Leeds Beckett University

School of Computing, Creative Technology and Engineering

Module: Fundamentals of Computer Science

Academic Year: 2018/19

Level 4: Semester A

Assignment Title: Academic Report

Date Due: 6th January 2019

Tutor: Kiran

Student Name: Nicolae-Ciprian Mocanu

Student ID: c3545654

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 The application of Artificial
Intelligence in advancements of
Medicine

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Contents

Introduction ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Artificial Neural Networks ............................................................ 4

Robot Surgery ............................................................................. 7

Conclusion ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

References ................................................................................. 4

Introduction:
The following report will highlight how Artificial
Intelligence could help human beings and have an
important support in the Medicine development .This
field has a huge potential and has been studied for nearly
one century by the researchers from medicine and it’s
programs could simplify the clinical procedure , and save
lifes . Nowadays , Artificial Intelligence it is a part of
Computer Science able to check medical data and to find
better solution in a short time than a human can do it
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wright now. This can be useful in the future because the
analysis made has more accuracy and the medics can fix
the wright diagnosis and to prescribe an adequate
treatment for the patient after checking more other
details like : age , sex , previous health problems , weight
and many other personal details . 131
Throughout the time , the Artificial Intelligence
appeared with various softwares wich significantly
improved all the fields in medicine . The best
examples which will be mentioned below are :
Artificial Neural Networks and Robot Surgery
System .
Artificial neural networks [ANN]:
Artificial neural networks represent the most used
Artificial Inteligence tool in medicine . The researchers
who developed this technique had been used the human
nervous system as a model for their study.
Making a comparison between artificial and human
neural networks , our brain cells , the neurons ,
represents in the scientific vision lots of computer
processors with a very good connection maintained by
several networks . This networks are able to “learn from

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historical examples, analyse non-linear data, handle
imprecise information and generalise enabling116
application of the model” . (Ann R Coll Surg Engl , 2004 ,
p. 335) This Multi-Tasking utilities of the artificial neural
networks had brought them, throughout the time , the
reputation of being one of the most used AI method in
the medicine .
The first pioneer in this old field of medicine was
McCullock and Pitts who discovered the first articial brain
cell in 1943 , working with binary functions . However ,
this was only the first phase to the main goal , an
artificial neural network !
Fifteen years later , Frank Rosenblatt came out with the
Perceptron ,the first neural network . After this
important discovery in the evolution of ANN , there have
been suggested several models of the Perceptron but
the chosen one was the multilayer .
A multilayer represent a network with plenty of artificial
brain cells interconnected . The artificial brain cell is
called layer and there are three different layers used in
the ANN : first is the layer who is inputing the
information from the source and sending it to the middle
layers [ each network has ussualy minimum one middle
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layer] and the last layer is used for the output . The
connection between all the layers is called link and each
188link is taged by a specific number representing the
heaviness of the connection .
Although one of the main utilities of ANN is that it can
update the knowledge by changing the flag of the
connection , the applicability of multilayer was blocked
by the deficit of the alghoritm who is responsible for the
storage of the data.
This issue was solved by a student , Paul Werbos , who
launched “backpropagation” (Ann R Coll Surg Engl , 2004
, p. 335) in 1974 and from that moment , more and more
reshearchers had shown their interest on using ANN for
scanning data , storing data and all together are leading
to an improved diagnosis which is the most important .
Nowadays , a good example of ANN implementation is
Face Recognition who has been challenged lots of people
involved in the domain of “image processing” (Divya A
and K B Raja and Venugopal KR , 2018) . FR comes with
some advantages for the users such as great precision ,
simple application and low price.
. This technique brings a well organized command system
by using fixed numbers representing the connection
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between middle layers . The technique it is used for a
greater efficiency recognicion by simplifying the diversity
181of the connections and resulting less variables . It was
created database Face Image .
Face Image Databases has eight main databases where
are stored the pictures . All the databases have the same
parametres but uses others values . An example of
database is Olivetti Research Laboratory[ORL].
“The Olivetti Research Laboratory database” (Divya A and
K B Raja and Venugopal KR , 2018) is a Face Image
database which is storing four houndrer face pictures of
forty people with ten pictures each . All the pictures has
the same characteristics : size 112X92 , several levels of
lighting and they were taken in various position of the
face and gestures .
Robot surgery system :
Robotics implementation in surgery has a graduate
growth in the last decade and is bringing some
improvements such as avoiding the skin damage and a
faster rehabilitation of the patient after surgery .
Even if “robotic systems for minimally invasive
surgery[MIS]”(Takayuki Osa and Cristoph Staub and Alois
Knoll,2010) is showing progress over the time , there is
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an issue that must be solved in the hope that in the
future , robots will be able to perform different surgery
without supervision .176
However , many scientists are trying to find a way to save
the time wasted during the robots interventions and to
mechanize their duties , developing a command plan
named “visual servoing” ]”(Takayuki Osa and Cristoph
Staub and Alois Knoll,2010). The starting point is the
feedback from computer perception and the capability of
robots to store in the memory all the previous tasks
done.
Several variants with robotic surgery system using visual
servoing were suggested by the researchers .
R.Ginhoux created a version who has a camera that can
follow the organs movements during the surgery . It was
suggested an anticipating command plan to observe the
organs movement and to command the surgery system
via visual servoing . Nevertheless , the surgery
equipments were not examined in this version .
P.Hynes developed a version with two important
improvements . First of all , the system is set to use the
surgery equipment but has not been verified the
accuracy when the robots are using the equipment . The
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second problem solved was the skin damage after
surgery . It was elected a manual method to execute the
suturing . 174
The robots are equipped with a laparoscope and some
other devices for the surgery and all of them are seated
in their arms . The location of the surgery using this
devices is determined by the visual servoing
automatically .
The robot surgery system is depending by the
laparoscope . In a robotic surgery are used four robot
arms located on the top of the table so they cannot
disturb each other during the surgery . The laparoscope ,
where is situated the camera , is putted on the fourth
robot arm .
The command plan is determined by the precision of the
system settings and of course by the camera who is
following every action during the surgery . 109
It will be described below an example with a robot-
assisted fracture surgery [RAFS] . This experiment has the
purpose to avoid any other fractures during a normal
fracture surgery , to reduce the time during the surgery ,
to avoid any other complication like infection and
offcourse to lead to an easy rehabilitation of the
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patience. This is only an ambitious goal at this moment in
medicine , there are many research and tests to be done
.
In the hope that this will be possible in the future ,all the
medical devices should contribute with the best medical
services and to meet all the needs of the user .

To conclude , in the report written above , it is

summarised who can help Artificial Intelligence the
Medicine and the benefits that could be brought .
ANN could help the medics to fix a more precised
diagnostic , treatment and the most important , to avoid
a wrong interpretation .

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This benefits could lead in the future , when the robots
will lead a real surgery or interpret the analyses result or
fix the treatment after an user enter the required data in
the system , to saved lives and to saved time .The time is
also an issue that must be solved in the future because
there are situations when the patient is waiting for the
appointment to do the analyzes and in this lost time , his
or her situation might worsen . The AI implementation
could also avoid the situations when there are
emergencyes and a patient needs an urgent surgery but
the medics are busy with another surgery . 155
Reference :
1)AN Ramesh and C Kambhampati and JRT Monson and
PJ Drew , 2004 , The Rojal College of Surgeons of England
pp.334-336
Available from : <https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-
gov.ezproxy.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/pmc/articles/PMC19642
29/pdf/15333167.pdf>
2) Divya A and K B Raja and Venugopal KR , Section 1-3
,2018 InternationalConference on Intelligent Informatics
and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS)
Available from : < https://ieeexplore-ieee-
org.ezproxy.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/document/8549981>
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3) T Osa and C Staub and A Knoll , pp. 1837-1838 , The
2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent
Robots and Systems October 18-22, 2010, Taipei, Taiwan
Available from :
<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsession
id=2FBF9889CFF941FF8BA67ECA9725CEA3?doi=10.1.1.6
69.548&rep=rep1&type=pdf>

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