHVKDUYHVWORFDODQGQDWXUDOSRSXODWLRQVRIVHDZHHGZLWKPRVW
PDQXIDFWXULQJSURGXFWVIRUWKHQLFKHDQGORFDOPDUNHWVVXFKDVVQDFNVSHVWRSLFNOHG
VHDZHHGDQGPXVWDUG:KHQHYDOXDWLQJWKHXVHRIVHDZHHGDVDIRRGWKHFKHPLFDOULVN
DVVHVVPHQWPXVWWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWDOOUHJXODWLRQVWKDWUHODWHWRKHDY\PHWDOVLQRUJDQLF
DUVHQLFDQGLRGLQH7DEOHLQGLFDWHVWKHWKUHVKROGVIRUVHDZHHGDVDIRRGLQ)UDQFHDQG
WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDVZHOODVDGLHWDU\VXSSOHPHQWLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ,W
VKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDW(XURSHDQ8QLRQUHJXODWLRQGRHVQRWLQFOXGHLQRUJDQLFDUVHQLFDQG
LRGLQH DQG WKDW WKH UHJXODWLRQV RI )UDQFH DQG WKH 8QLWUHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD GLIIHU LQ
LRGLQHWKUHVKROGFRQFHQWUDWLRQV

7DEOH7KUHVKROGOHYHOVIRUPLQHUDOVDQGKHDY\PHWDOVLQHGLEOHVHDZHHGVROGLQ
)UDQFHWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD


Source³2WKHU5HIHUHQFHV´LQ+ROGWDQG.UDDQ

$QDO\VHV RI 'DQLVK VHDZHHG VSHFLHV LQGLFDWH WKDW LQ JHQHUDO LQRUJDQLF DUVHQLF
FRQFHQWUDWLRQV DQGQRQKDUPIXOVSHFLHVRIDUVHQLF DUHEHORZWKHVWDQGDUGVVHWE\)UDQFH
DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD)RUIRRGXVHKRZHYHUWKHVWDQGDUGLVEDVHGRQWRWDO
DUVHQLFZLWKDWKUHVKROGOHYHORISDUWVSHUPLOOLRQ7KLVFRQFHQWUDWLRQLVUHDFKHGE\
Saccharina latissimaVHYHUDOPRQWKVD\HDU/HDGDQGPHUFXU\FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDUHDOVR
EHORZWKUHVKROGYDOXHVZKHUHE\FDGPLXP XSWRPLOOLJUDP PJ NJIRUS. latissima 
LVEHORZ(XURSHDQ8QLRQUHJXODWLRQ PJNJ EXWQRWDWWKHWKUHVKROGYDOXHVHWIRU
)UDQFH PJNJ IRUDFHUWDLQSHULRGLQWKH\HDU,RGLQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQVRPHODUJH




EURZQ NHOSV DUH H[WUHPHO\ KLJK DQG WKLV DOVR DSSOLHV WR WKH 'DQLVK VSHFLPHQ RI
S. latissimaZKLFKKDVFRQFHQWUDWLRQVXSWRPJNJ7KHUHLVQRVWDQGDUGZLWKUHJDUG
WR LRGLQH LQ IRRG VXSSOHPHQWV LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DOWKRXJK WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
WKUHVKROGLVPRUHWKDQWHQWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWVHWE\)UDQFH PJNJ DQGDERYH
WKDWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD PJNJ &RQFOXVLYHO\WKHUHIRUHLRGLQHLV
WKHHOHPHQWWKDWOLPLWVWKHUHFRPPHQGHGGDLO\FRQVXPSWLRQRIVHDZHHG/LWWOHLVNQRZQ
KRZHYHU RI WKH ELRDYDLODELOLW\ DQG XSWDNH RI LRGLQH ZKLFK DOVR DSSOLHV WR WKH RWKHU
VHDZHHGKHDY\PHWDOV

Processing

7KH PDMRU FRPPHUFLDO VHDZHHGEDVHG SURGXFW IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ 'HQPDUN LV
GULHGVHDZHHG7KLVLVVROGDVIODNHVRUSRZGHURULVPL[HGDVDVHDVDOWSHVWRPXVWDUG
DQGRLO

7KH SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXH IRU GULHG VHDZHHG LQYROYHV WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI QDWXUDO RU
FXOWLYDWHGVHDZHHG7KLVLVWKHQZDVKHGLQVHDZDWHURUIUHVKZDWHUDQGKXQJWRGU\LQD
FORVHG URRP ZLWK D GHKXPLGLILHU 2QFH LW LV RI D FULVS\ WH[WXUH WKH VHDZHHG LV
KRPRJHQL]HGDQGVHDOHGLQDSODVWLFSDFNRUSODVWLFJODVVMDUPL[HGZLWKVRPHVHDVDOW
DQGRU VSLFHV 6HDZHHG SHVWR KDV EHFRPH FRQVLGHUDEO\ SRSXODU DQG LV VROG DV QRUPDO
SHVWRRUDVDGULHGYHUVLRQWKDWKDVDORQJHUVKHOIOLIHDQGUHTXLUHVWKHDGGLWLRQRIRLODQG
ZDWHU EHIRUH XVH 7KH SHVWR LV PDGH PDLQO\ RI Fucus VS DQG Saccharina latissima
SHUFHQW IUHVKO\FROOHFWHGIURPZLOGSRSXODWLRQVZDVKHGLQIUHVKZDWHUERLOHGDQG
ILQHO\FXWDQGODWHUPL[HGZLWKRWKHULQJUHGLHQWV6HDZHHGRLOLVPDGHE\KRPRJHQL]LQJ
UDSHVHHGRLOZLWKDQHQWLUHSLHFHRIGULHGFucus serratus SHUFHQW WKHIUHVKQHVVIURP
WKHVHDZHHGFRPSOHPHQWVWKHOLSLGVLQWKHRLO2WKHUSURGXFWVWKDWLQFOXGHVHDZHHGDUH
PDQ\DQGDUHXVHGIUHVKIUHVKIUR]HQRUGULHG

$Q\ FRPSDQ\ YHQWXULQJ LQWR VHDZHHG IDUPLQJ PXVW UHJLVWHU DW WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI
(QYLURQPHQWDQG)RRGXQGHUWDNHDULVNHYDOXDWLRQSURFHVVRIDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHZDWHUDUHD
SURYLGHDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHVSHFLHVDQGWKHLUFRPSRVLWLRQDQGGHPRQVWUDWHWKHNQRZKRZ
RIKDQGOLQJVHDZHHG7KH0LQLVWU\VHWVDQGLPSOHPHQWVWKHVHDZHHGSURGXFWVWDQGDUGV
IRU 'HQPDUN ZKLFK LQFOXGH IRRG VDIHW\ UHJXODWLRQV FRPSDQ\ UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DPRQJ
RWKHUV

0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\WKHIROORZLQJDSSOLHV

x )RRGVDIHW\)RRGFDQQRWEHPDUNHWHGLIFRQVLGHUHGGDQJHURXVPDUNHWLQJFDQQRW
EH PLVOHDGLQJ DQG WKH IRRG FRPSDQ\ KDV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR FRPSO\ ZLWK WKH
UHOHYDQW UHJXODWLRQV HQVXUH SURGXFW WUDFHDELOLW\ DQG HQVXUH WKH ZLWKGUDZDO RI
SRWHQWLDOO\GDQJHURXVIRRGV
x +\JLHQHDWWKHVRXUFH7KHUHJXODWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHFXOWLYDWLRQDQGKDUYHVWRIQDWXUDO
SRSXODWLRQV LQFOXGHV SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW FRQWDPLQDWLRQ VXUYHLOODQFH RI ]RRQRVLV
DVVXUDQFH WKDW WKH HQYLURQPHQW HJ HTXLSPHQW  DQG SURGXFWV DUH NHSW FOHDQ
DVVXUDQFH WKDW GULQNLQJ ZDWHU RU FOHDQ ZDWHU LV XVHG HPSOR\HH KHDOWK LVVXHV
VHFXULQJDJDLQVWSRVVLEOHSHVWVDQGZDVWHKDQGOLQJDPRQJRWKHUV


x +\JLHQH LQ SURFHVVLQJ 7KHVH VWDQGDUGV DGGUHVV IDFLOLWLHV VXFK DV WRLOHWV VLQNV
YHQWLODWLRQ EXLOGLQJ FOHDQOLQHVV WUDQVSRUW HTXLSPHQW IRRG ZDVWH ZDWHU VXSSO\
SHUVRQDOK\JLHQHDQGSDFNDJLQJ
x 1RYHOIRRG)RRGDQGIRRGLQJUHGLHQWVPXVWEHDSSURYHGLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLI
WKH\KDYHQRW\HWEHHQFRQVXPHGLQQRWDEOHDPRXQWVEHIRUH0D\6SHFLHV
VXFKDVSaccharina latissimaFHUWDLQLaminaria sppDQGPorphyra purpireaDUHZHOO
UHFRJQL]HG DQG GR QRW UHTXLUH IXUWKHU DSSURYDO Palmaria palmate KRZHYHU LV
ODEHOHG³$Q\RWKHUIRRGXVHVRIWKLVSURGXFW RWKHUWKDQDVIRRGVXSSOHPHQW KDYH
WREHDXWKRULVHGSXUVXDQWWRWKH1RYHO)RRG5HJXODWLRQ´JLYHQWKDWWKH(XURSHDQ
8QLRQYLHZVLWRQO\DVDIRRGVXSSOHPHQW
x &KHPLFDOFRQWDPLQDWLRQ*HQHUDOO\UHODWHVWRFRPSRXQGVVXFKDVLRGLQHFDGPLXP
DQGDUVHQLF LQRUJDQLFDUVHQLF 
x 1DWXUDOWR[LFFRPSRXQGV3RVVLEOHQDWXUDOWR[LFFRPSRXQGVDOVRVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
LQWRDFFRXQWIRUH[DPSOHNDLQLFDFLGLQPalmaria palmata
x /DEHOOLQJDQGFODLP3UHSDFNDJHGIRRGVKRXOGEHODEHOOHGZLWKSURGXFWLQIRUPDWLRQ
6WDWHPHQWV ORJRV SLFWXUHV V\PEROV DQG WUDGHPDUNV WKDW LQGLFDWH QXWULWLRQDO RU
KHDOWKSURSHUWLHVDERXWDJLYHQSURGXFWRUWKHHIIHFWRQRQH¶VKHDOWKDUHFRQVLGHUHG
QXWULWLRQDORUKHDOWKFODLPV
x 0DWHULDOVWKDWFRPHLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKIRRGV,QJHQHUDOWKHPDWHULDOVWKDWFRPHLQWR
FRQWDFWZLWKIRRGVKRXOGQRWUHOHDVHFRPSRXQGVLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVWKDWPD\DIIHFW
RQH¶VKHDOWK

0RUHGHWDLOVRQVHDZHHGDVDIRRGDQGLWVUHOHYDQWVWDQGDUGVDUHIRXQGRQWKHZHEVLWHRI
WKH0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWDQG)RRGRI'HQPDUN 0()E 

Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products

([SRUWV

([SRUWV RI VHDZHHG IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ UHDFKHG D SHDN LQ  DW WRQQHV
86'PLOOLRQ DQGWKHUHDIWHUVWHDGLO\GHFOLQHGWRWRQQHV 86'PLOOLRQ LQ
 7DEOH 

,PSRUWV

5HFRUGVLQGLFDWHWKDWH[FHSWIRUDSHDNRIWRQQHVLQLPSRUWVRIVHDZHHGIRU
KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ UHPDLQHG IDLUO\ VWDEOH LQ VXFFHHGLQJ \HDUV ,PSRUWV LQFOXGHGnori
VKHHWVIRUVXVKLRWKHUGULHGVHDZHHGDQGwakamePL[HGVDODG,PSRUWVQRWIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ KRZHYHU ZHUH PXFK KLJKHU LQ FRPSDULVRQ SHDNLQJ WR WRQQHV
86'PLOOLRQ LQ%HWZHHQDQGWKHUHZDVVRPHIOXFWXDWLRQVHWWOLQJ
DWWRQQHVLQ 7DEOH 7KHODWWHULPSRUWVZHUHPDLQO\XVHGIRUK\GURFROORLG
H[WUDFWLRQ

,PSRUWHGDQGH[SRUWHGVHDZHHGZHUHERWKUHFRUGHGDVµVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHIUHVK
UHIULJHUDWHG IUR]HQ RU GULHG DOVR JULQGHG¶ LH FRPELQHG QRPHQFODWXUH  XQWLO 
0LFURDOJDHLPSRUWVLQWR'HQPDUNDUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHILJXUHVDOEHLWDVPLQRUFRQWULEXWRUV




7DEOH'HQPDUN7UDGHLQVHDZHHGí
     
([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 
7RQQHV     
86'     
([SRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 
7RQQHV     
86'     
,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 
7RQQHV     
86'     
,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 
7RQQHV     
86'     
,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6    
7RQQHV     
86'     
Source(XURVWDW

7DEOH'HQPDUN,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
HS 121229)±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
7DQ]DQLD     
,QGRQHVLD     
&KLOH     
&DQDGD     
1HWKHUODQGV     
1RUZD\     
,WDO\     
/LWKXDQLD     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
0RURFFR     
7RWDOZHLJKW WRQQHV      
7RWDOYDOXH     
86'WKRXVDQGV 
Source(XURVWDW

'RPHVWLFGHPDQG

7KHSHUFDSLWDFRQVXPSWLRQRIVHDZHHGLQZDVHVWLPDWHGDWJUDPVSHUDQQXP
6WDWLVWLFV'HQPDUN 6HDZHHGKDVUHFHLYHGFRQVLGHUDEOHDWWHQWLRQIURPWKHPHGLD
DQGLVSURPRWHGDVDKHDOWK\VXVWDLQDEOHµVXSHU¶IRRGVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\D0LFKHOLQVWDU
UHVWDXUDQW,QDGGLWLRQWKHVXVKLµZDYH¶KDVIRXQGJURXQGLQ'HQPDUNDQGIRUWKLVUHDVRQ
VHDZHHGKDVEHFRPHSRSXODURQWKHPHQXRUWREHHDWHQE\PRVW'DQHV7KLVLVGXHWR
WKH noriVKHHWVWKDWDUHZUDSSHGDURXQGWKHULFHDQGWKHwakameVDODGVLGHGLVKWKDWFDQ
EHSXUFKDVHGRUWDNHQDZD\DWVXVKLUHVWDXUDQWVDQGRXWOHWVOHWDORQHVROGIUR]HQRUIUHVK
DWILVKVWRUHV6HYHUDOFRRNERRNVLQ'HQPDUNUHODWLQJWRVHDZHHGKDYHEHHQODXQFKHGRU


DUHLQWKHSURFHVVRISURGXFWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVVHDZHHGKDV\HWWRILQGLWVZD\LQWRQRUPDO
HYHU\GD\RUWUDGLWLRQDO'DQLVKFRRNLQJ

 $)5,&$

 6RXWK$IULFD

6RXWK$IULFD H[WHQGVIURP WKH 2UDQJH 5LYHU DQG WKH 0WDPYXQD 5LYHU,W LQFOXGHV WKH
FRDVWVRIWKH1RUWKHUQ&DSH:HVWHUQ&DSHDQG(DVWHUQ&DSHSURYLQFHV2YHUDOOWKHDUHD
HQFRPSDVVHVLQGLYLGXDOVHDZHHGFRQFHVVLRQDUHDV 6HDZHHG5LJKWV$UHD±65$ 

6RXWK$IULFDLVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHDFRPPHUFLDOVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\WKDWGDWHVEDFNWRWKH
VWKDWLQFOXGHVWKHFROOHFWLRQRIEHDFKFDVWPDWHULDOVDQGWKHFXWWLQJRIOLYLQJNHOSV
IRUH[SRUWDVZHOODVWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDJDU MHOO\ DOJLQDWHSRZGHUHGNHOSILVKIHHG
SODQWJURZWKVWLPXODQWVDQGVRLOFRQGLWLRQHUV7RGDWHVHDZHHGUHVRXUFHVDUHFRQVLGHUHG
XQGHUH[SORLWHG

6RXWK$IULFD¶VZLOGVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\LVEHOLHYHGWREHZHOOSURWHFWHGXQGHULWV0DULQH
/LYLQJ 5HVRXUFHV $FW  DQG WKH IXQFWLRQDO FRQFHVVLRQDO SURWRFROV LQ SODFH )RU
LQVWDQFH WKH PDQDJHPHQW DQG UHJXODWRU\ VWUXFWXUH RI WKH DQQXDO 5HFUHDWLRQDO )LVKLQJ
3HUPLWDOORZVLQGLYLGXDOVDFFHVVWRNJDGD\RIIUHVKVHDZHHG3HUPLWVDUHSXUFKDVHG
IURPDQ\ORFDOSRVWRIILFHDQGWKHFROOHFWLRQRIIHHVLVSHULRGLFDOO\PRQLWRUHGE\ILVKHU\
RIILFHUVGXULQJEHDFKSDWURO

,Q  DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WRQQHV ZHW ZHLJKW  RI PL[HG VHDZHHG VSHFLHV ZHUH
FROOHFWHGIURPWKHZLOGDQGWRQQHV ZHWZHLJKW ZHUHKDUYHVWHGIURPDTXDFXOWXUH
V\VWHPV '$))   7KHUH DUH LQGLFDWLRQV KRZHYHU WKDW FXOWXUHG RXWSXW FRXOG
RYHUWDNH ZLOG KDUYHVWV RYHU WLPH 7KLV ZLOO LPSOLFDWH WKH FRXQU\¶V DEDORQH (Haliotis
midae  LQGXVWU\ ZKLFK XVHV DOPRVW DOO FROOHFWHG DQG KDUYHVWHG VHDZHHG DV IUHVK IHHG
PDWHULDO ,Q IDFW WKH LQGXVWU\ LQYHVWVPLOOLRQV RI UDQG DQQXDOO\ LQ HTXLSPHQW
JRYHUQPHQWGLDORJXHDQGUHVHDUFKLQRUGHUWRIDUPVHDZHHGIRUXVHDVQDWXUDOIHHGIRU
VWRFNV

2QO\DVPDOODPRXQWRIVHDZHHGLQ6RXWK$IULFDJRHVWRZDUGVKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQDQG
WKHUHIRUHWKHUHLVQRUHODWLYHVXEVLVWHQFHRUFRPPHUFLDOVHDZHHGILVKHU\IDUPLQJ7KHUH
LVQHYHUWKHOHVVVXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFHRIDJURZLQJFRWWDJHLQGXVWU\WKDWXWLOL]HVILVKLQJ
SHUPLWVZLWKLQDUHFUHDWLRQDOILVKHU\FRQWH[WWRFROOHFWEHDFKFDVWDQGIRUDJHIRUVHDZHHGV
IRUWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIYDULRXVPHDOVDQGGULQNVWKDWDUHFRQVXPHGORFDOO\6RPHFXOLQDU\
GHOLJKWVPDGHZLWKVHDZHHGUDQJHIURPVRIWVHDZHHGFRXVFRXVVDODGVWDUWHUVWRnori FKLSV
DQGVXVWDLQDEOHVHDZHHGVXVKLNHOSODVDJQDPDLQFRXUVHVDQGNHOSFDQG\RUNHOSFRFRD
LFH FUHDP GHVHUWV DV ZHOO DV VHDZHHG FRFNWDLOV DQG EHHU 7KHUH DOVR DUH VRPH IRRG
EXVLQHVVHVDQGUHVWDXUDQWV HJ&DSH)DUPKRXVHDQG6H[\)RRG6RXWK$IULFD WKDWIRUDJH
IRULQJUHGLHQWVIRUWKHLU)UHVKIURPWKH6HDUDQJHRIGLVKHV




© veldandsea.com

$VSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHGWKHIDUPLQJRIVHDZHHGIRUGLUHFWKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQGRHVQRW
WDNHSODFHRQDVLJQLILFDQWVFDOHLQ6RXWK$IULFDLQFRPSDULVRQWRRWKHUFRXQWULHVLQWKH
UHJLRQ HJ7DQ]DQLD¶V6HDZHHG&RPPXQLW\&OXVWHU,QLWLDWLYHLQ=DQ]LEDU ,PSURYLQJ
DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG DZDUHQHVV RI WKH XVH RI VHDZHHG LQ KXPDQ QXWULWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH
FRXQWU\FDQQRWEHRYHUHPSKDVL]HGWRVWLPXODWHWKHLPSURYHGPDQDJHPHQWRIUHVRXUFHV
DW VXVWDLQDEOH OHYHOV ZKHQ IDFLOLWDWLQJ FRPPHUFLDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG SURPRWLQJ VRFLR
HFRQRPLFEHQHILWVVXFKDVQXWULWLRQDOVHFXULW\DQGSRYHUW\UHGXFWLRQ

Main commercial seaweed species

$URXQGVSHFLHVRIVHDZHHGZHUHLGHQWLILHGLQZLWKLQ6RXWK$IULFD¶VFRQFHVVLRQ
DQGVHDZHHGPDQDJHPHQWDUHDVGHPRQVWUDWLQJWKHULFKQHVVDQGGLYHUVLW\RILWVFRDVWDO
PDULQHIORUD2IWKLVIORUDRQO\VSHFLHVEHORQJLQJWRVL[JHQHUDDUHXQGHUVWRRGWREH
FRPPHUFLDOO\H[SORLWHGVXFKDV Ecklonia DQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQW Laminaria, Gracilaria,
Gelidium, Gigartina DQG Porphyra 3RVLWLYH VWHSV DUH EHLQJ WDNHQ LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ WR
FXOWLYDWH WKH PRUH IDYRXUHG VSHFLHV ZLWKLQ D PRUH FRQWUROOHG DQG GLVHDVHIUHH
HQYLURQPHQW)RULQVWDQFHDTXDFXOWXUHHVWDEOLVKPHQWVIRFXVSULPDULO\RQWKHSURGXFWLRQ
RIUlvaDQGGracilaria VSSIRUXVHDVIHHGLQDEDORQHIDUPVDQGVDOWSURGXFWLRQ7KHVH
WZR VSHFLHV WRJHWKHU ZLWK IRXU RWKHUV DUH FRPPRQ VHDZHHG VSHFLHV FROOHFWHG IURP
VKRUHOLQHKDELWDWVDQGEHDFKFDVWPDWHULDOVDQGDUHXVHGIRUGLUHFWKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
ZLWKLQWKHUHFUHDWLRQDOLQGXVWU\RI6RXWK$IULFD

:LWKLQWKLVJURXSUlva, PorphyraDQGLaminariaDUHPRVWO\FRQVXPHGIRUWKHLUSOHDVDQW
IODYRU7KH\DUHDOVRDGDSWDEOHLQDYDULHW\RIPHDOSUHVHQWDWLRQV

 




)DUPHGVHDZHHG

$TXDFXOWXUHVLWHVIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHGLQ6RXWK$IULFDDUHORFDWHGLQSUR[LPLW\
WRWKHODQGEDVHGDEDORQHIDUPLQJVHFWRU HJ+DJD+DJDLQWKH(DVWHUQ&DSH 6HDZHHG
VSHFLHV VXFK DV Ulva DQG Gracilaria DUH JURZQ LQ SRQGV DQG UDFHZD\V ZLWK DHUDWLRQ
V\VWHPVVXFKDVSDGGOHZKHHOV



South Africa: Seaweed aquaculture production system.
© Anderson and Rothman, 2013

$TXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQGDWDDUHQRWSURWHFWHGJLYHQWKHFRPPHUFLDOLW\DQGFRPSHWLWLYH
QDWXUHRIWKHLQGXVWU\,QDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRQQHV ZHWZHLJKW RIUlvaZHUH
KDUYHVWHGIRUXVHDVDEDORQHIHHG1RGDWDKRZHYHUZHUHDYDLODEOHZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH
DQQXDOSURGXFWLRQDQGXVHRIGracilariDVHDZHHG

+DUYHVWHGIURPWKHZLOG

6HDZHHGFROOHFWLRQRQDFRPPHUFLDOVFDOHIURPWKHZLOGLVUHFRUGHGDFFRUGLQJWRLWVXVH
DV IHHG LQ DEDORQH IDUPLQJ RU IRU XVH LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI SODQW JURZWK VWLPXODQWV ,Q
DSSUR[LPDWHO\WRQQHV ZHWZHLJKW RIEcklonia NHOS ZHUHKDUYHVWHGIRUXVH
DVDEDORQHIHHG $PRVXet al$QGHUVRQ 5RWKPDQ $VLPLODUYROXPHRI
NHOS LV EHOLHYHG WR EH KDUYHVWHG DQQXDOO\ IRU XVH LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI SODQW JURZWK
VWLPXODQWV $QGHUVRQ 5RWKPDQ 



Ecklonia maxima (kelp) being harvested by boat.
© Anderson & Rothman, 2013


Processing

5DZ RU PLQLPDOO\ SURFHVVHG  VHDZHHG FRQWULEXWHV LQGLUHFWO\ WR WKH SURGXFWLRQ DQG
QXWULHQW FRQWHQW RI IRRG IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ WKURXJK LWV XVH LQ WKH LQGXVWULDO
SURGXFWLRQRISODQWJURZWKVWLPXODQWVDQGDVIHHGIRUWKHDEDORQHLQGXVWU\9DOXHLVDGGHG
ZKHQWKHZHWVHDZHHGLVFROOHFWHGDQGH[SRUWHGIRUWKHH[WUDFWLRQRIFROORLGDOFKHPLFDOV
HJ JXPV DJDU FDUUDJHHQDQ VDOWV DQG RWKHU IRRG VXSSOHPHQWV  WKDW DUH XVHG LQ IRRG
SURGXFWLRQ7KLVKDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRULQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGH

Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products

3URGXFWLRQDQGWUDGHGDWDDUHQRWDYDLODEOHIRUPorphyra spp, Plocamium corallorhiza


DQG Laminaria pallid LQGLFDWLYH SHUKDSV RI WKH KLVWRULFDO DQG FXUUHQW ORZ OHYHOV RI
FRPPHUFLDO LQWHUHVW RU YDOXH 8QGHUVWDQGDEO\ WKH VFDOH RI 6RXWK $IULFDQ H[SRUWV RI
VHDZHHGLVJRYHUQHGE\WKHHFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\RIWKHWUDGH)URPWRWKHH[SRUW
YROXPHRIVHDZHHGGLGQRWH[FHHGWRQQHVDQQXDOO\SHDNLQJLQDQGVHWWOLQJWR
WRQQHV 86'PLOOLRQ LQ 7DEOH )UHVKNHOSLVSURFHVVHGORFDOO\LQWR
SODQWJURZWKVWLPXODQWVWKDWDUHWKHQH[SRUWHGWRRYHUFRXQWULHV

7DEOH6RXWK$IULFD([SRUWRIVHDZHHG±
    
(GLEOHVHDZHHG 7RQQHV     
+6  86'WKRXVDQGV     
1RQHGLEOHVHDZHHG 7RQQHV     
+6  86'WKRXVDQGV     
&DUUDJHHQDQ 7RQQHV     
+6  86'WKRXVDQGV     
7RWDOZHLJKW 7RQQHV     
7RWDOYDOXH 86'WKRXVDQGV     
Source6RXWK$IULFDQ5HYHQXH6HUYLFH

© Anderson & Rothman, 2013




7KHWUDGHRIIUHVKO\KDUYHVWHGEcklonia IRUORFDOXVHLQDEDORQHIHHGLVYDOXHGDWRYHU
=$5 PLOOLRQ SHU DQQXP 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG Gracilaria spp í ZKLFK DUH XVXDOO\
SURFHVVHG E\ VLPSOH GU\LQJ í KDYH D KLJK FRQWHQW RI WKH FRPSRXQGV QHHGHG WR
PDQXIDFWXUHDJDUDQGJXPDVDWKLFNHQHU0DUNHWSULFHVKRZHYHURIWHQDUHWRRORZWR
VXSSRUWDFRPPHUFLDOEXVLQHVV

&HUWDLQVHDZHHGSURGXFWVíPDQ\IURP&KLQD-DSDQDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDíDUH
LPSRUWHGLQWR6RXWK$IULFDIRUGLUHFWKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQDQGDUHUHJXODUO\DYDLODEOHLQ
YDULRXV SRSXODWLRQ FOXVWHUV VXFK DV FLWLHV KRVSLWDOV DQG EXVLQHVV RIILFHV ,PSRUWHG
VHDZHHGSURGXFWV HJ6HD¶V*LIWD.RUHDQVHDZHHGVQDFN kim nori 0LQHUDOLIH¶V'DLO\
0XOWLSOH  /LTXLG :KROHIRRG 0XOWLYLWDPLQ GULQN /HDI\ *UHHQV 1RUL :DQGV  DOVR DUH
DYDLODEOHLQWKHDXWRPDWHGYHQGLQJVHFWRU)XUWKHUPRUHVHDZHHGVQDFNVFDQEHSXUFKDVHG
RQOLQHIURPZHEVLWHVVXFKDVZZZKHDOWKLVODQGFR]DVHDZHHGVQDFN7KHDFWXDOWUDGH
GDWDLVQRWDYDLODEOHGXHWRFRPPHUFLDOFRQILGHQWLDOLW\2IILFLDOGDWDDOVRDUHXQDYDLODEOH
IRU WKH VPDOO DPRXQWV FRQVXPHG LQ VSHFLDOL]HG HDWHULHV VXFK DV &DSH )DUPKRXVH DQG
6H[\)RRGZKHUHWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIVHDZHHG Ulva, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Laminaria,
DQG Ecklonia RFFXUVRQDQDWLRQDOVFDOH

2YHUDOO WKHUHIRUH WKH GRPLQDQW SURGXFWLRQ DQG WUDGH RI VHDZHHG LQ 6RXWK $IULFD LV
UHFRJQL]HG ZLWKLQ WKH LQGXVWULDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO VHFWRUV RI DEDORQH DQG SODQW JURZWK
VWLPXODQWV/HVVNQRZQDQGGRFXPHQWHGKRZHYHUDUHWKHSURGXFWLRQDQGH[SRUWWUDGH
VWDWLVWLFV RI GULHG VHDZHHG IRU H[WUDFWLRQ DQG IXUWKHU SURFHVVLQJ DQG ± OHVV VR í WKH
SURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQGFRQVXPSWLRQRIVHDZHHGLQKXPDQIRRG$VLJQLILFDQWO\SRVLWLYH
VFHQDULR LV WKDW WKH LPSRUW RI VHDZHHG SURGXFWV LV UHJXODWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR FRPPRGLW\
SROLF\ DOWKRXJK YROXPH DQG YDOXH UHPDLQ XQGLVFORVHG EDVHG RQ WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\
RULJLQDWLQJIURPPDUNHWFRPSHWLWLRQ

 =DQ]LEDU 7DQ]DQLD 

2IWKHFRXQWULHVLQWKHFRQWLQHQW=DQ]LEDU 7DQ]DQLD LVVHFRQGWR6RXWK$IULFDLQWHUPV
RIVHDZHHGFXOWXUHDQGEHWZHHQDQGWKHUHJLRQKDVEHHQLQFOXGHGLQWKHWRS
WHQFRXQWULHVOLVWHGDVVHDZHHGSURGXFHUV $QQH[ 'XULQJLWVSHDNVHDZHHGIDUPLQJ
FRQWULEXWHGDERXW86'PLOOLRQDQQXDOO\WR=DQ]LEDU¶VHFRQRP\DQGLQWHUPVRIYDOXH
WR WKH QDWLRQDO HFRQRP\ VHDZHHG FRPHV WKLUG IROORZLQJ WRXULVP DQG FORYH 6HDZHHG
IURP =DQ]LEDU LV H[SRUWHG WR &KLQD 'HQPDUN )UDQFH WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD 6SDLQ
9LHWQDPDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD

&XUUHQWO\KRZHYHU WKH LQGXVWU\ VWUXJJOHV WR UHPDLQ DPDMRUSOD\HU/DUJH VZDWKHV RI
VHDZHHGDUHG\LQJDWWULEXWHGE\UHVHDUFKHUVWRKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQVDVDUHVXOWRI
FOLPDWH FKDQJH 'HHSHU ZDWHU FXOWXUH LV RQH VROXWLRQ DOWKRXJK DERXW SHUFHQW RI
=DQ]LEDU¶VVHDZHHGIDUPHUVDUHZRPHQDQGWKH\WUDGLWLRQDOO\GRQRWVZLP

6HYHUDOUHPHGLDOLQLWLDWLYHVDUHEHLQJSURPRWHGE\WKHUHJLRQDO=DQ]LEDUJRYHUQPHQWDQG
YDULRXVRUJDQL]DWLRQV2QHFRPSDQ\IXQGHGE\WKH6ZHGLVKEDVHG5\ODQGHU)RXQGDWLRQ
HVWDEOLVKHGWKH6HDZHHG&HQWHULQLQWKHYLOODJHRI3DMHRQWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQFRDVWRI
8QJXMD+HUHDWHDPRIZRPHQPDNHKLJKTXDOLW\YDOXHDGGHGSURGXFWVVXFKDVVHDZHHG
SRZGHU VRDS ERG\ RLOV VKDPSRRV DQG VSLFH IRU FDNHV 0HDQZKLOH RWKHU ZRPHQ DUH
HQFRXUDJHGWRIDUPVHDZHHGLQGHHSHUZDWHUVZLWKWKHXVHRIDIORDWLQJOLQHV\VWHP
 


 0RURFFR

0RURFFR LV WKH ZRUOG¶V ILIWK ODUJHVW H[SRUWHU RI DJDU DJDU IROORZLQJ &KLOH &KLQD
,QGRQHVLDDQG6SDLQ%HWZHHQDQGWKHDQQXDOH[SRUWYROXPHRIDJDUDJDUKDV
UDQJHGIURPWRQQHVWRWRQQHV $QQH[ ZLWKWKHPDMRUPDUNHWVLQEHLQJ
-DSDQ WRQQHV DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD WRQQHV  $QQH[HVFDE
DQGFUHVSHFWLYHO\ 0RURFFRDOVRLPSRUWVDVPDOOTXDQWLW\RIDJDUDJDU WRQQHVLQ
  $QQH[ 

7KHVRXUFHRIDJDULVPDLQO\Gelidium spZKLFKJURZVLQWKHZLOG6WURQJJOREDOGHPDQG
IRUKLJKJUDGHDJDUKRZHYHUKDVUHVXOWHGLQLWVRYHUH[SORLWDWLRQ$JDULVSDUWLFXODUO\
VRXJKW DIWHU E\ UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWLRQV ZKHUH LW LV XVHG WR FXOWXUH PLFUREHV DQG E\
FRPPXQLWLHVZLWKUHOLJLRXVH[FOXVLRQV -HZV0XVOLPV+LQGXV DQGYHJHWDULDQVDVDIRRG
WKLFNHQHULQSODFHRIJHODWLQ XVXDOO\IURPDQLPDOVRXUFHV 

,Q WKH V DQG V KDUYHVWHUV UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH\ ZHUH DEOH WR FROOHFW DV PXFK DV
NJRIWKHVHDZHHG ZKLFKWKH\UHIHUUHGWRDVµUHGJROG¶ DGD\KRZHYHUZKHQWKH
WRWDOYROXPHFROOHFWHGURVHWRWRQQHVLQ0RURFFR¶VPDULQHUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWH
,QVWLWXW1DWLRQDOGH5HFKHUFKH+DOLHXWLTXH UDLVHGWKHDODUP,QWKH*RYHUQPHQW
RI0RURFFRLPSOHPHQWHGHPHUJHQF\PHDVXUHVWRUHYLYHVWRFNV%\WKHIROORZLQJ\HDU
WKHUHZHUHVLJQVRIDVPDOOUHYLYDO

,Q DGGLWLRQ WRVHDVRQDO EDQVDQG DQ DQQXDOKDUYHVW FDS RI WRQQHVWKH 0RURFFDQ
JRYHUQPHQWLVFROODERUDWLQJLQDQHZLQLWLDWLYH%OXH%HOWDSURMHFWZLWKVHYHUDO$IULFDQ
QDWLRQV ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHU ZLWK)$2 DQG RWKHU SDUWQHUV ,QLWLDWLYH REMHFWLYHV LQFOXGH D
UHYLHZ RI FRDVWDOVXUYHLOODQFH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH ILVKLQJ DQG DTXDFXOWXUH SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ
WHUPV RI VHDZHHG IDUPLQJ 7KH %OXH %HOW LQLWLDWLYH DOVR ZLOO UHLQIRUFH WKH FRXQWU\
V
+DOLHXWLVVWUDWHJ\LPSOHPHQWHGLQWRVWUHQJWKHQWKH0RURFFDQILVKHU\VHFWRU
V
GHYHORSPHQWDQGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV

 6287+$0(5,&$

 &KLOH

7KHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ  PDULQH UHVRXUFHV FRPPHUFLDOO\ KDUYHVWHG DORQJ WKH FRDVW RI
&KLOHRIZKLFKVSHFLHVDUHVHDZHHGFRQVWLWXWLQJSHUFHQWRI&KLOH¶VWRWDOILVKHULHV
SURGXFWLRQ,QVHDZHHGRXWSXWDPRXQWHGWRWRQQHVSRVLWLRQLQJ&KLOHDV
WKHWRSSURGXFHURIDOJDOFRPPRGLWLHVLQ6RXWK$PHULFD:KLOHWKHVHFWRUVRIVDOPRQ
DTXDFXOWXUH DQG DQFKRY\VDUGLQH ILVKHU\ ± WKH PDMRU PDULQH SURGXFWV RI &KLOH í KDYH
EHQHILWWHGIURPVLJQLILFDQWLQYHVWPHQWVWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHGHVVHQWLDOO\LVFDUULHG
RXWE\ORFDOILVKHUV

0DFURDOJDHSURGXFWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\KDVDOZD\VEHHQKLJKO\H[WUDFWLYH,QWKHVIRU
H[DPSOH&KLOHUHSRUWHGVHDZHHGODQGLQJVRIEHORZWRQQHVDOORIZKLFKZHUH
KDUYHVWHGIURPQDWXUDOEHGV 6HUQDS DVFHQDULRWKDWFRQWLQXWHVWRGD\/HVVWKDQ
SHUFHQWRIWRWDORXWSXWLQ 6HUQDSHVFD RULJLQDWHGIURPWKHDTXDFXOWXUHRI
GracilariaZKLFKLVWKHRQO\VSHFLHVWKDWKDVUHDFKHGFRPPHUFLDOOHYHO WRQQHV 
$ IHZWRQQHV KDYH EHHQ UHFRUGHG IRU Macrocystis pyrifera FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR
SLORWSUHFRPPHULFDO H[SHULHQFHV E\ FRPSDQLHV LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH JLDQW NHOS IRU HLWKHU




DEDORQH IRUDJLQJ ELRIXHO WULDOV RU DV IRRG WR D OLPLWHG H[WHQW 6RPH SHUFHQW RI WRWDO
SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKDW \HDURULJLQDWHGIURP PDQDJHPHQW DUHDV LHGHOLPLWHG PDULQH DUHDV
ZKHUHRQO\ILVKHUVIURPWKDWDUHDFDQDGPLQLVWHUDQGWKHUHIRUHFROOHFWWKHELRPDVVRI
FHUWDLQUHVRXUFHV VHDZHHGDPRQJWKHP 7KHUHPDLQLQJELRPDVVFRUUHVSRQGHGWRIUHH
DFFHVVDUHDVZKHUHORFDOILVKHUVOLVWHGLQWKH5HJLVWU\RI$UWLVDQDO)LVKHULHVDUHDEOHWR
FROOHFWDYDLODEOHVHDZHHG

7KHQHHGWRLQFUHDVHSURGXFWLRQOHYHOVWRPHHWWKHJURZLQJGHPDQGIRUDOJDOFRPPRGLWLHV
DQGSURFHVVHGSURGXFWVKDVOHGWRWKH*RYHUQPHQWRI&KLOHGHVLJQDWLQJDTXDFXOWXUHEDVHG
V\VWHPV DV D WRS SULRULW\ &XUUHQWO\ DW OHDVW  VSHFLHV DUH EHLQJ IDUPHG RQ DQ
H[SHULPHQWDOEDVLVZKLOHWKUHHVSHFLHVKDYHUHDFKHGFRPPHUFLDOPDWXULW\7KHVHFWRU
KRZHYHULVDORQJZD\IURPRYHUDOOSURILWDELOLW\DQGLWGHSHQGVRQPDQ\IDFWRUVVXFK
DVSURGXFWLRQFRVWVDYDLODELOLW\RIQDWXUDOEHGVDQGPDUNHWIDFWRUV

Main commercial seaweed species

Durvillaea antarctica EXOONHOSRU cochayuyo LQ6SDQLVK DQGPorphyra SXUSOHODYHU


RU luche LQ 6SDQLVK  DUH WKH WZR VHDZHHG VSHFLHV PRVW FRPPRQO\ IRXQG DW &KLOHDQ
QDWLRQDOPDUNHWVIRUGLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQ7KH\JURZDORQJWKHHQWLUH&KLOHDQVKRUHOLQHLQ
WKH KLJK LQWHUWLGDO DUHD XVXDOO\ LQ WKH VSUD\ ]RQH  RFFXUULQJ HLWKHU RQ ODUJH URFNV RU
ERXOGHUV7KH\FDQEHIRXQGLQFRDVWDOPDUNHWVVROGE\ORFDOILVKHUVDQGLQJURFHU\DQG
VXSHUPDUNHWFKDLQVLQLQODQGFLWLHVDQGWRZQVDurvillaea antarcticaODQGLQJVVXUSDVVHG
WRQQHVLQDVKDUSULVHRIPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWLQWKHSDVWWHQ\HDUVPorphyra
ODQGLQJVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGZHUHRQO\WRQQHVLQWKHVDPH\HDUZKLFKQHYHUWKHOHVV
ZDVDQLQFUHDVHRIDOPRVWWHQWLPHVLQFRPSDULVRQWRDurvillaea antarcticaDQG
porphyraILVKHULHVDUHORFDWHGPRVWO\LQ&HQWUDO&KLOHZKHUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRI
WRWDOODQGLQJVRULJLQDWH

2IWKHUHGDOJDHWZRVSHFLHVEHORQJLQJWRWKHGigartinalesIDPLO\ DQGWKHUHIRUHYDOXDEOH
FDUUDJHQRSK\WHV DUHFRQVXPHGSULPDULO\DEURDGDVVHDVRQLQJLQ$VLDQGLVKHV

Chondracanthus chamissoiLVIRXQGLQLQWHUWLGDODQGVXEWLGDOHQYLURQPHQWVDORQJ3HUX
DQG &KLOH IURP QRUWKHUQ &KLOH WR &KLORp ,VODQG  7KLV VSHFLHV KDV EHHQ KDUYHVWHG
UHJXODUO\RYHUWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVHVSHFLDOO\LQ&KLOHDQ5HJLRQ,,,DQG5HJLRQ9,,,ZLWK
WRQQHV LQ  ,W LV WKH VHFRQG PRVW SURGXFHG DOJD IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ
&KLOHDOWKRXJKWKLVWUHQGLVGHFOLQLQJ

Callophyllis variegata LQKDELWV &KLOHDQ VXEWLGDOV XS WR  PLOHV  DORQJ WKH HQWLUH
FRDVWOLQH ,WV SURGXFWLRQ ZDV YHU\ SURPLVLQJ  \HDUV DJR ZLWK D JURZWK UDWH RI
SHUFHQWDQQXDOO\ WRQQHVLQ  6HUQDSHVFD KRZHYHUIROORZLQJ
YROXPHIHOOWRRQO\DIHZWRQQHV/DQGLQJVRICallophyllis variegataQRZGRQRWH[FHHG
WRQQHSHUDQQXP






A: Durvillaea antarctica. B: Lessonia trabeculata. C: Gracilaria chilensis. D:
Mazzaella laminarioides. E: Porphyra VS F: Macrocystis pyrifera. G: Lessonia
nigrescens. H: Gigartina skottsbergii. I: Callophyllis variegata. J:
Chondracanthus chamissoi. K: Gelidium VS L: Sarcothalia crispata.
© R. Westermeier (Images A-H; L) & M.E. Ramirez (Images I-K)

7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW FDUUDJHQRSK\WHV FRPPHUFLDOO\ H[SORLWHG LQ &KLOH DUH UHG DOJDH
EHORQJLQJWRWKHGigartinaceaeIDPLO\ L Gigartina skottsbergii luga rojaLQ6SDQLVK 
LL Sarcothalia crispata luga negra LQ6SDQLVK DQG LLL Mazzaella laminarioides luga
cuchara LQ 6SDQLVK  7KHVH DUH YDOXDEOH UHVRXUFHV ULFK LQ .DSSD ,, DQG /DPEGD
FDUUDJHHQDQGigartina skottsbergiiLVDVXEWLGDOVSHFLHV aPLOHV RFFXUULQJLQ&KLOH
IURP1LHEOD ž6 WR&DERGH+RUQRV3UHYLRXVO\FROOHFWHGLQ5HJLRQ;DQG5HJLRQ;,
LW LV QRZ PRVWO\ KDUYHVWHG LQ 5HJLRQ ;,, WRQQHV HTXLYDOHQW WR SHUFHQW RI
QDWLRQDOSURGXFWLRQ 

%HFDXVHGigartina skottsbergiiEHJDQWRUHIOHFWV\PSWRPVRIDQRYHUH[SORLWHGVSHFLHV
LWVELRPDVVLVFXUUHQWO\UHJXODWHGE\DQDUHDURWDWLRQV\VWHPZLWKDEDQLPSRVHGGXULQJ
WKHUHSURGXFWLYHPRQWKV 0D\WR6HSWHPEHU )RUDORQJSHULRGGigartina skottsbergii
KDVEHHQWKHNH\FDUUDJHQRSK\WHVSHFLHVH[SORLWHGLQ&KLOHDQGLWVGHFUHDVLQJ\LHOGKDV
IRUFHGWKHLQGXVWU\WRFRQVLGHUQHZDOWHUQDWLYHVWRREWDLQFDUUDJHHQDQVXFKDVSarcothalia
crispata DQGMazzaella laminarioides

Sarcothalia crispataRQWKHRQHKDQGLVDQHQGHPLFVSHFLHVWKDWRFFXUVLQVXEWLGDODUHDV
IURP9DOSDUDLVR ž6 WRWKH6WUDLWRI0DJHOODQ ž6 LQ&HQWUDODQG6RXWKHUQ&KLOH
UHVSHFWLYHO\,WFRH[LVWVZLWKWKHJLDQWNHOSMacrocystis pyriferaGigartina skottsbergii
DQGWKHFUXVWUHGDOJDMesophyllum VS&XUUHQWO\LWLVWKHPRVWKDUYHVWHGFDUUDJHQRSK\WH


LQ&KLOH WRQQHV PRVWO\H[WUDFWHGLQ5HJLRQ;M. laminarioidesRQWKHRWKHU
KDQGLVDQLQWHUWLGDOUHGDOJDWKDWGRHVQRWH[FHHGWRQQHVSHUDQQXP,WVELRPDVVLV
PDLQO\H[WUDFWHGIURP5HJLRQ; SHUFHQW 

$JDURSK\WHV VXFK DV Gracilaria chilensis DQG Gelidium spp, DOVR DUH SURGXFHG RQ D
FRPPHUFLDOVFDOHLQ&KLOHXVHGPDLQO\DVDVRXUFHRIDJDUGracilaria chilensis, NQRZQ
DVpelillo RU lamellaLQ6SDQLVKLVDIORULGRSK\FHDQUHGDOJDLQVKHOWHUHGHQYLURQPHQWV
WKDW DWWDFKHV LWVHOI HLWKHU WR VDQG\ DQG URFN\ VXEVWUDWD LQ WKH LQWHUWLGDO RU LV IRXQG LQ
VXEWLGDO]RQHVGracilaria chilensisLVWKHWKLUGPRVWIDUPHGVHDZHHGLQWKHFRXQWU\ZLWK
ODQGLQJV DERYH WRQQHV LQ  PRVWO\ LQ 5HJLRQ ; ,WV FXUUHQW SURGXFWLRQ
KRZHYHULVPXFKORZHULQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHRXWSXWLQWKHVZKHQODQGLQJVHDVLO\
UHDFKHG WRQQHV 6HUQDS   7KH GUDPDWLF GURS LV DWWULEXWHG WR
RYHUH[SORLWDWLRQ SOXV WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI QHZ FRPSHWLWRUV IRU &KLOHDQ Gracilaria
FRPPRGLWLHV

1HYHUWKHOHVV Gracilaria chilensisLVWRGD\WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWVHDZHHGFURSFXOWLYDWHGLQ


&KLOH PDNLQJ XS DOPRVW SHUFHQW RI WRWDO ELRPDVV REWDLQHG WKURXJK DTXDFXOWXUH
$QRWKHU VLJQLILFDQW IDFWRU UHJDUGLQJ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RIGracilaria chilensis LV WKDW LW LV
PDLQO\SODQWHGDQGKDUYHVWHGE\ORFDOILVKHUV

Gelidium VSS chasca LQ 6SDQLVK  LV HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW DV D VRXUFH RI DJDU IRU
PLFURELRORJLFDOSXUSRVHV7KH\DUHFROOHFWHGE\ILVKHUVHVSHFLDOO\LQ&HQWUDO&KLOHIURP
ZDYHH[SRVHGURFNVGelidiumVSSODQGLQJVKDYHYDULHGLQWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVEHWZHHQ
WRQQHVDQGWRQQHVSHUDQQXP

7KH LPSRUWDQW DOJLQRSK\WHV LQ &KLOH LQFOXGH WKH NHOS VSHFLHV Lessonia nigrescens
Lessonia trabeculata DQG Macrocystis pyifera Lessonia nigrescens huiro negro RU
chascón LQ6SDQLVK IURPWKHLessoniaceae IDPLO\ FDQEHIRXQGLQWKHLQWHUWLGDO]RQH
JURZLQJ RQ URFN\ SODWIRUPV LQ ZDYHH[SRVHG KDELWDWV VRPHWLPHV IRUPLQJ EHOWV ZLWK
Durvillaea antarctica Lessonia nigrescensFRPSOH[LVWKH PRVWSURGXFHGVHDZHHGLQ
&KLOH WRQQHV  DQG RYHU SHUFHQW RI LWV H[SORLWDWLRQ RFFXUV LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ
UHJLRQVZKHUHIDFWRUVVXFKDVZHDWKHUDQGDFFHVVDELOLW\IDYRXUVXEVHTXHQWSURFHVVLQJ
Lessonia trabeculata (huiro paloLQ6SDQLVK DQGMacrocystis pyrifera huiroLQ6SDQLVK 
DUHIRXQGDORQJWKHHQWLUH&KLOHDQFRDVWLessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera
WKHODWWHUDOVRIURPWKH Lessoniaceae IDPLO\ DUHDOVRNH\VHDZHHGVIRUQRUWKHUQ&KLOH
ZLWKODQGLQJVRIWRQQHVDQGWRQQHVUHVSHFWLYHO\

A: Pilot culture of Macrocystis pyrifera in Dalcahue, Chiloé Island. B: Commercial facility of


Gracilaria chilensis at Pelluhuin.
© R. Westermeier




Processing

$IWHUFROOHFWLQJIURPWKHZLOGWKHILVKHUVPD\DSSO\VLPSOHSURFHVVLQJPHWKRGVDQGVHOO
WKH VHDZHHG WR PLGGOHPHQ RU GLUHFWO\ WR SURFHVVLQJ FRPSDQLHV WKDW DGG YDOXH WR WKH
SURGXFWV$VLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRIWKHVHDZHHGLVH[SRUWHG



A:Sundried luga roja (Gigartina skottsbergii) for carrageenan manufacturing in Faro Corona,
Chiloé Island. B: Fresh giant kelp (M. pyrifera) bound for abalone facilities at Bahia Chasco,
Atacama coast. C: Packages of dried Lessonia trabeculata to be sent to kelp processors in Bahia
Salado, Atacama. D: Harvesting of subtidal Gracilaria chilensis by local fishermen at Maullin.
© R. Westermeier (Images B - D)

Lessonia trabeculata LVHLWKHUXVHGIRUKDOLRWLGIRUDJLQJ EODGHV DQGDOJLQDWHSURGXFWLRQ


VWLSHV MacrocystisLVPRVWO\UHVWULFWHGIRUDEDORQHIHHGLQJDOWKRXJKWKHUHDUHUHFRUGV
UHJDUGLQJLWVSURFHVVLQJIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ

Marketing and trade of seaweeds and seaweed products



7KHILUVWWUDGHRIKDUYHVWHGVHDZHHGLVPDGHEHWZHHQWKHORFDOILVKHUVDTXDFXOWXUHUVDQG
PLGGOHPHQSDLGLQWKHVRFDOOHGµSULFHRQWKHEHDFK¶UDWHZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHYDOXH
RIWKHVHDZHHGHLWKHUIUHVKRUZLWKPLQLPXPSURFHVVLQJ XVXDOO\RQO\DLUGULHGIRUVRPH
GD\V 3ULFHOHYHOVDUHKLJKO\YDULDEOHUHJLRQDOO\DQGHYHQPRQWKO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKH
DYDLODELOLW\RIWKHVHDZHHGDQGEX\LQJSRZHU ERWKDUHUHJXODUO\FRUUHODWHG $FFRUGLQJ
WRGDWDUHSRUWHGE\6HUQDSHVFD  KLJKHUSULFHVDUHXVXDOO\VHHQIRUPorphyra VSS
86' SHU WRQQH  DQG Durvillaea antarctica 86' SHU WRQQH  VLQFH D
VLJQLILFDQWSDUWRIWKHODQGLQJVLVSURFHVVHGDOPRVWLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUKDUYHVWLQJDQGVROG
RQWKHORFDOPDUNHW7KHSULFHVIRUDOJDOUDZPDWHULDOW\SLFDOO\UDQJHIURP86'DQG
86'SHUWRQQHZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIGelidium VSS 86'SHUWRQQH ZKLFKLV




VPDOOLQVL]HDQGKHQFHGLIILFXOWWRKDUYHVWLQDGGLWLRQWRLWVYDOXHGXHWRLWVSDUWLFXODU
DJDUFRPSRVLWLRQ

([SRUWV

6HDZHHG SURGXFWV WKDW KDYH XQGHUJRQH VRPH GHJUHH RI SURFHVVLQJ DQG DUH RI H[SRUW
TXDOLW\VHOODWKLJKHUSULFHV 7DEOH 3ULFHVIRUSURFHVVHG GHK\GUDWHG FRPPRGLWLHV
UDQJHIURP86'WR86'SHUWRQQH ,)23 RIWHQLQFUHDVLQJXSWRPRUH
WKDQWHQWLPHVDVLQWKHFDVHRIMacrocystis7KLVLPSURYHPHQWDOVRUHODWHVWRZDWHUORVV
ZKLFKLQFHUWDLQDOJDHHDVLO\PDNHVXSWRSHUFHQWRIWKHIUHVKFRPSRVLWLRQ

7DEOH&KLOH([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGV±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
  
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG      
1RQHGLEOH6HDZHHG      
$JDUDJDU      
&DUUDJHHQDQ      
7RWDO      
Source1DWLRQDO&XVWRPV6HUYLFH 6HUYLFLR1DFLRQDOGH$GXDQD 

$VSURGXFWVPHDQWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQXQGHUJRDODERULRXVVWULFWO\UHJXODWHGIRRG
PDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVWKHLURYHUDOOSULFHVULVHDFFRUGLQJO\7KHUHDUHDIHZH[FHSWLRQV
KRZHYHULessoniaIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQZDVWKHRQO\SURGXFWLQWKDWZDVDERXW
WKHVDPHSULFHDVLWVGHK\GUDWHGFRXQWHUSDUWDFFRUGLQJWRWKH&KLOHDQ,QVWLWXWHIRU)LVKHU\
'HYHORSPHQW7KHUHVWWKDWZDVWUDGHGLQWKDW\HDUIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQUHDFKHGSULFHV
EHWZHHQ 86' DQG 86' SHU WRQQH WKH KLJKHVW OHYHO ZDV VHHQ IRU C.
chamissoi,ZLWKYDOXHVRIRYHU86'SHUWRQQH ,)23 

([SRUWYROXPHVDQGYDOXHVRIFDUUDJHHQDQIURPWRDUHOLVWHGLQ$QQH[1HZ
SXUFKDVLQJFRXQWULHVDSSHDUHYHU\\HDUQRWRQO\IRUWKHWRS&KLOHDQDOJDOJRRGVVXFKDV
FDUUDJHHQDQ DJDU DQG GHK\GUDWHG Lessonia QRW IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ  EXW DOVR IRU
SURGXFWVIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQWKHYROXPHVRIZKLFKDUHPXFKVPDOOHUE\FRPSDULVRQ
7KHWRSGHK\GUDWHGSURGXFWVLQZHUHLessonia spp WRQQHV IROORZHGE\M.
pyrifera Durvillaea antactica DQG G. skotsbergii  ±WRQQHV  7KH PDLQ
K\GURFROORLGV ZHUH FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG DJDUV  DQG WRQQHV UHVSHFWLYHO\  DQG
DOJLQDWHV ±WRQQHV WKHVHZHUHLQIDFWWKHPDLQJRRGVRIYDOXHPDUNHWHGWKURXJK
FRPPHUFLDOQHWZRUNVLQPRUHWKDQFRXQWULHV:KHUHDVDJDULVPRVWO\H[SRUWHGWR-DSDQ
SHUFHQW SHUFHQWRIWKHFDUUDJHHQDQLVVROGWR'HQPDUNDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI
$PHULFD ,Q FRPSDULVRQ DOJLQDWH H[SRUWV DUH ORZHU 86'PLOOLRQ )2% SHU DQQXP 
ZLWKWKHPDLQGHVWLQDWLRQEHLQJ-DSDQ

,QWKHVDPHSHULRGGHK\GUDWHGVHDZHHGVZHUHWKHVHFRQGPRVWH[SRUWHGSURGXFWE\&KLOH
DQGWKHLUXVHVRYHUVHDVDUHOLNHO\WREHIRUK\GURFROORLGH[WUDFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQIRUIRRG
PDQXIDFWXULQJ7KHPDLQGHK\GUDWHGSURGXFWZDVLessonia VSSZLWKDQDYHUDJHDQQXDO
)2%H[SRUWYDOXHRIRYHU86'GXULQJWKH±SHULRGSHUFHQWRI
ZKLFKZDVVKLSSHGWR&KLQD2WKHULPSRUWDQWPDUNHWVIRUGHK\GUDWHG&KLOHDQVHDZHHGV




LQ WKDW SHULRG ZHUH &DQDGD 'HQPDUN )UDQFH -DSDQ DQG 1RUZD\ ZKLFK DOWRJHWKHU
DPRXQWHGWRSHUFHQWRIWRWDOVDOHV

,PSRUWV

&KLOH LPSRUWV VRPH DOJDO SURGXFWV QRW RQO\ IRU FROORLG SURFHVVLQJ VSHFLHV VXFK DV
EuchemaDQGKappaphycus EXWDOVRIRUIRRGSURGXFWVOLNHnoriXVHGSULPDULO\LQ$VLDQ
UHVWDXUDQWVDOODURXQGWKHFRXQWU\$FFRUGLQJWR)$2GDWD XQSXEOLVKHG LPSRUWV
RIVHDZHHGIRUIRRGWRWDOOHGWRQQHVLQ&RQYHUVHO\LPSRUWVRIDOJDHIRURWKHU
SXUSRVHVGHFUHDVHGVOLJKWO\LQWKHVDPHSHULRGVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWUDGHLQK\GURFROORLGLV
PRUHRUOHVVVWDEOH

'RPHVWLFGHPDQG

6HDZHHGKDVEHHQXVHGDVIRRGLQ&KLOHVLQFHWKHILUVWKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVDW0RQWHYHUGH
LQ WKH VRXWK RI WKH FRXQWU\ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ \HDUV DJR 7KH WUDGLWLRQ VSUHDG
JUDGXDOO\IURPWKHDERULJLQDOSHRSOHSDUWLFXODUO\LQFRDVWDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQWRWKHFXLVLQH
RIWKH6SDQLVKFRORQLVWVEHFDXVHRIWKHHDV\WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQRIVHDZHHG
DVZHOODVWKHIDFWWKDWLWZDVDOHVVH[SHQVLYHVXEVWLWXWHIRUPHDWLQSHULRGVRISRYHUW\
GXULQJWKHQLQHWHHQWKDQGHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXULHVDurvillaeaantarcticaDQGPorphyra
sppFDQQRZEHIRXQGLQGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRIVDODGVDQGVRXSVHVSHFLDOO\LQ6RXWKHUQ
&KLOH DURXQG &KLORp LVODQG 6RPH RI WKHVH VHDZHHGV DUH DOVR H[SRUWHG IRU VLPLODU
SXUSRVHV

A: Porphyra VSS (luche in Spanish) and lamb
cazuela (soup).
B: Durvillaea antarctica (cochayuyo in Spanish)
salad.

,Q &KLOH Porphyra VSS KDUYHVWLQJ LV PRVWO\
SHUIRUPHGE\ZRPHQLQWKHVRXWK7KHIURQGV
DUH VXQGULHG DQG LI GHVWLQHG IRU PDUNHW WKH
VHDZHHG DUH XVXDOO\ SUHKHDWHG LQ FRRNLQJ
SRWV PRXOGHG LQ ZRRGHQ VWUXFWXUHV DQGRU
XQGHUJR D VPRNLQJGU\LQJ SURFHVV ZLWK WKH
KHOS RI ZRRG VWRYHV 7KH ILQDO SURGXFW LV D
µSUHVVHG EUHDG¶ WKDW LV VROG LQ FRDVWDO ORFDO
PDUNHWV7KHKDQGOLQJRIDurvillaea antarctica
LVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGW\SLFDOO\FDUULHGRXWE\
PHQ WKH ELRPDVV LV VXQGULHG DQG PDQXDOO\
SDFNDJHG XVLQJ SODVWLF FRUGV 7KH SURGXFW LV
VROG LQ ORFDO FRDVWDO PDUNHWV DQG EDVLFDOO\
FRQVLVWV RI WLHG GHK\GUDWHG DOJDO EXQFKHV
6RPHWLPHV WKH ELRPDVV LV ERXJKW IUHVK E\
PLGGOHPHQ DQG VROG WR VPDOO SURFHVVLQJ IDFLOLWLHV ZKLFK LQVSHFW FKRS DQG GU\ WKH
VHDZHHGDFFRUGLQJWREX\HUUHTXLUHPHQWVSDFNDJHLWDQGUHVHOOLWWRORFDOVWRUHVVXFKDV
VXSHUPDUNHWV



Chilean seaweed products in local markets
(A: Luche ‘bread’; B: tied cochayuyo).
© F. Küpper

$QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI D &KLOHDQ VHDZHHG


XVHG IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ LV
Dyctiopteris VS Auke LQ 6SDQLVK  7KLV
EURZQDOJDHKDVEHHQKDUYHVWHGE\ORFDOV
RQ (DVWHU ,VODQG IRU FHQWXULHV ZKHUH LW
UHPDLQV SDUW RI WKH ORFDO FXLVLQH DQG
WKHUHIRUHLVYDOXDEOH7KHUHDUHQHLWKHUUHFRUGVRIWKHLUODQGLQJQRURIWKHLUDEXQGDQFH
DURXQGWKHLVODQGDOWKRXJKYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQIURPLQKDELWDQWVVWURQJO\VXJJHVWVWKDW
LWVVWRFNVDUHVHULRXVO\HQGDQJHUHG 5DPtUH]SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 

Auke harvested on Easter Island (A: Full bag collected by a local Islander. B: Morphology of
Dyctiopteris VS 
© M.E. Ramirez

$V PHQWLRQHG SUHYLRXVO\ ORFDO FRQVXPSWLRQ LV UHODWLYHO\ QHJOLJLEOH LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR
H[SRUW7KHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWUDZPDWHULDOLVLessonia sppDQH[FHOOHQWVRXUFHRIDOJLQDWH
,Q DGGLWLRQ DJDU DQG FDUUDJHHQDQ DUH SURGXFHG LQ YDVW DPRXQWV LQ WKH FRXQWU\ XVLQJ
Gracilaria chilensisDQGGigartina/SarcothaliaVSHFLHVUHVSHFWLYHO\6HYHUDOLQLWLDWLYHV
KDYHEHHQIXQGHGHVVHQWLDOO\E\WKH&KLOHDQJRYHUQPHQWLQRUGHUWRH[SDQGWKHFXUUHQW
XVH RI PDFURDOJDH DQG WKXV WKH FRPPHUFLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU FRPSDQLHV DQG ORFDO
ILVKHUPHQ0DQ\RIWKHVHLQLWLDWLYHVKDYHVKRZQSURPLVLQJUHVXOWVGHVSLWHVRPHKDYLQJ
EHHQXQSURILWDEOHRUWHFKQLFDOO\XQIHDVLEOHLQ&KLOH¶VFXUUHQWHFRQRPLFDQGRUHFRORJLFDO
FRQWH[W




 0$5.(7,1*$1'75$'(

,QDQHVWLPDWHGPLOOLRQWRQQHV SURGXFWZHLJKW RIVHDZHHG GULHGDQGSURFHVVHG 
ZHUHH[SRUWHGDWDQHVWLPDWHGYDOXHRI86'ELOOLRQ7KHVHZHUHLPSRUWHGE\DOPRVW
 PDUNHWV ZRUOGZLGH ZLWK $VLD (XURSH DQG 1RUWK $PHULFD EHLQJ WKH PDLQ
GHVWLQDWLRQVIRUWKHWUDGH

$Q DQDO\VLVRI DYDLODEOHSXEOLVKHGGDWD LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH WRS FRXQWULHV UHSUHVHQWHG
QHDUO\ SHUFHQW RI JOREDO VHDZHHG WUDGH LQ  7RJHWKHU WKH\ LPSRUWHG QHDUO\
WRQQHV SURGXFWZHLJKW RIGULHGVHDZHHGFDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDUDJDULQWKDW\HDU
DW D FXVWRPV GHFODUHG YDOXH RI 86' ELOOLRQ 7DEOH  $QQH[HV D DQG E  7KLV
YROXPH DOVR UHSUHVHQWV SHUFHQW RI WKH JOREDO SURGXFWLRQ RI IDUPHG VHDZHHG ,W
WKHUHIRUHFRPHVDVQRVXUSULVHWKDWDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQRIVHDZHHGKDVDOPRVWGRXEOHG
IURP PLOOLRQWRQQHV LQ  WR FORVH WR PLOOLRQWRQQHV LQ  FUHGLWHG WR LWV
H[SDQGLQJXVDJHDQGZRUOGZLGHWUDGH

7KHWRSIRXULPSRUWPDUNHWVZHUH&KLQDWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ-DSDQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
RI$PHULFD 7DEOH 

7DEOH6HDZHHGLPSRUWVLQWRWKHWRSWKLUW\ILYHFRXQWULHVí
:HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV

  
 :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG      
1RQHGLEOH
     
VHDZHHG
&DUUDJHHQDQ      
$JDUDJDU      
7RWDO      
Source9DULRXVVRXUFHVRIVRXUFHVRIQDWLRQDOVWDWLVWLFV

7KHPRVWG\QDPLFLPSRUWPDUNHWLVIRUK\GURFROORLGSURGXFWVZKLFKDUHWUDGHGDQGXVHG
ZLGHO\ LQ PDQ\ FRXQWULHV IRU YDULRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV 'ULHG VHDZHHG WUDGH IRU IXUWKHU
SURFHVVLQJPRVWO\IRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDJDUDJDUDOJLQDWHDQGFDUUDJHHQDQLVGRPLQDWHG
E\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDVWKHPDLQVXSSOLHUV0HDQZKLOHWKHWUDGHIRUHGLEOHVHDZHHG
ILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ LVDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\FRQGXFWHGLQFRXQWULHVLQWKHWKH)DU
(DVWQDPHO\&KLQD-DSDQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDQG7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD

2IWKHWRWDOVHDZHHGLPSRUWHGRQWKHJOREDOPDUNHWLQSHUFHQWFRPSULVHGGULHG
VHDZHHGZLWKHGLEOHDQGQRQHGLEOHIRUPVKDYLQJHTXDOVKDUHLQWKHWUDGH7KHLPSRUW
GHPDQGIRUHGLEOHGULHGVHDZHHGPHDQWIRUGLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQ HJwakame, nori ZDV
VWDEOHIURP(DVW$VLDQPDUNHWVQDPHO\-DSDQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD5HSDQG7DLZDQ
3URYLQFH RI &KLQD 7KH JOREDO WUDGH IRU QRQHGLEOH VHDZHHG KRZHYHU LV VKRZLQJ D
GHFOLQLQJ WUHQG EHFDXVH RI LWV LQFUHDVHG XWLOL]DWLRQ LQWR VHPLSURFHVVHG DQG SURFHVVHG
IRUPVLQWKHSURGXFLQJFRXQWULHVWKHPVHOYHV

1RWDEO\&KLQDKDVHPHUJHGDVWKHODUJHVWLPSRUWHURIHGLEOHDQGQRQHGLEOHVHDZHHGIRU
IXUWKHU SURFHVVLQJ LQIOXHQFLQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDUNHW SULFHV IRU GULHG VHDZHHG 7KH
(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDOVRFRQWLQXHWREHWKHPDMRUPDUNHWV




IRU GULHG VHDZHHG SDUWLFXODUO\ QRQHGLEOH UDZ PDWHULDOV IRU IXUWKHU SURFHVVLQJ LQWR
FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG RWKHUSURGXFWV PHDQW IRU LQGXVWULDO XVDJH 7DEOH +RZHYHU VLQFH
&KLQDKDVEHFRPHDPDMRUFHQWUHIRUUHSURFHVVLQJíDQGRWKHUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVVXFK
DVWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG,QGRQHVLDKDYHEHJXQGHYHORSLQJWKHLURZQDJDUDQGFDUUDJHHQDQ
SURFHVVLQJLQGXVWULHVíLPSRUWVRIGULHGVHDZHHG UDZPDWHULDO LQWRWUDGLWLRQDOPDUNHWV
LQ(XURSHKDYHGHFOLQHG

7DEOH7RSIRXULPSRUWHUVRIGULHGVHDZHHGDQGK\GURFROORLGSURGXFWV
±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHV9DOXHLQ86'
  
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD      
(XURSHDQ8QLRQ      
-DSDQ      
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI      
$PHULFD
7RWDO      
Source5HOHYDQW1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 &+,1$

&KLQDLVQRZWKHODUJHVWDQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUWQHULQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVHDZHHGWUDGH
SDUWLFXODUO\LQWHUPVRIYROXPH'XULQJWKHODVWGHFDGH&KLQDDOVRHPHUJHGDVWKHOHDGLQJ
UHSURFHVVRU RI K\GURFROORLG SURGXFWV SURFHVVHG IURP HGLEOH DQG QRQHGLEOH VHDZHHG
,PSRUWVRIGULHGUDZPDWHULDOUHDFKHGWRQQHVLQSHUFHQWKLJKHUWKDQWKH
YROXPHLQ )LJXUHDQG)LJXUH :KLOHQHDUO\SHUFHQWRIHGLEOHGULHGVHDZHHG
LPSRUWVFDPHIURP,QGRQHVLD&KLOHDQG3HUXZHUHWKHWRSVXSSOLHUVRIWKHQRQHGLEOH
W\SH $QQH[HVDDQGE %HFDXVHRILWVGRPLQDQFHLQWKHLQGXVWU\&KLQDKDVEHFRPHD
SULFHVHWWHUIRUWUDGHLQGULHGVHDZHHG

)LJXUH&KLQD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG )LJXUH&KLQD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG
E\ZHLJKW± E\YDOXH±

Source&KLQD&XVWRPV
 


 (8523($181,21

7KH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWLPSRUWPDUNHWLQWHUPVRIYROXPHIRUVHDZHHG
KDYLQJ ERXJKW QHDUO\ WRQQHV RI VHDZHHG SURGXFWV LQ  YDOXHG DW
86'PLOOLRQ7KLVPDNHVWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQWKHZRUOG¶VWRSVHDZHHGLPSRUWPDUNHW
LQHUPVRIYDOXH

,QWHUPVRITXDQWLWDWLYHLPSRUWVQRQHGLEOHGULHGVHDZHHGUDQNHGQXPEHURQHLQ
ZLWK LQFUHDVHG VXSSOLHV LQWR WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ 7KH WRS LPSRUWHUV ZHUH 'HQPDUN
*HUPDQ\ 3RUWXJDO DQG 6SDLQ 7KH VDPH WUHQG ZDV VHHQ IRU FDUUDJHHQDQ ZKLFK DOVR
UHFRUGHG WKH KLJKHVW LPSRUW YDOXH DW 86'PLOOLRQ LQ  7KH PDLQ LPSRUWLQJ
FRXQWULHV IRU WKLV SURGXFW ZHUH %HOJLXP 'HQPDUN )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ 6SDLQ DQG WKH
8QLWHG.LQJGRP

,Q WRWDO WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ LPSRUWHG 86'PLOOLRQ ZRUWK RI GULHG VHDZHHG
FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG DJDU LQ  VOLJKWO\ ORZHU WKDQ LQ  7DEOH   +RZHYHU WKH
YROXPHLQFUHDVHGE\SHUFHQWGXULQJWKH±SHULRGDVDUHVXOWRIPRUHLPSRUWV
RI65&)RUDJDUDJDU)UDQFH*HUPDQ\3RODQGDQG6SDLQZHUHWKHOHDGLQJLPSRUWLQJ
FRXQWULHVLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ

,WVKRXOGEHKLJKOLJKWHGWKDWWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLVDOVRDQLPSRUWDQWUHSURFHVVLQJDQG
UHH[SRUW DUHD SDUWLFXODUO\ IRU FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG KLJK TXDOLW\ DJDU DJDU ,QWUD DQG
H[WUD(XURSHDQ8QLRQVHDZHHGH[SRUWVZHUHRYHUWRQQHVLQWKHEXONRI
ZKLFKFRPSULVHGKLJKTXDOLW\SURFHVVHGVHDZHHG VHH$QQH[HVDEFDQGG 

7DEOH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
  
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG      
1RQHGLEOHVHDZHHG      
&DUUDJHHQDQ      
$JDUDJDU      
7RWDO      
Source(XURVWDW

 -$3$1

7UDGWLRQDOO\VHDZHHGLVDQLPSRUDQWLWHPXVHGLQ-DSDQHVHFXLVLQHKHQFHRQHZD\RU
DQRWKHUPRVWRIWKHLPSRUWVLQWKHFRXQWU\DUHXVHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ-DSDQLVWKH
ODUJHVWLPSRUWHURIHGLEOHVHDZHHG HJ-DSDQHVHwakame, nori IRUZKLFKWKHDYHUDJH
LPSRUWYDOXHLV86'±NJFRPSDUHGZLWK86'NJIRUSURGXFWVXVHGIRUUHSURFHVVLQJ
LQ$VLDRULQ(XURSH,PSRUWVJHQHUDOO\FRQVWLWXWHDERXW±SHUFHQWVKDUHRIWKHRYHUDOO
VHDZHHGPDUNHWLQ-DSDQ6HDZHHGVXFKDVLaminaria, Porphyra VSS, hizikia -DSDQHVH
kombunoriDQGhizikiUHVSHFWLYHO\ DUHDOOPDUNHWHGLQGULHGIRUPZKLOHUndaria spp
-DSDQHVHVwakame)LVPDUNHWHGLQERLOHGDQGVDOWHGIRUPV

'XULQJ WKH ± SHULRG DQQXDO LPSRUWV RI VHDZHHG LQWR -DSDQ UDQJHG DURXQG
 WR WRQQHV YDOXHG DW 86'PLOOLRQ WR 86'PLOOLRQ 7DEOH 




)LJXUH DQG )LJXUH  &KLOH &KLQD DQG WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD KDYH EHHQ WKH NH\
VXSSOLHUVRIHGLEOHVHDZHHGWRWKHPDUNHW VHH$QQH[HVDDEFGDQG
G 

&KLOH &KLQD WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD DQG 0RURFFR DUH WKH WRS VXSSOLHUVRI DJDU ZKLOH
VHYHUDO 6RXWKHDVW $VLDQ FRXQWULHV QDPHO\ ,QGRQHVLD WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV DQG 7KDLODQG
VXSSOLHG FDUUDJHHQDQ WRJHWKHU ZLWK 'HQPDUN DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD
7KHKLJKTXDOLW\SURGXFWVRULJLQDWHGIURPWKHODWWHUWZRVRXUFHV

7DEOH-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
 :HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
   
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOH        
VHDZHHG
1RQHGLEOH        
VHDZHHG
&DUUDJHHQDQ        
$JDUDJDU        
7RWDO        
Source0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH-DSDQ

)LJXUH-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG )LJXUH-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG
E\:HLJKW± E\YDOXH±


Source0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH-DSDQ

 81,7('67$7(62)$0(5,&$

7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD UHPDLQV DQ LPSRUWDQW RXWOHW IRU VHPLSURFHVVHG DQG
SURFHVVHG VHDZHHG7KHUHSURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWU\ WKHUH KRZHYHU DOVR LPSRUWVQRQHGLEOH
VHDZHHGIRUWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIQRQIRRGTXDOLW\SURGXFWVVXFKDVDOJLQLFDFLG 7DEOH
DQG)LJXUHVDQG 





&DUUDJHHQDQLVWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWLQ86VHDZHHGLPSRUWV:KHQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI
$PHULFDOLIWHGLWVEDQRQ3KLOLSSLQHV1DWXUDO*UDGH 31* FDUUDJHHQDQLQWKHODWHV
LPSRUWV RI WKH SURGXFW GRXEOHG ZLWKLQ D IHZ \HDUV WR DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WRQQHV
DQQXDOO\ ,W KDV UHPDLQHG DW WKDW OHYHO LQ UHFHQW \HDUV SRVVLEO\ LQGLFDWLQJ PDUNHW
VDWXUDWLRQ2YHUWKH\HDUV&KLOHDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVKDYHUHWDLQHGWKHLUQXPEHURQHDQG
QXPEHUWZRVWDWXVDVVXSSOLHUVZKLOH,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLDKDYHLQFUHDVHGWKHLURYHUDOO
VXSSOLHVRIFDUUDJHHQDQWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD6RPHUHSRUWVLQGLFDWHWKDW86
FDUUDJHHQDQFRQVXPSWLRQLVDERXWSHUFHQWLPSRUWGHSHQGHQW

,PSRUWVRIDJDUIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDOVRKDYHUHPDLQHGVWDEOHDWDURXQG
±WRQQHV DQQXDOO\ $QQH[  6XSSOLHV ZHUH GRPLQDWHG E\ &KLOH &KLQD
0RURFFRDQG6SDLQ

7DEOH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
   
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG      
1RQHGLEOH
     
VHDZHHG
&DUUDJHHQDQ      
$JDUDJDU      
7RWDO      
Sources86'HSDUWPHQWRI&XVWRPVDQG%RUGHU3URWHFWLRQ86&HQVXV%XUHDX

)LJXUH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD )LJXUH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD
,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGE\ZHLJKW ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGE\YDOXH
± ±

Sources86'HSDUWPHQWRI&XVWRPVDQG%RUGHU3URWHFWLRQ86&HQVXV%XUHDX


 


 0$5.(775(1'6)25',))(5(17352'8&77<3(6

)RUWKHODVWIHZ\HDUV&KLQDKDVGRPLQDWHGWKHJOREDOVHDZHHGPDUNHWDVDQLPSRUWHURI
UDZPDWHULDODQGH[SRUWHURIVHPLSURFHVVHGDQGSURFHVVHGSURGXFWV7KHUHLVDJURZLQJ
IRFXVKRZHYHURQDGGLQJPRUHYDOXHLQRWKHUFRXQWULHVLQ$VLDDQG/DWLQ$PHULFDWR
PDWFKWKHULVLQJGHPDQGIRUIRRGJUDGHFDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDUDJDUSDUWLFXODUO\IURPWKH
GHYHORSLQJ PDUNHWV 0HDQZKLOH WKH XVDJH RI VHDZHHG DV D ELQGHU DQG WKLFNHQHU KDV
LQFUHDVHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQ WKH IRRG SURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWU\ LQ $VLD /DWLQ$PHULFD DQG WKH
0LGGOH(DVW

,Q 6RXWKHDVW $VLD 0DOD\VLD DQG 7KDLODQG DUH QHW LPSRUWHUV RI VHPLSURFHVVHG DQG
SURFHVVHG VHDZHHG )XUWKHUPRUH GRPHVWLF GHPDQG IRU VXFK SURGXFWV E\ WKH IRRG
SURFHVVLQJLQGXVWULHVLQ,QGRQHVLDLVRQWKHULVH,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGEDVHGSURGXFWVVXFK
DVMHOO\DPRQJRWKHUVDOVRDUHJURZLQJLQRWKHUODUJHPDUNHWVLQ6RXWK$VLD %DQJODGHVK
,QGLD DQG 3DNLVWDQ  ZKHUH FRQVXPHU GHPDQG IRU UHDG\ PHDOV LV LQFUHDVLQJ ,Q /DWLQ
$PHULFD LPSRUWV RI K\GURFROORLGV KDYH LQFUHDVHG LQ $UJHQWLQD %UD]LO 0H[LFR DQG
YDULRXVRWKHUFRXQWULHVIRUXVDJHLQWKHIRRGSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\

)LJXUH:RUOG,PSRUWHUVRIHGLEOH )LJXUH:RUOG,PSRUWHUVRI
VHDZHHG± QRQHGLEOHVHDZHHG±

Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV




)LJXUH:RUOG7RSVHYHQ )LJXUH:RUOG7RSVHYHQ
LPSRUWHUVRIFDUUDJHDQ± LPSRUWHUVRIDJDUDJDU±

Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 6($:(('(;325775(1'6

,QWKHWRWDOUHSRUWHGH[SRUWVRIVHDZHHGIURPWKHWRSILYHVXSSOLHUV ,QGRQHVLDWKH
(8&KLOH&KLQDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV KDGDFRPELQHGSHUFHQWVKDUHLQJOREDOH[SRUW
YROXPH,QWHUPVRIH[SRUWYDOXHKRZHYHUWKHWRSVXSSOLHUVZHUH&KLQDWKH(XURSHDQ
8QLRQ&KLOHDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVGXHWRKLJKHUYDOXHFDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDUDJDUDPRQJ
RWKHUV 2YHUDOO VXSSOLHV RI VHDZHHG IURP WKHVH FRXQWULHV WR WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDUNHW
LQFUHDVHG PRGHUDWHO\ GXULQJ WKH ± SHULRG H[FHSW IURP WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV
7DEOH)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH 

7KHOLRQ¶VVKDUHRI,QGRQHVLD¶VVHDZHHGH[SRUWVFRQVLVWHGRIGULHGVHDZHHGZKLFKKDGD
PXFK ORZHU H[SRUW YDOXH 86'±86'WRQQH  FRPSDUHGZLWKVHPLSURFHVVHG
FDUUDJHHQDQ 86'±86'WRQQH DQGDJDUDJDU

7DEOH:RUOG7RSH[SRUWHUVRIVHDZHHG±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHV

    
,QGRQHVLD     
(XURSHDQ8QLRQ     
&KLOH     
&KLQD     
3KLOLSSLQHV7KH     
7RWDO     
Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 


)LJXUH7RSVHYHQH[SRUWHUVRIHGLEOH )LJXUH:RUOG7RSVHYHQH[SRUWHUV
VHDZHHG± RIQRQHGLEOHVHDZHHG±

Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

)RUHGLEOHGULHGVHDZHHG&KLQD,QGRQHVLD-DSDQDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDZHUHWKH
PDLQVXSSOLHUVWRWKHJOREDOPDUNHWLQWDNLQJDERXWSHUFHQWVKDUHLQWHUPVRIWKH
TXDQWLW\ ,Q WHUPV RI YDOXH KRZHYHU WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD ZDV WKH ODUJHVW H[SRUWHU
PDLQO\ VHOOLQJ GULHG VHDZHHG IRU GLUHFW KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ WR WKH -DSDQHVH PDUNHW
ODUJHO\WKHUndaria DQGHizikiaVSHFLHV

,QGRQHVLD6HDZHHGH[SRUWVIURP,QGRQHVLDDUHGRPLQDWHGE\HGLEOHDQGQRQHGLEOHUDZ
GULHGSURGXFWV $QQH[HVDQG IRUZKLFK&KLQDLVWKHSULQFLSDOPDUNHW7KHRWKHU
NH\PDUNHWVIRUWKHVHFDWHJRULHVDUH&KLOH0DOD\VLDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVZKLFKLPSRUW
GULHG VHDZHHG IRU SURFHVVLQJ FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG DJDU DJDU )RU SURFHVVHG VHDZHHG WKH
H[SRUWYROXPHRIFDUUDJHHQDQKDVOHYHOOHGRIIWRDURXQGWRQQHVDQQXDOO\GXULQJWKH
± SHULRG ZLWK VRPH IOXFWXDWLRQV 7KH H[SRUW PDUNHWV LQ WKDW SHULRG IRU
,QGRQHVLDQ FDUUDJHHQDQ ZHUH WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ -DSDQ DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI
$PHULFD([SRUWVKDYHDOVRLQFUHDVHGLQUHFHQW\HDUVWR$XVWUDOLD%UD]LODQGWKH5XVVLDQ
)HGHUDWLRQ

&KLOH,QWHUPVRIYROXPHDQGYDOXHQRQHGLEOHGULHGVHDZHHGíPRVWO\Gracilariaí
ZDV WKH PDLQ H[SRUW LWHP IURP &KLOH 6RPH SHUFHQW RI WKLV SURGXFW JURXS ZHQW WR
&KLQDLQFRQWLQXLQJWKHLQFUHDVLQJWUHQGGXULQJWKH±SHULRG )LJXUHV
DQG ([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQIURP&KLOHSHDNHGLQ 7DEOH EXWGHFOLQHGLQ
 7KH PDLQ PDUNHWV ZHUH WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD
7KHUH ZHUH KRZHYHU LQFUHDVLQJ H[SRUWV WR WKH /DWLQ $PHULFDQ PDUNHWV RI $UJHQWLQD
%UD]LO(FXDGRU0H[LFRDQG3HUX0HDQZKLOH&KLOHDQH[SRUWVRIDJDUGZLQGOHG


7DEOH&KLOH([SRUWVRIVHDZHHG±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
  
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG      
1RQHGLEOHVHDZHHG      
$JDUDJDU      
&DUUDJHHQDQ      
7RWDO      
Source1DWLRQDO&XVWRPV6HUYLFH 6HUYLFLR1DFLRQDOGH$GXDQD 

)LJXUH&KLOH([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGE\ )LJXUH&KLOH([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGE\
ZHLJKW± YDOXH±

Source1DWLRQDO&XVWRPV6HUYLFH 6HUYLFLR1DFLRQDOGH$GXDQD 

(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ 1RQHGLEOH GULHG VHDZHHG FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG DJDU DJDU DUH WKH PDLQ
VHDZHHGH[SRUWVIURPWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ 7DEOH )UDQFHDQG,UHODQGZHUHWKHNH\
H[SRUWHUV RI QRQHGLEOH VHDZHHG ZLWK VPDOOHU DPRXQWV IURP *HUPDQ\ 3RUWXJDO DQG
6SDLQ $QQH[ :LWKUHJDUGWRFDUUDJHHQDQ)UDQFH*HUPDQ\WKH1HWKHUODQGVDQG
6SDLQ DUH WKH PDLQ H[SRUWLQJ FRXQWULHV IURP WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ )URP DERXW 
KRZHYHUH[SRUWVLQFUHDVHGRQO\IURP6SDLQEXWGHFOLQHGIURPWKHRWKHUV)RUDJDUDJDU
WKHOHDGLQJH[SRUWHUVDUH)UDQFH*HUPDQ\DQG6SDLQDQGQRWDEO\)UHQFKDJDUDJDULV
WKHPRVWH[SHQVLYHEHFDXVHRILWVKLJKJUDGH

7DEOH(8([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGVHDZHHGEDVHGSURGXFWV±
:HLJKWLQWRQQHV
    
6HDZHHG HGLEOH      
6HDZHHG QRWHGLEOH      
$JDUDJDU     
&DUUDJHHQDQ     
7RWDO     
Source(XURVWDW




)LJXUH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ([SRUWVRIVHDZHHG±


Source(XURVWDW

&KLQD $ PDMRU SURGXFHU DQG H[SRUWHU RI SURFHVVHG VHDZHHG &KLQD H[SRUWHG
86'PLOOLRQZRUWKRIVHDZHHGLQ([SRUWVRIGULHGVHDZHHGDUHUHODWLYHO\ORZ
DQGFRQVLVWHGRIKLJKHUYDOXHwakameDQGnoriDPRQJRWKHUVIRUGLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQ
-DSDQWKH5XVVLD)HGHUDWLRQDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLDZHUHWKHPDLQPDUNHWVWKDWVDPH\HDU

&DUUDJHHQDQWKHELJJHVWFRPSRQHQWRI&KLQD¶VVHDZHHGH[SRUWVLQFUHDVHGVLJQLILFDQWO\
IURP WRQQHV LQ  WR WRQQHV LQ  YDOXHG DW 86'PLOOLRQ
$QQH[HV G DQG H DQG )LJXUH   7KH PDLQ H[SRUW PDUNHWV ZHUH WKH $VLD WKH
(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD

$JDU DJDUH[SRUWV DOVR LQFUHDVHG IURP WRQQHV LQ WRQHDUO\WRQQHV LQ
IRUZKLFKWKHPDLQPDUNHWVZHUH*HUPDQ\,WDO\DQG6SDLQZLWKLQWKH(XURSHDQ
8QLRQDVZHOODV0DOD\VLDWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQDQG7KDLODQG([SRUWVDOVRLQFUHDVHG
WRPDQ\RWKHUPDUNHWVLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG

)LJXUH&KLQD([SRUWVRIGULHGHGLEOHVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUSURFHVVHGSURGXFWV
±


Source&KLQD&XVWRPV





7KH 3KLOLSSLQHV 7KH VHDZHHG H[SRUW WUDGH LQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV FRQVLVWV PRUH RI
VHPLSURFHVVHGDQGSURFHVVHGSURGXFWV7KHFRXQWU\DOVRH[SRUWVDVPDOOTXDQWLW\RIGULHG
VHDZHHG

,Q $VLD WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV LV WKH VHFRQG ODUJHVW VXSSOLHUH[SRUWHU RI VHPLSURFHVVHG DQG
SURFHVVHGFDUUDJHHQDQIROORZLQJ&KLQD([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQLQFUHDVHGE\SHUFHQW
GXULQJ WKH ± SHULRG YDOXHG DW 86'PLOOLRQ LQ  $QQH[ F  7KH
8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD KDV EHHQ LWV PDLQ PDUNHW IRU FDUUDJHHQDQ IROORZHG E\ WKH
%UD]LO (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ ,QGRQHVLD -DSDQ 0H[LFR DQG 7KDLODQG ([SRUWV KDYH DOVR
LQFUHDVHGWRQHZPDUNHWVQDPHO\$UJHQWLQD$XVWUDOLD%UD]LO,QGRQHVLDDQGWKH5XVVLDQ
)HGHUDWLRQ

([SRUWV RI GULHG VHDZHHG DUH PDLQO\ HGLEOH YDULHWLHV DQG KDYHGHFOLQHG RYHU WKH SDVW
\HDUV,QWKHYROXPHZDVUHODWLYHO\VPDOODWWRQQHV $QQH[D 

 352&(66('6($:((',1,17(51$7,21$/75$'(

7KUHHW\SHVRIVHDZHHGDUHXVXDOO\VROGRQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHWQDPHO\ L HGLEOH
VHDZHHGSURGXFWVWKDWDUHGLUHFWO\FRQVXPHGDVIRRG LL GULHGVHDZHHGDVUDZPDWHULDO
IRU IXUWKHU SURFHVVLQJ DQG LLL  WKH K\GURFROORLGV DJDUDOJLQDWH DQG FDUUDJHHQDQ 7KH
PDUNHWG\QDPLFVPRVWO\DUHGXHWRK\GURFROORLGSURGXFWVQDPHO\FDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDU
DJDUZKLFKDUHWUDGHGDQGXVHGZLGHO\LQPDQ\FRXQWULHVIRUIRRGDQGQRQIRRGXVDJH

)LJXUH:RUOG7RSVHYHQH[SRUWHUV )LJXUH:RUOG7RSVHYHQH[SRUWHUV
RIDJDUDJDUE\ZHLJKW± RIDJDUDJDUE\YDOXH±

 
Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 


)LJXUH:RUOG7RSVHYHQH[SRUWHUVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ±

Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 35,&(75(1'6217+(,17(51$7,21$/0$5.(7

,QJHQHUDOVHDZHHGSULFHVYDU\EHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWVSHFLHVSURGXFWIRUPVTXDOLW\FRXQWU\
RIRULJLQWRQDPHDIHZ3ULFHIOXFWXDWLRQVDOVRWDNHSODFHIURPWLPHWRWLPHGXHWRVXSSO\
DQGGHPDQG

:LWK UHJDUG WR GULHG VHDZHHG &KLQD í DV WKH VLQJOH ODUJHVW LPSRUWHU í GLFWDWHV WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDUNHW SULFH IRU WKH FDUUDJHHQRSK\WHV Kappaphycus alvarezii DQG E.
deliticulatum E.spinosum ZKLFKDUHJURZQLQWKH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILFUHJLRQ7KHSULFH
FKDUW EHORZ 7DEOH   VKRZV WKH ORZHU LPSRUW SULFH UDQJH IRU GULHG 6RXWKHDVW $VLDQ
VHDZHHG ,QGRQHVLD0DOD\VLDWKH3KLOLSSLQHV FRPSDUHGWRSURGXFWVIURP&KLOHLQ/DWLQ
$PHULFD

7DEOH&KLQD$YHUDJHLPSRUWSULFHWUHQGVIRUHGLEOHGULHGVHDZHHG
+6 E\FRXQWU\RIRULJLQ-DQXDU\-XO\±
([SRUWLQJFRXQWU\ 86'WRQQH
  
,QGRQHVLD   
3KLOLSSLQHV   
0DOD\VLD   
-DSDQ   
&KLOH   
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD   
Source&KLQD&XVWRPV

7KH SULFH RI FDUUDJHHQRSK\WHV HVSHFLDOO\ E.spinosum LV UDWKHU VHQVLWLYH WR VXSSO\
IOXFWXDWLRQV3ULFHVWHQGWREHF\FOLFDODVGHPDQGLQFUHDVHVIDUPHUVUDPSXSSURGXFWLRQ
FUHDWLQJDQRYHUVXSSO\WKDWVXEVHTXHQWO\IRUFHVDGUDVWLFGURSLQSULFHV:KHQSULFHVDUH
ORZIDUPHUVWHQGWRDEDQGRQWKHLUIDUPVWKXVGHFUHDVLQJVXSSO\DQGPRYLQJSULFHVXS




DJDLQ6LPLODUO\IRUSURFHVVHGVHDZHHGWKHUHLVDZLGHUDQJHRIK\GURFROORLGSULFHVWKDW
DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ PDQ\ IDFWRUV VXFK DV TXDOLW\ JUDGH W\SH EUDQG QDPH FRXQWU\ RI
RULJLQSK\VLFDOSURGXFWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWRQDPHDIHZ

)LJXUHGHSLFWVWKHPXFKKLJKHUH[SRUWSULFHVRIFDUUDJHHQDQRI&KLOHDQDQG)UHQFK
RULJLQ7KHVHDUHPRVWOLNHO\OLQNHGWRKLJKYDOXHVSHFLHVDQGSURGXFWTXDOLW\ SDUWLFXODUO\
)UHQFKSURGXFWV 3URGXFWVRI$VLDQRULJLQ LH&KLQD,QGRQHVLDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV WHQG
WREHLQWKHVDPHSULFHUDQJH

)LJXUH$YHUDJHH[SRUWSULFHVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ±


Source1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 0$5.(7287/22.

7KH JOREDO SURGXFWLRQ RI VHDZHHG KDV LQFUHDVHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ RYHU WKH ODVW GHFDGH LQ
UHVSRQVH WR LWV ZLGHU XVDJH LQ WKH IRRG DQG QRQIRRG VHFWRUV 'HPDQG IRU IUHVK DQG
SUHVHUYHGIRUPVLQFOXGLQJGULHGVHDZHHGIRUGLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQLVODUJHO\OLPLWHGWRWKH
(DVW $VLDQ PDUNHWV DQG ZKHUHYHU -DSDQHVH FXLVLQH H[LVWV HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH ZRUOG
+RZHYHU K\GURFROORLG SURGXFWV FDUUDJHHQDQ DJDU DJDU DQG DOJLQLF DFLG  KDYH KDG D
IXUWKHUUHDFKLQJLPSDFWLQWKHJOREDOFRQVXPHUPDUNHWLQWHUPVRIIRRGDQGQRQIRRG

2IWKHSURFHVVHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWVFDUUDJHHQDQLVWKHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGDQGKDVPDQ\
SXUSRVHV,WVFXUUHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHLVHVWLPDWHGWREHWRQQHV:KLOHWKHODUJH
PDUNHWVDWSUHVHQWDUHWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDGHPDQGIRU
FDUUDJHHQDQLVJURZLQJSDUWLFXODUO\LQQRQSURGXFLQJFRXQWULHV VHH$QQH[HVDDQG
E 7KLVWUHQGLVOLNHO\WRH[WHQGLQWRRWKHUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV7KHPDUNHWSURVSHFWV
IRUFDUUDJHHQDQDUHIDYRXUDEOHZLWKSRVLWLYHJURZWKH[SHFWHGLQPDQ\QHZPDUNHWVDQG
PDUNHWVHJPHQWV

 7$5*(7,1*7+(+$/$/0$5.(7





$VWXG\FRQGXFWHGE\WKH'XEDL&KDPEHURI&RPPHUFHDQG,QGXVWU\LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH
JOREDOKDODOPDUNHWLVSURMHFWHGWRJURZWR86'WULOOLRQE\ '&&, 2I
WKLV DPRXQW WKH KDODO IRRG WUDGH DORQH FRQWULEXWHV 86' ELOOLRQ &DWHULQJ WR WKH
UHOLJLRXVREOLJDWLRQVDQGSUHIHUHQFHVRI0XVOLPVKDVEHFRPHDELJEXVLQHVVSDUWLFXODUO\
ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHIRRGFORWKLQJDQGWRXULVPVHFWRUVDQGLQQRRWKHUUHJLRQLVWKLVPRUH
REYLRXVWKDQWKH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILFUHJLRQ(YHQFRXQWULHVZKLFKDUHQRWFODVVLILHGDV
0XVOLPQDWLRQVíQRWDEO\-DSDQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDWKH3KLOLSSLQHV6LQJDSRUHDQG
7KDLODQGíDUHHQFRXUDJLQJWKHLUEXVLQHVVVHFWRUVWRDFTXLUHWKDWDOOLPSRUWDQWXQLYHUVDOO\
DFFHSWHGKDODOFHUWLILFDWLRQIRUIRRGSURGXFWVLQRUGHUWRJDLQWKHLUVKDUHRIWKHKXJHKDODO
JOREDO PDUNHW ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ 0DOD\VLD DQG ,QGRQHVLD DUH WKH RQO\ 0XVOLP FRXQWULHV
UDQNLQJ HLJKWK DQG QLQHWK UHVSHFWLYHO\  LQ WKH WRS WHQ RI WKH ZRUOG
V OHDGLQJ KDODO
PDUNHWV

*RYHUQPHQWVWDWLVWLFVLQGLFDWHWKDWYLVLWRUVWR7KDLODQGIURP0XVOLPFRXQWULHVLQ$VLD
DQG WKH 0LGGOH (DVW KDYH PRUH WKDQ GRXEOHG EHWZHHQ  PLOOLRQ  DQG 
DSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQ ,QDGGLWLRQWRFDWHULQJIRUWRXULVWV7KDLODQGKDVDQHVWDEOLVKHG
GRPHVWLFPDUNHWZLWKLQLWVVL]HDEOH0XVOLPSRSXODWLRQLQWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWRIWKHFRXQWU\
$V7KDLODQGUDQNVQLQWKLQZRUOGKDODOIRRGH[SRUWVLWFDQEHVDIHO\DVVXPHGWKDWPRVW
RIWKHVHSURGXFWVDUHVKLSSHGWRRWKHUFRXQWULHV7KLVWUHQGLVOLNHO\WRFRQWLQXHDLGHGE\
VXSSRUW IURP WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI ,QGXVWU\ ZKLFK EXGJHWHG 7+%PLOOLRQ
86'PLOOLRQ WRSURPRWHH[SRUWVRIKDODOSURGXFWVLQILVFDO\HDU

7KDLODQG¶V0LQLVWU\RI,QGXVWU\DOVRKDVDQQRXQFHGWKDWLWZLOOVSHDUKHDGGHYHORSPHQW
SODQV IRU KDODO SURGXFWV IURP VPDOO DQG PHGLXP HQWHUSULVHV RQ D ³2QH 7DPERQ 2QH
3URGXFW´EDVLVZLWKWKHREMHFWLYHRISXVKLQJ7KDLODQG¶VUDQNLQJWRRQHRIWKHZRUOG¶VWRS
ILYH KDODO H[SRUWHUV E\  6RPH 7+%ELOOLRQ 86'PLOOLRQ  DOVR KDV EHHQ
DOORFDWHG IRU WKH 1DWLRQDO )RRG ,QVWLWXWH RI 7KDLODQG DQG 7+%ELOOLRQ
86'ELOOLRQ  WR WKH FRXQWU\¶V 'HSDUWPHQW RI ,QGXVWULDO 3URPRWLRQ 7KH &HQWUDO
,VODPLF&RPPLWWHHRI7KDLODQGZLOODOVRUHFHLYHIXQGVWRH[SHGLWHFHUWLILFDWLRQRSHUDWLRQV
IRUKDODOIRRGSURGXFWV

Crispy Seaweed Spicy Flavour; 
Tao Kae Noi Brand carries a halal label. 

$FFRUGLQJWRWKH1DWLRQDO)RRG,QVWLWXWHDERXWKDOIRIWKHKDODO
H[SRUWV IURP 7KDLODQG FRQVLVWV RI ULFH IROORZHG E\ VXJDU
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHUFHQW  KRZ PXFK RI WKH UHPDLQGHU
FRPSULVHV VHDZHHG DQG RWKHU DOJDH LV QRW GHILQLWLYH $
PHPRUDQGXP RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ KDV EHHQ VLJQHG KRZHYHU
EHWZHHQWKHLQVWLWXWHDQG+DODO'HYHORSPHQW)RXQGDWLRQ-DSDQ
ZKHUH WKH IRUPHU ZLOO DVVLVW -DSDQHVH LQYHVWRUV WR JDLQ WKH
RIILFLDOKDODOWUDGHPDUNIURPWKH&HQWUDO,VODPLF&RPPLWWHHRI
7KDLODQG 7KH UHVXOW ZLOO EH IRRG IURP -DSDQ LQFOXGLQJ
VHDZHHGEHLQJDFFHVVLEOHRQWKHJOREDOKDODOPDUNHW

6LQJDSRUHLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJVLQFHLWLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJH[DPSOHRILQQRYDWLRQLQVHUYLFHV
$VWKHLVODQGVWDWHODFNVVSDFHWREXLOGKXJHIDFLOLWLHVWRPDQXIDFWXUHIRRGVLWRIIHUVZKDW
VRPHRWKHUQDWLRQVPD\QHHGKDODOFRQVXOWDQF\ LHHGXFDWLRQDQGDZDUHQHVVRQKRZWR




SURGXFH SURFHVV DQG PDUNHW SURGXFWV IRU 0XVOLP FRXQWULHV  7KHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ WHQ
DFWLYHKDODO FRQVXOWDQF\ILUPV WKDW DVVLVW FRPSDQLHV WR DWWDLQKDODO FHUWLILFDWLRQ ORFDOO\
DQGJOREDOO\
,Q  WKH KDODO FHUWLI\LQJ ERG\ LQ 6LQJDSRUH 0DMOLV 8JDPD ,VODP 6LQJDSXUD
HVWDEOLVKHGDFRPSDQ\FDOOHG:DUHHV+DODO/WGLQDVLWVH[HFXWLYHDUP&RPSDQLHV
IURP-DSDQDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDKDYHDWWHQGHGWKHVHPLQDUVRUJDQL]HGE\:DUHHV
+DODO /WG $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH  DQQXDO UHSRUW RI 6LQJDSRUH¶V FHUWLI\LQJ ERG\ VRPH
6*'PLOOLRQ 86'PLOOLRQ  LQ LQFRPH ZDV GHULYHG IURP KDODO FHUWLILFDWLRQ LQ
6LQJDSRUHLQWKDW\HDU

,QWKHTXHVWWRFRPSO\ZLWKKDODOUHTXLUHPHQWVEXVLQHVVHVORRNIRUSODQWDOWHUQDWLYHVIRU
DQLPDOSURWHLQVDQGQXWULHQWV$SDUWIURPVHDZHHGDVDGLUHFWIRRGVRXUFHK\GURFROORLGV
IURP VHDZHHG DUH LGHDOO\ VXLWHG DV VXEVWLWXWHV IRU WKH DQLPDORULJLQ K\GURFROORLGV
JHODWLQHFDVHLQDWHZKH\SURWHLQVR\SURWHLQHJJZKLWHSURWHLQDQGFKLWRVDQ,WPXVWEH
QRWHGDOVRWKDWKDODOIRRGFRPSOLHVZLWKWKHQHHGIRUNRVKHUIRRGIRU-HZLVKFRPPXQLWLHV
DVZHOODVWKHIRRGVWDQGDUGUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH86)RRGDQG'UXJ$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG
&RGH[$OLPHQWDULXV&RPPLVVLRQDQGDUHWKXVDFFHSWDEOHIRUDOO0XVOLPVRURWKHUZLVH

 */2%$/&(57,),&$7,21

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR SURGXFWV IRU WKH KDODO PDUNHW FRQVXPHUV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH GHYHORSHG
ZRUOG LQFUHDVLQJO\VHHNHYLGHQFHWKDWSURGXFWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJKDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGLQ
DVXVWDLQDEOHPDQQHUIURPWKHUDZPDWHULDOEHLQJFRQWDPLQDQWIUHHDQGVDIHWRHDWWRWKH
ILQDOSURGXFW3URGXFWVFHUWLILHGLQWKLVPDQQHUDUHH[SHFWHGWREHVROGDWKLJKHUSULFHV
DQGWROLQHWKHVKHOYHVLQRUJDQLFVHFWLRQVRIPDMRUVXSHUPDUNHWV

,QUHVSRQVHWRWKHFDOOIRUDJOREDOO\DFFHSWHGVWDQGDUGWKDWUHZDUGVVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQG
VDIHW\FHUWLILFDWLRQVFKHPHVDUHEHLQJGHYHORSHGVXFKDVWKH6HDZHHG6WDQGDUGRIWKH
MRLQW 0DULQH 6WHZDUGVKLS &RXQFLO DQG $TXDFXOWXUH 6WHZDUGVKLS &RXQFLO SODQQHG IRU
UHOHDVHLQLWVLQWURGXFWRU\SKDVHLQ2FWREHU

7KLV LQLWLDO SKDVH ZLOO EH RSHQ IRU IDUPHG DQG ZLOG VHDZHHG RSHUDWLRQV WKDW PHHW WKH
IROORZLQJFULWHULDVXVWDLQDEOHSRSXODWLRQVPLQLPL]LQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVHIIHFWLYH
PDQDJHPHQWVRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\UHODWLRQV&HUWLILFDWHVDZDUGHGGXULQJ
WKLVSKDVHZLOOEHYDOLGIRUWKUHH\HDUV 7KH6HDZHHG6WDQGDUGFRQIRUPVWRLQWHUQDWLRQDO
QRUPVRIJRRGFRQGXFWLQFOXGLQJ)$2*XLGHOLQHVIRU(FRODEHOOLQJRI)LVKDQG)LVKHU\
3URGXFWVIURP0DULQH&DSWXUH)LVKHULHVDVZHOODV,6($/&RGHVRI*RRG3UDFWLFH

 




 352&(66,1*$1'87,/,=$7,21

6HDZHHGXWLOL]DWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\LQ$VLDGDWHVEDFNPRUHWKDQ\HDUV,Q%&
WKH&KLQHVHSKLORVRSKHU6]H7HXZURWHWKDW6RPHDOJDHDUHDGHOLFDF\ILWIRUWKHPRVW
KRQRUHGJXHVWVHYHQIRUWKH.LQJKLPVHOI&RQYHUVHO\LQDIHZRWKHUFRXQWULHVZLWKD
VLPLODUO\ORQJWUDGLWLRQRIXWLOL]LQJVHDZHHGVXFKDV,UHODQGVHDZHHG ,ULVKPRVV ZDVDW
RQHWLPH EXWQRORQJHUVR UHJDUGHGDVIRRGIRUWKHLQGLJHQW

7RGD\ &KLQD -DSDQ DQG WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD DUH WKH ZRUOG¶V ODUJHVW FRQVXPHUV RI
VHDZHHGFRPPRQO\XVHGDV noriVKHHWVWRZUDSVXVKLkombuDVRXSVWRFNLQJUHGLHQW
DQGwakame IRUVRXSVDQGVDODGV6HDZHHGíSDUWO\EHFDXVHRIWKHLQFUHDVLQJSRSXODULW\
RIVXVKLíLVEHLQJDOVRFRQVXPHGRQDODUJHVFDOHLQWKH(XURSH6RXWK$PHULFDDQGWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD



Dried seaweed lines the shelves of Japanese-themed outlets
in many Asian supermarkets, in this case in Malaysia.
© Fatima Ferdouse

7KHKHDOWKEHQHILWVRIVHDZHHGGXHWRLWVKLJKFRPSOHPHQWRILRGLQHFDOFLXPFRSSHU
LURQ9LWDPLQ&9LWDPLQ%9LWDPLQ.DQGSURWHLQDUHDQDGGLWLRQDOUHDVRQIRULWV
ULVLQJ FRQVXPSWLRQ ,PSRUWDQW FRPSRXQGV SUHVHQW LQ VHDZHHG LQFOXGH IXFRLGDQ DQG
JOXWDPDWHZKLFKLPSURYHKHDUWKHDOWKDQGEUDLQIXQFWLRQ,WLVRIWHQSRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKH
-DSDQHVH ZKR HDW VHDZHHG UHJXODUO\ KDYH RQH RI WKH KLJKHVW OLIH H[SHFWDQFLHV LQ WKH
ZRUOG

 6($:(('$6$&20321(17,10$1<,1'8675,(6

6HDZHHG LV IRXQG LQ PDQ\ PRUH SURGXFWV WKDQ FRPPRQO\ WKRXJKW HLWKHU FRQVXPHG
GLUHFWO\RUSURFHVVHGLQWRIRRGSURGXFWV SULPDULO\LQWKH(DVW$VLDQFRXQWULHVRI&KLQD
-DSDQDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD 7DNLQJGracilaria VSDVDQH[DPSOHLQ$VLDWKHPDMRU
FRQVXPHUVDUH,QGRQHVLD-DSDQ ORFDOQDPHRIogonori RUogo 0DOD\VLDWKH3KLOLSSLQHV
ORFDOQDPHRIgulaman 7KDLODQGDQG9LHW1DP,QWKH:HVW,QGLHVLW LVVROGLQPDUNHWV
DVVHDPRVVUHSXWHGWRKDYHDSKURGLVLDFSURSHUWLHVDQGLVDOVRXVHGDVDEDVHIRUDQRQ
DOFRKROLFGULQN,Q+DZDLLZKHUHGracilariaLVHDWHQDVSDUWRIVDODGGLVKHVLWLVIDUPHG
LQ FDJHV LQ FRDVWDO ZDWHUV DQG IHUWLOL]HG E\ VKULPS IDUP HIIOXHQW GracilariaLV DOVR D
FRPPRQPDFURDOJDHIRUVDOHLQWKHDTXDULXPWUDGH





&DUUDJHHQDQIURPUHGVHDZHHGDQGDOJLQRUDOJLQDWHVIURPEURZQVHDZHHGDUHXVHGDV
WKLFNHQLQJDJHQWVLQFRQIHFWLRQDULHVEDNHU\SURGXFWVVDODGGUHVVLQJVLFHFUHDPVVZHHWV
DQGGHVVHUWV HJSXGGLQJVFKHZLQJJXPMDPVMHOOLHV GDLU\SURGXFWVVXFKDVFKRFRODWH
PLONEHYHUDJHPL[HVDQGLQSURFHVVHGPHDWVVDXVDJHVDQGILVKDVZHOODVLQFODULI\LQJ
RIEHHUVDQGZLQHV











© Fatima Ferdouse

&DUUDJHHQDQ DQG DOJLQDWHV DUH XVHG DOVR LQ SKDUPDFHXWLFDOV DV ELQGHUV VWDELOLVHUV
HPXOVLILHUV DQG IRU FUHDWLQJ PRXOGV LQ GHQWLVWU\ $OJLQDWHV DUH IXUWKHU XVHG LQ RUDO
PHGLFDWLRQVVXFKDVFRXJKPHGLFLQHDQGLQWKHFDUHRIZRXQGV

 &$55$*((1$1

7KHPDLQDOJDHIRUFDUUDJHHQDQH[WUDFWLRQLQWKHVXVHGWREHChondrus ,ULVKPRVV 
ZKLFK ZDV KDUYHVWHG IURP WKH ZLOG LQ &DQDGD 7KH ULVLQJ GHPDQG IRU FDUUDJHHQDQ
KRZHYHUKDVUHVXOWHGLQDQH[SDQVLRQRIKappaphycus alvarezii (cotonii) DQGEucheuma
denticulatum spinosum  IDUPLQJ LQ )LML ,QGRQHVLD .HQ\D .LULEDWL 0DGDJDVFDU
0DOD\VLDWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG7DQ]DQLD2WKHUFDUUDJHHQDQJHQHUDDUHKDUYHVWHGIURPWKH
ZLOG VXFK DV Chondrus Furcellaria Gigartina Sarcothalia Mazzaella Iridaea
MastocarpusDQGTichocarpusPDLQO\VRXUFHGIURP$UJHQWLQD&DQDGD&KLOH'HQPDUN
)UDQFH -DSDQ WKH 'HPRFUDWLF 3HRSOH¶V 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD
0H[LFR0RURFFR3RUWXJDO5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ6SDLQDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD





In Southeast Asia, carrageenan is used as a binder for


items such as burgers.
© Fatima Ferdouse

7KH EXON RI WKH FDUUDJHHQDQ LV UHILQHG
3URFHVVLQJ RI WKH UDZ PDWHULDO WDNHV SODFH
PDLQO\LQWKH'HQPDUN)UDQFHWKH3KLOLSSLQHV
DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD WR SURGXFH
WKUHH PDMRU W\SHV DOFRKRO SURFHVVHG UHILQHG
FDUUDJHHQDQV SRWDVVLXP FKORULGH SURFHVVHG
5&V DQG 65& DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV 31*
3KLOLSSLQH1DWXUDO*UDGH RU3(6 3URFHVVHGEucheuma 6HDZHHG 7KHODWWHUKDVRQO\
LQ UHFHQW \HDUV EHHQ DSSURYHG IRU IRRG DSSOLFDWLRQV ,W LV UHFRJQL]HG GLIIHUHQWO\ LQ
(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQG86OHJLVODWLRQWKHIRUPHULQWKH&RGHRI)HGHUDO5HJXODWLRQVDQG
WKHODWWHULQ$QQH[,RIWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWDQG&RXQFLO'LUHFWLYH(&RI
)HEUXDU\  RQ IRRG DGGLWLYHV 8QGHU WKH &RGH[ $OLPHQWDULXV FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG
3URFHVVHG Eucheuma 6HDZHHG KDYH EHHQ JLYHQ DQ $FFHSWDEOH 'DLO\ ,QWDNH RI ³QRW
VSHFLILHG´E\WKH-RLQW)$2:+2([SHUW&RPPLWWHHRQ)RRG$GGLWLYHV

$QLPSRUWDQWSRLQWWRQRWHLVWKDW65&SUHVHQWO\XWLOL]HGSULPDULO\LQ$VLDLVLQFUHDVLQJO\
LQGHPDQGLQ(XURSHZKHUHWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWFDQEHVDLGWREHVZLIWHUWKDQLQ
$VLD &\EHU&ROORLGV /WG D UHVHDUFK DQG SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQW JURXS UHSRUWHG WKDW
EHWZHHQ  DQG  PRVW RI WKH QHZ SURGXFWV FRQWDLQLQJ 65& ZHUH ODXQFKHG LQ
(XURSHDQGGRPLQDWHGWKHFDUUDJHHQDQPDUNHW

 27+(586(62)6($:(('

7KDODVVRWKHUDS\KDVJDLQHGSRSXODULW\LQWKHEHDXW\DQGZHOOQHVVLQGXVWU\([WUDFWVRI
VHDZHHGDUHXVHGLQGLHWSLOOV WKH\WHQGWRH[SDQGLQWKHVWRPDFKFUHDWLQJDIHHOLQJRI
IXOOQHVV RUWKH\PD\EHSDUWRIVNLQFDUHSDFNDJHV IDFLDOPDVNVEDWKVDOWVPDVVDJHV
JHOVVKDPSRRVFOHDQVHUVVKDYLQJFUHDPV RUFRVPHWLFVRIWHQPL[HGZLWKDURPDWLFRLOV
6RPHZHOOQHVVFHQWUHVRIIHUIXOOERG\VHDZHHGZUDSVIROORZHGE\DZDUPLQJRIWKHERG\
ZLWKLQIUDUHGODPSVFODLPHGWRLPSURYHEORRGFLUFXODWLRQDQGKHOSUHOLHYHUKHXPDWLFSDLQ
DQGUHPRYHFHOOXOLWH

,Q RWKHU LQGXVWULDO VHFWRUV VHDZHHG LV XVHG LQ VRLO IHUWLOL]HUV EHFDXVH RI LWV ULFK SODQW
QXWULHQWV HJ SRWDVVLXP QLWURJHQ DQG SKRVSKRUXV  $OJLQV DUH IRXQG LQ SDLQWV DQG
SLJPHQWVSDSHUFDUGERDUGWH[WLOHSULQWLQJSHUVRQDOOXEULFDQWVDVDVXEVWUDWHLQEDFWHULDO
FXOWXUHDQGLQH[SORVLYHVSHVWLFLGHVDQGILUHUHWDUGDQWV5HVHDUFKLVDOVRRQJRLQJLQWR
ELRIXHOSURGXFWLRQXVLQJVHDZHHG

6HDZHHG LV DOVR D ILOWHULQJ DJHQW GXH WR LWV DELOLW\ GXULQJ SKRWRV\QWKHVLV  WR UDSLGO\
FRQVXPH DPPRQLD DPPRQLXP QLWUDWH QLWULWH SKRVSKDWH LURQ DQG FRSSHU DV ZHOO DV
FDUERQGLR[LGHWKXVILOWHULQJWKHVHQXWULHQWVRXWRIZDWHUERGLHV)$2  HVWLPDWHV
WKDW LQ  PLOOLRQ WRQV RI QLWURJHQ ZHUH XVHG JOREDOO\ DV IHUWLOL]HU RI ZKLFK
EHWZHHQSHUFHQWDQGSHUFHQWHQGHGXSLQFRDVWDOZDWHUV 3DUWLFXODUO\XVHIXOLVWKH
IDFWWKDWWKHQXWULHQWODGHQDOJDH HVSHFLDOO\PDFURDOJDHDVRSSRVHGWRPLFURDOJDH FDQ
VLPSO\EHSXOOHGRXWDQGGLVSRVHGRILIQHFHVVDU\7KLVQDWXUDOILOWHULQJSURFHVVFDQEH
UHSOLFDWHGLQPDQPDGHHQYLURQPHQWVXVLQJVHDZHHGILOWHUVVXFKDVDOJDHVFUXEEHUV





September 2017, Zanzibar í FAO Director-General, Josè Graziano da Silva, inspecting a
variety of products made from seaweed during his visit to Paje Beach.
©FAO/Kevin Midigo

6HDZHHGDOVRIRUPVDSDUWRIWKHGLHWIRUIDUPHGILVKDQGILVKHU\VSHFLHVíVXFKDVNHOS
(Ecklonia)IRUDEDORQHIHHGLQ6RXWK$IULFDíDQGDQLPDOIHHGV,QDGGLWLRQVWXGLHVDUH
XQGHUZD\RQZKHWKHUDGGLQJVHDZHHGWROLYHVWRFNIHHGZLOOVXEVWDQWLDOO\UHGXFHPHWKDQH
HPLVVLRQVIURPFDWWOH



 &21&/86,216$1'287/22.

)RU FHQWXULHV VHDZHHG KDV EHHQ XWLOL]HG WKURXJKRXW WKH ZRUOG í LQ WKH HDUOLHVW WLPHV
VROHO\DVDIRRGVRXUFHIRUFRDVWDOFRPPXQLWLHV7RGD\WKHJOREDOVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\LV
ZRUWKPRUHWKDQ86'ELOOLRQSHUDQQXP DSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQWRQQHVLQYROXPH 
RIZKLFKVRPHSHUFHQWFRPSULVHVIRRGSURGXFWVGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\XVHGIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ

$VZLOGKDUYHVWVGHFOLQHGXHWRRYHUH[SORLWDWLRQWKHDTXDFXOWXUHVHFWRUKDVH[SDQGHG
H[SRQHQWLDOO\ ,Q  RI WKH WRWDO JOREDO VHDZHHG SURGXFWLRQ RI PLOOLRQWRQQHV
PLOOLRQWRQQHVRULJLQDWHGIURPWKHFXOWXUHVHFWRU3URGXFLQJQDWLRQVDUHDZDUHRIWKH
QHHG WR HQVXUH WKH VHFWRU¶V ORQJWHUP HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO GHYHORSPHQW LQ
DGGLWLRQ WR FRQWLQXLQJ UHVHDUFK LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ IDVW JURZLQJ KLJK \LHOGLQJ DQG GLVHDVH
UHVLVWDQWYDULHWLHV

$W WKH GRPHVWLF OHYHO VHDZHHG LV VHHQ DV QRW RQO\ D VRXUFH RI QXWULWLRXV IRRG IRU
SRSXODWLRQVEXWDOVRLWVFXOWXUHDQGWUDGHEULQJDERXWWKHFRQVLGHUDEOHHQKDQFHPHQWRI
VRFLRHFRQRPLFOLYHOLKRRGV6HDZHHGGHULYHGH[WUDFWV FDUUDJHHQDQDJDUDQGDOJLQDWHV 
DUH DOVR D PDMRU VRXUFH RI WUDGH LQFRPH PDNLQJ XS DOPRVW SHUFHQW RI WKH ZRUOG¶V
K\GURFROORLGPDUNHW&RQWLQXLW\LQWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIKLJKTXDOLW\VXSSOLHVLVWKHUHIRUH
HVVHQWLDODQGLWFDQEHRQO\DFKLHYHGWKURXJKDTXDFXOWXUH

7KH JOREDO VHDZHHG PDUNHW LV H[SHULHQFLQJ VWHDG\ JURZWK EXR\HG E\ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ
GHPDQG IRU SURGXFWV LQ WKH µILWQRW ILW IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ¶ FDWHJRULHV ,Q 
VHDZHHGDQGVHDZHHGSURGXFWVZHUHWUDGHGDWDQHVWLPDWHGYDOXHRI86'PLOOLRQ
$VVXPLQJDQDQQXDOJURZWKUDWHRIDERXWSHUFHQWWKHWRWDOYDOXHFRXOGEHDVKLJKDV
86'PLOOLRQE\2IWKHUHGEURZQDQGJUHHQFRPPHUFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWVHDZHHG
VSHFLHVUHGYDULHWLHVFRPSULVHVOLJKWO\PRUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHJOREDOYDOXH7KLVWUHQGLV
OLNHO\WRFRQWLQXHGXHWRWKHLUULVLQJXVHLQWKHIRRGLQGXVWU\LQWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWJURZWK
FHQWUH$VLDDVZHOODVDFURVVWKHZRUOG

%\UHJLRQWKH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILFUHJLRQ &KLQD-DSDQDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD LV


WKH ODUJHVW PDUNHW DEVRUELQJ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHUFHQW RI VHDZHHG DQG K\GURFROORLGV
VXSSOLHVIROORZHGE\(XURSHDQGWKH$PHULFDV7KHODWWHUWZRUHJLRQVDUHH[SHULHQFLQJ
D ULVH LQ VHDZHHG FRQVXPSWLRQ GXH WR LWV UHSXWDWLRQ DV D KHDOWK\ IRRG DV ZHOO DV WKH
LQFUHDVLQJSRSXODULW\RI-DSDQHVHFXLVLQH

,QWHUPVRISURFHVVLQJDQGXWLOL]LQJSURGXFWVQRWGLUHFWO\FRQVXPHGDVIRRGVHDZHHGLV
PXFKPRUHSUHVHQWWKDQLVJHQHUDOO\UHFRJQL]HG&DUUDJHHQDQIURPUHGVHDZHHGDVZHOO
DV DOJLQ RU DOJLQDWHV IURP EURZQ VHDZHHG DUH XVHG LQ WKH WKLFNHQLQJJHOOLQJ RI IRRG
SURGXFWVSURFHVVLQJRIPHDWVVDXVDJHVDQGILVKFODULI\LQJDOFRKROSKDUPDFHXWLFDOVDQG
GHQWLVWU\ WKH KHDOWK DQG EHDXW\ LQGXVWULHV VRLO IHUWLOL]HUV WH[WLOH SULQWLQJ EDFWHULDO
FXOWXUHDVDVXEVWUDWHZDWHUILOWUDWLRQDQGOLYHVWRFNDQGILVKHU\GLHWV

6HDZHHG DQG RWKHU DOJDH DUH DQ HVVHQWLDO VRXUFH RI QXWULWLRXV IRRG IRU KXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQ SURYLGHV MREV IRU FRDVWDO FRPPXQLWLHV DQG JURZHUV DQG DUH HVVHQWLDO
FRPSRQHQWVLQDVLJQLILFDQWO\ZLGHUDQJHRIIRRGDQGQRQIRRGFRPPHUFLDOLQGXVWULHV
7KHLUSUHVHQFHLVVRXELTXLWRXVLQPDQ\IDPLOLDUSURGXFWVLQWKHUHWDLODQGFRPPHUFLDO
VHFWRUVWKDWLWRIWHQJRHVXQUHFRJQL]HGXQWLOODEHOVDUHH[DPLQHG




 352'8&7,21$1'6867$,1$%,/,7<

7KHRXWSXWRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHIURPWKHFXOWXUHVHFWRUKDVLQFUHDVHGVKDUSO\RYHU
WKHODVWGHFDGH ± 7KLVWUHQGLVOLNHO\WRFRQWLQXHDVZLOGKDUYHVWVVWDJQDWHRU
HYHQ GHFOLQH GXH WR RYHUH[SORLWDWLRQ FKDQJLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV ZDWHU
SROOXWLRQDQGPRVWRIDOOPDUNHWGHPDQGIRUVHDZHHGDVIRRGDVZHOODVIRULWVH[WUDFWV
XVHGLQFRPPHUFLDOLQGXVWULHV5HGVHDZHHGKDVWKHKLJKHVWDSSOLFDWLRQLQWKHIRRGDQG
FRPPHUFLDOVHFWRUVPDNLQJLWWKHSUHIHUUHGVHOHFWLRQIRUDTXDFXOWXUHRYHUWKHEURZQDQG
JUHHQYDULHWLHV

$VDUHVXOWRIWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJLPSRUWDQFHRIDTXDFXOWXUHWKHOHDGLQJSURGXFLQJQDWLRQV
DUH IRFXVLQJ RQ HQVXULQJ WKH VHFWRU¶V ORQJWHUP HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO
GHYHORSPHQW LQ DGGLWLRQ WR FRQWLQXLQJ UHVHDUFK LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ IDVWJURZLQJ
KLJK\LHOGLQJGLVHDVHUHVLVWDQWYDULHWLHVRIVHDZHHG0RUHFRXQWULHVVKRXOGPDNHHIIRUWV
WRHQVXUHWKDWJHQHWLFELRGLYHUVLW\LVSUHVHUYHGSRWHQWLDOO\WKURXJKWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI
VHDZHHGJHQHEDQNV

:LWK UHJDUG WR ZLOG VHDZHHG KDUYHVWHUV VKRXOG EH PDGH DZDUH RI WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI
HQVXULQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\IRUH[DPSOHWKH\FRXOGFXWRUSUXQHVHDZHHGUDWKHUWKDQSXOOLW
RXW IURP QDWXUDO EHGV $OVR HVVHQWLDO LV PDNH FHUWDLQ WKDW WKH ZLOG VHDZHHG LV
FRQWDPLQDQWIUHH í DQ DUHD ZKHUH UHOHYDQW JRYHUQLQJ DXWKRULWLHV PXVW LPSOHPHQW
HIIHFWLYHFRDVWDO]RQHPDQDJHPHQWSROLFLHV

,Q FRXQWULHV ZKHUH JURZHUV DUH PHPEHUV RI D JURXS RU RUJDQL]DWLRQ JRYHUQPHQWV DUH
PRUHDEOHWRFROOHFWLYHO\PDQDJHDQGLPSURYHFXOWXUHDQGZLOGKDUYHVWWHFKQLTXHVDQG
RXWSXWVRWKDWWKHUHOHYDQWVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWVDUHQRWORVWDQGWKDWWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH
IUHVK RU SURFHVVHG VHDZHHG LV PDLQWDLQHG 7KHUH DUH YDULRXV DSSURDFKHV WKDW FDQ EH
SURPRWHGRQHRIZKLFKLVWRHQFRXUDJHJURZHUVWRH[DPLQH,07$DVDPHDQVRIUDLVLQJ
LQFRPHV LQ OLPLWHG FXOWXUH DUHDV PDQSRZHU DQG ILQDQFHV 6XFFHVVIXO ,07$ SURMHFWV
LQYROYLQJ VHDZHHG KDYH H[LVWHG IRU PDQ\ \HDUV LQ %UD]LO &KLQD DQG WKH 5HSXEOLF RI
.RUHD

 6($:((')25+80$1&2168037,21

,QWKHVKRUWWHUP&KLQDLVH[SHFWHGWRUHPDLQWKHZRUOG¶VOHDGLQJVHDZHHGSURGXFHUD
VLJQLILFDQWSRUWLRQRIZKLFKJRHVSULPDULO\WRPHHWWKHQHHGVIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQDQG
WKHIRRGLQGXVWU\ FDUUDJHHQDQDQGDJDU 7KHULVLQJGHPDQGIRUVHDZHHGVQDFNVDQGWKH
JURZLQJJOREDOSRSXODULW\RI-DSDQHVHFXLVLQH SDUWLFXODUO\VXVKL DUHWZRPDMRUIDFWRUV
WKDWZLOOFRQWLQXHWRGULYHPDUNHWGHPDQGIRUVHDZHHGDVIRRG8QGHUO\LQJWKLVWUHQGLV
WKHIDFWWKDWVHDZHHGLVUHFRJQL]HGDVDSRZHUKRXVHRIYLWDPLQVDQGPLQHUDOVWKDWDUH
KLJKO\EHQHILFLDOWRKHDOWK

3URGXFWGLYHUVLILFDWLRQLVHVVHQWLDOZKHQFUHDWLQJLWHPVWRDSSHDOWRYDULRXVGHPRJUDSKLFV
DQGFXOWXUHV2QHRQO\KDVWRORRNDWWKHLQQRYDWLYHSURGXFWV LQFOXGLQJVQDFNIRRGVDQG
UHDG\WRHDWPHDOV WKDWDUHEHLQJPDQXIDFWXUHGLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQVHYHUDO6RXWKHDVW
$VLDQFRXQWULHV &KLQD-DSDQWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDQG7KDLODQG DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
RI$PHULFDWKHYDULRXVEUDQGVDQGIRUPXODWLRQVWRVXLWUHJLRQDOWDVWHVDQGWKHUHDFKRXW
WR D ZLGHU JOREDO PDUNHW )ODYRXUHG WLGELWV QRRGOHV KHDOWK GULQNV FUDFNHUV FRRNLHV




VZHHWV FRQGLPHQWV DQG SUHSDUHG VDODGV DUH VRPH RI WKH SURGXFWV FRQVWDQWO\ EHLQJ
LQYHQWHGDQGUHLQYHQWHG

$PRQJWKHNH\FULWHULDLQUHODWLRQWRWKHµVHDZHHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ¶VHFWRUDUHWR
HQVXUHWKDWSURGXFWVDUHFHUWLILHGDVVXVWDLQDEOHDQGRUJDQLFDQGWKDWWKH\SUHIHUDEO\FDUU\
DKDODOORJR:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHIRUPHUJOREDOO\DFFHSWHGFHUWLILFDWLRQVFKHPHVVXFKDV
WKDWRIWKH0DULQH6WHZDUGVKLS&RXQFLODUHSUHVHQW,QWHUPVRIWKHKDODOPDUNHWVHYHUDO
FRXQWULHVLQWKH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILFUHJLRQDUHIRUJLQJDKHDGZLWKFHUWLILFDWLRQDQGWKH
PDQXIDFWXUHRISURGXFWVWRDSSHDOWRQRWRQO\WKHKXJH0XVOLPPDUNHWEXWDOVREH\RQG
WKDW ,Q WHUPV RI JOREDO VDOHV SURGXFWV VXFK DV WKHVH ZRXOG IHWFK SUHPLXP SULFHV DQG
DWWUDFWJUHDWHUGHPDQGLQWKHUHVSHFWLYHWDUJHWPDUNHWV&HUWLILFDWLRQZRXOGDGGYDOXHWR
WKHSURGXFWVLQWHUPVRIDFFHSWDELOLW\DQGVDOHV2QHFDQH[SHFWWKDWWKHJOREDOVHDZHHG
LQGXVWU\ZLOOFRQWLQXHWRJURZZLWKWKHVHIDFWRUVLQPLQG

 6($:(('(;75$&76

$SDUW IURP VHDZHHG IRU KXPDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ LWV H[WUDFWV FDUUDJHHQDQ DJDU DJDU DQG
DOJLQDWHV FRQWULEXWHDERXWSHUFHQWWRWKHJOREDOK\GURFROORLGPDUNHW,QGRQHVLDWKH
VHFRQGELJJHVWSURGXFHUIRFXVHVRQVSHFLHV HJEucheuma VSSKappaphycus VSSDQG
Gracilaria VSS  IURP ZKLFK FDUUDJHHQDQ DQG DJDU DJDU DUH H[WUDFWHG &XUUHQWO\
,QGRQHVLDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVVHOOWKHUDZPDWHULDOWRRWKHUFRXQWULHV &KLQD-DSDQDQG
1RUZD\ IRUSURFHVVLQJLQWRWKHVHH[WUDFWVDOWKRXJKWKLVPD\FKDQJHLQWKHIXWXUHDVWKH
*RYHUQPHQW RI ,QGRQHVLD VWHSV XS SODQV WR UHYLWDOL]H WKH VHDZHHG SURGXFWLRQ DQG
SURFHVVLQJVHFWRUVLQ,QGRQHVLD

&DUUDJHHQDQLVHVSHFLDOO\LQGHPDQGDVDJHOOLQJDJHQWIRUXVHLQWKHIRRGLQGXVWU\DQG
WRJHWKHUZLWKDJDUDJDUDQGDOJLQDWHVWKHVHH[WUDFWVDUHLQZLGHVSUHDGDSSOLFDWLRQDVDQ
DGGLWLYHLQWKHIRRGDQGQRQIRRGLQGXVWULHV HJPHGLFLQHUHVHDUFKSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV
ZHOOQHVV KHDOWK OLYHVWRFN IDUPLQJ DQG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ FRQWURO  $Q LPSRUWDQW í DQG
H[SDQGLQJíDSSOLFDWLRQRIFDUUDJHHQDQLVDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRERYLQHRUSRUFLQHJHODWLQHH
IRUXVHE\SRSXODWLRQVWKDWDGKHUHWRDYHJHWDULDQYHJDQDQGRUKDODO RUNRVKHU GLHWIRU
UHOLJLRXVDQGRUKHDOWKUHDVRQV

7KHLQGXVWU\DVDZKROHíDVLQWKHFDVHRIWKHPDUNHWIRUVHDZHHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
íFDQWKHUHIRUHEHH[SHFWHGWRFRQWLQXHH[SDQGLQJ:KLOHWHFKQLFDOFROODERUDWLRQZLWK
IRUHLJQ FRPSDQLHV UHVXOWV LQ ZKDW LV XVXDOO\ WHUPHG D µZLQZLQ¶ VLWXDWLRQ IRU WZR RU
VHYHUDO SDUWLHV LW PDNHV PRUH VHQVH IRU SURGXFLQJ FRXQWULHV WR OHDUQ IURP HVWDEOLVKHG
SOD\HUV DQG LQYHVW LQ WKHLURZQ GRPHVWLF SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV DQGIDFLOLWLHV IRU WKH
PDQXIDFWXUHDQGH[SRUWRISURGXFWVVXFKDVUHILQHGFDUUDJHHQDQ:KHUHWKHUHDUHFORVH
WLHVEHWZHHQGRPHVWLFUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGWKHLQGXVWU\WKHOLNHOLKRRGLVKLJKWKDW
QHZXVHIXOSURGXFWVPLJKWEHDQRXWFRPH HJELRDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWVWRDOOHYLDWHGLVHDVH 
$Q LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LV WR HQVXUH PDUNHW DFFHSWDELOLW\ IRU WKHVH SURGXFWV ZKLOH
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\PDNLQJLWSURILWDEOHIRUVHDZHHGFXOWXULVWVLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQDGHTXDWH
VXSSOLHV

 




 */2%$/,03257(;325775$'(,16($:(('$1'6($:(('352'8&76

7KHPDLQUHJLRQVLQWKHJOREDOVHDZHHGPDUNHWDUH$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILF(XURSH/DWLQ
$PHULFDDQG1RUWK$PHULFDZLWKWKHILUVW ODUJHO\UHIOHFWLQJ&KLQD-DSDQDQG,QGRQHVLD 
EHLQJWKHIDVWHVWJURZLQJLQWHUPVRIYROXPHDQGYDOXH,QWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOGHYHORSHG
PDUNHWVRI-DSDQ(XURSH :HVWHUQ DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDGHPDQGDSSHDUV
WRKDYHSODWHDXHGSHUKDSVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWDOONQRZQDSSOLFDWLRQVDUHH[SORLWHGDOPRVW
IXOO\

)XUWKHUJURZWKSURVSHFWVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHYHU\VORZZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQSHUKDSVRI
VHDZHHG H[WUDFW XVH DV D UHSODFHPHQW IRU WKH DQLPDOEDVHG JHODWLQH PDUNHW JLYHQ WKH
KHDOWKFRQFHUQVDERXWERYLQHVSRQJLIRUPHQFHSKDORSDWK\UHOLJLRXVGLHWDU\REVHUYDQFHV
DQGWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIYHJHWDULDQV(OGHUO\SHRSOHDOVRWHQGWRXVHPRUHSURFHVVHG
IRRGVLQWKHLUGLHWDQGDVWKLVSRSXODWLRQLQFUHDVHVVRZLOOWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIVHDZHHG
H[WUDFWLQJHQHUDOLQFUHDVH7DNLQJWKHVHIDFWRUVLQWRDFFRXQWGHPDQGPD\H[SDQGDOEHLW
DW D OHVVHU UDWH LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV ZKHUH WKH PDUNHW LV VSOLW PRUH RU OHVV 
EHWZHHQH[WUDFWVLQGDLU\DQGPHDWSURGXFWV

,QDUHDVVXFKDV&HQWUDODQG6RXWK$PHULFD(DVWHUQ(XURSHWKH0LGGOH(DVWDQG6RXWK
DQG 6RXWKHDVW $VLD JURZWK LV OLNHO\ WR EH VWURQJHU $FFRUGLQJ WR D VXUYH\ SHU FDSLWD
FRQVXPSWLRQRIFDUUDJHHQDQLQWKHVHUHJLRQVPD\LQFUHDVHE\±SHUFHQWRYHUWKHQH[W
GHFDGH GXH WR LPSURYHG PDUNHW SHQHWUDWLRQ $OORZLQJ IRU SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK DQG
DVVXPLQJ PRGHUDWH HFRQRPLF H[SDQVLRQ D ULVH LQ FDUUDJHHQDQ FRQVXPSWLRQ E\
íSHUFHQWSHUDQQXPLVSUREDEOH$WSUHVHQWWKHPDUNHWLVGLYLGHGLQWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\
SHUFHQWGDLU\DQGSHUFHQWPHDWLQWHUPVRIFDUUDJHHQDQDSSOLFDWLRQWKLVKRZHYHU
LVOLNHO\WRFKDQJHZLWKDJUDGXDOLQFUHDVHLQWKHGDLU\IRRGJURXS

)RUDJDUDJDUXVDJHLVSULPDULO\IRUIRRGSXUSRVHVVXFKDVLQWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIMHOOLHV
DQGVZHHWFDQGLHV7KLVIRUPRIDJDUDJDUXVXDOO\FRPHVLQVWULSVDQGLQSRZGHUIRUP
7KHVWULSVQHHGWREHVRDNHGLQZDWHUSULRUWRXVHWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHGLVVROYLQJSURFHVVZKLOH
WKH SRZGHUHG IRUP FDQ EH LPPHGLDWHO\ GLVVROYHG &RQVXPHU GHPDQG IRU DJDU DJDU
SRZGHUSDUWLFXODUO\IURPKRXVHKROGVLQ$VLDDQGLQWKH0LGGOH(DVWKDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWR
H[SDQGLQSDUDOOHOWRWKHULVLQJLQFRPHVRIWKHPLGGOHFODVV0HDQZKLOHWKHJURZLQJUDQJH
RIK\GURFROORLGVDSSOLFDWLRQVLQWKHSKDUPDFHXWLFDODQGWRLOHWU\LQGXVWULHVPXVWEHWDNHQ
LQWRDFFRXQWLQWHUPVRIWKHIXWXUHSURGXFWLRQRISURFHVVHGVHDZHHG

,QFRQFOXVLRQZKLOHWKHJURZWKRIWKHJOREDOVHDZHHGPDUNHWLQWKHODVWWZRGHFDGHVKDV
EHHQQRWKLQJVKRUWRILPSUHVVLYHLQWHUPVRISURGXFWLRQDQGWUDGHILJXUHVZKDWLVHTXDOO\
LPSRUWDQWLVWKHIDFWWKDWVHDZHHGKDUYHVWLQJIDUPLQJDQGVLPSOHSURFHVVLQJVXVWDLQVWKH
OLYHOLKRRGVRIPLOOLRQVRISHRSOHLQFRDVWDOFRPPXQLWLHVWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOG$VDUHVXOW
RIWKHDFWLYLWLHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHLQGXVWU\FKLOGUHQLQWKHVHFRPPXQLWLHVKDYHEHHQDEOH
WR DFFHVV HGXFDWLRQ ZRPHQ QRZ KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR HPSRZHU WKHPVHOYHV DQG
IDPLOLHV DUH EHWWHU DEOH WR SD\ IRU WKHLU IRRG DQG PHGLFDO H[SHQVHV 7KHUH PD\ EH QR
JUHDWHUPHDVXUHRIVXFFHVVLQWKHVHDZHHGLQGXVWU\WRGDWHRULQWRWKHIXWXUH





 5()(5(1&(6

$PRVX$25REHUWVRQ$QGHUVVRQ'90DQHYHOGW*:$QGHUVRQ5- %ROWRQ
--6RXWK$IULFDQVHDZHHGDTXDFXOWXUH$VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWH[DPSOHIRU
RWKHU$IULFDQFRDVWDOFRXQWULHVAfrican Journal of Agricultural Research  ±

$QGHUVRQ 5  5RWKPDQ 0  Description of the commercial seaweed sector
&DSH7RZQ)LVKHULHV%UDQFK'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW\DQG)LVKHULHV
$QGHUVHQ . +DXJDQ . .REEHOJDDUG 6 /DUVHQ 0+ 1¡UJDDUG -9 
3RGOHFK 0.  Vækst i blå biomasser- kortlægning af potentialer og
udfordringer i værdiskabelse af tang og skaldyr (Growth within blue biomass-mapping
of potentials and challenges in value creation of seaweed and shellfish).>RQOLQH@. SS
ZZZYLIXQHWPHGLDEODDYDHNVWUDSSRUWBQRYBILQDOSGI
%)'$ %XUHDX RI )LVKHULHV RI 'HSDUWPHQW RI $JULFXOWXUH   China Fishery
Statistical Yearbook (2003-2015).%HLMLQJ&KLQHVH$JULFXOWXUH3UHVV
&KRSLQ75RELQVRQ60&7URHOO01HRUL$%XVFKPDQQ$+ )DQJ-
0XOWLWURSKLFLQWHJUDWLRQIRUVXVWDLQDEOHPDULQHDTXDFXOWXUH,Q-¡UJHQVHQ6()DWK
%' HGV  Encyclopedia of Ecology 9RO  Ecological Engineering ±
2[IRUG(OVHYLHU
&RWWLHU&RRN(-1DJDEKDWOD1%DGLV<et alSafeguarding the future of
the global seaweed aquaculture industry,QVWLWXWHIRU:DWHU(QYLURQPHQWDQG+HDOWK
818,1:(+ DQG6FRWWLVK$VVRFLDWLRQIRU0DULQH6FLHQFH3ROLF\%ULHI DYDLODOHDW
ZZZLQZHKXQXHGXZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVXQXVHDZHHGDTXDFXOWXUH
SROLF\SGI 
'$)) 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV Status of the South
African Marine Fishery Resources.8QSXEOLVKHGUHSRUW6RXWK$IULFD
'&&, 'XEDL&KDPEHURI&RPPHUFHDQG,QGXVWU\ ³Dubai Chamber report
shows increasing preference for halal food as global market grows to USD1.1 trillion
in 2013´ /DVW PRGLILHG  $XJXVW  DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSZZZGXEDLFKDPEHUFRPZKDWVKDSSHQLQJFKDPEHUBQHZVGXEDLFKDPEHU
UHSRUWVKRZVLQFUHDVLQJSUHIHUHQFHIRUKDODOIRRGDVJOREDOPDUNHWJURZVWRXV
WULOOLRQLQ 
)$2D)LVKHU\DQG$TXDFXOWXUH6WDWLVWLFV*OREDO3URGXFWLRQ6WDWLVWLFV
TXHU\ SDQHO  ,Q FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department >RQOLQH@ 5RPH
8SGDWHG DYDLODEOHDWZZZIDRRUJILVKHU\VWDWLVWLFVJOREDOSURGXFWLRQTXHU\HQ 
)$2 E )LVKHU\ DQG $TXDFXOWXUH 6WDWLVWLFV *OREDO $TXDFXOWXUH 3URGXFWLRQ
6WDWLVWLFV  TXHU\ SDQHO  ,Q FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
>RQOLQH@ 5RPH 8SGDWHG  DYDLODEOH DW ZZZIDRRUJILVKHU\VWDWLVWLFVJOREDO
DTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQTXHU\HQ 
+ROGW .UDDQ
,)23 ,QVWLWXWHIRU )LVKLQJ 3URPRWLRQ   Boletin de Exportación de Productos
Pesqueros y Acuícolas de Chile9DOSDUDtVR&KLOH
0F+XJK'- A guide to the seaweed industry)$2)LVKHULHV7HFKQLFDO3DSHU
1R5RPH DYDLODEOHDWZZZIDRRUJD\HSGI 
0() 0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWDQG)RRG DRegulation regarding seaweed as
food and for the trade in Denmark 2QOLQHíLQ'DQLVKDFFHVVHG1RY 'HQPDUN
DYDLODEOHDWZZZIRHGHYDUHVW\UHOVHQGN/HNVLNRQ6LGHU7DQJVRPIRHGHYDUHDVS[ 
 




0() E 6WUDWHJL IRU E UHG\JWLJ XGYLNOLQJ DI DNYDNXOWXUVHNWRUHQ L 'DQPDUN


± 6WUDWHJ\ IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH $TXDFXOWXUH 6HFWRU LQ
'HQPDUN ±  2QOLQH í LQ 'DQLVK DFFHVVHG 'HFHPEHU   'HQPDUN
DYDLODEOH DW ZZZQDWXUHUKYHUYGNILVNHULDNYDNXOWXUVWUDWHJLIRUEDHUHG\JWLJ
XGYLNOLQJDIDNYDNXOWXUVHNWRUHQLGDQPDUN 
00$) 0LQLVWU\ RI 0DULQH $IIDLUV DQG )LVKHULHV   Profile of Business and
Investment Opportunities on Seaweed Industry in Indonesia III,QGRQHVLD'LUHFWRUDWH
*HQHUDORI)LVKHULHV3URGXFW3URFHVVLQJDQG0DUNHWLQJ
0XU~D3Seaweed processing in Chile, with emphasis on human consumption
products,QWHUQDOGRFXPHQW5RPH)$2
3HWHUVHQ - . %MHUUH $% +DVOHU % 7KRPVHQ 0 1LHOVHQ 00  1LHOVHQ 3
3Blå biomasse – potentialer og udfordringer for opdræt af muslinger og tang
%OXHELRPDVV3RWHQWLDOVDQGFKDOOHQJHVIRUPXVVHODQGVHDZHHGIDUPLQJ DTU Aqua-
rapport1R1\N¡ELQJ0RUV'HQPDUN,QVWLWXWIRU$NYDWLVNH5HVVRXUFHU
'DQPDUNV7HNQLVNH8QLYHUVLWHW
6PLWK5$Q([DPLQDWLRQRI&RPPHUFLDO6HDZHHG&RQVXPSWLRQIRU+XPDQ)RRG
LQ6RXWK$IULFD,QWHUQDOGRFXPHQW5RPH)$2
6(51$3(6&$ 1DWLRQDO)LVKHULHV6HUYLFH Desembarque de algas por especie
entre 1996 – 2006 'DWRV (VWDGtVWLFRVGHO'HVHPEDUTXH3URGXFFLyQ \&RVHFKD GH
$OJDV 0DULQDV &KLOHQDV 6DQWLDJR 6HUYLFLR 1DFLRQDO GH 3HVFD DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSZZZVHUQDSHVFDFOLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBUHPRVLWRU\ ,WHPLG  IXQF VW
DUWGRZQ LG  
6(51$3(6&$Datos Estadísticos del Desembarque, Producción y Cosecha de
Algas Marinas Chilenas6DQWLDJR(G6HUYLFLR1DFLRQDOGH3HVFD DYDLODEOHDW
ZZZVHUQDSHVFDFOLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQW WDVN YLHZ LG  ,WHPLG
 
6(51$3Anuario Estadístico de Pesca. Servicio Nacional de Pesca9DOSDUDtVR
&KLOH
6WDWLVWLFV 'HQPDUN  2QOLQH DFFHVVHG 1RYHPEHU   DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSVZZZGVWGNHQ6WDWLVWLNHPQHUEHIRONQLQJRJ
EHIRONQLQJVIUHPVNULYQLQJIRONHWDO
:+2 :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ   Micronutrient deficiencies. >2QOLQH
DFFHVVHG$SULO  DYDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZZKRLQWQXWULWLRQWRSLFVLGGHQ 
<DQJ/LSeaweed Industry: The Case of China,QWHUQDOGRFXPHQW5RPH)$2




$11(;(6



$QQH[

:RUOGZLOGVHDZHHGRXWSXWE\VSHFLHVZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
6SHFLHV          
$TXDWLFSODQWVQHL          
%URZQVHDZHHGV          
5HGVHDZHHGV          
&KLOHDQNHOS          
>/HVVRQLDWUDEHFXODWD@          
-DSDQHVHNHOS          
*UDFLODULDVHDZHHGV          
1RUWK$WODQWLFURFNZHHG          
/HLVWHU          
*LDQWNHOSVQHL          
6NRWWVEHUJ
VJLJDUWLQD          
7DQJOH          
*UHHQVHDZHHGV          
1RUWK(XURSHDQNHOS          
%XOONHOS          
:DNDPH          
>0D]]DHOODODPLQDULRLGHV@          
*HOLGLXPVHDZHHGV          
6HDZHHGVQHL          
>&KRQGUDFDQWKXVFKDPLVVRL@          
2WKHUV          
7RWDO          
Source: )$2

 


$QQH[

:RUOGZLOGVHDZHHGRXWSXWE\FRXQWU\ZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
&RXQWU\          
&KLOH          
&KLQD          
1RUZD\          
-DSDQ          
,QGRQHVLD          
,UHODQG          
)UDQFH          
,QGLD          
,FHODQG          
3HUX          
&DQDGD          
0H[LFR          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
6RXWK$IULFD          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
0RURFFR          
6SDLQ          
$XVWUDOLD          
3RUWXJDO          
2WKHUV          
7RWDO          
Source: )$2


$QQH[

:RUOGFXOWXUHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQE\VSHFLHVZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
6SHFLHV          
(XFKHXPDVHDZHHGVQHL          
-DSDQHVHNHOS          
*UDFLODULDVHDZHHGV          
:DNDPH          
(ONKRUQVHDPRVV          
1RULQHL          
6HDZHHGVQHL          
/DYHU 1RUL           
6SLQ\HXFKHXPD          
)XVLIRUPVDUJDVVXP          
6SLUXOLQDQHL          
%URZQVHDZHHGV          
*UHHQODYHU          
)UDJLOHFRGLXP          
$TXDWLFSODQWVQHL          
&DXOHUSDVHDZHHGV          
%ULJKWJUHHQQRUL          
:DUW\JUDFLODULD          
>+DHPDWRFRFFXVSOXYLDOLV@          
>6SLUXOLQDSODWHQVLV@          
2WKHUVQHL          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV          
Source: )$2


$QQH[

:RUOGFXOWXUHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQE\FRXQWU\ZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
&RXQWU\          
&KLQD          
,QGRQHVLD          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
.RUHD'HP3HRSOH
V5HS          
-DSDQ          
0DOD\VLD          
=DQ]LEDU          
0DGDJDVFDU          
6RORPRQ,VODQGV          
&KLOH          
9LHW1DP          
7DQ]DQLD8QLWHG5HSRI          
6UL/DQND          
3DSXD1HZ*XLQHD          
.LULEDWL          
,QGLD          
0\DQPDU          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
6RXWK$IULFD          
2WKHUV          
7RWDO          
Source: )$2


$QQH[

:RUOGFXOWXUHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQE\FRXQWU\YDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
&RXQWU\          
&KLQD          
,QGRQHVLD          
-DSDQ          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
.RUHD'HP3HRSOH
V5HS          
0DOD\VLD          
&KLOH          
6UL/DQND          
0DGDJDVFDU          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
=DQ]LEDU          
9LHW1DP          
6SDLQ          
6RORPRQ,VODQGV          
*UHHFH          
6RXWK$IULFD          
%XUNLQD)DVR          
3DSXD1HZ*XLQHD          
7DQ]DQLD8QLWHG5HSRI          
2WKHUV          
7RWDO          
Source: )$2



$QQH[

:RUOGFXOWXUHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQE\VSHFLHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
6SHFLHV          
:DNDPH          
*UDFLODULDVHDZHHGV          
/DYHU 1RUL           
(XFKHXPDVHDZHHGVQHL          
-DSDQHVHNHOS          
6HDZHHGVQHL          
(ONKRUQVHDPRVV          
)XVLIRUPVDUJDVVXP          
1RULQHL          
6SLUXOLQDQHL          
%URZQVHDZHHGV          
6SLQ\HXFKHXPD          
$TXDWLFSODQWVQHL          
*UHHQODYHU          
&DXOHUSDVHDZHHGV          
)UDJLOHFRGLXP          
>+DHPDWRFRFFXVSOXYLDOLV@          
%ULJKWJUHHQQRUL          
>6SLUXOLQDSODWHQVLV@          
*UHHQVHDZHHGV          
2WKHUV          
7RWDO          
Source: )$2


 



$QQH[

&KLQD&XOWXUHGVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQE\VSHFLHVZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
$6),6VSHFLHV          
-DSDQHVHNHOS          
*UDFLODULDVHDZHHGV          
:DNDPH          
1RULQHL          
6HDZHHGVQHL          
)XVLIRUPVDUJDVVXP          
6SLUXOLQDQHL          
(XFKHXPDVHDZHHGVQHL          
%ULJKWJUHHQQRUL          
>+DHPDWRFRFFXVSOXYLDOLV@          
-DSDQHVHLVLQJODVV          
7RWDO          
Source: )$2

 



$QQH[D


&KLQD([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXH86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
3URGXFWV
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG          
1RQHGLEOHVHDZHHG          
$JDUDJDU          
&DUUDJHHQDQ          
7RWDO          
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.


$QQH[E

&KLQD([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQE\GHVWLQDWLRQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
'HVWLQDWLRQ     
9LHW1DP     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
0DOD\VLD     
-DSDQ     
1HZ=HDODQG     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV     
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.


 


$QQH[F

&KLQD([SRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 E\GHVWLQDWLRQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±


'HVWLQDWLRQ     
,WDO\     
6SDLQ     
0DOD\VLD     
7KDLODQG     
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ     
*HUPDQ\     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
,QGLD     
-DSDQ     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
&KLOH     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
%UD]LO     
8NUDLQH     
,QGRQHVLD     
0RURFFR     
$UJHQWLQD     
6LQJDSRUH     
)UDQFH     
,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
/LWKXDQLD     
%DQJODGHVK     
7RWDO:HLJKW WRQQHV      
7RWDO9DOXH 86'PLOOLRQV      
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.


$QQH[G

&KLQD([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±


+6&RGH 3URGXFW7\SH     
 $OJLQ     
 &DUUDJHHQDQ     
 2WKHUPXFLODJHVDQGWKLFNHQHUVRIYHJHWDEOHSURGXFW     
 0XFLODJHVDQGWKLFNHQHUVRIVHDZHHGVDQGDOJDH1HV     
 7RWDOFDUUDJHHQDQ     
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.

$QQH[H

&KLQD([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 YDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


+6&RGH 3URGXFW7\SH     
 $OJLQ     
 &DUUDJHHQDQ     
 2WKHUPXFLODJHVDQGWKLFNHQHUVRIYHJHWDEOHSURGXFW     
 0XFLODJHVDQGWKLFNHQHUVRIVHDZHHGVDQGDOJDH1HV     
 7RWDOFDUUDJHHQDQ     
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.



$QQH[D

&KLQD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
2ULJLQ     
,QGRQHVLD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
0DOD\VLD     
&KLOH     
-DSDQ     
7DQ]DQLD8QLWHG5HSXEOLFRI     
3DSXD1HZ*XLQHD     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ       
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV   
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV.


$QQH[E

&KLQD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
2ULJLQ     
&KLOH     
3HUX     
,QGRQHVLD     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
6RXWK$IULFD     
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
1RUZD\     
$UJHQWLQD     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV     
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV

 



$QQH[F

&KLQD,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
2ULJLQ     
,WDO\     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
0RURFFR     
6SDLQ     
*HUPDQ\     
,QGRQHVLD     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
-DSDQ     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV     
Source: &KLQD&XVWRPV




$QQH[D

,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 E\GHVWLQDWLRQZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
±
    
'HVWLQDWLRQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD          
&KLOH          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO$GPLQ5HJLRQ          
9LHW1DP          
)UDQFH          
'HQPDUN          
&DQDGD          
-DSDQ          
6SDLQ          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
$UJHQWLQD          
7XQLVLD          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
0RURFFR          
6LQJDSRUH          
,QGLD          
0DOD\VLD          
*HUPDQ\          
7KDLODQG          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV          
Sources: 6WDWLVWLFV,QGRQHVLD.

 




$QQH[E

,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV
+6&RGHV 3URGXFW7\SH     
 &DUDJHHQDQ,Q3RZGHU)RUP     
 0XFLODJHV 7KLFNHQHUV:KHWKHU2U1RW0RGLILHG'HU     
 &DUDJHHQDQ1RW,Q3RZGHU)RUP     
 &DUDJHHQDQ2WKHU     
 7RWDOFDUUDJHHQDQ     
Source: 6WDWLVWLFV,QGRQHVLD

$QQH[F

,QGRQHVLD([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
+6&RGHV 3URGXFW7\SH     
 &DUDJHHQDQ,Q3RZGHU)RUP     
 &DUDJHHQDQ1RW,Q3RZGHU)RUP     
 0XFLODJHV 7KLFNHQHUVZKHWKHURUQRWPRGLILHG'HU     
 &DUDJHHQDQ2WKHU     
 7RWDOFDUUDJHHQDQ     
Source: 6WDWLVWLFV,QGRQHVLD



$QQH[D

3KLOLSSLQHV([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHIUHVKRUGULHGZKHWKHURUQRWJURXQG +6 E\GHVWLQDWLRQZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
'HVWLQDWLRQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
)UDQFH          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO          
$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQ 6$5 
6SDLQ          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
'HQPDUN          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
$UJHQWLQD          
%UD]LO          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
9LHW1DP          
,VUDHO          
,QGRQHVLD          
-DSDQ          
/HEDQRQ          
0DOD\VLD          
1HZ=HDODQG          
,QGLD          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV          
Source: 3KLOLSSLQHV6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\




$QQH[E

3KLOLSSLQHV([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
+6&RGHV 3URGXFW7\SH     
 2WKHU5HILQHG     
 2WKHU6HPL5HILQHG     
 6HPL5HILQHG)RRG*UDGH     
 5HILQHG %OHQGHG :LWK 2WKHU *XPV     
HWF
 2WKHU     
 7RWDOFDUUDJHHQDQ     
Source: 3KLOLSSLQHV6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\

$QQH[F

3KLOLSSLQHV([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 YDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
+6&RGHV 3URGXFW7\SH     
 2WKHU5HILQHG     
 2WKHU6HPL5HILQHG     
 6HPL5HILQHG)RRG*UDGH     
 5HILQHG%OHQGHG:LWK2WKHU*XPVHWF     
 2WKHU     
 7RWDOFDUUDJHHQDQ     
Source: 3KLOLSSLQHV6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\




$QQH[

&KLOH([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
3URGXFWV
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
(GLEOHVHDZHHG          
1RQHGLEOH6HDZHHG          
$JDUDJDU          
&DUUDJHHQDQ          
7RWDO          
Source1DWLRQDO&XVWRPV6HUYLFH 6HUYLFLR1DFLRQDOGH$GXDQD 


$QQH[
:RUOG([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
&RXQWU\
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
,QGRQHVLD          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
&KLQD          
-DSDQ          
0DOD\VLD          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
6RXWK$IULFD          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
-DSDQ          
)UDQFH          
&KLOH          
*HUPDQ\          
,UHODQG          
7KDLODQG          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
'HQPDUN          
1HWKHUODQGV          
6SDLQ          
%HOJLXP          
3RODQG          
$XVWULD          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
1RUZD\          
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHVDQGWHUULWRULHV          
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV


$QQH[
 
:RUOG([SRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
&RXQWU\
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
,QGRQHVLD          
&KLOH          
,UHODQG          
3HUX          
,FHODQG          
)UDQFH          
1RUZD\          
0RURFFR          
3RUWXJDO          
&KLQD          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
6SDLQ          
$XVWUDOLD          
*HUPDQ\          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
0H[LFR          
1HWKHUODQGV          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
$UJHQWLQD          
%HOJLXP          
,WDO\          
-DSDQ          
6RXWK$IULFD          
%UD]LO          
,QGLD          
7KDLODQG          
7RWDO RI WRS  FRXQWULHV DQG
         
WHUULWRULHV
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV





$QQH[

:RUOG([SRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXH86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
&RXQWU\
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD          
&KLOH          
6SDLQ          
,QGRQHVLD          
0RURFFR          
*HUPDQ\          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
7KDLODQG          
,QGLD          
)UDQFH          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
0H[LFR          
%HOJLXP          
6LQJDSRUH          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
%HODUXV          
1HWKHUODQGV          
0DOD\VLD          
/LWKXDQLD          
-DSDQ          
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHVDQGWHUULWRULHV          
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV


$QQH[D

:RUOG([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 WRSH[SRUWHUVZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±


([SRUWLQJFRXQWULHV     
&KLQD     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
*HUPDQ\     
1HWKHUODQGV     
6SDLQ     
,QGLD     
86$     
)UDQFH     
,QGRQHVLD     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
&KLOH     
%HOJLXP     
&DQDGD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
3HUX     
*XDWHPDOD     
,WDO\     
0DOD\VLD     
7KDLODQG     
5RPDQLD     
6ZLW]HUODQG     
6RXWK$IULFD     
3RODQG     
6LQJDSRUH     
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO     
$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQ
$XVWULD     
*UHHFH     
,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ     
$UJHQWLQD     
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHVDQG
    
WHUULWRULHV
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV


$QQH[E

:RUOG([SRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 WRSH[SRUWHUVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
/HDGLQJ([SRUWHUV     
&KLQD     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
)UDQFH     
&KLOH     
*HUPDQ\     
6SDLQ     
,QGRQHVLD     
%HOJLXP     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
&DQDGD     
3HUX     
,WDO\     
1HWKHUODQGV     
,QGLD     
0DOD\VLD     
*XDWHPDOD     
6ZLW]HUODQG     
,VUDHO     
7KDLODQG     
6LQJDSRUH     
3RODQG     
6RXWK$IULFD     
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQ 6$5      
$XVWULD     
(VWRQLD     
$UJHQWLQD     
-DSDQ     
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHVDQGWHUULWRULHV     
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV


 


$QQH[
 :RUOG,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGVDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6  ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±

    
&RXQWU\ :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD          
-DSDQ          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
7KDLODQG          
1RUZD\          
)UDQFH          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
$XVWUDOLD          
&KLOH          
*HUPDQ\          
$XVWULD          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6$5          
0DOD\VLD          
3RODQG          
%UD]LO          
6SDLQ          
,WDO\          
6LQJDSRUH          
8NUDLQH          
%HODUXV          
1HZ=HDODQG          
,QGLD          
%HOJLXP          
1HWKHUODQGV          
0H[LFR          
.D]DNKVWDQ          
6ZHGHQ          
'HQPDUN          
$UJHQWLQD          
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHVDQG
         
WHUULWRULHV
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV


$QQH[
 
:RUOG,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
&RXQWU\
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD          
,UHODQG          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
)UDQFH          
-DSDQ          
6SDLQ          
$XVWUDOLD          
'HQPDUN          
&KLOH          
6RXWK$IULFD          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
,WDO\          
3RUWXJDO          
*HUPDQ\          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
$UJHQWLQD          
3RODQG          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
7XUNH\          
6LQJDSRUH          
%UD]LO          
1HWKHUODQGV          
0DOD\VLD          
1HZ=HDODQG          
0H[LFR          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
+XQJDU\          
&\SUXV          
0RURFFR          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6$5          
*UHHFH          
%HOJLXP          
&]HFK5HSXEOLF          
&RORPELD          
8UXJXD\          
7RWDO          
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV


$QQH[

:RUOG,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
&RXQWU\
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
-DSDQ          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
*HUPDQ\          
6SDLQ          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
7KDLODQG          
0DOD\VLD          
)UDQFH          
&KLQD          
,QGLD          
&DQDGD          
3RODQG          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
8NUDLQH          
&KLOH          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
0RURFFR          
0H[LFR          
%HOJLXP          
'HQPDUN          
9HQH]XHOD          
,UHODQG          
8UXJXD\          
6LQJDSRUH          
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHV
         
DQGWHUULWRULHV
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV




$QQH[D

:RUOG,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 WRSFRXQWULHVZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±
,PSRUWHUV     
*HUPDQ\     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
6SDLQ     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
0H[LFR     
%HOJLXP     
)UDQFH     
'HQPDUN     
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ     
1HWKHUODQGV     
&KLQD     
-DSDQ     
3RODQG     
%UD]LO     
&DQDGD     
,WDO\     
7KDLODQG     
7XUNH\     
,UHODQG     
$UJHQWLQD     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
,QGRQHVLD     
$XVWUDOLD     
$XVWULD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
&KLOH     
9HQH]XHOD     
8NUDLQH     
0DOD\VLD     
7RWDORIWRSFRXQWULHVDQG
    
WHUULWRULHV
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV

 




$QQH[E

:RUOG,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 WRSFRXQWULHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
&RXQWULHV     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
*HUPDQ\     
'HQPDUN     
0H[LFR     
6SDLQ     
%HOJLXP     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
)UDQFH     
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ     
-DSDQ     
&KLQD     
,WDO\     
1HWKHUODQGV     
%UD]LO     
3RODQG     
&DQDGD     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
7KDLODQG     
6ZHGHQ     
$UJHQWLQD     
,QGRQHVLD     
$XVWUDOLD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
&KLOH     
9HQH]XHOD     
,QGLD     
8NUDLQH     
$XVWULD     
0DOD\VLD     
7RWDORIWRS     
FRXQWULHV
Source: 1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV



$QQH[D

8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
2ULJLQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
,FHODQG          
&KLQD          
&DQDGD          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
-DSDQ          
&KLOH          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
,QGLD          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6$5          
9LHW1DP          
0RQJROLD          
0H[LFR          
7KDLODQG          
'HQPDUN          
3HUX          
$XVWUDOLD          
$UJHQWLQD          
)LQODQG          
*HUPDQ\          
1HWKHUODQGV          
7DQ]DQLD8QLWHG5HSXEOLFRI          
7RQJD          
0RURFFR          
5XVVLD          
6SDLQ          
6ZLW]HUODQG          
0DGDJDVFDU          
,QGRQHVLD          
,UHODQG          
)UDQFH          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV          
Sources: 86'HSWRI&RPPHUFH%XUHDXRI&HQVXV


$QQH[E

8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
2ULJLQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
,QGRQHVLD          
&DQDGD          
7DQ]DQLD8QLWHG5HSXEOLFRI          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
&KLOH          
1RUZD\          
&KLQD          
0H[LFR          
,UHODQG          
9LHW1DP          
0DGDJDVFDU          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
3HUX          
0RURFFR          
,QGLD          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6$5          
-DSDQ          
7KDLODQG          
*HUPDQ\          
1HWKHUODQGV          
,VUDHO          
$XVWUDOLD          
$UJHQWLQD          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV          
Sources: 86'HSWRI&RPPHUFH%XUHDXRI&HQVXV


$QQH[F

8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±


2ULJLQ     
6SDLQ     
&KLOH     
&KLQD     
0RURFFR     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
7KDLODQG     
0H[LFR     
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD     
,WDO\     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
9LHW1DP     
-DSDQ     
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6$5     
'HQPDUN     
1HZ=HDODQG     
6LQJDSRUH     
,QGRQHVLD     
,QGLD     
)UDQFH     
1RUZD\     
1HWKHUODQGV     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV     
Sources: 86'HSWRI&RPPHUFH%XUHDXRI&HQVXV

$QQH[G

8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±


2ULJLQ     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
&KLOH     
,QGRQHVLD     
&DQDGD     
)UDQFH     
6SDLQ     
&KLQD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
'HQPDUN     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
,UHODQG     
0DOD\VLD     
,QGLD     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV     
Sources: 86'HSWRI&RPPHUFH%XUHDXRI&HQVXV




$QQH[D

-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 ZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
    
2ULJLQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLQD          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
%UD]LO          
&KLOH          
9LHW1DP          
$UJHQWLQD          
5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ          
)UDQFH          
&KLQD+RQJ.RQJ6$5          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
,QGLD          
,UHODQG          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
6ZHGHQ          
6SDLQ          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
7KDLODQG          
7RQJD          
$XVWUDOLD          
&DQDGD          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV          
Source-DSDQ0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH
 


$QQH[D

-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 E\VSHFLHVZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
+6&RGHV 6SHFLHV :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
7+6 6HDZHHGV 2WKHU$OJDH),7          
IRU+XPDQ&RQVXPSWLRQ
 :DNDPH 8QGDULD          
3LQQDWLILGD ),7IRU+XPDQ
&RQVXPSWLRQ
 :DNDPH 8QGDULD          
3LQQDWLILGD ),7IRU+XPDQ
&RQVXPSWLRQ
 +LMLNL +L]LNLD)XVLIRUPH           
),7IRU+XPDQ&RQVXPSWLRQ 
 :DNDPH 8QGDULD          
3LQQDWLILGD ),7IRU+XPDQ
&RQVXPSWLRQ
 2WKHU6HDZHHGV 2WKHU          
$OJDH),7IRU+XPDQ
&RQVXPSWLRQ
 6HDZHHGV 2WKHU$OJDH),7          
IRU+XPDQ&RQVXPSWLRQ
 6HDZHHGV 2WKHU$OJDH
),7IRU+XPDQ QD  QD  QD  QD  QD 
&RQVXPSWLRQ
Source: -DSDQ&XVWRPV


$QQH[E

-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDHQRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
2ULJLQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLOH          
1RUZD\          
,QGRQHVLD          
0RURFFR          
,UHODQG          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
&DQDGD          
&KLQD          
6RXWK$IULFD          
6SDLQ          
6HQHJDO          
0H[LFR          
%UD]LO          
0DOD\VLD          
6UL/DQND          
9LHW1DP          
3KLOLSSLQHV          
)UDQFH          
,VUDHO          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
7KDLODQG          
7XUNH\          
8NUDLQH          
6ZLW]HUODQG          
7DLZDQ3URYLQFHRI&KLQD          
,FHODQG          
$XVWUDOLD          
(J\SW          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHU
         
FRXQWULHV
Sources: -DSDQ0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH


$QQH[F

-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHVYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


    
2ULJLQ
:HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH :HLJKW 9DOXH
&KLOH          
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI          
0RURFFR          
&KLQD          
,QGRQHVLD          
6SDLQ          
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD          
0H[LFR          
8QLWHG.LQJGRP          
9LHW1DP          
3RUWXJDO          
,WDO\          
*HUPDQ\          
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHU
         
FRXQWULHV
Source: -DSDQ0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH


$QQH[G

-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 E\RULJLQZHLJKWLQWRQQHV±


2ULJLQ     
7KDLODQG     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
,QGLD     
,QGRQHVLD     
'HQPDUN     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
3HUX     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
)UDQFH     
6SDLQ     
&KLQD     
6ZLW]HUODQG     
&KLOH     
,WDO\     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXWQULHV     
Source: -DSDQ0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH

$QQH[G

-DSDQ,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ +6 E\RULJLQYDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±


2ULJLQ     
'HQPDUN     
3KLOLSSLQHV     
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD     
,QGRQHVLD     
.RUHD5HSXEOLFRI     
)UDQFH     
6SDLQ     
3HUX     
7KDLODQG     
,QGLD     
&KLQD     
&KLOH     
6ZLW]HUODQG     
,WDO\     
7RWDOLQFOXGLQJRWKHUFRXQWULHV     
Source: -DSDQ0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH


$QQH[D

(XURSHDQ8QLRQ 0HPEHU2UJDQL]DWLRQ ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDH


ILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 YDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
(8,PSRUWHUV     
)UDQFH     
*HUPDQ\     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
,WDO\     
1HWKHUODQGV     
$XVWULD     
6SDLQ     
'HQPDUN     
,UHODQG     
%HOJLXP     
6ZHGHQ     
3RODQG     
+XQJDU\     
&]HFK5HS     
)LQODQG     
*UHHFH     
3RUWXJDO     
/DWYLD     
/LWKXDQLD     
5RPDQLD     
6ORYDNLD     
%XOJDULD     
(VWRQLD     
6ORYHQLD     
&\SUXV     
/X[HPERXUJ     
6HUELD     
&URDWLD     
0DOWD     
7RWDO(8LPSRUWV     
Source: (85267$7




$QQH[E

(XURSHDQ8QLRQ 0HPEHU2UJDQL]DWLRQ ,PSRUWVRIVHDZHHGDQGRWKHUDOJDH
QRWILWIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ +6 YDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV±
(8,PSRUWHUV     
6SDLQ     
'HQPDUN     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
3RUWXJDO     
*HUPDQ\     
,UHODQG     
,WDO\     
)UDQFH     
1HWKHUODQGV     
*UHHFH     
%HOJLXP     
3RODQG     
6ZHGHQ     
+XQJDU\     
)LQODQG     
%XOJDULD     
&]HFK5HS     
5RPDQLD     
6HUELD     
&\SUXV     
/LWKXDQLD     
$XVWULD     
6ORYDNLD     
/DWYLD     
(VWRQLD     
6ORYHQLD     
0DOWD     
/X[HPERXUJ     
&URDWLD     
7RWDO(8LPSRUWV     
Source: (85267$7

 




$QQH[F

(XURSHDQ8QLRQ 0HPEHU2UJDQL]DWLRQ ,PSRUWVRIFDUUDJHHQDQ
YDOXHLQ86'WKRXVDQGV
0DLQ,PSRUWHUVLQ(8     
*HUPDQ\     
'HQPDUN     
6SDLQ     
%HOJLXP     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
)UDQFH     
,WDO\     
1HWKHUODQGV     
3RODQG     
6ZHGHQ     
$XVWULD     
,UHODQG     
&]HFK5HS     
5RPDQLD     
6ORYDNLD     
*UHHFH     
3RUWXJDO     
/LWKXDQLD     
6HUELD     
%HODUXV     
%XOJDULD     
&URDWLD     
0DOWD     
)LQODQG     
(VWRQLD     
/DWYLD     
6ORYHQLD     
&\SUXV     
/X[HPERXUJ     
7RWDO(8LPSRUWV     
Source: (85267$7
 


$QQH[G

(XURSHDQ8QLRQ 0HPEHU2UJDQL]DWLRQ ,PSRUWVRIDJDUDJDU +6 


YDOXH86'WKRXVDQGV±
0DLQLPSRUWHUVLQ(8     
*HUPDQ\     
6SDLQ     
8QLWHG.LQJGRP     
)UDQFH     
3RODQG     
'HQPDUN     
%HOJLXP     
$XVWULD     
1HWKHUODQGV     
6HUELD     
/LWKXDQLD     
&]HFK5HS     
)LQODQG     
,UHODQG     
3RUWXJDO     
/DWYLD     
&URDWLD     
6ZHGHQ     
*UHHFH     
+XQJDU\     
6ORYHQLD     
%XOJDULD     
6ORYDNLD     
5RPDQLD     
/X[HPERXUJ     
(VWRQLD     
&\SUXV     
0DOWD     
7RWDO(8LPSRUWV     
Source: (85267$7



*/2%(),6+5(6($5&+352*5$00(


9RO 7KHJOREDOVWDWXVRIVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQGXWLOL]DWLRQ SS  $XJ
9RO 7KHZRUOGOREVWHUPDUNHW SS  -DQ
9RO ,QWHJUDWHGRFHDQPDQDJHPHQW)LVKHULHVRLOJDVDQGVHDEHGPLQLQJ 
SS  6HS
9RO 9HWHULQDU\FRQWUROVLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOILVKWUDGH SS  $XJ
9RO 3HUFHSWLRQVDQGPLVFRQFHSWLRQVRIDTXDFXOWXUH SS  6HS
9RO 7KHUROHRIZRPHQLQWKHVHDIRRGLQGXVWU\ SS  0D\
9RO 6ROH3URGXFWLRQDQGPDUNHWV SS  $SU
9RO 7KH-DSDQHVHPDUNHWIRUVHDIRRG SS  -DQ
9RO 7KH(XURSHDQPDUNHWIRUELYDOYHVRWKHUWKDQPXVVHOV SS  0D\
9RO 7KH(XURSHDQPDUNHWIRUPXVVHOV SS  $SU
9RO (HO $QJXLOODVSS 3URGXFWLRQDQGWUDGH SS  $SU
9RO ([FKDQJHUDWHVDQGWKHVHDIRRGWUDGH SS  -DQ
9RO %\SURGXFWVRIWXQDSURFHVVLQJ SS  -XO
9RO 7HFKQLFDOJXLGHWRILVKFDQQLQJ SS  0D\
9RO ,QQRYDWLYHXVHVRIILVKHULHVE\SURGXFWV SS  )HE
9RO 6HDIRRGPDUNHWVLQ6RXWKHUQ$IULFD3RWHQWLDORIUHJLRQDOWUDGHDQG 
DTXDFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQW SS  -DQ
9RO 5LVNVDQGEHQHILWVRIVHDIRRGFRQVXPSWLRQ SS  -DQ
9RO (OHFRHWLTXHWDGRGHSURGXFWRVSHVTXHURVHQ(VSDxD SS  6HS
9RO (OPHUFDGRGHSURGXFWRVSHVTXHURVHQ(VSDxD(IHFWRVGHODFULVLVHQ 
ODSURGXFFLyQ\HOFRQVXPR SS  $XJ
9RO 7KH(XURSHDQPDUNHWIRUVKULPS7UDGHLQWHUDFWLRQVLQWKHLPSRUWRI 
ZDUPZDWHUDQGFROGZDWHUVKULPSWRWKHPDLQ(XURSHDQVKULPS $XJ
PDUNHWV SS 
9RO 7KH)UHQFKPDUNHWIRUVHDIRRG SS  $XJ
9RO 7XUERW3URGXFWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DQGPDUNHWV SS  )HE
9RO 7KH2UQDPHQWDO)LVKWUDGH SS  1RY
9RO 0DUNHWVIRU7LODSLD SS  -XQ
9RO ,PSRUWDQFHRI$3(&LQZRUOGILVKHULHVDQGDTXDFXOWXUH SS  0DU
9RO 9LHW1DP6HDIRRGIURPZDWHUODQG SS  0DU
9RO 7KH6HDIRRGPDUNHWLQ*UHHFH SS  0DU
9RO 3ULYDWHVWDQGDUGVLQILVKHULHVDQGDTXDFXOWXUH SS  $SU
  


$YDLODEOHDWZZZIDRRUJLQDFWLRQJOREHILVKSXEOLFDWLRQV

The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity ISBN 978-92-5-130870-7
initiated by FAO's Products, Trade and Marketing
Branch, Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources
'LYLVLRQ5RPH,WDO\DQGSDUWO\ÀQDQFHGE\LWV3DUWQHUV
9 7 8 9 2 5 1 3 0 8 7 0 7
and Associate Members. CA1121EN/1/08.18

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen