15

15m
References

— 2017 —

The following list of references used in Chapter 15, Steel Structures is placed here in alphabetical order for your convenience.
References includes only the specific material used in developing or explaining recommended practice requirements. In most
cases, these requirements are supported by studies and tests reported in other engineering literature. References are shown in
the style of a bibliography of the “notes and bibliography” form of the Chicago style (or Turabian style), but repeating the
author information, adding pagination, and retaining the numbering traditionally used. (References 153, 154)

1. Akesson, B., and B. Edlund. “Fatigue Life of Riveted Railway Bridges.” Proceedings of IABSE Symposium on
Extending the Lifespan of Structures, San Francisco, 1995. Vol. 2. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for
Bridge and Structural Engineering, 1995. pp. 1079–1984. Cited in Articles 9.7.3.3.2c(3), and 9.7.3.3.2c(5).

2. Akhtar, M., D. Otter, and B. Doe. “Preliminary Impact Loads Assessment of Ballast Deck Prestressed Concrete
Bridges.” Technology Digest TD-05-013. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology 1
Center, Inc., May 2005. Cited in Articles 8.3.1a, and 9.8.3.1a.

3. Akhtar, M., D. Otter, and B. Doe. “The Effects of Moveable Bridge Joint on the Fatigue Life of Welded Braces of Open
Deck Steel Bridge at FAST.” Technology Digest TD-07-037. Pueblo, CO: Association of American
Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., November 2007. Cited in Articles 8.3.1a and 9.8.3.1a.
3
4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2004. Cited in Article
9.1.9.3a.

5. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Movable Bridge Inspection, Evaluation, and
Maintenance Manual. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
1998. Cited in Article 7.2.1c.

6. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
17th ed. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2002. Cited in Articles
9.5.1.2b, and 9.5.1.5a.

7. American Association of State Highway Officials. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (Interim Specifications
1966-1967). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials, 1966. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

8. American Institute of Steel Construction. AISC Specifications for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Steel for
Buildings. Art. 1.5.1.3. Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, April 17, 1963. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

9. American Institute of Steel Construction. Bridge Fatigue Guide-Design and Details. Chicago, IL: American Institute of
Steel Construction, 1977. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.13g, and 9.1.3.13h.

10. American Institute of Steel Construction. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges. Chicago, IL:
American Institute of Steel Construction, April 14, 2010. Cited in Section 9.4.6.

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association 15-R-1

11. American Institute of Steel Construction. Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings. Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, December 27, 1999. pp. 67, 68, 246-248. Cited in
Article 9.1.5.9e.

12. American Institute of Steel Construction. Manual of Steel Construction. 14th ed. Chicago, IL: American Institute of
Steel Construction, 2011. p. 15-20 (Table 15-8) cited in Article 9.1.12.1c.

13. American Institute of Steel Construction. Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design. 8th ed. Chicago, IL:
American Institute of Steel Construction, 1978. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

14. American Institute of Steel Construction. Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design. 9th ed. Chicago, IL:
American Institute of Steel Construction, 1989. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

15. American Institute of Steel Construction. Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design. 2nd ed.
Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1994. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

16. American Institute of Steel Construction. Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd ed.
Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, 2003. Cited in Article 9.1.9.3a.

17. American Institute of Steel Construction. Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. Chicago, IL: American Institute
of Steel Construction, June 22, 2010. pp. 16.1-129, 16.1-411 - 16.1-413. Cited in Article 9.1.5.9e.

18. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association. AREMA Bridge Inspection Handbook. Lanham,
MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, 2008. Cited in Article 9.7.2.1.

19. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association. Manual for Railway Engineering. Lanham, MD:
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, 2012. Cited in Foreword.

20. American Railway Engineering Association. “Bearing Values of Small Rollers, Committee Report.” AREA Proceedings.
Vol. 36. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1935. p. 691. Cited in Articles 9.1.4.1, and 9.5.2.1c.

21. American Railway Engineering Association. “Bibliography and Technical Explanation of Various Requirements in
AREA Specifications Relating to Iron and Steel Structures.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 60. Chicago, IL: American
Railway Engineering Association, 1959. p. 535. Cited in Article 9.1.2.5b.

22. American Railway Engineering Association. “Discussion on Iron and Steel Bridges.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 67.
Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1966. pp. 698-699, as illustrated in the following test results:
Vol. 44, 1943, p. 29; Vol. 45, 1944, p. 47; Vol. 46, 1945, p. 190; Vol. 47, 1946, p. 207; Vol. 52, 1951, p. 1; Vol. 55, 1954,
p. 37; Vol. 57, 1956, p. 15; Vol. 58, 1957, p. 85; Vol. 59, 1958, p. 1; which are summarized in Vol. 61, 1960, p. 51. Cited
in Article 9.1.3.5b.

23. American Railway Engineering Association, “Report of Committee 15 - Iron and Steel Strucures.” AREA Proceedings.
Vol. 63. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1962. p. 387. Cited in Article 9.1.2.5b.

24. American Railway Engineering Association, “Report of Committee 15 - Iron and Steel Strucures.” AREA Proceedings.
Vol. 69. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1968. p. 459. Cited in Article 9.1.2.5b.

25. American Railway Engineering Association. “The Shortening of Eyebars to Equalize the Stress, Committee Report.”
AREA Proceedings. Vol. 48. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1947. pp. 969-986. Cited in
Articles 8.2.1, 9.8.2.2 and 9.8.2.4.

26. American Railway Engineering Association. “Tests of Steel Girder Spans and a Concrete Pier on the Santa Fe,
Committee Report.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 58. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association. pp. 85-169.
Cited in Article 1.3.9a.

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15-R-2 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

27. American Railway Engineering Association. “Test Results on Impact, Committee Report.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 49.
Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1948. pp. 207-212. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.5d, and 9.1.3.6a.

28. American Railway Engineering Association. “Test Results on Relation of Impact to Speed, Committee Report.” AREA
Proceedings. Vol. 50. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1949. pp. 432-443. Cited in Articles
7.3.2.3a(1), and 9.1.3.5d.

29. American Society of Civil Engineers. ASCE Transactions. Vol. 128, Part II. New York, NY: American Society of Civil
Engineers, 1963. p. 663. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

30. American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Civil Engineering, Vol 3, Steel Construction. Chicago, IL: American
Technical Society, 1920. Cited in Article 9.1.9.3a.

31. AREA Committee on Iron and Steel Structures. "Stress Distribution in Bridge Frames - Floorbeam Hangers." AREA
Proceedings. Vol. 51. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1950. pp. 470-503. Cited in Articles
9.1.4.1, and 9.7.3.3.2.c(6).

32. Association of American Railroads. Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices. Washington, DC: Association of
American Railroads. Cited in Articles 7.3.2.2 and 9.7.3.2.2.

33. Ball, E. F., and J. J. Higgins. “Installation and Tightening of Bolts.” Journal of the Structural Division. Vol. 85, No. ST3.
New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, March 1959. pp. 117-132. Cited in Articles 9.3.2.1, and 9.3.2.2.

34. Basler, K. “New Provisions for Plate Girder Design.” Proceedings, AISC National Engineering Conference, New York.
Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1961, pp. 65-74. Cited in Article 9.1.7.8a.
1

35. Becker, D. N. “Development of the Chicago Type Bascule Bridge, Paper No. 2226.” ASCE Transactions. Vol. 109. New
York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1944. p. 995. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

36. Bleich, F. Buckling Strength of Metal Structures. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1952. p. 330 cited in Article 9.1.6.2a;
p.417 cited in 9.1.7.8a. 3
37. Brown, J. D., D. J. Lubitz, Y. C. Cekov, K. H. Frank, and P. B. Keating. Evaluation of Influence of Hole Making Upon
the Performance of Structural Steel Plates and Connections. Austin, TX: TexDOT, Research and Technology
Implementation Office, January 2007. Also FHWA Report FHWA/TX-07/0-4624-1. Cited in Table 15-1-9 Section 1.5,
and Table 15-1-9 Section 2.3.

38. Byers, W. G. “Impact From Railway Loading on Steel Girder Spans.” Journal of the Structural Division. New York, NY: 4
American Society of Civil Engineers, June 1970. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13d.

39. Chapin, C. H. “Net Section of Riveted Tension Members.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 36. Chicago, IL: American Railway
Engineering Association, 1935. p. 775. Cited in Article 9.1.5.8.

40. Chesson, E., and W. H. Munse. “Studies of the Behavior of High-Strength Bolts and Bolted Joints.” Bulletin 469.
Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, 1964. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

41. Clark, J. W. “Eccentrically Loaded Aluminum Columns.” ASCE Transactions. Vol 120. New York, NY: American
Association of Civil Engineers, 1955. Cited in Article 9.1.3.14.1.

42. Clegg, E., and W. G. Blevins. “Wheel Impact Load Detector Experience on CN.” Bulletin 757. Volume 97. Washington,
DC: American Railway Engineering Association, October 1996. pp. 499-522. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13d.

43. Column Research Council. Guide to Design Criteria for Metal Compression Members. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966. p. 25, formula (2.10) cited in Article 9.1.4.1; p. 92, formula (4.3) cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

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44. Connor, R. J., E. J. Kaufmann, J. W. Fisher, and W. J. Wright. “Prevention and Mitigation Strategies to Address Recent
Brittle Fractures in Steel Bridges.” Journal of Bridge Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers,
March 2007. Cited in Article 9.1.10.2g.

45. Connor, R. J., E. J. Kaufmann, J. Jin, C. H. Davies. “Forensic Investigation of the SR 422 over the Schuylkill River
Girder Fracture.” 21st Annual International Bridge Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: International Bridge Conference, June
2004. Cited in Article 9.1.10.2g.

46. Dill, F. H. “Structural Steel After A Fire.” Proceedings of the American Institute of Steel Construction Engineering
Conference. Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1960. Cited in Article 8.6.8.

47. Doe, Brian, and Duane Otter. “Hook-Bolt Fastener Performance on the FAST Steel Bridge.” Technology Digest 05-010.
Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, April 2005. Cited in Article 9.8.3.2.1b.

48. Dubas, C. “A Contribution to the Buckling of Stiffened Plates.” IABSE 3rd Congress Preliminary Publication. Liege,
Belgium: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, 1948. Cited in Article 9.1.7.8h.

49. Ellis, R. M., R. J. Connor. “Investigation and Repair of the Diefenbaker Bridge Fracture in Prince Albert,
Saskatchewan.” 29th Annual International Bridge Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: International Bridge Conference, June
2013. Cited in Article 9.1.10.2g.

50. Esveld, C. Track Structures in an Urban Environment. Delft, Netherlands: Symposium K. U. Leuven, September 1997.
Cited in Article 9.1.3.5a.

51. Federal Highway Adminstration. Bridge Inspector’s Manual for Movable Bridges. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1977. Cited in Article 7.2.4.1.

52. Federal Highway Administration. “Uncoated Weathering Steel in Structures.” Technical Advisory T 5140.22.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, October 3, 1989. Cited in Table
15-1-9 Section 1.2.

53. Federal Railroad Administration. “Track Safety Standards.” Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Part 213, Section
213.55. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, 2004. Cited in
Article 9.1.2.5c.

54. Fish, P., C. Schroeder, R. J. Connor, and P. Sauser. Fatigue and fracture library for the inspection, evaluation, and repair
of vehicular steel bridges. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315520.
Cited in Article 7.3.3.2a.

55. Fisher, J. W., P. A. Albrecht, B. T. Yen, D. J. Klingerman, and B. M. McNamee. “Fatigue Strength of Steel Beams with
Transverse Stiffeners and Attachments.” NCHRP Research Results Digest 44. Washington, DC: Transportation Research
Board, March 1973. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13h.

56. Fisher, J. W., P. A. Albrecht, B. T. Yen, D. J. Klingerman, and B. M. McNamee. “Fatigue Strength of Steel Beams with
Welded Stiffeners and Attachments.” NCHRP Report 147. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1974. pp.
40 & 41 cited in Article 9.1.3.13g; Cited in Article 9.1.3.13h.

57. Fisher, J. W., and J. H. Daniels. “An Investigation of the Estimated Fatigue in Members of the 380 Ft. Main Span, Fraser
River Bridge.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 77. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1976. p. 577.
Cited in Articles 9.7.3.3.2c(3), and 9.7.3.3.2c(6).

58. Fisher, J. W., K. M. Frank, M. A. Hirt, and B. M. McNamee. “Effect of Weldments on the Fatigue Strength of Steel
Beams.” NCHRP Research Results Digest 18. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, June 1970. Cited in
Article 9.1.3.13h.

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59. Fisher, J. W., K. M. Frank, M. A. Hirt, and B. M. McNamee. “Effect of Weldments on the Fatigue Strength of Steel
Beams.” NCHRP Report 102. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1970. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13h.

60. Fisher, J. W., J. Jian, D. C. Wagner, and B. Yen. “Distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracking in Steel Bridges.” NCHRP Report
336. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board, 1990. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13k.

61. Fisher, J. W., G. L. Kulak, and I. F. C. Smith. A Fatigue Primer for Structural Engineers. Chicago, IL: National Steel
Bridge Alliance, 1998. Cited in Articles 7.3.3.2c(3), 7.3.3.2d(1), and 7.3.3.2h.

62. Fisher, J. W., D. Mertz, and A. Zhong. “Steel Bridge Members Under Variable Amplitude Long Life Fatigue Loading.”
NCHRP Report 267. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1983. Cited in Article 9.7.3.3.2f&g.

63. Fisher, J. W., A. Nussbaumer, P. B. Keating, and B. T. Yen. “Resistance of Welded Details Under Variable Amplitude
Long-Life Fatigue Loading.” NCHRP Report 354. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1993. Cited in
Article 7.3.3.2g.

64. Fisher, J. W., A. W. Pense, H. Hausammann, and G. R. Irwin. “Quinnipiac River Bridge Cracking.” Journal of the
Strucutral Division. Vol. 106, No. ST4. New York, NY: American Socity of Civil Engineers, April 1980. pp. 773-789.
Cited in Article 9.7.3.3.2c(2).

65. Fisher, J. W., A. W. Pense, and R. Roberts. “Evaluation of Fracture of Lafayette Street Bridge.” Journal of the Structural
Division. Vol. 130, No. ST7. New York, NY: American Socity of Civil Engineers, July 1977. Cited in Article
9.7.3.3.2c(2).

66. Fisher, J. W., B. T. Yen, D. Wang, and J. E. Mann. “Fatigue and Fracture Evaluation for Rating Riveted Bridges.”
1
NCHRP Report 302. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, December 1987. Cited in Articles 9.7.3.3.2c(3),
9.7.3.3.2c(4), and 9.7.3.3.2c(7).

67. Foutch, Douglas A., Tae-Wan Kim, Duane E. Otter, and Brian E. Doe. “Investigation of Longitudinal Forces in a
Concrete Railroad Trestle.” Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol. 11, No. 5. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil
Engineers, September/October 2006. pp. 618-625. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.12, and 9.7.3.2.8a. 3
68. Foutch, Douglas A., Daniel H. Tobias, and Duane E. Otter. “Analytical Investigation of the Longitudinal Loads in an
Open Deck Through-Plate-Girder Bridge.” Report R-894. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads,
September 1996. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

69. Fryba, Ladislav. Dynamics of Railway Bridges. London, England: Thomas Telford Services Ltd., 1996. Cited in Articles
8.3.1a and 9.1.3.12. 4
70. Galambos, T. V. Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1988. pp. 89-108. Cited in Article 9.7.3.3.1b.

71. General Electric Company. “Electrical Equipment for Movable Bridges.” Document GEC-1029 17 MB. Schenectady,
NY: General Electric Company, 1955. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

72. Gonzales, K., B. Doe, and D. Davis. “Evaluation of the Effects of Heavy Axle Loads on Rail Joints for Moveable Span
Bridges.” Research Summary RS-07-001. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology
Center, Inc., May 2007. Cited in Articles 8.3.1a, 9.6.2.12d, and 9.8.3.1a.

73. Grinter, L. E. Theory of Modern Structures - Statically Determinate Structures. Vol. 1, Revised. New York, NY:
MacMillan Co., 1949. p. 231. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

74. Hardash, S. G., and R. Bjorhovde. “New Design Criteria for Gusset Plates in Tension.” Engineering Journal. Vol 22, No.
2. Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, 2nd Quarter 1985. pp. 77-94. Cited in Article 9.1.5.9e.

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75. Hardesty, E. R., H. W. Fischer, and R. W. Christie. “Fifty-Year History of Movable Bridge Construction – Part I.”
Journal of the Construction Division. Vol. 101, No. 3. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, September
1975, pp. 511-527. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

76. Hardesty, E. R., H. W. Fischer, and R. W. Christie. “Fifty-Year History of Movable Bridge Construction – Part II.”
Journal of the Construction Division. Vol. 101, No. 3. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, September
1975. pp. 529-543. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

77. Hardesty, Shortridge. “Live Loads and Unit Stresses.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 36. Chicago, IL: American Railway
Engineering Association, 1935. p. 770. Cited in Article 9.1.3.16.

78. Hardesty, Shortridge. “Shears on Column Lacing.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 36. Chicago, IL: American Railway
Engineering Association, 1935. p. 724. Cited in Articles 9.1.6.4.1.

79. Hool, G. A., and W. S. Kinne, ed. Movable and Long Span Bridges. 1st ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1924,
1943. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

80. Hovey, Otis E. “Elastic Stability of Plates Subjected to Compression and Shear.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 36. Chicago,
IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1935. p. 715. Cited in Articles 9.1.6.1b, 9.1.7.3a, and 9.1.7.8a.

81. Hovey, O. E. Movable Bridges, Vol. I – Structural, Vol. II – Machinery. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1927.
Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

82. Howard, E. E. “Vertical Lift Bridges, Paper No. 1478.” ASCE Transactions, Vol. LXXXIV. New York, NY: American
Society of Civil Engineers, 1921. p. 580. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

83. Ibrahim, F. I. S. “Load Rating Guidance and Examples for Bolted and Riveted Gusset Plates in Truss Bridges.” FHWA-
IF-09-014. Claysburg, PA: FHWA Product Distribution Center, February. 2009. Cited in Article 9.1.5.4b.

84. Jenkins, H. H., et al. “The Effect of Track and Vehicle Parameters on Wheel/Rail Dynamic Forces.” Railway
Engineering Journal. Vol 3, No. 1. London, England: Institute of Mechanical Engineers, January 1974. Cited in Article
9.1.3.5a.

85. Johnston, B. G. “Pin-Connected Plate Links.” ASCE Transactions. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers,
1939. Cited in Article 9.1.4.1.

86. Joy, Richard, Joseph A. LoPresti, and Duane E. Otter. “Longitudinal Forces in a Single-Span, Ballasted-Deck, Plate-
Girder Bridge.” Technology Digest TD99-026. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation
Technology Center, Inc., July 1999. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

87. Joy, R., D. Read, and D. Otter. “Continuous Welded Rail Restraint on an Open-Deck Girder Bridge.” Technology Digest
TD-07-026. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., September 2007.
Cited in Article 9.8.3.3.5.2.

88. Joy, R., D. Read, and D. Otter. “Effects of Continuous Welded Rail on Open-Deck Steel Bridges.” Technology Digest
TD-09-021. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., August 2009.
Cited in Article 9.8.3.3.5.2.

89. Joy, R., D. Read, D. Otter, and L. Daniels. “Thermal Forces on Open Deck Steel Bridges.” Report R-996. Pueblo, CO:
Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., May 2009. Cited in Articles 8.3.1a,
9.8.3.1a, and 9.8.3.3.5.2.

90. Keating P. B., and J. W. Fisher. “Evaluation of Fatigue Tests and Design Criteria on Welded Details.” NCHRP Report
286. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1986. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13g.

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91. Kulak, G. L., J. W. Fisher, and J. H. Struik. Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1987. Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction/Research Council on
Structural Connections, 2001. p. 84 cited in Article 9.1.4.1; pp. 112-115 cited in Article 9.1.9.3a; pp. 123-125 cited in
Article 9.1.3.13g; p. 136 cited in Article 9.1.4.1; p. 139 cited in Article 9.1.6.5; pp.186-193 cited in Articles 9.1.5.11a
and 9.1.5.11b.

92. Kulak, G. L., and E. Y. Wu. "Shear Lag in Bolted Angle Tension Members." Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 123,
No. 9. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, September 1997. pp. 1144-1152. Cited in Article 9.1.6.5.

93. Kunz, F. C. Design of Steel Bridges. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1915. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.; p. 195 cited
in Article 9.1.12.1c.

94. Leffler, B. R. “Specifications for Bridges Movable in Vertical Plane.” ASCE Transactions. Vol. LXXVI. New York, NY:
American Socity of Civil Engineers, 1913. p. 370. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

95. Lie, T. T., and W. W. Stanzak. “Structural Steel and Fire – More Realistic Analysis.” Engineering Journal. Chicago, IL:
American Institute of Steel Construction, 1976. Cited in Article 8.6.8.

96. LoPresti, Joseph A., and Duane E. Otter. “Longitudinal Forces in a Two-Span Open-Deck Steel Bridge at FAST.”
Technology Digest TD98-020. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, August 1998. Cited in Article
9.1.3.12.

97. LoPresti, Joseph A., Duane E. Otter, Daniel H. Tobias, and Douglas A. Foutch. “Longitudinal Forces in an Open-Deck
1
Steel Bridge.” Technology Digest TD98-007. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, April 1998. Cited in
Article 9.1.3.12.

98. Mahmoud, H. N., R. J. Connor, and J. W. Fisher. “Finite Element Investigation of the Fracture Potential of Highly
Constrained Details.” Journal of Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. Vol. 20. Oxford, England:
Blackwell Publishing, 2005. pp. 383-392. Cited in Article 9.1.10.2g. 3
99. Mazurek, D. F. “Measuring Dead Load Stress of Eyebars in Steel Railroad Bridges.” Proceedings of the AREMA 2011
Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Lanham, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way
Association, September 2011. Cited in Article 9.8.2.4.

100. Moisseiff, L., and F. Lienhard. “Theory of Elastic Stability Applied to Structural Design.” ASCE Transactions. Vol. 106.
New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1941. p. 1052. Cited in Article 9.1.7.8a. 4
101. Munse, W. H., and E. Chesson. "Riveted and Bolted Joints: Net Section Design." Journal of the Structural Division. Vol.
89, ST1, Part 1. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, February 1963. Cited in Articles 9.1.4.1, 9.1.6.5,
and 9.1.6.6.

102. Munse, W. H., J. E. Stallmeyer, and F. P. Drew. “Structural Fatigue and Steel Railroad Bridges.” AREA Proceedings.
Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1968. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.13a, and 9.1.6.6.

103. National Highway Institute. “Fracture Critical Inspection Techniques for Steel Railroad Bridges.” FHWA-NHI 02-037.
Arlington, VA: National Highway Institute, January 2002, revised March 2006. Cited in Article 7.2.4.2.

104. Newmark, N. M. and C. P. Siess. “Research on Highway Bridge Floors.” Highway Research Board Proceedings.
Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1954. p. 45. Cited in Articles 9.1.11.4a, and 9.1.11.4d-g.

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105. Otter, D., and B. Doe. “Bridge Life Extension through Ultrasonic Impact Treatment of Weld Details.” Technology Digest
TD-09-030. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., December 2009.
Cited in Article 9.7.5.2c.

106. Otter, D., and D. Davis. “Evaluation of a Movable Bridge Rail Joint on the Steel Bridge at FAST.” Technology Digest
TD-11-045. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., November 2011.
Cited in Article 9.6.2.12d.

107. Otter, Duane, Richard Joy, and Joseph A. LoPresti. “Longitudinal Forces in a Single-Span, Ballasted Deck, Steel Plate
Girder Bridge.” Report R-935. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, November 1999. Cited in Article
9.1.3.12.

108. Otter, Duane E., and Joseph LoPresti. “Longitudinal Forces in an Open Deck Steel Deck Plate Girder Bridge.” Railway
Track & Structures. May 1997. pp. 14-15. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

109. Otter, Duane E., and Joseph A. LoPresti. “Longitudinal Forces in Three Open-Deck Steel Bridges.” Proceedings, 1998
Technical Conference. Landover, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association,
September 1998. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

110. Otter, Duane E., Joseph LoPresti, Douglas A. Foutch, and Daniel H. Tobias. “Longitudinal Forces in an Open-Deck
Steel Deck Plate-Girder Bridge.” Technology Digest TD96-024. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads,
November 1996. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

111. Otter, Duane E., Joseph LoPresti, Douglas A. Foutch, and Daniel H. Tobias. “Longitudinal Forces in an Open-Deck
Steel Deck Plate-Girder Bridge.” Bulletin 760. Vol. 98. Washington, DC: American Railway Engineering Association,
May 1997. pp. 101-105. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

112. Otter, Duane E., Joseph A. LoPresti, and Robert A. P. Sweeney. “Longitudinal Forces in Bridges Due to Heavy Haul
Freight Operations.” Proceedings, 7th International Heavy Haul Conference. Brisbane, Australia: International Heavy
Haul Association, 2001. pp. 565-568. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

113. Otter, Duane E., Joseph A. LoPresti, A. Shakoor Uppal, Douglas A. Foutch, and Daniel H. Tobias. “Experimental and
Analytical Investigation of the Longitudinal Loads in Open-Deck Plate Girder Railway Bridge.” Research Report R-
905. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, November 1997. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

114. Otter, Duane E., and Robert Sweeney. “Development of guidelines for longitudinal forces in bridges.” Railway Track &
Structures. February 2001. pp. 13-15. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

115. Otter, D. E., R. A. P. Sweeney, and S. M. Dick. “Development of Design Guidelines for Longitudinal Forces in Bridges.”
Technology Digest TD00-018. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc.,
August 2000. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

116. Otter, D. E., R. A. P. Sweeney, and S. M. Dick. “New Rating Guidelines for Longitudinal Loads in Steel Bridges.”
Technology Digest TD00-014. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc.,
August 2000. Cited in Article 9.7.3.2.8a.

117. Otter, Duane E., A. Shakoor Uppal, and Brian E. Doe. “Longitudinal Forces in a Long Railroad Trestle Bridge.”
Technology Digest TD01-021. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc.,
October 2001. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

118. Out, J. M. M., J. W. Fisher, and B. T. Yen. “Fatigue Strength of Weathered and Deteriorated Riveted Members.” Final
Report DOT/OST/P-34/85/016. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Transportation, October 1984. Cited in Articles
9.7.3.3.2c(3), and 9.7.3.3.2c(7).

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119. Payne, R. D., and J. F. Unsworth. “Designing for Longitudinal Force.” Proceedings of the AREMA 2006 Annual
Conference, Louisville, KY. Lanham, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association,
September 2006. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

120. Read, D., D. Otter, and B. Doe. “Reduction of CWR Expansion Joints on a Long Open Deck Bridge.” Technology Digest
TD-06-020. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., August 2006.
Cited in Article 9.8.3.3.5.2.

121. Reemsnyder, H. S. “Fatigue Life Extension of Riveted Connections.” Journal of the Structural Division. New York, NY:
American Society of Civil Engineers, December 1975. Cited in Article 9.7.3.3.2c(3).

122. Research Council on Structural Connections. Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts. Chicago, IL:
American Institute of Steel Construction, August 1, 2014. Cited in Articles 9.1.4.1 and 9.3.2.13.1d.

123. Ricles, J. M., and J. A. Yura. “Strength of Double-Row Bolted Web Connections.” Journal of the Structural Division.
Vol. 109, No. ST 1. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, January 1983. pp. 126-142. Cited in Article
9.1.5.9e.

124. Rockey, K. C., and D. M. A. Leggett. “The Buckling of a Plate Girder Web under Pure Bending When Reinforced by a
Single Longitudinal Stiffener.” ICE Proceedings. Vol 21. London, England: Institute of Civil Engineers, 1962. Cited in
Articles 9.1.7.3b, and 9.1.7.8g.

125. Roeder, C. W., and J. F. Stanton. “Steel Bridge Bearing Selection and Design Guide.” Highway Structures Design
Handbook. Volume II, Chapter 4. Chicago, IL: American Iron and Steel Institute (National Steel Bridge Alliance),
December 1996. Cited in Articles 9.5.1.5a, and 9.5.1.5a(7).
1

126. Roeder, C. W., J. F. Stanton, and T. Feller. “Low Temperature Behavior and Acceptance Criteria for Elastometric Bridge
Bearings.” NCHRP Report 325. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, December 1989. Cited in
Article 5.6.1a.

127. Roeder, C.W., J. F. Stanton, and A. W. Taylor. “Performances of Elastometric Bearings.” NCHRP Report 298. 3
Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, October 1987. Cited in Article 5.6.1a.

128. Roy, Sougata, J.W. Fisher, and B.T. Yen. “Fatigue Resistance of Welded Details Enhanced by Ultrasonic Impact
Treatment (UIT).” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Vol. IV.
Stavanger, Norway: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), June 2001. pp. 309-313. Cited in
Article 9.7.5.2c.
4
129. Ruble, E. J., “Impact In Railroad Bridges.” ASCE Proceedings. Separate No. 736. New York, NY: American Society of
Civil Engineers, July 1955. Cited in Article 9.1.3.5a.

130. Rumpf, J. L., and J. W. Fisher. “Calibration of A 325 Bolts.” Journal of the Structural Division. Vol. 89, No. ST6. New
York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, December 1963. pp. 215-234. Cited in Articles 9.3.2.1, and 9.3.2.2.

131. Salmon, C. G., and J. E. Johnson. Steel Structures, Design and Behavior. 3rd ed.. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1990.
pp. 676–689. Cited in Article 9.7.3.3.1b.

132. Sanders, W. W., Jr., and W. H. Munse. “Load Distribution in Steel Railway Bridges.” Journal of the Structural Division.
Vol. 95, No. ST12. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, December 1969. pp. 2763-2781. Cited in
Article 9.1.3.4 footnote.

133. Sasaoka, Charity, D. Davis, D. Otter, and B. Doe. “Evaluation of Specialized Rail Joints for Movable Bridges under
HAL Traffic.” Technology Digest 02-016. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, July 2002. Cited in
Article 9.1.2.14.

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134. Schilling, C. G., K. M. Klippstein, J. M. Barsom, and G. T. Blake. “Fatigue of Welded Steel Bridge Members Under
Variable-Amplitude Loadings.” NCHRP Research Results Digest 60. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board,
April 1974. p. 4, Figs. 6 and 7. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13g.

135. Schirmer Engineering Corporation, Rolf Jensen and Associates, Inc. Fire Experience and Exposure in Fixed-Guideway
Transit Systems (Prepared for American Iron and Steel Institute). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board,
December 1980. Cited in Article 8.6.8.

136. Schneider, C. C. “Movable Bridges, Paper No. 1071.” ASCE Transactions. Vol. LX. New York, NY: American Society
of Civil Engineers, June 1908. p. 258. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

137. Siegal. L. G. “The Severity of Fires in Steel-Frame Buildings.” AISC Engineering Journal. Chicago, IL: American
Institute of Steel Construction, October 1967. Cited in Article 8.6.8.

138. Slutter, Roger C., and John W. Fisher. “Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors.” Highway Research Record No. 147.
Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1966. pp. 65-88. Cited in Table 15-1-12a and Articles 9.1.7.9, 9.1.7.9.2,
and 9.1.7.9.3.1.

139. Small, Gregory, and Lane Ketler. “Recycling of an Open Deck Half Through Plate Girder Span and Conversion to a
Concrete Ballast Deck Through Plate Girder Span.” Proceedings of the AREMA 2006 Annual Conference, Louisville,
KY. Lanham, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, September 2006. Cited in
Article 9.1.11.2c.

140. Sorgenfrei, D.F., W. N. Marianos, R.A.P. Sweeney. “Railroad Bridges.” In Chen, W.F., L Duan (ed.) Bridge Engineering
Handbook 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2014. pp 143-159 cited in Table 15-1-11.

141. Stanton, J. F., and C. W. Roeder. “Elastometric Bearings Design, Construction, and Materials.” NCHRP Report 248.
Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, August 1982. Cited in Article 5.6.1a.

142. Stanton, J. F., C. W. Roeder, and T. I. Campbell. “High-Load Multi-Rotational Bridge Bearings.” NCHRP Report 432.
Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1999. Cited in Articles 9.5.1.2b, 9.5.1.5a, and 9.5.1.5a(8).

143. Sweeney, R. A. P. "Resistance and Loading for Steel Bridge Fatigue Life Evaluation." Proceedings of the AREMA 2015
Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Lanham, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance?of?Way
Association, September 2015. Cited in Article 7.3.3.2e.

144. Sweeney, Robert A. P., R. Joy, and D. Otter. “Update on CWR on Open Deck Bridges.” Proceedings of the AREMA 2011
Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Landover, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way
Association, September 2011. Cited in Article 9.8.3.3.5.2.

145. Sweeney, R. A. P., D. Otter, R. Payne, J. Unsworth, J. Helm, and A. Eskuri. AREMA Longitudinal Force Seminar
Participant Guide. Landover, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, September
2004. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.12, and 9.7.3.2.8a.

146. Sweeney, R. A. P, George Oommen, and Hoat Le. "Service Level Live Load Stress Ranges on Hangers and Floor Beams
of Steel Railway Bridges." AREA Bulletin 760. Volume 98. Washington, DC: American Railway Engineering
Association, May 1997. pp 169-179. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13d.

147. Sweeney, R. A. P, George Oommen, and Hoat Le. "Summary of Seven Years of Railway Bridge Testing at Canadian
National Railway." AREA Bulletin 756. Volume 97. Washington, DC: American Railway Engineering Association, May
1996. pp 333-347. Cited in Article 9.1.3.13d.

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148. Sweeney, Robert A. P., and Felton Suthon. “Design and Rating for Longitudinal Force.” Proceedings of the AREMA
2002 Annual Conference, Washington, DC. Landover, MD: American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way
Association, September 2002. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.12, and 9.7.3.2.8a.

149. Tammen, H. C. “Live Loads for Multiple-Track Bridges.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 36. Chicago, IL: American Railway
Engineering Association, 1935. p. 734. Cited in Article 9.1.3.3d.

150. Tobias, D., D. Foutch, K. Lee, D. E. Otter, and J. A. LoPresti. “Experimental and Analytical Investigation of
Longitudinal Forces in a Multi-Span Railway Bridge.” Research Report R-927. Washington, DC: Association of
American Railroads, March 1999. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

151. Trznadel, M. F., B. T. Yen, R. Roberts, A. W. Pense, and J. W. Fisher. “Fracture Resistance of Eyebars on the Liberty
Bridge.” Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report 420.1. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University, June 1978. Cited in Article
9.7.3.3.2c(6).

152. Tunna, L., R. Joy, and D. Otter. “Evaluation of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment for Steel Bridge Weld Details,” Technology
Digest TD-12-020. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc., September
2012. Cited in Article 9.7.5.2c.

153. Turabian, Kate L. Student’s Guide to Writing College Papers. 4th ed. Revised by Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M.
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154. University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Cited at top of References.
1
155. Unsworth, J. F. Design of Modern Steel Railway Bridges. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010. p. 145 cited in Table 15-1-
11; p. 381 cited in Article 9.1.3.13.1.

156. Unsworth, John, Gregory Small, and Shahab Afhami. “Service Load Investigation of the Composite Behavior of a
Ballasted Through Plate Girder Span.” Proceedings of the AREMA 2005 Annual Conference, Chicago, IL. Lanham, MD:
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, September 2005. Cited in Articles 9.1.3.11 and 3
9.1.11.2c.

157. Uppal, A. S. Evaluation and Repair of Fire Damaged Steel Bridges, Special Project Report No. 2, Chicago, IL:
American Railway Bridge and Building Association, 1981. Cited in Article 8.6.8.

158. Uppal, A. Shakoor, Duane E. Otter, Brian E. Doe, Douglas Foutch, and Tae W. Kim. “Investigation of Longitudinal
Force in a Long, Concrete Railroad Trestle Subjected to Unit Coal Train Traffic.” Research Report R-958. Washington, 4
DC: Association of American Railroads, August 2002. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

159. Uppal, A. S., D. E. Otter, B. E. Doe, D. A. Foutch, and T. W. Kim. “Longitudinal Forces in a Long Railroad Trestle.”
Proceedings of the AREMA 2001 Annual Conference, Chicago, IL. Landover, MD: American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance-of-Way Association, September 2001. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

160. Uppal, A., D. Otter, R. Joy, and B. Doe. “Longitudinal Forces in Bridges Due to Revenue Service Traffic.” Technology
Digest TD00-020. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, November 2000. Cited in Article 9.1.3.12.

161. Uppal, A. S., D. E. Otter, R. B. Joy, B. E. Doe, J. A. LoPresti, and D. O. Maal. “Longitudinal Forces in Bridges Due to
Revenue Service Traffic.” Research Report R-950. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, July 2001.
Cited in Articles 9.1.3.12, and 9.7.3.2.8a.

162. Uppal, A. S., D. Yoshino, and L. Tehini. “Ultrasonic Impact Treatment of Vertical Stiffener Welds at FAST Bridge.”
Technology Digest TD02-013. Pueblo, CO: Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc.,
July 2002. Cited in Article 9.7.5.2c.

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163. Valtinat, G., and H. Huhn. “Bolted Connections with Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Members with Punched Holes.”
ECCS/AISC Workshop - Connections in Steel Structures V: Innovative Steel Connections. Amsterdam, Netherlands: The
European Connection for Constructional Steelwork, June 2004. Cited in Table 15-1-9 Section 2.3.

164. VanCleve, H. P. “Mechanical Features of the Vertical-Lift Bridge, Paper No. 1679.” ASME Annual Meeting. New York,
NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, December 1918. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

165. Waddell, J. A. L. Bridge Engineering, Vols. I and II. 1st ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1916. Cited in
Part 6 Foreword and Articles 9.1.2.5c, and 9.1.3.7c.

166. Wakiyama, Kozo, and Akio Tatsumi. “Residual Force in High Strength Bolts Subjected to Heat.” Technology Reports.
Vol. 29, No. 1488. Osaka, Japan: Osaka University, 1979. Cited in Article 8.6.8.

167. Wattar, F., P. Albrecht, and A. H. Sahli. “End-Bolted Cover Plates.” Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 110, No. 6.
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168. Wei, Benjamin C. F. “Load Distribution of Diaphragms in I-Beam Bridges.” Journal of the Structural Division. Vol. 85,
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169. Wengenroth, R. H., H. A. Mix, and E. R. Hardesty. “Fifty-Year History of Movable Bridge Construction – Part III.”
Journal of the Construction Division. Vol. 101, No. 3. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, September
1975. pp. 545-557. Cited in Part 6 Foreword.

170. White, M. and B. Thürliman. “Study of Columns with Perforated Cover Plates.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 58. Chicago,
IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1957. p. 173. Cited in Article 9.1.6.4.1.

171. Wilson, W. M. “Design of Connection Angles for Stringers of Railway Bridges.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 41. Chicago,
IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1940. p. 889. Cited in Article 9.1.8.3.

172. Wilson, W. M. “Fatigue Strength of Fillet Weld and Plug Weld Connections in Steel Structural Members.” Bulletin No.
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Article 9.1.3.13g.

173. Winter, George. “Discussion of: Strength of Beams as Determined by Lateral Buckling by Karl de Vries” ASCE
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174. Wright, W. J., J. W. Fisher, E. J. Kaufmann. “Failure Analysis of the Hoan Bridge Fractures.” In Mahmoud (ed.) Recent
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175. Wyly, L. T., and M. B. Scott. “An Investigation of Fatigue Failures in Structural Members of Ore Bridges Under Service
Loadings.” AREA Proceedings. Vol. 57. Chicago, IL: American Railway Engineering Association, 1955. p. 175. Cited in
Article 9.1.3.13g.

176. Yen, B. T., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., and Fisher, J. W. “Fatigue Behavior of Stringer-Floorbeam Connections.” Report 91-07.
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177. Zhou, Y. E., B. T. Yen, J. W. Fisher, and R. A. P. Sweeney. “Examination of Fatigue Strength (Sr-N) Curves for Riveted
Bridge Members.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Bridge Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: Engineers’ Society
of Western Pennsylvania, 1995. Cited in Articles 9.7.3.3.2c(3), and 9.7.3.3.2c(5).

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15-R-12 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering